Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rupali Langthasa

2026-05-07T03:03:02Z

NoraBillings: creating biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rupali Langthasa
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| 2blankname =
| 2namedata =
| constituency = [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
| predecessor = [[Nandita Garlosa]]
| office1 = Executive Member Higher Education
| term_start1 = January 2024
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = Diyungbra
| birth_place = [[Haflong]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|04|30|df=y}}
| spouse = Hamdau Difusa
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| profession = Politician
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rupali Langthasa(''' in Assamese: '''ৰূপালী লাংথাছা)''' is an Indian [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rupali Langthasa, HAFLONG (ST) constituency, BJP, Assam Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Assam2026/rupali-langthasa-335/ |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Previously she served as an Executive Member of [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Rupali Langthasa? Assam BJP’s new face from Haflong replacing Nandita Gorlosa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/who-is-rupali-langthasa-assam-bjps-new-face-from-haflong-replacing-nandita-gorlosa/articleshow/129744099.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Rupali Langthasa? BJP’s new Haflong face in Assam replacing sitting MLA Nandita Gorlosa |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/city/who-is-rupali-langthasa-bjp-s-new-haflong-face-in-assam-replacing-sitting-mla-nandita-gorlosa-article-13868010.html}}</ref> In [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] she won against the seating MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Nandita Garlosa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Haflong Election Result 2026 Live: BJP Retains Haflong Seat as Rupali Langthasa Wins with 57800 Votes |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/assembly/story/haflong-election-result-2026-live-updates-assam-counting-of-votes-seat-bjp-congress-nda-aaelb-1386279-2026-05-04 |work=India Today NE |date=4 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rupali Langthasa (BJP) Candidate from HAFLONG (ST) Constituency, Rupali Langthasa Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/assam/candidate-rupali-langthasa-6157 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Langthasa, Rupali}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dimasa people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]

Krishna–Guntur Graduates constituency

2026-04-29T14:09:14Z

NoraBillings: New Data

{{Short description|Graduates constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council, India}}
'''Krishna–Guntur Graduates constituency''' is a constituency in [[Krishna district]], [[NTR district]], [[Guntur district]], [[Palnadu district]] and part of [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] in [[India]]. It is one of the five council constituencies representing graduates.

== Districts ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!District
|-
| [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|-
| [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|-
| [[NTR district|NTR]]
|-
| [[Eluru District|Eluru]]
|-
| [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|-
| [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Council ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| 2007
| Chigurupati Vara Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| 2013
| Boddu Nageswara Rao<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-02 |title=LIST OF ELECTED MEMBERS - A.P. LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL AS ON 02.05.2013|url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/List%20of%20Elected%20Members/List%20of%20Elected%20Members_2012-13/MLCs%20PRESENT%20-%202013%20(02.05.2013).pdf |website=www.ceotelangana.nic.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 2019
| [[K. S. Lakshmana Rao]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-03-28 |title=Lakshmana Rao wins council poll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/lakshmana-rao-wins-council-poll/article26668232.ece |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=V. L. Syam |date=2019-03-28 |title=K.S.Lakshmana Rao elected from Guntur-Krishna districts Graduates MLC constituency |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kslakshmanarao-elected-from-guntur-krishna-districts-graduates-mlc-constituency-515941 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఎమ్మెల్సీ ఎన్నికల్లో లక్ష్మణరావు గెలుపు.. మూడోసారి ఎమ్మెల్సీగా |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/ap-ks-lakshmana-rao-wins-in-mlc-elections/articleshow/68606761.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| [[2025 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council elections|2025]]
| [[Alapati Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===Council elections 2025===

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna-Guntur Graduates constituency}}
[[Category:Graduates constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]

Akku Yadav

2026-04-22T01:51:37Z

NoraBillings: starting basic details first draft...

{{Short description|Indian criminal (1971/1972 – 2004)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Akku Yadav
| image = Akku Yadav.jpg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Bharat Kalicharan Yadav
| alias =
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India
| death_date = 13 August 2004 (aged 32)
| death_place = [[Nagpur District]] Court, [[Vidarbha]], Maharashtra, India
| cause = [[Homicide]] by [[lynching]] (primarily [[stabbing]])
| conviction =
| sentence =
| victims = 3+ murder victims, <br />over 40 rape victims
| beginyear = 1991
| endyear = 7 August 2004
| country = [[India]]
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| apprehended = 7 August 2004
}}

'''Bharat Kalicharan Yadav''' (1971 – 13 August 2004), also known as '''Akku Yadav''', was an Indian [[gangster]], [[robber]], [[Home invasion|home invader]], [[kidnapper]], [[serial rapist]], [[serial killer]], and [[extortionist]]. Akku grew up in the Kasturba Nagar [[slum]], which is located in the Indian central city of [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. He lived and did business in the slum which housed a number of criminals and two rival gangs.

Akku's earliest known crime was a [[gang rape]] in 1991. Akku and his gang committed crimes consisting of rape, murder, home invasion, and extortion in Kasturba Nagar for 13 years, until his death. Akku tried to create a [[small business]] empire; he extorted money, harming and threatening those who resisted him. During his life as a criminal, Akku murdered at least three individuals. He [[torture]]d and kidnapped people, [[Home invasion|invaded homes]], and raped over 40 women and girls. He bribed police, giving them money and buying them drinks to convince them to let him continue committing crimes. As a result, the police not only refused to stop Akku for many years, but supported him. Akku and his associates gang-raped women and girls as young as age 10 as a "warning" to those who resisted him.

After a woman named Usha Narayane resisted Akku and his gang, a mob burned down his house. Akku went to the police seeking protection, and was arrested for his safety. During his bail hearing, on 13 August 2004, he was [[Lynching|lynched]] in the courtroom by several hundred women who stabbed and stoned him. He had [[chili powder]] thrown in his face, and his penis was hacked off. The women all claimed responsibility for the murder, and although some were arrested, they were eventually acquitted. Although hundreds of women were involved in the lynching, the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|State CID]] had a different version of the events. Senior police sources said the lynching was carried out by four men and that the women who had claimed responsibility were protecting them. None of the women agreed with the police version. Police said that both men and women were present when the lynch mob appeared. On the day of the lynching, [[BBC News]] initially reported that about 14 women and several children forced their way into the courtroom and stabbed Akku to death. A film based on the incident, ''[[200 – Halla Ho|200: Halla Ho]],'' was released on 20 August 2021 digitally on [[ZEE5]]. A limited web series called ''[[Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom]]'' was released on [[Netflix]] depicting the story and interviews of the victims.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Predator: Murder in a courtroom |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81610577 |website=Indian Predator: Murder in a courtroom}}</ref>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Akku Yadav grew up in Kasturba Nagar, a [[slum]] of Nagpur, Maharashtra. He had two younger brothers—Santosh and Yuvraj. According to author [[Mitzi Szereto]], Akku's father, a [[milkman]], had formed a criminal gang consisting of his sons, their cousins and family friends. Since childhood, along with several relatives and other neighbourhood boys, Akku extorted local vendors and shopkeeper for money or their products under threat of violence. In his teenage years, Akku was noted as a [[Voyeurism|voyeur]] who spied on female residents defecating in the bushes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Szereto |first=Mitzi |author-link=Mitzi Szereto |title=The Best New True Crime Stories: Crimes of Passion, Obsession & Revenge |date=10 August 2021 |isbn=978-1642506495|chapter=Revenge of the Nagpur Women}}</ref>

In her book ''Killing Justice: Vigilantism in Nagpur'', author Swati Mehta wrote: "by all accounts, a child of the neighbourhood, Akku had graduated from milkman's son to local menace".{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=1}}

===Crimes===
Akku's first confirmed rape occurred in 1991, when Akku and his gang kidnapped a woman who passed by their hideout inside an abandoned building. After the rape, the woman reported the assault to Jaripatka police station, where she was initially ignored by the officers, who were receiving bribes from Akku from his extortion operation. Ultimately, a complaint was filed and Akku was arrested, but the case was never taken to court. Following his release by posting [[bail]], Akku broke into the woman's home and beat her and her husband. The instance remained the only time where a rape led to a criminal complaint against Akku.<ref name=":0" />

In their book ''Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide'', authors Nicholas D. Kristof and [[Sheryl WuDunn]] wrote: "Akku Yadav was, in a sense, the other 'success' of Kasturba Nagar. He was a deplorable man who had turned an apprenticeship as a small-time thug into a role as a mobster and king of the slum."{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} Akku ruled a gang of criminals who controlled the Kasturba Nagar slum. They robbed, tortured, and killed people with impunity. Akku committed crimes for several years as he created a small business empire. He and his gang members often harassed and intimidated people to extort money. Extortion was his main source of income,{{sfn|Stackhouse|Pachuau|2007|p=120}} and he would hurt people if they did not give him money or if they angered him in any way.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=2}} Akku characteristically threatened to rape anyone who resisted him.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} It is known that many of Akku's rape victims were [[Dalit|Dalits]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Raekha |date=September 15, 2005 |title='Arrest us all': the 200 women who killed a rapist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/16/india.gender |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706190808/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/16/india.gender |archive-date=July 6, 2014 |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> who face a disproportionate level of difficulty in receiving justice for cases of sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=May 9, 2001 |title=Sex hell of Dalit women exposed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/09/lukeharding |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825024556/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/09/lukeharding |archive-date=August 25, 2013 |access-date=October 1, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Pratibha Urkude and her husband Dattu ran a small grocery shop and Akku harassed them for years. He would pick up goods from the shop and refuse to pay or would simply pay much less than was owed. Sometimes he would demand money and become violent if they were unable to pay.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=3}} Akku often worried he was being plotted against. As a result, he did not permit men or women to gather and talk. He made sure young boys did not play together, and if they did, Akku would break up their games. Suspicious that people were asking questions about him, he would warn people against reporting his crimes to the police, threatening them if they did so.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=3}} Killing left inconvenient corpses that required him to bribe the police to prevent them from stopping his crimes.

Rape, however, was very stigmatizing and, as a result, the victims could be relied on to remain silent. Akku raped people to silence them far more frequently than murdering them. The women who killed Akku claimed that he had been raping and abusing local women with impunity for over a decade. They alleged that local police had refused to help his victims or pursue charges because Akku was bribing them.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} Yadav's crimes encompassed rape, murder, robbery, extortion, [[home invasion]], assault, and criminal intimidation.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=1}} Before his death, Akku had been arrested some 14 times. In late 1999, he was detained for a year under the [[Maharashtra]] [[preventive detention]] law—The Maharashtra Prevention of Dangerous Activities of Slumlords, Boot-leggers, Drug Offenders and Dangerous Persons Act 1981.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=1}}

Akku allegedly raped so many people that according to residents of the Kasturba Nagar slum, a rape victim lives in every other house there.<ref name="guardian" /> Akku allegedly raped over 40 women;{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=3}} his youngest victim being a 10-year-old girl.<ref name="Rediff" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Women-proud-of-lynching-goon-in-court/articleshow/815580.cms |title=Women proud of lynching goon in court |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 August 2004 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> One person described Akku as "the [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]] of Kasturba Nagar" saying, "We stayed mostly indoors when Akku was around". Women have said Akku and his gang would invade homes any time of the day.<ref name="Furies" /> He sometimes wanted a motorcycle or would grab a mobile phone or extort money.<ref name="Furies" /> Akku and his gang members would beat up anyone who resisted them.<ref name="Furies" /> He murdered a woman named Asha Bai, a daughter of Anjana Bai Borkar, in front of her 16-year-old granddaughter. Borkar was one of five women arrested for Akku's [[lynched|lynching]].{{sfn|Stackhouse|Pachuau|2007|p=120}} Speaking of Akku, the granddaughter said: "We were eating dinner when he came to the front door and pretended to be a friend of my brother. When my mother opened the door, he dragged her out and stabbed her. He then cut off her ears for her earrings and her fingers because he could not get her rings."{{sfn|Stackhouse|Pachuau|2007|p=120}} Akku had reportedly murdered at least three people and dumped their bodies on local railroad tracks.<ref name="guardian" />

One woman described how she and her husband were attacked by Akku. He came to their house at 4:00– AM–5:00 AM. Akku knocked aggressively on their door saying he was a police official, and asked them to open it. Once Akku entered, he stabbed the husband in the thigh with a knife, locked him in the bathroom and dragged the wife by her hair away to a place where he raped her. Akku allowed her to return after three or four hours.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=4}} In January 2004, Akku was banned from entering Nagpur city.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=5}} An elderly man named Harichand Khorse, who earned a small amount of money playing a musical instrument called a baja, was beaten violently by Akku because he was unable to pay 100 rupees.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=5}} According to neighbors in Kasturba Nagar, Akku once raped a woman right after her wedding.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} He also stripped a man naked and burned him with a cigarette, then forced him to dance in front of his 16-year-old daughter.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} Akku took a woman named Asha Bhagat<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Shubhanjana |title=How My Mother Took Revenge on My Sister's Murderer |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/netflix-show-indian-predator-murder-courtroom-true-crime-docuseries/ |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=VICE News |date=November 8, 2022}}</ref> and tortured her in front of her daughter and several neighbours by cutting off her breasts. Akku then sliced Bhagat into pieces on the street, killing her. A man named Avinash Tiwari, one of the neighbours, was horrified by the murder and planned to report Akku to the police. As a result, Akku butchered him.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} Akku and his men gang-raped a woman named Kalma ten days after she gave birth. After what happened to her, Kalma committed suicide; she burned to death after dousing herself with [[kerosene]] and lighting it.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}} Akku's gang pulled another woman from her house when she was seven months pregnant. They stripped her naked and raped her on the road in public view.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=49}}

Akku ordered his men to drag girls as young as age 12 to a nearby derelict building to gang rape.<ref name="guardian" /> Many of Akku's victims reported his crimes. Instead of arresting him, the police told him who had reported the crime; Akku would go after them. The police worked with Akku, protected him and supported him; he gave them bribes and drinks. When a 22-year-old woman reported being raped by Akku, the police accused her of having an affair with him and sent her away. Several women were turned away by police after being told: "You're a loose woman. That's why he raped you."<ref name="guardian" /> One woman told the police she was gang-raped by Akku and his associates. The police responded by gang-raping the woman themselves.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=50}} Twenty-five families moved out of Kasturba Nagar. People, however, removed their daughters from schools and kept them locked inside their homes where nobody could see them. Vegetable vendors avoided Kasturba Nagar, so housewives had to go to far-away markets to buy food. As long as Akku only targeted poor people, the police would not interfere.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=50}}

He and his men attempted to extort Ratna Dungiri, damaged her furniture, and threatened to murder her family. Since Dungiri refused to file a police report, Usha Narayane filed one herself, but Akku surrounded Narayane's house with his men after the police informed him of the complaint.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|pp=50–51}} Akku threatened Narayane with a bottle of acid, while she called the police, who never arrived. After Akku and his men attempted to force open the door to Narayane's house, she opened a gas cylinder and threatened to blow up everyone present, after which Akku's gang left.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|pp=50–51}}

The neighbours heard about what Narayane had done and were now willing to go after him. Soon there were many angry victims on the streets, and they started to pick up sticks and stones. People threw stones at Akku's associates. His men saw the crowd's mood and fled. The victims marched through the slum and celebrated. On 6 August 2004,<ref name="guardian" /> they went to Akku's house and burned it down.<ref name="NYTimesEnough" /> Akku now feared for his life and went to the police for protection; they arrested him for his own protection on 7 August 2004.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=51}}<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/18nag1.htm |title=Groups support women who killed Yadav |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=18 August 2004 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Akku's mother vacated his house.<ref name=Outlook/> On 7 August, Akku was due to appear at the city district court and 500 slum residents gathered. As Akku arrived, one of his men tried to pass him knives wrapped in a blanket; the police failed to notice this. After the women protested, the accomplice was arrested, and Akku was taken back into custody. He threatened to return and teach every woman in the slum a lesson.<ref name="guardian" /> On 8 August 2004, a group attacked Akku while he was being taken before the court; he survived the attack only to be lynched five days later.<ref name=Furies>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/style/the-day-of-the-furies/cid/1550547 |title=The Day of the Furies |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |last=Nandgaonkar |first=Satish |date=22 August 2004 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

== Death ==

After the police arrested Akku for his own protection, a bail hearing was scheduled for him on 13 August 2004 in India's [[Nagpur District]] Court. Word spread through the adjoining neighborhood that he would be released. The police planned to keep him in custody until everyone had calmed down and then release him. The bail hearing was supposed to take place miles away in the centre of Nagpur.

Hundreds of women marched from the slums to the courthouse carrying vegetable knives and [[chili powder]], walked into the courtroom and took seats near the front. Akku walked in and was confident and unrepentant. At about 2:30 to 3:00 PM, when Akku appeared, he saw a woman he had raped. Akku mocked her, called her a prostitute and said he would rape her again. The police laughed.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |last=Prasad |first=Raekha |date=16 September 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/16/india.gender |title='Arrest us all': the 200 women who killed a rapist |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref> The woman started hitting him on the head with her footwear.<ref name="NYTimesEnough">{{cite web |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=15 January 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/15/opinion/in-india-one-womans-stand-says-enough.html |title=In India, One Woman's Stand Says 'Enough' |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref> She told Akku either she would kill him or he would have to kill her saying, "We can't both live on this Earth together. It's you or me."{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|p=51}}<ref name="guardian" />

Akku was then lynched by the mob of 200–400 women who showed up.<ref name="guardian" /> He was stabbed at least 70 times, and chili powder and stones were thrown in his face. The chili powder was also thrown into the faces of police officers who guarded him. The police officers, overwhelmed and terrified, fled immediately.<ref name="guardian" /> One of his alleged victims also hacked off his penis. The lynching occurred in Nagpur District Court No. 7 on the marble floor of the courtroom.<ref name="guardian" /> As he was being lynched, Akku was horrified and shouted: "Forgive me! I won't do it again!". The women passed their knives around and kept stabbing him; each woman agreed to stab Akku at least once. His blood was on the floors and walls of the courtroom.{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|pp=51–55}} Akku died 15 minutes later; he was 32 years old.<ref name="guardian" /> The mob continued attacking his corpse post-mortem.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://issuu.com/movementofindia/docs/no.5-tpm-sept-oct-2004 |title=The People's Movement |date=31 October 2004 |volume=1 |number=5 |publisher=[[National Alliance of People's Movements]] |page=6 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813162041/https://issuu.com/movementofindia/docs/no.5-tpm-sept-oct-2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The women claimed the murder was unplanned. One woman said: "We didn't have any formal meetings, but it spread by word of mouth that we had to take united action."<ref name="Furies" /> The State CID of [[Maharashtra Police]] had a different version of the lynching. According to senior police sources, the lynching was done by four men with sharp weapons, and the women of Kasturba Nagar claimed responsibility for the lynching to protect those men.<ref name="Furies" /> None of the women agreed with the police version, and police said both men and women were there when the lynch mob appeared.<ref name="Furies" /> [[BBC News]] reported on the lynching on the day it occurred saying: "Initial reports said about 14 women and several children forced their way into the courtroom" and stabbed Akku Yadav to death.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3562236.stm |title=Women kill rape suspect in court |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 August 2004 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Aftermath ===

The women returned to Kasturba Nagar to tell their husbands and fathers they had killed Akku. The slum celebrated, and families put on music and danced in the streets. They bought food and handed out fruit to their friends. Five women were arrested immediately but released following demonstrations in the city. Every woman living in the locality claimed responsibility for the lynching.<ref name="guardian" /> Usha Narayane was arrested and charged with murder, as were other women. A crowd of 400 women and more than 100 men and children gathered at the courthouse to support the women. The crowd said they would not move until the women were granted bail.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3577018.stm |title=Women bailed over court lynching |work=[[BBC News]] |last=Ahmed |first=Zubair |date=18 August 2004 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> In 2012, Narayane was acquitted.<ref name="TimesIndia">{{cite web |last=Ganjapure |first=Vaibhav |date=10 November 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Decade-after-Akkus-courtroom-murder-all-accused-go-free/articleshow/45104117.cms |title=Decade after Akku's courtroom murder, all accused go free |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> Twenty-one others, including six women, were also arrested and released due to lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Sanjay R. |date=10 November 2014 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-lynching-of-alleged-rapist-in-nagpur-court-in-2004-all-accused-let-off-691479 |title=In Lynching of Alleged Rapist in Nagpur Court in 2004, All Accused Let Off |work=[[NDTV India|NDTV]] |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref>

A judge noted a lack of reliable witnesses to the lynching, including unreliable police statements, and cited Akku's autopsy report, which showed alcohol in his system, as proof that he was receiving preferential treatment from police.<ref name="TimesIndia" /> Retired high court judge Bhau Vahane publicly defended the women who lynched Akku Yadav, saying: "In the circumstances they underwent, they were left with no alternative but to finish Akku. The women repeatedly pleaded with the police for their security, but the police failed to protect them."{{sfn|Kristof|WuDunn|2009|pp=51–55}} Vahane also said: "If they took law into their hands, it was because the law and law-enforcing agencies had not given them succour."<ref name="Outlook">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/lucky-friday-the-13th/224949 |title=Lucky Friday the 13th |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Magazine (India)]] |last=Koppikar |first=Smruti |date=30 August 2004 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> ACP Dalbir Bharati said: "There are 200 women who say we did it. The investigating officer found no weapon or blood marks on the five women who were arrested, we found no evidence against these women."<ref name="Outlook" /> Shortly after Akku's death, ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'', an Indian magazine, reported that local police spoke indirectly about gang-war rivalries between Akku's group and a smaller one that allegedly supported the women.<ref name="Outlook" /> According to ''Outlook'', a nephew of Akku swore revenge for his lynching.<ref name="Outlook" /> In 2014, it was reported that all of the remaining accused in the Akku Yadav murder case were released due to a lack of evidence.<ref name="TimesIndia" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/vigilante-justice-acquittal/cid/296351 |title='Vigilante justice' acquittal |newspaper=[[The Telegraph India]] |date=11 November 2014 | accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref>

===In fiction and media===

In 2011, a documentary about Akku called ''Candles in the Wind'' was released.<ref>{{cite book |title=Candles in the Wind |publisher=[[WorldCat]] |oclc = 841567868}}</ref> On the night of 4 December 2013, a nephew of Akku Yadav named Mukri Chhotelal Yadav was stabbed to death at age 30 by two teenagers aged 15 and 17. Mukri allegedly made sexual advances on one of the teenagers' grandmothers and had once threatened her with a knife.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bose |first=Soumittra S. |date=6 December 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Teens-stab-to-death-Akku-Yadavs-nephew/articleshow/26925999.cms |title=Teens stab to death Akku Yadav's nephew |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> The grandmother, who was in her 50s, was teased by Mukri and he often intimidated her. The grandmother told the teens about this and the teens warned Mukri, but he continued to victimize the grandmother. Mukri, like Akku, also had a history of crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/akku-yadavs-nephew-brutally-murdered-at-kamaal-chowk-two-minors-arrested/12051650 |title=Akku Yadav's nephew brutally murdered at Kamaal Chowk; Two minors arrested |work=Nagpur Today |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

In 2015, a movie inspired by Akku called ''Keechaka'' was released. It was controversial and women protested against the movie because of the graphic violence against women depicted in it. The movie's director, N.V.B. Chaudhary, defended the film, saying it supports women.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150925/entertainment-tollywood/article/film-rapist-akku-yadav |title=Film on rapist Akku Yadav |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518101413/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150925/entertainment-tollywood/article/film-rapist-akku-yadav |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''[[200 Halla Ho]]'', a [[crime thriller]] film released in 2021 featuring actor [[Amol Palekar]], was based on Akku Yadav.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/movie-review/200-halla-ho-highlights-two-poles-in-dalit-community-along-which-nations-story-can-be-mapped-explored-70428.html |title='200: Halla Ho' highlights two poles in Dalit community along which nation's story can be mapped, explored |work=News 9 Live |last=Maitreya |first=Yogesh |date=August 21, 2021 |accessdate=November 18, 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118163048/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/movie-review/200-halla-ho-highlights-two-poles-in-dalit-community-along-which-nations-story-can-be-mapped-explored-70428.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |url=https://4.files.edl.io/b9e9/09/04/19/073131-7990ab25-248e-4f4d-a110-1a69bb3111ee.pdf |title=Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |last1=Kristof |first1=Nicholas |last2=WuDunn |first2=Sheryl |year=2009 |isbn=9780307267146 }}
*{{cite book |title= News of Boundless Riches: Interrogating, Comparing, and Reconstructing Mission in a Global Era |last1=Stackhouse |first1=Max L. |last2=Pachuau |first2=Lalsangkima |year=2007 |publisher=ISPCK |isbn=9788184580143 }}
*{{cite book |title=Killing Justice: Vigilantism in Nagpur |year=2005 |publisher=Human Rights Initiative |last=Mehta |first=Swati |url=https://humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/killing_justice_vigilantism_in_nagpur1.pdf |isbn=81-88205-13-3 }}

==See also==
* [[List of serial killers by country]]
* [[200 Halla Ho]]

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dlW15DRCs8 Candles in the Wind] - A 2011 documentary about Akku Yadav
*[https://www.netflix.com/title/81610577 Indian Predator: Murder in a courtroom] - A webseries released on Netflix in 2022
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Akku}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:2004 murders in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in India]]
[[Category:Gang rape in India]]
[[Category:Indian extortionists]]
[[Category:Indian kidnappers]]
[[Category:Indian rapists]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]]
[[Category:Lynching victims]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Murdered serial killers]]
[[Category:Femicide in India]]
[[Category:Vigilantism against sex offenders]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People murdered in Maharashtra]]

2024 Pro Kabaddi League

2026-04-21T15:13:55Z

NoraBillings: starting first details needs work

{{Short description|11th Season of Pro Kabaddi League}}
{{Infobox tournament
|name=2024 Pro Kabaddi League<br> Season 11
|start_date= 18 October 2024
|end_date= 29 December 2024
|image = Pro_Kabaddi_official_logo_2024_version.webp
|caption =
|tournament_format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]
|host=India
|champion= [[Haryana Steelers]] (1st title)
|runner-up1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|teams=[[#Participating teams|12]]
|previous=[[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|2023–24]]
|next=[[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|2025]]
|administrator=Mashal Sports
|matches=137
|website={{URL|prokabaddi.com|Pro Kabaddi}}
|best_player=
|stat1_label=Most tackle points
|stat2_label=Most successful raids
|stat3_label=Most successful tackles
|stat2= {{flagicon|IND}} Devank Dalal (226) ([[Patna Pirates]])
|stat1= {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammad Reza Shadloui|Mohammadreza Chiyaneh]] (82) ([[Haryana Steelers]])
|stat3= {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Mohammad Reza Shadloui|Mohammadreza Chiyaneh]] (78) ([[Haryana Steelers]])
|top_scorer= {{flagicon|IND}} Devank Dalal (301) ([[Patna Pirates]])
}}

The '''2024 Pro Kabaddi League''' was the eleventh season of the [[Pro Kabaddi League]], a franchise-based [[Kabaddi in India|Kabaddi league in India]]. The league matches of this season started on October 18.

[[Puneri Paltan]] were the defending champions, who won their maiden PKL title, beating [[Haryana Steelers]] in the previous edition.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 March 2024 |title=Puneri Paltan crowned PKL Season 10 champion; beats Haryana Steelers in low-scoring final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/videos/pkl-10-puneri-paltan-wins-title-beats-haryana-steelers-aslam-inamdar-shadloui-manpreet-singh-highlights/article67905174.ece |website=SportStar}}</ref>

[[Haryana Steelers]] became the champions for the maiden time after finishing as runners-up in the last season. They defeated three-time champions [[Patna Pirates]] to clinch the title. Thus, the Steelers became the first-ever team to be founded in 2017 and win the title. The final took place at the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex Wrestling Hall]] in [[Pune]] in front of a capacity crowd of 4,400.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 May 2025 |title=Pro Kabaddi Legaue: Full list of winners with captains PKL 2024 champion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/pro-kabaddi-legaue-full-list-of-winners-with-captains-pkl-2024-champion-124122800316_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

On 28 December 2024, one day before the 2024 Pro Kabaddi League Final, the Pro Kabaddi League hosted the [[Pro Kabaddi League: Melbourne Raid]] at the [[John Cain Arena]] in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. The event featured two Kabaddi All Star Exhibition matches.

==Participating teams==
{{location map+ |India3
|width=350
|float=right
|caption=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|alt=Locations of the Pro Kabaddi teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9716|long=77.5946 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengaluru Bulls]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[U Mumba]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Puneri Paltan]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengal Warriorz]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |long=75.82 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.61 |long=85.14 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Patna Pirates]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |long=78.48 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Telugu Titans]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:65%;">[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.8467 |long=80.9462 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[UP Yoddha]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=29.0588 |long=76.0856 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Haryana Steelers]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.0827 |long=79.2707 |mark= Blue pog.svg |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Tamil Thalaivas]]</div>|position=right}}
}}

The same 12 teams from the previous season returned with few changes to the team personnel.

{| class="wikitable"
! Teams
! Head coach
! Captain
|-
|style=text-align:left"| [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|style=text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Prashant Surve<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/bengal-warriors-announce-new-coaching-staff-for-season-11-of-pkl202407091418205| title=Bengal Warriors announce new coaching staff for Season 11 of PKL| date=9 July 2024|publisher=[[Asian News International]]| access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>
|style=text-align:left"| {{flagicon|IRN}}[[Fazel Atrachali]]
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}Randhir Singh Sehrawat
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Pardeep Narwal]]
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Joginder Narwal
| {{flagicon|IND}}[[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]]
|-
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ram Mehar Singh
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Neeraj Kumar (kabaddi)|Neeraj Kumar]]
|-
| [[Haryana Steelers]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Manpreet Singh
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jaideep Dahiya
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sanjeev Kumar Baliyan
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]]
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Narender Kumar Redhu
| {{flagicon|IND}} Shubham Shinde
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} BC Ramesh
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aslam Inamdar]]
|-
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} J.Udayakumar & Dharmaraj Cheralathan
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sagar Rathee
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Krishan Kumar
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pawan Sehrawat]]
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} Gholamreza
| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Kumar (kabaddi player)|Sunil Kumar]]
|-
| [[UP Yoddha]]
| {{Flagicon|IND}} Jasveer Singh
| {{Flagicon|IND}} Surender Gill
|}

== Venues ==
This time, the league will be played in three venues: Hyderabad, Noida and Pune respectively.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 September 2024 |title=Pro Kabaddi League Season 11 Kicks Off on October 18 in Hyderabad, Pune, and Noida |url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/news/pro-kabaddi-season-11-schedule-release |website=[[Pro Kabaddi League]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center"
|-
! Stadium
! Location
! Capacity
! Dates
|-
! colspan=4| League Stage
|-
|style=text-align:left| [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]]
|style=text-align:left| [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|5,000}}
| 18 October–9 November
|-
|style=text-align:left| [[Noida Indoor Stadium]]
|style=text-align:left| [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|5,000}}
| 10 November–1 December
|-
|style=text-align:left| [[Badminton Hall in Balewadi Sports Complex]]
|style=text-align:left| [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align:center" | {{nts|4,200}}
| 3 December–24 December
|}

== Points Table ==
{{2024 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

==League Stage==

===Form===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b
|team1=[[Bengal Warriorz]]
|pos1=L/W/T/T/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/W/T/L/L/L/L
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|pos2=L/L/L/L/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/T/L/L/L/L/L/L
|team3=[[Dabang Delhi K.C.|Dabang Delhi]]
|pos3=W/L/W/L/L/L/L/W/W/T/W/T/W/T/W/T/W/W/W/W/W/W
|team4=[[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|pos4=W/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/W/L/T/W/W/L/T/L/W/L/L/L/T/L
|team5=[[Haryana Steelers]]
|pos5=L/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/L/L/W
|team6=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|pos6=W/W/L/T/L/W/L/W/W/W/L/L/W/L/W/T/L/W/W/W/W/L
|team7=[[Patna Pirates]]
|pos7=L/W/L/W/W/L/W/W/L/W/W/L/T/W/W/L/W/W/W/W/L/T
|team8=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|pos8=W/W/L/W/T/W/W/L/T/L/T/W/L/L/W/L/L/L/W/L/L/W
|team9=[[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|pos9=W/W/L/T/W/L/L/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/L/W/W/L
|team10=[[Telugu Titans]]
|pos10=W/L/L/L/W/W/W/W/L/W/W/W/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/W
|team11=[[U Mumba]]
|pos11=L/W/T/W/L/W/W/W/L/W/W/L/W/L/W/T/L/W/L/W/L/W
|team12=[[UP Yoddhas]]
|pos12=W/W/L/W/L/L/L/L/W/T/W/W/L/W/W/T/W/T/W/W/W/W
|color_W = green2| text_W =Win
|color_T = yellow2| text_T =Tie
|color_L = red2| text_L =Lose
|update = 24 December 2024
|source = [https://www.prokabaddi.com/schedule-fixtures-results]
}}

=== Leg 1 – [[Gachibowli Indoor Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] ===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 1
|score = 37 – 29
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (13)
|raid2= Jatin (3)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5309-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 2
|score = 36 – 28
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (10)
|raid2= Ajit Chavan (10)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5310-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 3
|score = 29 – 44
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (10)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (10)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5311-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 19 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 4
|score = 35 – 25
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= [[Aslam Inamdar]] (5)
|raid2= Shivam Patare (5)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5312-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 20 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 5
|score = 34 – 39
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Nitin Dhankhar (13)
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (15)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5313-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 20 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 6
|score = 36 – 32
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= [[Parteek Dahiya]] (8)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (9)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5314-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 7
|score = 28 – 23
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Bhavani Rajput (7)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (4)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5315-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 8
|score = 40 – 25
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= [[Aslam Inamdar]] (9)
|raid2= Devank (6)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5316-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 9
|score = 22 – 52
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (7)
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (19)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5317-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 22 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 10
|score = 57 – 36
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Surender Gill (17)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (16)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5318-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 23 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 11
|score = 35 – 30
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= [[Narender Kandola]] (9)
|raid2= Mohit Goyat (13)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5320-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult |bg=#eee
|date = 23 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 12
|score = 27 – 33
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= [[Parteek Dahiya]] (5)
|raid2= Amirmohammad Zafardanesh (10)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5319-scorecard Result]
}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date = 24 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 13
|score = 32 – 29
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (8)
|raid2= Bharat (13)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriorz]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5321-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 24 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 14
|score = 37 – 25
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Vinay (10)
|raid2= Abhijeet Malik (6)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5322-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 15
|score = 42 – 40
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Devank (25)
|raid2= [[Narender Kandola]] (15)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5323-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 25 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 16
|score = 22 – 36
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Pankaj (6)
|raid2= Mohit Goyat (6)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5324-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 26 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 17
|score = 31 – 31
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Manjeet (7)
|raid2= [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (8)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5325-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 18
|score = 37 – 41
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (18)
|raid2= [[Naveen Kumar (kabaddi)|Naveen Kumar]] (15)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5326-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 27 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 19
|score = 30 – 30
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (7)
|raid2= [[Sachin Tanwar]] (11)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5327-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 27 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 20
|score = 35 – 29
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Bharat (13)
|raid2= Rakesh (8)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5328-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 28 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 21
|score = 41 – 34
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Shivam Patare (8)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (13)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5329-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 22
|score = 28 – 26
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Ashish Narwal (9)
|raid2= Devank (7)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5330-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 23
|score = 32 – 32
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Sushil Kambrekar (10)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (8)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5331-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 24
|score = 34 – 33
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (7)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (13)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5332-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 25
|score = 25 – 44
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (7)
|raid2= [[Narender Kandola]] (15)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5333-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 30 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 26
|score = 28 – 30
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Gagan Gowda (9)
|raid2= Vinay (8)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5334-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 31 October 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 27
|score = 44 – 30
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Devank (12)
|raid2= Vinay (10)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5335-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 31 October 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 28
|score = 39 – 37
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ajit Chavan (14)
|raid2= Neeraj Narwal (12)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5336-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 2 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 29
|score = 37 – 42
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Gagan Gowda (9)
|raid2= Devank (11)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5338-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 2 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 30
|score = 35 – 38
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Ajinkya Pawar (9)
|raid2= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (14)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5337-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 3 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 31
|score = 40 – 38
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= [[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]] (12)
|raid2= Vinay (10)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriorz]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5340-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 3 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 32
|score = 35 – 28
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= [[Aslam Inamdar]] (10)
|raid2= Ajit Chavan (9)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5339-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 4 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 33
|score = 49 – 30
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= [[Akash Shinde]] (11)
|raid2= Guman Singh (12)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5342-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 4 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 34
|score = 36 – 32
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Akshit (6)
|raid2= Narender Kandola (6)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5341-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 5 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 35
|score = 33 – 30
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= Neeraj Narwal (9)
|raid2= Bharat (7)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5344-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 5 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 36
|score = 32 – 26
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Manjeet (9)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (11)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5343-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 6 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 37
|score = 40 – 42
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Devank (15)
|raid2= Ajit Chavan (19)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5346-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 6 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 38
|score = 34 – 35
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Sachin (17)
|raid2= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (12)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5345-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 39
|score = 30 – 33
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Nitin Kumar (15)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (10)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5348-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 40
|score = 35 – 22
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Vinay (9)
|raid2= Guman Singh (11)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5347-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 8 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 41
|score = 41 – 43
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (20)
|raid2= Ayan (14)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5349-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 42
|score = 39 – 26
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (12)
|raid2= [[Narender Kandola]] (6)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5350-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 43
|score = 34 – 33
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= [[Pawan Sehrawat]] (12)
|raid2= Pankaj Mohite (9)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5351-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 9 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 44
|score = 29 – 40
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Akshit (11)
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (14)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriorz]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5352-scorecard Result]
}}

=== Leg 2 – Noida Indoor Stadium, [[Noida]] ===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 45
|score = 33 – 35
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Bharat (11)
|raid2= Ajit Chouhan (8)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5353-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 46
|score = 23 – 39
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Rakesh (7)
|raid2= Vinay (7)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5354-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 47
|score = 27 – 40
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (5)
|raid2= Ayan (10)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5355-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 11 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 48
|score = 39 – 48
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Ajit Chouhan (18)
|raid2= Shivam Patare (11)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5356-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 49
|score = 32 – 39
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Ajinkya Pawar (9)
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (19)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5357-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 12 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 50
|score = 38 – 38
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (17)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (8)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= Match tied
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5358-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 13 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 51
|score = 47 – 28
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= Guman Singh (17)
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (11)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5359-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 13 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 52
|score = 32 – 37
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Devank (7)
|raid2= Vinay (6)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5360-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 14 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 53
|score = 40 – 34
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Bhawani Rajput (12)
|raid2= Vijay Malik (15)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5361-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 14 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 54
|score = 32 – 35
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Moein Safaghi (10)
|raid2= Manjeet (10)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5362-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 55
|score = 52 – 31
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Devank (15)
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (11)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5363-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 56
|score = 32 – 24
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (9)
|raid2= Guman Singh (11)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5364-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 57
|score = 31 – 46
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Vishwas S (9)
|raid2= Vishal Chahal (12)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5365-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 16 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 58
|score = 35 – 25
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (14)
|raid2= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (5)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5366-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 59
|score = 36 – 29
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= Vinay (10)
|raid2= [[Narender Kandola]] (4)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5367-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 17 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 60
|score = 30 – 28
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (8)
|raid2= Akash Shinde (7)
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5368-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 61
|score = 49 – 27
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Ashish Narwal (11)
|raid2= Jaya Soorya (5)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5370-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 62
|score = 37 – 38
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= [[Pardeep Narwal]] (10)
|raid2= Ajit Chouhan (10)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5369-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 63
|score = 29 – 29
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Pankaj Mohite (9)
|raid2= Bhavani Rajput (10)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5371-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 19 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 64
|score = 31 – 54
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Akshit (7)
|raid2= Devank (16)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5372-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 20 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 65
|score = 39 – 39
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (11)
|raid2= [[Parteek Dahiya]] (20)
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5373-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 20 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 66
|score = 31 – 29
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= Ashish Narwal (8)
|raid2= Manjeet (7)
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5374-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 67
|score = 29 – 31
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= Pranay Rane (9)
|raid2= Vijay Malik (14)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5376-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 68
|score = 26 – 32
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= Akshit (7)
|raid2= Vinay (12)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5375-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 69
|score = 24 – 40
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= Vishal Chahal (6)
|raid2= Bhavani Rajput (10)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5378-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 22 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 70
|score = 21 – 35
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (7)
|raid2= Ashu Malik (9)
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5377-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 71
|score = 31 – 28
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= [[Parteek Dahiya]] (11)
|raid2= Vijay (15)
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5379-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 72
|score = 30 – 43
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (16)
|raid2= Vinay (11)
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5380-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 24 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 73
|score = 51 – 34
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Akash Shinde (9)
|raid2= Nitin Kumar (13)
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5381-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 24 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 74
|score = 42 – 44
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= Devank (18)
|raid2= Bhavani Rajput (10)
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5382-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 25 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 75
|score = 23 – 37
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= Pankaj Mohite (7)
|raid2= [[Arjun Deshwal]] (16)
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5384-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 25 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 76
|score = 34 – 32
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= Manjeet (8)
|raid2= Sushil (8)
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5383-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 26 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 77
|score = 26 – 40
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= Gagan Gowda (8)
|raid2= [[Narender Kandola]] (6)
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5386-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 78
|score = 39 - 39
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= Ashu Malik (11)
|raid2= Devank (15)
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= Match tied
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5385-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 27 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 79
|score = 38 - 28
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5387-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 27 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 80
|score = 37 - 39
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5388-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 28 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 81
|score = 33 - 29
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5389-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 28 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 82
|score = 35 - 41
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5390-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 29 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 83
|score = 30 - 42
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5391-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 84
|score = 33 - 34
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5392-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 30 November 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 85
|score = 54 - 29
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5393-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 30 November 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 86
|score = 41 - 28
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5394-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 1 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 87
|score = 21 - 32
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5395-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 1 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 88
|score = 35 - 38
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5396-scorecard Result]
}}

=== Leg 3 – [[Balewadi Sports Complex]], [[Pune]] ===
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 3 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 89
|score = 34 - 34
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5397-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 3 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 90
|score = 43 - 29
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5398-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 4 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 91
|score = 33 - 36
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5399-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 4 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 92
|score = 32 - 39
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriorz]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5400-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 5 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 93
|score = 32 - 32
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5401-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 5 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 94
|score = 22 - 22
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= Match tied
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5402-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 6 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 95
|score = 40 - 27
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5403-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 6 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 96
|score = 42 - 36
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5404-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 7 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 97
|score = 36 - 33
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5405-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 7 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 98
|score = 34 - 32
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5406-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 8 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 99
|score = 38 - 28
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5407-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 8 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 100
|score = 33 - 34
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5408-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 9 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 101
|score = 46 - 25
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5409-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 9 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 102
|score = 26 - 30
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5410-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 10 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 103
|score = 29 - 42
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5411-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 10 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 104
|score = 44 - 29
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengal Warriorz]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5412-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 11 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 105
|score = 37 - 26
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5413-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 11 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 106
|score = 47 - 31
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5414-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 12 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 107
|score = 33 - 27
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5415-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 12 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 108
|score = 31 - 31
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= Match tied
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5416-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 13 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 109
|score = 38 - 42
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5417-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 13 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 110
|score = 56 - 18
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5418-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 14 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 111
|score = 36 - 32
|team1 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5419-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 14 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 112
|score = 44 - 37
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5420-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 15 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 113
|score = 27 - 34
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5421-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 15 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 114
|score = 27 - 30
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5422-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 16 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 115
|score = 47 - 25
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5423-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 16 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 116
|score = 37 - 32
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5424-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 17 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 117
|score = 24 - 31
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5425-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 17 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 118
|score = 35 - 26
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5426-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 18 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 119
|score = 60 - 29
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5427-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 18 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 120
|score = 41 - 37
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5428-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 19 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 121
|score = 23 - 59
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5429-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 19 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 122
|score = 43 - 37
|team1 = [[U Mumba]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5430-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 20 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 123
|score = 31 - 28
|team1 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|result= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5431-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 20 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 124
|score = 36 - 48
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5432-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 21 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 125
|score = 40 - 40
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|result= Match tied
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5433-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 21 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 126
|score = 33 - 31
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5434-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 22 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 127
|score = 42 - 32
|team1 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Tamil Thalaivas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5435-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 22 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 128
|score = 47 - 30
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5436-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 23 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 129
|score = 31 - 45
|team1 = [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Giants]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|result= [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5437-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 23 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 130
|score = 42 - 32
|team1 = [[Puneri Paltan]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[Tamil Thalaivas]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5438-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date = 24 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 131
|score = 30 - 44
|team1 = [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5439-scorecard Result]
}}
{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 24 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 132
|score = 27 - 36
|team1 = [[Bengal Warriorz]]
|raid1= TBA
|raid2= TBA
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|result= [[U Mumba]] won
|report =[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5440-scorecard Result]
}}

==Playoffs==
'''''{{Hatnote|All playoff matches were played at [[Balewadi Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]}}'''''
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
|widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
|3rdplace=no
|skipmatch=1;3
|omit_blanks=yes
|RD1=Eliminators
|RD2=Semi-finals
|RD3=Final


|'''Eliminator 1'''|[[UP Yoddhas]]|46 |[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]|18
|'''Eliminator 2'''|[[Patna Pirates]]|31 |[[U Mumba]]|23

|'''Semi-final 1'''|[[Haryana Steelers]]|28 |[[UP Yoddhas]]|25
|'''Semi-final 2'''|[[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]|28
|[[Patna Pirates]]|32

| |[[Haryana Steelers]]|32 |[[Patna Pirates]]| 23

| |Winner Final|
}}

===Eliminator 1===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 26 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 133
|score = 46 – 18
|team1 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|team2 = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5894-scorecard Report]
|result= [[UP Yoddhas]] won
|raid1=
|raid2=
}}

===Eliminator 2===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 26 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 134
|score = 31 – 23
|team1 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|team2 = [[U Mumba]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5895-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1=
|raid2=
}}

===Semi Final 1===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 27 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 135
|score = 28 – 25
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[UP Yoddhas]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5896-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1= Shivam Patare (7)
|raid2= Gagan Gowda (10)
}}

===Semi Final 2===

{{kabaddiresult |
|date = 27 December 2024
|time = 21:00 (IST)
|match = 136
|score = 28 – 32
|team1 = [[Dabang Delhi K.C.]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5897-scorecard Report]
|result= [[Patna Pirates]] won
|raid1= Ashu Malik (9)
|raid2= Ayan (8)
}}

===Final===

{{kabaddiresult | bg=#eee
|date = 29 December 2024
|time = 20:00 (IST)
|match = 137
|score =32 – 23
|team1 = [[Haryana Steelers]]
|team2 = [[Patna Pirates]]
|report= [https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5898-scorecard Report]
|result=[[Haryana Steelers]] won
|raid1=Shivam Patare (9)
|raid2=Gurdeep (6)
}}

==Statistics==
===Most raid points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text- align: center;"
!# !!Player !!Team !! Raid Points
|-
| 1 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Devank ||[[Patna Pirates]]|| 288
|-
| 2 || style="text-align left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Ashu Malik||[[Dabang Delhi]] || 239
|-
| 2 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Deshwal]]|| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]|| 225
|-
| 4 || style="text-align left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Ajit Ramesh Chouhan || [[U Mumba]]|| 173
|-
| 5 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Malik|| [[Bengal Warriorz|Telugu Titans]]||172
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" |{{updated|29 December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/147-22-player-raid-points-statistics|title=Pro Kabaddi Player Raid Points |Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

===Most tackle points===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
!#!!Player !!Team !! Tackle Points
|-
| 1 ||style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IRN
}}Mohammadreza
Shadloui
|[[Haryana Steelers]] || 82
|-

| 2 || style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ankit Janglan || [[Patna Pirates]]||79
|-

| 3 || style="text-align left" |
{{flagicon|IND}} Nitesh Kumar
|[[Tamil Thalaivas]] || 77
|-

| 4 || style="text-align left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Yogesh Dahiya
|[[Dabang Delhi]] || 75
|-

| rowspan="2" |5 ||style="text-align left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Nitin Rawal|| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]|| rowspan ="2"|74
|-
|style="text-align left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hitesh || [[UP Yoddhas]]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" |{{updated|29 December 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/stats/147-103-player-tackle-points-statistics |title=Pro Kabaddi Player Raid Points |Records for Pro Kabaddi League Teams and Players|website=Pro Kabaddi League}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.prokabaddi.com/}}

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League seasons]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian sport]]

Jitesh Antapurkar

2026-04-10T03:13:31Z

NoraBillings: New A Post...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jitesh Raosaheb Antapurkar
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 20 November 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2021
| term_end1 = 20 November 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Raosaheb Antapurkar]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1989|12|30}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] {{small|(August 2024-Present)}}
| other_party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(Until 2024)}}
| constituency1 = [[Deglur Assembly constituency|Deglur]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| parents = [[Raosaheb Antapurkar]] (Father)
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Jitesh Raosaheb Antapurkar''' is a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Maharashtra]] representing [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Deglur Assembly constituency]] and former Member of [[Indian National Congress]].
He was elected in by-election after his father died in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Deglur Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Deglur Assembly bypolls result: काँग्रेसची दिवाळी दणक्यात, देगलूर पोटनिवडणुकीत जितेश अंतापूरकर विजयी, भाजप पराभूत|url=https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/deglur-biloli-assembly-bypolls-election-result-congress-jitesh-antapurkar-wins-bjp-subhash-sabane-lost-mhds-625818.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106175634/https://lokmat.news18.com/maharashtra/deglur-biloli-assembly-bypolls-election-result-congress-jitesh-antapurkar-wins-bjp-subhash-sabane-lost-mhds-625818.html |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> in [[Nanded district|Nanded]] city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2022 |title=Antapurkar Raosaheb Jayvanta(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency - DEGLUR (SC) (NANDED) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106174025/https://myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=9600 |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* [[2021 elections in India|2021]]^: Legislative assembly By-elections [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Congress defeats BJP to win Deglur bypoll|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cong-defeats-bjp-to-win-deglur-bypoll-7605014/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106174830/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cong-defeats-bjp-to-win-deglur-bypoll-7605014/ |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website= [[Indian Express Limited|Indian Express]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Maharashtra: Backed by 2 ruling parties, Congress wins Deglur bypoll|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/maharashtra-backed-by-2-ruling-parties-congress-wins-deglur-bypoll-101635867046764.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106180314/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/maharashtra-backed-by-2-ruling-parties-congress-wins-deglur-bypoll-101635867046764.html |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website= [[Hindustan Times]] |language=English
}}</ref>
* [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]: Elected as member [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra legislative Assembly]] as a BJP candidate.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antapurkar, Jitesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nanded]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Tharu languages

2026-04-09T10:09:15Z

NoraBillings: Added Details

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language group of Nepal and India}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Thar language]] of Bangladesh and East India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Tharu
| nativename = थारु, थरुवा, थरुहट
| pronunciation = ({{IPA|thq|tʰaru|pron|OpenSpeaks-thq-Saptariya-Tharu-Sanjib Chaudhary-Pronunciation Tharu.wav}})<small>(Tharu)</small><br>
| image = OpenSpeaks-thq-Eastern Tharu-Achhai Chaudhary-SC-Medicinal Plants 01.webm
| imagecaption = A Tharu [[traditional healer]] describing local medicinal plants in [[Kochila Tharu|Saptariya]], a Tharu language
| imagealt = A Tharu traditional healer describing local medicinal plants in Saptariya, a Tharu language
| states = [[Nepal]], [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Tharu people|Tharu]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|1.700000|2}} million in Nepal (2021 census)<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, mother tongue Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/mother-tongue}}</ref>
| date =
| speakers2 = {{sigfig|367,000|2}} or more in India (1997–2007)<ref name=e27/>
| ref = e27
| nation = {{flag|Nepal}}
* [[Lumbini Province]]
* [[Sudurpashchim Province|Sudurpashchim]]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]
| script = [[Devanagari]]
| lc1 = thl
| ld1 = [[Dangaura Tharu]]
| lc2 = tkt
| ld2 = [[Kathariya Tharu]]
| lc3 = thr
| ld3 = [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]]
| lc5 = thq
| ld5 = [[Kochila Tharu]]
| lc4 = the
| ld4 = Chitwania Tharu
| lc6 = tkb
| ld6 = [[Buksa language|Buksa]]
| lc7 = soi
| ld7 = [[Sonha language|Sonha]]
| glotto = thar1284
| glottorefname = Tharuic
| map = Tharu Area.jpg
| mapcaption = Regions in Nepal and India with significant Tharu population
| fam6 = (Unclassified)
| dia1 = [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]]
| region = [[Terai]]
| dia2 = [[Sonha language|Sonha Tharu]]
| dia3 = [[Kochila Tharu]]
| dia4 = [[Kathariya Tharu]]
| dia5 = [[Dangaura Tharu]]
| dia6 = [[Chitwania Tharu]]
| minority = {{Flag|India}}
* [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_uttaranchal.pdf | author = Office of the Registrar General, India (2001) | title = Uttaranchal. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001 | access-date = 2008-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_up.pdf | author = Office of the Registrar General, India (2001) | title= Uttar Pradesh. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001}}</ref>
}}

The '''Tharu''' ([[Tharu people|Tharu]]: थारु, ({{IPA|thq|tʰaru|pron|OpenSpeaks-thq-Saptariya-Tharu-Sanjib Chaudhary-Pronunciation Tharu.wav}}), {{langx|hi|थरुवा}}) or '''Tharuhat''' ({{langx|ne|थरुहट}}) languages are any of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken by the [[Tharu people]] of the [[Terai]] region in Nepal, and neighboring regions of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] in India.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_uttaranchal.pdf | author = Office of the Registrar General, India (2001) | title = Uttaranchal. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001 | access-date = 2008-03-16}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_up.pdf | author = Office of the Registrar General, India (2001) | title= Uttar Pradesh. Data Highlights: The Scheduled Tribes. Census of India 2001}}</ref>

Tharu languages are spoken in the Tharu community. These languages are similar to other neighboring languages. Tharu language is one of the major languages spoken in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guneratne |first=Arjun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7FWQ6dzYZQC |title=Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal |date=2002 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-8728-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Although their own precise classification within Indo-Aryan remains uncertain, Tharu languages have superficial similarities with neighbouring languages such as [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]. The lexicon of certain Tharu households is indicative of an archaic, '[[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]]' substratum, potentially predating both [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] or [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] settlement. Tharu languages appear to be transitional within the context of Indo-Aryan.<ref>The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity</ref>

== Languages and dialects ==
Tharu communities in different parts of Nepal and India do not share the same language like the other ethnic groups as it varies between the eastern, central and western Terai. There are various Tharu languages spoken by the several [[Endogamy|endogamous]] subgroups of Tharu that are scattered over most of the Terai region. [[Lexical similarity]] between various Tharu languages varies between 81% and 51% depending upon the Tharu language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krauskopff, G. |year=1995 |title=The anthropology of the Tharus: an annoted bibliography |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_17_0304_05.pdf |journal=Kailash |volume=17 |issue=3/4 |pages=185–213}}</ref>

=== Western Tharu languages ===
'''[[Dangaura Tharu|Dangaura]]''' and '''[[Kathariya Tharu]]''' are mutually-intelligible Tharu variants spoken west of the [[Gandaki River]], by approximately 1.3 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN) Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University |title=Dangaura Tharu language |url=https://elibrary.tucl.edu.np/bitstream/123456789/4158/2/Chapter.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Copula Construction in Kathariya Tharu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371522827}}</ref> Furthermore, an additional variant of Tharu, known as '''[[Sonha language|Sonha]]''', is largely mutually intelligible with Dangaura.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Anil Dutta |title=Phonological study of the Sonaha language |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346761434}}</ref>

'''[[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]]''' and '''[[Buksa language|Buksa]]''' are mutually-intelligible Tharu variants spoken by approximately 250,000 people west of [[Ghaghara|Karnali river]] and in the Indian states of [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakahand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It sounds similar to [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]] and Awadhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhakal |first=Dubi Nanda |title=Notes on Rana Tharu language |url=https://www.academia.edu/43908543}}</ref> The Nepal Charter dated 18 May 2020 lists [[Rana Tharu people|Rana Tharus]] as a distinct ethnic group and their language as a distinct language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=@therecord |title=Five misconceptions about Rana Tharus - The Record |url=https://www.recordnepal.com/five-misconceptions-about-rana-tharu-and-pan-tharu-identity |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.recordnepal.com |language=English}}</ref>

=== Central Tharu languages ===
'''Chitwania Tharu''' also known as '''Lalpuriya Tharu, Madhya Ksetriya Tharu''' or '''Central Tharu''' is spoken by approximately 250,000 speakers east of the [[Gandaki River]], in and around the [[Chitwan Valley]]. Certain Chitwania variants appear to have considerable lexical similarities with [[Manchad language|Manchad]], a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language.<ref>George van Driem, 2007, "Endangered languages of South Asia", in Matthias Brenzinger, Mouton de Gruyter</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=1972 Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) & SIL International |first=Dorothy Leal |title=Chitwan Tharu phonemic summary |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/36/60/20/36602041748457268053201464034384501291/Chitwan_Tharu_phonemic_summary.pdf |website=Language and Culture Archives}}</ref>

=== Eastern Tharu languages ===
[[File:Eastern Tharu riddle - oil lamp1.webm|thumb|A riddle in Eastern Tharu language.]]
'''[[Kochila Tharu]]''' also called '''[[Lampucchwa Tharu|Morangiya]], Saptariya Tharu, Madhya-Purbiya Tharu''' or '''Mid-Eastern Tharu''' is a diverse Tharu variant, spoken by approximately 250,000 people, in regions of eastern and central Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LANGUAGE OF SAPTARIYA THARU |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/RESEARCHER/article/view/9885/8062}}</ref> Kochila Tharu communities are not found in isolation, but live in districts intermixed with speakers of other languages. “In contrast with western Terai where the Tharus are the only and dominant ethnic minority, the eastern – especially the far eastern – Terai is inhabited by several ethnic groups with very different linguistic affiliation”. Kochila has three main dialects spoken throughout mid-central and eastern Nepal which are ''Western Kochila'', ''Saptariya Kochila'' and ''Morangiya Kochila'' on the basis of their intelligibility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN) |first=Central Department of Linguistics Tribhuvan University, Nepal and SIL International 2013 |title=A Sociolinguistic Study of Kochila Tharu in Southeast Nepal |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/61/99/136199776406127007473396089765757813692/Kochila_Tharu_Report.pdf |access-date=2022-10-08 |archive-date=2022-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023182108/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/61/99/136199776406127007473396089765757813692/Kochila_Tharu_Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Official Status ==
Tharu language is the fourth most commonly spoken language of Nepal accounting for 5.88% of total population of Nepal as per the 2021 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal languages |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NP/languages |access-date=15 Dec 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=caste-ethnicity-report {{!}} national_population and housing_census_year results |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=censusnepal.cbs.gov.np}}</ref> According to The [[Constitution of Nepal 2015]] (2072 B.S.) all native languages spoken in Nepal are National languages of Nepal including Tharu.<ref name="constitution2072">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of Nepal |url=https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Nepal Law Commission}}</ref> The [[Language Commission (Nepal)|Language Commission of Nepal]] has recommended Tharu be made an official administrative language in [[Lumbini Province|Lumbini]] and [[Sudurpashchim Province|Sudurpaschim Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८" Language Commission (in Nepali). |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=languagecommission.gov.np}}</ref> The commission has also recommended Tharu be made the additional official language in all the provinces of Nepal i.e Bagmati, Koshi, Madhesh, Gandaki and Karnali province for specific regions and purposes in the province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८ |url=https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Language Commission |publisher=Language Commission of Nepal |language=ne |archive-date=2021-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906171816/https://languagecommission.gov.np/files/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%20%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> At local level, Tharu has official status in [[Ghorahi]] sub-metropolitan city of [[Dang District, Nepal|Dang district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghorahi to start classes in Tharu language |url=http://english.ratopati.com/story/14483 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=english.ratopati.com |language=Nepali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Native language teaching fails to impress Tharu community |url=http://kathmandupost.com/national/2016/08/24/native-language-teaching-fails-to-impress-tharu-community |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharu to become official language in Ghorahi |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/33949/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
=== Nepal ===
In Nepal Tharu languages are spoken throughout the Terai region from [[Mechi River|Mechi river]] in the east to [[Sharda River|Mahakali river]] in the west in following districts:<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Map View: Table LANGUAGE - NepalMap |url=https://nepalmap.org/data/map/?table=LANGUAGE&geo_ids=district%7Cprovince-3,district%7Ccountry-NP&primary_geo_id=district-35#column%7CTharu,sumlev%7Cdistrict |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=nepalmap.org |archive-date=2024-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404070944/https://nepalmap.org/data/map/?table=LANGUAGE&geo_ids=district%7Cprovince-3,district%7Ccountry-NP&primary_geo_id=district-35#column%7CTharu,sumlev%7Cdistrict |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* [[Koshi Province]]: [[Jhapa District]], [[Morang District]], [[Sunsari District]] and [[Udayapur District]]
* [[Madhesh Province]]: [[Parsa District]], [[Bara District]], [[Rautahat District]], [[Sarlahi District]], [[Mahottari District]], [[Siraha District]] and [[Saptari District]]
* [[Bagmati Province]]: [[Chitwan District]], [[Makwanpur District]], [[Sindhuli District]] and a sizeable population in [[Kathmandu Valley|Kathmandu]] ([[Kathmandu District]], [[Bhaktapur District]] and [[Lalitpur District, Nepal|Lalitpur District]])
* [[Gandaki Province]]: [[Nawalpur District]] and a sizeable population in [[Kaski District]] ([[Pokhara]])
* [[Lumbini Province]]: [[Banke District]], [[Bardiya District]], [[Dang District, Nepal|Dang District]], [[Kapilvastu District]], [[Parasi District]] and [[Rupandehi District]]
* [[Karnali Province]]: [[Surkhet District]]
* [[Sudurpashchim Province|Sudurpaschim Province]]: [[Kailali District]] and [[Kanchanpur District]]

With an increase in internal migrants and international emigration Tharu-speaking people have emerged in every district of Nepal and various countries such as the US, Japan, Qatar, UAE and Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali Tharu community is all set to celebrate maghi festival for the first time in Australia |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/nepali/en/article/nepali-tharu-community-is-all-set-to-celebrate-maghi-festival-for-the-first-time-in-australia/1dbe8e9us |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |title=Nepalese Tharu community celebrates Maghi |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/480221/nepalese-tharu-community-celebrates-maghi |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Gulf Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== India ===
In India Tharu language is spoken in border side areas of Nepal. In the state of [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]] it is spoken in the district of [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttarakhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10225/download/13337/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0500.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In [[Bihar]] it is spoken in [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]] and [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]] districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-06-12 |title=Bihar: Tharu and Surjapuri languages facing extinction |url=https://theprint.in/india/bihar-tharu-and-surjapuri-languages-facing-extinction/993794/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In Uttar Pradesh it is spoken in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]], [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]], [[Shravasti district|Shravasti]], [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]], [[Basti district|Basti]], [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]] and [[Gonda district]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Phonology ==
The following consists mostly of the Daungara and Rana dialects:

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|ʈ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}}
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɖ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
|{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|({{IPA link|ɲ}})
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|{{IPA link|m̤}}
|{{IPA link|n̤}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ̈}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ̤}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|({{IPA link|r}})
|
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|({{IPA link|r̤}})
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
!{{small|[[Breathy voice|breathy]]}}
|
|{{IPA link|l̤}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

* {{IPAslink|n}} can be heard as a palatal {{IPAblink|ɲ}} when preceding a palatal affricate.
* /{{IPA link|ɾ}}, {{IPA link|ɾ̤}}/ may be in free variation with trill sounds [{{IPA link|r}}, {{IPA link|r̤}}] in the Rana dialect.
* Palato-alveolar affricate sounds /{{IPA link|tʃ}}, {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}, {{IPA link|dʒ}}, {{IPA link|dʒʱ}}/ are heard as alveolar affricate sounds [{{IPA link|ts}}, {{IPA link|tsʰ}}, {{IPA link|dz}}, {{IPA link|dzʱ}}] in the Rana dialect.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhakal |first=Dubi Nanda |title=Notes on Rana Tharu Grammar Notes}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA link|i}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|{{IPA link|ə}}
|{{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|a}}
|-
![[Diphthong]]
|{{IPA|əi}}
|
|{{IPA|əu}}
|}
* Nasalization also occurs as /{{IPA link|ĩ}}, {{IPA link|ũ}}, {{IPA link|ẽ}}, {{IPA link|ə̃}}, {{IPA link|õ}}, {{IPA link|ã}}/.
* Vowels /{{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|e}}, {{IPA link|a}}/ are heard as [{{IPA link|ɪ}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}}, {{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA link|ɑ}}] when in lax form.
* {{IPAslink|ə}} is heard as {{IPAblink|ɐ}} when preceding or following velar or glottal consonants.
* {{IPAslink|a}} can be heard as {{IPAblink|æ}} when following {{IPAslink|j}} or as {{IPAblink|ɒ}} when following {{IPAslink|w}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boehm |first=Edward D. |title=A Descriptive Phonology of Dangaura Tharu |year=2003}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Bihari languages}}

{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Bihari languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Bagmati Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Lumbini Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Madhesh Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Sudurpashchim Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Gandaki Province]]
[[Category:Languages of Karnali Province]]
[[Category:Tharu culture]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Languages of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Bihar]]

Archaeological Museum of Bodhgaya

2026-03-29T20:35:13Z

NoraBillings: starting basic article with sources

{{Short description|Archaeology museum in Bodhgaya, Bihar, India}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Archaeological Museum, Bodhgaya
| logo_caption =
| image = Bodhgaya Archaeology Museum entrance.jpg
| caption = Museum's entrance, August 2022
| map_type =
| established = {{Start date and age|1956|12|27}}
| location = [[Bodhgaya]], [[Bihar]], India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|41|41|N|84|59|14|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Archaeology museum]]
| accreditation = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| visitors =
| director =
| curator = Shanker Sharma
| publictransit =
| website =
| latitude =
| longitude =
}}
'''Archaeological Museum of Bodhgaya''' is a [[Archaeology museum|museum of archaeology]] in [[Bodh Gaya|Bodhgaya]], [[Bihar]], India, located near the [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi Temple complex]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi4PbmKuE70C&dq=archaeological+museum+bodhgaya+dalai+lama&pg=PT886 |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2011-01-20 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4053-8847-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harish |first=Nakerikanti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xgCDDwAAQBAJ&dq=archaeological+museum+bodhgaya+dalai+lama&pg=PA45 |title=Solo Travel in Bihar |date=2019-01-30 |publisher=Educreation Publishing |language=en}}</ref> Established by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1956,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodhgaya Archaeological Museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/gaya/bodhgaya-archaeological-museum/ps53190151.cms |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Times of India Travel}}</ref> it features several sculptures, artifacts and antiquities pertaining to [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]] from 2nd century BC to 11th century CE,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sangam |first=Ravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bysSEAAAQBAJ&dq=archaeological+museum+bodhgaya&pg=PA36 |title=Footsteps of Lord Buddha in Bodhgaya & Gaya |publisher=Shangum Mass communication Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi4PbmKuE70C&dq=archaeological+museum+bodhgaya+dalai+lama&pg=PT886 |title=The Rough Guide to India |date=2011-01-20 |publisher=Rough Guides UK |isbn=978-1-4053-8847-4 |language=en}}</ref> including some objects and coins from [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]], [[Gupta era|Gupta]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] periods.

== Overview ==
[[File:Sandstone pillars Bodhgaya Museum.jpg|left|thumb|Sandstone pillars, August 2022]]
The Archaeological Museum of Bodhgaya was inaugurated by the 14th [[Dalai Lama]] [[14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]] on 27 December 1956. The museum has three main galleries, along with the portico and corridor. There are some precisely carved pieces of sandstone and granite that include the museum's list of extraordinary collections. The images of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Maitreya]], [[Manjushri|Manjusri]], [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara]], [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], [[Jambhala]] are showcased as some of the finest sculptures of [[Buddhist art|Buddhist affiliation]], whereas the [[Historical Vedic religion|historical Vedic art]] depicts incarnation scenes of Hindu gods like [[Vishnu]] and images of [[Ganesha]], Uma Maheshwara, [[Kamadeva]], [[Saptamatrika]].

The portico contains a large colossal stone image of Lord Buddha standing in [[Abhayamudra|''abhay mudra'']] position engraved in a black slab. Storytelling stone railings carved in sandstone and granite belonging to the main [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi Temple complex]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&dq=archaeological+museum+bodhgaya&pg=PA190 |title=The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya |date=2020-09-16 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-8067-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha-Thakurta |first=Tapati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFzjSSnT5NUC&dq=archaeological+museum+bodhgaya&pg=PR12 |title=Monuments, Objects, Histories: Institutions of Art in Colonial and Post-Colonial India |date=2004-08-05 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50351-8 |language=en}}</ref> can be seen by the visitors upon entering the museum gallery on the left. The sandstone railings can be dated back to 2nd century BCE from the [[Shunga Empire|Sunga period]], while the granite railings are of 6th to 7th century CE.

=== Gallery No. 1 ===
The first gallery features some masterpiece images of [[Buddhist art]] that are displayed on pedestals, among which are the images of [[Gautama Buddha|Lord Buddha]] in ''bhumisparsa'', ''abhaya'', ''dharmachakrapravartana'' and ''dhayana mudra'' positions''.'' There are also some artifacts from the pre-historic to [[Pala Empire|Pala]] period unearthed from excavations at Taradih and Sujatagarh ([[Bakraur]]) sites alongside miscellaneous objects including terracotta figures, beads and miniature pot, copper, iron, etc.

=== Gallery No. 2 ===
It showcases comparatively smaller images of both [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanical]] faiths. These include images of [[Pala Empire|Pala-era]] [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], Nairotma, [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]], [[Jambhala]], [[Uma–Maheshvara|Uma-Maheshvara]] as well as incarnations of [[Vishnu]], [[Navagraha|Navagrah]], [[Dashavatara|Dasavatara]] and [[Dikpala]] panels.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in India]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1956]]

Pacific War

2026-03-26T23:12:14Z

NoraBillings: refine content per sources also and updated info

{{Short description|Theater of World War II}}
{{About|the Pacific theaters of World War II}}
{{Redirect|War in the Pacific|the war between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru in 1879–1884|War of the Pacific}}
{{Redirect|Pacific theater of World War II|the U.S. military area of operations|Pacific Ocean Areas|other uses|Pacific theater (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Very long|date=November 2024|words=16,000}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Pacific War
| partof = [[World War II]]
| image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
|image1= Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, larger - edit1.jpg
|image2= Shokaku Pearl Harbor 1st Wave.jpg
|image3= Nagasakibomb.jpg
|image4= USS Bunker Hill hit by two Kamikazes.jpg
|image5= 1944 Operation Ichigo IJA invaded Henan.jpg
|image6= Indian troops wade ashore at Akyab, Burma, January 1945. SE2418.jpg
}}'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist|
* US marines [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima|raising a flag over Iwo Jima]], 1945
* Japanese [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|naval aircraft]] prepare for takeoff to [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attack Pearl Harbor]], 1941
* {{USS|Bunker Hill|CV-17|6}} after being struck by [[kamikaze]]s, 1945
* Indian soldiers during the [[Burma campaign]], 1945
* Japanese soldiers in China during [[Operation Ichi-Go]], 1944
* Mushroom cloud after the [[atomic bombing of Nagasaki]], 1945
}}
| image_size = 300
| date = 7 December 1941 – 2 September 1945{{efn|Although Japan had been [[Second Sino-Japanese War|invading and occupying parts of China]] since 1937, war was not officially declared. Japan would later [[attack on Pearl Harbor|attack Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941, which brought the contained war in China into the wider global conflict.{{sfn|Ch'i|1992|p=157}}}}{{sfn|Sun|1996|p=11}}
| place = {{hlist|[[East Asia]]|[[South Asia]]|[[Southeast Asia]]|[[Oceania]]|[[Pacific Ocean]]|[[Indian Ocean]]}}
| result = [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory
| territory = [[Occupation of Japan|Allied occupation of Japan]]
* Removal of Japanese troops from [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] and [[Retrocession Day|retrocession]] of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]] to China
* Liberation of [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] and [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]], followed by the [[division of Korea]]
* Cession of [[South Pacific Mandate|Japanese-held islands in the Central Pacific Ocean]] to the [[United Nations]], organized as the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]
* Seizure and annexation of [[South Sakhalin]] and the [[Kuril Islands]] by the [[Soviet Union]]|
| combatant1 = {{udl|wrap=
; [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]
: {{flag|Nationalist government|name=China}}{{sfn|Ch'i|1992|p=157}}
: {{flag|United States|1912}}
: {{flag|United Kingdom}}
}}See {{slink||Participants}}
| combatant2 = {{udl|wrap=
; [[Axis powers|Axis]]
: {{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}}
}}See {{slink||Participants}}
| commander1 = {{udl|wrap=
; [[Allied leaders of World War II|Allied leaders]]
: {{flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]
: {{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
: {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Winston Churchill]]
}}
| commander2 = {{udl|wrap=
; [[Axis leaders of World War II|Axis leaders]]
: {{flagdeco|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]]{{Surrender}}
}}
| strength1 = * 23,275,564+ troops (total)<ref name="wiki">Approximate calculations with Wikipedia data</ref>
{{ubl
| {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} 14,000,000{{sfn|Hastings|2008|p=205}}
| {{flagicon|USA|1912}} 3,621,383+ (1945){{efn|Strength of the US Military in Asia and the Pacific as of war's end: Army: 1,770,036,{{sfn|Coakley|Leighton|1989|p=836}} Navy (excluding Coast Guard and Marines): 1,366,716,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html |title=US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |at=Table 9 |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115010/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Marine Corps: 484,631.<ref>King, Ernest J. (1945). ''Third Report to the Secretary of the Navy'' p. 221</ref> These figures do not include the Coast Guard or naval personnel in the China-Burma-India theater.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html |title=US Navy Personnel in World War II Service and Casualty Statistics |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |at=Footnote 2 |access-date=20 July 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115010/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/u/us-navy-personnel-in-world-war-ii-service-and-casualty-statistics.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 400,000{{sfn|Hastings|2008|p=10}}
| {{flagicon|British Raj}} 2,000,000{{sfn|Hastings|2008|p=10}}
| {{flagicon|Dutch East Indies}} 140,000<ref name=chapter10>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/I/AAF-I-10.html |title=Chapter 10: Loss of the Netherlands East Indies |access-date=31 August 2010 |work=The Army Air Forces in World War II |volume=1 – Plans & Early Operations |publisher=HyperWar |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909200010/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/I/AAF-I-10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|Not including the Royal Netherlands Navy.}}
| {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} 1,747,465 (1945){{sfn|Cherevko|2003|loc=Ch. 7, Table 7}}
}}
| strength2 = * 8,926,500–9,026,500+ troops (total)<ref name="wiki">Approximate calculations with Wikipedia data</ref>
{{ubli
| {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} 7,800,000–7,900,000 (1945){{sfn|Cook|Cook|1993|p=403}}<ref>[https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/ww2overview1998.pdf Harrison p. 29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035322/https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/ww2overview1998.pdf |date=7 January 2022 }} Retrieved 10 March 2016</ref><ref name=AJProject/>
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} 126,500{{sfn|Meyer|1997|p=309}}
| [[Puppet state|Puppets]]: {{est.}} 1,000,000+ (1945){{sfn|Jowett|2005|p=72}}
}}
| casualties1 = {{bdl|wrap=
; Military
: 5 battleships
: 12 aircraft carriers
: 14 cruisers
: 84 destroyers & frigates
: 63 submarines<ref>[http://www.navsource.net/Naval/losses.htm#dd NavSource] Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ www.uboat.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115013/http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ |date=9 March 2021 }} Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses01BB.htm Major British Warship Losses in World War II.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309122707/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses01BB.htm |date=9 March 2021 }} Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.worldnavalships.com/chinese_navy.htm Chinese Navy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118022141/http://www.worldnavalships.com/chinese_navy.htm |date=18 November 2013 }} Retrieved 26 July 2015.</ref>
: 21,555+ aircraft<ref>Hara, Tameichi, with Fred Saito and Roger Pineau. ''Japanese Destroyer Captain'' (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2011), p. 299.Figure is for U.S. losses only. China, the British Commonwealth, the USSR and other nations collectively add several thousand more to this total.</ref>
: 2,300,000+ dead (1937–1945){{efn|name=alliedcasualties}}
; Civilians
: 26,000,000+ deaths (1937–1945){{efn|Estimates of roughly 12 million Chinese civilian deaths (1937–1945);<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |date=2013 |title=Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937-1945 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=381}}</ref> around 4 million civilian deaths from the Dutch East Indies;,{{sfn|Dower|1986|p=295}} 1–2 million Vietnamese civilian deaths;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html |title=Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945 |first=David |last=Koh |date=21 August 2008 |work=The Straits Times |via=Australian National University |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142402/http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html}}</ref> around 3 million{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=203}} Indian civilian deaths in the [[Bengal famine of 1943]]; 0.5 to 1 million{{sfn|Gruhl|2007|pp=143–144}} Filipino civilian deaths; 91,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|pp=527}} to 1,000,000{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=1}} Burmese civilian deaths; 50,000<ref>Ruas, Óscar Vasconcelos, "Relatório 1946–47", AHU</ref> [[Portuguese Timor|East Timorese]] civilian deaths; and hundreds of thousands of Malayan, Pacific and other civilian deaths.{{sfn|Dower|1986|p=295}} }}
}}
| casualties2 = {{bdl|wrap=
; Military
: 11 battleships
: 25 aircraft carriers
: 39 cruisers
: 135 destroyers
: 131 submarines{{sfn|Hara|2011|p=297}}
: 43,125{{sfn|Hara|2011|p=299}}–50,000+ aircraft<ref>[https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0020_SPANGRUD_STRATEGIC_BOMBING_SURVEYS.pdf USSBS Summary Report, p. 67.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611191229/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0020_SPANGRUD_STRATEGIC_BOMBING_SURVEYS.pdf |date=11 June 2023 }} Retrieved 5/26/23. Approximately 20,000 in combat and 30,000 operational.</ref>
: 2,500,000+ dead (1937–1945){{efn|2,133,915 Japanese military deaths 1937–1945,<ref>Bren, John (3 June 2005) [http://japanfocus.org/-John-Breen/2060 "Yasukuni Shrine: Ritual and Memory"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409063001/http://japanfocus.org/-John-Breen/2060 |date=9 April 2015 }} ''Japan Focus''. Retrieved on 5 June 2009.</ref> 1.18 million Chinese collaborator casualties 1937–1945 (432,000 dead),{{sfn|Rummel|1991|loc=Table 5A}} 22,000 Burmese casualties,{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} 5,600 Thai troops killed,{{sfn|Murashima|2006|p=1057n}} and 2,615 Indian National Army ([[Azad Hind]]) killed/missing.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=556}} }}
; Civilians
: 1,000,000+ deaths{{efn|460,000 Japanese civilian deaths (338,000 in the bombings of Japan,<ref>[https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM Statistics of democide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227113638/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM |date=27 December 2015 }}: Chapter 13: Death By American Bombing, [[RJ Rummel]], University of Hawaii.</ref> 100,000 in the [[Battle of Okinawa]], 22,000 in the [[Battle of Saipan]]), 543,000 Korean civilian deaths (mostly due to Japanese forced labor projects),{{sfn|Gruhl|2007|p=19}} 2,000–8,000 Thai civilian deaths<ref>E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'', v21, n1, March 1990, pp. 66–87. "An [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–1945 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by [[Seni Pramoj|M. R. Seni Pramoj]] (a typescript entitled 'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under ''Papers on World War II'', at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."</ref>}}
}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Pacific War}}
{{Campaignbox World War II}}
{{Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns}}
}}
[[File:Pacific War Council.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Pacific War Council as photographed on 12 October 1942. Pictured are representatives from the United States (seated), Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, China, the Netherlands, and the [[Philippine Commonwealth]]]]
The '''Pacific War''', sometimes called the '''Asia–Pacific War''' or the '''Pacific Theater''',{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2001|p=143}} was the [[Theater (warfare)|theater]] of [[World War II]] fought between [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] and the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s, and [[Oceania]]. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific Ocean theater]], the [[South West Pacific theater of World War II|South West Pacific theater]], the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], and the brief [[Soviet–Japanese War]], and included some of the [[Largest naval battle in history|largest naval battles in history]]. War between Japan and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] had begun in 1937, with hostilities dating back to [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japan's invasion of Manchuria]] in 1931,{{sfn|MacLeod|1999|page=1}} but the Pacific War is more widely accepted{{efn|"For 53 long months, beginning in July 1937, China stood alone, single-handedly fighting an undeclared war against Japan. On 9 December 1941, after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, what had been for so long a war between two countries now became part of a much wider Pacific conflict."{{sfn|Ch'i|1992|p=157}}{{sfn|Sun|1996|p=11}}}} to have begun in 1941, when the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] were brought into the war.{{sfn|Costello|1982|p=129–148}}{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=585}}

Japan [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|invaded French Indochina]] in 1940, and extended its control [[French Indochina in World War II|over the entire territory]] in July 1941. On 7–8 December 1941, Japan attacked the American naval base [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|at Pearl Harbor]] in [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]]; the U.S.-held [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Philippines]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], and [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]]; and the British colonies of [[Malayan campaign|Malaya]], [[Bombing of Singapore (1941)|Singapore]], and [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], followed by a Japanese declaration of war. The Japanese achieved great success over the next six months, [[Japanese invasion of Thailand|allying with Thailand]] and capturing the listed territories (except for Hawaii) in addition to [[Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)|Borneo]], [[New Britain]], [[Dutch East Indies campaign|the Dutch East Indies]], [[Burma campaign|Burma]], the [[Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands|Solomon]] and [[Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands|Gilbert Islands]], and [[New Guinea campaign|parts of New Guinea]]. In May 1942, Japanese and Allied [[aircraft carrier]]s fought at the [[Battle of the Coral Sea|Battle of Coral Sea]], resulting in the retreat of a Japanese invasion force headed for [[Port Moresby]]. In June, Japan [[Aleutian Islands campaign|invaded the Aleutian Islands]]. Japan was later defeated at the [[Battle of Midway]], considered a key turning point in the war; the Japanese subsequently experienced great difficulty replacing their losses in ships and aircraft as the U.S. produced ever increasing numbers of both.

Major Allied offensives in the Pacific began in August 1942 with the [[Guadalcanal campaign|Guadalcanal]] and [[New Guinea campaign]]s. These were followed by [[Operation Cartwheel]] from June 1943, which neutralized the major Japanese base at [[Rabaul]] on New Britain by early 1944. Elsewhere, Allied forces recaptured the Aleutian Islands by August 1943, and initiated the [[Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign]] in November 1943, which lasted until February 1944. In the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]] in June 1944, the Japanese fleet took heavy damage; the Allied [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|campaign to recapture the Philippines]] began in October and set off the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], after which the Japanese were unable to fight further surface engagements and resorted to ''[[kamikaze]]'' attacks. The rest of the war was characterized by an Allied strategy of [[Leapfrogging (strategy)|island hopping]], with [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|invasions of the Mariana and Palau Islands]], [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]], and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] between June 1944 and June 1945. This enabled a blockade of the Japanese home islands and the start of [[Air raids on Japan|a strategic air raid campaign]] which caused widespread urban destruction.

In China, Japan made large gains in [[Operation Ichi-Go]] between April and December 1944, while in Burma, the Japanese launched [[Operation U-Go|an offensive into India]] which was reversed by July 1944 and led to its liberation by the Allies in May 1945. From the start of the war, the Allies had adopted a "[[Europe first]]" stance, giving priority to defeating Germany; after [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany's surrender]] in May 1945, Allied forces were shifted to the Pacific in anticipation for [[Operation Downfall]], a planned invasion of Japan. This became unnecessary after the U.S. [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] on 6 and 9 August 1945 and [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]] on 9 August, after which [[Surrender of Japan|Japan surrendered unconditionally]] on 15 August and signed a surrender document on 2 September, ending World War II. Japan lost its former [[Japanese colonial empire|possessions]] in Asia and the Pacific, and was [[Occupation of Japan|occupied]] by the Allies until 1952.

== Names of the war ==

In [[Allies of World War II|Allied countries]] during the war, the "Pacific War" was not usually distinguished from [[World War II]], or was known simply as the ''War against Japan''. In the United States, the term ''[[Asiatic-Pacific theater|Pacific theater]]'' was widely used. The [[US Armed Forces]] considered the [[China Burma India theater]] to be distinct from the [[Asiatic-Pacific theater]] during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statewide Dual Credit World History, The Catastrophe of the Modern Era: 1919-Present CE, Chapter 14: The World Afire: World War II, Japanese Expansion November 1941 to June 1942 |url=https://oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/88061/student-old/#:~:text=Names%20for%20the%20War&text=In%20the%20United%20States,%20the,Incident%20of%201931%20through%201945. |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=OER Commons |language=en}}</ref>

Japan used the name {{Nihongo|''Greater East Asia War''|大東亜戦争|Dai Tō-A Sensō}}, as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved [[Asia]]n nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]].{{sfn|Jansen|2002|p=626}} Japanese officials integrated what they called the {{Nihongo|''Japan–China Incident''|日支事変|Nisshi Jihen}} into the Greater East Asia War. During the [[Occupation of Japan]] (1945–1952), these terms were prohibited in official documents (although their informal usage continued). The war became officially known as the {{Nihongo|Pacific War|太平洋戦争|Taiheiyō Sensō}}. The {{Nihongo|''Fifteen Years' War''|十五年戦争|Jūgonen Sensō}} is also used, referring to the period from the [[Mukden incident]] of 1931 through 1945.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Sandra |date=September 2009 |title=Rethinking the 1930s and the '15-Year War' in Japan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10371390120074336 |journal=Japanese Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=155–164 |doi=10.1080/10371390120074336 |issn=1037-1397|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Participants==
[[File:Pacific Area - The Imperial Powers 1939 - Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.7|Political map of the Asia-Pacific region, 1939]]

===Allies===
The major Allied participants included [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the United States, and the [[British Empire]]. China had already been engaged in a [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war against Japan since 1937]]. The US and its territories, including the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippine Commonwealth]], entered the war after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in 1941, which was followed by declarations of war by Japan on Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, as well as the [[Dutch government-in-exile]] which retained control of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. All of these were members of the [[Pacific War Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1141958.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – Timeline |publisher=BBC |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319223150/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1141958.shtml |archive-date=19 March 2011}}</ref> From 1944 the French commando group [[Corps Léger d'Intervention]] also took part in resistance operations in Indochina. Some active pro-allied guerrillas in Asia included the [[Hukbalahap]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch2.htm |title=The Hukbalahap Insurrection: World War II and Huk Expansion |publisher=US Army |access-date=25 August 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825103755/https://history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> the [[Korean Liberation Army]], the [[Free Thai Movement]], the [[Viet Minh|Việt Minh]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Dower |first=John W. |title=War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-394-75172-6 |location=Westminster}}</ref> the [[Khmer Issarak]], and the [[Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army]].

The Soviet Union fought two short, undeclared [[Soviet–Japanese border conflicts|border conflicts]] with Japan [[Battle of Lake Khasan|in 1938]] and again [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|in 1939]], then remained neutral through the [[Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact]] of April 1941,{{sfn|Sandler|2001|pp=1067–1068}} until August 1945 when it (and [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]) joined the rest of the Allies and [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded the territory of Manchukuo]], China, [[Mengjiang|Inner Mongolia]], and the Japanese territories such as [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] and [[South Sakhalin]] (Karafuto).{{sfn|Sandler|2001|p=945}}

[[Mexico]] provided air support in the form of the [[201st Fighter Squadron (Mexico)|201st Fighter Squadron]]<ref name="Klemen">{{cite web |last=Klemen |first=L |title=201st Mexican Fighter Squadron |url=http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/201squadron.html |work=The Netherlands East Indies 1941–1942 |access-date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052413/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/201squadron.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Free French Forces|Free France]] sent naval support in the form of {{ship|French destroyer|Le Triomphant||2}} and later the {{ship|French battleship|Richelieu||2}}.

The Kingdom of Italy, following the day after the [[Armistice of Cassibile]] on 9 September 1943 was involved in multiple military confrontations with Japan in the numerous [[Concessions of Italy in China|Italian Concessions in China]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=La partecipazione della marina alla guerra di liberazione (8 Settembre - 11 Settembre 1945) |url=https://www.marina.difesa.it/media-cultura/editoria/bollettino/Documents/marzo_dicembre_2015.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Defence (Italy)]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=D'Emilia |first=Pio |title=La guerra dimenticata tra Italia e Giappone, di Pio d`Emilia (Seconda parte) |url=https://burogu00.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/la-guerra-dimenticata-tra-italia-e-giappone-di-pio-demilia-seconda-parte/#_ftnref36 |website=[[BUROGU]]}}</ref> and later on, soon after [[Japanese-Italian War|Italy's official declaration of war on Japan]] on 15 July 1945, sent the [[destroyer]] [[Italian destroyer Carabiniere (1938)|Italian destroyer ''Carabiniere'']] which participated in a total of 38 missions in the Pacific War.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vinciguerra |first=Ezio |date=2016-08-01 |title=Il Cacciatorpediniere Carabiniere e i 38 rubini (Lanfranco Sanna) – La voce del marinaio |url=https://www.lavocedelmarinaio.com/2016/08/il-cacciatorpediniere-carabiniere-e-i-38-rubini-lanfranco-sanna/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.lavocedelmarinaio.com |language=it-IT}}</ref>

=== Axis powers and aligned states ===
{{unsourced section|date=July 2025}}

The [[Axis powers|Axis]]-aligned states which assisted the [[Empire of Japan]] included [[Thailand in World War II|Thailand]] under a military government of [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram]]. Also involved were members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, which included the [[Manchukuo Imperial Army]] and [[Collaborationist Chinese Army]] of the Japanese [[puppet state]]s of [[Manchukuo]] (consisting of most of [[Manchuria]]), and the collaborationist [[Wang Jingwei regime]] (which controlled the coastal regions of China), respectively.

Japan conscripted many soldiers from [[Japanese colonial empire|its colonies]] of Korea and [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Taiwan]]. Collaborationist security units were also formed in [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Japanese occupation of Singapore|Singapore]], the [[Second Philippine Republic|Philippines]], the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]], [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|British Malaya]], [[Japanese occupation of British Borneo|British Borneo]], [[Japanese occupation of Burma|British Burma]], former [[French Indochina]] (after [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|the overthrow of the French regime in 1945]]), as well as [[Black Columns|Timorese militia]]. [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]] was the only notable unoccupied European colony in the region, but [[:pt:Gabriel Maurício Teixeira|its]] [[Pedro José Lobo|administrators]] were forced to accept Japanese demands anyway.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ptak |first=Roderich |date=2017 |title=Review of Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=328–333 |doi=10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |jstor=10.13173/jasiahist.51.2.0328 |issn=0021-910X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] both had limited involvement in the Pacific War. The [[Kriegsmarine|German]] and the [[Regia Marina|Italian]] navies operated submarines and [[Armed merchantmen|raiding ships]] in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, notably the {{lang|la|italic=no|[[Monsun Gruppe]]}}.

==Theaters==
Between 1942 and 1945, there were four main [[Theater (military)|areas of conflict]] in the Pacific War: China, the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Central Pacific]], [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] and the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|South West Pacific]]. US sources refer to two theaters within the Pacific War: the Pacific theater and the [[China Burma India Theater of World War II|China Burma India Theater]] (CBI). However, these were not operational commands.

In the Pacific, the Allies divided operational control of their forces between two supreme commands, known as [[Pacific Ocean Areas (command)|Pacific Ocean Areas]] and [[South West Pacific Area (command)|Southwest Pacific Area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ww2%20pacific/ww2%20pacific%20%20maps/ww2%20asia%20map%2016.jpg |title=Map of the Pacific Theater |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109223834/http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ww2%20pacific/ww2%20pacific%20%20maps/ww2%20asia%20map%2016.jpg |archive-date=9 January 2009}}</ref>

The [[Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II|Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN) did not integrate its units into permanent theater commands. The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] (IJA), which had already created the [[Kwantung Army]] to oversee its occupation of Manchukuo and the [[China Expeditionary Army]] during the Second Sino-Japanese War, created the [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] at the outset of its conquests of South East Asia. This headquarters controlled the bulk of the Japanese Army formations which opposed the Western Allies in the Pacific and South East Asia.

==Historical background==
===Conflict between China and Japan===
[[File:Chiang Kai-shek in full uniform.jpeg|thumb|right|upright|Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]], Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theater from 1942 to 1945]]
{{Main|Second Sino-Japanese War}}

[[File:Nanking bodies 1937.jpg|thumb|Victims of the Nanjing Massacre, where between 200,000 and 300,000 civilians and POWs were murdered by the Japanese Army]]
In 1931, without declaring war, [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japan invaded Manchuria]], seeking raw materials to fuel its growing industrial economy. By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was prepared to move deeper into China. The [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]] on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The [[Kuomintang|Nationalist Party]] and the [[Communist Party of China|Chinese Communists]] suspended [[Chinese civil war|their civil war]] in order to form a [[Second United Front|nominal alliance]] against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact|lent support]] by providing large amounts of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed some of his best troops to defend Shanghai against some 300,000 Japanese troops attempting to seize the city, which fell to Japan after three months of fighting.{{sfn|Harmsen|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} The Japanese continued to push deeper into China, [[Battle of Nanjing|capturing the capital Nanjing]] in mid-December 1937 and committing atrocities in the [[Nanjing Massacre]], including rape, murder and torture.{{sfn|Harmsen|2015|p=}}
[[File:Shanghai1937KMT intersection.jpg|thumb|German-trained Chinese troops in downtown Shanghai, 1937]]
In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their [[Battle of Taierzhuang|first victory at Taierzhuang]],{{sfn|Olsen|2012|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} but the city of [[Battle of Xuzhou|Xuzhou (徐州) was taken by]] the Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to [[Battle of Wuhan|invade Wuhan]] and captured it in October after a four-month campaign.{{sfn|MacKinnon|2008|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the US—was hostile to Japan's invasion, especially after the [[USS Panay incident|''Panay'' incident]]. In addition, the Japanese had failed to destroy the Chinese army, which continued to resist from the new Nationalist capital in [[Chongqing]], or in the case of the Communists, [[Yan'an Soviet|Yan'an]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |title=Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937-1945 |date=2013 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin}}</ref>

In 1939, Japanese forces tried to push into the [[Russian Far East|Soviet Far East]]. They were defeated in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol by a mixed Soviet and Mongolian force led by [[Georgy Zhukov]]. This caused the Japanese to abandon attempts to [[Hokushin-ron|expand to the north]], while Soviet aid to China ceased as a result of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact.{{sfn|Drea|2005|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} In September 1940, Japan decided to [[Invasion of French Indochina|invade French Indochina]], which was controlled at the time by [[Vichy France]]. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three main [[Axis powers]].

[[File:Casualties of a mass panic - Chungking, China.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Chinese casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese aerial [[bombing of Chongqing]]]]

The war entered a new phase with Japanese defeats at the [[Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang]], the [[Battle of Changsha (1939)|1st Battle of Changsha]], the [[Battle of Kunlun Pass]] and the [[Battle of Zaoyi]].{{Original research inline|date=June 2024}} After these victories, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale [[1939–1940 Winter Offensive|counter-offensive]] in early 1940; however, due to a lack of military-industrial capacity, they were repulsed in late March 1940.{{sfn|Lin|2010|p=55}} In August 1940, Chinese communists launched an [[Hundred Regiments Offensive|offensive in Central China]]; in retaliation, Japan instituted the "[[Three Alls Policy]]" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all") in occupied areas, killing at least 2.7 million [[civilian]]s.{{sfn|Garver|1988|p=120}}

By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate. Although Japan had occupied much of northern, central, and coastal China, the [[Nationalist Government]] had retreated to the interior and set up a provisional capital at [[Chongqing]], while the [[Chinese Communist Party|Chinese communists]] remained in control of base areas in [[Shaanxi]]. Japanese offensive action against the retreating and regrouping Chinese forces was largely stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China, while the Communists organized widespread [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Japan sponsored several [[puppet government]]s, one of which was headed by [[Wang Jingwei]].{{sfn|Jansen|2002|p=636}} Conflicts between Chinese Communist and Nationalist forces vying for territorial control behind enemy lines [[New Fourth Army Incident|culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941]], effectively ending their co-operation.{{sfn|Fairbank|Goldman|1994|p=320}}

Japanese [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing]] efforts mostly targeted large Chinese cities such as Shanghai, [[Wuhan]], and [[Bombing of Chongqing|Chongqing]], with around 5,000 raids from February 1938 to August 1943. Japan's strategic bombing campaigns killed between 260,000 and 350,934 [[non-combatant]]s.{{sfn|Lind|2010|page=28}}{{sfn|Rummel|1991|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}

By the eve of Pearl Harbor, some 7,500,000 Chinese soldiers and civilians had died in the Japanese invasion. Japanese casualties by the end of 1941, per their own records, were some 600,000 including 185,000 killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Richard |title=Tower of Skulls |date=2020 |pages=178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=Sarah |title=The Wars for Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=185}}</ref>{{Anchor|Economic sanctions against Japan}}

===Tensions between Japan and the West===
As early as 1935, Japanese military strategists had concluded that the Dutch East Indies were, due to their abundant oil reserves, crucially important for further expansion by the Japanese Empire. By 1940 the Japanese also included Indochina, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build-ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and [[Haiphong]] were noted in foreign media, Japanese military officers were increasingly and openly talking about the prospect of war, and Admiral [[Sankichi Takahashi]] was reported as stating that a showdown with the US was necessary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Japans desperate gamble |work=Aberdeen Journal |date=18 November 1940 |access-date=6 May 2015 |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000578/19401118/022/0002 |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the US, Britain, and the [[Dutch government in exile]], which controlled the Dutch East Indies, [[Oil embargo (Sino-Japanese War)|stopped selling oil]], iron ore, and steel to Japan. In Japan, the government and [[Japanese nationalism|Japanese nationalists]] viewed these embargoes as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,{{efn|: "It was not an official term, but a term of incitement used by the Japanese media, under the guidance of the military, in order to stir up the Japanese people's sense of crisis..."<ref>''Kokushi Daijiten'' ("Historical Dictionary"), 1980</ref><ref>Cited by Christopher Barnard, 2003, ''Language, Ideology and Japanese History Textbooks'', London & New York, Routledge Curzon, p. 85.</ref>}} began to refer to the embargoes as the "[[ABCD line]]" ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch").

=== Japanese preparations ===
The Japanese [[Imperial General Headquarters]] (GHQ) began planning for a war with the Western powers in April or May 1941. Japan increased its naval budget and placed large formations of the Army, along with their attached air components, under the command of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Historically, the IJA consumed the majority of the state's military budget (with a 73% - 27% split in 1940), but from 1942 to 1945 the IJA would account for 60% of Japan's military spending, while the IJN would account for 40%.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/effectsofstrateg53unit "The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan's War Economy"], United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Washington December 1946, Table B-2. From 1942 to 1945, 92,511,000 yen was spent on the IJA and 59,766,000 yen was spent on the IJN.</ref> Japan's key initial objective was to seize economic resources in the Dutch East Indies and Malaya, in order to alleviate the effects of the Allied embargo.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=23}} This was known as the [[Strike South Group|Southern Plan]]. It was decided—because of the close relationship between the UK and the US,{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=May 2019}}{{sfn|Willmott|1983|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} and the belief that the US would inevitably become involved in the ongoing war in Europe—that Japan would also seize the Philippines, [[Wake Island]] and [[Guam]].

Japan had initially planned for a limited war, where Japanese forces would seize key objectives and then establish a defensive perimeter to absorb and defeat Allied counterattacks; Japanese decision-makers believed such a military situation would lead to a negotiated peace that would preserve Japanese territorial gains.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=28}} Japanese planning divided the early war into two operational phases. The First Operational Phase was further divided into three separate parts in which the major objectives of the Philippines, British Malaya, Borneo, Burma, Rabaul and the Dutch East Indies would be occupied. The Second Operational Phase called for further expansion into the South Pacific by seizing eastern New Guinea, New Britain, Fiji, Samoa, and strategic points in and around Australia. In the Central Pacific, Midway Island was targeted, as were the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific. Japanese strategists believed that the seizure of these key areas would provide defensive depth and deny the Allies staging areas from which to mount a counteroffensive.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=28}}

By November 1941 these plans were mostly complete, and were modified only slightly over the next month. Japanese military planners' expectation of success rested on the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union being unable to effectively respond to a Japanese attack because of the threat posed to each by Nazi Germany; in particular, the Soviet Union was seen as unlikely to commence hostilities.

The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in the traditional sense against the United States was impossible, and instead envisaged that rapid, aggressive and expansive conquest would force the US to agree to a negotiated peace that would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.{{sfn|Boog|Rahn|Stumpf|Wegner|2001|p=175}}

==Japanese offensives, 1941–1942==
Following prolonged tensions between Japan and the [[ABDA|Western powers]], units of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|IJN]] and IJA launched simultaneous [[surprise attack]]s on the United States and the British Empire on 7 December (8 December in [[Asia-Pacific|Asia/West Pacific]] time zones). The locations of this first wave of Japanese attacks included the American territories of Hawaii, [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|the Philippines]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], and [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]] and the British territories of [[Battle of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore]], and [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. Concurrently, Japanese forces [[Japanese invasion of Thailand|invaded southern and eastern Thailand]] and were resisted for several hours, before the [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Thai government]] signed an armistice and entered an alliance with Japan. Although [[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire]], the declaration was not delivered until after Japanese forces had already struck British and American targets.

===Attack on Pearl Harbor===
[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} burned for two days after being hit by a Japanese bomb in the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]]
{{main|Attack on Pearl Harbor}}

In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), carrier-based Japanese aircraft launched a surprise, large-scale air strike on the US Pacific Fleet's anchorage at Pearl Harbor in [[Honolulu]], which knocked eight American battleships out of action, destroyed 188 American aircraft, and killed 2,403 Americans.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997|p=488}} The Japanese believed that the Americans, faced with such a sudden and massive blow to their naval power in the Pacific, would agree to a negotiated settlement. However, American losses were less serious than initially thought: the three American aircraft carriers were at sea during the attack, and vital naval infrastructure, Honolulu's submarine base, and [[OP-20-G|signals intelligence]] units were unscathed. The fact that the bombing happened while the US was not officially at war{{efn|The [[Neutrality Patrol]] had US destroyers fighting at sea, but no state of war had been declared by Congress.}} caused a wave of outrage across the country.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997|p=488}} Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a [[attrition warfare|war of attrition]] against the United States, was beyond the Imperial Japanese Navy's capabilities.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997|p=113}}{{sfn|Parillo|1993|p=60}}

Opposition to war in the United States vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United Kingdom,{{efn|See [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan]].}}<ref>{{cite web |date=8 December 1941 |title=Prime Minister's Declaration |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1941/dec/08/prime-ministers-declaration#column_1358 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912062140/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1941/dec/08/prime-ministers-declaration#column_1358 |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=3 May 2015 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref> the United States,{{efn|See [[United States declaration of war on Japan]].}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Declaration of War with Japan |url=http://www.hbci.com/~tgort/japan.htm |date=8 December 1941 |publisher=United States Congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926204630/http://www.hbci.com/~tgort/japan.htm |archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> Canada,<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Inter-Allied Review |date=15 December 1941 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208b.html |title=Canada Declares War on Japan |via=Pearl Harbor History Associates, Inc. |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132004/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208b.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the Netherlands<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Inter-Allied Review |date=15 December 1941 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html |title=The Kingdom of the Netherlands Declares War with Japan |via=Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc. |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114173653/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html |archive-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> declared war on Japan, followed by Australia<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Inter-Allied Review |date=15 December 1941 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/411209awp.html |title=Australia Declares War on Japan |via=Pearl Harbor History Associates Inc. |access-date=3 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513181507/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/411209awp.html |archive-date=13 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> the next day.

===South-East Asian campaigns of 1941–1942===
[[File:Malaya East Indies Siam and Indo-China Map 1942 World War II.jpg|thumb|Malaya, East Indies, Siam and Indo-China Map, 1942]]Thailand, with its territory already serving as a springboard for Japan's [[Malayan Campaign]], surrendered within hours of the Japanese invasion.{{sfn|Brecher|Wilkenfeld|1997|p=407}} The government of Thailand formally allied with Japan on 21 December. To the south, the IJA seized the British colony of [[Penang]] on 19 December, encountering little resistance.{{sfn|Barber|2010|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}

Hong Kong was attacked on 8 December and fell to Japanese forces on [[Battle of Hong Kong|25 December 1941]]. American bases on Guam and Wake Island were seized by Japan at around the same time. British, Australian, and Dutch forces, already drained of personnel and [[matériel]] by two years of war with Germany, and heavily committed in the Middle East, North Africa, and elsewhere, were unable to provide more than token resistance. Two major British warships, the [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Repulse|1916|6}} and the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|6}}, were [[Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|sunk by a Japanese air attack]] off Malaya on 10 December 1941.{{sfn|Peattie|2007|pp=168–169}}[[File:Surrender Singapore.jpg|thumb|British forces surrender [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore]] to the Japanese, February 1942]]

Following the [[Declaration by United Nations]] on [[January 1942|1 January 1942]], the Allied governments appointed the British General [[Archibald Wavell]] to the [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command]] (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force, albeit one that was thinly spread across a vast area, from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia. Other regions, including India, Hawaii, and the rest of Australia, remained under local commands. On 15 January, Wavell moved to [[Bandung]] in [[Java (island)|Java]] to assume control of ABDACOM.

In January, Japan invaded British Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands, and captured [[Manila]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Battle of Rabaul (1942)|Rabaul]]. After being driven out of Malaya, Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore, but were forced to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942. About 130,000 Indian, British, Australian and Dutch personnel became Japanese prisoners of war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/singapore/transcript.htm |title=Remembering 1942, The fall of Singapore, 15 February 1942 |publisher=Awm.gov.au |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820045754/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/singapore/transcript.htm |archive-date=20 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bali]] and [[Timor]] fell in February.<ref>{{cite web |last=L. |first=Klemen |date=1999–2000 |title=The capture of Bali Island, February 1942 |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/bali.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051425/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=4 August 2011 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref><ref name="DutchTimor">{{cite web |last=Klemen |first=L |date=1999–2000 |title=The Japanese Invasion of Dutch West Timor Island, February 1942 |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/timor_dutch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925120236/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/timor_dutch.html |archive-date=25 September 2013 |access-date=4 August 2011 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}} See [[Battle of Timor]].</ref> The rapid collapse of Allied resistance left the "ABDA area" split in two. Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February, handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].

[[File:Darwin 42.jpg|thumb|The [[Bombing of Darwin]], Australia, 19 February 1942]]

Meanwhile, Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in Southeast Asia and were carrying out [[Japanese air attacks on Australia, 1942–1943|air attacks on northern Australia]], beginning with a [[Bombing of Darwin (February 1942)|bombing of the city of Darwin]] on 19 February, which killed at least 243 people.{{sfn|Peattie|2007|pp=170–172}}

At the [[Battle of the Java Sea]] in late February and early March, the IJN defeated the main ABDA naval force, under Admiral [[Karel Doorman]].<ref name="JavaSea">{{cite web |last=L |first=Klemen |url=http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java_sea.html |title=The Java Sea Battle, February 1942 |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052834/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/java_sea.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dutch East Indies campaign]] ended with the surrender of Allied forces on Java and Sumatra.<ref name="Java">{{cite web |last=Klemen |first=L. |date=1999–2000 |title=The conquest of Java Island, March 1942 |url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/java.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052648/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/java.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 |access-date=4 August 2011 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Womack |first=Tom |url=http://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/north_sumatra.html |title=An Abandoned Army – The KNIL and The Japanese Invasion of Northern Dutch Sumatra |date=1999–2000 |publisher=Dutch East Indies Campaign website |access-date=4 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052052/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/north_sumatra.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March and April, an IJN carrier force launched a [[Indian Ocean Raid|raid into the Indian Ocean]]. British Royal Navy bases in [[Ceylon]] were hit and the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95|6}} was sunk, along with other Allied ships. The attack forced the Royal Navy to withdraw to the western part of the Indian Ocean,{{sfn|Peattie|2007|p=172}} paving the way for a Japanese assault on Burma and India.

In Burma, the Japanese captured [[Mawlamyine|Moulmein]] on 31 January 1942, and then drove outnumbered British and Indian troops towards the [[Sittaung River|Sittang River]]. On 23 February, a bridge over the river was demolished prematurely, stranding most of an Indian division. On 8 March, the Japanese occupied [[Yangon|Rangoon]]. The Allies attempted to defend Central Burma, with Indian and Burmese divisions holding the [[Irrawaddy River]] valley and the [[Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma]] defending [[Taungoo|Toungoo]]. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the [[Battle of Yenangyaung]], but subsequently rescued by the Chinese 38th Division, led by [[Sun Li-jen]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|p=377}}.</ref> Meanwhile, in the [[Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road]], the Japanese captured Toungoo after hard fighting and sent motorized units to capture [[Lashio]]. This cut the [[Burma Road]], which was the western Allies' supply line to Chinese Nationalist troops. Many of Chinese troops were forced either to retreat to India, or withdraw in small parties to [[Yunnan]]. Accompanied by large numbers of civilian refugees, the British retreated to [[Imphal]] in Manipur, abandoning most of their transportation and equipment. They reached Imphal in May just as the monsoon descended, which halted the operations of both sides in the area.

Within China, cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan, and the relationship between the two had soured as both attempted to expand their areas of operation and influence. The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press their offensive operations in China.

===Philippines===
[[File:Surrender of American troops at Corregidor.jpg|thumb|Surrender of US forces at [[Corregidor]], Philippines, May 1942]]
{{Main|Philippines campaign (1941–1942)}}

On 8 December 1941, Japanese bombers struck American airfields on Luzon. They caught most American planes on the ground, destroying 103 aircraft, more than half of the US air strength in the Philippines.{{sfn|Willmott|2014|p=149}} Two days later, further air raids destroyed the [[Cavite Naval Yard]]. By 13 December, Japanese attacks had wrecked every major airfield and virtually annihilated American air power in the region.{{sfn|Willmott|2014|p=149}} The previous month, a portion of the [[US Asiatic Fleet]] had been sent to the southern Philippines. However, with little air protection, the remaining surface vessels in the Philippines, especially the larger ships, were ordered to sail for Java or Australia, and the remaining American bombers in the area flew to Australia in mid-December.{{sfn|Willmott|2014|p=149}} The only American forces that remained to defend the Philippines were the ground troops, a few fighter aircraft, about 30 submarines, and a few small vessels.

The main Japanese landings on Luzon took place on 22 and 24 December. As the Japanese troops converged on Manila, General [[Douglas MacArthur]] began executing plans to make a final stand on the [[Bataan Peninsula]] and the island of [[Corregidor]]. A series of rearguard actions brought the bulk of his troops safely into Bataan, while the Japanese entered Manila unopposed on 2 January 1942.{{sfn|Willmott|2014|p=213}} On 7 January, the Japanese [[Battle of Bataan|attacked Bataan]]. After some initial success, they were stalled by disease and casualties; however, Japanese forces could be reinforced, while the Americans and Filipinos were entirely isolated from resupply. On 11 March 1942, under orders from President Roosevelt, MacArthur abandoned Corregidor for Australia, and Lieutenant General [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan M. Wainwright]] assumed command in the Philippines. The defenders on Bataan, running low on ammunition and supplies, could no longer withstand the pressure from Japanese attacks. Bataan fell on 9 April, and the 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war taken on the peninsula were subjected to the {{convert|66|mi}} long [[Bataan Death March]]. On the night of 5–6 May, after an intensive aerial and artillery bombardment, the Japanese landed on Corregidor and Wainwright surrendered. In the southern Philippines, where key ports and airfields had already been seized, the remaining American-Filipino forces surrendered on 9 May.

===Threat to Australia===
In late 1941, as the Japanese struck at Pearl Harbor, most of Australia's best forces were committed in the [[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II|Mediterranean Theatre]]. Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While still calling for reinforcements from Churchill, the Australian Prime Minister [[John Curtin]] called for American support with an announcement on 27 December 1941:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/in-office.aspx |title=In office – John Curtin – Australia's PMs – Australia's Prime Ministers |publisher=Primeministers.naa.gov.au |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117203302/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/in-office.aspx |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Cited in Frank Crowley (1973) Vol 2, p. 51.</ref>

[[File:POWs Burma Thai RR.jpg|thumb|Dutch and Australian [[Prisoners of War|PoWs]] at Tarsau, in Thailand in 1943. 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese; 8,000 died as prisoners of war.]]
{{blockquote|The Australian Government ... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies' fighting plan. Without inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom.|Prime Minister [[John Curtin]]}}

Australia had been shocked by the speed of the collapse of Commonwealth forces in British Malaya and [[Battle of Singapore#Fall of Singapore|Singapore]], in which around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "[[battle for Australia]]" was imminent. The Japanese established a major base in the Australian [[Territory of New Guinea]] beginning with the capture of [[Rabaul]] on 23 January 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/C6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979?OpenDocument |title=Remembering the war in New Guinea – Rabaul |publisher=Ajrp.awm.gov.au |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724193820/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/C6FD73CC5C579789CA256AC000135979?OpenDocument |archive-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February 1942, [[Air raids on Darwin, 19 February 1942|Darwin was hit by an air raid]], the first time the Australian mainland had come under foreign attack. Over the following 19 months, [[Japanese air attacks on Australia, 1942-43|Australia was attacked from the air]] by the Japanese almost 100 times.

In early 1942, elements of the IJN [[Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II|proposed an invasion of Australia]]. The IJA opposed the plan and it was rejected in favor of isolating Australia via naval blockade, by advancing through the South Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/597517651CB0681ACA256D3C0021BBE6?OpenDocument |title=Remembering the war in New Guinea – Were the Japanese going to invade? |publisher=Ajrp.awm.gov.au |date=19 February 1942 |access-date=20 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916223551/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/Web-Printer/597517651CB0681ACA256D3C0021BBE6?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of [[Port Moresby]] on the southern coast of New Guinea, which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft.

President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] ordered MacArthur to formulate a Pacific defense plan in conjunction with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur, who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. [[Axis naval activity in Australian waters|Japanese naval activity]] reached Sydney in late May 1942, when IJN [[midget submarine]]s launched a [[Attack on Sydney Harbour|raid on Sydney Harbour]]. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/japsubs/midgetsubs.htm |title=Midget Submarines history at |publisher=Home.st.net.au |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413131337/http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/japsubs/midgetsubs.htm |archive-date=13 April 2010}}</ref>

==Allies re-group, 1942–1943==
In early 1942, the governments of smaller Allied powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington DC on 1 April 1942, with President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], his key advisor [[Harry Hopkins]], and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from [[British India|India]] and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the US-UK [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]]. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged [[Battle of Timor|guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor]].

===Japanese strategy and the Doolittle Raid===
[[File:Army B-25 (Doolittle Raid).jpg|thumb|A [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25]] bomber takes off from {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}} as part of the Doolittle Raid.]]

The [[Second Operational Phase (1942)|Second Operational Phase]] was planned to expand Japan's strategic depth by conquering eastern [[New Guinea]], [[New Britain]], the [[Aleutians]], [[Midway Atoll|Midway]], [[Fiji]], [[Samoa]], and strategic points in the Australian area.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=31}} The [[Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff|Naval General Staff]] advocated an advance to the south to seize parts of Australia, but with large numbers of troops engaged in China and Manchuria, the IJA declined to contribute the necessary ground forces for the operation.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=31}} The Naval General Staff still wanted to cut the sea links between Australia and the United States by capturing [[New Caledonia]], Fiji, and Samoa. Because this required far fewer troops, on 13 March the Naval General Staff and the Army agreed to prepare for operations to capture Fiji and Samoa.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=31}} The Second Operational Phase began when Lae and Salamaua, located in eastern New Guinea, were captured on 8 March. However, on 10 March, American carrier aircraft attacked the Japanese invasion forces and inflicted considerable losses. The raid had major operational implications, as it forced the Japanese to postpone their advance in the South Pacific until the [[Combined Fleet]] allocated sufficient naval forces to protect future offensive operations in the region.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=31}}

Concurrently, the United States conducted the [[Doolittle Raid]] on the Japanese mainland in April 1942, in which 16 bombers took off from the aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|6}}, {{convert|600|mi|km}} from Japan. The raid inflicted minimal material damage on Japanese soil but was a significant boost for American morale; it also had psychological repercussions in Japan, exposing the danger to the Japanese homeland posed by American carrier forces.{{sfn|Jansen|2002|p=648}}{{sfn|Willmott|1983|p=118}} With only [[Marcus Island]] and a line of converted trawlers patrolling the vast waters that separate [[Wake island|Wake Island]] and [[Kamchatka]], the Japanese east coast was left open to further attacks similar to Doolittle.{{sfn|Willmott|1983|p=118}}

Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto|Yamamoto]] proposed a strategy to bring about the destruction of the US Navy by occupying Midway Atoll, an objective he thought the Americans would be certain to fight for, as Japanese aircraft based on Midway could threaten Hawaii.{{sfn|Stille|2014|pp=31–32}} During a series of meetings held from 2–5 April, the Naval General Staff and representatives of the Combined Fleet reached a compromise. Yamamoto was allowed to attempt his Midway operation, but only after he had threatened to resign. In return, Yamamoto had to allocate [[Fifth Carrier Division|one carrier division]] to the operation against Port Moresby, as well as carrying out amphibious landings on strategic points in the Aleutian Islands simultaneously with the Midway operation. These concessions drew valuable Japanese military assets away from the attack on Midway, and were enough to remove the Japanese margin of superiority in the Midway attack.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=32}}

===Coral Sea===
{{Main|Battle of the Coral Sea}}

[[File:Large explosion aboard USS Lexington (CV-2), 8 may 1942.jpg|thumb|The aircraft carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}} explodes on 8 May 1942, several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack.]]

The Japanese assault on Port Moresby was codenamed the ''[[Operation Mo|MO Operation]]'' and was divided into several parts. The island of Tulagi, in the Solomon chain, would be occupied on 3 May; IJN carriers would then conduct a sweep through the Coral Sea to the south to find and destroy Allied naval forces. The Japanese scheduled amphibious landings to capture Port Moresby for 10 May.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=32}} The ''MO Operation'' called for a force of 60 vessels centered around two carriers, and 250 aircraft.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=32}} However, the ensuing naval battle did not go according to plan for the Japanese; although [[Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)|Tulagi was seized]] on 3 May, the following day, aircraft from the American carrier {{USS|Yorktown|CV-5|2}} struck the invasion force.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=32}} The element of surprise was lost due to the success of Allied [[Cryptanalysis|codebreakers]]. From the Allied perspective, if Port Moresby fell, the Japanese would control the seas to the north and west of Australia, and could effectively isolate the country from its allies in North America. An Allied task force under the command of Admiral [[Frank Jack Fletcher|Frank Fletcher]], with the carriers {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}} and ''Yorktown'', was assembled to stop the Japanese advance. On 7 May, the Japanese carriers launched a full strike on a contact reported to be Allied aircraft carriers, but the report turned out to be false. The strike force found and struck only an oiler, the {{USS|Neosho|AO-23|2}}, and the destroyer {{USS|Sims|DD-409|2}}.{{sfn|Stille|2014|pp=32–34}}

The American carriers also launched a strike with incomplete reconnaissance, and only located and sank the light aircraft carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōhō||2}}. On 8 May, the opposing carrier forces finally found each other and exchanged air strikes. Aircraft from the two Japanese carriers succeeded in sinking the carrier ''Lexington'' and damaging the carrier ''Yorktown''. In return, the Americans damaged ''Shōkaku''. Although ''Zuikaku'' was left undamaged, aircraft and personnel losses to ''Zuikaku'' were heavy and the Japanese naval forces were unable to support an amphibious landing on Port Moresby. As a result, the ''MO Operation'' was cancelled,{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=34}} and the Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997|p=489}}

Although they managed to sink an American carrier, the Japanese also suffered significant damage, as all three carriers that were committed to the battle would now be unavailable for the operation against Midway.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=34}} After Coral Sea, the Japanese had four fleet carriers operational—{{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Sōryū||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaga||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}}—and believed that the Americans had a maximum of two—{{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}} and ''Hornet''. {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}} was undergoing repair after a torpedo attack, while ''Yorktown'' had been damaged at Coral Sea and was believed by Japanese naval intelligence to have been sunk. Instead, she would sortie for Midway after just three days of repairs in Hawaii.

===Midway===
[[File:Hiryu f075712.jpg|thumb|{{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}} under attack by [[B-17 Flying Fortress]] heavy bombers]]
{{Main|Battle of Midway}}

Admiral Yamamoto viewed the operation against Midway as the potentially decisive battle of the war, which could lead to the destruction of American strategic power in the Pacific,{{sfn|Parshall|Tully|2005|p=33}} and subsequently allow for a negotiated peace settlement.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=34}} Through strategic and tactical surprise, the Japanese would knock out Midway's air strength and soften its defenses for a landing by 5,000 troops.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=34}} After the capture of the island, the Combined Fleet planned to lay the basis for the most important part of the operation. Yamamoto hoped that the operation would lure the American surface fleet into a trap.{{sfn|Parshall|Tully|2005|pp=19–38}} The Japanese intended their attack on Midway to act as bait for the bulk of the US Navy's strength in the Pacific, which Japanese planners anticipated would depart Pearl Harbor in order to defend the island. When the American vessels arrived, Yamamoto intended to concentrate his scattered naval forces to defeat them. Importantly, and concurrently to their attack on Midway, the Japanese launched [[Battle of the Aleutian Islands|Operation AL]], an operation to seize two islands in the Aleutians.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=34}}

In May, American [[Codebreaking|codebreakers]] discovered the planned attack on Midway. Yamamoto's complex plan contained no contingencies in the event that his fleet was found by the Americans before the Japanese had expected them. Planned surveillance of the American fleet in Pearl Harbor by long-ranged seaplanes did not occur as a result of an [[Operation K|abortive identical operation]] in March. Additionally, Japanese submarine scouting lines that were supposed to be in place along the Hawaiian Islands were not ready on time.{{sfn|Willmott|2002|p=55}}

The battle began on 3 June, when American aircraft from Midway spotted and attacked the Japanese transport group {{convert|700|mi|km}} west of the atoll.{{sfnm|1a1=Stille|1y=2014|1p=35|2a1=Willmott|2y=2002|2p=55}} On 4 June, the Japanese launched a 108-aircraft strike on the island, but failed to deliver a decisive blow to the island's facilities.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=36}} American ground-based aircraft on Midway were already airborne, adding to the 116 carrier aircraft on their way to attack the Japanese. The aircraft from Midway attacked the Japanese fleet, but failed to score a single hit. In the middle of these uncoordinated attacks, a Japanese scout aircraft reported the presence of an American task force, but it was not until later that the presence of an American carrier was confirmed.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=36}} Vice Admiral [[Chuichi Nagumo]] was put in a difficult tactical situation.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=37}} After quick deliberation, he opted for a delayed, but better-prepared, attack on the American task force.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=37}}

At 10:22am, American [[SBD Dauntless]] dive bombers surprised and attacked three of the Japanese carriers.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=37}} ''Sōryū'', ''Kaga'', and ''Akagi'' were destroyed in short order. A single Japanese carrier, ''Hiryū'', remained operational, and launched an immediate counterattack. Her aircraft scored hits on ''Yorktown'' and put her out of action. Later in the afternoon, aircraft from the two remaining American carriers found and destroyed ''Hiryū''. The crippled ''Yorktown'', along with the destroyer {{USS|Hammann|DD-412|2}}, were later sunk by the Japanese submarine {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-168||2}}. With the striking power of the [[Kido Butai]] destroyed, Japan's offensive naval power was significantly blunted. Early on the morning of 5 June, the Japanese cancelled the Midway operation.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=38}}

===New Guinea and the Solomons===
{{Main|New Guinea campaign|Solomon Islands campaign}}

Japanese land forces continued to advance in the [[Solomon Islands]] and the Australian-administered [[Territory of New Guinea]]. From July 1942, several Australian [[Australian Army Reserve|reserve]] [[battalion]]s fought a stubborn rearguard action on New Guinea, delaying the Japanese advance along the [[Kokoda Track campaign|Kokoda Track]] towards Port Moresby. These militia units were relieved in late August by troops from the [[Second Australian Imperial Force]]. In early September 1942 [[Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces|Japanese marines]] attacked a strategic [[Royal Australian Air Force]] base at [[Battle of Milne Bay|Milne Bay]], near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were repulsed by Allied forces, the first defeat of the war for Japanese forces on land.<ref name=AWM>{{cite web |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84334 |title=Battle of Milne Bay from 25 August 1942 to 07 September 1942 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173558/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E84334 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On New Guinea, the Japanese on the [[Kokoda Track]] came within sight of Port Moresby but were ordered to withdraw to the northeastern coast as fighting intensified between Japanese and Allied forces over [[Guadalcanal campaign|Guadalcanal]]. Australian and American forces attacked the IJA's fortified positions in the north, and after more than two months of fighting in the [[Battle of Buna–Gona|Buna–Gona area]], finally captured the key Japanese beachhead on New Guinea in early 1943.

====Guadalcanal====
[[File:Marines rest in the field on Guadalcanal.jpg|thumb|US Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign in November 1942.]]

Allied forces became aware via [[coastwatchers]] of a Japanese airfield under construction at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.{{sfn|Willmott|2002|p=96}} On 7 August 1942, 16,000 [[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] landed on [[Guadalcanal campaign|Guadalcanal]] and the island of [[Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo|Tulagi]] in the Solomons. Vice Admiral [[Gunichi Mikawa]], commander of the newly formed IJN [[8th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Eighth Fleet]] at Rabaul, quickly sortied with the ships under his command to engage the Allied force off the northern coast of Guadalcanal. On the night of 8–9 August, Mikawa's ships surprised Allied naval forces in the [[Battle of Savo Island]], sinking four Allied heavy cruisers{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=38}} and withdrawing with no losses of their own. The battle was one of the worst Allied naval defeats of the war.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=38}} The Japanese victory was mitigated only by Mikawa's failure to attack the Allied transport ships, which had been left vulnerable by the defeat at Savo Island. Had Mikawa done so, the American troops on Guadalcanal would have been left dangerously isolated and undersupplied, and the first American counterattack in the Pacific may have been halted. Separately, and importantly, the Japanese originally perceived the American landings in the Solomons as nothing more than a reconnaissance operation.{{sfn|Willmott|2002|p=109}}

With Japanese and Allied forces both occupying parts of Guadalcanal, over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition over the island and its [[littoral zone]]. American ground-based aircraft at [[Honiara International Airport|Henderson Field]] ensured American control of the waters around Guadalcanal during daytime, while the superior night-fighting capabilities of the IJN gave the Japanese the advantage at night. In August, Japanese and US carrier forces fought the [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons]], resulting in the sinking of the IJN light carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūjō||2}}. In October, US forces successfully challenged the Japanese in night fighting during the [[Battle of Cape Esperance]], sinking a Japanese cruiser and one destroyer for the loss of one destroyer of their own. During the night of 13 October, Japanese battleships ''[[IJN Kongō|Kongō]]'' and ''[[IJN Haruna|Haruna]]'' bombarded Henderson Field, temporarily disabling it; the airfield was swiftly returned to service by American engineers. On 26 October, the Japanese carriers ''[[Shōkaku]]'' and ''[[Zuikaku]]'' sank the American carrier ''Hornet'' and heavily damaged ''Enterprise'' in the [[Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands]]. The loss of ''Hornet'', coupled with the earlier loss of {{USS|Wasp|CV-7|2}} to the IJN submarine {{Jsub|I-19||2}} and heavy submarine damage to ''Saratoga'' in September, meant that US carrier strength in the region was reduced to a single vessel, the ''Enterprise''. However, the two IJN carriers were forced to retire to home waters for repairs and aircrew replacements. From 12 to 15 November, Japanese and American surface ships engaged in night actions in the [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]], one of the only two battles in the Pacific War during which battleships fought each other; two US admirals were killed and two Japanese battleships were sunk. The Japanese subsequently ceased attempts to bombard American positions on Guadalcanal from the sea.

During the campaign, most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. Many were lost in engagements with the [[Cactus Air Force|Allied air forces]], and the Japanese were largely unable to rescue their downed pilots in the region, subjecting their pool of experienced combat airmen to high rates of attrition.

Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended American positions around Henderson Field, but were repulsed with high casualties. To sustain these offensives, resupply to IJA forces on Guadalcanal was carried out by Japanese convoys at night, termed the "[[Tokyo Express]]" by the Allies. The convoys were challenged by American naval forces with increasing intensity as the campaign wore on, and the IJA troops on Guadalcanal began to suffer from disease and malnutrition as their lines of supply from the IJN were constricted. The multiple fleet battles involving heavier ships, as well as daytime carrier battles, resulted in the waters north of Guadalcanal becoming known as "[[Ironbottom Sound]]", due the dozens of ships from both sides that were sunk in the area. Over the course of the campaign, however, the Allies were much better able to replace their losses than the Japanese, and by late 1942 the Japanese decided to abandon Guadalcanal. The Japanese [[Operation Ke|evacuated their remaining troops from the island]] and withdrew in February 1943. Over six months, the Japanese had committed their forces to Guadalcanal piecemeal, and had proved unable to withstand the attrition of such an protracted and intense campaign.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997|p=490}} The battle had painfully exposed the internal rifts and rivalries that divided the Japanese military regime, and frequently paralyzed its ability to craft coherent strategies and react dynamically to challenges by Allied forces.

Compared to just over 7,000 American deaths, over 25,000 Japanese soldiers died on Guadalcanal, of which 15,000 had starved to death.{{sfn|Beevor|2013|p=427}} The Japanese had also lost a significant number of transports and experienced aircrew, valuable assets that they could not easily or quickly replace. Furthermore, the attrition on Guadalcanal drained so many Japanese resources that they were forced to cancel [[Proposed Japanese invasion of Sichuan|Operation Gogo]], their planned strike into the [[Sichuan]] Basin to overthrow the Chinese Nationalist government.{{Sfn|Beevor|2013|p=431}} Victory on Guadalcanal provided a significant boost to Allied morale, and had awarded them the strategic initiative in the Pacific theater.

==Stalemate in China and Southeast Asia==
[[File:Changde battle.jpg|thumb|Chinese troops during the [[Battle of Changde]] in November 1943]]

===China 1942–1943===
In early 1942 in [[mainland China]], the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions, a total of around 120,000 troops, massed at [[Yueyang]] and advanced southward in three columns, attempting again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. In January 1942, Chinese forces scored [[Battle of Changsha (1942)|a victory at Changsha]], the first Allied success against Japan.{{sfn|Ch'i|1992|p=158}}

After the Doolittle Raid, the IJA conducted the [[Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign]], with the goal of locating surviving American airmen, punishing the Chinese who had aided them and destroying air bases. This operation started on 15 May 1942 with 40 infantry and 15–16 artillery battalions, but was repelled by Chinese forces by September.{{sfn|Schoppa|2011|p=28}} During this campaign, the IJA engaged in [[biological warfare]], spreading [[cholera]], [[typhoid]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[dysentery]] throughout Japanese-occupied areas of China. Chinese estimates put the death toll from Japanese-inflicted biological warfare at 250,000 civilians. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died, out of a total 10,000 who fell ill when Japanese biological weapons infected their own forces.{{sfn|Tanaka|1996|p=138}}{{sfn|Chevrier|Chomiczewski|Garrigue|2004|p=19}}{{sfn|Croddy|Wirtz|2005|p=171}}

On 2 November 1943, [[Isamu Yokoyama]], commander of the Japanese 11th Army, deployed around 100,000 troops to attack Changde.<ref name="LIFE"/> During the seven-week [[Battle of Changde]], the Chinese forced Japan to fight a campaign of attrition. Although the Japanese captured the city, the Chinese were able to pin them down long enough for reinforcements to arrive and encircle them. The Chinese then cut Japanese supply lines, prompting the Japanese to retreat, pursued by Chinese forces.<ref name=LIFE>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45 |title=Chinese Victory: Changteh is Lost and Won in Battle Called Most Decisive in Three Years |magazine=Life |date=21 February 1944 |page=45}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Amerasia, Volume 7 |author=Philip J. Jaffe |author-link=Philip J. Jaffe |date=1943 |publisher=Amerasia, Inc.}}</ref> During the battle, Japan deployed chemical weapons.<ref>Agar, Jon ''Science in the 20th Century and Beyond'', p. 281.</ref>
[[File:JiangJieshiYStilwellEnMaymyoAbril1942.jpg|thumb|170px|Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and General [[Joseph Stilwell]], Allied Commander-in-Chief in the China theatre from 1942 to 1945]]

=== Burma 1942–1943 ===
{{Main|Burma campaign (1942–1943)}}

In the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma, there was widespread public disorder and pro-independence agitation in eastern India, as well as a [[Bengal famine of 1943|famine in Bengal]], causing up to 3 million deaths. Despite these difficulties, Wavell (commander-in-chief in India) was eager to mount British counterattacks into Burma.

The British subsequently initiated an [[Arakan Campaign 1942-1943|offensive in Arakan]] intended to secure [[Sittwe|Akyab island]], considered vital for its port and airfield. The [[14th Indian Infantry Division]] advanced overland down the Mayu peninsula. The offensive was stalled at Rathedaung and Donbaik, only a few miles north of Akyab, by numerically inferior but well-fortified Japanese forces. Repeated assaults by Commonwealth forces from January to March 1942 failed to overcome these positions.{{sfn|Allen|1984|pp=97–101}} A Japanese division was redeployed to Arakan from Central Burma and proceeded to attack the 14th Indian Division's exposed left flank, overrunning several units. The headquarters of the [[26th Indian Infantry Division]] took over command of the front, and intended to conduct a counterattack, but its troops were exhausted and the division was forced to fall back to the Indian frontier in the first week in May.

Most British officers accepted that the failure resulted from inadequate training for jungle warfare.{{sfn|Allen|1984|pp=112–116}} To offset the results of the Arakan offensive, the Allies widely publicized a long distance raid mounted by the [[Chindits]] under Brigadier [[Orde Charles Wingate]]. The raid itself was a mixed success; the Chindits suffered heavy losses (1,138 out of a force of just over 3,000) and inflicted only minor damage to the Japanese lines of communication. Wingate insisted that ordinary British and Indian troops could fight in the jungle as easily as the Japanese. The raid also contributed to the Japanese decision to invade India during 1944.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

In August 1943 the Allies formed a new [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) to take over strategic responsibilities for Burma and India from the [[Commander-in-Chief, India]], who headed the British Indian Army. In October 1943 [[Winston Churchill]] appointed Admiral Lord [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten]] as its Supreme Commander. Wavell was appointed [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]] and immediately took measures to address the famine in Bengal. General [[Claude Auchinleck]] became commander in chief of the Indian Army and restructured its administration and training departments.{{sfn|Slim|1956|p=180}} The British and Indian [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] was formed to face the Japanese in Burma. Under Lieutenant General [[William Slim]], its training, morale and health greatly improved. The American General [[Joseph Warren Stilwell|Joseph Stilwell]], who commanded US forces in the [[China Burma India Theater]], directed aid to China and prepared to construct the [[Ledo Road]] to link India and China.

In 1943, the Thai [[Phayap Army]] invasion headed to [[Xishuangbanna]] in China, but were driven back by the [[Chinese Expeditionary Force]].

==Allied offensives, 1943–1944==
[[File:American forces landing at Rendova Island.JPEG|thumb|American forces [[Landings on Rendova|landing at Rendova Island]], June 1943]]

After Midway, the US began to harness its vast industrial potential to greatly increase production of ships, planes, and other materiel, and to train more airmen at an increasing rate.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997|p=491}} At the same time, Japan, lacking an adequate industrial base, coherent technological strategy, comprehensive aircrew training program or adequate naval resources and [[convoy|commerce defense]], began to fall behind. The Allies began a protracted offensive campaign across the Pacific theater, seizing several island bases in a series of (often bloody) amphibious assaults against determined Japanese defenders. Some Japanese strongholds like Truk, Rabaul, and Formosa, were neutralized by air attack and bypassed. The goal was to get close to Japan itself, then launch massive strategic air attacks, improve the submarine blockade, and finally (only if necessary) execute an invasion.

The US Navy did not seek out the Japanese fleet for a decisive battle. The Allied advance could only be stopped by a Japanese naval attack, which increasing oil shortages (induced by submarine attack) were rendering increasingly impossible.{{sfn|Parillo|1993|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}{{sfn|Blair|1975|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2019}}

===Allied offensives on New Guinea and up the Solomons===
{{main|New Guinea campaign|Operation Cartwheel|Bougainville campaign}}

In June 1943, the Allies launched [[Operation Cartwheel]], a series of amphibious invasions to recapture the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, and ultimately isolate the major Japanese forward base at Rabaul. Following the Japanese [[invasion of Salamaua–Lae]] in March 1942, Cartwheel began with the [[Salamaua–Lae campaign]] in Northern New Guinea in April 1943, which was followed in June to October by the [[New Georgia campaign]], in which the Allies used the [[Landings on Rendova]], as well as the [[Drive on Munda Point]] and accompanying [[Battle of Munda Point]] to secure a secretly constructed Japanese [[Munda Airport|airfield at Munda]] and the rest of [[New Georgia Islands]] group. Landings from September until December secured [[Battle of the Treasury Islands|the Treasury Islands]] and landed Allied troops on [[Raid on Choiseul|Choiseul]], [[Bougainville campaign|Bougainville]] and [[Battle of Cape Gloucester|Cape Gloucester]].

These landings prepared the way for [[Chester W. Nimitz]]'s [[Leapfrogging (strategy)|island-hopping]] campaign towards Japan.

=== Invasion of the Gilbert and Marshall Islands ===
[[File:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theaters: Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]], Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill meeting at the [[Cairo Conference (1943)|Cairo Conference]] in 1943]]
{{Main|Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign}}

In November 1943, US Marine forces sustained high casualties when they overwhelmed the 4,500-strong Japanese garrison [[Battle of Tarawa|at Tarawa Atoll]]. This experience drove the Allies to improve their techniques of amphibious landings, implementing changes such as thorough pre-emptive aerial bombings and shore bombardment, more careful planning regarding tides and landing schedules, and better unit coordination. Operations in the Gilbert Islands were followed in late-January and mid-February 1944 by further, but less costly, landings on the Marshall Islands.

===Cairo Conference===

On 22 November 1943 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and ROC Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek met in [[Cairo]], Egypt, to discuss a strategy to defeat Japan. The meeting was also known as the [[Cairo Conference (1943)|Cairo Conference]] and concluded with the [[1943 Cairo Declaration|Cairo Declaration]].{{Relevance inline|date=June 2024}}

===Submarine warfare===
{{Main|Allied submarines in the Pacific War}}

Throughout the war, American, British and Dutch submarines operated out of bases at [[Cavite]] in the Philippines (1941–1942), [[Fremantle, Western Australia|Fremantle]] and [[Brisbane]] in Australia, Pearl Harbor, [[Trincomalee]] in Ceylon, Midway, and later Guam. Allied submarine forces [[Allied submarines in the Pacific War|played a major role in defeating Japan]], even though submarines made up only a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy.{{sfn|Blair|1975|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2019}}{{sfn|Roscoe|1949|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} Submarines strangled Japanese commercial and military shipping, inflicting severe damage on its merchant fleet, intercepting many [[troop transports]], and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. In particular, the fuel situation grew so acute that prior to the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] in late 1944, Japanese naval strategists were uncertain that the attacking IJN fleet would have the ability to withdraw to safety regardless of the battle's outcome.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |title=Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945 |year=2020 |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=978-0-393-08065-0 |location=New York |page=145}}</ref> By early 1945, Japanese oil supplies were so limited that the remaining IJN fleet was virtually stranded in their anchorages.

[[File:Torpedoed Japanese destroyer Yamakaze sinking on 25 June 1942.jpg|thumb|The torpedoed {{ship|Japanese destroyer|Yamakaze|1936|2}}, as seen through the periscope of an American submarine, {{USS|Nautilus|SS-168|2}}, in June 1942]]

The Japanese military claimed to have sunk 468 Allied submarines during the war.<ref>Prange ''et al.'' ''Pearl Harbor Papers''.</ref> In reality, only 42 American submarines were sunk in the Pacific due to hostile action, with 10 others lost to accidents or [[friendly fire]].{{sfn|Roscoe|1958|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}{{sfn|Blair|1975|pp=991–992}} The Dutch lost five submarines to Japanese attacks or minefields,<ref>{{cite web |title=Boats |url=http://www.dutchsubmarines.com |website=dutchsubmarines.com |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915040344/http://www.dutchsubmarines.com |archive-date=15 September 2002}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2022}}</ref> and the British lost three.

American submarines accounted for 56% of the Japanese merchantmen sunk; mines or air attack destroyed most of the rest.{{sfn|Roscoe|1958|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} American submariners also claimed 28% of all Japanese warships destroyed.<ref name="UsSubs">Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120122195944/http://www.navpublishing.com/subtour1.htm U.S. Submarines in World War II].</ref> In addition, submarines played important reconnaissance roles and rescued hundreds of downed fliers.

Within hours of Pearl Harbor, in retribution against Japan, Roosevelt promulgated a new doctrine: [[unrestricted submarine warfare]] against Japanese shipping. This meant sinking any warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship in Japanese-controlled waters, without warning and without aiding survivors.{{efn|The US thereby reversed its opposition to unrestricted submarine warfare. After the war, when moralistic doubts about Hiroshima and other raids on civilian targets were loudly voiced, no one criticized Roosevelt's submarine policy. (Two German admirals, [[Erich Raeder]] and [[Karl Dönitz]], faced charges at the [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg War Crimes Trials]] of violating international law through unrestricted submarine warfare; the court acquitted them after they proved that Allied merchant ships were legitimate military targets under the rules in force at the time.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}})}} The United States had a long supply line, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, but Japan utilized its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance, only occasionally attacking US supply lines.

As the war turned against Japan, IJN submarines increasingly served to resupply island strongholds that had been cut off, such as [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]] and Rabaul. In addition, Japan honored its neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union and ignored American freighters shipping military supplies from San Francisco to [[Vladivostok]],{{sfn|Boyd|1979|pp=27–40}}{{sfn|Reynolds|1974|p=512}} much to the consternation of its German ally.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

[[File:I400 2.jpg|thumb|The {{sclass|I-400|submarine|4}}, the largest non-nuclear submarines ever constructed|left]]

American submarines, by contrast, engaged in extensive commerce raiding from the outset of hostilities. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines in early 1942 led to diversion of submarines to "guerrilla submarine" missions. Basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while ''en route'' to patrol areas, reducing their effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of Japanese bases. The standard-issue [[Mark 14 torpedo]] and its [[Mark VI exploder]] both proved defective and were not corrected until September 1943. Before the war, a [[United States Customs Service|US Customs]] officer had seized a copy of the [[Japanese naval codes#JN-167|Japanese merchant marine code]], not knowing that the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] had broken it.<ref>Farago, Ladislas. ''Broken Seal''.{{page needed|date=May 2019}}</ref> The Japanese promptly changed it, and the new code was not broken again by OP-20-G until 1943.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

In 1944 the US Navy restructured its submarine fleet, installing effective shipboard radar on its 150 submarines, replacing commanders that were deemed not aggressive enough, and fixing design flaws in the torpedoes. Japanese commerce protection was "shiftless beyond description",{{efn|Chihaya went on to note that when the IJN belatedly improved its ASW methods, the US submarine force responded by increasing Japanese losses.<ref>Chihaya Masataka, in ''Pearl Harbor Papers'', p. 323.</ref>}} and Japanese convoys were poorly organized and defended compared to those of the Allies. The number of American submarines patrols (and sinkings) rose steeply as the war progressed: 350 patrols (180 ships sunk) in 1942, 350 (335) in 1943, and 520 (603) in 1944.{{sfn|Blair|1975|pp=359–360, 551–552, 816}} By 1945, sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because there were so few ships left to target at all. In sum, Allied submarines destroyed 1,200 Japanese merchant ships – about five million tons of shipping. At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed due to the actions or threat of submarine attack. Over 200 IJN warships were sunk, including a battleship and no fewer than eight carriers.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Underwater warfare was especially dangerous; of the 16,000 Americans who went out on submarine patrol, 3,500 (22%) never returned, the highest casualty rate of any American force in World War II.<ref>{{cite web |author=RD Designs |url=http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html |title=Sinkings By Boat |publisher=Pigboats.com |date=7 December 1941 |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511144011/http://www.pigboats.com/ww2/ww2sinkings.html |archive-date=11 May 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Japanese losses, 130 submarines in all,{{sfn|Blair|1975|p=877}} were even higher.<ref>{{citation |author=The Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee |title=Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes NAVEXOS P-468 |date=February 1947 |editor=Transcribed and formatted for HTML by Larry Jewell & Patrick Clancey |publisher=Hyperwar project ed. Patrick Clancey |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html#contents |access-date=9 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221200/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/index.html#contents |archive-date=17 February 2009 |url-status=live}}.</ref>

==Japanese offensives in Asia, 1944==

===Japanese counteroffensives in China, 1944===
In mid-1944, Japan marshalled over 500,000 troops<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memim.com/operation-ichi-go.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022958/http://memim.com/operation-ichi-go.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |title=Operation Ichi-Go |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> on the Chinese mainland and launched its largest ground offensive of the war, codenamed [[Operation Ichi-Go]]. The goal of the offensive was to connect Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina by land, in part to alleviate the catastrophic losses suffered by Japanese merchant shipping, as well as to capture airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based.<ref name="Davison">Davison, John ''The Pacific War: Day By Day'', pp. 37, 106.</ref> Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties,<ref>新聞記者が語りつぐ戦争 16 中国慰霊読売新聞社 (1983/2) p. 187.</ref> it gained significant territory in China before Ichi-Go ground to a halt near [[Guangxi]]. Despite major tactical victories,{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} the operation overall failed to provide Japan any significant strategic gains. A majority of the Chinese forces involved in the battle were able to retreat out of the area, and would later return to attack Japanese positions at the [[Battle of West Hunan]]. Japanese losses in the Pacific meant that Japan was unable to accrue the time and resources needed to achieve victory over China. Operation Ichi-Go created a sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to expand their influence and gain control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of the fighting.{{sfn|Xiaobing|2012|p=163}}

===Japanese offensive in India, 1944===
[[File:Chinese troops on Stuart tanks Ledo road.jpg|thumb|Chinese forces on [[M3 Stuart|M3A3 Stuart]] tanks on the Ledo Road]]
{{Main|Burma Campaign 1944}}

After the Allied setbacks in 1943, the South East Asia command prepared to launch offensives into Burma on several fronts. In early 1944, the Chinese and American troops of the [[Northern Combat Area Command]] (NCAC), commanded by the American general Joseph Stilwell, began extending the Ledo Road from India into northern Burma, while the [[XV Corps (British India)|Indian XV Corps]] began an advance along the coast in [[Arakan Province]]. In February 1944, the Japanese mounted a local counter-attack in Arakan. After early Japanese success, this counter-attack was defeated in the [[Battle of the Admin Box]] when the isolated [[British Indian Army|Indian]] divisions of XV Corps repelled a concerted Japanese assault, relying on supplies dropped by parachute.

The Japanese launched a long-planned offensive, advocated by Lieutenant General [[Renya Mutaguchi]] and codenamed [[Operation U-Go]], into India in mid-March 1944.{{sfn|Allen|1984|pp=157–167}} Lieutenant General Slim, commanding Fourteenth Army, and his forward commander, Lieutenant General [[Geoffry Scoones]], planned to withdraw into the Imphal plain and force the Japanese to fight with their communications stretching over miles of primitive jungle trails. However, they were slow to respond when the Japanese attack commenced and did not foresee several Japanese objectives.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=289, 299}} Some British and Indian units had to fight their way out of encirclement, but by early April Commonwealth forces had concentrated around Imphal. Several units were flown from the Arakan to reinforce them. A Japanese division that had advanced to [[Kohima]] in [[Nagaland]] cut the main road to Imphal and isolated a small British garrison, but failed to break through Kohima's defenses. During April, the Japanese attacks against Imphal itself failed, while fresh Allied formations relieved the garrison of Kohima and drove the Japanese from the positions they had captured on Kohima ridge.

As many Japanese military planners had feared, their inadequate lines of communication and the failure of Mutaguchi's gamble on an early victory meant that their troops began to starve. Once the [[monsoon]] rains descended in mid-May, IJA troops also began succumbing to disease in large numbers. During May, while Mutaguchi continued to order attacks, the Allies advanced southwards from Kohima and northwards from Imphal. The two Allied attacks met on 22 June, breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal. The Japanese finally broke off the operation on 3 July. They had lost over 50,000 troops, mainly to starvation and disease—the worst defeat suffered by the IJA to that date.{{sfn|Bond|Tachikawa|2004|p=122}}

Although the advance in Arakan had been halted to make troops and aircraft available for the [[Battle of Imphal]], the Americans and Chinese had continued to advance in northern Burma, aided by reinforced Chindit units operating against Japanese lines of communication. In mid-1944, the Chinese Expeditionary Force [[Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan|invaded northern Burma]], capturing a fortified position [[Battle of Mount Song|at Mount Song]].{{Sfn|Stevens|page=70}} By the time campaigning ceased during the monsoon, the Northern Combat Area Command had secured a vital airfield at [[Myitkyina]] after a [[Siege of Myitkyina|prolonged siege]], which eased the problems of air resupply from India to China over "[[The Hump]]".

==Beginning of the end in the Pacific, 1944==
In May 1943, the Japanese prepared [[Operation Z (1944)|Operation Z]] or the Z Plan, which envisioned utilizing Japanese naval power to counter American forces threatening the outer defense perimeter line, which ran from the Aleutians down through Wake, the [[Marshall Islands|Marshall]] and [[Gilbert Islands]], [[Nauru]], the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], New Guinea, and then westward past [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]] to Burma.{{sfn|Y'Blood|1981|p=14}} In 1943–1944, Allied forces in the Solomons began driving relentlessly toward [[Rabaul]], eventually encircling and neutralizing the stronghold while leaving it in Japanese hands. With their position in the Solomons disintegrating, the Japanese modified the Z Plan by eliminating the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, as well as the Bismarck Archipelago, as vital areas to be defended as part of their outer perimeter. Japanese planners instead focused on the defense of a smaller inner perimeter, which included the [[Marianas]], [[Palau]], [[Western New Guinea]], and the Dutch East Indies. Meanwhile, in the Central Pacific, the Americans initiated a major offensive, beginning in November 1943 with landings in the Gilbert Islands.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=46}} Japanese garrisons in the [[Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign|Gilberts, and then the Marshalls]], were methodically seized via amphibious assault.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=46}} The Japanese strategy of holding overextended island garrisons had proven impossible to accomplish in practice.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=47}}

In February 1944, during [[Operation Hailstone]], the US Navy's [[fast carrier task force]] carried out a series of large-scale air raids on the major IJN naval base at Truk. Although the Japanese had moved their major vessels out in time to avoid being caught at anchor in the atoll, two days of Allied air attacks still resulted in significant losses to Japanese aircraft and merchant shipping.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=47}} The Japanese navy was forced to abandon Truk as a primary anchorage, and was now unable to effectively counter the Americans on any front along the perimeter. Consequently, the Japanese decided to husband their remaining naval strength for what they hoped would be a decisive battle at sea in the near future.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=47}} Accordingly, the Japanese then developed a new plan, known as ''A-GO'': a decisive fleet action that would be fought somewhere from the Palaus to the [[Caroline Islands|Western Caroline]]s.{{sfn|Y'Blood|1981|p=15}} It was in this area that the newly formed [[1st Mobile Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Mobile Fleet]], along with large numbers of land-based aircraft, would be concentrated. A-GO envisioned land-based aircraft, operating from airfields on islands in the defense perimeter, carrying out a first wave of attacks against the American fleet, wherever along the perimeter it appeared. Once the location along the perimeter of the attacking American vessels had been determined, A-GO called for the IJN's Mobile Fleet to intercept, engage and destroy it, supported by land-based airpower.{{sfn|Y'Blood|1981|p=15}}

===Marianas and Palaus===
[[File:Resting on Peleliu Island.jpg|thumb|US Marines during mopping up operations on Peleliu, September 1944]]
{{Main|Mariana and Palau Islands campaign|Battle of Saipan|Battle of Peleliu}}

On 12 March 1944, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff ordered the seizure of the [[Mariana Islands|Northern Marianas]], with a target date of 15 June. All forces for the Marianas operation—535 warships and auxiliaries together with a ground force of over 127,500 troops—were to be commanded by Admiral Raymond A. Spruance.{{sfn|Hopkins|2010|p=227}} For the Americans, securing the Marianas would disrupt the movement of Japanese airpower to and from the southern Pacific, allow for the construction of advanced naval bases closer to Japan, and provide airfields from which [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29 bomber]]s could reach the Japanese Home Islands. Seizing the Marianas would also offer American commanders several possible objectives for the next phase of operations, which would keep the Japanese uncertain and hinder their defensive preparations. It was also hoped that a penetration of the Japanese inner defense zone might provoke the Japanese fleet to sail out in strength for a decisive engagement, offering the opportunity to cripple the Japanese navy in a single battle.{{sfnm|1a1=Hopkins|1y=2010|1p=227|2a1=Gailey|2y=2011|2p=301}} The ability to plan and execute such a complex operation in the space of 90 days was indicative of the high degree of logistical & operational superiority that Allied strategists enjoyed over their Japanese counterparts at this stage of the war.

On 15 June, the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions landed on the island of Saipan, supported by naval bombardment. However, Japanese resistance on shore was intense, and the first day's objective was not reached until D+3. Despite fanatical Japanese opposition and some desperate fighting, the Marines captured Aslito airfield on 18 June.{{sfnm|1a1=Hopkins|1y=2010|1p=230|2a1=Gailey|2y=2011|2p=318}} Nafutan, Saipan's southern point, was secured on 27 June. In the north, [[Mount Tapotchau]], the highest point on the island, was also taken on 27 June. The Marines then steadily advanced northward. On the night of 6–7 July, three to four thousand Japanese carried out a massed banzai charge that penetrated American lines near Tanapag before being repulsed. Following this attack, hundreds of civilians on Saipan committed mass suicide, most of whom were Japanese colonists, often at the instigation of fanatical IJA troops. By 9 July, organized Japanese resistance on Saipan had ceased. The U.S. Marines reached northernmost tip of Saipan, Marpi Point, twenty-four days after the landing. Only isolated groups of hidden [[Japanese holdout]]s remained.{{sfn|Hopkins|2010|p=230}}

A month after the invasion of Saipan, the US [[Battle of Guam (1944)|recaptured Guam]] and [[Battle of Tinian|captured Tinian]], just south of Saipan. [[Saipan]] and [[Tinian]] were used extensively by the US military, as they finally placed mainland Japan within round-trip range of American B-29 bombers. Japanese air units [[Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands|attacked the bases]] on Saipan and Tinian intermittently from November 1944 to January 1945. Until the end of the war, the [[United States Army Air Forces]] based out of these islands conducted an [[Air raids on Japan|intense strategic bombing campaign]] against Japanese cities of military and industrial importance, including [[Bombing of Tokyo|Tokyo]], [[Bombing of Nagoya in World War II|Nagoya]], [[Bombing of Osaka|Osaka]], and [[Bombing of Kobe in World War II|Kobe]].

The invasion of [[Peleliu]] in the Palau Islands on 15 September was notable for a drastic change in Japanese defensive tactics, resulting in the highest casualty rate amongst US forces in an amphibious operation during the Pacific War.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-peleliu |title=Battle of Peleliu |date=21 August 2018 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024030750/http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-peleliu |archive-date=24 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In a departure from the Japanese strategy in previous island battles such as Tarawa and Saipan, where defending IJA troops intensely contested the landing beaches but not the island interior, on Peleliu the Japanese constructed extensive fortifications within the ridges that dominated the center of the island. This was an example of ''fukkaku'', or honeycomb, tactics that Japanese island garrisons would again utilize during the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945.<ref name=":1"/> Instead of the predicted four days, it took over two months and over 10,000 casualties for American forces to secure the island. The strategic value of the landings is still contested.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp |title=Uncommon Valor: 1940 – 1945 |date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://www.usmcmuseum.com/Exhibits_UncommonValor_p15.asp |access-date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

===Philippine Sea===
{{Main|Battle of the Philippine Sea}}

[[File:Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku and two destroyers under attack.jpg|thumb|The Japanese aircraft carrier ''Zuikaku'' and two destroyers under attack in the Battle of the Philippine Sea]]
When the Americans landed on [[Battle of Saipan|Saipan]] in the Marianas, the Japanese viewed holding the island as imperative, and initiated plan A-GO. The Japanese navy deployed its largest carrier force of the war for the forthcoming battle: the nine-carrier Mobile Fleet under Vice Admiral [[Jisaburō Ozawa]], supplemented by 500 land-based aircraft. Facing them was the [[US Fifth Fleet]] under Admiral [[Raymond A. Spruance]]: 15 fleet carriers and 956 aircraft. The clash was the largest carrier battle in history.

On 19 June, a series of Japanese carrier air strikes on the Fifth Fleet were shattered by strong American defenses. The lopsided engagement was later dubbed the ''Great Marianas Turkey Shoot'', a testament to the catastrophic losses suffered by Japanese carrier aircrew in the battle. All US carriers had [[Combat Information Center|combat-information centers]], which interpreted the flow of radar data and radioed interception orders to the [[Combat Air Patrol|combat air patrol]]s. The few Japanese planes that made it through patrolling American fighters and reached the Fifth Fleet fleet did so in a staggered sequence, only to encounter massed anti-aircraft fire with [[proximity fuze|proximity fuse]]s. Only one American warship was slightly damaged. On the same day, ''Shōkaku'' was hit by four torpedoes from the submarine {{USS|Cavalla|SS-244|2}} and sank with heavy loss of life. The {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Taihō||2}} was also sunk by a single torpedo from the submarine {{USS|Albacore|SS-218|2}}. The next day, on 20 June, the Japanese carrier force was subjected to sustained American carrier air attack and suffered the loss of the carrier ''Hiyō''.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=47}} The four Japanese carrier air strikes involved 373 aircraft, of which 130 returned.{{sfn|Y'Blood|1981|p=212}} Many of these survivors were subsequently lost when ''Taihō'' and ''Shōkaku'' were sunk by American submarine attacks. After the second day of the battle, Japanese losses totaled three carriers and 445 aircrew, along with more than 433 carrier aircraft and around 200 land-based aircraft. The Americans lost 130 aircraft and 76 aircrew, with many due to aircraft running out of fuel returning to their carriers at night.

Although the Japanese defeat at the Philippine Sea was severe in terms of the loss of the three fleet carriers, the more significant impact on Japan's war effort was the evisceration of the IJN's carrier air groups.{{sfnm|Peattie|2007|1p=188|Willmott|2005|2p=37}} The IJN had spent the better part of a year reconstituting its carrier air arm, and the Americans had destroyed 90% of it in two days. The Japanese had only enough pilots left to form an air group for a single light carrier. The Mobile Fleet returned home with only 35 aircraft of the 430 that it had embarked with.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=47}} The battle ended in a comprehensive Japanese defeat, and virtually erased the IJN's ability to project airpower at sea.{{sfnm|1a1=Stille|1y=2014|1p=76|2a1=Peattie|2y=2007|2pp=188–189}}

===Leyte Gulf, 1944===
{{Main|Battle of Leyte Gulf}}

[[File:Leyte map annotated.jpg|thumb|The four engagements in the Battle of Leyte Gulf]]
The loss at the Philippine Sea left the Japanese with two options: either launch an all-out offensive employing the IJN's remaining surface vessels against the next American amphibious landing, or allow the Americans to cut the [[Sea lines of communication|sea lanes]] between the Home Islands and Southeast Asia. The Japanese opted for the former, and sought to utilize their last remaining strength – the firepower of their heavy cruisers and battleships – against the American beachhead at [[Leyte]] in the Philippine islands in October 1944. The Japanese planned to use their remaining carriers as bait to lure the American carriers away from Leyte Gulf long enough for heavy warships to enter and to destroy any American ships present.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=49}}

The Japanese assembled four carriers, nine battleships, 14 heavy cruisers, seven light cruisers, and 35 destroyers for this operation.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p= 49}} These forces were split into three formations: the "Center Force", under the command of Vice Admiral [[Takeo Kurita]], which included the battleships {{ship|Japanese battleship|Yamato||2}} and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Musashi||2}}; the "Northern Force", under the command of Ozawa, which had four carriers and two battleships partly converted to carriers, but was largely bereft of planes; and the "Southern Force", containing one group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers under the command of [[Shōji Nishimura]] and another under [[Kiyohide Shima]]. The Center Force would pass through the [[San Bernardino Strait]] into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then attack the transports at anchor near the American beachhead on Leyte. The Southern Force would strike at the beachhead littoral through the [[Surigao Strait]], while the Northern Force would lure the main American covering forces away from Leyte. Functioning as a decoy, Ozawa's carriers embarked just 108 aircraft.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=49}}

However, after the Center Force departed from [[Brunei Bay]] on 23 October, two American submarines attacked it, resulting in the loss of two heavy cruisers with another crippled. After entering the [[Sibuyan Sea]] on 24 October, Center Force was again waylaid by American carrier aircraft, forcing another heavy cruiser to retire. The Americans then sank ''Musashi''. Many other ships of Center Force were also attacked, but continued on.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p= 49}} Convinced that their attacks had rendered the Center Force ineffective and that it had turned back, the American carriers sailed north to address the newly detected threat Ozawa's Northern Force and its carriers. On the night of 24–25 October, the Southern Force under Nishimura attempted to enter Leyte Gulf from the south through Surigao Strait, where an American-Australian force led by Rear Admiral [[Jesse Oldendorf]] ambushed the Japanese.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p= 50}} American destroyers and naval gunfire destroyed two battleships and three destroyers, with only a single Japanese destroyer surviving. As a result of observing [[radio silence]], Shima's group was unable to coordinate its movements with Nishimura's group and arrived at Surigao Strait at the worst possible moment, in the middle of the encounter; after making a haphazard torpedo attack, Shima retreated.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p=50}}

Off [[Cape Engaño (Luzon)|Cape Engaño]], {{convert|500|mi|km}} north of Leyte Gulf, the Americans launched over 500 aircraft sorties at the Northern Force, followed by a surface group of cruisers and destroyers. All four Japanese carriers were sunk, but the Japanese had succeeded in drawing the American carriers away from Leyte Gulf.{{sfn|Stille|2014|p= 50}} On 25 October the final major surface action fought between the Japanese and the American fleets occurred off [[Battle off Samar|Samar]], when Kurita's Center Force fell upon a group of American escort carriers accompanied only by destroyers and destroyer escorts. Both sides were surprised, but the outcome looked certain, given the overwhelming advantage in firepower possessed by the Japanese. However, the Center Force conducted a largely indecisive gunnery duel before breaking off, managing only to sink several American destroyers and two escort carriers.

Overall Japanese losses in the battle were extremely heavy, with four carriers, three battleships, six heavy cruisers, four light cruisers and eleven destroyers sunk.{{sfnm|Stille|2014|1p=50|Willmott|2005|2p= 255}} The Americans lost one light carrier, two escort carriers, two destroyers and two destroyer escorts. The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle of World War II and arguably the [[largest naval battle in history]]. It was only the second time that an aircraft carrier was sunk by surface warships in the Second World War, when the Japanese Center Force sank the escort carrier ''Gambier Bay'' off Samar. The first such occurrence being the sinking of the fleet carrier HMS Glorious off Norway in 1940. For the Japanese, the defeat at Leyte Gulf was catastrophic—its navy's greatest ever loss of ships and men in combat.{{sfn|Cleaver|2018|p=31}} The inevitable liberation of the Philippines also meant that the Japanese Home Islands would be virtually cut off from the vital resources in Japan's occupied territories across Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Cleaver|2018|p=31}}

===Philippines, 1944–1945===
[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|[[Douglas MacArthur|General Douglas MacArthur]] wading ashore at Leyte]]
{{Main|Philippines campaign (1944–1945)}}

On 20 October 1944 the [[Sixth United States Army|US Sixth Army]], supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of [[Mindanao]]. The US Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, while the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the western side. The US reinforced the Sixth Army successfully, but the [[Fifth Air Force|US Fifth Air Force]] devastated Japanese attempts to resupply IJA troops on the island. In torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the US advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north. On 7 December US Army units landed and, after a major land and air battle, cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the US Army was in control.

On 15 December 1944, landings against minimal resistance took place on the southern beaches of the island of [[Mindoro]], a key location in the planned [[Lingayen Gulf]] operations, in support of major landings scheduled on [[Luzon]]. On 9 January 1945 [[Walter Krueger|General Krueger]]'s Sixth Army landed its first units on the western coast of Luzon. Almost 175,000 men followed within a few days. With heavy air support, Army units pushed inland, taking [[Clark Air Base|Clark Field]], {{convert|40|mi|km}} northwest of Manila, in the last week of January.

Two more major landings followed, one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula, and another, which included a parachute drop, south of Manila. Pincers closed in on the city, and on 3 February 1945 American forces pushed into Manila proper. The month-long [[Battle of Manila (1945)|battle for Manila]] resulted in over 100,000 civilian deaths and was the scene of the worst [[Urban warfare|urban fighting]] by American forces in the Pacific theater. As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south, the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured. On 16 February paratroopers and amphibious units assaulted the island fortress of Corregidor, and Japanese resistance ended there on 27 February.

[[File:Baleta Pass, near Baugio, Luzon.jpg|thumb|US troops approaching Japanese positions near Baguio, Luzon, 23 March 1945]]

In all, ten US divisions and five independent regiments fought on Luzon, making it the largest ground campaign of the Pacific War, involving more troops than the US had used in North Africa, Italy, or southern France. Forces included the Mexican [[Escuadrón 201]] fighter-squadron as part of the [[Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana]], with the squadron attached to the [[58th Operations Group|58th Fighter Group]] of the United States Army Air Forces that flew tactical support missions.<ref name="Klemen"/> Of the 250,000 Japanese troops defending Luzon, 80 percent died.{{sfn|Brooks|Stanley|2007|p=41}} The last Japanese holdout in the Philippines, [[Hiroo Onoda]], finally surrendered on 9 March 1974.<ref>
Powers, D. (2011): [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_no_surrender_01.shtml Japan: No Surrender in World War Two] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190929201011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/japan_no_surrender_01.shtml |date= 29 September 2019}} ''BBC History'' (17 February 2011).
</ref>

The [[Eighth United States Army|Eighth Army]] invaded [[Palawan Island]], between [[British Borneo|Borneo]] and Mindoro (the fifth-largest and westernmost Philippine island) on 28 February 1945, with landings at [[Puerto Princesa City|Puerto Princesa]]. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, [[Philippine resistance against Japan|Filipino guerrillas]] aided US forces to dispatch the holdouts.

The US Eighth Army moved on to its first landing on Mindanao (17 April), the last of the major Philippine Islands to be taken. Then followed the invasion and occupation of [[Panay]], [[Cebu]], [[Negros Island|Negros]] and several islands in the [[Sulu Archipelago]]. These islands provided bases for the US Fifth and [[Thirteenth Air Force]]s to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea.

==Final stages==
{{See also|End of World War II in Asia|Aftermath of World War II}}

===Allied offensives in Burma, 1944–1945===
[[File:Royal Marines land Ramree Burma.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Marines]] landing at Ramree]]
{{Main|Burma campaign (1944–1945)}}

In late 1944 and early 1945, the Allied South East Asia Command launched offensives into Burma, intending to recover most of the country, including the capital of Rangoon, before the onset of the monsoon in May. The offensives were fought primarily by British Commonwealth, Chinese and American forces against Japan, assisted to some degree by Thailand, the Burma National Army and the Indian National Army. The Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the United Kingdom, British India, and Africa.

The Indian XV Corps (including two [[West Africa]]n divisions){{sfn|Allen|1984|p=457}} advanced along the coast in Arakan Province, at last capturing Akyab Island. They landed troops behind the retreating Japanese, inflicting heavy casualties, and captured [[Ramree Island]] and [[Cheduba Island]], establishing airfields used to support the offensive into Central Burma. The Chinese Expeditionary Force captured [[Mong-Yu]] and Lashio,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|p=457}}.</ref> while the Chinese and American Northern Combat Area Command resumed its advance in northern Burma. In late January 1945, these two forces linked up at [[Hsipaw]]. The Ledo Road was completed, linking India and China, but too late in the war to have any significant strategic effect on operations in China.

The [[Japanese Burma Area Army]] attempted to forestall the main Allied attack by withdrawing their troops behind the Irrawaddy River. Lieutenant General [[Heitarō Kimura]], the new Japanese commander in Burma, hoped that the Allies' lines of communications would be overstretched trying to cross this obstacle. However, the advancing British Fourteenth Army switched its axis of advance to outflank the Japanese.

During February, the Fourteenth Army secured bridgeheads across the Irrawaddy. On 1 March, mechanized units of [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] captured the supply node of [[Meiktila]], throwing the Japanese defenses into disarray. While the Japanese attempted to recapture Meiktila, [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|XXXIII Corps]] captured [[Mandalay]]. The Japanese armies were heavily defeated, and with the capture of Mandalay, the Burmese population and the Burma National Army (which the Japanese had initially created) turned against the Japanese.

During April, Fourteenth Army advanced {{convert|300|mi|km}} south towards Rangoon, but was delayed by Japanese rearguards {{convert|40|mi|km}} to the north. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon in house-to-house during the monsoon, which would commit his army to prolonged action with disastrously inadequate supplies, and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force, [[Operation Dracula]], which had been abandoned earlier, be reinstated.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=468–469}} ''Dracula'' was launched on 1 May, only to find that the Japanese had already evacuated the city. The troops that occupied Rangoon linked up with Fourteenth Army five days later, securing the Allies' lines of communication.

Japanese forces that had been bypassed by the Allied advances [[Battle of the Sittang Bend|attempted to break out]] across the Sittaung River during June and July to rejoin the Burma Area Army, which had regrouped in [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]] in southern Burma. They suffered 14,000 casualties, half of their strength. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 Japanese soldiers surrendered and were taken prisoner.<ref name="prisoners"/> The Allies were preparing to make amphibious landings in Malaya when word of the Japanese surrender arrived.

===Iwo Jima===
{{Main|Battle of Iwo Jima}}

[[File:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, larger - edit1.jpg|thumb|''[[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'', an iconic photograph taken by [[Joe Rosenthal]] on 23 February 1945, depicts six United States Marines raising a US flag atop [[Mount Suribachi]].]]

Although the Marianas were secure and American bases firmly established, the long {{convert|1200|mi|km}} range from the Marianas meant that B-29 aircrews bombing Japan found themselves ditching at sea if severely damaged. To alleviate this issue, American strategists focused their attention on the small island of [[Iwo Jima]], about halfway between the Marianas and Japan. American planners recognized the strategic importance of the island. It was used by the Japanese as an early-warning station against impending air raids on Japanese cities.{{sfn|Hopkins|2010|p=291}} Japanese aircraft based on Iwo Jima were able to attack the B-29s on their bombing missions, and even to attack installations in the Marianas themselves.{{sfn|Hopkins|2010|p=291}} The capture of Iwo Jima would provide emergency landing airfields for B-29s and a base for [[North American P-51 Mustang|P-51 fighter escorts]],{{sfnm|1a1=Gailey|1y=2011|1p=408|2a1=Hopkins|2y=2010|2p=291}} as well as land-based air support to protect US naval fleets sailing close to the Japanese Home Islands.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=263}}
The Japanese had also come to realize the strategic value of Iwo Jima, and Lt. General [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]] was assigned command of the island's garrison in May 1944. The Japanese began constructing elaborate defenses, making the best possible use of the island's natural caves and uneven, rocky terrain. The island was transformed into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and underground passageways leading from one strongpoint to another.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=265}} The Japanese also went to great lengths to construct large underground chambers, some as much as five stories deep, to serve as storage and hospital areas with thick walls and ceilings of reinforced concrete.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=265}} A series of strongpoints covering the landing areas were also built, most covered with sand and carefully camouflaged. Well-hidden 120mm and 6-inch guns were emplaced so that their fire could be directed to the beaches. Smaller-caliber artillery, antiaircraft guns, and mortars were also hidden and located where only a direct hit could destroy them.{{sfn|Gailey|2011|p=410}} The Japanese were determined to make the Americans pay a high price for Iwo Jima, and were prepared to defend it to the death. Kuribayashi knew that he could not win the battle nonetheless hoped to inflict casualties so costly that it would slow the American advance on Japan, and perhaps give Japan bargaining power in negotiations to end the war.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=265}} By February 1945, a total of 21,000 Japanese troops were deployed on Iwo Jima.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=265}}

The American operation ("Operation Detachment") to capture the island involved three Marine divisions of the [[V Amphibious Corps]], a total of 70,647 troops,{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=268}} under the command of [[Holland Smith]]. From mid-June 1944, Iwo Jima came under American air and naval bombardment, until the days leading up to the invasion.{{sfn|Gailey|2011|p=410}}

An intense naval and air bombardment preceded the landing, but did little except drive the Japanese defenders further underground and further mangle the island's barren volcanic terrain. Most Japanese fortifications survived the bombardment virtually unscathed. On the morning of 19 February 1945, 30,000 men under the command of Maj. General [[Harry Schmidt (USMC)|Harry Schmidt]] landed on the southeast coast near [[Mount Suribachi|Mt. Suribachi]], the dormant volcano around which most of the island's defenses were concentrated. As soon as the Marines pushed inland they came under devastating machine gun and artillery fire. By the end of the day, the Marines reached the west coast, but their losses were severe: almost 2,000 men killed or wounded. On 23 February, the 28th Marine Regiment reached the summit of Mt. Suribachi, prompting the now famous ''[[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]]'' photograph, often cited as the most reproduced photograph in history and the archetypal representation of the Pacific War. For the rest of February, the Americans grinded north through a maze of Japanese defenses. By 1 March, they had taken two-thirds of the island. It was not until 26 March that the island was secured.

Iwo Jima was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans during the Pacific War. American casualties were 6,821 killed and 19,207 wounded.{{sfn|Gailey|2011|p=420}} The Japanese losses totaled well over 20,000 men killed, with only 1,083 prisoners taken.{{sfn|Gailey|2011|p=420}} It was the only major island battle in the Pacific war where American casualties outnumbered Japanese losses. Historians continue to debate whether Iwo Jima was strategically worth the casualties sustained in capturing it.<ref>Robert S. Burrell, "Breaking the Cycle of Iwo Jima Mythology: A Strategic Study of Operation Detachment", ''Journal of Military History'' Volume 68, Number 4, October 2004, pp. 1143–1186 and rebuttal [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_military_history/v068/68.4burrell.html in Project MUSE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121906/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_military_history%2Fv068%2F68.4burrell.html |date=4 March 2016}}.</ref>

===Okinawa===
{{Main|Battle of Okinawa}}

[[File:USS Bunker Hill hit by two Kamikazes.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Bunker Hill|CV-17|6}} burns after being hit by two [[kamikaze]]s. At Okinawa, the kamikazes caused 4,900 American deaths.]]
[[File:OkinawaMarinesDeadJapanese.jpg|thumb|US Marines pass a dead Japanese soldier in a destroyed village on Okinawa, April 1945]]
The largest and bloodiest battle fought by the Americans against the Japanese took place on [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]]. The seizure of islands in the Ryukyus was meant to be the last step before an invasion of Japan proper. Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Islands, was located {{convert|340|mi|km}} from [[Kyushu]].{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=365}} The capture of Okinawa would provide airbases that could intensify aerial bombardment of Japan and offer direct land-based air support to an invasion of Kyushu. Seizing the islands would also allow the Americans to further tighten the blockade of Japan and be used as a staging area and supply base for any invasion of the Home Islands.{{sfnm|1a1=Hopkins|1y=2010|1p=303|2a1=Cleaver|2y=2018|2pp=227–228}}

The Japanese troops defending Okinawa, under the command of Lieutenant General [[Mitsuru Ushijima]], were a mixed force some 75,000–100,000 strong, augmented by thousands of conscripted civilians. American forces for the operation totaled 183,000 troops in seven divisions (four US Army and three Marine) under the [[Tenth United States Army|Tenth Army]].{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=366}} The [[British Pacific Fleet]] operated as a separate unit; its objective was to strike airfields on the chain of islands between Formosa and Okinawa, to prevent the Japanese from reinforcing Okinawa.

After an intense seven-day bombardment, the main landings on Okinawa took place on 1 April 1945, on the [[Hagushi]] beaches on the island's west coast.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=367}} The Japanese did not contest the landings, and there was little opposition at the beaches, as the Japanese had decided to meet the Americans farther inland, out of range of naval gunfire. About 60,000 American troops landed on the first day, seizing two nearby airfields and pushing across the narrow width of the island.

The first major Japanese counterattack occurred on 6 and 7 April, in the form of attacks by kamikaze aircraft and a naval operation, called [[Operation Ten-Go|''Ten-Go'']]. Under the command of Admiral [[Seiichi Itō]], the battleship ''Yamato'', the light cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Yahagi|1942|2}} and eight destroyers sortied from Kyushu as bait, meant to draw away as many American carrier aircraft as possible from Okinawa, in order to leave Allied naval forces vulnerable to large-scale kamikaze attacks. As a consequence of crippling Japanese shortages, the ''Yamato'' had only enough fuel to reach Okinawa. If she managed to reach the island,''Yamato'' was ordered to beach herself and use her {{convert|18.1|in|cm|adj=on}} guns to support Japanese forces with indirect fire.{{sfn|Cleaver|2018|p=184}} After being sighted by an American submarine and reconnaissance aircraft, the ''Yamato'', ''Yahagi'' and four of the destroyers were sunk in a multi-hour blitz of aerial attacks by American carrier aircraft.{{sfn|Cleaver|2018|p=189}} Mass kamikaze attacks on American vessels near Okinawa intensified during the following three months, with 5,500 sorties being flown by the Japanese.{{sfn|Heinrichs|Gallicchio|2017|p=379}}

In the northern part of Okinawa, American troops only met light opposition, and the area was captured within about two weeks. However, the main Japanese defenses were in the south. There was bitter fighting against well-entrenched Japanese troops, but US forces slowly made progress. The seizure of [[Shuri castle]] on 29 May, the linchpin of Japanese resistance in the south, represented both a strategic and psychological blow to the remaining Japanese defenders.{{sfn|Cleaver|2018|p=226}} Organized resistance did not cease until 21 June;{{sfn|Alexander|1996|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} and many Japanese went into hiding. The campaign was not declared over until 2 July.

The battle for Okinawa proved costly and lasted much longer than the Americans had expected. The Japanese skillfully utilized terrain to inflict maximum casualties upon Allied ground forces.{{sfn|Gailey|2011|p=445}} Total American casualties were 49,451, including 12,520 dead or missing and 36,631 wounded.{{sfnm|1a1=Gailey|1y=2011|1p=445|2a1=Heinrichs|2a2=Gallicchio|2y=2017|2p=412}} Japanese casualties were approximately 110,000 killed and 7,400 taken prisoner.{{sfnm|1a1=Gailey|1y=2011|1p=445|2a1=Heinrichs|2a2=Gallicchio|2y=2017|2p=412}} 94% of the Japanese soldiers died, along with many civilians.{{sfn|Yahara|1997|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} Kamikaze attacks sank 36 ships, damaged 368 more and killed 4,900 US sailors, for the loss of 7,800 Japanese aircraft.{{sfnm|1a1=Gailey|1y=2011|1p=445|2a1=Cleaver|2y=2018|2p=170}}

===China, 1945===
{{Main|Battle of West Hunan|Second Guangxi Campaign}}

Despite Japanese victories in Operation Ichi-Go, Japan was losing the battle in Burma and facing constant attacks from Chinese Nationalist forces and Communist guerrillas in the countryside. The IJA began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945, mobilizing 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April.{{sfn|Wilson|1982|p=248}} In response, the Chinese National Military Council dispatched the 4th Front Army and the 10th and 27th Army Groups with [[He Yingqin]] as commander-in-chief.<ref name="hsu458">{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=452–457}}.</ref> At the same time, it airlifted the entire American-equipped Chinese New 6th Corps, along with veterans of the Burma Expeditionary Force, from [[Kunming]] to [[Zhijiang, Hubei|Zhijiang]].{{sfn|Wilson|1982|p=248}} Chinese forces totaled 110,000 men, supported by about 400 aircraft from Chinese and American air forces.<ref name= "whampoanet">"[http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm National Revolutionary Army Order of Battle for the Battle of West Hunan]". China Whampoa Academy Net. 11 September 2007 {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150704192016/http://www.hoplite.cn/Templates/hpjh0106.htm |date=4 July 2015}}.</ref> Chinese forces decisively repulsed the Japanese advance, and subsequently launched a large counterattack. Concurrently, the Chinese repelled a [[Battle of West Henan-North Hubei|Japanese offensive in Henan and Hubei]].<ref name="hsu458"/> Afterwards, Chinese forces retook Hunan and Hubei in South China. Chinese forces launched a [[Second Guangxi Campaign|counteroffensive to retake Guangxi]], the last major Japanese stronghold in South China. In August 1945, Chinese forces retook Guangxi.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

===Borneo, 1945===
[[File:Balikpapan landing (AWM 018812).jpg|thumb|Australian soldiers landing at Balikpapan on 7 July 1945]]
{{Main|Borneo campaign (1945)}}

The Borneo campaign of 1945 was the last major campaign in the [[South West Pacific Area]]. In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July, the [[I Corps (Australia)|Australian I Corps]], under General [[Leslie Morshead]], attacked Japanese forces occupying the island. Allied naval and air forces, centered on the [[US 7th Fleet]] under Admiral [[Thomas Kinkaid]], the [[Australian First Tactical Air Force]] and the US Thirteenth Air Force also played important roles in the campaign.

The campaign opened with a landing on the small island of [[Battle of Tarakan (1945)|Tarakan]] on 1 May. This was followed on 1 June by simultaneous assaults in the northwest, on the island of [[Operation Oboe Six|Labuan]] and the coast of Brunei. A week later the Australians attacked Japanese positions in [[Battle of North Borneo|North Borneo]]. The attention of the Allies then switched back to the central east coast, with the last major amphibious assault of World War II taking place at [[Battle of Balikpapan (1945)|Balikpapan]] on 1 July.

Although the campaign was criticized in Australia as a "waste" of the lives of soldiers, it achieved a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the Dutch East Indies, capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in deteriorating conditions.{{sfn|Grey|1999|pp=184–186}} At one of the very worst sites, around [[Sandakan]] in Borneo, only six of 2,500 British and Australian prisoners survived.<ref name="prisoners"/>

===Landings in the Japanese home islands (1945)===
{{Main|Japan campaign|Operation Downfall|Air raids on Japan}}

[[File:American bombs falling on Kobe.jpg|thumb|upright|American B-29 Superfortresses drop incendiary bombs over the port city of [[Kobe]], June 1945]]

Hard-fought battles on the Japanese islands of [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]], [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]], and others resulted in horrific casualties on both sides before finally producing a Japanese defeat. Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa, 94 percent died.{{sfn|Brooks|Stanley|2007|p=41}} Faced with the loss of most of their experienced pilots, the Japanese increased their use of kamikaze tactics in an attempt to create unacceptably high casualties for the Allies. The US Navy proposed to force a Japanese surrender through a total naval blockade and air raids.{{sfn|Skates|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2019}} Many military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings]] as a means of avoiding the [[Operation Downfall|ground invasion of Japan]]. This view is explained by [[Victor Davis Hanson]]: "because the Japanese on Okinawa... were so fierce in their defense (even when cut off, and without supplies), and because casualties were so appalling, many American strategists looked for an alternative means to subdue mainland Japan, other than a direct invasion. This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties."{{sfn|Hanson|2004|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}

Towards the end of the war, as strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the [[United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific]] was created to oversee all US strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under [[General (United States)|General]] [[Curtis LeMay]]. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 [[firebombing]] raids. On 9–10 March 1945 LeMay oversaw Operation Meetinghouse, in which 300 B-29s dropped 1,665 tons of bombs, mostly napalm-carrying M-69 incendiary bombs, on the Japanese capital.{{sfn|Selden|2008|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} This attack is seen the most destructive bombing raid in history and killed between 80,000 and 100,000 people in a single night, destroying over 270,000 buildings and leaving over 1 million homeless.{{sfn|Selden|2008|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} In the ten days that followed, almost 10,000 bombs were dropped, destroying 31% of Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka and Kobe.

LeMay also oversaw [[Operation Starvation]], in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the little remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, US President [[Harry S. Truman]], Chiang, and Churchill issued the [[Potsdam Declaration]], which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan that were agreed upon at the [[Potsdam Conference]]. This [[ultimatum]] stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction".<ref name=atomicarchive>{{cite web |title=Potsdam Declaration: Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945 |url=http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/Potsdam.shtml |publisher=National Science Digital Library |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902045406/http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hiroshima/Potsdam.shtml |archive-date=2 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Atomic bombs===
[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|upright|The mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki]]
{{Main|Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki}}

On 6 August 1945, the U.S. dropped an [[Little Boy|atomic bomb]] on the Japanese city of [[Hiroshima]] in the first [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear attack]] in history. In a press release issued after the bombing, Truman warned Japan to [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] or "expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this Earth".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/truman-hiroshima/ |title=Statement by The President |website=[[PBS]] |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810205913/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-hiroshima |archive-date=10 August 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 August, the U.S. dropped [[Fat Man|another atomic bomb]] on [[Nagasaki]].

More than 140,000–240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings.<ref name="anderson">Professor Duncan Anderson, 2005, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml "Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan"] (''World War Two'', BBC History) Access date: 11 September 2007.</ref> The necessity of the atomic bombings [[Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|has long been debated]], with detractors claiming that a naval [[blockade]] and [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombing]] campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary.<ref>See, for example, Alperowitz, G., ''The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb'' (1995; New York, Knopf; {{ISBN|0-679-44331-2}}) for this argument.{{page needed|date=May 2019}}</ref> However, other scholars have argued that the atomic bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender and helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and conventional bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians.<ref name="anderson" /> Historian [[Richard B. Frank]] wrote that a [[Soviet invasion of Japan]] was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability.{{sfn|Frank|2007|p=89}}

===Soviet entry===
In February 1945 during the [[Yalta Conference]] the Soviet Union had agreed to enter the war against Japan 90 days after the surrender of Germany.{{sfnm|1a1=Gailey|1y=2011|p=405|2a1=Cleaver|2y=2018|2p=228}} At the time, Soviet participation was seen as crucial in order to tie down the large number of Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea, keeping them from being transferred to the Home Islands to defend against an invasion.{{sfnm|1a1=Gailey|1y=2011|p=405|2a1=Cleaver|2y=2018|2p=228}}

On 9 August, exactly on schedule, the Soviet Union entered the war by invading Manchuria. A battle-hardened, one million-strong Soviet force, transferred from Europe,<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBuMDG2TvcY |title=Battlefield S4/E3 – The Battle of Manchuria – The Forgotten Victory |date=10 October 2012 |work=YouTube |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127004757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBuMDG2TvcY |archive-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> attacked Japanese forces of the ''Kantōgun'' (Kwantung Army) across most of the Manchurian frontier.{{sfn|Garthoff|1969|pp=312–336}}

The Manchurian strategic offensive operation began on 9 August 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. This was the last campaign of the Second World War, and the largest of the 1945 [[Soviet–Japanese War]], which resumed hostilities between the USSR and Japan after almost six years of peace. Soviet forces conquered Manchukuo, Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia) and northern Korea. The USSR's entry into the war was a significant factor in the Japanese decision to surrender, as it became apparent to the government in Tokyo that the Soviets were no longer willing to act as an intermediary for a negotiated settlement on terms favorable to Japan.{{sfn|Toland|2003|p=806}}

In late 1945, the Soviets launched a series of successful invasions of northern Japanese territories, in preparation for the possible [[Proposed Soviet invasion of Hokkaido|invasion of Hokkaido]]:
* [[Invasion of South Sakhalin]] (11–25 August)
** [[Soviet assault on Maoka|Maoka Landing]] (19–22 August)
* [[Invasion of the Kuril Islands]] (18 August to 1 September)
** [[Battle of Shumshu]] (18–23 August)

===Surrender===
{{Main|Surrender of Japan}}

[[File:Douglas MacArthur signs formal surrender.jpg|thumb|[[Douglas MacArthur]] signs the formal [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] on {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, 2 September 1945.]]

Months of American air and naval attacks,{{sfn|Greenfield|1967|pp=120–121}} two atomic bombings, and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria had a profound impact on Japanese decision-making. On 10 August 1945, Japanese Prime Minister [[Kantarō Suzuki]] and [[Kantarō Suzuki Cabinet|his cabinet]] decided to accept the Potsdam terms on one condition: the "prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler". At noon on 15 August, after the American government's intentionally ambiguous reply, stating that the "authority" of the Emperor "shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers", the Emperor [[Hirohito]] [[Hirohito surrender broadcast|broadcast the rescript of surrender]].{{sfn|Asada|1998|pp=477–512}}

{{blockquote |text = Should we continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. |sign = Emperor Hirohito |source = The Voice of the Crane: The Imperial Rescript of 15 August 1945<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Crane.html |title=The Voice of the Crane: The Imperial Rescript of 15 Aug 45 |author=Patrick Clancey |work=ibiblio |publisher=[[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] |access-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110051447/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Crane.html |archive-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

In Japan, 14 August is considered the [[End of World War II in Asia|end of the Pacific War]]. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as [[V-J Day]] (Victory in Japan).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/list.html |title=Chronology of Japanese Holdouts |publisher=Wanpela |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807114251/http://www.wanpela.com/holdouts/list.html |archive-date=7 August 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The formal [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] was signed on 2 September 1945. The surrender was accepted by MacArthur as [[Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers|Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers]]. MacArthur then went to Tokyo to oversee the occupation of Japan (from 28 August 1945 to 28 April 1952, when the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] came into force).

==Casualties==
===Allied===
{{Further|Allied prisoners of war of Japan}}
====United States====
[[File:Tarawa beach HD-SN-99-03001.JPEG|thumb|American corpses sprawled on the beach of [[Battle of Tarawa|Tarawa]], November 1943]]
Total American losses are 161,000 killed and 248,000 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum |url=https://www.pearlharbortours.com/oahu/pearl-harbor/pearl-harbor-aviation-museum/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Pearl Harbor Tours |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory in Europe Day: Time of Celebration, Reflection |url=https://www.war.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928122142/https://www.war.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HyperWar: Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in WW II [Battle and Nonbattle Deaths] |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/Casualties/Casualties-2.html#death |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=www.ibiblio.org}}</ref>. Combat losses amount to 107,903 killed in action{{Sfn|Dower|1986|p=365}} and 208,333 wounded.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|pp=527}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Costello |first=John |title=The Pacific War: 1941-1945 |year=2009 |publisher=Harper Perennial |isbn=978-0-688-01620-3 |location=New York |page=675}}</ref> The figure for battle deaths include Army prisoners who died in Japanese captivity; this is the standard itemization of for US deaths in the Pacific War. However, historian [[John W. Dower]] notes that there are inconsistencies within the official US statistics themselves.{{Sfn|Dower|1986|p=365}} Over half of all American losses suffered in the Pacific occurred between July 1944 and July 1945.{{Sfn|Dower|1986|p=300}} Combined, the US and allied navies lost nearly 200 warships, including 4 battleships, 12 aircraft carriers, 25 cruisers, 84 destroyers and destroyer escorts, 63 submarines, and nearly 30,000 aircraft. This gave the Allies a 2–1 exchange ratio with the Japanese in terms of ships and aircraft.{{sfn|Hara|2011|p=299}}<ref>[http://www.navsource.net NavSource Naval History] Retrieved 25 July 2015; [http://www.uboat.net German U-boats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230055449/http://uboat.net |date=30 December 2010}} Retrieved 25 July 2015; Major British Warship Losses in World War II. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</ref>

The US protectorate in the Philippines suffered considerable losses. Military losses were 27,000 dead (including POWs), 75,000 living POWs, and an unknown number wounded, not counting irregulars that fought in the insurgency.{{sfn|Gruhl|2007|p=65}} Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died due to war-related shortages, massacres, shelling, and bombing.{{sfn|Gruhl|2007|pp=143–144}}

====China====
Modern Western figures estimate the Chinese death toll at around 14,000,000 to 15,000,000 dead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitter|first=Rana|title=Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937-1945|date=2013|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|pages=381}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dower|first=John W.|title=Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II|date=1999|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hastings|first=Max|title=All Hell Let Loose: The World at War 1939-1945|date=2011|publisher=Vintage|pages=669-670}}</ref> Rana Mitter cites Odd Arne Westad's scholarship to posit some 2,000,000 military dead and 12,000,000 civilian dead.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Westad|first=Odd Arne|title=Restless Empire: China and the World since 1750|date=2012|location=London|pages=249}}</ref> Diana Lary notes that the official postwar figures for China's population showed a drop of around 18,000,000 people from 1937 to 1945.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lary|first=Diana|title=The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937-1945|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge|pages=173}}</ref> Chinese [[state media]] outlet ''[[China Daily]]'' lists the total number of military and non-military casualties, both dead and wounded, at 35 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=2005-08-15 |title=Remember role in ending fascist war |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/15/content_468908.htm |access-date=2010-12-02 |work=China Daily |archive-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107080147/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/15/content_468908.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, states that the total number of casualties was around 20 million.<ref name=":2" /> [[Rudolph Rummel]] gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation or disease.{{sfn|Rummel|1991|p=348}}

The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=956}}<ref name="Meng Guoxiang 1995">Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan, 1995. {{lang|zh|｢关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题｣}}.</ref> The soldiers of the Chinese Communist Party suffered 584,267 casualties, of which 160,603 were killed, 133,197 missing, and 290,467 wounded. This would equate to a total of 3.82 million combined NRA/CCP casualties, of which 1.74 million were killed or missing.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|p=956}}<ref name="Meng Guoxiang 1995" /> An academic study published in the United States estimates Chinese military casualties as 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, 1,073,496 killed and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.{{sfn|Ho|1959|p=251-252}}

Famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and [[British Raj|India]]: the [[Chinese famine of 1942–1943]] in [[Henan]] led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3 million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3 million people to flee or die, and the [[Bengal Famine of 1943|1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal]] killed about 7 million Indian civilians in [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-18 |title=The Bengali Famine |url=https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/ |access-date=2020-11-08 |website=The International Churchill Society |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107085547/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/bengali-famine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.47 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation ([[Three Alls Policy]]) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general [[Yasuji Okamura]].{{sfn|Himeta|1995|p=43}}

The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the [[gross domestic product]] of Japan at that time.{{sfn|He|1978|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} The war created 95 million [[refugee]]s.{{sfn|Crawford|Foster|2007|p=90}}

====Commonwealth====
[[File:Japanese atrocities imperial war museum K9923.jpg|thumb|Indian prisoners of war shot and bayoneted by Japanese soldiers]]

Between the Malayan Campaign (130,000 discounting some 20,000 Australians),{{sfn|Corfield|Corfield|2012|p=743}} [[Burma Campaign]] (86,600),{{sfn|Nesbit|2009|p=240}} Battle of Hong Kong (15,000),{{sfn|Banham|2005|p=317}} and various naval encounters, British, Dominion and Empire forces incurred some 235,000 casualties in the Pacific Theater, including roughly 82,000 killed (50,000 in combat and 32,000 as POWs).{{sfn|Blackburn|Hack|2007|p=4}}

Britain incurred 90,332 casualties, of whom 29,968 were killed, 12,433 as prisoners of war.<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) |title=65th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/65th-anniversary-of-victory-over-japan-day |access-date=2024-09-01 |archive-date=1 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901202025/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/65th-anniversary-of-victory-over-japan-day |url-status=live }}</ref> The Japanese captured a total of 50,016 POWs from Britain.<ref name="hidden">{{Harvnb|Tanaka|1996|pp=2, 3}}.</ref>

The Royal Navy lost 23 warships in the Pacific and Indian oceans: 1 battleship, 1 battlecruiser, 1 aircraft carrier, 3 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 5 submarines, and 4 escorts.<ref name="naval-history.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses10tables.htm |title=British Losses & Losses Inflicted on Axis Navies |date=1 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104208/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses10tables.htm |archive-date=24 April 2019 |url-status=live |work=naval-history.net |access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> There were significant indirect losses to the British Empire territories of India and Burma, including 3 million deaths in the Bengal famine and 0.25 to 1 million deaths in British Burma.{{sfn|McLynn|2010|p=1}}

Australia incurred casualties of 45,841 not including natural deaths: 17,501 killed (including POW deaths in captivity), 13,997 wounded, and 14,345 living POWs.{{sfn|Long|1963|pp=633–634}} New Zealand lost 578 killed, with an unknown number wounded or captured.<ref>"Honouring NZ's Pacific War dead". ''Beehive''. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 31 October 2010.</ref> 294 Canadians were killed in Hong Kong and the Aleutians,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian War Museum |title=Canada at War Against Japan, 1941–1945 |url=https://www.warmuseum.ca/war-against-japan/#pacific |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=warmuseum.ca |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902034802/https://www.warmuseum.ca/war-against-japan/#pacific |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Battle for Kiska">{{citation |url=http://canadianheroes.org/henri/the-battle-for-kiska-story.htm |title=The Battle for Kiska |quote=Originally Published in Esprit de Corp Magazine, Volume 9 Issue 4 and Volume 9 Issue 5 |work=Canadian Heroes |publisher=canadianheroes.org |date=13 May 2002 |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106104820/http://canadianheroes.org/henri/the-battle-for-kiska-story.htm |url-status=live }}.</ref> and a further 1,691 were captured, of whom 273 died as POWs, for a total of 567 dead.<ref name="hidden"/> Eight Royal Australian Navy warships were sunk: 3 cruisers (''[[HMAS Canberra (D33)|Canberra]]'', ''[[HMAS Perth (D29)|Perth]]'', and ''[[HMAS Sydney (D48)|Sydney]]''), 2 destroyers, and 3 corvettes.<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

====Others====
Between Lake Khasan, Khalkin Gol, advisors deployed to China, and the 1945 operations in Manchuria and the Kuriles, Soviet casualties against Japan totaled 68,612: 22,731 killed/missing and 45,908 wounded.<ref>(12,031 killed and 24,425 wounded in the 1945 [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]], 10,495 killed and 21,456 wounded in the 1938 [[Battle of Lake Khasan]] and 1939 [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol]]), 205 advisors killed in China.</ref> Material losses included some 1,000 tanks and AFVs, 5 landing ships, and 300 aircraft.<ref>Per [http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/battles/khalkhin_gol/losses.htm "Soviet Losses in the Khalkhin Gol Battle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224053816/http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/battles/khalkhin_gol/losses.htm |date=24 February 2018}}, losses at Khalkin Gol were: 30 [[BT-7]]s, 27 BT-7RTs,2 BT-7As, 127 [[BT-5]]s, 30 BT-5RTs, 8 [[T-26]]s, 10 [[KhT-26]]S, 2 [[KhT-130]]S, 17 [[T-37A tank|T-37s]], and 133 BA-6/BA-10 armored cars. This does not include tanks that only sustained light to moderate damage, or ones lost due to mechanical failure.</ref><ref>Japanese Monograph no. 154: Record of Operations against Soviet Russia, Eastern Front August 1945, p. 39.</ref>{{sfn|Russell|1997|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Coox|1973|p=53}} Mongolian casualties were 753.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Russia and USSR in Wars of the 20th Century |url=http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51 |access-date=11 July 2008 |publisher=И. И. Ивлев |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031426/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51  |archive-date=5 May 2008}}</ref>

The entire 140,000-strong Royal Dutch East Indies Army was killed, captured, or missing by the conclusion of the East Indies Campaign. 1,500 colonial and 900 Dutch soldiers were killed in action.<ref>"World War II: The Defensive Phase", US Army Center of Military History, p. 87.</ref> Most of the colonial soldiers were freed on the spot or deserted. Of the ethnic Dutch troops, 900 were killed in action and 37,000 became prisoners. 8,500 of these POWs would die in Japanese captivity.{{sfn|Blackburn|Hack|2007|p=4}} Dutch naval losses in the Pacific numbered 2 cruisers, 7 destroyers, 5 submarines, 7 minelayers, and 7 minesweepers.<ref>[https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/war_losses.html?navy=HNMS Allied War Losses.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619224644/http://uboat.net/allies/warships/war_losses.html?navy=HNMS |date=19 June 2010}} uboat.net. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</ref> About 30,000 Dutch and 300,000 Indonesian forced laborers died during the Japanese occupation of the East Indies,<ref>United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Report of the Working Group for Asia and the Far East, Supp. 10. 1947 pp. 13–14.</ref> while 3 million Indonesian civilians perished in famines.{{sfn|Gruhl|2007|pp=19, 143}}

Similar to the Dutch, the 65,000-strong French colonial army in French Indochina (16,500 European French and 48,500 colonial) disintegrated at the end of the Japanese invasion. 2,129 European French and 2,100 Indochinese colonial troops were killed, while 12,000 French and 3,000 colonial troops were kept as prisoners. 1–2 million deaths occurred in French Indochina during the Japanese occupation, mostly due to the [[Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945]].{{sfn|Marr|1995|p=61}}

===Axis===
[[File:GuadTenaruSandbar.jpg|thumb|IJA soldiers after a [[Banzai charge|suicide charge]] on US Marine positions in [[Guadalcanal campaign|Guadalcanal]]]]
[[File:Tokyo kushu 1945-3.jpg|thumb|Charred remains of civilians killed in [[Operation Meetinghouse|the 10 March firebombing]] of [[Tokyo]], codenamed Operation Meetinghouse, which killed an estimated 100,000 people, March 1945]]
Eight hundred thousand Japanese civilians and over 2 million Japanese soldiers died during the war. According to a report by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war (1937–1945) numbered approximately 2,121,000 men, mostly against either the Americans (about a million men),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanson |first=Victor |title=The Second World Wars |date=2017 |publisher=Basic Books |pages=474}}</ref> or against Chinese factions (over 500,000). The losses were broken down as follows:<ref name="AJProject">{{cite web |title=Dispositions and deaths |quote=Figures were compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964. |url=http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument |author=Australia-Japan Research Project |publisher=Australian War Memorial |access-date=2016-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311073745/http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/AJRP2.nsf/530e35f7e2ae7707ca2571e3001a112d/e7daa03b9084ad56ca257209000a85f7?OpenDocument |archive-date=11 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style=text-align:right;"
|+ Losses
! scope="col" | Location !! scope="col" | Army dead !! scope="col" | Navy dead !! scope="col" | Total
|-
! Japan
| 58,100 || 45,800 || 103,900
|-
! Bonin Islands
| 2,700 || 12,500 || 15,200
|-
! Okinawa
| 67,900 || 21,500 || 89,400
|-
! Formosa<br />(Taiwan)
| 28,500 || 10,600 || 39,100
|-
! Korea
| 19,600 || 6,900 || 26,500
|-
! Sakhalin, the Aleutian,<br />& Kuril Islands
| 8,200 || 3,200 || 11,400
|-
! Manchuria
| 45,900 || 800 || 46,700
|-
! China<br />(incl. Hong Kong)
| 435,600 || 20,100 || 455,700
|-
! Siberia
| 52,300 || 400 || 52,700
|-
! Central Pacific
| 95,800 || 151,400 || 247,200
|-
! Philippines
| 377,500 || 121,100 || 498,600
|-
! French Indochina
| 7,900 || 4,500 || 12,400
|-
! Thailand
| 6,900 || 100 || 7,000
|-
! Burma<br />(incl. India)
| 163,000 || 1,500 || 164,500
|-
! Malaya & Singapore
| 8,500 || 2,900 || 11,400
|-
! Andaman &<br />Nicobar Islands
| 900 || 1,500 || 2,400
|-
! Sumatra
| 2,700 || 500 || 3,200
|-
! Java
| 2,700 || 3,800 || 6,500
|-
! Lesser Sundas
| 51,800 || 1,200 || 53,000
|-
! Borneo
| 11,300 || 6,700 || 18,000
|-
! Celebes
| 1,500 || 4,000 || 5,500
|-
! Moluccas
| 2,600 || 1,800 || 4,400
|-
! New Guinea
| 112,400 || 15,200 || 127,600
|-
! Bismarck<br />Archipelago
| 19,700 || 10,800 || 30,500
|-
! Solomon Islands
| 63,200 || 25,000 || 88,200
|-
| '''Totals''' || '''1,647,200''' || '''473,800''' || '''2,121,000'''
|}

General George C. Marshall put Japanese "battle dead" against the Americans at 965,000 (South Pacific: 684,000, Central Pacific: 273,000, Aleutians: 8,000),{{failed verification|reason=Assumes that casualties in these areas were only a result of US action|date=January 2026}} with 37,308 captured, from 7 December 1941 to 30 June 1945 (the war had yet to conclude). These are juxtaposed with the losses in the theater of the US Army alone, suggesting Japanese naval casualties were not included. His figure for Japanese "battle dead" in China was 126,000 in the same period.<ref>George C. Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War: 1 July 1939–30 June 1945. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1996. p. 202.</ref>

The IJN lost over 341 warships, including 11 battleships, 25 aircraft carriers, 39 cruisers, 135 destroyers, and 131 submarines, almost entirely in action against the US Navy. The IJN and IJA together lost 45,125 aircraft.{{sfn|Hara|2011|p==297–299}}

Germany lost ten submarines and four [[Armed merchantman#Auxiliary cruisers|auxiliary cruiser]]s ({{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Thor||2}}, {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Michel||2}}, {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Pinguin||2}}, and {{ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Kormoran||2}}) in the Indian and Pacific oceans.<ref name="naval-history.net"/>

===War crimes===
[[File:Japanese atrocities. Philippines, China, Burma, Japan - NARA - 292598.jpg|thumb|A Filipino woman and child killed by Japanese forces in the [[Manila massacre]]]]
{{Main|Japanese war crimes}}

{{Further|War crimes in World War II#Crimes perpetrated by Japan}}

====By Japan====
During the Pacific War, Japanese soldiers killed millions of [[Non-combatant|non-combatants]], including [[prisoners of war]], from surrounding nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |title=Rummel, R.J. ''Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Chapter 3. LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg-Berlin-Wien-London-Zürich (1999) |publisher=Hawaii.edu |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323044733/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM |archive-date=23 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> At least 20 million Chinese died during [[the Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml |title=BBC – History – World Wars: Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan |work=BBC |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128194317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml |archive-date=28 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Three Alls Policy was responsible for the deaths of more than 2.7 million Chinese civilians.{{sfn|Himeta|1995|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}}{{sfn|Bix|2000|p=367}}

The Nanjing Massacre is the most infamous example of Japanese atrocities against civilians during the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm |first=Joseph |last=Chapel |title=Denial of the Holocaust and the Rape of Nanking |year=2004 |access-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175232/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133p/133p04papers/JChapelNanjing046.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]], more than 200,000 Chinese civilians were killed,<ref name="IMTFE">{{cite book |title=Judgement: International Military Tribunal for the Far East |chapter=Chapter VIII: Conventional War Crimes (Atrocities) |date=November 1948 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804062413/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/IMTFE/IMTFE-8.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while the [[Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal]] concluded that over 300,000 died. The [[Manila massacre]] killed over 100,000 Filipino civilians.{{sfn|Dauria|2014|p=}}{{page needed|date=October 2023}} Japan also deployed [[biological weapons]].

According to the findings of the Tokyo Tribunal, the death rate of Western prisoners was 27%, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians.<ref name="prisoners">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktCv32ysz0AC&pg=PA47 |title=Japanese prisoners of war |author-link=Philip Towle |first1=Philip |last1=Towle |first2=Margaret |last2=Kosuge |first3=Yōichi |last3=Kibata |year=2000 |publisher=Continuum |pages=47–48 |isbn=1-85285-192-9}}</ref> Some of the more notorious instances of abuse of prisoners were the Bataan Death March and forced labor in the construction of the Burma–Thailand "[[Death Railway]]". Around 1,536 US civilians died in Japanese internment camps, compared to 883 in German internment camps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/usprisoners_japancomp.htm#world |title=U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan. |website=history.navy.mil |access-date=23 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528114728/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/usprisoners_japancomp.htm#world |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Chinese girl from one of the Japanese Army's 'comfort battalions'.jpg|thumb|A young Chinese girl from a Japanese 'comfort battalion' being interviewed by a British officer. Rangoon, Burma, 1945]]

A widely publicized example of institutionalized sexual slavery are [[comfort women]]—200,000 women and girls, mostly from Korea and China, who were forced to serve in Japanese military camps.

====By the Allies====
{{main|Allied war crimes during World War II#Asia and the Pacific War}}

The [[Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)|firebombing of Tokyo]] has been described by writer [[Jonathan Rauch]] as a war crime.{{sfn|Rauch|2002}} A [[United States Strategic Bombing Survey]] estimated that 84% of the attacked area was residential, mostly inhabited by women, children and the elderly;{{sfn|Selden|2007}} the over 100,000 victims constitute the deadliest aerial bombing raid in history.

American soldiers commonly [[American mutilation of Japanese war dead|collected the body parts of dead Japanese soldiers as trophies]].{{sfn|Dower|1986|p=64-66}} American soldiers are alleged to have [[Rape|committed rapes]] during the [[Battle of Okinawa]].{{sfn|Tanaka|2003|pp=110–111}}

====Tribunals====
The [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] in [[Ichigaya]] from 29 April 1946 to 12 November 1948 tried those accused of the most serious war crimes. Military tribunals were also held throughout Asia and the Pacific.{{sfn|Dennis|Grey|Morris|Prior|2008|pp=576–577}}{{sfn|McGibbon|2000|pp=580–581}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Dissent in the Armed Forces of the Empire of Japan]]
* [[European theatre of World War II]]
* [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II]]
* [[Pacific Theater aircraft carrier operations during World War II]]
* {{anl|Hull note}}
* [[Japanese-American service in World War II]]
* [[Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan]]
* [[List of Pacific War campaigns]]
* {{anl|Nanshin-ron}}
* [[Yasukuni Shrine]]
* [[Wallis and Futuna in World War II]]
* [[War Plan Orange]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|26em|refs=
{{efn|name=alliedcasualties|Allied casualties:
* China: 3.8+  million casualties, including some 2 million deaths <ref>{{cite book |last=Mitter |first=Rana |date=2013 |title=Forgotten Ally: China’s World War II, 1937-1945 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=381}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |date=2011 |title=All Hell Let Loose: The World at War 1939-1945 |publisher=Vintage|page=428}}</ref>
* United States: 161,000 deaths, 248,000 wounded and 14,473 living POWs<ref name="hidden"/>{{Sfn|Dower|1986|p=365}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory in Europe Day: Time of Celebration, Reflection |url=https://www.war.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928122142/https://www.war.gov/Multimedia/Experience/VE-Day/ |archive-date=2025-09-28 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum |url=https://www.pearlharbortours.com/oahu/pearl-harbor/pearl-harbor-aviation-museum/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Pearl Harbor Tours |language=en-US}}</ref>
* British Empire: Up to 231,119 casualties,<ref>see [[Malaya Campaign]], [[Burma Campaign]], [[Battle of Hong Kong]], including Canadian troops</ref> 82,000 dead<ref>Kevin Blackburn, Karl Hack. "Forgotten Captives in Japanese-Occupied Asia". 2007. Page 4. British Empire POWs are given a death rate of 25%.</ref>
* Australia: Over 51,000<ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/new-guinea/ng.htm "New Guinea: The US Army Campaigns of World War II "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221082120/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/new-guinea/ng.htm |date=21 December 2011 }}. For the [[New Guinea Campaign]]: 5,698 Australian casualties prior to January 1943, 17,107 between January 1943 and April 1944, and ~4,000 from April 1944 to the end of the war.</ref> 17,501 killed<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dear |first1=I. C. B. |last2=Foot |first2=M. R. D. |title=The Oxford Companion to World War II |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |page=66 |chapter=Australia |isbn=978-0-19-280670-3}}</ref>
* Philippines: 27,000 killed, more than 70,000 prisoners{{sfn|Gruhl|2007|p=65}}
* Soviet Union: 30,253 total<ref name=Krivosheev>G. F. Krivosheev, ed., Russia and the USSR in twentieth century wars: A statistical survey. Moscow: Olma-press, 2001, page 309.</ref>
* Netherlands: 9,400 dead<ref>Kevin Blackburn, Karl Hack. "Forgotten Captives in Japanese-Occupied Asia". 2007. Page 4.</ref>
* France: Up to 20,000
* Mongolia: 1,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia and USSR in Wars of the 20th Century |url=http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51 |access-date=11 July 2008 |publisher=И.И.Ивлев |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505031426/http://www.soldat.ru/doc/casualties/book/chapter5_10_1.html#5_10_51  |archive-date=5 May 2008}}</ref>
* New Zealand: 578 dead<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/speech/honouring+nz039s+pacific+war+dead |title=Honouring NZ's Pacific War dead |publisher=Beehive |date=15 August 2005 |access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref>
* Mexico: 5 dead<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.avalanchepress.com/MexicanAirForce.php |title=Leyte Gulf: The Mexican Air Force |work=Avalanche |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309115110/http://www.avalanchepress.com/MexicanAirForce.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Malaria was the most dangerous disease in the Pacific War. 500,000 American soldiers contracted the disease.<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=XhNYUkgX0rQC&pg=PA51 Science and the Pacific War: Science and Survival in the Pacific, 1939–1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411220030/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhNYUkgX0rQC&pg=PA51 |date=11 April 2023 }}''". Roy M. MacLeod (2000). p. 51. {{ISBN|0-7923-5851-1}}</ref>
}}
}}

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* {{cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Keith |title=A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945 |journal=Asian Affairs |date=March 2005 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=66–74 |doi=10.1080/03068370500039151 |s2cid=161326427 |ref={{sfnRef|Stevens}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Stille |first=Mark |title=The Imperial Japanese Navy in the Pacific War |publisher=Osprey |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-47280-146-3}}
* {{cite book |first=Youli |last=Sun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iq5ypmhKxUC&pg=PA185 |title=China and the Origins of the Pacific War, 1931–41 |year=1996 |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |isbn=978-0-31216454-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Takemae |first=Eiji |title=The Allied Occupation of Japan |publisher=Continuum |year=2003 |isbn=0-82641-521-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Tanaka |first=Yuki |title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II |publisher=Westview |location=Boulder, CO |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Tanaka |first=Yuki |title=Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II and the US Occoupation |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-65012-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Toland |first1=John |title=The Rising Sun: the Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire |year=2003 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-8129-6858-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Willmott |first=H. P. |title=Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |year=2014 |edition=Reprint |orig-year=1982 |isbn=978-1-612-51728-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Willmott |first=H. P. |year=1983 |title=The Barrier and the Javelin |publisher=United States Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=0-87021-092-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/barrierjavelin00hpwi }}
* {{cite book |last=Willmott |first=H. P. |title=The Battle Of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-253-34528-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Willmott |first=H. P. |title=The War with Japan: The Period of Balance, May 1942 – October 1943 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2002 |isbn=1-461-64607-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Y'Blood |first=William T. |title=Red Sun Setting: The Battle of the Philippine Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/redsunsettingbat0000yblo |url-access=registration |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |year=1981 |isbn=1-59114-994-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Dick |title=When Tigers Fight |location=New York |publisher=Viking |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&pg=PA162 |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |editor-first=Li |editor-last=Xiaobing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-415-3 |access-date=21 May 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO }}
* {{cite book |first=Hiromichi |last=Yahara |title=The Battle For Okinawa |year=1997 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-18080-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PN5IfcJ2X6cC }}
{{Refend}}

=== Primary sources ===
{{Refbegin}}* United States War Department. ''TM 30-480 Handbook On Japanese Military Forces, 1942'' (1942) [https://archive.org/details/1942TM30-480 online]; 384 pp.; highly detailed description of wartime IJA by U.S. Army Intelligence.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of World War II battles and campaigns in East Asia, South East Asia and the Pacific}}

{{refbegin|32em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bergerud |first=Eric M. |title=Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific |url=https://archive.org/details/fireinskyairwari0000berg |url-access=registration |publisher=Westview |location=Boulder, CO |year=2000 |isbn=0-8133-3869-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Buell |first=Thomas |title=Master of Seapower: A Biography of Admiral Ernest J. King |location=Annapolis, MD |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1976}}
* {{cite book |last=Buell |first=Thomas |title=The Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral Raymond Spruance |year=1974}}
* Craven, Wesley, and James Cate, eds. ''The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 1, Plans and Early Operations, January 1939 to August 1942''. University of Chicago Press, 1958. Official history; Vol. 4, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944''. 1950; Vol. 5, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki''. 1953.
* {{cite book |last=Cutler |first=Thomas |date=1994 |title=The Battle of Leyte Gulf: 23–26 October 1944 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=1-55750-243-9}}
* Dean, Peter J. '' McArthur's Coalition: US and Australian operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942–1945'' (University Press of Kansas, 2018).
* {{cite book |last=Degan |first=Patrick |year=2003 |edition=New |title=Fighting in World War II: The Battles Between American and Japanese Aircraft Carriers |publisher=McFarland & Co. |location=Jefferson |isbn=0-786-41451-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunnigan |first1=James F. |last2=Nofi |first2=Albert A. |author2-link=Albert A. Nofi |title=The Pacific War Encyclopedia |series=Facts on File |year=1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Stuart |title=Nomonhan, 1939: The Red Army's Victory That Shaped World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61251-098-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=David M. |title=The China-Japan War, 1931–1945 |journal=Journal of Military History |date=January 2006 |volume=70 |number=1 |pages=137–182 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2006.0052 |s2cid=161822140}}
* {{cite book |last1=Harries |first1=Meirion |last2=Harries |first2=Susie |year=1994 |title=Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=0-679-75303-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Simon |title=Dark Trophies. Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War |year=2012 |publisher=Berghahn |location=New York |isbn=978-0-85745-499-7}}
* Hayashi, Saburo and [[Alvin Coox|Alvin, Coox]]. ''Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War''. Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Assoc., 1959.
* {{cite book |last=Hornfischer |first=James D. |author-link=James D. Hornfischer |title=Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal |year=2011 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-553-38512-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hornfischer |first=James D. |author-link=James D. Hornfischer |title=The Fleet at Flood Tide: The U.S. at Total War in the Pacific, 1944–1945 |year=2016 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-345-54872-6}}
* Hsiung, James C. and Steven I. Levine, eds. ''China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945'' M. E. Sharpe, 1992.
* Hsi-sheng, Ch'i. ''Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945'' University of Michigan Press, 1982.
* Inoguchi, Rikihei, Tadashi Nakajima, and Robert Pineau. ''The Divine Wind''. Ballantine, 1958. Kamikaze.
* James, D. Clayton. ''The Years of MacArthur''. Vol. 2. Houghton Mifflin, 1972.
* Judge, Sean M. et al. ''The Turn of the Tide in the Pacific War: Strategic Initiative, Intelligence, and Command, 1941–1943'' (University Press of Kansas, 2018).
* Kirby, S. Woodburn ''The War Against Japan''. 4 vols. London: H.M.S.O., 1957–1965. Official Royal Navy history.
* Leary, William M. ''We Shall Return: MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan''. University Press of Kentucky, 1988.
* {{cite book |last=Lundstrom |first=John B. |year=2005 |edition=New |title=The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, MD |isbn=1-59114-472-8}}
* Matloff, Maurice and Snell, Edwin M. [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Sp1941-42/index.htm ''Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1941–1942''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528225133/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/SP1941-42/index.htm |date=28 May 2015 }}[[United States Army Center of Military History]], Washington, D.C., 1990.
* {{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Dudley |title=South-West Pacific Area – First Year |series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army |volume=5 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |year=1959 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070204 |oclc=3134247 |archive-date=20 September 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232246/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070204/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Edward S. |year=2007 |title=War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-500-4}}
* [[Samuel Eliot Morison|Morrison, Samuel, Elliot]], ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]''. Vol. 3, The Rising Sun in the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown, 1961; Vol. 4, Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions. 1949; Vol. 5, The Struggle for Guadalcanal. 1949; Vol. 6, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier. 1950; Vol. 7, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls. 1951; Vol. 8, New Guinea and the Marianas. 1962; Vol. 12, Leyte. 1958; vol. 13, The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas. 1959; Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific. 1961.
* Myers, Michael W. ''Pacific War and Contingent Victory: Why Japanese Defeat Was Not Inevitable'' (UP of Kansas, 2015) 198 pp. [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=54447 online review].
* Okumiya, Masatake and Fuchida, Mitso. ''Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan''. Naval Institute Press, 1955.
* Potter, E. B. and Chester W. Nimitz. ''Triumph in the Pacific''. Prentice Hall, 1963. Naval battles.
* Potter, E. B.''Yamamoto'' Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1967.
* Potter, E. B. ''Nimitz''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1976.
* Potter, E. B. ''Bull Halsey'' Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
* {{cite book |last=Prados |first=John |title=Islands of Destiny: The Solomons Campaign and the Eclipse of the Rising Sun |publisher=Penguin |location=Dulles, VA |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-101-60195-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Prados |first=John |title=Storm Over Leyte: The Philippine Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-698-18576-0}}
* Prange, Gordon W. Donald Goldstein, and Katherine Dillon. ''At Dawn We Slept''. Penguin, 1982. Pearl Harbor.
* Prange, et al. ''Miracle at Midway''. Penguin, 1982.
* Prange, et al. ''Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History''.
* Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. ''Allies against the Rising Sun: The United States, the British Nations, and the Defeat of Imperial Japan'' (2009).
* {{cite book |last=Seki |first=Eiji |year=2007 |title=Sinking of the SS Automedon And the Role of the Japanese Navy: A New Interpretation |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-1-905246-28-1}}
* Shaw, Henry, and Douglas Kane. ''History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 2, Isolation of Rabaul''. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1963.
* Shaw, Henry, Bernard Nalty, and Edwin Turnbladh. ''History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. 3, Central Pacific Drive.'' Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1953.
* [[E. B. Sledge|Sledge, E. B.]], ''[[With the Old Breed]]: At Peleliu and Okinawa.'' Presidio, 1981. Memoir.
* [[Ian W. Toll|Toll, Ian W.]] ''[[Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942]]'' W. W. Norton, (2011). {{ISBN|978-0393080650}}
* Toll, Ian W. ''[[The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944]]'', W. W. Norton, (2015).{{ISBN|978-0393080643}}
* Toll, Ian W. ''[[Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945]]'', W. W. Norton, (2020).{{ISBN|978-0393080650}}
* Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-44317-2}}. (2005).
* {{cite book |last=Yenne |first=Bill |year=2014 |title=The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-78200-982-5}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/Table_Of_Contents.htm "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia" compiled by Kent G. Budge], 4000 short articles
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=12427 Film Footage of the Pacific War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106041638/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=12427 |date=6 November 2011}}
* [http://www.historyanimated.com/pacificwaranimated/ Animated History of the Pacific War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624031252/http://www.historyanimated.com/pacificwaranimated |date=24 June 2019}}
* [http://www.wtj.com/wars/pacific_war/ The Pacific War Series] – at The War Times Journal
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/ Imperial Japanese Navy Page]
* {{YouTube| -EsW_uvnSao | "Japan's War in Colour"}}

{{World War II}}
{{States and territories in the sphere of influence of Imperial Japan during World War II}}
{{Empire of Japan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pacific War| ]]
[[Category:Military history of the Pacific Ocean|War]]

Shaktisimhadeva

2026-03-26T15:58:33Z

NoraBillings: Added Details

{{Short description|King of Mithila from 1276 to 1296}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Shaktisimhadeva
| title = King of Mithila
| more = 'शक्तिसिंहदेव'
| reign = 1276–1296
| coronation = 1285
| predecessor = [[Ramasimhadeva]]
| pre-type =
| successor = Council of Ministers
| death_date = 1296
| house = [[Karnat Dynasty]]
| father = Ramasimhadeva
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| suc-type1 = Son
| successor1 = [[Harisimhadeva]]
| suc-type2 =
| successor2 =
| royal house = Mithila Kingdom
}}
'''Shaktisimhadeva''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: शक्तिसिंहदेव) was the fifth King of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. He came into power in 1285 CE and succeeded his father King [[Ramasimhadeva]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC&q=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |pages=78 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/JournalOfTheAsiaticSocietyOfBengalVolIv1835 |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol IV 1835 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barsoowala |first=Virendrakumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5NHAAAAMAAJ |title=Rītikāvya aura Vidyāpati |date=1967 |publisher=Esa. Canda |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFZIAAAAMAAJ |title=Maithilī Abhilekha gīta-mālā: Nepālaka Maithilī-abhilekhasam̐ saṅgrahīta |date=1977 |publisher=Maithilī Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=शर्म्मा |first=रामप्रकाश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7sBAAAAMAAJ |title=मिथिला का इतिहास |date=1979 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃhadarabhaṅgāsaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shaktisimhadeva was born in the royal family of the [[Karnats of Mithila|Karnat Dynasty]] in the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]]. He was the son of the King [[Ramasimhadeva]]. Shaktisimhadeva was also known as ''Shakrasimha''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=शर्म्मा |first=रामप्रकाश |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7sBAAAAMAAJ |title=मिथिला का इतिहास |date=1979 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃhadarabhaṅgāsaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref>

== Rule ==
According to the historical text ''Kirtipataka'' composed by the [[Maithils|Maithil]] scholar [[Vidyapati]], the period of the rule of the King Shaktisimhadeva in Mithila, is mentioned between 1276 CE to 1296 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ṭhākura |first=Vidyāpati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbdjAAAAMAAJ |title=विद्यापतिकृत: कीर्त्तिपताका : मूल अवहट्ठ काव्य, संस्कृत छाया, पाठभेद एवं हिन्दी अनुवाद |date=1992 |publisher=Nāga Prakāśaka |isbn=978-81-7081-269-2 |language=hi}}</ref> He was contemporary to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] [[Alauddin Khalji|Allauddin Khilji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur Upendra. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505783 |title=History Of Mithila (1956) |date=1956 |publisher=Bhola Nath Mishra Acharya At Sudhakar Press. |pages=275–278}}</ref>

In his regime, the eminent scholar [[Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura|Chandeshwar Thakur]] was appointed as the prime minister of the council of ministers in the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barsoowala |first=Virendrakumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5NHAAAAMAAJ |title=Rītikāvya aura Vidyāpati |date=1967 |publisher=Esa. Canda |language=hi}}</ref> King Shaktisimhadeva died in the year 1296 CE. According to some scholars, after his death a council of ministers ruled the kingdom from 1296 CE to 1303 CE. The council of ministers ruled the kingdom for about seven years.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MISHRA |first=DR SANTOSH ANAND |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovKiEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE |title=Virast e Bihar |date=2022-12-20 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Royal-stub}}

[[Category:Karnata dynasty]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:1296 deaths]]

Secular Progressive Front (2002–2012)

2026-03-26T12:04:08Z

NoraBillings:

{{short description|Defunct political Alliance in Manipur, India}}
{{Distinguish|Secular Progressive Front|Secular Progressive Alliance|Secular Democratic Front}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Secular Progressive Front
| logo = <div style="background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:4px; text-align:center;">
[[File:Hand INC.svg|55px]] [[File:CPI symbol.svg|45px]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|35px]] [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg|45px]] 
<div style="font-weight:bold; margin-top:5px;"><span style="color:{{party color|Indian National Congress }}">''SPF''<br/>''Secular Progressive Front''</span></div></div>
| abbreviation = SPF
| national_convener =
| position = [[Center left]]
| no_of_members =
|foundation = 1 March 2002<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.A-Retrospect-Second-Secular-Progressive-Front-Government-Led-by-Shri-O-Ibobi-Singh|title=A Retrospect Second Secular Progressive Front Government Led by Shri O Ibobi Singh|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
| ppchairman =
| colorcode = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| chairperson = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| headquarters = [[Manipur]]
| loksabha_seats =
| rajyasabha_seats =
| state_seats_name =
| state_seats =
| eci =
| founder = [[Okram Ibobi Singh]]
| dissolution = 2012
}}

The '''Secular Progressive Front''' was a political alliance in [[Manipur]], [[India]], which formed before the [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] and ruled Manipur from 2002 until 2012, when the alliance was broken.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/left-parties-fighting-manipur-election-to-regain-lost-ground/articleshow/57244419.cms|title=Left parties fighting Manipur election to regain lost ground - The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Front members==
The political parties of the alliance were:<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/secular-front-stakes-claim-to-form-govt-in-manipur/articleshow/2273681.cms|title=Secular Front stakes claim to form govt in Manipur | newspaper=The Times of India | agency=PTI | date=27 February 2002 | accessdate=30 January 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
! Party
! Symbol
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align: center;color:white" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India}}; text-align: center;color:white" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Clock.png|50px]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |
| [[Manipur State Congress Party]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Cultivator Cutting Crop.svg|50px]]
|-
|}

==Background and electoral performance==
===Formation and 2002 assembly election===
In [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], it was resulted hung assembly with INC winning 20 seats, [[Federal Party of Manipur|FPP]] winning 13 seats, MSCP winning 7 seats, CPI 5 seats, BJP 4 seats, NCP 3 seats and others 8 seats. SPF was formed on 1 March 2002<ref name="auto2"/> and it urged the Governor [[Ved Marwah]] to invite them to form the Government with a list of 33 supporting MLAs.<ref name="auto1"/> On 7 March 2002, first SPF Government was created.<ref name="auto2"/> Along with chief minister [[Okram Ibobi Singh]] from [[Indian National Congress|INC]], ministers were sworn in including [[Govindas Konthoujam]] of MSCP, [[Pheiroijam Parijat Singh]] of CPI and [[Chungkhokai Doungel]] of NCP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/secular-front-ministry-takes-oath-in-manipur/articleshow/3048447.cms|title=Secular Front ministry takes oath in Manipur | newspaper=The Times of India | agency=PTI | date=7 March 2002 | accessdate=30 January 2025}}</ref> [[Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party|DRPP]] with 2 MLAs joined SPF afterwards. MLAs from NCP, MSCP DRPP and Samata Party defected to INC making their strength 33 in the assembly.<ref name="auto2"/>

===2007 assembly election===
In the [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], Congress and CPI were not allied. But they formed the Government together as SPF along with NCP.<ref name="auto2"/> In the election, INC won 30 seats, CPI 4, NCP 5 and MSCP 0 seats. On 1 March 2007, Congress and CPI jointly held the SPF Steering Committee Meeting, where 3 MLAs of RJD, 3 MLAs of NPP and 3 Independent MLAs supported SPF Government on 2 March 2007.<ref name="auto2"/>

===Dissolution===
In the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], INC contested on its own, dissolving the front. CPI contested on 24 seats.<ref name="auto"/> In the election INC won absolute majority of its own with 42 MLAs and CPI having no representatives in the assembly.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
*[[Secular Progressive Front]]
*[[Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance]]
*[[Left and Democratic Front]]
*[[Left and Secular Alliance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Defunct political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Manipur]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2002]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2012]]

Anusha Rahman

2026-03-24T18:24:03Z

NoraBillings: further reworked lead and corrected details

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (born 1968)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Peacock|date=February 2024}}
{{COI|date=March 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2024}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Pakistani name|Anusha|Rahman}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Anusha Rahman
|image =Anusha Rahman Ahmad Khan (cropped).jpg
|office = [[Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Information Technology and Telecommunication]]
|term_start = 27 April 2018
|term_end = 31 May 2018
|prime_minister = [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]
|president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|office1 = [[Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication (Pakistan)|Minister of State for Information Technology and Telecommunication]]
| term_start1 = 4 August 2017
|term_end1 = 27 April 2018
|prime_minister1 = [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]
|president1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|term_start2 = 7 June 2013
| term_end2 = 28 July 2017
|president2 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|prime_minister2 = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start3 = 17 March 2008
|term_end3 = 31 May 2018
|constituency3 = Reserved seat for women
| office4 = Member of the [[Senate of Pakistan]]
| term_start4 = 2024
| term_end4 =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age| 1968|6 |1 |df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
|party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PMLN]] (2008-present)
|alma_mater = [[University College London]]
}}

'''Anusha Rahman''' ({{Langx|ur|انوشہ رحمان}}) is a Pakistani lawyer and politician affiliated with the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghumman |first=Khawar |date=2014-04-25 |title=‘IT girl’ in a boy’s world |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1102218 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rahman was born on June 1, 1968<ref>{{cite news |title=If elections are held on time… |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720184359/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658 |archive-date=20 July 2019 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |work=The News International |language=en}}</ref> in Lahore, Pakistan. In 1992, she graduated and completed a [[Master of Laws|Master of Laws]] from [[University College London]], specialising in the [[law]] and [[economics]] of regulated industries, networks, and markets.<ref name="pildat/1">{{cite web|title=Profiles: International Conference on Civil-Military Relations|url=http://www.pildat.org/Pak-IndiaDialogueII/Pak_Profiles.asp|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218225720/http://www.pildat.org/Pak-IndiaDialogueII/Pak_Profiles.asp|archivedate=18 February 2014|access-date=12 February 2016|publisher=Pildat|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.na.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=224 |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |website=www.na.gov.pk |access-date=2017-01-08 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109184525/http://www.na.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=224 |archivedate=9 January 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Political career==
Rahman began her political career in 2006, when she became [[senior vice president]] of the lawyers’ wing of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML-N]] (Pakistani Muslim League). She took part in the [[Lawyers' Movement|Lawyers’ Movement]] for the restoration of the judiciary following [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|the Pakistani state of emergency in 2007]]. She was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] for the first time in the [[2008 Pakistani general election]] on a reserved seat for women.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 June 2012 |title=Only 300 votes polled in house of 342 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/728671/only-300-votes-polled-in-house-of-342 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021156/http://www.dawn.com/news/728671/only-300-votes-polled-in-house-of-342 |archivedate=9 January 2017 |accessdate=8 January 2017 |work=DAWN.COM |df=dmy-all}}</ref> She served on the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] Standing Committee on Law and Justice, and in 2009 was a member of the PML‑N steering committee for legal matters.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Assembly of Pakistan |url=https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/ofday220211_29S.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250508155527/https://na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/ofday220211_29S.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=na.gov.pk}}</ref>

Rahman was re‑elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in the [[2013 Pakistani general election]] on a reserved seat for women.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 May 2013 |title=PML-N secures most reserved seats for women in NA - The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/555511/pml-n-secures-most-reserved-seats-for-women-in-na/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304195047/https://tribune.com.pk/story/555511/pml-n-secures-most-reserved-seats-for-women-in-na/ |archivedate=4 March 2017 |accessdate=7 March 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2013 |title=Women, minority seats allotted |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1014677 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205110/https://www.dawn.com/news/1014677 |archivedate=7 March 2017 |accessdate=7 March 2017 |work=DAWN.COM |language=en |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 2013 |title=Women's reserved seats: Top politicians' spouses, kin strike it lucky - The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/556356/womens-reserved-seats-top-politicians-spouses-kin-strike-it-lucky/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021444/http://tribune.com.pk/story/556356/womens-reserved-seats-top-politicians-spouses-kin-strike-it-lucky/ |archivedate=9 January 2017 |accessdate=8 January 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2013 |title=Candidates cleared for reserved seats |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/801559/candidates-cleared-for-reserved-seats |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113105/http://www.dawn.com/news/801559/candidates-cleared-for-reserved-seats |archivedate=9 January 2017 |accessdate=8 January 2017 |work=DAWN.COM |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2013, she was appointed Minister of State for Information Technology and [[Telecommunications|Telecommunication]].<ref name="tribune/8june20132">{{cite news |date=8 June 2013 |title=Federal cabinet unveiled: Enter the ministers - The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/560553/federal-cabinet-unveiled-enter-the-ministers/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029083547/http://tribune.com.pk/story/560553/federal-cabinet-unveiled-enter-the-ministers/ |archivedate=29 October 2016 |accessdate=8 January 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anusha invited by British PM to WEF panel discussion |url=http://nation.com.pk/national/18-Jan-2017/anusha-invited-by-british-pm-to-wef-panel-discussion |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118210753/http://nation.com.pk/national/18-Jan-2017/anusha-invited-by-british-pm-to-wef-panel-discussion |archivedate=18 January 2017 |access-date=2017-01-18 |newspaper=The Nation |language=en-US |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2013 |title=Sworn in as Minister of State |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/07-Jun-2013/25-member-federal-cabinet-sworn-in |url-status=live |accessdate=3 June 2014 |publisher=The Nation |archive-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210145811/http://www.nation.com.pk/national/07-Jun-2013/25-member-federal-cabinet-sworn-in }}</ref>

In July 2017, she left the ministerial office when the federal cabinet was disbanded following the resignation of Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] after the [[Panama Papers case (Pakistan)|Panama Papers case]] decision.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Nawaz Sharif steps down; federal cabinet stands dissolved |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pm-nawaz-gives-up-his-post-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728114411/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pm-nawaz-gives-up-his-post-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved/ |archivedate=28 July 2017 |accessdate=28 July 2017 |work=Daily Pakistan Global |df=dmy-all}}</ref> After [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]] became prime minister in August 2017, she was inducted into the [[Abbasi ministry]] and again appointed Minister of State for Information Technology and Telecommunication.<ref name="app/4aug20172">{{cite news |date=4 August 2017 |title=A 43-member new cabinet sworn in |url=https://www.app.com.pk/a-43-member-new-cabinet-sworn-in/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804174456/https://www.app.com.pk/a-43-member-new-cabinet-sworn-in/ |archivedate=4 August 2017 |accessdate=4 August 2017 |work=Associated Press Of Pakistan |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="pakistantoday/4aug20172">{{cite news |date=4 August 2017 |title=PM Khaqan Abbasi's 43-member cabinet takes oath today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/04/new-federal-cabinet-ministers-take-oath-today/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911193705/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/08/04/43-member-cabinet-sworn-in-six-more-to-take-oath/ |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |accessdate=4 August 2017 |publisher=Pakistan Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 August 2017 |title=Portfolios of Federal Ministers, Ministers of State announced |url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/05-Aug-2017/portfolios-of-federal-ministers-ministers-of-state-announced |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805181242/http://www.radio.gov.pk/05-Aug-2017/portfolios-of-federal-ministers-ministers-of-state-announced |archivedate=5 August 2017 |accessdate=5 August 2017 |work=Radio Pakistan |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In April 2018, she was appointed Federal Minister for Information Technology and Telecommunication in the cabinet of Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi. Upon the dissolution of the National Assembly at the end of its term on 31 May 2018, she left office.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2018 |title=Govt expands cabinet months before elections |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1696773/1-govt-expands-cabinet-months-elections/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331105633/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1696773/1-govt-expands-cabinet-months-elections/ |archive-date=31 March 2019 |accessdate=19 March 2026 |url-status=live |work=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Notification April 2018 |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/federal-Minister-27-04-2018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430171817/http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/federal-Minister-27-04-2018.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2018 |accessdate=30 April 2018 |publisher=Cabinet division}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Notification |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/fm-mos-noti-01-06-2018.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601180526/http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/userfiles1/file/fm-mos-noti-01-06-2018.pdf |archivedate=1 June 2018 |accessdate=1 June 2018 |publisher=Cabinet division}}</ref>

In the 2024 [[Senate of Pakistan|Pakistani Senate]] elections, Rahman, supported by the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (N), won a women’s seat with 125 votes.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last1=Hayat |first1=Arif |last2=Ahmed |first2=Shoaib |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Tahir |last4=Guramani |first4=Nadir |last5=Hakeem |first5=Abdul |date=2024-04-02 |title=Coalition sweeps polls on 19 Senate seats |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1825232 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409060717/https://www.dawn.com/news/1825232 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=19 March 2026 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

==Key contributions and achievements==
As Minister of State and later Federal Minister for Information Technology and Telecommunication, Rahman was associated with the development of the Telecom Sector Policy 2015, which introduced regulatory changes in Pakistan’s telecommunications sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |date=2016-01-19 |title=Telecom policy launched |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1233848 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> The policy received the ''Government Leadership Award'' in 2017 from the [[GSMA]] for its role in shaping Pakistan’s telecommunication framework.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-01 |title=Pakistan wins 'Government Leadership Award' at GLOMO 2017 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1342655/pakistan-wins-government-leadership-award-glomo-2017 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Rahman was also involved with the government’s e-Governance program, which sought to digitize administrative functions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-governance System Introduced In 25 Ministries, Divisions: Anusha |url=https://pakistanpoint.com/s/19734 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=Pakistan Point}}</ref> According to official figures, exports of information technology and IT-enabled services increased during this period, although independent assessments of these figures vary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Riaz |title=State Bank: Pakistan IT Exports Surge to Pass Billion Dollars in 2018 |url=http://www.riazhaq.com/2018/08/state-bank-pakistan-it-exports-surge-to.html |access-date=2020-08-17 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Rahman received the GEM-TECH Global Achievers Award from [[UN Women]] and the [[International Telecommunication Union]], for work related to [[gender equality]] in technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2015 |title=UN honours IT Minister Anusha Rahman with 'Global Achievers 2015' award - The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1010274/it-minister-anusha-rahman-recognised-as-global-achiever-by-un/ |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215205241/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1010274/it-minister-anusha-rahman-recognised-as-global-achiever-by-un/ |archivedate=15 February 2016 |access-date=12 February 2016 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en-US |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Mobile Broadband ===
In 2014, while Rahman was Minister for IT and Telecommunication, Pakistan auctioned the licenses for 3G and 4G services in the 850 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz bands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Suliman |date=2015-03-06 |title=New Avenues for Pakistan at MWC Barcelona |url=http://www.highway.pk/2015/03/new-avenues-pakistan-mwc-barcelona/ |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=Highway.pk |language=en-US}}</ref> Following this, mobile broadband penetration in Pakistan increased from less than 3% in 2013 to over 40% by 2018, according to Pakistan Telecommunication Authority data. In recognition of these efforts, Pakistan received the Spectrum for Mobile Broadband Award at the [[GSMA|GSMA Mobile World Congress]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-03 |title=Pakistan clinches Spectrum for Mobile Broadband Award 2015 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/847230/pakistan-clinches-spectrum-for-mobile-broadband-award-2015 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== ICTs for Girls Program ===
In December 2015, Rahman announced the “ICTs for Girls” initiative, designed to improve digital literacy among women and girls from disadvantaged backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-01 |title=Pakistan Launches 'ICTs for Girls' Project in Collaboration with Microsoft |url=https://www.phoneworld.com.pk/pakistan-launches-icts-for-girls-project-in-collaboration-with-microsoft/ |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=PhoneWorld |language=en-US}}</ref> The program included providing access to ICT facilities and training on basic digital skills. According to the [[Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunication]], the initiative was developed in partnership with Microsoft to offer training modules in computing and coding to women and girls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ITU |date=2018-03-07 |title=How Pakistan is empowering women and Girls in ICT |url=https://news.itu.int/how-pakistan-is-promoting-women-and-girls-in-ict/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023605/https://news.itu.int/how-pakistan-is-promoting-women-and-girls-in-ict/ |archive-date=March 27, 2018 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=ITU News |language=english}}</ref> According to the [[Universal Service Fund]], 144 women empowerment centres and 226 schools in Islamabad have since been provided with [[Computer lab|ICT labs]] under the initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTs for Girls |url=https://www.usf.org.pk/programs/projects/icts-for-girls |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Universal Service Fund}}</ref>

=== National Incubation Center and DigiSkills ===
Rahman was involved in launching Pakistan's first National Incubation Center (NIC) in 2016 as a public–private partnership between the Ministry of Information Technology, Ignite (National ICT R&D Fund), and service delivery partner Team Up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=Jazz inaugurates National Incubation Center in Islamabad |url=https://www.techjuice.pk/jazz-inaugurates-national-incubation-center/ |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=TechJuice |language=en-US}}</ref> The NIC provided workspace, training, and mentorship to technology start-ups and was later expanded to other cities.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=APP |first=Parvez Jabri {{!}} |date=2017-12-23 |title=Anusha inaugurates National Incubation Centre at LUMS |url=http://www.brecorder.com/news/388910 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, Rahman launched the [[DigiSkills.pk|DigiSkills]] program, an online initiative for training individuals in freelancing and digital work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Sophia |date=February 2018 |title=PM inaugurates DigiSkills program to prepare one million freelancers in Pakistan |url=https://propakistani.pk/2018/02/01/pm-inaugurates-digiskills-program-prepare-one-million-freelances-pakistan/ |access-date=2020-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> The program's stated goal was to train one million individuals.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vu.edu.pk/NewsDetails?NewsId=2836 |title= VU partners with IGNITE to train 1 Million people - PM inaugurates DigiSkills |author= |date= 1 February 2018 |website= Virtual University of Pakistan |publisher= |access-date= December 16, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> A ''DigiSkills 2.0'' program was also created.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vu.edu.pk/NewsDetails?NewsId=9025 |title= Enrollments for Batch-08 of DigiSkills 2.0 are now open! |author= |date= June 2024 |website= Virtual University of Pakistan |publisher= |access-date= December 16, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> ''DigiSkills 3.0'' was launched in July 2025 with a stated aim to train three million people by the end of 2028.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://lcci.pk/digiskills-3-0-launches-3-million-free-online-trainings-announced/ |title= DigiSkills 3.0 |author= |date= 20 July 2025|website= Lahore Commercial Companies Index |publisher= |access-date= December 16, 2025 |quote=}}</ref>

On 15 February 2019, the [[Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation]] (CTO) appointed Rahman as regional advisor to the secretary‑general for the East and [[South Asia]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |title=Former Pakistani Minister Anusha Rahman Khan appointed regional advisor to the CTO for the East and South Asia Region - CTO: Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation |url=https://www.cto.int/news/former-pakistani-minister-anusha-rahman-khan-appointed-regional-advisor-to-the-cto-for-the-east-and-south-asia-region/ |date=2019-02-15 |access-date=2020-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805112034/https://www.cto.int/news/former-pakistani-minister-anusha-rahman-khan-appointed-regional-advisor-to-the-cto-for-the-east-and-south-asia-region/ |archive-date=2020-08-05 |website=cto.int |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Sharif III Cabinet}}
{{Abbasi Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anusha, Rahman}}
[[Category:Lawyers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani lawyers]]
[[Category:Pakistani women lawyers]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Federal ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Women federal ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century women lawyers]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Alumni of the UCL Faculty of Laws]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lahore]]
[[Category:Pakistani women in politics]]
[[Category:Pakistani senators (14th Parliament)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Senate of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:People from Lahore]]

Sugarcane juice

2026-03-24T07:57:01Z

NoraBillings:

{{short description|Liquid extracted from sugarcane}}
[[File:Sugarcanejuice.jpg|thumb|Sugarcane juice]]
[[File:Making the guarapa from the sugarcane.jpg|thumb|Machine used to crush sugar cane to obtain the juice]]

'''Sugarcane juice''' is the liquid extracted from pressed [[sugarcane]]. It is consumed as a beverage in many places, especially where sugarcane is commercially grown, such as [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[North Africa]], mainly [[Egypt]], and also in [[South America]], especially [[Brazil]].
Sugarcane juice is obtained by crushing peeled sugarcane in a mill and is one of the main precursors of [[rum]].

==Health risks==
[[File:A video of Sugarcane juice extraction.ogv|thumb|A mechanical method of extracting sugarcane juice]]

There are some diseases that can be transmitted by raw sugarcane, such as [[leptospirosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/species/diseases-disorders/animals/leptospirosis|title=Leptospirosis|first=Agriculture and|last=Fisheries|website=Business.qld.gov.au|access-date=1 November 2018|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326194554/https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/species/diseases-disorders/animals/leptospirosis|url-status=live}}</ref> In Brazil, sugarcane juice has been linked to cases of [[Chagas disease]], as sugarcane can contain traces of its responsible pathogen, ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', left by infected insects if not properly cleaned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiocruz.br/chagas/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=11 |title=Perguntas frequentes |website=Fundação Oswaldo Cruz |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815140129/http://www.fiocruz.br/chagas/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?sid=11 |archive-date=2017-08-15}}</ref>

Drinking sugarcane juice in Egypt may pose health risks due to contamination with the [[mycotoxin]]s [[Aflatoxin|aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>]] and [[fumonisin B1|fumonisin B<sub>1</sub>]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdallah |first1=Mohamed F. |last2=Krska |first2=Rudolf |last3=Sulyok |first3=Michael |title=Mycotoxin Contamination in Sugarcane Grass and Juice: First Report on Detection of Multiple Mycotoxins and Exposure Assessment for Aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Humans |journal=Toxins |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=11 |page=343 |doi=10.3390/toxins8110343|pmid=27869706 |pmc=5127139 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdallah |first1=Mohamed F. |last2=Audenaert |first2=Kris |last3=Lust |first3=Leonie |last4=Landschoot |first4=Sofie |last5=Bekaert |first5=Boris |last6=Haesaert |first6=Geert |last7=De Boevre |first7=Marthe |last8=De Saeger |first8=Sarah |title=Risk characterization and quantification of mycotoxins and their producing fungi in sugarcane juice: A neglected problem in a widely-consumed traditional beverage |journal=Food Control |date=1 February 2020 |volume=108 |article-number=106811 |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106811}}</ref>

==Countries==

===Brazil===
Sugarcane juice, known locally as ''caldo de cana'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Brazilian Street Food - A Dica do Dia |url=https://rioandlearn.com/brazilian-street-food/ |website=Rio & Learn |access-date=3 April 2021 |date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422173653/https://rioandlearn.com/brazilian-street-food/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or ''garapa'', is commonly sold by street vendors in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andrade |first1=Maria do Carmo |last2=Joaquim Nabuco Foudantion |title=Sugarcane Juice (Caldo de Cana) |url=http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar_en/index.php?option=com_content&id=1258:sugarcane-juice |website=basilio.fundaj.gov.br |publisher=Government of Brasil |access-date=3 April 2021 |location=Recife, Brazil |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522141101/http://basilio.fundaj.gov.br/pesquisaescolar_en/index.php?option=com_content&id=1258:sugarcane-juice |url-status=live }}</ref> In a process similar to that of the street vendors of India, machines are used to press the sugarcane and the juice is extracted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sugar Cane Juice aka "Caldo de Cana" |url=https://colorfulfoodie.com/sugar-cane-juice-aka-caldo-de-cana/ |website=Colorful Foodie |access-date=3 April 2021 |date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419141822/https://colorfulfoodie.com/sugar-cane-juice-aka-caldo-de-cana/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is sometimes served with lime or pineapple juice.

===Egypt===
In [[Egypt]], sugarcane juice is known as ''asab'' and is sold in juice shops around the country. The largest juice shop in Egypt is in [[Saft El Laban]], [[Giza]]. Egyptians also mix lemon with ''asab'' and let it ferment to produce a fermented variant of the drink. The most highly prized ''asab'' comes from [[Minya, Egypt]].<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|author1=Bruce Kraig|title=Street Food around the World|author2=Colleen Taylor Sen|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-955-4|page=130}}</ref>

===India===
Sugarcane juice is sold by street vendors throughout [[India]]. The vendors put the sugarcane in a machine, which presses and extracts the sugarcane juice out. Sugarcane juice is usually served with a dash of lime and/or ginger juice. It is a very popular drink, especially during summer months, as a refreshing form of heat relief.<ref name="Bharadwaj2018">{{cite book|author=Monisha Bharadwaj|title=Indian Cookery Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N1dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1093|date=16 July 2018|publisher=Octopus Books|isbn=978-0-85783-593-2|pages=1093–}}</ref>

Before sugarcane was introduced to the southern region, it had already been cultivated for many centuries in Southeast Asia and India for its sweet juice, which was used to produce crude sugar. When Jesuit priests began growing sugarcane in what is now downtown New Orleans in 1751, they faced challenges in efficiently converting its juice into sugar due to the high costs, unreliability, and lack of profitability. However, by the 1790s, businessman Etienne de Bore, along with skilled sugar maker Antoine Morin from Santo Domingo, successfully refined sugarcane juice into granulated sugar, thereby achieving profitability in the process.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SCOTT R. |first=SIMMONS |title=Sugar and Sugarcane |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8078-3146-5 |edition=APA 7th |publication-date=2014 |pages=267–269}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
[[File:Es Air Tebu (Sugarcane juice) seller.JPG|thumb|''Es air tebu'', iced sugarcane juice sold by street vendor in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia.]]
In [[Indonesia]], sugarcane juice drink is called ''minuman sari tebu''. The iced sugar cane juice is called ''es tebu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://student.cnnindonesia.com/inspirasi/20170105142051-454-184300/kisah-di-balik-segarnya-minuman-es-tebu/|title=Kisah di Balik Segarnya Minuman Es Tebu|website=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2017-11-15|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201237/https://student.cnnindonesia.com/inspirasi/20170105142051-454-184300/kisah-di-balik-segarnya-minuman-es-tebu/}}</ref> In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], ''tebu'' is sugarcane and ''es'' is ice. It is one of the traditional beverages commonly sold street-side in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDBCAgAAQBAJ&q=es+tebu+indonesia&pg=PA36|title=Minuman Tradisional Indonesia|last=W|first=Rian Yulianto|publisher=Gulajava Ministudio|language=id |page=36}}</ref> The sugarcane plant has been cultivated in Java since ancient times. The earliest record comes from a 9th-century inscription, dated from the [[Medang Kingdom|Medang Mataram]] period, that describes a sweet drink called ''Nalaka Rasa'', which translates as "sugarcane juice".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/848941/hanya-ada-di-candi-sojiwan-menu-hidangan-raja-mataram-kuno|title=Hanya Ada Di Candi Sojiwan: Menu Hidangan Raja Mataram Kuno|last=Widjanarko|first=Tulus|work=Tempo|access-date=2017-11-15|language=id|archive-date=2017-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044958/https://travel.tempo.co/read/848941/hanya-ada-di-candi-sojiwan-menu-hidangan-raja-mataram-kuno|url-status=live}}</ref>

The juice is extracted using a pressing machine to squeeze the sugary [[sap]] from sugarcane. The machine might be human-powered, or powered by a gasoline engine or electricity. The juice sold there is always served cold with ice cubes. Traditionally, it is sold throughout the country, especially among [[Street food of Indonesia|street vendors]] that set their stall on the street side. Today, cleaner vendors work in [[food court]]s of malls and shopping centers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://peluangusaha.kontan.co.id/news/menyedot-laba-manis-minuman-tebu|title=Menyedot laba manis minuman tebu|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|work=kontan.co.id|access-date=2017-11-15|language=id|archive-date=2017-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201331/http://peluangusaha.kontan.co.id/news/menyedot-laba-manis-minuman-tebu|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kenya===
Sugarcane juice is popular drink, commonly sold in juice shops around the country.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
[[File:Sugarcane Juice.jpg|thumb|Sugarcane drink]]

===Madagascar===
In the eastern region of [[Madagascar]], sugarcane juice is fermented to make an inexpensive alcoholic beverage called ''betsa-betsa''. The drink is popular with locals because it is cheaper than beer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bradt|first1=Hilary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeG1AwAAQBAJ&q=betsa-betsa&pg=PA107|title=Madagascar|last2=Austin|first2=Daniel|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-498-3|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Myanmar===
[[File:Yangon sugarcane press.jpg|thumb|A Burmese street vendor in Yangon prepares sugarcane juice.]]

In [[Myanmar]], sugarcane juice is known as ''kyan ye'' (ကြံရည်) and is available throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-03-15|title=နွေရာသီနဲ့ လိုက်ဖက်တဲ့ သဘာဝ ကြံရည် သောက်ခြင်းရဲ့ ကျန်းမာရေး ကောင်းကျိုး ၆ ခု|url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/2018/03/15/154167.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025100809/https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/2018/03/15/154167.html|archive-date=2020-10-25|access-date=2021-01-12|website=ဧရာဝတီ|language=my}}</ref> It is typically brewed during the summertime, and optionally blended with [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[jujube]], or [[Orange (fruit)|orange]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=6 April 2016|title=နွေရာသီနဲ့ ကြံရည်|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/sugar-cane/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922223834/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/sugar-cane/|archive-date=2021-09-22|access-date=2021-01-12|website=MyFood Myanmar|language=my}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
In 2019, the [[government of Pakistan]] declared sugarcane juice to be [[Pakistan]]'s "national drink".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Jan-2019/government-declares-sugarcane-juice-as-national-drink-of-pakistan|title=Govt declares sugarcane juice as 'national drink' of Pakistan|newspaper=The Nation|date=25 January 2019|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=10 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190210034543/https://nation.com.pk/25-Jan-2019/government-declares-sugarcane-juice-as-national-drink-of-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
In the [[United States]], where the FDA regulates the description of [[ingredient]]s on food labels, the term "evaporated cane juice" cannot be used because it misleads consumers to believe that cane juice is similar to fruit or vegetable juices.<ref name=fda-guide2016/> Instead, the FDA recommends "cane sugar" or another term determined by manufacturers who should "review the final guidance and consider whether their labeling terminology accurately describes the basic nature and characterizing properties of the sweetener used".<ref name="fda-fedreg2016">{{cite web |title=Federal Register: Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice; Guidance for Industry; Availability |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/26/2016-12402/ingredients-declared-as-evaporated-cane-juice-guidance-for-industry-availability |publisher=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=22 August 2019 |date=25 May 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822135334/https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/05/26/2016-12402/ingredients-declared-as-evaporated-cane-juice-guidance-for-industry-availability |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="fda-guide2016">{{cite web |title=Ingredients Declared as Evaporated Cane Juice: Guidance for Industry |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/97827/download |publisher=Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=22 August 2019 |date=1 May 2016 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214093521/https://www.fda.gov/media/97827/download |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Vietnam===
[[File:Manh Squeezing Sugar Cane Juice - Dien Bien Phu - Vietnam (48159230787).jpg|thumb|A man is squeezing sugarcane juice for guests in [[Điện Biên]], Vietnam.]]
Sugarcane juice, known as {{Lang|vi|nước mía}} or {{Lang|vi|mía đá}}, is common in [[Vietnam]] as a drink. Other fruit juices may be added to balance the sweetness, such as [[kumquat]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.flavorboulevard.com/sugarcane-juice-is-sweetest-at-the-throat/ | title = Sweetest at the throat | date = 30 March 2010 | access-date = 7 November 2011 | archive-date = 11 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111130708/http://www.flavorboulevard.com/sugarcane-juice-is-sweetest-at-the-throat/ | url-status = usurped }}</ref> or [[chanh muối]]. It used to be sold at street stalls in plastic bags, now in disposable plastic cups filled with ice or bottled.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/food-a-drink/vietnamese-drink/23-vietnamese-drink-/189--nuoc-mia-or-sugar-cane-juice-.html | title = Nuoc mia, or sugar-cane juice | date = 6 November 2008 | access-date = 7 November 2011 | archive-date = 21 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110921102316/http://www.vietnam-beauty.com/food-a-drink/vietnamese-drink/23-vietnamese-drink-/189--nuoc-mia-or-sugar-cane-juice-.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Drink}}
* [[List of Indian drinks]]
* [[List of juices]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sugar}}{{Juice}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sugar Cane Juice}}
[[Category:Syrup]]
[[Category:Sugar-based drinks|Juice]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category:Pakistani drinks]]
[[Category:Brazilian drinks]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Cambodian drinks]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Vegetable juice]]

Kallara, Thiruvananthapuram

2026-03-23T23:40:34Z

NoraBillings: expand details and improved wording

{{Multiple issues|
{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Kallara Town.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Kallara town
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8.712718|N|76.952361|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Nedumangad]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 25779
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 695608<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/pin/pinsearch.aspx|title=India Post :Pincode Search|accessdate=2008-12-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520133707/http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pin/pinsearch.aspx|archivedate=2012-05-20}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0472-28
| registration_plate = KL-01, KL-16, KL-21
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Trivandrum
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Attingal
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Vamanapuram
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kallara''' is a village and a Grama Panchayat<ref>{{cite web|last=Kallara|first=Grama Panchayat|title=Grama Panchayat Information|url=http://lsgkerala.in/kallarapanchayat/general-info/|publisher=Government of Kerala|accessdate=28 January 2014|archive-date=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420063024/http://lsgkerala.in/kallarapanchayat/general-info/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is located near Karette, a junction in the MC road.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |author=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

Kallara is located approximately 40 km from Thiruvananthapuram city, 7 km from the State Highway, and 20 km from National Highway 47. {{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

″The Kallara-Pangode Freedom Struggle″ is one of the 39 agitations declared by the Government of India as the movements that led to the country gaining independence from the British rule.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} It is listed alongside some of the most important movements of Indian independence such as Quit India Movement, Khilafat Movement, Malabar Rebellion, the Ghaddar Movement and Hollwell Revolt Movement by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. It is ranked 26th among the 39 most revered movements that were part of Indian Independence Movement and culminated in the British rule ending over Indian territories in 1947.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Kallara Vocational Higher Secondary School located in kallara town (100 years). One of the Famous Temple "Kallara Ayiravilly Kshethram", Grameena grandasala and Islamic reading room situated in pattara also ti be mentioned.
Kallara is a secular panchayath, here peoples of all religion hold their hands together for over all development.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
The famous temple Thumpodu mudippura devi temple is situated in Thumpodu ward of kallara panchayath {{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
Raktha sakshi mandapam, in memory of those who shed blood in kallara pangodu revolution is situated in the town. Juma masjid of kallara is also situated in the town, thousands of devotees used to come and pray here.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Kallara is famous for the south indian top movie stars, sisters AMBIKA and RADHA and their mother KALLARA SARASAMMA close aid of K karunakaran for 40 years.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Kallara in Trivandrum district is mostly derived by famous "Nair" Community, who were close aid at the kingdom of Kilimanoor palace. 2 centuries ago it was thick forest and rough regions and Nair’s conquered these forests with the approval of the king from the Kilimanoor Palace.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Though it is Nair dominated community, Kollam vilakathu veedu(Mr.Dhamodharan Pillai connection with Kilimanoor Palace) is one of the famous Nair families in Pankadu, Kallara is having a great mixture of all caste and religions, especially highly positioned Islam community.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Communities of kallara lives with harmony among all walk of people, caste and religion and Kallara town serves a vital junction for many businesses connecting to several local areas, such as Pangodu, kilimanoor, palode, which extend to the Tamil Nadu Border to Schencotah and Coutralam through a marvelous picturestic hilly route, within 40 km.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} Pangodu police station and kilimanoor police station serves the areas of Kallara, and crimes are relatively less due to the clos knit community living.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Kallara had a population of 25,779 with 12,080 males and 13,699 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==Politics==
Assembly constituency: Vamanapuram
Lok Sabha constituency: Attingal.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

{{Thiruvananthapuram-geo-stub}}

Jayatirtha

2026-03-23T19:22:25Z

NoraBillings: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|14th-century Hindu philosopher, dialectician, polemicist}}
{{for|Hare Krishna religious figure|Jayatirtha Dasa}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|honorific-prefix = Sri
|image =
| caption =
| name = Jayatirtha
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Dhondopant Raghunath Deshpande<ref>{{cite book|title=Sanskrit and Maharashtra: A Symposium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRjeIY5ntUoC|page=44|author=Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|publisher=University of Poona|year=1972|quote=Among the authors who wrote on the other schools of Vedānta à mention must first of all be made of Jayatirtha (1365–1388 A. D.). His original name was Dhondo Raghunath Deshpande, and he belonged to Mangalwedha near Pandharpur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ|page=442|author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1966|quote=Jayatirtha, whose original name was Dhondo Raghunātha, was a native of Mangalvedhā near Pandharpur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Vijaynagar Visions: Religious Experience and Cultural Creativity in a South Indian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BP5jAAAAMAAJ|author=William J. Jackson|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=26 July 2007|page=145|isbn = 978-0-19-568320-2|quote=Jaya Tirtha was first named 'Dhondo', and he was the son of Raghunatha, who was a survivor of Bukka's war with the Bahmani Sultanate. Tradition says Raghunatha was from Mangalavede village near Pandharpur. An ancestral house still exists there, and the Deshpandes of Mangalavede claim to be descendents of his family.}}</ref>
| birth_date = 1345 CE
| birth_place = [[Mangalwedha]] near [[Pandarpur]] {{small|(present-day in [[Solapur district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=246}}
|father = Raghunath Pant Deshpande
|mother = Sakubai
| honors = Ṭīkācārya
| order = [[Vedanta]]
| guru = [[Akshobya Tirtha|Akshobhya Tirtha]]
| successor = [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]]
| disciples = [[Vidyadhiraja Tirtha]], Vyasatirtha
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]],<br />[[Vaishnavism]]}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}

'''Jayatirtha''' ({{IAST|Jaya-tīrtha}}), ''also known as'' '''Teekacharya''' ({{IAST|Ṭīkācārya}}) ({{circa}}1345 – {{circa}}1388{{Sfn|Chang|1991|p=xviii}}{{Sfn|Sharma|1986|p=xviii}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006|p=177}}), was a [[Hindu]] philosopher, dialectician, polemicist and the sixth pontiff of [[Madhvacharya]] Peetha from (1365 – 1388). He is considered to be one of the important seers in the history of [[Dvaita]] school of thought on account of his sound elucidations of the works of [[Madhvacharya]]. He structured the philosophical aspects of [[Dvaita]] and through his polemical works, elevating it to an equal footing with the contemporary schools of thought.{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1991|p=viii}} Along with [[Madhva]] and [[Vyasatirtha]], he is venerated as one of the three great spiritual sages, or ''munitraya'' of [[Dvaita]]. Jayatirtha is considered an incarnation of [[Indra]] (lord of gods) with avesha of [[Adi Sesha]] in the Madhva ''Parampara''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=456}}{{Sfn|Dalmia|Stietencron|2009|p=165}}

Born into an aristocratic [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family,{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=247}} he later adopted the cause of [[Dvaita]] after an encounter with the Madhva saint, [[Akshobya Tirtha|Akshobhya Tirtha]] (d. 1365{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=208}}). He composed 21 works, consisting of commentaries on the works of [[Madhva]] and several independent treatises criticizing the tenets of contemporary schools, especially [[Advaita]], while simultaneously elaborating upon the Dvaita thought. His dialectical skill and logical acumen earned him the title of ''{{IAST|Ṭīkacārya}}'' or ''commentator par excellence''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=236}}

{{Hindu philosophy}}

==Biography==
Historical sources on Jayatirtha's life are scant.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=246}} Most of the information about his life is derived from two [[hagiographies]]: ''Aṇu Jayatīrtha Vijaya'' and ''Bṛhad Jayatīrtha Vijaya'' from his disciple, Vyāsatirtha (not to be confused with [[Vyasatirtha]]) and a compilation by Chalāri Saṁkarṣaṇacārya (c. 1700).{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=178}} According to legendary accounts and the hagiographies, Jayatirtha is an incarnation of [[Indra]], the lord of gods with avesha of [[Adi Sesha]] and have been miraculously favoured by the Goddess [[Durga]] ([[Mahalakshmi]]). In the previous birth, Indra incarnated as [[Arjuna]]. In his next life, he incarnated as a Bull. He carried the load of the library of [[Madhvacharya]] throughout the Madhva's wanderings between [[Udupi]] and [[Badrinath]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=456}}{{Sfn|Dalmia|Stietencron|2009|p=165}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Famous Indian Sages, Their Immortal Messages, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnXAAAAMAAJ|page=349|author=Vivek Ranjan Bhattacharya|publisher=Sagar Publications|year=1982|quote=Jayatirtha is the incarnation of Indra as Arjuna. They cannot have given us anything except the correct interpretation of the Gita. Jayatirtha is a great interpreter and his exposition is unique, his style is profound.}}</ref>

Jayatirtha was born Dhondopant (or Dhondorao) Raghunath into a [[Deshpande]] family of nobles belonging to [[Deshastha Brahmin]] community of [[Vishvamitra]] Gotra in [[Mangalwedha]] near [[Pandarpur]] present-day in [[Solapur district]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Vijaynagar Visions: Religious Experience and Cultural Creativity in a South Indian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BP5jAAAAMAAJ|page=154|publisher=Oxford University University Press|author=Willian J. Jackson|date=26 July 2007|quote=Sripad Jaya Tirtha's previous name was Dhondopantraya Raghunatha (Raghunatha was his father's name) of Vishvamitra Gotra.|isbn=9780195683202}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dalal|2010|p=178}} His father's name is Raghunath Pant Deshpande and his mother's name is Sakubai. His father was a nobleman of military rank. Dhoṇḍo Pant grew up in affluence, with preference towards sports, particularly horse riding.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=247}}At the age of twenty, after a chance encounter with the ascetic Akshobhya Tīrtha on the bank of [[Bhima River|river Bhima]], he underwent a transformation which led him to renounce his former life, but not without resistance from his family. After much deliberation, his family relented and he was subsequently initiated into the [[Dvaita]] fold by [[Akshobhya Tirtha]], who named him ''{{IAST|Jayatīrtha}}''.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=248}} Jayatirtha succeeded Akshobhya as the pontiff in 1365. He composed several commentaries and treatises in the brief span of 23 years between his initiation and death in 1388.

==Works==
{{Main|List of works by Jayatirtha}}
There have been 21 works accredited to Jayatirtha, 18 of which are commentaries on the works of Madhvacharya.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=249}} ''Nyaya Sudha'', which is a commentary on [[Madhva|Madhva's]] ''Anu Vyakhyana'', is considered to be his magnum opus. Running up to 24,000 verses, it discusses and critiques a variety of philosophers and their philosophies, ranging from the orthodox schools of Hinduism like [[Mimamsa]] and [[Nyaya]] to heterodox schools like [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]], arguing in favour of Dvaita.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=330}} Apart from his commentaries, he has authored 4 original treatises, of which ''Pramana Paddhati'' and ''Vadavali'' stand out. ''Pramana Paddhati'' is a short monograph on the epistemology of [[Dvaita]] dealing with the [[pramanas]] in question, the theory of truth and error and validity of knowledge, while ''Vadavali'' deals with the nature of reality and illusion.{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=337}}

==Legacy==
Jayatirtha occupies a special place in the history of [[Dvaita Literature]]. The lucidity and measured style of his writing coupled with his keen dialectical ability has allowed his works to percolate through time, reinforced by the commentaries of later philosophers like [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Vijayindra Tirtha]], [[Raghuttama Tirtha]], [[Raghavendra Tirtha]], and [[Vadiraja Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1991|p=64}} His masterpiece, ''Nyaya Sudha'' or ''Nectar of Logic'', deals with refuting an encyclopaedic range of philosophies that were in vogue at the time. [[Jose Pereira (scholar)|Pereira]] notes "His monumental ''Nectar of Logic'' is one of the pinnacles of Indic theological achievement".{{Sfn|Pereira|1976|p=123}} [[Surendranath Dasgupta|Dasgupta]] remarks "Jayatirtha and [[Vyasatirtha]] present the highest dialectical skill in Indian thought".{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1991|p=viii}}

==Brindavana==
Shri Jayatirtha entered Brindavana alive in the 14th Century on the bank of the holy river [[Kagna River|Kagina]], a tributary of the Bhima River at [[Malkheda]], [[Kalaburagi district]].<ref>{{cite book|title=karnataka State Gazetteers, Volume 21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2lDAAAAYAAJ|page=871|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1960|quote=He took sanyas and came to be known as Jayatirtha. He wrote several commentaries on Madhvacharya and came to be known as Tikacharya. He took samadhi at Malakhed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT597|author=Roshen Dalal|publisher=Penguin UK|date=18 April 2014|isbn= 9788184752779|quote=Jayatirtha is credited with twenty-one works, the most important being Nyaya-sudha, a commentary on Madhva's commentary on the Brahma Sutra, known as Anuvyakhyana. His samadhi is located at Malakhed.|page=597}}</ref> Shri Jayatirtha's Brindavana lies between the Brindavanas of [[Akshobhya Tirtha]], and [[Raghunatha Tirtha]]. Every year thousands of people attend the Aradhana festival from different states of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Special pujas mark Jayatirtha's Aradhana Mahotsava at Malakhed |work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jayatirtha's aradhana begins in Gulbarga district of Karnataka|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/jayatirthas-aaradhana-begins/article65650982.ece|work=The Hindu|date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Madhva's Philosophy of the Viṣṇu Faith|page=40|author=Helmuth von Glasenapp|year=1992|quote=It is said that Jayatīrtha was the head of the Madhvas for 21 years; Shri Jayatheerta entered Vrindavana at the very young age at Malakhed; even today the pilgrims visit his Vrindavan.|publisher=Dvaita Vedanta Studies and Research Foundation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GITXAAAAMAAJ&q=Jayatirtha+Malkhed}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
* {{cite book|title = Great Thinkers of the Eastern World|first = Daniel P|last = Sheridan|publisher = Harper Collins|isbn = 978-0062700858|year = 1995|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/greatthinkersofe00mcgr}}
* {{cite book|title = A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol 4 |first = Surendranath| last = Dasgupta| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn = 978-8120804159 | year= 1991 }}
* {{cite book|title = Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |first = Roshen | last = Dalal| publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn = 978-0143414216 | year= 2010 }}
* {{cite book|title = Nyayasudha of Sri Jayatirtha (3 vols) |first = B.N.K | last = Sharma| publisher=Vishwa Madhva Parishad|asin = B0010XJ8W2 | year= 2001 }}
* {{cite book|title = Hindu theology: A reader |first = Jose | last = Pereira| publisher=Image Books|isbn = 978-0385095525 | year=1976 }}
*{{cite book|title=A Treasury of Mahāyāna Sūtras: Selections from the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aktdBheKI-IC|first=Chen-chi|last=Chang|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1991|isbn=978-8120809369}}
*{{cite book|title = Philosophy of Śrī Madhvācārya|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2014 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120800687| year=1986}}
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qunYrHJTf9sC|first=Oliver|last=Leaman|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|isbn=978-1134691159}}
*{{cite book|title=The Oxford India Hinduism Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQBPAQAAIAAJ|first1=Vasudha|last1=Dalmia|first2=Heinrich von|last2=Stietencron|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780198062462}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/jayatirtha/ Jayatirtha on Dvaita.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721035325/http://www.dvaita.org/scholars/jayatirtha/ |date=21 July 2020 }}

{{Madhva Religious Figures}}

{{Caitanya sampradaya}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Uttaradi Math]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:1345 births]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]
[[Category:Polemicists]]

Guillaume Postel

2026-03-15T10:26:15Z

NoraBillings:

{{Short description|French linguist, astronomer, diplomat, and professor (1510–1581)}}
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'''Guillaume Postel''' (25 March 1510 – 6 September 1581) was a French [[linguist]], [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]], astronomer, [[Christian Kabbalah|Christian Kabbalist]], diplomat, [[polyglot]], professor, [[Religious universalism|religious universalist]], and writer.

Born in the village of [[Barenton]] in [[Normandy]], Postel made his way to [[Paris]] to further his education. While studying at the [[Collège Sainte-Barbe]], he became acquainted with [[Ignatius of Loyola]] and many of the men who would become the founders of the [[Society of Jesus]], retaining a lifelong affiliation with them. He entered [[Rome]] in the novitiate of the Jesuits in March 1544, but left on December 9, 1545 before making religious vows.

==Diplomacy and scholarship==
Postel was adept at [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Syriac language|Syriac]] and other [[Semitic languages]], as well as the Classical languages of [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Latin]], and soon came to the attention of the [[Kingdom of France (1498-1791)|French court]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

===Travel to the Ottoman Empire===
[[File:Note of Postel on an Arabic astronomical manuscript in 1436 in Constantinople.jpg|thumb|Note of Guillaume Postel on the Arabic astronomical manuscript of [[al-Kharaqī]], ''Muntahā al-idrāk fī taqāsīm al-aflāk'' ("The Ultimate Grasp of the Divisions of Spheres"), 1536, [[Constantinople]]]]

In 1536, when [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] sought a [[Franco-Ottoman alliance]] with the [[Ottoman Turks]], he sent Postel as the official interpreter of the French embassy of [[Jean de La Forêt]] to the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]] [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] in [[Constantinople]]. Postel was also apparently assigned to gather interesting Eastern manuscripts for the royal library, today housed in the collection of oriental manuscripts at the [[Bibliothèque Nationale]] in Paris.

===Works===
[[File:Samaritan letters and Jerusalem coin, Guillaume Postel 1538, Linguarum duodecim characteribus differentium alphabetum, introductio.png|thumb|Page from ''Linguarum Duodecim Characteribus Differentium Alphabetum Introductio'' including what is thought to be the first Western representation of a Hasmonean coin<ref name=Madden>[[Frederic Madden]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR16 History of Jewish Coinage and of Money in the Old and New Testament], page ii</ref>]]
[[File:De La Republique des Turcs Guillaume Postel Poitiers 1560.jpg|thumb|''De la République des Turcs'', Guillaume Postel, [[Poitiers]], 1560]]
In ''Linguarum Duodecim Characteribus Differentium Alphabetum Introductio'' ("An Introduction to the Alphabetic Characters of Twelve Different Languages"), published in 1538, Postel became the first scholar to recognize the inscriptions on [[Judea]]n coins from the period of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] as Hebrew written in the ancient "[[Samaritan script|Samaritan]]" characters.<ref name=Madden/>

In 1543, Postel published a criticism of Protestantism, and highlighted parallels between [[Islam and Protestantism]] in ''Alcorani seu legis Mahometi et Evangelistarum concordiae liber'' ("The book of concord between the Coran and the Evangelicals").<ref>''Orientalism in early modern France'', by Ina Baghdianitz McCabe, {{ISBN|978-1-84520-374-0}}, p.25</ref>

In 1544, in ''De orbis terrae concordia'' ("Concerning the Harmony of the Earth"), Postel advocated a [[Religious universalism|universalist]] [[world religion]]. The thesis of the book was that all [[Jews]], [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]], [[Buddhists]] and [[Paganism|Pagans]] could be [[Conversion to Christianity|converted]] to [[Christianity]] once all of the religions of the world were shown to have common foundations and that the Christian religion best represented these foundations. He believed these foundations to be the love of God, the praising of God, the love of mankind, and the helping of mankind.

In his ''De la République des Turcs'' ("Of the Turkish Republic"), Postel makes a rather positive description of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman society]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TWk4C0rV0fgC&pg=PA21 ''Veiled encounters: representing the Orient in 17th-century French travel'' by Michael Harrigan p.21]</ref> His 1553 ''Des merveilles du monde et principalemẽt des admirables choses des Indes & du nouveau monde'' is one of the earliest European descriptions of [[religion in Japan]]. He interprets Japanese religion in terms of his universalist views on religion, claiming that the indigenous Japanese religion was a form of Christianity and that one could still find evidence of their worship of [[crucifix]]es.<ref name="Josephson">{{cite book|last=Josephson |first=Jason |title=The Invention of Religion in Japan |publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=59–60 |year=2012 |url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo13657764.html}}</ref> Such claims about Japanese religion were common in Europe at the time; Postel's writings may have influenced [[Francis Xavier]]'s expectations of Japan as he traveled there.<ref name="Josephson"/>

Postel was also a relentless advocate of the unification of all [[Christian denomination|Christian churches]], a common concern during the period of the [[Protestant Reformation]], and remarkably tolerant of other faiths during a time when such tolerance was unusual. This tendency led him to work with the Jesuits in Rome and then [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], but the incompatibility of their doctrine with his beliefs prevented his full membership in their order. Riccioli provides an alternative account in his biography of Postel in ''Almagestum Novum'' - that Postel was ejected by St. Ignatius from the Jesuits after taking his vows.

===Cartographer===
[[File:Guillaume Postel CHASDIA seu Australis terra.jpg|thumb|Guillaume Postel: "Chasdia or Terra Australis, which the common sailors call Tierra del Fuego and others say is the Land of the Parrots"<ref name=CeltsGauls />]]
Postel took an interest in geography in his course of lectures at the Collège Royal, now known as [[Collège de France]], in 1537. He is believed to have spent the years from 1548 to 1551 traveling to the [[Holy Land]] and [[Ottoman Syria]], to collect manuscripts. After this trip, he earned the appointment of Professor of Mathematics and Oriental Languages at the Collège Royal. In 1552, he published a short compendium under the name, ''De Universitate Liber'', perhaps inspired by that of [[Henricus Glareanus]] (1527). This geographer had drawn two polar projections which remained in manuscript. Postel expanded upon ''De Universitate Liber'', which was published as the ''Cosmographicae Disciplinae Compendium'' by [[Johannes Oporinus]] in [[Basel]], in 1561.

In ''Cosmographicae'', Postel clearly set out his ideas on the continents of Asia (''Semia'', after [[Shem]]), Africa (''Chamia'' or ''Chamesia'', after [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]]), Europe (''Iapetia'', after [[Japheth]]), the Americas (''Atlantides''), and Australia (''Chasdia'', after [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]]).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mapping our world: terra incognita to Australia |date=2013 |publisher=National Library of Australia |isbn=978-0-642-27809-8 |editor-last=National library of Australia |location=Canberra}}</ref> He denoted the Americas as ''boreal'' and ''austral'', and distinctly separated them from Australia (''Terre Australle'' or ''Chasdia'') by the [[Strait of Magellan]] (''Fretum Martini Bohemi''). ''Chasdia'' was a term created by Postel.

====World map and Chasdia====
''Cosmographicae'' has an index of 600 names, which Postel included in his 1578 world map, ''Polo aptata Nova Charta Universi''. Australia is called ''Chasdia'' in three places: under the Americas (''<small>CHASDIAE</small> residuum Atlantidis meridiana pars''); under the Moluccas (''<small>CHASDIAE</small> pars'') where it is joined to an unnamed New Guinea with its Rio Saint Augustin; and under Africa (''<small>CHASDIAE</small> pars adhuc incognita'').

To the south of South America, he included the following [[map#legend|legend]]:
<blockquote>''Ce quart de globe, ou demy Hémisphere contient dedans sa longitude clxxx degrès [180º], partie Australle de l'Atlantide dicte Peru ou America par Americ Vespuce Florentin son inventeur, et davantage une partie de la Chasdia ou terre Australle vers les Isles Mologa ou Moluques''. (This quarter of the globe, or half hemisphere, contains within its 180 degrees of longitude the southern part of the Atlantide called Peru or America by [[Republic of Florence|Florentine]] [[Amerigo Vespucci]] its discoverer, and as well a part of Chasdia or Terra Australis toward the Mologa or Moluccas Islands.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Postel |first1=Guillaume |title=''Polo aptata Nova Charta Universi'' |date=1578 |publisher= |location=Service historique de la Marine, fonds du service hydrographique, Paris, France |language=fr |chapter=Recueil no.1, carte no.10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Postel |first1=Guillaume |title=''Polo aptata Nova Charta Universi'' |date=1578 |publisher= |location=Ministério de Relaçiões Exteriores, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |pages=193–3}}</ref></blockquote>

The South Pole is alluded to:
<blockquote>''Chasdia qui est vers le Gond ou Pole Austral ainsi appellée à cause que de la Meridionale partie ou Australe procede la Misericorde dicte Chassed'' (Chasdia which is toward the Hinge or South Pole, so called because from the southern or austral part originates Mercy called Chessed).<ref>Marcel Destombes, "Guillaume Postel cartographe", (editors Günter Schilder, P. C. J. van der Krogt, Steven de Clercq), ''Marcel Destombes, 1905-1983: contributions sélectionnées à l'histoire de la cartographie et des instruments scientifiques,'' Volume 3 of ''HES Studies in the History of Cartography and Scientific Instruments'', 1987, pp. 552-566.</ref></blockquote>

Another legend on the same map over the southern continent reads: ''<small>CHASDIA</small> seu Australis terra, quam Vulgus nautarum di fuego vocant alii Papagallorum dicunt'' (Chasdia or Terra Australis, which the common sailors call Tierra del Fuego and others say is the Land of the Parrots).<ref name="CeltsGauls">Charles Gilbert Dubois, ''Celtes et Gaulois,'' Paris, 1972, p. 167.</ref>

Postel’s world map strongly influenced [[Gerard de Jode]] and others of the Antwerp school.<ref>Rodney W. Shirley, ''The Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps 1472-1700,'' Riverside, Connecticut., World Press, 2001, pp. 166-7, pl. 122.</ref>

===Near East and Central Europe===
[[File:Arabic astronomical manuscript of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi annotated by Guillaume Postel.jpg|thumb|Arabic astronomical manuscript of [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], annotated by Guillaume Postel]]

After several years, Postel resigned his professorship and traveled throughout [[Central Europe]], including the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] and [[Renaissance Italy]]. He returned to France after each trip, often by way of Venice. Through his efforts at manuscript collection, translation, and publishing, he brought many Ancient Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic texts into European intellectual discourse in the Late [[Renaissance]] and [[Early modern period|early modern]] periods. Among these texts are:

* [[Euclid's Elements]], in the version of the astronomer [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]];
* An astronomical work by [[al-Kharaqī]], ''Muntahā al-idrāk fī taqāsīm al-aflāk'' ("The Ultimate Grasp of the Divisions of Spheres"), disputing [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Almagest]]''.<ref>''Islamic science and the making of European Renaissance'', by George Saliba, p.218 {{ISBN|978-0-262-19557-7}}</ref>
* Astronomical works by al-Tusi and other Arabic astronomers;
* Latin translations of the ''[[Zohar]]'', the ''[[Sefer Yetzirah]]'', and the ''[[Bahir|Sefer ha-Bahir]]'', which are works of Jewish [[Kabbalah]], printed in 1552;
* [[Christian Cabbala]] texts, such as his own commentary on the significance of the [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]], which he published in 1548 in Latin and subsequently in Hebrew.

===Two aspects of the soul===
To Postel, the human soul is composed of intellect and emotion, which he envisaged as male and female, head and heart. The soul's [[Triple deity|triadic]] [[wikt:unity|unity]] is through the union of these two halves. Yet Postel did not mean a second [[Incarnation (Christianity)|incarnation]] of divinity: his sentiment and language make it clear that he spoke [[Figure of speech|figuratively]].<ref>[[Eliphas Levi]] ''Histoire de la Magie'', 1860.</ref>

===Heresy and confinement===
[[File:Guillaume Postel.jpg|thumb|upright|Guillaume Postel]]

While working on his translations of the ''Zohar'' and the ''Bahir'' in Venice in 1547, Postel became the confessor of Mother Zuana, an elderly woman who was responsible for the kitchen of the hospital of San Giovanni e Paolo. Zuana confessed to experiencing divine visions, which inspired Postel to believe that she was a prophet, that he was her spiritual son, and that he was destined to be the unifier of the world's religions. When he returned from his second journey to the East, he dedicated two works to her memory: ''Les Très Merveilleuses Victoire des Femmes du Nouveau Monde'' and ''La Vergine Venetiana''.

Based on his own visions, these works brought Postel into conflict with the [[Inquisition]]. Postel's ties, however, with the very men tasked with trying him led to a verdict of [[insanity]], rather than [[heresy]], which could lead to the death penalty, and consequently Postel was confined to the [[Papal States|papal prisons]] in Rome.<ref>Yvelise Bernard, L'Orient du XVIe siècle, Paris, L'Harmattan 1988. see her annotated biography pp 31-37</ref> He was released when the prison was opened upon the death of [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]] in 1559. [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanist]] Šimon Proxenus ze Sudetu (1532–1575),<ref>{{cite book |last= Proxenus ze Sudetu |first= Šimon |editor-first= Dana |editor-last= Martínková |title= Commentarii de itinere Francogallico |series= Bibliotheca scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum, ser. nova, t. 5 |year= 1979 |publisher= Akadémiai Kiadó |location= Budapest |language= Latin |isbn= 978-963-05-1843-7 |oclc= 7736635 }}</ref> reports that in 1564 Postel was detained to the monastery of [[Musée des Arts et Métiers|St. Martin des Champs]] in Paris, "because of his delusions on the Mother Jeanne".<ref>{{cite book |last= Secret |first= François |title= Postel revisité: nouvelles recherches sur Guillaume Postel et son milieu |year= 1998 |publisher= S.É.H.A.|location= Paris |language= French |isbn= 978-88-7252-187-8 |oclc= 123291208 }}</ref>

Postel resumed his life in Paris, but the alleged [[Nicole Aubrey|miracle at Laon]] in 1566 had a profound effect on him, and that year he published an account of it, ''De summopere considerando miraculo'', in which he again expounded upon the interrelatedness of all parts of the universe and his imminent restoration of the world order.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 2543605|last1 = Kuntz|first1 = Marion Leathers|title = Guillaume Postel et Jean Boulaese: De Summopere (1566) et le Miracle de Laon (1566)|journal = Sixteenth Century Journal|volume = 28|issue = 4|pages = 1355|doi = 10.2307/2543605|year = 1997}}</ref> As a result, he was sentenced to house arrest by the [[Parlement of Paris]], and eventually spent the last eleven years of his life confined to the monastery of [[Saint-Martin-des-Champs Priory]]. He died in Paris in 1581.

==Works==
*''De originibus seu de hebraicae lingua'' (Concerning the Origins or concerning the language of Hebrew, in [[Latin]]), 1538.
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JQuR0Hk1qKYC Linguarum Duodecim Characteribus Differentium Alphabetum Introductio]'' (Introduction to Twelve Languages with Characters in Different Alphabets, in Latin), 1538
*''Les Magistratures athéniennes'' (The Athenian Magistrates, in French), 1540.
*''Description de la Syrie'' (Description of Syria, in French), 1540.
* [https://archive.org/details/sacrarumapodixeo00post ''Sacrarum apodixeon, seu, Euclidis christiani lib. II''], ''Apodictic Demonstration of Sacred Matters, or Christian Euclid, in Two Books''.
*''Les Raisons du Saint-Esprit'' (The Plans of the Holy Spirit, in French), 1543.
*''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k108675j/f1.item Alcorani seu legis Mahometi et euangelistarum concordiæ liber, in quo de calamitatibus orbi Christiano imminentibus tractatur]'' (“The Book of Concord between the [[Quran]], or the Law of Muhammad, and the [[Protestantism|Evangelists]], in which the calamities threatening the Christian world are addressed.”), 1543. The work compares the [[Reformation]] and [[Islam]]: the core of the argument is built around a list of twenty-eight axioms shared by the “Evangelists” and the Quran, which Postel attributes to a single diabolical inspiration.
*''De orbis terrae concordia'' (Concerning the Agreement [in Doctrines] of the World, in Latin), 1544.
*''De nativitate Mediatoris'' (Concerning the Nativity of Jesus, in Latin), 1547.
*''Absconditorum clavis, ou La Clé des choses cachées et l'Exégèse du Candélabre mystique dans le tabernacle de Moyse'' (The Key to Hidden Things and the Interpretation of the Mystical [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] in Moses' Tabernacle, in French), 1547.
*''Livre des causes et des principes'' (Book of Causes and Principles, in French), 1551.
*''Abrahami patriarchae liber Jezirah'' (The [[Sefer Yetzirah]] of Abraham the Patriarch," in Latin), 1552.
*''Liber mirabilium'' (Book of Miracles, in Latin), 1552.
*''Raisons de la monarchie'' (Reasons for Monarchy, in French), 1552.
*''La Loi salique'' (The [[Salian Franks|Salian]] Law, in French), 1552.
*''L'Histoire mémorable des expéditions depuis le déluge'' (The Known History of Travels after the Flood, in French), 1552.
*''Les Très Merveilleuses Victoires des femmes du Nouveau monde'' (The very Marvelous Victories of the Women of the New World, in French), 1553.
*''Des merveilles du monde et principalemẽt des admirables choses des Indes & du nouveau monde'' (On the Marvels of the world and especially on the Admirable Affairs of the Indies and the New World, in French), 1553
*''Cosmographie'' (Cosmography, in French), 1559.
*''La République des Turcs'' (The Turkish Republic, in French), 1560.
*''La Vraye et Entière Description du royaume de France'' (The True and Whole Description of the Kingdom of France, in French), 1570.
*''Des admirables secrets des nombres platoniciens'' (On the Admirable Secrets of Platonic Numbers, in French).

==See also==
{{commons}}
* [[Christian universalism]]
* [[Comparative religion]]
* [[French Renaissance literature]]
* [[Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance]]
* [[Orientalism in early modern France]]

==Further reading==

* Kuntz, Marion Leathers (1981). "Journey as restitutio in the thought of Guillaume Postel (1510–1581)". ''History of European Ideas''. '''1''' (4): 315–329.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Jeanne Peiffer]], article in ''Writing the History of Mathematics: Its Historical Development'', edited by Joseph Dauben & Christoph Scriba
* Marion Kuntz, ''Guillaume Postel: Prophet of the Restitution of All Things, His Life and Thought'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Hague, 1981
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html#f1 Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe?]
* Jean-Pierre Brach, "Son of the Son of God: The feminine Messiah and her progeny, according to Guillaume Postel (1510–1581),' in Olav Hammer (ed), ''Alternative Christs'' (Cambridge, CUP, 2009), 113-130.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Postel, Guillaume}}
[[Category:1510 births]]
[[Category:1581 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century publishers (people)]]
[[Category:16th-century travelers]]
[[Category:16th-century French astronomers]]
[[Category:16th-century French diplomats]]
[[Category:16th-century French educators]]
[[Category:16th-century French translators]]
[[Category:16th-century French writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Collège de France]]
[[Category:Christian Hebraists]]
[[Category:Christian Kabbalists]]
[[Category:French emigrants to the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Linguists from France]]
[[Category:Multilingual writers]]
[[Category:Prisoners of the Bastille]]
[[Category:Universalists]]

List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India

2026-03-08T17:23:48Z

NoraBillings: quick rework references per standard format further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{see also|Timeline of the Punjab insurgency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{more citations needed|reason=Many of the entries are unsourced|date=March 2013}}
This is a partial list of victims of violence in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (India) during the 1980s and 1990s.

{{Incomplete list|date=May 2023}}

== During the Punjab insurgency ==
{{See also|Punjab insurgency}}{{See also|List of actions attributed to KCF}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Place
! Incident
|-
| 29 Sep 1981
|
| Sikh separatists hijack Indian jetliner to Pakistan. All passengers rescued by Pakistani commandos.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/30/world/sikh-separatists-hijack-indian-jetliner-to-pakistan.html|title=Sikh Separatists Hijack Indian Jetliner to Pakistan | first=Michael T. | last=Kaufman | newspaper=The New York Times | date=30 September 1981|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 16 October 1981
| Chandigarh
|IAS officer Mr. Naranjan Singh was attacked in the civil secretariat. He survived but his brother Surinder Singh ACSO of defence HQ was killed by the Sikh extremists. Several Hindu temples attacked<ref name="KSS_1985">{{cite book |author1=K. S. Saxena |author2=Anil Gupta |title=Indian democracy: Recent trends & issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ul1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Anmol }}</ref>
|-
|4 August 1982
|Amritsar
|A Sikh granthi, Gurbaksh Singh, hijacked an Indian Airlines Boeing 737 with a fake bomb. He surrendered peacefully after Pakistan refused permission for its landing at Lahore. The granthi had demanded $300,000, safe passage to North America, and the release of various imprisoned Sikh extremists.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Holy Man Hijacks Jet |pages=6 |work=Herald-Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hijacker may face death sentence |pages=10 |work=St. Petersburg Times}}</ref>
|-
|20 August 1982
|
|Manjit Singh hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 492, initially heading from Mumbai to New Delhi. Manjit demanded the pilot to fly to Lahore to refuel and head to Libya. After Pakistani authorities blocked their runway, the plane landed in Amritsar. Negotiations proceeded between the airport authorities and Manjit, in which he demanded a payment of 800,000 German marks, the transfer of power in Punjab to the Akali Dal, and the release of imprisoned Sikh granthis. He was eventually overpowered by the police and passengers in an ensuing scuffle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amritsar electrician hijacks Indian Airlines aircraft to Lahore, shot dead |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820915-amritsar-electrician-hijacks-indian-airlines-aircraft-to-lahore-shot-dead-772191-2013-08-27 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=India Today|date=27 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|October 1982
|Amritsar
|Sikh extremists threw a grenade at a Hindu Dusshera procession near the Golden Temple, killing 1 and injuring 60. This incident was triggered by the death of a Nihang Sikh who was shot after he attacked a police officer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Terrorist bomb injures 40 |pages=51 |work=The Bulletin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=October 27, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Amritsar blast |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/october-27-1982-forty-years-ago-amritsar-blast-8231951/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikh bomb kills 1, wounds 60 |pages=12 |work=Record-Journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtlHAAAAIBAJ&dq=Sikh+bomb+kills+1%2C+wounds+60%22.+Record-Journal&pg=PA12&article_id=2456,3762913}}</ref>
|-
| April 1983
|
| Punjab police DIG [[A. S. Atwal]] murdered outside [[Harmandir Sahib]], the holiest shrine of the Sikhs, and his body left to rot. He came in with his Punjab Police uniform and his gun when he was killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830515-dig-avtar-singh-atwal-brutally-murdered-outside-golden-temple-in-amritsar-770660-2013-07-23|title=DIG Avtar Singh Atwal brutally murdered outside Golden Temple in Amritsar|first=Gobind|last=Thukral|date=23 July 2013|website=India Today|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
|September 1983
|Jagraon
|Khalistani militants fire indiscriminately at people walking.<ref>Operation Blue Star and White Paper on Punjab Agitation (Think India Journal) p.7

</ref>
|-
| September-
5 October 1983
| Dhilwan
| 6 passengers aboard a bus traveling from Dhilwan in Kapurthala District to Jalandhar, all of them Hindus, killed by Sikh militants in [[1983 Dhilwan Bus massacre]]. In a separate incident, a police subinspector and a tax inspector were also killed aboard a train. A total of 20 people were left dead, and another 18 wounded in a 2-week span.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian government orders crackdown on terrorism |pages=59 |work=Lakeland Ledger}}</ref> By this time, more than 175 people had been killed by the militants in various incidents.<ref name="NYT1983">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/07/world/indian-government-takes-over-a-state-swept-by-religious-strife.html|title=Indian Government takes over a state swept by religious strife|work=The New York Times |date=7 October 1983|access-date=22 November 2014 |last1=Stevens |first1=William K. }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/10/06/Sikhs-execute-six-Hindus-on-hijacked-bus/4941434260800/|title=Sikhs execute six hindus on hijacked bus|date=6 October 1983}}</ref>
|-
| 6 October 1983
| Some Sikh groups announce the creation of [[Khalistan]]
| President's rule is imposed by the Government of India in an attempt to bring order in Punjab.<ref name="NYT1983"/>
|-
| 8 October 1983
|
| Punjab Police Are Given Broad Powers<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/08/world/punjab-police-are-given-broad-powers.html | title=Punjab Police Are Given Broad Powers | first=William K. | last=Stevens | newspaper=The New York Times | date=8 October 1983}}</ref>
|-
| 14 October 1983
|
| A festival bombed in Chandigarh<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/16/world/mrs-gandhi-says-terrorism-will-end.html?ref=terrorism | title=Mrs. Gandhi Says Terrorism Will Fail | first=William K. | last=Stevens | newspaper=The New York Times | date=16 October 1983}}</ref>
|-
| 21 October 1983
| Gobindgarh
| Massacre of 58 Hindu passengers by Sikh militants. Unofficial number is more than 100 Hindus<ref>{{cite book |author=Hans Raj Khanna |title=Terrorism in Punjab: Cause and Cure |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4StuAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Panchnad Research Institute |page=93}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/86429-Violence-rioting-terrorism-in-Indian-Punjab-during-last-35-years|title=Violence, rioting, terrorism in Indian Punjab during last 35 years|date=4 January 2016|website=thenews.com.pk|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iref.homestead.com/Khalistan.html|title=IREF|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 18 Nov 1983
| [[Kapurthala district]]
| Nine armed men killed four Hindu bus passengers. Baba Ajit Singh, a Nihang, confronted the attackers and stopped further killings. Like in the [[1983 Dhilwan bus massacre|October killings]], the killers abandoned the bus at the Chitiwind village on the outskirts of Amritsar.<ref>{{cite news |author=Shekhar Gupta |title=Brutal slaying of four Hindu bus travellers takes tension in Punjab to a new high |publisher=India Today |date=1983-12-15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19831215-brutal-slaying-of-four-hindu-bus-travellers-takes-tension-in-punjab-to-a-new-high-804481-2014-02-02 |access-date=2022-01-17 }}</ref>
|-
| 9 Feb 1984
|
| Sikh militants kill two Sikh men belonging to a breakaway group, and also bomb a wedding procession<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/09/world/general-strike-disrupts-punjab.html | title=General Strike Disrupts Punjab | first=Sanjoy | last=Hazarika | newspaper=The New York Times | date=9 February 1984}}</ref>
|-
| 23 Feb 1984
|
| 11 Hindus pulled off trains and buses and killed by Sikh militants; 27 more wounded.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/23/world/11-hindus-killed-in-punjab-unrest.html|title=11 HINDUS KILLED IN PUNJAB UNREST, WILLIAM K. STEVENS, The New York Times, Feb 23, 1984|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 February 1984|access-date=22 November 2014|last1=Stevens|first1=William K.}}</ref>
|-
| 1 January 1984 to 3 June 1984
| Various places in Punjab
| 298 Hindus had been killed officially in violence in five months preceding Operation Blue Star. unofficial number of Hindus killed was well over 500<ref name="Robert2008">{{cite book | author1=Robert L. Hardgrave | author2=Stanley A. Kochanek | title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT187 | access-date=20 October 2012 | year=2008 | publisher=Cengage Learning | isbn=978-0-495-00749-4 | page = 175 }}</ref>
|-
|9 April 1984
|Bhatinda
|A bomb explosion in a Hindu temple planted by Sikh militants wounded 3 people. A witness scheduled to testify against a Sikh militant was shot and killed by unidentified gunmen.
|-
| 21 May 1984
| Moga
| 13 Hindus killed by Sikh militants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/23/world/sikh-terrorists-kill-13-in-northern-india-state.html |title=Sikh Terrorists Kill 13 in Northern India State |work=The New York Times|date=23 May 1984}}</ref>
|-
| 3 to 8 June 1984
| Amritsar
|more than 3000 (unofficial figure) people killed including 170 Sikh militants holed up inside the Harmandir Sahib temple complex and army troops fighting them and civilians caught in the cross fire between militants and the Indian army in Golden Temple which was termed as operation Blue Star. The total number of militants was in excess of 180 who were equipped with rocket launchers, artillery, hand grenades, and Chinese made shoulders fired missile launchers. They were led by Maj Gen Subeg Singh a disgruntled and court martialled officer of Indian army who had joined Bhindranwale and had connections with Pak Army because he had served in Bangladesh in 1971–72{{cn|date=May 2025}}
|-
| 12 September 1984
| Batala
| 8 bus passengers killed.
|-
| 10 and 11 May 1985
| New Delhi
| 85 Hindus were killed in serial bomb blasts by Khalistanis which occurred during consecutive days at various places across New Delhi and its neighboring Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 59 Hindus had died on the spot while the rest succumbed to injuries after being hospitalized. The terrorists used transistor bombs in a train and 2 buses. They also planted bombs in crowded places like Market and Public Park.<ref>{{cite news |title=1985 transistor blast case stuck for 20-yrs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/1985-transistor-blast-case-stuck-for-20-yrs/articleshow/1296696.cms |work=The Times of India | date=21 November 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India siezes [sic] 1500 as deaths mount|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/12/world/india-siezes-1500-as-deaths-mount-in-bomb-attacks.html |work=The New York Times |date=12 May 1985}}</ref>
|-
| 20 Aug 1985
| Sherpur
| [[Harchand Singh Longowal]] assassinated near sherpur Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-21-mn-1021-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 August 1985}}</ref>
|-
| 6 March 1986
| Kapurthala
| 13 Hindu civilians killed and 18 wounded in indiscriminate firing by Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikh Gunmen Kill 13 Hindus in 3 Attacks : Soldiers on Alert in Punjab State; Curfews in 2 Cities|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 March 1986 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-28-mn-666-story.html}}</ref>
|-
| 27 March 1986
| Amritsar
| Former Communist Party of India legislator Arjan Singh Mastana and his bodyguard gunned down and several Hindus killed<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860415-punjab-under-savage-siege-as-terrorist-killings-hindu-sikh-friction-wound-the-state-800791-1986-04-15 |title=Punjab under savage siege as terrorist killings, Hindu-Sikh friction wound the state|publisher=India Today|date=15 April 1986|first1=Suman|last1=Dubey|first2=Gobind |last2=Thukral}}</ref>
|-
| 28 March 1986
| Ludhiana
| 13 people killed in indiscriminate firing in Dresi ground, killing [[Kharti]] leaders including that of Jagirpur, [[Mayor Krishan Sood]]. unofficial number of Hindus killed was 32<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-03-28-mn-666-story.html|title=Sikh gunmen kill 13 hindus in 3 attacks|work=Los Angeles Times|date=28 March 1986}}</ref>
|-
| 29 March 1986
| Mallian, Jalandhar
| 20 labourers killed by militants.
|-
| 8 June 1986
| Amritsar
| 9 People killed by Sikh extremists.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/08/world/9-killed-in-punjab-as-sikh-protest-ends.html |title=9 Killed in Punjab as Sikh Protest Ends|newspaper= The New York Times|date=8 June 1986|agency= Associated Press}}</ref>
|-
| 25 July 1986
| Mukatsar
| 15 bus passengers gunned down by suspected Sikh militants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-26-mn-2-story.html|title=Suspected sikh terrorists kill 15 on bus|work=Los Angeles Times|date=26 July 1986 }}</ref>
|-
| 10 Aug 1986
| Pune
| Retired Army Chief of Staff, General Arun Shridhar Vaidya killed by Sikh militants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/11/world/4-gunmen-kill-ex-commander-of-indian-army.html|title=4 GUNMEN KILL EX-COMMANDER OF INDIAN ARMY|work=The New York Times|date=11 August 1986 }}</ref>
|-
| 17 Sept 1986
| Phillaur
| Sikh extremists kill a [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] Hindu leaders and several Hindu leaders are targeted and a hit list is published every week in Jagbani and Ajeet Punjabi newspapers for Hindu leader in politics, administration, and other government services to leave Punjab or face death for nearly all weeks between 1983 and 1985.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/17/world/sikh-extremists-kill-leader-of-a-militant-hindu-group.html |title=Sikh Extremists Kill Leader of a Militant Hindu Group|date=17 September 1986|newspaper= The New York Times|agency=Reuters}}</ref>
|-
|25 October
1986
|Chandigarh
|Suspected Sikh extremists opened fire in a Hindu market, killing nine and wounding ten.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suspected Sikh extremists opened fire with submachine guns at... – UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/10/25/Suspected-Sikh-extremists-opened-fire-with-submachine-guns-at/6669530596800/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=UPI}}</ref>
|-
| 30 October 1986
| Hoshiarpur
| Sikh militants robbed a bank, killed 5 Hindus and the unofficial number of Hindus killed was 23.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/a2d9183391296e26f8e38a64357426fc|title=Sikh terrorists rob bank,kill five|date=31 October 1986|publisher=Apnews}}</ref>
|-
| 31 October 1986
| Ludhiana
| 8 migrant and local Hindu industrial workers gunned down in indiscriminate firing on Daba road, Ludhiana. unofficial number was around 22 Hindus dead
|-
| 30 November 1986
| Khudda
| 24 Hindu bus passengers gunned down. Unofficial number was more than 50.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/01/world/sikh-extremists-hijack-punjab-bus-and-kill-24-people.html|title=Sikh extremists hijack Punjab bus and kill 24|date=30 November 1986|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
|-
| January 1987
|
| Congress Sikh MLA Sant Singh Liddar murdered.<ref>{{cite book | title=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8lPAQAAIAAJ | access-date=19 October 2012 | year=1997 | publisher=Sociology Department, Guru Nanak Dev University | page = 44 }}</ref>
|-
| January 1987
|
| Sikh militants kill eight people. Most of the victims were Hindus.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sikh Extremists Kill Eight in New Attacks | url=https://apnews.com/article/f39c4a3fbc333cd824f695c830dedd5c | date=19 January 1987 | work=apnews }}</ref>
|-
| 8 May 1987
|
| Sukhdev Singh, the son of the moderate Akali leader [[Jiwan Singh Umranangal]], was murdered by the militants. In 1986, Jiwan Singh had undertaken a door-to-door campaign in the [[Majha]] region, meeting the families of the militants and asking for their help in convincing the militants to give up the violence.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98nov08/head2.htm | title = Akali leader Umranangal passes away | work = The Tribune | location = Chandigarh | date = 1998-11-08 | access-date = 2012-10-19 }}</ref>
|-
| 19 May 1987
| Tarn Taran
| [[Deepak Dhawan]], the State Committee member of the CPI(M)
|-
| 14 June 1987
| Delhi and Punjab
| Sikh militants in New Delhi killed 12 Hindus celebrating a baby's birthday party. 13 other people were killed in Punjab. Security was increased in New Delhi following reports of possible school bus bomb attacks by Sikh militants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/33ef74e382e1329a3ed2b9e872c2d0c8|title=Sikh militant kill 25 in two attacks|date=14 June 1987|publisher=Apnews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sikh extremists slay 12 Hindus |pages=6 |work=Eugene Register-Guard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4-5VAAAAIBAJ&dq=sikh+militants+12+killed&pg=PA6&article_id=6773,1697287}}</ref>
|-
|3 July 1987
|
| Gurnam Singh Uppal, a moderate Sikh leader and the president of the Punjab unit of Democratic Youth Federation of India, was killed.
|-
| 6 July 1987
| Near [[Lalru]]
| [[Khalistan Commando Force]] militants hijacked a [[Haryana Roadways]] bus and [[1987 Lalru bus massacre|killed 38 Hindu bus passengers]].<ref name="AP_Lalru_Fatehabad">{{cite news |author=Dilip Ganguly |title=Sikhs Kill 34 Hindus on Two Buses, Bringing Two-Day Toll To 72 |work=Associated Press News |date=1987-07-07 |url=https://apnews.com/article/7934b6194b2743fb8e54b5ff29feae9d |access-date=2023-01-17 }}</ref>
|-
| 7 July 1987
| Near [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]]
| Sikh militants [[1987 Fatehabad bus killings|kill 34 Hindu bus passengers]] from two Haryana Roadways buses near Fatehabad<ref name="AP_Lalru_Fatehabad"/>
|-
| 6 August 1987
| Jagdev Kalan
| 12 people gunned down. Before shooting them victims were forced to chant "Long Live the Sikh Nation".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-07-mn-1247-story.html|title=Sikh Terrorists Kill 12 Hindus |date=7 August 1987|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|agency=Associated Press }}</ref>
|-
| 19 August 1987
| Jalandhar
| 11 people killed by Sikh militants including a Hindu man and his baby son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/88aa82538b99a1424bc2862817bea09c |title=Sikh militants kill 11 in punjab|publisher=Apnews|date=19 August 1987 }}</ref>
|-
| 28 September 1987
| Alawalpur
| 5 killed and 8 injured, firing near Geetha Bhawan.
|-
| 20 October 1987
| Delhi
| 12 persons shot dead at various places in Delhi on Diwali day.
|-
| 15 January 1988
| Dhadial Nijhran, village near Batala
| 8 members of a family including 2 women and 3 children killed
|-
| 22 January 1988
| Punjab
| 12 people and a Hindu leader killed by Sikh extremists.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/ba9460953f1e6b2c5bbd9d963bb65a8a|title=Hindu leader,12 others killed in punjab|publisher=Apnews|date=22 January 1988 }}</ref>
|-
| 19 February 1988
| Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Patiala
| Bombs exploded by Babbar Khalsa. 12 to 13 persons killed and nearly 50 injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/02/20/courts-bombed-in-indias-punjab/8b453431-8cee-43db-8a6d-ab0223a364e5/ |title=COURTS BOMBED IN INDIA'S PUNJAB |first=Richard M. |last=Weintraub |date=20 February 1988 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2 March 1988
| Bhaian
| 8 members of a family killed.
|-
| 3 March 1988
| Kahri sahri
| 35 persons shot dead, 50 others injured, indiscriminate firing at a festival gathering by terrorists believed to be Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hazarika|first1=Sanjoy|date=1988-03-04|title=44 Slain in Sikh-Hindu Violence|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/04/world/44-slain-in-sikh-hindu-violence.html|access-date=2022-02-13|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
| 29 March 1988
| Bhathe (Kartarpur)
| 2 Persons shot dead by militants
|-
| 31 March 1988
| Rajbah
| 18 members of a Rajput family shot dead at village the Rajbah under police station.
|-
| 2 April 1988
| Punjab
| Sikh gunmen stormed into huts and houses across Punjab state and killed 37 people, including 7 children<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/c03d07b22eecb6cd39e5a15e158ee74b|title=Sikh militant kill 35 in Year's worst violence|date=2 April 1988|publisher=Apnews }}</ref>
|-
| 15 May 1988
| Samana, Patiala
| 26 persons killed, 100 others injured in different incidents
|-
| 16 May 1988
| Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Gurdaspur
| 40 persons gunned down, 100 others injured in different incidents
|-
| 17 May 1988
| Kharar
| 35 labourers massacred.
|-
| 24 May 1988
| Dhaliwal (Nakodar)
| 6 members of a family murdered.
|-
| 19–21 June 1988
| Punjab and Haryana
| 3 bomb explosions took place over the course of 3 consecutive days. The week prior witnessed a bomb explosion in Amristar in the vicinity of the Shivala Bhaiyan Temple. 22 people were killed and 40 were injured, the terrorists specifically chose Monday, considered a particularly auspicious day to worship Lord Shiva, as the day to attack. The second Amristar explosion took place in a predominantly Hindu textile market, killing 28 and injuring 50. In Haryana, Sikh terrorists set off a bomb near a TV shop where people congregated to watch the ''Ramayana,'' killing 20 people. The third bomb explosion was in New Delhi and targeted a vegetable market, killing 3 and injuring 42. Sikh terrorists further gunned down 6 people in a cinema hall in Pehowa, Haryana. The motive of these attacks was to incite a Hindu backlash and exacerbate communal tensions between both communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombs are new weapon in Punjab terrorists' arsenal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880715-bombs-are-new-weapon-in-punjab-terrorists-arsenal-797445-1988-07-14 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=India Today|date=15 July 1988 }}</ref>
|-
| 22 June 1988
| Raman Mandi, Bathinda
| Social Worker Baldev Raj Mittal gunned down {{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
|-
| 7 September 1988
| Rure Aasal (Amritsar district)
| 15 rail passengers killed, 25 injured at Rure Aasal railway station.
|-
|8 January 1989
|
| Sikh terrorists killed 14 Hindus after the hanging of the two men responsible for the assassination of Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikhs Kill 14 Hindus After Executions in India|work=The New York Times |date=8 January 1989 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/08/world/sikhs-kill-14-hindus-after-executions-in-india.html}}</ref>
|-
|25 June 1989
| Moga
| 27 Swayamsevaks of the RSS who were participating in the daily shakha conducted at Nehru Park were shot dead by some Khalistani terrorists who came on motorcycles, raised provocative slogans and started firing indiscriminately.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/26/world/27-slain-in-punjab-in-2d-day-of-attacks-on-hindus.html |title=27 Slain in Punjab in 2d Day of Attacks on Hindus|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 June 1989|first=Sanjoy|last=Hazarika}}</ref>
|-
|11 Nov 1989
|Patiala
|19 students of Thapar Engineering College were massacred while they slept in their dorm by Sikh Extremists.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1989-11-11 |title=Sikh Extremists Raid School, Killing 19 Sleeping Students|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/11/world/sikh-extremists-raid-school-killing-19-sleeping-students.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1989-11-11 |title=Sikh Separatists Kill 19 Students at India College |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-11-mn-1003-story.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|-
| 19 January 1990
| Ballagan, Amritsar
| 8 Hindu villagers shot down by militants
|-
| 7 March 1990
| Abohar
| 32 shot dead in indiscriminate firing at crowded market<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/f53b6e0c5ef9572e3ef02659b3eba05c |title=Attack by Sikh extremists in crowded market kill 22 hindus|date=8 March 1990|publisher=Apnews}}</ref>
|-
| 30 May 1990
| Ferozepur
| Sikh extremists kill 10 in attack on market.<ref name=upi/>
|-
| 28 May 1990
|
| Khalistan Commando Force attacked a farm, Killed 13 migrant workers, including 11 Hindus.<ref name=upi>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/05/30/Sikh-extremists-kill-10-in-attack-on-market/7668644040000|title=Sikh extremists kill 10 in attack on market|date=30 May 1990|publisher=United Press International }}</ref>
|-
| 22 November 1990
| Aliwal BATALA gsp
| Bank dacoity in Aliwal and Guard killed
|-
| November 1990
| Amritsar
| Sikh militants killed 23 Hindus in multiple attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/article/9ab72799db6be13a560c3ceda482df05 |title=Sikh Militants Kill 7 Hindus, 10 Others|date=27 November 1990|publisher=Apnews}}</ref>
|-
| 15 June 1991
| Ludhiana district
| [[1991 Punjab killings]]; 110 passengers killed by Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sikhs storm 2 trains, KIll 110 in Punjab|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-06-16-mn-1523-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=16 June 1991 }}</ref>
|-
|11 March 1992
|Harkishanpura
|16 Hindu workers killed by Sikh militants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Militants Kill 16 Hindu Workers |url=https://apnews.com/article/25fafa529ebda6dc23f7576c39f9d88c |access-date=2023-01-13 |work=Associated Press News}}</ref>
|-
| 15 March 1992
| Ludhiana
| 18 people killed by Sikh militants.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-03-15-mn-6886-story.html|title=18 People killed by sikh militants in Punjab|work=Los Angeles Times|date=15 March 1992}}</ref>
|-
| 10 August 1992
| Barnala
| 31 people killed by Sikh militants.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://apnews.com/2c6032b2d697ca71298bc47552bb649a|title=Sikh militants kill 31 people in revenge for death of leader|publisher=Apnews|date=10 August 1992 }}</ref>
|-
| 6 January 1993
| Chhichhrewal (Gurdaspur)
| 11 Terrorists encountered
|-
| 11 September 1993
| Chandigarh
| 12 people killed in bomb blast that was an assassination attempt on Youth Congress(I) Punjab minister Maninderjit Bitta.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/today-in-history-september-11-1993--12-die-in-delhi-blast-1.2276877|title=Today in History: September 11, 1993 – 12 die in Delhi blast|publisher=Gulf News|date=10 September 2018|first=Abdul |last=Kareem }}</ref>
|-
|25 February 1994
|Rajasthan
|Leader of Khalistan Liberation Force Navneet Singh Khadian encountered by Punjab Police
|-
|31 August 1995
|Chandigarh
| Punjab's Chief Minister Beant Singh belonging to Congress party along with 17 others killed by a suicide bomber
|-
|}

== After end of Punjab insurgency ==
On 31 August 1995, Chief minister [[Beant Singh (chief minister)|Beant Singh]] was killed by a suicide bomber. The pro-Khalistan group [[Babbar Khalsa]] claimed responsibility for the assassination, but "security authorities" were reported to be doubtful of the truth of that claim.<ref name="babarkilledsingh">{{cite web|url=http://www2.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/ndp/ref/index_e.htm?docid=173&cid=0&sec=CH03 |title=Issue Paper INDIA SIKHS IN PUNJAB 1994–95 |date=February 1996 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |access-date=2009-05-31 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A 2006 press release by the Embassy of the United States in New Delhi indicated that the responsible organization was the [[Khalistan Commando Force]].<ref name="KCFconvict">{{cite web|url=http://mumbai.usconsulate.gov/pr122006.html |title=U.S. Court Convicts Khalid Awan for Supporting Khalistan Commando Force |date=20 December 2006 |publisher=Embassy of the United States in New Delhi, India |access-date=2009-05-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009155220/http://mumbai.usconsulate.gov/pr122006.html |archive-date=9 October 2008 }}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] reported in its online edition on 19 June 2006 that the Khalistan Zindabad Force was behind bomb blasts in Jalandhar, India, at the Inter-State Bus Terminus that left three people killed and injured 12. A police spokesman said the attack was planned by a pair of KZF leaders, one based in Pakistan and one in Canada, and executed by a "local criminal".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kzf-behind-jalandhar-blasts/6802/|title=KZF behind Jalandhar blasts|date=19 June 2006|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2009-06-02}}</ref>

On 22 May 2005, Consecutive bomb blasts took place in the Liberty cinema and Satyam cinema in New Delhi during the screening of the movie Jo [[Bole So Nihal|Jo Bole So Nihaal (film)]] in which 3 people died and dozens were injured. The movie was being opposed by a section of intellectual Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/may/23/film.india|title=Cinemas bombed as film angers Sikhs|date=23 May 2005|website=The Guardian|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

On 14 October 2007, six people were killed and 32 injured in a bomb blast at Shingaar cinema hall, Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/304622|title=Ludhiana Blast, a 'Terrorist Attack'|date=16 October 2007|website=Arab News|access-date=4 May 2019}}</ref>

On 24 September 2009, the Punjab Police arrested two Babbar Khalsa militants involved in the assassination of Rulda Singh, president of the Punjab Rashtriya Sikh Sangat who was shot at and seriously injured by two unidentified persons at his residence near New Grain market on 29 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=15398|title=Punjab Police arrest two Babbar Khalsa terrorists|author=United News of India|author-link=United News of India|date=24 September 2009|publisher=centralchronicle.com|access-date=2009-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050633/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=15398|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[2016–17 targeted killings in Punjab, India]]:
multiple attacks on Hindu leaders of [[Shiv Sena]], [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and [[BJP]] happened during the years 2016–17. Six leaders of these organisations were killed.<ref>{{ cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nia-claims-scientific-proof-to-establish-pak-behind-killing-of-six-hindu-leaders-killing-in-punjab-with-aim-to-revive-khalistani-militancy-1144891-2018-01-15 |title=Pakistan's Khalistan agenda behind killing of 6 Hindu leaders in Punjab, says NIA|date=15 January 2018|publisher=India Today|first=Kamaljit Kaur |last=Sandhu }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Punjab insurgency]]
* [[Human rights abuses in Punjab, India]]
* [[Kharku]]
* [[Operation Blue Star]]
* [[Operation Woodrose]]
* [[Operation Black Thunder]]
* [[1991 Punjab killings]]
* [[1987 Punjab killings]]
* [[Moga Massacre (1989)]]

* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[List of designated terrorist groups]]
* [[List of organisations banned by the Government of India]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Knights of Falsehood, KPS Gill, 1997
* Global security watch, Satyapal Dang, 2008
* Sikhs Slay 13 Hindus in Punjab, United Press International, 29 March 1986
* Sikh Extremists Open Fire on Top Punjab Police Official, 4 October 1986 ''The New York Times''

==External links==
* [https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/05/31/Bombs-exploded-today-at-a-crowded-vegetable-wholesale-market/7410581054400/ Bombs exploded today at a crowded vegetable wholesale market]
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-06-21-mn-4792-story.html Bomb Blast Kills 24, Injures 45 in India; Sikh Militants Blamed]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/04/world/44-slain-in-sikh-hindu-violence.html 44 Slain in hindu sikh violence]

{{Khalistan movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Terrorist Incidents in Punjab (India)}}
[[Category:Terrorism in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India-related lists|Terrorism]]
[[Category:Lists of terrorist incidents|Punjab India]]
[[Category:History of Punjab, India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorist incidents]]
[[Category:Lists of disasters in India]]
[[Category:India crime-related lists|Terrorist incidents in Punjab]]

Vythiri

2026-03-06T07:17:55Z

NoraBillings: small correct formatting for consistency and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vythiri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University 05918.JPG

| image_alt =
| image_caption = Veterinary University
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.54966|N|76.03638|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Banner of Kerala.png}} [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Chain Tree at Lakkidi.jpg|thumbnail|The legendary Chain Tree]]
'''Vythiri''' is a town and a [[taluk]] located in [[Wayanad district]] in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/admin.htm|title=Wayanad Administration.Taluks and villages|website=Wyd.kerala.gov.in|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=8 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208174119/http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/admin.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Along with [[Mananthavady]] and [[Sulthan Bathery]], it is one of the three taluks in the district. Vythiri spans a total area of 2.084 sq. km. and is a popular tourist destination.

==Climate==
{{Weather box/concise_C
| location=Vythiri, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/kerala/vythiri-211262/|title=Vythiri climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Vythiri weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=En.climate-data.org|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>
| 27.2|28.8|30.3|30.1|29.3|25.8|24.4|25.0|26.0|26.6|26.6|26.7
| 16.9|18.0|19.7|20.8|20.9|19.8|19.4|19.5|19.3|19.5|18.7|17.3
| 4|10|20|101|226|764|1348|689|301|251|100|26
}}

==Tourism==
The all season attractive weather, greenery and the terrain of this place makes Vythiri a major tourist destination in Kerala. Tourists from all parts of the world visits and stays in Vythiri to enjoy the beauty of Vythiri and other tourist destinations in [[Wayanad]].

===Lakkidi View Point===
Perched at 700 meters above sea level, this gateway to Wayanad offers breathtaking views of mist-clad peaks, cascading streams, and the lush canopy of tropical forests.

===The Chain Tree Legend===
According to the local legend, an English engineer built the Ghat road to Vythiri on the basis of the information given by a tribal youth. After getting the necessary guidance, the English people killed the tribal guide. The spirit of the tribal youth got angry and caused many accidents in the road. So a priest took the initiative to chain the spirit to a tree in Vythiri. This Chain Tree is seen even today at Lakkidi. Some of the passing motorists even pay homage to the tree for allowing a safe passage.

===Pookode Lake===
[[Pookode Lake]] is a scenic freshwater [[lake]] in the [[Wayanad]] district in Kerala, South India. A major tourist destination in the district, Pookode is a natural freshwater lake nestling amid evergreen forests and mountain slopes at an elevation of 770 meters above sea level

===Honey museum===
This is the India's first and World's second Honey museum. The Honey Museum Wayanad offers a unique glimpse into the world of bees and honey production. The museum features a tasting area where guests can sample a variety of honeys from around the world<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://curlytales.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/wayanad-honey-museum.jpg|title=Did You Know Asia’s Largest Honey Museum Is In Wayanad?|newspaper=Curly Tales |date=20 January 2026}}</ref>

===En Ooru===
En Ooru Wayanad is Kerala’s first Tribal Heritage Village, highlighting ethnic origin, cultural customs, tribal social organizations, ancestral traditions, tribal art, and cultural expressions. The village’s main attraction is the replica of tribal huts, which provide an insight into the life of the community.

==Administration==
The Vythiri taluk consists of 18 villages, including [[Lakkidi, Wayanad|Lakkidi]], Vythiri, [[Chundale]], [[Padinjarathara]],[[Meppadi]], [[Kalpetta]], and [[Kaniyambetta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/index.aspx?talukid=2351&pagenumber=2|title=Search for any cities or villages in India|website=IndiaStudyChannel.com|access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref> The village of Vythiri acts as the administrative centre of Vythiri Taluk.

== Religion and worship ==
St. Mary's Orthodox Church, part of the [[Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese|Sultan Bathery Diocese]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] is located in Vythiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Marys Orthodox Church - Vythiri |url=https://directory.mosc.in/parishes/st-marys-orthodox-church-111/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=directory.mosc.in |publisher=MOSC Publications}}</ref>
Sree Mariyaman Temple, located in the center of Vythiri Town
Vythiri Jumma Masjid, Located in the center part of Vythiri Town,
St Joseph Church Catholic Church, part of the [[Archdiocese of Calicut]]<ref>https://www.calicutdiocese.org/st-josephs-church-vaythiri/</ref> situated in the town, this church considered as the first catholic church in Wayanad District
St Mary's Catholic Church part of the [[Eparchy of Mananthavady]]<ref>https://mananthavadydiocese.com/parish/Vythiri</ref> located in Vythiri

==Altitude==
Vythiri is 700 meters above the sea level and the weather is remarkably cooler than other parts of Wayanad. There are many resorts in Wayanad thanks to the salubrious climate here.

==Education==
There is a university here specializing in Veterinary science and there is a special college for catering management. Oriental school of hotel management.

==Transportation==
Vythiri is 66 km by road from [[Kozhikode]] railway station and this road includes nine hairpin bends. The nearest major airport is at [[Calicut]]. The road to the east connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. Night journey is not allowed on this sector as it goes through Bandipur national forest.

== Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Madiyoor Mahavishnu Temple, Kalpetta.jpg|Madiyoor Mahavishnu Temple
File:Marthomma School, Chundale.jpg|Marthomma School, Chundale
File:Lakkidi School.jpg|Lakkidi School
</gallery>

==Landslides at Vythiri taluk in 2024==
{{main| 2024 Wayanad landslides }}
Landslides occurred near the villages of Punjirimattom, [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]], Chooralmala, and Vellarimala in July 2024 due to heavy rains that triggered the collapse of hillsides. The landslides marked one of the deadliest natural disasters in Kerala's history, with reports of at least 400 deaths.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckkge0pnxy3o|title=Wayanad: The scenic Indian villages devastated by deadly landslides|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/in-mundakkai-16-of-family-swept-away-in-landslide/articleshow/112253475.cms|title=In Mundakkai, 16 of family swept away in landslide|newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Padinjarathara]] town
* [[Kalpetta]] town

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

{{Portalbar|India|Asia|Geography}}
{{Wayanad district}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Geography of Wayanad district]]

Adrushtavanthulu

2026-03-03T20:33:17Z

NoraBillings: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Adrushtavanthulu
| image = Adrushtavanthulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story =
| screenplay = V. Madhusudhana Rao
| producer = [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = S. Venkataratnam
| editing = N. S. Prakash
| studio = Jagapathi Art Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290400/ |title=Adrushtavanthalu (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1969|01|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 152 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Adrushtavanthulu''''' ({{translation|Lucky People}}) is a 1969 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]], produced by [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] under the Jagapathi Art Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2014/11/19/Adrushtavanthulu/1126 |title=Adrushtavanthalu (Banner) |work=IQLIK.com}}</ref> banner and is directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Adrushtavanthalu/17264 |title=Adrushtavanthalu (Direction) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref> It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]], and music is composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/athrushta-vanthulu-movie/16101 |title=Adrushtavanthalu (Cast & crew) |work=IMDb}}</ref> The film was remade as [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie ''[[Thirudan]]'' and as [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Himmat (1970 film)|Himmat]]'' (1970).

==Plot==
The film begins with a notorious criminal, Raghu, who is acquitted from jail as a reformation when Inspector Murthy asserts that a criminal will never change. Ergo, Raghu challenges him to prove his opinion is false. Soon after, Raghu's previous gangsters take him to their Boss, who welcomes him, which he rejects, and makes him aware that he wants to lead an honorable life. At that point, the Boss warns, but Raghu courageously confronts him. Yet, the Boss covets to get hold of him because of his extraordinary talent. After that, Raghu gets acquainted with mechanic Jackie and turns into a truck driver for survival. Once on a journey, Raghu and Jackie hit upon a beautiful girl, Jaya, in male guise. Later, Raghu discovers the truth and finds out that she fled from the house, so he forcibly takes her back. Unfortunately, Raghu notices his old associate Raju there, so he immediately rescues her when the two fall in love. Soon, they get married, and the couple is blessed with a baby girl Baby. Time passes, and Raghu builds a jaunty world around him, but his Boss and Inspector Murthy still chase him. Once Raghu disputes with a lender, Dhana Ratnam, exploiting it, the Boss slaughters the lender and indicts Raghu for the crime. Fortuitously, he has been acquitted as innocent. Further, the gangsters created many adversities, and Raghu could not bear the torment. During that plight, Jaya joins as a club dancer for livelihood. Spotting it, Raghu is devastated and decides to avenge society by returning to his past life. Immediately, he meets Inspector Murthy and pleads for him to allow him to prove his integrity, which he accepts. After that, Raghu rejoins the gang, but the Boss senses his intention, so he falsifies him by tangling with coercive Raghu makes a dangerous train robbery and steals a confidential document containing secrets of a nation. Raghu double-crosses the gang and secures the documents when the Boss takes Baby into his custody. At last, Raghu safeguards the documents and Baby by keeping his life at risk. Finally, the movie ends happily, with society accepting Raghu as noble.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Raghu
*[[J.Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Jaya
*[[Jaggayya]] as Boss
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as C.I. Inspector Murthy
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Guest Role
*[[B. Padmanabham|Padmanabham]] as Jackie
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Raju
*Tyagaraju as Police Inspector
*Anand Mohan as Razzak
*[[Geetanjali (actress)|Geethanjali]] as Radha
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Pesaratla Peramma
*Chhaya Devi as Pullatla Pullamma
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]]
*''Baby'' Rani as Baby

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Adrushtavanthalu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1968
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 24:52
| label =
| producer = K. V. Mahadevan
| prev_title = [[Ekaveera]]
| prev_year = 1969
| next_title = Bhale Rangadu
| next_year = 1969
}}

Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Music was released on Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/200/Adrustavanthulu(1969)/ |title=Adrushtavanthalu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Ayyayyo Brahmayya"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|5:24
|-
|2
|"Kodikoose Jamudaka"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:59
|-
|3
|"Muddante Cheda"
|Arudra
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:26
|-
|4
|"Nammare Nenu Maranante"
|Acharya Aatreya
|Ghantasala
|2:37
|-
|5
|"Na Manase Godari"
|[[Aarudra]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:42
|-
|6
|"Mokkajonna Thotalo"
|Venkataratnam
|P. Susheela
|4:44
|-
|7
|"Chinta Chettu Chiguru Choodu"
|[[Aarudra]]
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|4:28
|-
|8
|"Padina Mudra Cherigipoduroi"
|[[Aarudra]]
|P. Susheela
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0290400|Adrushtavanthalu}}

{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:1969 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1969 drama films]]

Wanted (2009 film)

2026-03-03T11:52:34Z

NoraBillings: typo fix

{{Distinguish|Wanted (2008 film)}}
{{Short description|2009 Hindi action thriller film by Prabhu Deva}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wanted
| image = Wanted7.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prabhu Deva]]
| producer = [[Boney Kapoor]]
| writer = Shiraz Ahmed
| story = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| based_on = ''[[Pokiri]]'' (2006) (Telugu) by Puri Jagannadh
| starring = [[Salman Khan ]]<br />[[Ayesha Takia]]<br />[[Prakash Raj]]<br />[[Vinod Khanna]]<br />[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Sajid–Wajid]]<br>'''Score:'''<br>[[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]<br>[[Sethu Sriram]]
| editing = Dilip Deo
| studio = [[Eros International]]<br>BSK Network & Entertainment
| distributor = [[Sahara Movie Studios|Sahara One Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|09|18}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{USD}}5 million<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=137|title=Wanted – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{USD}}12 million<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Wanted''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Prabhu Deva]] and produced by [[Boney Kapoor]]. The film, a remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Pokiri]] (2006),'' stars [[Salman Khan]], alongside [[Prakash Raj]], [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] with [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Anil Kapoor]] making special appearances. The soundtrack was composed by Sajid–Wajid, while the musical score was handled by Salim–Sulaiman. The cinematography and editing were handled by [[Nirav Shah]] and [[Sethu Sriram]] and Dilip Deo, respectively.

The film was shot primarily in [[Mumbai]], with songs filmed in [[Australia]] and other foreign countries.

''Wanted'' was released on 18 September 2009 to positive reviews from critics with praise for its cast performances, music, and action sequences. The film grossed around US$ 12 million.

==Plot==
In [[Mumbai]], two rival gangs headed by Gani Bhai, a [[Dubai]]-based crime boss, and Datta Pawle commit extortion, contract, and coercion to take control of the city's land mafia. The newly-appointed [[Deputy commissioner of police|DCP]] Ashraf Khan starts busting down crimes in the city.

Radhe, a money-minded rogue living with his friends in Mumbai, thrashes Gani Bhai's henchmen Genghis, as Pawle assigned Radhe a contract to thrash Genghis. Later, Radhe joins Gani Bhai's gang for monetary reasons. Radhe falls in love with Jahnvi, an aerobics teacher who lives with her widowed mother, Lakshmi, and younger brother Ballu. Sonu Gates, a software engineer, lives above Jahnvi's house and frequently tries to convince Jahnvi to marry him. Daulat Talpade, a corrupt senior [[inspector]] and Gani Bhai's informer, lusts for Jahnvi and is determined to make her his mistress despite Jahnvi's objections.

Radhe's first assignment with Gani Bhai's gang is to eliminate Pawle's gang member, but the police arrive at the spot. Radhe engages the cops long enough for the others to finish the task and flee, where he also helps Jahnvi escape from Talpade. Jahnvi is impressed and befriends Radhe, where soon love blossoms between the two. When Jahnvi tries to express her feelings to Radhe, they are attacked by members of Pawle's gang, whom Radhe finishes off. Jahnvi is shocked to learn that Radhe is a gangster with no qualms about killing people. Later, Talpade arranges for some thugs to pretend to assault Jahnvi in order to force Jahnvi to accept Talpade's demands, since no family would accept her as their daughter-in-law. Radhe learns about this and thrashes Talpade secretly. Gani Bhai arrives from Dubai, kills Pawle, and meets Radhe to discuss the killing of a minister by blowing up a school. Radhe disagrees with the plan as it would involve killing innocents.

In the middle of their argument, the police raid the club, arrest Gani Bhai, and torture him. Gani Bhai's gang members retaliate by kidnapping Ashraf's daughter, drugging her, and creating a gang rape video of her, which they threaten to release to the media if Gani Bhai is not released, forcing Ashraf to release Gani Bhai. Ashraf's daughter, in her drugged state, reveals that her father had placed an [[Secret police|undercover cop]] as a mole in Gani Bhai's gang.

The gang members learn that Rajveer Shekhawat, the son of retired [[Inspector]] Shrikant Shekhawat, has gone undercover to eliminate mafia gangs and is now a part of their gang. Enraged, Gani Bhai kills Ajay, believing that he is Rajveer. However, it is revealed that Ajay was actually Shrikant's adopted son. Gani Bhai kills Shrikant to lure the real Rajveer. When Rajveer actually turns up, everyone, especially Jahnvi and Talpade, is shocked to see that Rajveer is actually Radhe.

Rajveer had gone undercover by posing as Radhe and had killed all the gangsters under Ashraf's orders. After Shrikant and Ajay's funerals, Radhe forces Talpade to call Gani Bhai and learn that Gani Bhai is in Binny Mills. Radhe arrives at Binny Mills and starts eliminating Gani Bhai's gang members, rescuing Ashraf's daughter in the process. In a final confrontation, Radhe kills Gani Bhai by slashing his throat with a broken glass window. Radhe shoots Talpade and tells the following words: ''Ek bar joh maine commitment kar di uske baad toh main khud ki bhi nahi sunta'' (transl. Once I am committed, I won't even listen to my own words).

==Cast==
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Shrikant Shekhawat
*[[Salman Khan]] as ACP Rajveer Shekhawat Indian Police Service IPS / Radhe
*[[Ayesha Takia]] as Jahnvi Verma, Radhe's love interest.
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Inspector Daulat R. Talpade
*[[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] as Aslam Khan
*[[Inder Kumar]] as Ajay Shekhawat, Shrikant's son.
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Shamshuddin Asgar Gani "Ghani Bhai"
*[[Mahek Chahal]] as Shaina
*[[Govind Namdev]] as DCP Commisioner of Police Ashraf Taufiq Khan
*[[Aseem Merchant]] as Golden Bhai
*Harry Josh as Genghis Khan, Golden Bhai's henchman.
*[[Manoj Pahwa]] as Sonu Gates
*[[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Ali]] as Radhe's friend
*[[Raju Mavani]] as Datta Pawle
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Shiva, Datta Pawle's henchman.
*[[Prateeksha Lonkar]] as Lakshmi Verma
*[[Anupam Shyam]] as Dilip Topi
*Vinod Talwar as Ashok Gulati
*[[Vijay Patkar]] as Ganesh
*[[Manesha Chatarji]] as Ashraf's daughter
*[[Anil Kapoor]] in the song "Jalwa" (special appearance)
*[[Govinda (actor)| Govinda]] in the song "Jalwa" (special appearance)
*[[Prabhu Deva]] in the song "Jalwa" (special appearance)

==Production==
[[Asin]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] were approached for the role of Janhvi, but they rejected the offer, and the role went to [[Ayesha Takia]]. [[Nana Patekar]] was offered the role of Gani Bhai, but due to his busy schedule, the role went to [[Prakash Raj]], who was seen in the original remake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wanted: Trivia and Bloopers|url=http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/MovieTriviaDetail.aspx?mid=21165|publisher=Gomolo.in|access-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> In a recent 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11' episode, Boney Kapoor revealed how his third pitch convinced [[Salman Khan]] to do ''Wanted''. After two failed attempts, Boney urged Salman to watch the film, leading to its iconic success.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Boney Kapoor Convinced Salman Khan to Star in 'Wanted' and Revive His Career|url=https://www.starbiopic.com/entertainment/how-boney-kapoor-convinced-salman-khan-to-star-in-wanted-and-revive-his-career/|publisher=starbiopic.com|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> The parts of the film were shot in [[Greek Islands]] of [[Rhodes|Rodos]], [[Santorini]], and [[Paros]].<ref>[https://elinepa.org/wanted-2009-hindi-film/ Wanted (2009 – Hindi film)], ELINEPA, 2003</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Wanted
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{nowrap|10 August 2009 (India)}}
| recorded = 2008–09
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack album|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = {{nowrap|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]}}
| producer = Sajid–Wajid
| prev_title = [[Kal Kissne Dekha]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]
| next_year = 2009
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = Bollywood Hungama
| rev1Score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13476/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408192018/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13476/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2008 |title=Wanted : Music Review by Joginder Tuteja |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 September 2009 |access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref>
}}
The music of the film was given by Sajid–Wajid. The album received mixed to negative reviews from critics, with some songs seeing a positive response. The songs "Jalwa", "Love Me Love Me", and "Le Le Maza Le" became a huge hit among the audiences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Reviews|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13476/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408192018/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/13476/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2008|author= Joginder Tuteja |date= 15 August 2009|work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ishq Vishq (Main Yahan Tu Bhi Yahan)
| extra1 = Kamaal Khan, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
| lyrics1 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| length1 = 04:48

| title2 = Dil Leke
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Suzanne D'Mello
| lyrics2 = Arun Bhairav
| length2 = 04:35

| title3 = Le Le Mazaa Le
| extra3 = Suzanne D'Mello, [[Sowmya Raoh]], Hrishikesh Kamerkar, Nikita Nigam, Carlyta Mouhini
| lyrics3 = [[Wajid Ali (musician singer)|Wajid Ali]], [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length3 = 04:11

| title4 = Jalwa
| extra4 = [[Wajid Khan (composer)|Wajid Khan]], Earl Edgar D'Souza
| lyrics4 = [[Jalees Sherwani]]
| length4 = 04:31

| title5 = Tose Pyaar Karte Hai
| extra5 = Wajid Ali, Sunidhi Chauhan
| lyrics5 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length5 = 03:47

| title6 = Most Wanted Track
| extra6 = [[Salman Khan]], [[Sajid-Wajid]] & [[Brodha V]]
| lyrics6 = Salman Khan
| length6 = 04:26

| title7 = Love Me Love Me
| extra7 = Wajid Ali, [[Amrita Kak]]
| lyrics7 = Jalees Sherwani
| length7 = 04:06

| title8 = Dil Leke
| note8 = Remixed by Dj A-Myth
| extra8 = Shaan, Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics8 = Arun Bhairav
| length8 = 03:15

| title9 = Ishq Vishq
| note9 = Remixed by Dj A-Myth
| extra9 = Kamaal Khan, Sunidhi Chauhan, Suzanne D'Mello
| lyrics9 = Sameer
| length9 = 04:04

| title10 = Jalwa On The House
| note10 = Remixed by Dj Akbar Sami
| extra10 = Wajid Ali, Earl D'Souza
| lyrics10 = Jalees Sherwani
| length10 = 04:15

| title11 = Tose Pyar Karte Hai
| note11 = Remixed by Dj Akbar Sami
| extra11 = Wajid Ali, Earl D'Souza, Sunidhi Chauhan
| lyrics11 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length11 = 04:53

| title12 = Love Me Love Me
| note12 = (Mama Papa Mix) remixed by Dj Akbar Sami
| extra12 = Wajid Ali, Amrita Kak
| lyrics12 = Jalees Sherwani
| length12 = 04:43
}}

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
''Wanted'' received positive reviews from critics.

Nikhat Kazmi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "With this film, the knuckle-crushing action flick roars back in an improved avtaar."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/wanted/movie-review/5027960.cms|title = Wanted Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Wanted by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''Wanted'' is a full on masala film, which takes you back to those days when popular cinema reigned supreme, when the sole motive of the film-maker was to entertain."<ref>{{cite web|title=Wanted: Movie Review by Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13476/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408192033/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13476/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2008|access-date=17 September 2009}}</ref> ''Indicine'' gave 3/5 stars, calling it "watchable for Salman Khan" and the "best out and out action flick of Bollywood."<ref>[http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/wanted-movie-review Review: Wanted Hindi Movie Review]. Indicine.com (19 September 2009). Retrieved on 2015-09-19.</ref> [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Wanted is a modern-day rarity, a actioner that really doesn't spend any time trying to class up its tackiness or pretend to make sense. Khan might be having fun, but the fact a film like Wanted underscores is how badly Bollywood needs a breed of younger leading men."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-hindi-wanted/20090918.html|title=Wanted is watchable... casually|website=Rediff}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
'''[[55th Filmfare Awards|2010 Filmfare Awards]]'''
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]] – [[Vijayan Master]]<ref>{{cite news|title=3 Idiots, Dev D top winners at Filmfare Awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/3-Idiots-Dev-D-top-winners-at-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/5627239.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 October 2010|date=28 February 2010}}</ref>

'''[[2010 IIFA Awards]]'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for IIFA 2010|url=http://iifa.com/web07/presscentre/press_nominations_list.htm|publisher=IIFA.com|access-date=12 October 2010}}</ref>
* Nominated: [[IIFA Award for Best Movie]] – [[Boney Kapoor]]
* Nominated: [[IIFA Award for Best Actor]] – [[Salman Khan]]
* Nominated: [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] – [[Prakash Raj]]

'''[[Stardust Awards]]'''
* Best Film of the Year – Action / Thriller – Boney Kapoor<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/18/5856/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507075641/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/18/5856/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2010 }}</ref>

'''[[Star Screen Awards]]'''
* Best Action – Vijayan Master<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Nokia 16th Annual Star Screen Awards 2009 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/09/5835/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507081338/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/01/09/5835/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2010 }}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Wanted''{{'}}s success [[Kick (2014 film)|kick]]-started Salman Khan's career as an action hero and boosted his super-stardom. This film started Khan's tradition of releasing his films on the occasion of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]]. His dialogue from the film "''Ek bar joh maine commitment kar di uske baad toh main khud ki bhi nahi sunta''" (<abbr>transl.</abbr> Once I have made a commitment, I won't listen to myself) became one of his most iconic dialogues. This film also started the trend of Khan going shirtless in his climax fight scenes, which includes films like [[Dabangg]], [[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]] and [[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-17 |title=11 Years of Wanted: The Rise And Resurgence of Salman Khan |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/11-years-of-wanted-the-rise-and-resurgence-of-salman-khan-22994327 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1084972|Wanted}}
* {{mojo title|wanted09|Wanted}}

{{wikiquote}}
{{Prabhu Deva}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanted (2009 Film)}}
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prabhu Deva]]
[[Category:Films shot in Greece]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Thomas of Cana

2026-03-03T03:10:12Z

NoraBillings: corrected information further and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|4th century Syriac merchant who came to Kerala, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix= [[Saint]]
| name =Thomas of Cana
| honorific_suffix=
| image = File:Mar Knai Thoma.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = [[Icon]] of Thomas of Cana
| titles =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| home_town =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| venerated_in = [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<br>
[[Knanaya Community]]<br>[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam]]<br>
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date = 6 March 1990
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by = [[Ignatius Zakka I]] was Patriarch
| major_shrine =
| feast_day = 36th day (Sixth Sunday) of the [[Great Lent]] ([[Syriac Orthodox Church]])
| attributes =
| patronage =
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
| suppressed_by =
| influences =
| influenced = [[Saint Thomas Christians]]
| tradition =
| major_works =
}}

'''Thomas of Cana''' ([[Malayalam]]: '''K'nāi Thoma''' or '''Tomman Kinān''', [[Syriac language|Syriac]]: '''K'nānāya Thoma''') was a [[Syriac Christian|Syriac]] Christian merchant magnate who arrived to the [[Chera dynasty|Chera Dynasties]] capital city of [[Kodungallur]] between 345 A.D. and 811 A.D. Thoma brought with him [[Jewish Christian|Jewish-Christian]] families (early [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Christian merchants) and clergymen from Persian [[Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}}{{sfn|Fahlbusch|2008|p=286}}

Thoma received copper-plates of socio-economic rights known today as the [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]].<ref name=":12">D'Aguiar, Rev. J. Monteiro. 'The Magna Carta of St. Thomas Christians', ''K. S. P.'', no. 4, p. 172 and 195.</ref><ref>[[The Indian Antiquary|''Indian Antiquary'']], LVI, 1927, p. 148.</ref>{{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-670}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2018|pp=302-303}} The descendants of Thoma and the migrants who arrived with him are known as the [[Knanaya]] or Tekkumbhagar (Southist) Christians, found among the [[Saint Thomas Christian]] community of Kerala, India.{{sfn|Podipara|1971|p=2}}{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}} Scholars associate Thoma's migration with connecting the Church of Saint Thomas in India with the East Syriac liturgical tradition of the Persian [[Church of the East]] {{sfn|Thomas|2018|p=4}}<ref name="Neill, pp. 42–43">Neill, pp. 42–43.</ref>

Portuguese sources of the 17th century note that due to Thoma's deeds as a Christian merchant, the native [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]] of [[Kerala]] venerated him as a saint.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Thoma was officially [[Canonization|canonized]] by the patriarch of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Ignatius Zakka I]], in March 1990.

==Epithet of Thomas==
The meaning of the ''Cana'' epithet is unclear; it may refer to the town of [[Cana]] or the land of [[Canaan]] in the Bible,<ref name=Swiderskib>Swiderski 1988b, pp. 55–56.</ref> or it may be a corruption of a [[Syriac language|Syriac]] term for merchant (''Knāyil'' in Malayalam).<ref name=Neill42>Neill, p. 42.</ref> However, scholar Richard M. Swiderski states that none of these etymologies are entirely sound.<ref name=Swiderskib/>

Scholar Dr. Jacob Kollaparambil argues that the "Cana" form is a corruption formalized by European scholars in the 18th century based on the Malayalam form Knāi and its variants (Kynāi, Kinān) found in the folk tradition of the Knanaya and the common parlance and literature of the people of Malabar.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=1-20}} This may be a reference to the Christian community of Kynai, in Bét Aramayé in Persia (Southern Mesopotamia).{{sfn|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=1}}

===Thoma the "Armenian”===
[[File:Giuseppe Simone Assemani1.jpg|thumb|JS Assemani]]
A number of Portuguese era sources labeled Knai Thoma as a Syriac Christian in religion but “Armenian” in nationality. In the 18th century Lebanese scholar [[Giuseppe Simone Assemani|J.S. Assemani]] expressed that the Portuguese likely interpreted the term [[Aramean]] (another term for Aramaic or Syriac Christian) as Armenian and dubbed him as such.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=98-104}}

Scholar Dr. Jacob Kollaparambil notes that while Assemani's rationale is plausible a more concrete explanation may be associated with the fact that many of the East Syriac Christian bishops who arrived to Kerala in the 15th and 16th century such as Mar Yohannan, Mar Thomas, and [[Yaqob Abuna|Mar Jacob Abuna]] were originally citizens of the territory known as [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]] in the Middle East. The Portuguese labeled these bishops as citizens of Armenia in their own writings as well. Dr. Jacob Kollaparambil notes that because the Portuguese associated the East Syriac bishops in Kerala with Armenia, out of their own ignorance they likely extended this same nationality to Knai Thoma as well.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=98-104}}

===Thoma the "Bishop”===
In the native traditions of Kerala as well as the early 16/17th century recordings during the Portuguese era, Thomas of Cana is always noted as a merchant. {{sfn|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=98-104}}

Lebanese scholar J.S. Assemani argued that Thomas of Cana was a 9th-century bishop, published in his text “Bibliotecha Orientalis” (1719-1728). In an attempt to trace Thomas’ origins, Assemani labeled Thomas of Cana as Bishop Thomas of Hadud, a 9th-century Nestorian bishop. Historian Dr. Jacob Kollaparambil calls Assemani's assertion a “counterfeit” creation not in line with earlier source work and native tradition.{{sfn|Kollaparambil|1992|pp=98-104}}

==History==
===Medieval Era===
[[File:Thomas of Cana and the Knanaya Depart for India.jpg|thumb|Thomas of Cana and the Knanaya depart for India]]
The native tradition places Thomas’ arrival in 345 A.D.; Reports by colonial officials give varying dates from 345 to 811 A.D.<ref name=Baum>Baum & Winkler, p. 53.</ref><ref name=Vadakkekara239>Vadakkekara, p. 239.</ref> Thomas is said to have been a Syrian merchant, distinct from [[Thomas the Apostle]], who preceded him in evangelizing in India. According to the traditions, Thomas of Cana led a group of 72 families, as well as clergymen, to the port city of Kodungallur in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]]. There they met and supplemented the Saint Thomas Christians, who had been evangelized by Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. {{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}}

Thomas was granted a [[copper-plate grant]] by the [[Chera Dynasty]] which gave his party and all native Christians socio-economic privileges. The [[Thomas of Cana copper plates]] are noted to have existed in Kerala until the 17th century, after which point they were lost. The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Kollam Syrian plates]] of the 9th century historically mentioned a brief of the arrival of Knai Thoma. This is believed to have been a notation of the previous rights given to the Kerala Syrian Christians.<ref name=Neill42/> {{sfn|King|2018|pp=663-679}}{{sfn|Vellian|1986|pp=54–55}}

Scholars state the arrival of Thomas of Cana reflects a historical migration of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] Christians to India. This may have been the era in which the region's relationship with the [[Church of the East]] developed. [[Stephen Neill]] suggests that East Syriac Christians may have come to India specifically because there was already an established Christian community, to whom they imparted East Syriac traditions.<ref name="Neill, pp. 42–43"/>

Historian Dr. Benedict Vadakkekara notes that the arrival of Thoma and the Knanaya community was not only a turning point for the St. Thomas Christians, but also exhibits that the native Christians were not entirely isolated from foreign Christian centers:{{sfn|Nedungatt|2001|p=41}}

<blockquote>“Related with East Syriac Church: The spatial separateness of the St Thomas Christians from Christian centres in other lands was not in every way absolute, as at an early stage of their history they found themselves in rapport with the East Syriac Church. Neither their traditions nor their posterior documents exhibit any sign of constraint or bad blood occasioned by such a relationship. On the other hand everything goes to show that it was a happy working arrangement. Their being in dire straits early on in their history and the arrival on the scene of the progenitors of the present-day "Southists" as benefactors, appears to coincide with the Community's acceptance of fellowship with the East Syriac Church.”{{sfn|Nedungatt|2001|p=41}}</blockquote>

====Syrian Christian Township at Kodungallur====
Through his copper plate grant, Thoma is noted to have acquired for the Christians land in Kodungallur upon which three churches dedicated to St. Mary, St. Thomas, and St. Kuriakose were built. It is noted that the native St. Thomas Christians had inhabited the northern side of Kodungallur centuries before the arrival of Thoma, while the Knanaya arrived and inhabited the southern side.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}}

Evidence of this township first emerged in the 14th century, when Zacharias, a young deacon of St. Kuriakose Church wrote a summary of the Church of Malabar and its relationship to the [[Church of the East]] archived today as ''Vatican Syrian Codex 22'', the oldest surviving Syriac manuscript from India. {{sfn|Hatch|2012|p=226}}

Subsequent sources of the township are exhibited in 16th-17th century Portuguese records. In 1578, missionary Francisco Dionisio noted that the St. Thomas Church built by Knai Thoma was still in existence and was currently in the possession of the Portuguese:

<blockquote>"After that came a Christian by name Quinai Thoma, native of Babylon, a merchant, who disembarked at Cranganor and began negotiating his merchandise. Being rich and known in the country, he became a friend of the King of Cranganor who gave him a plot of land of 500 square yards to build a Church in honour of St. Thomas, which is the one the Portuguese now have." - Francisco Dionisio (1578), ''Amario Jesuitico, cod. 28, ff.34-38''{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=22}}</blockquote>

Decades later in 1604, Francisco Ros, a Catholic bishop in Kerala, noted that he had read in old Chaldean texts in Kerala about the existence of the three churches of Kodungallur built by Knai Thoma:

<blockquote>..."I found written at the end how the said book was made and written at Cranganore, where it says there were three churches, one of St. Thomas, another of Our Lady, and another of St. Cyriac" - Francisco Ros (1604), ''MS. ADD. 9853.'' British Museum Library{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=22}}</blockquote>

====Northist and Southist====
[[File:Knanaya in Ceremonial Attire.jpg|thumb|Knanaya in Ceremonial Attire 1924]]
A number of Portuguese authors noted the existing ethnic division of the Syrian Christians of Kerala as the majority St. Thomas Christians or ''Vadakkumbhagar'' (Northist) and the minority Knanaya or ''Thekkumbhagar'' (Southist). These designations traditionally associate the Northist as early converts of St. Thomas the Apostle in India and the Southist as the migrants who arrived with Thomas of Cana. Additionally, the designations are in reference to the Chera Empire's capital city of Kodungallur: the Thomas Christians having initially lived on its northern side and the Knanaya having arrived and settled on its southern side. {{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=0-1}}{{sfn|Malekandathil|2003|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Podipara|1971|p=2}}{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}} The ''Oxford History of the Christian Church'' states the following about the division:
<blockquote>"In time, Jewish Christians of the most exclusive communities descended from settlers who accompanied Knayil Thomma (Kanayi) became known as ‘Southists’ (Tekkumbha ̄gar)...They distinguished between themselves and ‘Northists’ (Vatakkumbha ̄gar). The ‘Northists’, on the other hand, claimed direct descent from the very oldest Christians of the country, those who had been won to Christ by the Apostle Thomas himself. They had already long inhabited northern parts of Kodungallur. They had been there even before various waves of newcomers had arrived from the Babylonian or Mesopotamian provinces of Sassanian Persia."

- Historian of South Asian Studies Dr. Robert E. Frykenberg (2010){{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}}</blockquote>

Some Portuguese authors also associated the division of Northist and Southist to the two wives of Thomas of Cana. These versions generally present the Southern wife as a Syrian woman and the Northern as a native St. Thomas Christian woman. Additionally they portray one wife as superior and the other inferior and their children as legitimate or illegitimate. In 1579, Fr. Antonio Monserratte, a missionary in Kerala wrote that the stories associated with the two-wives legend were the “lie of the land”. {{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=0-1}} In 1611, Archbishop Francisco Ros, a Latin Catholic clergymen in Kerala, called the two-wives legend a "fable" and instead accounts the division to some Christians descending from the missionary work of St. Thomas the Apostle and others from Knai Thoma. {{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-20}}

Syrian Christian scholars generally view the two-wives stories as odious, stating that they emerged due to ethnic and or socio-economic tension between the St. Thomas Christians and the Knanaya.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=0-1}}{{sfn|Malekandathil|2003|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|Mundadan|1970|p=97}} Scholar Dr. Mathias Mundadan expresses the following about the two-wives legend:

<blockquote> “Other details of each version and the reciprocal imputations as legitimate and illegitimate children of Thomas Cana might have been invented to express the odium and hatred each community bore against the other”

- ''Sixteenth Century Traditions of St. Thomas Christians'' (Mundadan, 1970){{sfn|Mundadan|1970|p=97}} </blockquote>

===16th century===
Written accounts of Knai Thoma date to the [[Portuguese India|India's Portuguese period]].<ref name=Baum>Baum & Winkler, p. 53.</ref>

'''Alvarado Penteado''': In 1518, the Portuguese missionary Alvaro Penteado wrote a letter to the King of Portugal describing the traditions and origins of the Christians of Kerala. After giving an account of the arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle to India, Penteado notes that the Christians of Kodungallur descend from two quarrelling sons of an "Armenian" merchant, hinting at the ethnic division of the Christian community as Northist and Southist. Penteado notes that Knai Thoma made his first son the "patron and inheritor" of his lands and incomes while he made his second son the "administrator of justice" to the pagan men and women whom he had converted to Christianity. Furthermore Penteado expresses that the Christians of Quilon (Kollam) do not descend from the merchant. Penteado's account is archived as CVR. No. 164. at Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

'''Mar Jacob Abuna''': In 1525, Mar Jacob Abuna, a Chaldean bishop in Kerala, wrote a letter to the King of Portugal requesting his aid after Kodungallur had been destroyed during a battle between the Kingdom of Kochi and the Kingdom of Kozhikode in 1524. Mar Jacob notes that the Christians were in an impoverished position and that there churches and homes had been burnt down. Abuna states that the Christians have a copper plate grant (the Thomas of Cana copper plates) which gave them "power to pronounce sentence of death and all other rights". Abuna's letter is archived as ''ANTT -CVR. No. 99'', later published by Fr. Silva Rego in the text ''Documentao India II'' (1949). {{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

'''Abuna''': In 1533 Portuguese King John III ordered thirteen witnesses to give testimony on the tomb of St. Thomas the Apostle in Mylapore, India. Among the witnesses was a Chaldean bishop known by his title of ''Abuna''. After giving an account on the arrival and martyrdom of St. Thomas in India, Abuna mentions the arrival of the merchant "Thomas Canane". He states that Thomas Canane went to Kodungallur and bought land there upon which he built a church, which Abuna states is "still standing" today. Furthermore, Abuna notes that Thomas Canane died from an illness and was buried at Kodungallur. Abuna's testimony is preserved at Archivum Romanum Societas Iesu as document ''Goa 31, ff.18-19.''{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

'''Damio De Goes''': In 1566, Portuguese official Damiao De Goes recounts the information given to him by treasurer of the Portuguese Depot of Cochin Pero De Sequeira on the Thomas of Cana copper plate grant. De Sequeria states that the copper plates were in the possession of Mar Jacob Abuna who had pawned them for twenty crusados due to the poverty felt by the Christians of Kodungallur after its destruction in 1524. De Sequeria states that he had befriended Mar Jacob, whom on his deathbed, requested that he retrieve the plates for him. De Sequeria sent his servant and a priest of Mar Jacob with money to reacquire the copper plate grant. After retrieving the plates, De Sequeria gave the plates to the Portuguese governor of India [[Martim Afonso de Sousa]] who ordered their contents translated. According to De Goes document the Thomas of Cana copper plates composed of two plates strung together with a thick copper wire and were written in the three languages of "Chaldean, Malabar, and Arabic". The account of De Goes is published in the text ''Cronica do Felicissmo Rei D. Manuel'' (1566).{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

'''Fr. Francisco Dionisio''': In 1578 Fr. Francisco Dionisio, a Jesuit missionary, wrote a report to his superior documented as "On the Christians of St. Thomas". On the tradition of origin of the Christians of Kerala, Dionisio notes that St. Thomas the Apostle arrived to Kerala and converted many to the faith. Dionisio states that this tradition is accepted by both the Christians as well as the "Pagans" of Kerala. Dionisio notes that after St. Thomas, two Syrian Bishops by the names of Mar Sapor and Mar Proth arrived to Kollam. After Mar Sapor and Mar Proth, Dionisio expresses that the merchant "Quinai Thoma" arrived to Kerala and helped the dwindling Church to prosper and grow. Dionisio affirms that knowledge of Knai Thoma is known due to "a sheet of iron which the Portuguese found in the possession of these Christians". Scholar [[Istvan Perczel]] tentatively supports Dionisio's claim that Knai Thoma came after Mar Sapor and Proth.<ref>{{cite book|last= Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel|title=Syriac Christianity in India, The Syriac World|editor=Daniel King|isbn=9781317482116|year=2018 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Christian tradition in Kerala however is not concordant with Dioniso, stating instead that Knai Thoma arrived before bishops Sapor and Proth. Francisco Dionisio's report is archived as ''Amario Jesuitico, cod. 28, ff.34-38'', later published by Fr. Wicki SJ in the text ''Documenta Indica Vol XII''{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

'''Fr. Antonio Monserratte''': In 1579, Fr. Antonio Monseratte, a missionary in Kerala wrote a report on the St. Thomas Christians. On the ethnic division of the Christians, Monseratte notes that some Christians claim descent from St. Thomas the Apostle while others descend from Mar Thoma the Syrian (Thomas of Cana):

<blockquote>“My chief occupation has been with the Christians of Sierra, who commonly call themselve of St. Thomas. As regards the origin of these Christians, there are two opinions: one is that all are descended from the disciples of the Apostle St. Thomas: others say only from one Mar Thoma the Syrian. This word Mar is in Chaldean design of honour, and means the same as don and Saint in Spanish, and the Syrians use this word Mar in both meanings: for they call St. Thomas Mar Thoma and [they use it] for any honourable and noble person, Mar Jacob, Don Diego. {{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}</blockquote>

Monseratte expresses his opinion that the Christians of Kerala not only descend from St. Thomas the Apostle and Knai Thoma but also [[Nairs]] who regularly converted to Christianity. On Knai Thoma's arrival, Monserratte expresses that the merchant had found the St. Thomas Christians in India who were in a deprecated position. Monseratte states that Knai Thoma made his seat in Kodgunallur and had two wives, one free and the other a slave woman.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Furthermore, Monseratte notes that Christians of India adopted the Syrian tradition because of Knai Thoma and expresses the importance they give to him:

<blockquote>"...Hence it happened that these Christians took the rite and customs of the Syrian Church, because this Quinai Thoma procured that Bishops might come from his country, for whom these peo¬ple have great respect for three reasons:

1. Because in them they recognize the nation and caste of their ancestor;

2. Because they have heard that Christ our Lord spoke Syrian as it was spoken in Jerusalem after the captivity of Babylon; and

3. Because most the Bishops and Priests (whom they call caxija in Syriac) come from these parts through Jerusalem."</blockquote>

Monseratte's report is archived as ''ARSI, Goa 12 II, ff. 521-524'', later published by Fr. Joseph Wicki in the text ''Documenta Indica XI'' (1970).{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

===17th century===
'''Fr. Antonio De Gouvea''':In 1602-1603, Augustinian priest Fr. [[Antonio de Gouvea|Antonio De Gouvea]] visited Kerala and took upon the role of secretary to Archbishop Alexio De Menezes of Goa. Gouvea recorded the journey of the Archbishop in India and documented information on the Christians of Kerala. Gouvea noted that Knai Thoma was an "Armenian" merchant who was also called "Marthoma" or Lord Thomas by the Christians of Kerala and that he procured for them privileges in the form of his copper plate grant.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Gouvea gives information on the plates and states that they were entrusted to the Portuguese by Mar Jacob in the following citation:

<blockquote>"As he (Thomas of Cana) was noble and rich, and carried on a great trade, he was shown much favour and hospitality by the king of Cranganor, who, as we saw above, was the most powerful of Malavar. From him he received many privileges and honours for the Christians among whom he lived, and a very spacious ground where to found a big Church, in keeping with the founder's power and wealth, all which he caused to write on copper-plates. One Mar Jacob,
Bishop of these Christians, fearing they might be lost, entrusted them to the Factor of Cochin when the Portuguese made the factory there, in order that, when necessary to them, the Christians might from there make use of them, and they were for many years in the factory, to be kept in the house, until through carelessness they disappeared, which these Christians greatly chafe at, not having writings whereby to defend themselves before the infidel kings..."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} </blockquote>

Gouvea also writes on the ethnic division of the St. Thomas Christians into Northist and Southist (Knanaya). Gouvea states that because Knai Thoma was powerful and had businesses in many parts of Malabar he had two wives and families, one on the northern side of Kodungallur and the other on the southern. According to Gouvea, Knai Thoma had his own wife and children on the southern side while on the northern side he had a family from a Nayar woman converted Christian as slave. Furthermore, Gouvea notes that Northist and Southist did not ally in marriage and that they had separate churches and priests.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Gouvea explains the division further in the following citation:

<blockquote>"This Marthoma who received these last mentioned privileges lived among these same Christians, and as he was very powerful and carried on trade and business in many parts of Malabar, had for this purpose two houses and families, one on the southern side of Cranganor and the other on the northern side. On the southern side he had his own wife and children: on the northern side he had a Nair woman converted Christian as slave, from whom also he had children. At his death he divided his possession among all; leaving to the legitimate children all that he had on the southern side, and to the bastards his possessions on the northern side. With that each remained in places of one's own inheritance, and all of them marrying began to multiply such a way that the descendants of the legitimate children settled in Cranganor, Kaduthuruthy, Kottayam, Diamper and other places; and the bastards multiplied themselves in other parts. Thus the Christianity began growing with the descendance and family of Thomas Cana; but with this growth, developed a discord among the descendants of the legitimate children and those who had marriage alliance with them, and those (the descendants) of the bastards, which continues until today, considering the ones being legitimate to be more honorable than the others. Hence, they do not tolerate to ally oneself with the others by marriages, nor even to continue in the church of the others; nor to have in ones churches priests belonging to the caste of the others. As in the course of the time they multiplied very much by marriage and alliances, all the Christians of Malabar happened to be descendants of the ones or of the others, and so the whole Christianity (Church) is divided into these two sides, except those of Travancore and Thodamala where they did not go..."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} </blockquote>

Antonio De Gouvea's account is archived in his published work ''Jornada do Arcebispo de Goa Dom Frey Aleyxo de Menezes'' (1604).{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

'''Archbishop Francisco Ros''': In 1585, the Jesuit missionary [[Francisco Ros]] arrived to Kerala and learned Malayalam as well as Syriac, later becoming a professor of Syriac at Vaipicotta Seminary. Ros was elevated as Archbishop of Angamaly (the See of the St. Thomas Christians) in 1600 by the King of Portugal. In 1604 he wrote a long report on the history and traditions of the Christians of Kerala. Ros called Knai Thoma "Thomas Cananeo" a rich "Armenian" merchant native to Babylon. Ros writes that before the coming of Knai Thoma there existed in India the St. Thomas Christians who had come to Kerala from Mylapore the shrine of St. Thomas the Apostle in India. Ros more clearly explains the ethnic division of the Christians of Kerala by stating that the Southist (Knanaya) are also St. Thomas Christians but are a minority known as the "Thomas Cananeo Party" and the Northist are descended from the older native St. Thomas Christians.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Ros states that the Knanaya avoided marriage with other St. Thomas Christians and had their own churches at Udiamperor, Carturte (Kaduthuruthy), Cotete (Kottayam), and Turigure (Thodpuzha/Chunkom):

<blockquote>"So that, already long before the coming of Thomas Cananeo, there were St. Thomas Christians in this Malavar, who had come from Mailapur, the town of St. Thomas. And the chief families are four in number: Cotur, Catanal, Onamturte, Narimaten, which are known among all these Christians, who became multiplied and extended through the whole of this Malavar, also adding to themselves some of the gentios who would convert themselves. However, the descendants of Thomas Cananeo always remained above them without wishing to marry or to mix with these other Christians...Whence there arose between the St. Thomas Christians and the others great discord, and there were anciently among them great disputes: wherefore at Carturte and Cotete it was necessary to make different Churches, each party keeping aloof from the other. And those of the Thomas Caneneo party went in one Church, and the others in the other. And last year, 1603, the same was the cause of the quarrels between those of Udiamper and Candanada, each one holding out for his party. And it is wonderful to see the aversion which one party has for the other, without being able to forget their antiquities and the fables they have in this matter. The St. Thomas Christians descending from Thomas Caneneo are few. They are at Udiamper, and at the great Church of Carturte and at the great Church of Cotete, and at Turigure.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} </blockquote>

Additionally, Ros states that "Thomas Cananeo" arrived in 345 C.E. and received a copper plate grant along with 264 elephant cubits of land from the Chera Perumal who reigned "more than one thousand two hundred years ago". Ros notes that seventy-two houses, a church dedicated to St. Thomas, and a bazaar were built on the land Thoma acquired from the Perumal. Furthermore, Ros expresses that the manner of reckoning (calendar system) used during the granting of the Thomas of Cana copper plates is long lost because for the last 779 years the inhabitants of Kerala have been using the ''Coulao'' Era or Kollam calendar (Kollavarsham). Ros states that the "copper original" of the plates were taken to Portugal by the Religious of St. Francis, who only left a copy of the plates in Kerala.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Ros gives the following summarized account of the copper plate grant:

<blockquote>"Before the full moon, the same king Coquarangon being in Carnelur, there arrived in a ship Thomas Caneneo, a chief man, who had resolved to see the uttermost part of the East, and some men, seeing him as he arrived, went to inform the king. And the king himself came and saw and called said chief man Thomas and he disembarked and came before the king who spoke graciously to him; and to honor him he gave him in surname his own name, calling him Coquarangon Caneneo. And he received this honor from the king and went to rest in his place. And the king gave him the city of Magoderpatanam forever. And the said king, being in his great prosperity, went one day to hunt in the forest, and the same king surrounded the whole forest and he called in haste for Thomas, who came and stood before the king in a lucky hour, and the king questioned the soothsayer. And the king afterwards spoke to Thomas saying that he would build a city in that forest. And he answered to the king first making reverence and said: "I desire this forest for myself". And the king granted it to him and gave it forever. And at once, the next day he cleared the forest and cast his eyes on it in the same year, on the eleventh of April, and gave it as an inheritance to Thomas at the time and day aforesaid, in the King's name, who laid the first brick for the church and for the house of Thomas Caneneo, and made there a city for all (of them) and entered the church and there made prayer the same day. After these things, Thomas himself went to the king's palaces and offered him presents, and afterwards he asked the king to give that land to him and to his descendants; and he measured two hundred and sixty-four elephant cubits, and gave them to Thomas and his descendants for ever: and the same time seventy-two houses which immediately were erected there, and gardens, and trees with their enclosures, and with their paths and boundaries and inner yards. And he granted him seven kinds of musical instruments, and all the honors, and to speak and walk like a king and that at the weddings the women might give a certain signal with their finger to their mouth, and he granted him distinct weight, and to adorn the ground with cloths, and he granted them royal fans and to double the sandal (mark) on the arm, and a tent and a royal canopy in every part of the kingdom for ever, and besides five tributes to Thomas, and to his lineage, and to his confederates, for men, and for women, and for all his relatives, and to the children of his law for ever. The said king gave it in his name"

Witnesses:

{{bulleted list|Condaxeril Canden|Cherucaraprota Chaten (The King's Chief Door-Keeper)|Areunden Conden (The King's Councillor)|Amenate Counden Guerulen (Captain of the Army)|Chirumalaprota Tirivicramen Comeren (Councillor of the East Side of Malabar)|Peruala Ata Aditen (Singer of the King)|Perubalanata Cottoeoude (Guard of the Kings Port)|Bichremen Chinguende Carturte (King's Chamberlain)|Araniperumoouil (Scribe of the King)}}{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} </blockquote>

[[File:Diogo do Couto.png|thumb|Historian Diogo do Couto]]
'''Diogo Do Couto''': Serving as the official historian and keeper of archives of Portuguese India, [[Diogo do Couto|Diogo Do Couto]] spent over 50 years of his life in Kerala. In 1611, Do Couto wrote on the history and traditions of the Syrian Christians of Kerala. Do Couto notes that Thomas Cananeo was an "Armenian" merchant who arrived to Kodungallur in the year 811 C.E., acquired copper plates and built three churches dedicated to St. Mary, St. Thomas, and St. Kuriakose. Do Couto states that he had witnessed the plates first hand at the Portuguese factory of Cochin and notes their later disappearance as well. Additionally Do Couto notes that knowledge on Knai Thoma is also known from old Chaldean books in the possession of the Christians of Kerala.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}

On the division of the Christians, Do Couto states that the Knanaya are descended from Thomas Cananeo and the people who came with him. Do Couto further notes that the Knanites had primary settlements at Diamper (Udiamperoor), Kottayam, and Kaduthuruthy. Do Couto also states that after the arrival of Knai Thoma, came the two Syrian bishops Mar Sapor and Mar Proth who arrived at Kollam.{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} Do Couto's account:

<blockquote>"From the people who had come with him proceed the Christians of Diamper, Kottayam and Kaduthuruthy, who without doubt are Armenians by caste, and their sons too: the same, because they had brought their wives; and afterwards those who descended from them married in the land, and in the course of time they all became Malabarians. The kingdoms in which these Christians of St. Thomas are found today are the following: In the kingdom of the Malabar, 26 leagues from the country of Madure; in the kingdom of Turubuli (Thodupuzha?) its neighbour; in the kingdom Maota; in the kingdom of Batimena; in the kingdom of Travancor; in the kingdom of Diamper; in the kingdom of Pepper (Kaduthuruthy); in the kingdom of Tecancutes; in the kingdom of Parur; and finally in the kingdom of Kottayam.

All these Christians, after the Catholic prelates who came to them from the city of Edessa had died, lived many hundreds of years in the same faith which their fathers and grandfathers had taught them until about A. D. 730 before Thomas Cananeo arrived there. And a few years after the foundation of the city of Quilon, (from this foundation, as I said already, the Malabar count their era, and in this year of 1611 as I write this is the year 722 from its foundation, and therefore according to our count that city began to be in the year 899), came two Chaldeans from Babylonia called Mar Xabio and Mar Prod..."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}} </blockquote>

===18th century===
In 1720, Veticutel Mathai Kathanar, a Syrian Jacobite priest, wrote a short history of the Church of Malabar. Fr. Mathai's account is unique due to the fact that unlike previous European sources, Mathai's source is the first native document accounting the history of the Christians of Kerala. Mathai gives a traditional account mentioning the arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle, then Knai Thoma and the people who came with him, and finally the bishops Sapor and Proth to the city of Kollam. On Knai Thoma's arrival Veticutel expresses that he arrived in the year 345 and gave following traditional account regarding his journey:{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-20}}

<blockquote>"...At the same time, a vision appeared by night to the metropolitan of Edessa. He arose in the morning and went to the Catholicos of the East, and told him of the vision which he had seen. When the Catholicos had heard it, he sent messengers to all the churches and monasteries and cities of the diocese and called the people to his presence And when many flocks had met with their bishops and merchants, he related to them what the Bishop had seen, and they spoke together. Then one of them
arose, to wit a merchant called Thomas of Jerusalem, who answered sayiag : “Behold, i have now heard a report about Malabar and India from foreign countries and men." The Catholicos, hearing his answer, rose from his seat, went to him, embraced him lovingly, and thus addressed him: “I entreat thee, my very dear son, to go to Malabar, to visit the inhabitants of the country, and to tell me what has befallen them.” Accordingly, that occasion offering, Thomas of Jerusalem set out for Malabar, and coming to Moljomkare, he saw the Thomas Christians; and they were mutually pleased, the Christians telling him about their affairs - which when Thomas had heard, he gave them courage and exhorted them with kind words; and straightway he embarked and returned to his country. Back in his country, he went to the Catholicos and said to him: "Lo! I have seen with my eyes the Thomas Christians, and we spoke together and were mutually pleased. I teft them hopeful and returned." The Catholicos, hearing these words, answered thus: "Although I am ready to lay down my life for them, I ask you to be pleased to tell me what those children of mine most wish me to do." Then he stated to the Catholicos what the Malabar brethren desired. Therefore, not long after, yea in those very days, with the help of the adorable God and by order of the Catholicos of the East, Thomas of Jerusalem, the merchant, went forth again, and with him the Bishop who had seen the vision, and at the same time presbyters and beacons and also men and women, young men and maidens, from Jerusalem and Bagdad and Ninive, and they entered a ship and left for Malabar, where they landed at Moljomkare in the year 345 of the Lord."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=44-45}}</blockquote>

In his traditional account Fr. Mathai Veticutel also notes the ethnic division of the Christians of Kerala by stating that the migrants and the native St. Thomas Christians inhabited two distinct sides of Kodungallur:{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-20}}

<blockquote>...The Malabars at once recognised them, and they came together for advice to the brethren who had arrived, which done, they went to Serkun, the king of the whole of Malabar, and presented him with gifts. And the king was pleased with them (the gifts) and said to them “I shall give you whatever you ask of me.” And he gave them the land which they desired, a very long and very broad piece of ground; besides he granted them all the royal honours' which were written on copper-plates. Lo! these plates are preserved among us to this day. Having received all this from the king, they returned to Moljomkare to build a church and town And they built a church in the country of Kuramaklur which they had received in gift from the king, and there they erected a town of 472 houses from east to west on both sides, and they duly inhabited it. Now, in those days and subsequently, Syrian Fathers used to come by order of the Catholicos of the East, and they took care of the district of India and Malabar, while the Syrians spread from that town."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=44-45}}</blockquote>[[Niranam Grandhavari]], the first book of history in Malayalam, which is widely speculated to have been written in reference to uninterrupted chronicles kept by the Archdeacons of Malankara until 1653, gives this account of the legend of Knai Thoma:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Kurian |url=https://archive.org/details/thesisdrmkurianthomas/page/n59/ |title=The Identity Question of Malankara Nazaranies; A Study Based on 'Niranam Grandhavari' 1708 -1815 / Dr M Kurian Thomas |date=2005 |publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |pages=7}}</ref><blockquote>In 345, Saint Thomas was seen , in the dream of the bishop of Uraha. According to that, as per the orders of the Patriarch of Antioch , sent Mar Joseph Episcopa, priests, deacons, men, women, and children along with Thomas of Kana since the baptism and marriage was administered in Malayalam by elders due to the lack of priests. They came and settled at Malayalam. 65 From these legends, the following are to be derived.</blockquote>[[File:Mar Yawsep Kariattil.jpg|thumb|Mar Ousep Cariattil]]

In the 18th century (1782), [[Kariattil Ousep|Mar Ousep Cariattil]], Northist priest and leader of the Kerala Syrian Catholics, wrote a short history of the Malabar Church in which he included the arrival of Knai Thoma. Cariattil notes the importance given to the migration of Knai Thoma and his party by the Native Christians of St. Thomas in their traditions:{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-20}}

<blockquote>"Those known as the Christians of St. Thomas in Malabar had preserved from the year 52 of the popular era for seven entire centuries. After that failing the succession of Bishops, began a decadence of Religion. However this defect was remedied by a rich and liberal merchant and Zealous catholic, Knai Thoma, who returning in haste to Babylonia, his native country, brought with him a bishop and two priests of laudable behavior and great learning in Syriac and Chaldean, which are the languages of the Rite of the people of Malabar, They worked with great zeal, and very soon they made the ancient virtues and fervor of Christian religion reflourish. These (as the first apostles) helped the nation in everything pertaining to ecclesiastical discipline and sciences. And therefore the Nation always considered the Babylonians as their benefactors. In these circumstances due to the want of natives, during the following centuries the Bishops from Babylonia governed the churches with no vested interest, they being, as we said, of the same Rite"{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-20}}</blockquote>

==Sainthood==
In the 17th century, several Portuguese officials noted that the Christians of Kerala viewed Knai Thoma as a saint. In 1604, Archbishop Franciso Ros gave the following account:

<blockquote>"...I found moreover the name of the said Thomas Cananeo among the names of the Saints which the Deacon names in the Mass; and it was said of him that he gave a large sum of money to the king of Malabar to buy that ground of Cranganor."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}</blockquote>

In 1611, Historian Diogo Do Couto also noted that Knai Thoma was revered as a saint by the native Christians in the following record:

<blockquote>"...The first Church which the Holy Apostle built was in Patanam, which having been destroyed in many great wars at that time, was rebuilt by Thomas Cananeo and later was transferred to Parur, as we have said. The second church which this Cananeo built, as we have already said, was in Cranganor; and for this deed these Christians had placed him in the catalogue of their saints, and were praying to him."{{sfn|Vellian|1986|p=18-25}}</blockquote>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book |title= The Church of the East: A Concise History |last= Baum|first= Wilhelm |author2=Dietmar W. Winkler |year= 2003 |publisher= Routledge|isbn= 0-415-29770-2|page= 52 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yt0X840SjpEC|access-date= 8 June 2012}}
*{{cite book|first=Ernst |last=Fahlbusch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Knanaya&pg=PR1 |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity: Volume 5 |page=286 |isbn=9780802824172 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|Eerdmans]] |date=2008}}
*{{cite book|first=Robert |last=Frykenberg|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199575831|date=2010}}
*{{cite book| title= An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts|first= William|last= Hatch|publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-4632-3315-0|year=2012}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Daniel|year=2018|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge Press|isbn= 9781138899018 }}
* {{cite book |last= Kollaparambil|first= Jacob|date= 1992|title= The Babylonian origin of the Southists among the St. Thomas Christians|publisher= Pontifical Oriental Institute |isbn= 8872102898}}
*{{cite book|last=Malekandathil|first=Pius|title=Jornada of D. Alexis Menezes: A Portuguese Account of the Sixteenth Century Malabar|year=2003|publisher=LRC Publications|isbn=81-88979-00-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Mundadan|first= Mathias|year=1970|title= Sixteenth Century Traditions of St. Thomas Christians|publisher=Dharmaram College}}
* {{cite book | last=Narayanan|first= M.G.S|year=2018|title= Perumals of Kerala|publisher= Cosmo Books|isbn= 978-8193368329 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Nedungatt|first=George|title= The Synod of Diamper Revisisted|year=2001|publisher=Pontificio Istituto Orientale|isbn=8872103312}}
* {{Cite book |title= A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |last= Neill|first= Stephen|author-link= Stephen Neill|year= 2004 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 0-521-54885-3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC|access-date=8 June 2012}}
* {{cite book | last=Podipara |first= Placid|year=1971|title= The Varthamanappusthakam|publisher= Pontifical Oriental Institute|isbn= 978-81-2645-152-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1= Swiderski |first1= Richard Michael |year= 1988 |title= Northists and Southists: A Folklore of Kerala Christians |journal= Asian Folklore Studies |volume= 47 |issue= 1 |pages= 73–92 |publisher= [[Nanzan University]] |jstor= 1178253 |doi= 10.2307/1178253 }}
*{{cite book |last=Thomas|first=Sonja|year=2018|title=Privileged Minorities:Syrian Christianity, Gender, and Minority Rights in Postcolonial India|publisher=University of Washington Press|pages=4}}
* {{cite book |title= Blood Weddings: The Knanaya Christians of Kerala|last= Swiderski |first= Richard Michael |year= 1988 |publisher= New Era |location= Madras |isbn= 9780836424546 |access-date=8 June 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUIaAAAAIAAJ&q=etymology}}
* {{cite book | last=Vellian |first= Jacob|year=1986|title= Symposium on Knanites|series= Syrian Church Series |volume=12|publisher= Jyothi Book House|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3PIMGwAACAAJ }}
* {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}}

{{commons category-inline|Knai Thomman}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomman, Knai}}
[[Category:Knanaya people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Cana]]
[[Category:Syriac Orthodox Church saints]]
[[Category:Church of the East in India]]
[[Category:Christians in the Sasanian Empire]]

Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri

2026-02-27T06:08:37Z

NoraBillings: starting the stub from scratch...

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (b. 1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scholar
|title =
|honorific_prefix = {{small|[[Maulana]]}}
|name= Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1971|03|10}}
|birth_place = [[Mubarakpur, Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India
|birth_name = Muhammad Arif
|occupation = Islamic scholar, licentiate, translator, and writer
|alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list|Ehyaul Uloom Mubarakpur|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|[[Islamic University of Madinah]]|[[King Saud University]]}}
|main_interests = [[Tafsir]], [[Hadith studies]], [[Fiqh]], [[Islamic History]], [[Arabic literature]], [[Urdu literature]]
|awards =
| education = [[Dars-e-Nizami|Aalimiyyah]], [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]], [[Postgraduate diploma]]
| academic_advisors =
| notable_works = ''Al-Mu'tasar Min Āthār as-Sunan'' (Hadith study), ''Badīhiyyāt e Quran e Karīm'' (Quran study), ''Mausoo'a-tu-Ulama-i-Deoband'' (Biography), ''Mausoo'a-tu-Ulama-i-Deoband'' (Biography), ''Al-Imām Muhammad Qasmi An-Nanawtawi Kama Ra’aituhu'' (translation)
| students =
}}
'''Muhammad Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri''' (born 10 March 1971), is an Indian Islamic scholar and Arabic and Urdu language writer. He is a professor of Arabic language and literature at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He is the current Editor-in-Chief of Arabic monthly, [[Al-Daie]].

Mubarakpuri is an alumnus of Ehyaul Uloom Mubarakpur, Darul Uloom Deoband, the [[Islamic University of Madinah]], and [[King Saud University]]. His books include ''Al-Mu'tasar Min Āthār as-Sunan'', ''Badīhiyyāt e Quran e Karīm'', ''Mausoo'a-tu-Ulama-i-Deoband'', and ''Al-Imām Muhammad Qasmi An-Nanawtawi Kama Ra’aituhu''.

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri was born on 10 March 1971 in [[Mubarakpur, Azamgarh]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="PhD thesis">{{Cite thesis
|last=Rahman
|first=Obaidur
|title=مساهمة علماء ديوبند في اللغة العربية وآدابها ١٨٦٧م - ٢٠١٣م|trans-title=Contribution of Olamae of Deoband to Arabic Language and Literature from 1867 to 2013
|publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Banaras Hindu University]]
|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/536377
|year=2021
|location=India
|language=ar
|hdl=10603/536377
|type=PhD
|pages=191–193
}}</ref> His father, Jameel Ahmad Qasmi Mubarakpuri (d. 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=दारुल उलूम के उस्ताद मौलाना आरिफ जमील के पिता का इंतकाल |trans-title=Death of father of Darul Uloom's professor Maulana Arif Jameel |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/saharanpur-darul-uloom-and-maulana-arif-jameel-s-father-passes-away |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>), was an alumnus of Dar Uloom Deoband, a student of [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]], and a teacher of scholars like Ijaz Ahmad Azmi, Abu Bakr Ghazipuri, and Naseem Ahmad Barabankwi.<ref name="Dā'ī">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Amini|editor1-first=Noor Alam|editor1-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini|title=The scholar, preacher, and inimitable reformer, Shaikh Jameel Ahmad Qasmi Mubarakpuri, by Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|journal= [[Al-Daie]]|date=May–June 2019| volume=43 |issue=9–10 |pages=79–92|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|location=Deoband|language=ar|quote=There are different sayings regarding the year of birth of Maulana Jameel Ahmad. His year of birth was recorded in 1941 in his passport, but he used to emphasize to his son that he was born in 1939, and as it is also proved from the records of Dar Uloom Deoband, at the time of the entrance examination, he had written the year of birth in 1939 and entered Dar Uloom Deoband. He was 18 years old in 1957. (translated into English.)}}</ref>

He completed his graduation from Jamia Arabia Ehyaul Uloom, Mubarakpur, in 1407 AH (1987 AD),<ref name="PhD thesis" /><ref name="Azami" /> and then in 1409 AH (1989 AD), he re-graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] by studying the course of Daura-e-Hadith (the last year in [[Dars-e-nizami]]).<ref name="aarif" /><ref name="Azami" /> He studied [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] with [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]].{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021|p=483}} He completed Arabic literature from there in 1410 AH (1990 AD).<ref name="PhD thesis" />

He secured the degree of [[Licentiate (degree)|Licentiate]] ({{langx|ar|الليسانس}}) in [[Sharia|Islamic law]] from the Faculty of Shariah, [[Islamic University of Madinah]], in 1414–15 AH (1994–95 AD) and did a [[Postgraduate diploma|Postgraduate Diploma]] in Teaching the Arabic Language ({{langx|ar|الدبلوم العالي في تعليم اللغة العربية}}) from [[King Saud University]], Riyadh, in 1423–24 AH (2002–3 AD).<ref name="PhD thesis" /><ref name="Azami">{{cite book |last1=Azmi |first1=Abul Hasan|title=Yaadon Ki Kehkashan|date=2019|publisher=Al-Hira’ Book Depot|location=[[Deoband]] |pages=621–624 |contribution=Maulana Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri Azmi|language=ur}}</ref>

In 1416 AH (1995 AD), he was awarded the Certificate of Excellence and Academic Excellence ({{langx|ar|شهادة التفوق و النبوغ الدراسي}}) by [[Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|the Governor of Madinah]].<ref name="Badhiyyāt">{{cite book |last1=Mubarakpuri |first1=Muhammad Arif Jameel Qasmi|title=Badīhiyyāt e Qur'ān e Karīm|date=2011|edition=1st|publisher=The Arabic Club of [[Darul Uloom Zakariyya]]|location=[[Lenasia]], [[South Africa]]|pages=29–32|chapter=Foreword by Shabbier Ahmed Saloojee|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="PhD thesis" />

== Career ==
After graduating from [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Deoband Seminary]], Mubarakpuri was an assistant teacher there from 1411 to 1412 AH (1991 to 92 AD).<ref name="Azami" /> In 1417 AH (1996 AD), he was appointed as a teacher at Darul Uloom Deoband for the first time, remaining there until 1418 AH (1997 AD).<ref name="Mubarakpuri" />

He worked as a translator at the ''Public Prosecution Portal'' (Arabic: النيابة العامة), [[Sharjah]], UAE, for about three and a half years until 1998.<ref name="PhD thesis" /> He served as a professor of hadith and Arabic literature for about five years at ''Jamia Arabia Ehyaul Uloom'', [[Mubarakpur, Azamgarh|Mubarakpur]].<ref name="Azami" /> Then again, he was appointed as a professor in 1431 AH (2010 AD) at ''Darul Uloom Deoband'' and was promoted to a high rank in 1441 AH (2020 AD).
<ref name="Khalīli">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah Khalili|author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2|title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=[[Shaikhul Hind Academy]] |edition=3rd|date= October 2020 |location=India |pages=768, 776|language=ur|oclc=1345466013}}</ref><ref name="Azami" /><ref name="PhD thesis" />

He is an Arabic and Urdu writer and a notable student of [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]]. His articles continue to be published in famous Arabic and Urdu journals like Al-Baath Al-Islami, [[Al-Daie]], [[Monthly Darul Uloom|Darul Uloom]], and Ma'arif Azamgarh.<ref name="Mubarakpuri" />

In [[Jumada al-Ula]] 1435 AH (June 2014 AD), he was appointed as an associate editor for Al-Daie on the recommendation of his teacher and editor of Al-Daie, Amini.<ref name="Khalīli" /><ref name="Nāyāb">{{cite book |last1=Hasan|first1=Nayab|title= Ek Shakhs Dilruba Sa|trans-title=A beloved person|publisher=Markazi Publications|location= [[New Delhi]] |pages=149, 254 |edition=1st|date=2022 |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Dā'ī2" /> After Amini's demise, the advisory committee of Darul Uloom Deoband promoted him from associate editor to Editor-in-Chief of Al-Daie.<ref name="aarif">{{Cite web|url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-arif-jameel-mubarakpuri-al-dai-k-mudeere-ala-banaye-gaye/|title=Maulana Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri was appointed as the editor-in-chief of Darul Uloom Deoband's Arabic magazine, 'Al-Daie'.|date=6 October 2021|access-date=6 January 2024|website=qindeelonline.com|publisher=Qindeel News Desk}}</ref><ref name="Nāyāb" />

He is translating ''[[Tafseer-e-Usmani]]'' by [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]] in installments through Al-Daie's column, ''Al-Fikr al-Islami''.<ref name="mirror">{{Cite web|url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/tribute-to-sheikh-noor-alam-khalil-amini-the-chief-editor-of-arabic-monthly-al-daie/|title=Tribute to Sheikh Noor Alam Khalil Amini, the chief editor of Arabic monthly, Al-Daie|last=Dawood|first=Khursheed Alam|date=11 June 2021 |access-date=6 January 2024|website=[[Muslim Mirror]]|language=en}}</ref> By appointment of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]], he translated about 4000 pages of the [[Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence]] into Urdu.<ref name="Azami" /><ref name="PhD thesis" /> On Amini's advice, he started the Arabic translation of [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]]'s Urdu version of the [[History of Darul Uloom Deoband]], which is still in progress.<ref name="Dā'ī2">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Qasmi Mubarakpuri|editor1-first=Muhammad Arif Jameel|title=الشيخ نور عالم خليل الأميني باقٍ حبُّه في القلوب مابَقِيَ الليلُ والنهارُ|trans-title=Sheikh Noor Alam Khalil Amini's love remains as long as night and day|journal=Al-Daie|date=August–November 2021|volume=46 |issue=1–3 |pages=44|publisher=Darul Uloom Deoband|location=Deoband|quote=In the year 1430 AH (2010 AD), I was appointed as a teacher at Darul Ulum Deoband in the Arabic Language Department, and it was an opportunity to benefit from it. He ([[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]]) assigned me to Arabize the book “The History of Darul Ulum Deoband” by the scholar [[Syed Mehboob Rizwi]], and I had previously translated his own book “The Companions and Their Place in Islam” ({{langx|ar|الصحابة ومكانتهم في الاسلام}}) in the Arabic language at his request. He praised my work and encouraged me to continue my translation work. This was due to his keenness to transfer the works of the great scholars and sheikhs of Deoband into the Arabic language so that our Arab brothers could read them. (Translated into English from Arabic.)|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="aarif" />

== Literary works ==
The following books are included in Mubarakpuri's Urdu and Arabic works and Urdu-to-Arabic or Arabic-to-Urdu translations:<ref name="aarif" /><ref name="Azami" /><ref name="Dā'ī2" /><ref name="Nāyāb" /><ref name="PhD thesis" /><ref name="Mubarakpuri">{{cite book |last1=Mubarakpuri|first1=Muhammad Arif Jameel|title=Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |pages=502–505 |language=ar |contribution=The author in brief" and "The author's works}}</ref>
* ''Al-Mu'tasar Min Athar al-Sunan wa [[I'la al-Sunan]]'' (Arabic)
* ''Badīhiyyāt e Qur’ān e Karīm'' (Urdu)
* ''Naujawān: Masā’il, Mushkilāt, Tajziya, aur Hal'' (Urdu translation of the Arabic book ''Al-Shabāb: Mushkilāt wa Hulool''.)
* ''Mausoo'a-tu-Ulama-i-Deoband'' (Arabic; Encyclopaedia on the Fourteenth Century's Deobandi Scholars)
* ''Lamhatun ‘an al-Jami'a al-Islamia: Dar al-Uloom Deoband'' (Arabic; An overview of Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Deoband)
* ''Al-Jami'a al-Islamia: Dar al-Uloom Deoband Kama Yarāha as-Shakhsiyyāt as-Sa‘ūdiyyā'' (Arabic; Islamic University: Dar Al Uloom Deoband as seen by Saudi figures)
* ''Tashīl al-Mu'tasar'' (Urdu; a facilitated version of his own work, ''Al-Mu'tasar'')
* ''Zaib o Zīnat Ke Shar'i Ahkām'' (Urdu; Shariah rules of adornment)
* ''Sahaba-e-Kirām Islām Ki Nazar Mein'' (Urdu translation of [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]]'s Arabic book ''As-Sahāba wa Makānatuhum fil-Islam'')
* ''Masjid-e-Nabawi Mein Tarāwīh ‘Ahd Ba ‘Ahd'' (Urdu translation of 'Atiyah bin Muhammad Saalim's Arabic book ''At-Tarāwīh Aktharu Min Alfi 'Ām Fī Masjid An-Nabawi'')
* ''Al-Imamah wa al-Khilāfah'' (Arabic translation of the book ''Imamāt o Khilāfat'' by Abdush Shakoor Lakhnavi.)
* ''Al-Imām Muhammad Qasim An-Nanawtawi Kama Ra’aituhu'' (Arabic translation of the book ''Hālāt-e-Tayyib Janāb Maulvi Muhammad Qasim Sahab Marhūm'' by [[Yaqub Nanautawi]])
* ''Maraqi al-Falah'' (Urdu translation of the book ''Maraqi al-Falah'' by Ash-Shurunbulali.)
* ''Al Fitna-tud-Dajjāliyyah wa Malāmihuha al-bārizah wa ishārātuha fī sūrati al-Kahf'' (Arabic translation of [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]]'s book ''Sūra e Kahf Ki Tafsīr Ke Tanāzur Mein Dajjāli Fitna Ke Numāyañ Khadd o Khāl [Tadhkīr Bi Sūrat al-Kahf]'')
* ''Salfiyyat Ek Jaizah'' (Urdu translation of the Arabic book ''As-Salafiyyah Marhaltun Zamaniyyah Mubarakah; La Madhhabun Islamiyy'' by [[Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti]])
* ''Al-Asīdah As-Samāwiyyah Sharh [[Al-Aqida al-Tahawiyya]]'' (the Arabic translation of the book ''Al-Asīdat as-Samāwiyyah Sharh al-Aqeeda al-Tahawiyyah'', compiled by Muhammad Usman Bastawi, contains the statements of Mufti Radha ul Haq in two volumes.)
* ''Ad-Durrat al-Furda Sharh [[Al-Burda|Qasīdat al-Burda]]'' (the Arabic translation of the book ''Ad-Durrat al-furda Sharh Qasīdat al-Burda'', compiled by Owais Yaqūb Punjabi Godhravi and Muhammad Usman Bastawi, contains the statements of Mufti Radha ul Haq in two volumes.)<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Haq |first=Mufti Raza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axrUDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&pg=PA4 |title=Ad-Durrat al-furda Sharh Qasīdat al-Burda (Vol. 1)|publisher=Dār al-Kotob Al-ʿilmīyah |year=2020 |isbn=978-2-7451-9654-5 |location=[[Beirut]], Lebanon|pages=4 |language=ar |translator-last=Mubarakpuri |translator-first=Mohammad Arif Jamil |trans-title=Ad-Durrat al-furda Sharh Qasīdat al-Burda}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=24 December 2024 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |pages=59–62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarakpuri, Arif Jameel}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Islamic University of Madinah alumni]]
[[Category:King Saud University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh district]]

Gholam Mujtaba

2026-02-07T19:24:03Z

NoraBillings: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Politician and academic}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cite check|date=April 2011}}
{{citation style|date=April 2011}}
{{Notability|Bio|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gholam Mujtaba
| image = Dr.GholamMujtaba-Wiki.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|غلام مجتبی}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|12|16}}
| birth_place = Karachi, Pakistan
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Politician
| term = Advisor to Sindh Chief Minister, 1992–93
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
}}

'''Gholam Mujtaba''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|غلام مجتبی}}}}) (born 16 December 1955) is a [[Pakistani-American]] politician. He served as the provincial advisor in [[Sindh]] from 1992 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Government of Sindh|url=http://sindh.gov.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531075317/http://www.sindh.gov.pk/ |archive-date=31 May 2013 }}</ref> He was the leader of the coalition party to the Sindh Government from 1992 to 1994.<ref>Archives: Pakistani newspapers news reports [http://dawn.com the Daily Dawn], [http://jang.com.pk the Daily Jang], [http://thenews.com.pk the News:1992-94]</ref> Previously, he had been a student activist; he was elected General Secretary of the [[Karachi University]] Students Union in 1976, and served as a member of the University Senate and Syndicate in 1976–78.
He is currently chair of the Pakistan Policy Institute in the United States.

== Early life and family ==

Mujtaba was born in Karachi, Pakistan. His father, Gholam Mustafa, originally from Patna, Bihar, was the first Indian Muslim to top the University of Calcutta in 1937. He was also the General Secretary of the Muslim Students Federation's Calcutta chapter during the Pakistan independence movement. Family archives and historical documentation (Calcutta University alumni records, 1937)<ref>2. Family archives and historical documentation (Calcutta University alumni records, 1937)</ref>
He received early education at Airport Model School, Rajshahi Cadet College, Modern Standard High School (Lahore), and Jamia Millia College (Karachi). He completed his Bachelor of Pharmacy from the University of Karachi in 1978, where he also served as General Secretary of the Karachi University Students Union (1976–78) and as a member of both the University Senate and Syndicate.<ref name="ReferenceA">3. Karachi University Student Union records, 1976–78</ref> Karachi University Student Union records, 1976–78<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Mujtaba earned an M.Sc. in Pharmacology from King’s College London in 1987. Personal academic record, King’s College London (1987),<ref>4. Personal academic record, King’s College London (1987)</ref> a Doctor of Medicine from the American International School of Medicine in 2004, American International School of Medicine (M.D. conferral, 2004)<ref>5. American International School of Medicine (M.D. conferral, 2004)</ref> and a [[Doctor of Education]] from Argosy University in 2016.Argosy University Doctoral Dissertation Archive (2016) <ref>6. Argosy University Doctoral Dissertation Archive (2016)</ref>

== Academic and professional career ==
He began his academic career as a lecturer in pharmacology at the University of Karachi and served as President of the Pharmacy Teachers Association of Pakistan (1987–88).<ref>7. Pharmacy Teachers Association of Pakistan, Annual Report 1988</ref> Pharmacy Teachers Association of Pakistan, Annual Report 1988. He has authored peer-reviewed studies, including a well-cited article on the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on mesenteric arterial beds. Mujtaba G, Botting JH. ''Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology'', 1987; 4(2):39–47<ref>8. Mujtaba G, Botting JH. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology, 1987; 4(2):39–47t</ref>
Mujtaba later held leadership roles in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors, including President of Mujtaba Clinics (NY & NJ), CEO of Omega Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Belize), CEO of Mujtaba Group of Pharmacies (UAE), and Associate Dean at American International University (South America). Mujtaba Clinics and American International University faculty directory <ref>9. Mujtaba Clinics and American International University faculty directory (archived)</ref>

== Political career ==
Mujtaba served as Chief Organizer of the National People’s Party overseas (1988–92). He led a coalition in the Sindh Assembly and was appointed advisor to the Chief Minister of Sindh in 1992.<ref>Government of Sindh archives, Cabinet Appointment Notification, 1992.</ref> In 1993, he contested a seat in the National Assembly but was unsuccessful in his election bid. Later, he became Central Vice President of the All-Pakistan Muslim League (APML) and an associate of President [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref>APML Central Committee Roster, 2009.</ref> He resigned due to policy differences related to Karachi politics.<ref>[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/03/13/commando-ditched-by-his-own/ ''Commando Ditched by His Own''], Pakistan Today, 2012.</ref>
He has been actively involved in U.S. Republican politics for over 30 years, serving in roles such as a member of the President’s Victory Team and a New York State delegate to the 2024 Republican National Convention.<ref>Republican National Committee, Membership 2024.</ref> Dr. Mujtaba, along with his son Dr. Athar Mujtaba, is an elected County Committee official of the Republican Party in Passaic County, New Jersey.<ref>[https://www.passaiccountynj.org/home/showpublisheddocument/9941/638859436914530000 2024 Republican County Committee Certification], Passaic County, NJ.</ref> His younger son, Dr. Assad Mujtaba, contested the 2024 U.S. national elections in a predominantly Democratic district and secured over 84,000 votes, losing by a margin of only a few thousand votes.<ref>Federal Election Commission, 2024 General Election Results; Passaic County Board of Elections Summary, 2024.</ref>

== Pakistan Policy Institute ==
Mujtaba is the Chairman of the Pakistan Policy Institute, a U.S.-based think tank focused on U.S.-Pakistan relations, security, and interfaith advocacy.<ref>14. Pakistan Policy Institute Official Website</ref>

== Publications ==
Mujtaba is the author of several books and peer-reviewed publications in the fields of pharmacology, politics, and Islamic scholarship. His selected works include:
Scientific Publications:
Mujtaba, Gholam; Botting, J.H. “Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase Pathways in Cardiovascular Systems.” Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology. 1988; 5(1): 37–44. ISSN 0255-7088.<ref name="PJP1988">Mujtaba, Gholam; Botting, J.H. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology, 1988, Vol. 5(1), pp. 37–44.</ref>
Mujtaba, Gholam; Botting, J.H. “Mechanisms of Vascular Reactivity.” Fifth South Asian Regional Conference on Pharmacology, Beijing, China, 1988, Abstract O-41.<ref name="BeijingConf1988">Mujtaba, Gholam; Botting, J.H. Fifth South Asian Regional Conference on Pharmacology, Beijing, China, 1988, Abstract O-41.</ref>
Books:
Waqia-e-Meraj – an exploration of the Prophet’s journey from a scientific lens. Mujtaba, G. Waqia-e-Meraj, 2017.<ref name="Meraj">Mujtaba, G. Waqia-e-Meraj, 2017.</ref>
Haj & Umra (2018) – a practical guide for pilgrims. Mujtaba, G. Haj & Umra, 2018.<ref name="HajUmra">Mujtaba, G. Haj & Umra, 2018.</ref>
The Political Ecology of Pakistan (2018) – a political treatise. Mujtaba, G. The Political Ecology of Pakistan, Friesen Press, 2018.<ref name="PEP">Mujtaba, G. The Political Ecology of Pakistan, Friesen Press, Canada, 2018.</ref>
Current Affairs and Opinion Writing:
Mujtaba is also a regular contributor of international opinion articles on geopolitics, interfaith harmony, and civil-military leadership. His work has appeared in various international journals and newspapers, including Al Jazeera English and Health Matters Pakistan.<ref name="AlJazeera" /><ref name="HealthMatters" />

== Honors and beliefs ==
Mujtaba is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Public Health (UK),<ref name="RSPH">[https://www.rsph.org.uk Royal Society of Public Health Fellowship Registry]</ref> InterAmerican College of Physicians & Surgeons (USA), and Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (UK).<ref name="RSPH2">Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (Archived Link)</ref> He is known for advocating interfaith harmony, transparency in foreign aid, and opposition to dynastic politics in Pakistan.<ref name="AlJazeera">[https://www.aljazeera.com/author/gholam-mujtaba Al Jazeera English opinion columns by Gholam Mujtaba (2019–2024)]</ref><ref name="PPIWhitePaper">[https://pakistanpolicyinstitute.org/whitepaper2022 Pakistan Policy Institute White Paper on U.S. Civil Aid Audit, 2022]</ref>
In recognition of his civic, diplomatic, and interfaith leadership, Mujtaba has received multiple honors:
A Congressional Recognition Award from Rep. Pete Olson (TX-22) on January 25, 2015, for his dedication to the Pakistani-American community and public service through the Pakistan Policy Institute USA.<ref name="OlsonAward">Congressional Recognition Certificate by Rep. Pete Olson, January 25, 2015. Personal archive of recipient.</ref>
A Certificate of Congressional Recognition from Rep. [[Sheila Jackson Lee]] (TX-18) on June 10, 2023, commending his leadership in strengthening U.S.–Pakistan diplomatic ties.<ref name="SheilaLee">Certificate of Congressional Recognition by Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, June 10, 2023. Personal archive of recipient.</ref>
A Congressional Commendation Letter from Rep. Ron Estes (KS-04) on September 8, 2022, acknowledging his contributions to interfaith dialogue, economic resilience, and cultural advocacy.<ref name="EstesLetter">Letter from Congressman Ron Estes to Dr. Gholam Mujtaba, September 8, 2022. Personal archive of recipient.</ref>
A signed photograph with a personalized message of appreciation from President Donald J. Trump in 2018, recognizing Mujtaba’s contributions to U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and Pakistan.<ref name="TrumpPhoto">Signed photograph and personal note from President Donald J. Trump to Dr. Gholam Mujtaba, 2018. Personal archive of recipient.</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was married to Dr. Kulsum Mujtaba, Pharm.D., an interfaith advocate and the niece of Pakistan’s first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan. She died in 2016.<ref name="Obituary">Family obituary notices published in Karachi and New York, 2016.</ref> His father, Gholam Mustafa, a distinguished civil servant and academic, died during Hajj in 1984 and is buried in Jannatul Mu'alla in Makkah. Dr. Mujtaba's children are established professionals in the United States, working in various sectors, including healthcare and real estate.<ref name="LinkedIn">Mujtaba family public LinkedIn profiles and verified U.S. licensing records, 2020–2025.</ref> The family has earned recognition for holding a combined total of eight doctoral degrees, setting an unmatched academic record for a Pakistani-American household.<ref name="HealthMatters">“8 Doctorates in One Family: Pakistani-American Household Sets Unmatched Academic Record,” Health Matters Pakistan, July 3, 2024. [https://www.healthmatters.com.pk/news/8-doctorates-in-one-family-pakistaniamerican-household-sets-unmatched-academic-record]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
1. Pakistan Policy Institute, Facebook
2. Family archives and historical documentation (Calcutta University alumni records, 1937)
3. Karachi University Student Union records, 1976–78
4. Personal academic record, King’s College London (1987)
5. American International School of Medicine (M.D. conferral, 2004)
6. Argosy University Doctoral Dissertation Archive (2016)
7. Pharmacy Teachers Association of Pakistan, Annual Report 1988
8. Mujtaba G, Botting JH. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology, 1987; 4(2):39–47
9. Mujtaba Clinics and American International University faculty directory (archived)
10. Government of Sindh archives, Cabinet Appointment Notification 1992
11. APML Central Committee Roster, 2009
12. Pakistan Today. "Commando Ditched by His Own", 2012
13. Republican National Committee (RNC) Chairman’s Advisory Board, Membership 2024
[16] County of Passaic, NJ. “2024 Republican County Committee Certification.” https://www.passaiccountynj.org/home/showpublisheddocument/9941/638859436914530000
[17] Federal Election Commission (FEC), 2024 General Election Results; Local News Reports, Passaic County Board of Elections Summary, 2024.
14. Pakistan Policy Institute Official Website
15. Mujtaba, G. Waqia-e-Meraj, 2017
16. Mujtaba, G. Haj & Umra, 2018
17. Mujtaba, G. The Political Ecology of Pakistan, Friesen Press, Canada, 2018
18. Royal Society of Public Health (UK) Fellowship Registry
19. Al Jazeera English opinion columns by Gholam Mujtaba (2019–2024)
20. Pakistan Policy Institute – White Paper on U.S. Civil Aid Audit (2022)
21. Family obituary, Karachi & NY, 2016
22. Mujtaba family public LinkedIn profiles and U.S. state licensing boards (2020–2025)
[24] Congressional Recognition by Rep. Pete Olson, January 25, 2015. Personal certificate archived by the recipient.
[25] Certificate of Congressional Recognition by Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, June 10, 2023. Official event marking Pakistan Policy Institute’s U.S.–Pakistan diplomatic roundtable.
[26] Congressional Letter by Rep. Ron Estes, September 8, 2022. Official correspondence acknowledging Pakistani-American contributions.
[27] Personalized message and signed photograph by President Donald J. Trump, 2018. Recognition for support in shaping U.S. Middle East foreign policy.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mujtaba, Gholam}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:All Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Pakistani pharmacologists]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]

Barrackpur Cantonment

2026-01-20T17:18:18Z

NoraBillings:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barrackpore Cantonment
| official_name = Barrackpore
| other_name =
| nickname = Military City
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Barrackpore Cantonment.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Barrackpore Cantonment
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.78|N|88.48|E|display=inline,title}}
| image_seal =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1765
| founder = British East India Company
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Cantonment Board]]
| governing_body = Barrackpore Cantonment
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 17,380
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700120
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Noapara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Noapara]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in}}<br/>
{{URL|cbbarrackpore.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Barrackpore Cantonment''' is a town and a cantonment board in [https://barrackpore.cantt.gov.in/about-us/ Kolkata] in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809031732/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=9 August 2007 }}</ref>

==History==
The military station of Barrackpore came into being in 1765. It is the oldest cantonment in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Danapur-cantt-celebrates-250-yrs/articleshow/48366531.cms|title=Danapur cantt celebrates 250 yrs|work=The Times of India |date=5 August 2015 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=330| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|41|47|N|88|24|32|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town,<br/> N: neighbourhood/ administrative location<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158
| minipog-x = 66 | minipog-y = 120
| scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12|nolabels=1
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|46|24|N|88|21|49|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Barrackpore| numbered1=M | mark-title1=[[Barrackpore]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|55|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barrackpore |labela2=Cantonment| mark-title2=Barrackpore Cantonment| numbered2=0| shape-color2= black|label-offset-y2=-2|label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Chak Kanthalia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Chak Kanthalia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|44|52|N|88|24|31|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Ruiya| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Ruiya]] (CT)|shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Patulia| numbered5=CT | mark-title5= [[Patulia]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|43|48|N|88|23|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bandipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|44|14|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Titagarh| numbered7=M | mark-title7= [[Titagarh]] (M)|shape-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|43|10|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Khardaha| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Khardaha]] (M)|
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|41|31|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Panihati| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Panihati]] (M)|shape-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|57|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Ghola| numbered10=N| mark-title10= [[Ghola, North 24 Parganas|Ghola]] (N)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|28|N|88|24|41|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Bilkanda| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Bilkanda]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|41|30|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Muragachha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Muragachha]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|42|41|N|88|26|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Talbandha| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Talbandha]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|3|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Chandpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|40|24|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Teghari| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Teghari]] (CT)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|42|7|N|88|23|22|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Sodepur| numbered16=N| mark-title16= [[Sodepur]] (N)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|40|48|N|88|22|48|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Agarpara| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Agarpara]] (N)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|42|15|N|88|26|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=New Barrackpore| numbered18=M| mark-title18= [[New Barrackpore]] (M)|shape-color18=#800000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|22|13|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Kamarhati| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Kamarhati]] (M)|
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|40|2|N|88|22|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Belgharia| numbered20=N| mark-title20= [[Belgharia]] (N)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|38|14|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Baranagar| numbered21=M| mark-title21= [[Baranagar]] (M)|
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|38|40|N|88|26|5|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Dum Dum| numbered22=M| mark-title22= [[Dum Dum]] (M)|
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|39|10|N|88|25|6|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= North Dumdum| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[North Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|37|48|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos24=bottom|label24= South Dumdum| numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[South Dumdum]] (M)|
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|39|40|N|88|24|33|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Nimta| numbered25=N| mark-title25= [[Nimta]] (N)|shape-color25=#A42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|24|48|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Karna Madhabpur| numbered26=N| mark-title26= [[Karna Madhabpur]] (N)|
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|25|28|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Nilganj| numbered27=N| mark-title27= [[Nilganj]] (N)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22.6292|88.3578}}| label28=Hooghly| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=76| label-pos28=top| label-size28=9| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.6112|88.3578}}| label29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=114| label-pos29=top| label-size29=9| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Location===
96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside) live in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km<sup>2</sup> The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

<small>For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.</small>

<small>All places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map.</small>

Barrackpur Cantonment is bounded by [[North Barrackpur]] on the north, [[Barrackpore]] on the east and south, and the [[Hooghly River]] on the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore I CD Block on Page 365 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 27 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore II CD Block on Page 379 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 27 June 2018}}</ref>

===Police station===
Barrackpore police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Barrackpur Cantonment Board.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/images/bkpmap.jpg |title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work= Map of Barrackpur subdivision showing jurisdiction of Police Stations |publisher= Barrackpur Police Commissionerate | access-date = 2 March 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Barrckpore Cantonment Board had a total population of 17,380, of which 8,872 (51%) were males and 8,508 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,447. The total number of literates in Barrackpore CB was 14,096 (88.47% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 June 2018 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Barrackpur Cantonment had a population of 22,014. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Barrackpur Cantonment has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 59% of the literates being male and 41% being female. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), [[Bhatpara]] (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), '''Barrackpur Cantonment''' (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), [[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Barrackpore cantonment is connected through several roads like Barrack Road, Strand Road, Court Road etc. and with SN Bannerjee Road it's connected to Ghoshpara Road, Barrackpore-Barasat Road (towards [[Kalyani Expressway]] and [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]]) and [[Barrackpore Trunk Road]]. The nearest railway station is [[Barrackpore railway station]], which is only 1 km away. There are three ferry service stations at [[Barrackpore]] - Dhobi ghat and Manirampore to [[Serampore]] Chhatugunj and [[Sheoraphuli]]. Nearest Civil Airport is [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] which is 25 km far away from the area. But there is a military Air Base in Barrackpore cantonment owned by [[Indian Air Force]]. In the Barrackpore Cantonment area there had a race course behind the criminal court and a special single rail track took steam engine-driven trains there, carrying British passengers who would attend the race. The line has been depreciated since and the [[Barrackpore Racecourse railway station]] is used by the [[Indian Army]] only.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ganguly|first=Biswarup|title=English: The Barrackpore Racecourse Railway Station (station code:BPPS) constructed in 1927 adjacent to the racecourse so that people from Calcutta could came to Barrackpore by a race special train from Sealdah direct to race. This railway station is now used by the Indian army.|date=2012-05-27|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barrackpore_Racecourse_Railway_Station_-_Barrackpore_Cantonment_-_North_24_Parganas_2012-05-27_01212.jpg|access-date=2021-11-30}}</ref>

Buses like 78, 81, 85, MM5, S32, C28, C29, AC20 and some others originate from Different points of the area like Fishery Gate, Barrackpore Court, Chiria More and Lalkuthi.

==Healthcare==
North 24 Parganas district has been identified as one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm| title= Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study )| access-date= 24 August 2007| work= Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India| publisher= SOES| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm| archive-date= 27 September 2007| url-status= dead}}</ref> There are Cantonment General Hospital and Dr. Bhola Nath Bose sub divisional hospital nearby.

==See also==
* [[Battle of Plassey]]
* [[Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824]]
* [[Mangal Pandey#indian Rebellion of 1857]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Barrackpore]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Cantonments of India]]
[[Category:Cantonments of British India]]
[[Category:1765 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1765]]

Jordan Catala

2026-01-19T21:54:28Z

NoraBillings:

{{short description|14th-century European Catholic bishop in India (1321–1330)}}
[[File:Flag of the King of Vijayanagara in the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|thumb|Christian flag of the [[Kollam|King of Colombo]], according to the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375).<ref name="VL4">{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf}}</ref> Jordan and his "Book of Marvels" (''Mirabilia descripta'', 1340) was probably the source of the information about [[Kollam|Colombo]] in the Catalan Atlas.<ref name="VL4"/>]]
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
'''Jordan Catala of Sévérac''' ({{fl.|1280}}-{{circa|1330}} also known as ''Jordan de Catalunya''<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LESxDwAAQBAJ&dq=jordan+de+catalunya&pg=PA10 | title=The Ancient Sefer Torah of Bologna: Features and History. European Genizah Texts and Studies, Volume 4 | isbn=978-90-04-41561-4 | last1=Perani | first1=Mauro | date=2 September 2019 | publisher=BRILL }}</ref>) was an [[Occitania]]n [[Dominican order|Dominican]] [[Christian missionary|missionary]] and [[List of explorers|explorer]] in [[Asia]] known for his ''Mirabilia descripta'' describing the marvels of the East.

==Name and family==
Jordan's surname, Catala, is the [[Old Occitan|Occitan]] for "Catalan" (from Latin ''Catalanus''). It probably indicates his family's origins in [[Catalonia]]. Modern French authors occasionally render it ''Catalan'', although a spelling with the final 'n' is not original. The alternative spelling ''Cathala'' is contemporary, but probably does not represent the Occitan pronunciation. The spelling ''Jordan'' is Occitan.<ref name=nom>Christine Gadrat, ed., ''Une image de l'Orient au XIVe siècle: Les Mirabila descripta de Jordan Catala de Sévérac'', Mémoires et Documents de l'École des Chartes 78 (Paris: École des Chartes, 2005), pp. 39–40.</ref>

Jordan's ''Mirabilia descripta'' does not use his surname. It gives his name in Latin as ''Jordanus'' and describes him as ''oriundum de Severaco'', a native of [[Sévérac-le-Château]] in the [[Rouergue]].<ref name=nom/> Local documentation reveals several persons named Catala active in and around Sévérac, including a notary named Jordan active between 1286 and 1318. Jordan's family does not seem to be connected with the {{ill|lords of Sévérac|fr|Famille de Sévérac}}.<ref name=famille>Christine Gadrat, ed., ''Une image de l'Orient au XIVe siècle: Les Mirabila descripta de Jordan Catala de Sévérac'', Mémoires et Documents de l'École des Chartes 78 (Paris: École des Chartes, 2005), pp. 41–42.</ref>

==Birth and education==
Jordan was probably born around 1275–1280, since the normal age for a long-distance emissary was about 45. There is no record of him studying in the Dominican province of Toulouse prior to the separation of the province of Provence in 1302. He probably did not join the Dominicans until later. He may have studied at the [[University of Toulouse]]. He completed his education in the Dominican convents of [[Persia]], where he learned the [[Persian language]].<ref name=education>Christine Gadrat, ed., ''Une image de l'Orient au XIVe siècle: Les Mirabila descripta de Jordan Catala de Sévérac'', Mémoires et Documents de l'École des Chartes 78 (Paris: École des Chartes, 2005), pp. 43–44.</ref>

==Travels==
Jordan was possibly a disciple of Jerome of Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.angleeditorial.com/meravelles-descrites-494|title = Meravelles descrites}}</ref> In 1302 Jordan may have accompanied [[Thomas of Tolentino]], via [[Negropont]], to the East; but it is only in 1321 that we definitely discover him in western India, in the company of Thomas and his companions. Ill-luck detained them at [[Thane]] in [[Salsette Island]], near [[Bombay]]; and here Jordan's companions were killed on 8 and 11 April 1321.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}

Jordan, escaping, worked some time at [[Bharuch]], in [[Gujarat]], near the [[Narmada]] estuary, and at [[Suvali Beach|Suvali]] near [[Surat]]; to his fellow-Dominicans in north Persia he wrote two letters – the first from [[Ghogha|Gogo]] in Gujarat (12 October 1321), the second from [[Thane, India|Thane]] (24 January 1323/4) describing the progress of this new mission. From these letters we learn that Roman attention had already been directed, not only to the Bombay region, but also to the extreme south of the Indian peninsula, especially to Columbum ([[Kollam]]) in later [[Travancore]]; Jordan's words may imply that he had already started a mission there before October 1321.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}

From Catholic traders Jordan had learnt that [[Ethiopia]] (i.e. Abyssinia and [[Nubia]]) was accessible to Western Europeans; at this very time, as we know from other sources, the earliest Latin missionaries penetrated thither. Finally, the Epistles of Jordan, like the contemporary Secreta of [[Marino Sanuto the Elder|Marino Sanuto]] (1306–1321), urge the Pope to establish a Christian fleet upon the Indian seas.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}

Jordan, between 1324 and 1328 (if not earlier), probably visited Kollam and selected it as the best centre for his future work; it would also appear that he revisited Europe about 1328, passing through Persia, and perhaps touching at the great Crimean port of [[Sudak]]. He was appointed a bishop in 1328 and nominated by [[Pope John XXII]] in his bull ''Venerabili Fratri Jordano'' to the see of Columbum ([[Diocese of Quilon|Quilon]]) on 21 August 1329.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}} This diocese was the first Roman Catholic one in the whole of the [[Indies]], with jurisdiction over modern India, [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Burma]], and [[Sri Lanka]]. It was created on 9 August by the decree ''Romanus Pontifix''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} Together with the new bishop of [[Samarkand]], [[Thomas of Mancasola]], Jordan was commissioned to take the [[pallium]] to [[John de Cora]], archbishop of Sultaniyah in Persia, within whose province Kollam was reckoned; he was also commended to the Christians of south India, both east and west of [[Cape Comorin]], by Pope John.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}

==''Mirabilia descripta''==
[[File:Mirabilia Descripta, English edition 1863.jpg|thumb|''Mirabilia descripta'', English edition 1863]]
Either before going out to [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]] as bishop, or during a later visit to the west, Jordan probably wrote his ''Mirabilia'', which from internal evidence can only be fixed within the period 1329–1338; in this work he furnished the best account of Indian regions, products, climate, manners, customs, fauna and flora given by any European in the Middle Ages — superior even to [[Marco Polo]]'s.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}

In his triple division of the Indies, India Major comprises the shorelands from Malabar to [[Cochin China]]; while India Minor stretches from [[History of Sindh|Sind]] (or perhaps from [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]]) to Malabar; and India Tertia (evidently dominated by African conceptions in his mind) includes a vast undefined coast-region west of Baluchistan, reaching into the neighborhood of, but not including, Ethiopia and [[Prester John]]'s domain.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} Jordan's ''Mirabilia'' contains the earliest clear African identification of Prester John, and what is perhaps the first notice of the [[Black Sea]] under that name; it refers to the author's residence in India Major and especially at Kollam, as well as to his travels in [[Armenia]], north-west Persia, the [[Lake Van]] region, and [[Chaldaea]]; and it supplies excellent descriptions of [[Parsee]] doctrines and burial customs, of Hindu ox-worship, idol-ritual, and sutee, and of Indian fruits, birds, animals and insects. After 8 April 1330 we have no more knowledge of Bishop Jordan.{{sfn|Beazley|1911}}

{{clear}}

===Extracts of ''Mirabilia descripta''===
<gallery widths="300px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Jordanus, on Saint-Thomas Chrsitians in India (Mirabilia Descripta, 1329–1338).jpg|Catholic critical account of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] in India, written by Jordanus in 1329–1338 in ''Mirabilia descripta''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordanus |first1=Catalani |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |last3=Parr |first3=Charles McKew donor |last4=Parr |first4=Ruth |title=Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East |date=1863 |publisher=London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society |page=23, paragraph 31 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wQUVAAAAQAAJ/page/n52/mode/1up}}</ref>
File:Extracts from Jordanus, Mirabilia descripta (14th century, detail).jpg|Original facsimile extracts from the unique manuscript of Jordanus, ''Mirabilia descripta'' (1329–1338)
File:Jordanus, on the destructions of the Turkish Saracens in India (Mirabilia Descripta, 1329–1338).jpg|Jordanus, on the destructions of the "[[Delhi Sultanate|Turkish Saracens]]" in India (''Mirabilia descripta'', written in 1329–1338).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordanus |first1=Catalani |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |last3=Parr |first3=Charles McKew donor |last4=Parr |first4=Ruth |title=Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East |date=1863 |publisher=London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society |page=23 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wQUVAAAAQAAJ/page/n52/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Juncu |first1=Meera |title=India in the Italian Renaissance: Visions of a Contemporary Pagan World 1300-1600 |date=30 July 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44768-9 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NYkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Chronology of European exploration of Asia]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Primary sources===
According to {{harvtxt|Beazley|1911}}, "[o]f Jordan's Epistles there is only one MS., viz. Paris, National Library, 5006 Lat., fol. 182, r. and v.; of the Mirabilia also one MS. only, viz. London, British Library," [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-002096154&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-002096154&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=1&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1412156288586&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&vl%28freeText0%29=19513&vid=IAMS_VU2 Additional MSS., 19513, fols. 3, r.f 2 r] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314183816/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=detailsTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=IAMS032-002096154&indx=1&recIds=IAMS032-002096154&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&dscnt=1&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1412156288586&srt=rank&mode=Basic&dum=true&vl%28freeText0%29=19513&vid=IAMS_VU2 |date=14 March 2022 }}.

*The text of the Epistles is in [[Jacques Quétif|Quétif]]–[[Jacques Échard|Échard]], ''Scriptores ordinis praedicatorum'', i. 549–550 (Epistle I.)
*and in [[Luke Wadding]], ''Annales minorum'', vi. 359–361 (Epistle II.)
*Latin text of the ''Mirabilia'': {{cite book | year=1839 | chapter=Description des Merveilles d'une partie de l'Asie par le P. Jordan ou Jourdain Catalani | title=Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires par la Société Géographie Volume 4 | publisher=Arthus-Bertrand | place=Paris | pages=1–68 | language=French, Latin | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/recueildevoyages04soci#page/n6/mode/1up }}
*English translation of the ''Mirabilia'' as [https://archive.org/details/mirabiliadescrip00jord ''The Wonders of the East''].
*The Papal letters referring to Jordan are in [[Odericus Raynaldus]], ''[[Annales ecclesiastici]]'', 1330, f lv. and lvii (8 April; 14 February).

===Secondary sources===
*{{cite book | last=Yule | first=Henry, ed. and trans. | author-link=Henry Yule | year=1863 |title=Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East | publisher=Hakuyt Society | place=London | url=https://archive.org/stream/mirabiliadescrip00jord#page/n19/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book | last=Yule | first=Henry | year=1913 | chapter=Additional notes and corrections to the translation of the ''Mirabilia'' of Friar Jordanus | title=Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China (Volume 3) | publisher=Hakluyt Society | place=London | pages=39–44 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cathaywaythither03yule#page/39/mode/1up}}
* Henry Yule's ''Cathay'', giving a version of the Epistles, with a commentary, &c. (Hakluyt Society, 1866) pp. 184–185, 192–196, 225–230
*{{cite journal | last=Kurdian | first=H. | year=1937 | title=A correction to 'Mirabilia descripta' (The Wonders of the East). By Friar Jordanus ''circa'' 1330 | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume=69 | issue=3 | pages=480–481 | doi=10.1017/S0035869X00086032 | s2cid=163202845 }}
*F. Kunstmann, ''Die Mission in Meliapor und Tana und die Mission in Columbo'' in the Historisch-politische Blätter of Phillips and Görres, xxxvii. 2538, 135–152 (Munich, 1856), &c.
*{{cite book | last=Beazley | first=C.R.| author-link=C. R. Beazley | year=1906 | title=The Dawn of Modern Geography (Volume 3) | publisher=Clarendon Press | place=Oxford | pages=215–235 | url=https://archive.org/stream/dawnofmoderngeog03beazuoft#page/215/mode/1up }}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Jordanus|volume=15|last= Beazley |first= Charles Raymond |author-link= Charles Raymond Beazley|page=512}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:14th-century explorers]]
[[Category:14th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Spanish explorers]]
[[Category:Spanish Dominicans]]
[[Category:French explorers]]
[[Category:French Dominicans]]
[[Category:1321 births]]
[[Category:1330 deaths]]
[[Category:Occitan-speaking people]]
[[Category:14th-century French people]]
[[Category:Explorers of South Asia]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]

Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Jammalamadugu

2026-01-18T23:11:54Z

NoraBillings: Made New Place.

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu temple in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox temple|religious_affiliation=Hindu|name=Narapura Venkateswara Temple|location=[[Jammalamadugu]], [[YSR Kadapa District]]|coordinates={{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}|deity=[[Venkateswara]]}}

'''Sri Narapura Venkateswara Temple''' is an ancient [[Hindu temple]] situated in [[Jammalamadugu]], [[YSR Kadapa District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[India]].<ref name="NVT2">{{cite news|title=Constable crushed under temple chariot|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Constable-crushed-under-temple-chariot/article14760642.ece|access-date=24 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=28 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="NVT1">{{cite news|title=TTD takes over temple in Jammalamadugu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/TTD-takes-over-temple-in-Jammalamadugu/article15327917.ece|access-date=24 July 2017|work=The Hindu|date=9 October 2016}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Venkateswara]], a form of [[Vishnu]], who is referred to as Narapura Venkateswara.<ref name="NVT1" /> According to the temple history, the temple derives its name from Narapuraiah, a devotee of Venkateswara, who constructed this temple based on what he considered the deity's wishes. Within the main premises of the temple, there is [[Anjaneya]] temple, Kalyana Mantapam, and Goshala. The temple has been under the control of TTD since 2008. The temple is generally crowded on Saturdays being it a significant day for Venkateswara.

==Administration==
The temple, at present is being administered by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref name=NVT1 /> since 23rd October 2008. Since then all the poojas are performed as per Pancharatra Agama.

==Festivals and Occasions==
The temple gets very highly crowded on the day of [[Vaikunta Ekadashi]]. Annual Brahmotsavams or Thirunalla will be held for nine days in the month Vaisakha, which falls in the month of May.<ref name="NVT3">{{cite news|title=607th birth anniversary of Annamayya from May 5|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150424/nation-current-affairs/article/tirupati-607th-birth-anniversary-annamayya-may-5|access-date=24 July 2017|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=10 January 2016}}</ref> During all days of Brahmotsavam, the processions of the god's idol are done on palanquin and in the form of different Vahanas. On the day of Rathotsavam, procession will be on the temple's chariot. People within the town and around the villages of Jammalamadugu come to see the festival.
[[File:Lord Venkateswara in Chariot on the occasion of Rathotsavam.jpg|thumb|On the day of Rathotsavam in May 2023]]

==See also==
*[[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.tirumala.org}}

{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Jammalamadugu}}
[[Category:Venkateswara temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]

{{hindu-temple-stub}}

List of Bengali films of 1931

2026-01-14T10:17:44Z

NoraBillings: expanded article and corrected details

#Redirect [[List of Bengali films]]

Doordarshan Eti Jantra

2026-01-09T04:49:36Z

NoraBillings: general added section for accuracy and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Doordarshan Eti Jantra
| native_name=
| image = Doordarshan.sam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajesh Bhuyan
| producer = Sanjive Narain
| based_on = ''Ekhon Gaonot Eta TV Asil'' (Drama)<br/>by Himanshu Prasad Das
| screenplay = Rajesh Bhuyan<br/>Santanu Rowmuria
| story = Himanshu Prasad Das
| starring = [[Jatin Bora]]<br/>[[Utpal Das]]<br/>[[Prastuti Porasor]]<br/>Moonmi Phukan
| music = Mousum Gogoi
| studio = AM Television
| distributor= AM Television
| released = {{Film date|2016|9|2|df=y}}
| editing = Gagan Raj
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| budget =
| gross = 1.2 crore
}}
'''''Doordarshan Eti Jantra''''' ''({{langx|en|Television a Machine}})'' is a 2016 Indian [[Assamese language]] [[period film|period]] [[comedy drama film]] directed by Rajesh Bhuyan and produced by Sanjiv Narain under the banner of AM Television. The story is based on National School of Drama's alumnus Himanshu Prasad Das's play ''Ekhon Gaonot Eta TV Asil''.<ref name="new film">{{cite web |url=https://www.kothasobi.com/2016/07/assamese-film-doordarshan-ati-jantra.html |title=New Assamese Film ‘Doordarshan Eti Jantra’ |date=10 September 2016 |publisher=kothasobi.com |accessdate=11 September 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115181917/https://www.kothasobi.com/2016/07/assamese-film-doordarshan-ati-jantra.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Director Rajesh Bhuyan is also the co screenplay writer along with Santanu Rowmuria. The original playwright Himanshu Prasad Das, and Santanu Rowmuria wrote the dialogues of the film. The film stars many of the renowned actors of Assamese film industry including [[Jatin Bora]], [[Utpal Das]], [[Prastuti Porasor]] and Moonmi Phukan in lead role. Released on 2 September 2016 in almost 50 theaters in Assam and Meghalaya (Shillong), the film has already become a superhit in Assam.<ref name="release">{{cite web | url=http://axomiya.net/jatin-bora-starrer-doordarshan-eti-jantra-is-releasing-on-september-2/ | title=Doordarshan Eti Jantra is Releasing on September 2 | date=10 July 2016 | accessdate=29 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910234510/http://axomiya.net/jatin-bora-starrer-doordarshan-eti-jantra-is-releasing-on-september-2/ | archive-date=10 September 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the [[Assamese cinema#List of highest-grossing Assamese films|12th highest grossing Assamese film]].

==Plot==
A story that dates back to the '80s. An unusual machine makes an entry into a village. It is called TV. It provokes a huge ruckus with people from all over scrambling to have a look at this black and white TV stationed at the most wealthiest of village households.

A group of enthusiastic villagers getting together to dug a hole beside the house, setting up a bamboo pole where an antenna is mounted on top of it, the mechanic turning the antenna back and forth, the visuals coming out right occasionally but most times it looks as though there is a blizzard going on, with people of all shapes and sizes assembling on the floor – these are but some of the cherished moments that naturally unfolded when TV made its debut in this village.<ref name=copy>{{cite web|url=https://www.kothasobi.com/2016/08/new-assamese-film-doordarshan-eti-jantra.html|access-date=10 March 2017|title=Doordarshan Eti Jantra|publisher=kothasobi.com|archive-date=15 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115181944/https://www.kothasobi.com/2016/08/new-assamese-film-doordarshan-eti-jantra.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Jatin Bora]] as Kailash
* [[Prastuti Porasor]] as Purnima
* [[Utpal Das]] as Bitul
* Moonmi Phukan as Selima
* Moitryee Goswami as Malati
* Saurabh Hazarika as Malati's husband
* [[Chetana Das]] as Kailash's neighbor (Guest appearance )
* Siddhartha Sharma as Bitul's uncle (police officer)
* Prosenjit Bora
* [[Pranami Bora]]
* Alokjyoti Saikia
* Himanshu Prasad Das
* Lakhi Borthakur
* Rajib Kro
* Bijit Dev Chowdhury
* Manmath Barua
* Tridiv Lahon

==Reception==
===Rating===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Critics
! Rating
|-
| Bookmyshow
| {{rating|9|10|score=8.9/10}}
|-
| FILMIPOP
| {{rating|1|5}}
|-
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Doordarshan Eti Jantra
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Mousam Gogoi
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt = Doordarshan Eti Jantra Audio CD cover
| released = 2016
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| label = AM Television
| producer = Sanjiv Narain
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music of the movie is composed by Mousam Gogoi.

{{track listing
| extra_column = artist(s)
| title1 = Gulopia Dugal
| music1 = Mousam Gogoi
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Priyanka Bharali
| length1 = 3:11
| title2 = Sai Sai Tumale Mur
| music2 = Mousam Gogoi
| extra2 = [[Zubeen Garg]], Chayanika Dutta
| length2 = 4:40
}}

==World Television Premier==
The film had its world television premiere on [[Prag News]] on 16 April 2017 at 12:30 PM IST.

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Awards
! Category
! Receiver
! Result
|-
| rowspan="10"| 2017
| rowspan="10"| [[Prag Cine Awards North-East 2017|Prag Cine Awards]]
| Best Popular Film
|
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor Male
| [[Jatin Bora]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor Female
| [[Prastuti Parashar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor Female in Supporting Role
| [[Pranami Bora]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Editing
| Gagan Raj
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8191102}}
[[Category:2010s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]

Sujoy Hazra

2026-01-05T13:50:42Z

NoraBillings: Added Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[June Maliah]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
}}
'''Sujoy Hazra'''<ref name=":N18"/> is an Indian politician from West Bengal. He is a [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Medinipur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Medinipur Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Sujoy Hazra of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/medinipur-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130441.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |title=West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls on six Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece/ |website=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN |date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ananda |first1=A. B. P. |title=মেদিনীপুরেও সবুজ ঝড়, ৩৩ হাজারেরও বেশি ভোটে জয়ী TMC প্রার্থী সুজয় হাজরা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/wb-by-election-2024-midnapore-tmc-candidate-sujoy-hazra-wins-by-huge-vote-1107129 |website=bengali.abplive.com |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=bn |date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazra, Sujoy}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Peshwe Park

2025-12-19T19:59:23Z

NoraBillings: creating data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name = Peshwe Park
|logo =
|logo_caption =
|image =
|image_caption =
|location = [[Pune]], [[India]]
|date_opened = 14 March 1999<ref name="zoo_about"/>
|date_closed =
|coordinates = {{Coord|18.502377|73.852232|type:landmark_scale:5000|display=it}}
|area = {{convert|130|acre|abbr=on}}<ref name="zoo_about"/>
|num_species =
|num_animals = 362<ref name="zoo_about"/>
|largest_tank_vol =
|total_tank_vol =
|annual_visitors =
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list"/>
|exhibits =
|website = {{URL|pmc.gov.in/en/peshawe-park}}
}}

The '''Peshwe Park''', is located near [[Saras Baug]] in [[Pune]], [[India]]. It is managed by the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]. It is spread over an area of 7 acres. Now it is an energy park that stresses the importance of renewable energy in today’s times. The Adventure Park is also launched there.<ref>[http://www.justforher.in/peshwepark-pune/ Pune’s Peshwe Park – Know Facts, Timings & Location]</ref> The idea behind the park is to remove the fear element in kids from a young age as was first mooted by its designer BS Deshmukh.<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/at-peshwe-park-kids-take-to-adventure-sports-hook-line---sinker/897441/ At Peshwe Park, kids take to adventure sports hook, line & sinker]</ref>

==History==
In 1953 the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] created Peshwe Park on about {{Convert|7|acre}} where [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao Peshwe]] had established a private menagerie in 1770. Located in the heart of the city at the base of [[Parvati Hill]], this zoo exhibited animals in traditional cages.<ref name="zoo_about"/>

==Details==
The Peshwe energy park serves the purpose of using non-conventional renewable energy and spreading its awareness. This includes a biomass pavilion, hydro-energy pavilion, information pavilion, battery operated Phulrani train, solar pavilion, etc. The park also houses the children playground that includes slides, seesaw, swings, etc. There is an induction of 50 types adventure sports games and activities like net climbing, walk rope climbing, wall climbing, grappling, tower climbing, balancing, high altitude cycling, rope skidding, crossing the pond on a rope etc are just name of few (for age groups 3-16). Nearby this playground lies the Phulrani toy train which is popular from the times when the park was a zoo. The induced adventure sport activities include wall climbing, net climbing, balancing, rope slider, skyway, tower climbing and many more. The instructors here provide the safety accessories to the children and supervise their performance and actions. There are private amusement activities like merry-go-round, horse riding, slides, etc. outside its premises. Also nearby the park lies the popular Saras Baug Ganapati and Mahalaxmi temple.<ref>[http://punecorporation.org/en/peshawe-park Peshwe Sahasi Udayn (Adveture Park)]</ref><ref>[https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g297654-d4401224-Reviews-Peshwe_Udyan_Zoo-Pune_Maharashtra.html Peshwe park]</ref>

A toy train called ''Phulrani'' is a popular attraction for young children here.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/peshwe-parks-phulrani-still-steals-hearts/articleshow/58073425.cms Peshwe park’s Phulrani still steals hearts]</ref><ref>[https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/peshwe-park-issue-1449092/ फुलराणीचा ६१ वा वाढदिवस उत्साहात]</ref>

==Shifting of park==
In 1986, Mr. Neelam Kumar Khaire, the first director of the park, with assistance from the Pune Municipal Corporation, created the Katraj Snake Park on land that was to become the [[Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park]].<ref name="pune_diary"/> In 1997, in order to create a more modern zoo in accordance with the guidelines of the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]], the municipality selected a site in Katraj and started developing a new zoo. The zoo opened in 1999 as the Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park & Wildlife Research Centre, and initially included only the reptile park, [[Sambar (deer)|sambars]], [[spotted deer]], and [[monkey]]s. Although it took until 2005, all of the animals from Peshwe Park were eventually moved to the new site, and Peshwe Park was closed for animal watching.<ref name="zoo_about"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist |refs=

<ref name="zoo_about">
{{Cite web
|url = http://www.punezoo.gov.in/about_us.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120504180646/http://www.punezoo.gov.in/about_us.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 4 May 2012
|title = About ZOO
|work = punezoo.gov.in
|publisher = Pune Zoo
|access-date = 28 April 2012
}}</ref>

<ref name="cza_list">
{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|accessdate=5 July 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="pune_diary">
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.punediary.com/html/garden2.html
|title=Katraj Snake Park
|work=punediary.com
|publisher=PuneDiary
|access-date=28 April 2012
}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.pmc.gov.in/en/peshawe-park}}

{{Zoos of India}}

{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Zoos in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune]]
[[Category:Parks in Pune]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Zoos established in 1953]]

Aarati Kanekar

2025-12-15T05:13:51Z

NoraBillings: starting new article first draft

{{short description|Indian architect}}{{Infobox architect
| name = Aarati Kanekar
| alma_mater = [[Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology University|CEPT University]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]
| occupation = Architect, Academic, Researcher
| notable_works = ''Architecture’s Pre-texts: Spaces of Translation''
}}

'''Aarati Kanekar''' is an Indian academic, writer, researcher, and architect.

==Biography==
Aarati Kanekar graduated in Architecture at the "Center for Environmental Planning and Technology" in [[Ahmedabad]] in India in 1989, she completed her graduate studies from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1992, and holds a Ph.D. from [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] in [[Atlanta]], currently teaches architectural theory and design at [[University of Cincinnati]].<ref>[https://daap.uc.edu/academics/said/said_directory.html?eid=kanekaa&thecomp=uceprof site of the University of Cincinnati]</ref>
Her research focuses on the themes of the design formulation, in particular representation and spatial construction of meaning and [[Morphology(architecture and engineering)|morphological studies]] in [[architecture]].
This research is reflected in her publications on topics ranging from the issues of representation in the work of [[Lebbeus Woods]], to [[Danteum]] of [[Giuseppe Terragni]] and translations of the [[Divine Comedy]] through media, to spatiality in the novels of [[Italo Calvino]] and [[game design]].<ref>In particular, there is a study of her on the design of constructive / three-dimensional games based on the literary texts of Italo Calvino [[If on a winter's night a traveler]] and [[Invisible Cities]] [http://www.spacesyntax.net/symposia-archive/SSS4/fullpapers/25Kanekarpaper.pdf A. Kanekar, ''Designing games:Structure, playability and intelligibility'', Università di Cincinnati]</ref>

Kanekar worked at the architect's studio [[Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi]] in India on large institutional projects and later collaborated with '' The National Institute of Design (NID) '' in [[Ahmedabad]] on conservation projects and tourism development in South India.
She has also worked on post-war reconstruction and conservation projects in [[Mostar]] in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].

== Works ==
=== Articles ===
Her writings are published in various journals, including ''[[The Journal of Architecture]]'', ''[[Perspecta (journal)|Perspecta]]'', ''[[Philosophica]]'', and ''[[Domus (magazine)|Domus]]''.
*''Between Drawing and Building'', The Journal of Architecture, volume 15, issue 6 December 2010 (RIBA & Routledge) pp. 771–794.
*''From Building to Poem and Back: The Danteum as a Study in the Projection of Meaning Across Symbolic Forms'' in The Journal of Architecture, volume 10, issue 2 April 2005 (RIBA & Routledge) pp. 135–159.
*''Diagram and Metaphor in Design: The Divine Comedy as a Spatial Model'', in Special Issue of the Journal PHILOSOPHICA 2002:
*''Diagrams and the Anthropology of Space'', edited by Kenneth J. Knoespel, volume 69 (1) 2002 Vakgroep Wijsbegeerte en Moraalwetenschap (Ghent University, Belgium) pp. 37–58.
*''Metaphor in Morphic Language''. Proceedings of the 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium, Atlanta, 2001. pp. 22.1-22.16.
*''Shaping of Settlements: Temporal Events and Spatial Form in South Indian Temple Cities''. Proceedings of the ACSA International Conference 2000, Hong Kong. pp. 293–299.

=== Books and publications ===
* ''Architecture’s Pre-texts: Spaces of Translation'', [[Routledge]], [[London]], 2015 {{ISBN|9781315749723}}
* ''Fictional sites of architecture/architectural sites of fiction'', in [[Sophia Psarra]], ''The Production Sites of Architecture'', Routledge, 2019, eBook {{ISBN|9780203712702}}

{{Authority control}}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanekar, Aarati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Indian architects]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology people]]
[[Category:University of Cincinnati faculty]]
[[Category:Architectural theoreticians]]

Washermanpet railway station

2025-12-11T13:54:22Z

NoraBillings:

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Washermanpet
| native_name = <hr/>Vannarapettai
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:WashermanpetStation WesternEnd.jpg|280px]]
| image_caption = Western end of Washermanpet railway station
| address = [[Washermanpet]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|6|31|N|80|16|55|E|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| other = {{ric|Chennai Metro}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Blue|croute}} [[Washermanpet metro station|Washermanpet]] <br/> {{rint|bus}} [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)| MTC]] (Vallalar Nagar Mint bus terminus)
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = 9 August 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/>
| accessible =
| code = WST
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Washermanpet railway station''' is one of the railway stations in [[Chennai]], India. It is one of the stations of the Chennai Beach–Gummidipoondi and Chennai Beach-Arakkonam sections of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Washermanpet]], [[Korukkupet]] and [[Tondiarpet]]. It is situated at [[Washermanpet]], with an elevation of 9 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]]. The station lies at the eastern end of the 'diamond' junction of Chennai's railway network, where all the lines of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] meet.

==History==
[[File:Washermanpet Railway Station, Chennai, View1.jpg|thumb|left|210px|Platform 1 at the station (a view towards east)]]
[[File:Washermanpet Railway Station, Chennai, View2.jpg|thumb|left|210px|A view of the station towards the west]]
On 9 August 1979, the lines at the station were electrified with the electrification of the Chennai Beach–Basin Bridge section. The lines from Royapuram to Korukkupet were electrified on 26 September 1987.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:WashermanpetStation VehicularSubway.jpg|thumb|300 px|Vehicular subway near the eastern end of the station]]
Despite being in the vicinity of important institutions such as [[Stanley Medical College|Stanley Hospital]] and RSRM Hospital, the station lacks several basic passenger amenities. There has been a demand for a computerised railway reservation counter at the station.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Saravanan
| first = G.
| title = Washermenpet needs a computerised counter
| newspaper = IBN Live South
| location = Chennai
| publisher = IBN Live
| date = 25 May 2011
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/washermenpet-needs-a-computerised-counter/153939-60-120.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126041946/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/washermenpet-needs-a-computerised-counter/153939-60-120.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 January 2013
| access-date = 22 Sep 2012}}</ref> It is also one the stations of the Chennai Metro Rail, which is under construction.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sreevatsan
| first = Ajai
| title = Metro Rail set to be extended to Tiruvottiyur
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 August 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article580776.ece
| access-date = 22 Sep 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Washermanpet|Royapuram|Vyasarpadi Jeeva|3|0}}
{{Chennai topics}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Bagalur, Bengaluru Urban district

2025-11-29T18:15:56Z

NoraBillings: starting some location needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Otheruses|Bagalur, Hosur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bagalur
| other_name =
| nickname = Chakalate Bagalur
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.133|77.666|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Urban district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type = Grama Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7519
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 562149
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

''' Bagalur ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 2048000 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 8000 & above |author=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoomaps India |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archive-date=18 December 2008 |url-status=dead }} Bagalur, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Bangalore Urban district]] of Karnataka.

==Demographics==
As of 2001 India [[census]], Bagalur had a population of 7519 with 3852 males and 3667 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bengaluru Urban district]]

Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy

2025-11-28T18:05:20Z

NoraBillings:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Proddatur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kadapa district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proddatur Constituency Election Results 2019: Proddatur Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/proddatur |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in Rameswaram village, [[Proddatur]] Town, [[Kadapa district|YSR district]], Andhra Pradesh. His late father Siva Sankar Reddy was a farmer. He completed his B.A. from SCNR Government Degree College, Proddatur University in 1987. He was a trade union leader, and was heading the Auto union before he entered politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-08 |title=Rachamallu Siva Prasad Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Rameswaram {{!}} Proddatur |url=https://theleaderspage.com/rachamallu-siva-prasad-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has a daughter, Pallavi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=P. V. |date=2023-09-08 |title=Proddutur MLA celebrates daughter's love marriage |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/070923/proddutur-mla-celebrates-daughters-love-marriage.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> He was hailed for performing an inter-caste marriage for her daughter with Pavan, an MBA graduate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2023-09-07 |title=Andhra Pradesh: దగ్గరుండి కూతురికి కులాంతర వివాహం జరిపించిన ఎమ్మెల్యే.. సబ్ రిజిస్టర్ కార్యాలయంలో పెళ్లి |url=https://tv9telugu.com/andhra-pradesh/proddatur-mla-rachamallu-siva-prasad-reddy-daughter-love-marriage-1058010.html |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career in 1986 as a student leader. He was the chairman of the Student Union in college before becoming a municipal Councillor of Proddutur municipality in 1998. He also served as Municipal Chairman for six months. He first became an MLA in 2014, when he represented [[YSR Congress Party]] from Proddutur Assembly constituency, defeating [[Nandyala Varada Rajulu Reddy]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 12,945 votes. He won again in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Mallela Linga Reddy of TDP by 43,148 votes. He was nominated again to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]] and in March 2024 he was stopped by the election commission officials from campaigning, as he had not applied for permission through the Suvidha app.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-03-19 |title=అనుమతి లేకుండా రాచమల్లు ప్రచారం - అడ్డుకున్న అధికారులు |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!politics/election-officials-stopped-mla-rachamallu-siva-prasad-reddy-campaign-in-proddatur-aps24031902349 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siva Prasad Reddy, Rachamallu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]

Murarai railway station

2025-10-21T18:49:15Z

NoraBillings:

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Murarai
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Murarai.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Murarai, [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|26|27|N|87|51|30|E|display=inline}}<ref>[http://d.indiarailinfo.com/station/map/murarai-mrr/1886 Murarai Railway Station]</ref>
| elevation = {{convert|36|m}}
| line = [[Rampurhat-Malda Town Section]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| classification = '''NSG-5'''
| opened = 1866-67
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}{{dubious|date=May 2019}}{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MRR
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = Indian Railways
| zone = Howrah division
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former = [[East India Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India#India West Bengal
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
}}

'''Murarai Railway Station''' is located [[Sahibganj loop|on the]] [[Rampurhat-Malda Town Section|Rampurhat-Malda Town section]] in [[Murarai]], [[West Bengal]]. It serves the town of Murarai, which is part of the [[Murarai I|Murarai I community development block]]. The station has three platforms, and 26 trains stop there. It is classified as a NSG 5 (Non-Suburban Group) category station under [[Howrah railway division|Howrah Division]].

== New railway track ==
The third railway track connecting [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] and [[Murarai]] was completed in October 2023. The speed limit on the [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]]-[[Murarai]] section is currently 110 km/h, with plans to increase it to 130 km/h in the 2025-26 financial year. Construction of the proposed third line for the Murarai-[[Pakur railway station|Pakur]]-[[Gumani railway station|Gumani]] section in the [[Howrah railway division|Howrah division]] is expected to begin soon.

== Revenue ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;"
|+ '''Revenue Details of Murarai railway station'''
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#e6e6e6;" | Financial Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#e6e6e6;" | Category
! scope="col" style="background-color:#e6e6e6;" | Revenue (INR)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#e6e6e6;" | Approximate Value
|-
| 2024–25
| style="text-align:left;" | Reservation Tickets – PRS
| ₹18,498,165
| Nearly ₹1.85 crore
|-
| 2024–25
| style="text-align:left; background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Unreserved Tickets – UTS
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | ₹37,517,360
| style="background-color:#f9f9f9;" | Nearly ₹3.75 crore
|-
| 2024–25
! style="text-align:left; background-color:#e6e6e6;" | Total ( PRS + UTS )
! style="background-color:#e6e6e6;" | ₹56,015,525
! style="background-color:#e6e6e6;" | Nearly ₹5.60 crore
|-
| 2023–24
| style="text-align:left;" | Total ( PRS+UTS)
| ₹45,790,103
| Nearly ₹4.58 crore
|}

It is fifth in revenue generation in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district, after [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station|Bolpur]], [[Sainthia Junction railway station|Sainthia]], and [[Siuri railway station|Suri]].

== Major trains==
*[[Gour Express]]
*[[Vananchal Express]]
*[[Howrah–Malda Town Intercity Express]]
*[[Tebhaga Express]]
*[[Kanchanjungha Express]]

== Trains that are not restored yet ==

* 13119/20 [[Sealdah–Anand Vihar Terminal Express|Sealdah - Anvt Upper India Express]] (2 days a week)
* 13133/34 [[Sealdah–Varanasi Express|Sealdah - Varanasi Upper India Express]] (5 days a week)
* 53043/44 [[Howrah–Rajgir Fast Passenger|Howrah - Rajgir Fast Passenger]] (daily)
* 53417/18 Bardhaman - Malda Town Passenger (daily)
* 53137/18 Rampurhat - Barharwa Passenger (daily)

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
*[[Nalhati Junction railway station]]
*[[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]
* [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town Station]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sahibganj loop stations|Murarai|Banshlai Bridge|Chatra|51|0|3}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1867]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

National Highway 123 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-17T06:08:16Z

NoraBillings: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 507 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Anupam (given name)

2025-10-10T14:54:01Z

NoraBillings: enhanced layout for accuracy and added references for accuracy

{{About|the name|the supercomputer series|Anupam (supercomputer)}}
{{Infobox given name
| name = Anupam
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| gender = Male
| meaning = "incomparable", "excellent"
| region = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]<br/>[[Sanskrit]]
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names = [[Anupama (given name)|Anupama]], [[Nirupam]]
| name day =
| derived =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anupam''' (in [[Devanagari]] : अनुपम) is an Indian masculine [[given name]], whose meaning in [[Sanskrit]] is "incomparable", "excellent".
<ref>{{MWSD}}</ref>

== Notable people named Anupam ==
* [[Anupam Amod]], Indian playback singer
* [[Anupam Dutta]], Indian music director and composer
* [[Anupam Garg]], Indian-American physicist
* [[Anupam Gupta]] (born 1954), Indian lawyer
* [[Anupam Hayat]], Bangladeshi film critic
* [[Anupam Hazra]] (born 1982), Indian educator and member of parliament
* [[Anupam Joshi]], Professor and Cybersecurity expert
* [[Anupam Kher]] (born 1955), Indian actor
* [[Anupam Mazumdar]], theoretical physicist
* [[Anupam Mishra]] (born 1948), Indian author and environmentalist
* [[Anupam Nath]] (born 1971), Indian photojournalist
* [[Anupam Roy]] (born 1982), Indian composer and singer
* [[Anupam Sanklecha]] (born 1982), Indian cricketer
* [[Anupam Saraph]] (born 1961), Indian scientist
* [[Anupam Sarkar]] (born 1985), Indian footballer
* [[Anupam Sharma]], Australian film director and actor
* [[Anupam Shobhakar]], musician and composer
* [[Anupam Shyam]] (1957–2021), Indian actor
* [[Anupam Sinha]] (born 1962), Indian comics writer
* [[Anupam Sud]] (born 1944), Indian artist
* [[Anupam Tripathi]], Artist - Korean Cinema

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{given name}}
[[Category:Hindu given names]]
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Harivaṃśapurāṇa

2025-10-07T18:59:40Z

NoraBillings: New A Details

{{Short description|Jain text}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the Jain text, for the Hindu text, see [[Harivaṃśa]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox religious text
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| author = Jinasena I
| language = [[Sanskrit]]
| period = 783 AD
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''{{IAST|Harivaṃśapurāṇa}}''' was composed by Acharya Jinasena I in 783 AD.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=239}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}}{{sfn|Sen|1999|p=79}} It is divided into 66 cantos and contains 12,000 slokas. The book aims to narrate the life of [[Neminatha]], the twenty-second [[Tirthankara]] in [[Jainism]]. According to the Jain sources, [[Krishna]] was the first cousin of Tirthankara [[Neminatha]]. Therefore, Krishna's adventures too occupy a significant portion of the book. Harivaṃśa Purāṇa suggests that [[Draupadi]] was married to only [[Arjuna]], as opposed to Hindu traditional accounts which suggests that she was married to all the five [[Pandavas]].{{sfn|Doniger|1993|p=241}}

== Synopsis ==
In general, all Jaina '''Harivamśa''' narratives go far beyond what one might consider to be fitting for the ''Harivamśa'', i.e. the story of Krishna and his relatives, or Mahabharata material. They consist of four larger parts: (1) ''Harivamśa'', including the story of Krishna, his ancestors and progeny; (2) ''Nemicarita'', the biography of the 22nd Tīrthankara, Krishna’s cousin; (3) ''Pāndavacarita'', containing the central narrative of the ''Mahabharata''; and (4) ''[[Vasudeva-hindi]]'', the narrative of the wanderings of Krishna’s father Vasudeva, in reality being a Jaina version of the ''Brhatkathā'' in which the character of Prince Naravāhanadatta is replaced by Vasudeva.

True to the systematic requirements of a Jaina Purana, the first three chapters describe the narrative setting of Mahāvīra’s ''samavasarana'', where Shrenika enquires about the story of the Hari dynasty upon seeing Jitashatru, a monk of the Hari lineage, attaining ''kevalajñāna''. Indrabhūti Gautama, the head of Mahāvīra’s assembly, commences with an exposition of cosmology, chronology, and the rise of the Kulakaras (4–7). The last Kulakara fathers the first Jina, Rishabha, who continues the work of the Kulakaras, giving rise to the basic social and hierarchical structures, and installing professions and classes. He is also the founder of the ''ikshvākuvamśa'', and further, upon his cousins, Nami and Vinami, he bestows ''vidyās'', magical powers, and the land to establish their own dynasty, the ''vidyādharavamśa'' (8–10). This is followed by the stories of Bharata and Bāhubali, two sons of Rishabha, and founders of the Solar and the Lunar dynasty (11–12) respectively. In sarga 13 the ''Harivamśapurāna'' proper begins, with a sketch of history up to the tenth Jina, Śītalanātha, during whose time the Hari dynasty arises.

According to the ''Harivamśapurāna'' the ''harivamśa'' is named after a king, Hari, the first king of Campā, son of a Vidyādhara couple (14–15). Jinasena then briefly describes several generations of kings in the Hari dynasty, listing some of their extraordinary feats (16–17). The eighteenth sarga presents King Yadu in the Hari dynasty giving rise to the Yādava branch in Mathurā and introduces some of the characters known from their equivalents in the Mahabharata: Andhakavrishni and his ten sons (Daśārhas) and two daughters, Kuntī and Mādrī, Bhojakavrishni and his sons Ugrasena, Mahāsena and Devasena, and Jarāsandha, the king of Rājagriha. Andhakavrishni renounces the world after which his eldest son Samudravijaya becomes king. The youngest of the Daśārhas, the handsome Vasudeva, leaves the palace to roam the world for one hundred years. From sarga 19 onwards, twelve chapters are devoted to his adventures, the ''Vasudevahindi''. With Vasudeva’s return and marriage to Rohinī and the birth of Baladeva, we revert to the more traditional epic material (31–32). Sarga 33 introduces Kamsa, the son of Ugrasena who had been abandoned at birth and grew up in the home of Vasudeva. Together with Vasudeva he overthrows Simharatha for Jarāsandha, thus winning the hand of Jarāsandha’s daughter, Jīvadyaśas. Hearing the story of his parentage Kamsa takes control of Mathurā and imprisons his father. He gives the hand of his sister Devakī to Vasudeva. One day Jīvadyaśas insults the ascetic Atimuktaka, who curses her, swearing that her husband and father will die at the hand of Devakī’s seventh son. After a short doctrinal discourse, including the previous birth stories of the future Tīrthankara Nemi, Devakī’s first six children are exchanged by the god Naigama for stillborns (34–35). The birth of the seventh child is announced by seven dreams, the standard narrative theme in the conception of a future Vāsudeva or Ardhacakravartin. Immediately after the birth Vasudeva and Baladeva interchange the baby boy with the daughter of the herdsman Nanda. The girl is disfigured by Kamsa, who thinks he can avoid death if she would be too ugly to get a husband. The boy, Krishna, grows up in the ''gokula'' where he survives several attacks of Kamsa (35–36). Kamsa challenges the cowherds to a wrestling match in Mathurā. Krishna and Baladeva take part and triumph, with Krishna ultimately killing Kamsa. Krishna is reunited with his biological parents and Ugrasena is reinstalled as the king of Mathurā. Jarāsandha wants to avenge the death of Kamsa, his son-in-law, and sends his son Kālayavana and his brother Aparājita after the Yādavas, but to no avail.

As a long interlude Jinasena here inserts the account of the conception, birth and consecration of the Tīrthankara Nemi, son of Samudravijaya, the eldest of the Daśārhas and cousin of Krishna (37–39).

Sarga 40 reverts to the story of Krishna, with Jarāsandha’s next attack on the Yādavas. Following the instructions of an astrologer, Krishna decides to migrate to the west towards the ocean. The gods create an illusion of funeral pyres burning with the bodies of the Yādava armies, making Jarāsandha’s camp believe that his enemies have committed suicide and abandon the pursuit. Krishna enters the coastal city of Dvāravatī built by Kubera (41). Following the intrigues of Nārada, Krishna marries Rukminī, his second queen after Satyabhāmā (42). The neighbouring king, Duryodhana, promises the hand of his firstborn daughter to Krishna's first son, born to either Rukminī or Satyabhāmā. Rukminī and Satyabhāmā give birth to a son simultaneously but Rukminī’s child, Pradyumna, is by chance recognized as the eldest. However, a god seeking vengeance for insults suffered in a previous life kidnaps the boy and abandons him in Meghakūta where he grows up in a Vidyādhara family. Rukminī is devastated but Nārada comforts her with the promise of her son’s return after sixteen years (43). Satyabhāmā’s son Bhānu grows up in the palace and Krishna marries six other women (44).

One day the Pāndavas visit Dvāravatī. King Shrenika requests to hear their full story and Indrabhūti Gautama gives a condensed account of the ''Mahabharata'' story up to the great battle (45–46). It begins with a brief description of the ''kuruvamśa'' to which the Tīrthankaras Shānti, Kunthu and Ara belonged. After that Shāntanu, Dhritarāshtra, Pāndu, and their children, the Kauravas and the Pāndavas are introduced. After Pāndu's death the kingdom is divided equally between the Pāndavas and the Kauravas. Rivalry between the cousins soon leads to the attack on the Pāndavas' lives in the lacquer house from which the Pāndavas escape to live anonymously as hermits in the forest. After Draupadī’s marriage to Arjuna – and to Arjuna alone – the Pāndavas give up their anonymity and return to Hāstinapura. After renewed conflict culminating in the game of dice and the subsequent exile, the Pāndavas spend eleven years in the forest and one year incognito at the court of Virāta. They return to Hāstinapura where they make every effort at peaceful coexistence but are forced to leave their home again to avoid war with their cousins. They head south and reach Dvāravatī where they each marry one of the Daśārhas’ daughters.

After this concise sketch of the Pāndavas' past history the ''Harivamśapurāna'' takes us back to Pradyumna, who has now grown up to accomplish many heroic feats, much to the envy of his foster mother and brothers. Following some conflicts and subsequent reconciliation Nārada takes him back to Dvāravatī to rejoin his biological family. On the way Pradyumna raids the caravan that is accompanying Duryodhana’s daughter to Dvāravatī, where she will marry Satyabhāmā’s son Bhānu, and he steals the bride. Rukminī recognizes her son and Nārada introduces him to Krishna after which Pradyumna triumphantly enters Dvāravatī and marries Duryodhana’s daughter (47). Sarga 48 describes the anecdotes of Pradyumna and his half brother Śamba, who is always taunting Satyabhāmā’s younger son Subhānu. In total there are by then three and a half crores of princes in Dvāravatī.

Jinasena then inserts the story of Nanda’s daughter who was mutilated by Kamsa (49). She grows up and, disgusted with the world, becomes a nun in the Vindhyas. There she is noticed by some tribal hunters on their way to attack a group of merchants. The hunters pay homage to her as a goddess. Immediately after they leave the nun is devoured by a tiger. When the hunters return, all they find of their goddess are three fingers in a pool of blood. They misinterpret this as a sign that the goddess demands blood and from then on they engage in the practice of sacrificing buffaloes, hence the origin of the Durgā cult.

In sarga 50 Jarāsandha one day hears that the Yādavas are alive and prospering in Dvāravatī. He immediately sends a messenger with a declaration of war. The Yādavas accept it and both parties agree to meet in Kuruksetra after six months. The following two sargas describe the great war between the Yādavas and their allies, including the Pāndavas, and Jarāsandha and his allies, among whom are the Kauravas. The Pāndavas gain victory over the Kauravas, who all renounce the material world to go and live as ascetics. In the ultimate battle Krishna, the Vāsudeva, kills Jarāsandha, the Prativāsudeva, with his ''cakra'' Sudarśana. After the war Krishna campaigns to conquer half of Bharata and triumphantly returns to Dvāravatī where he is crowned as Ardhacakravartin.

One day Draupadī fails to recognize Nārada and forgets to greet him. Spiteful as ever, Nārada entices King Padmanābha of Dhātakīkhanda, a continent lying beyond Jambūdvīpa, to kidnap her. Krishna and the Pāndavas set out to rescue her. They cross the ocean of salt surrounding Jambūdvīpa and reach Dhātakīkhanda, where they subdue Padmanābha’s armies and are reunited with Draupadī. On their return home the Pāndavas, by way of a prank, hide the ferry crossing the Gangā so that Krishna himself has to carry his chariot, charioteer and horses across the river. When he hears that the Pāndavas are responsible for this he angrily banishes them to Mathurā in the south and installs Parīksita, Subhadrā’s grandson, in Hāstinapura (54).

In sarga 55 we are briefly told how Aniruddha, Pradyumna’s son, is kidnapped by the daughter of King Bāna. Aniruddha and his bride are rescued and brought back to Dvāravatī.

Then Jinasena picks up the biography of Nemi and the story of how he became a Tīrthankara (55–59). Krishna noticed that his young nephew had grown up to a man of unequalled force and becomes worried for his own sovereignty. He also arranges for Nemi to marry. Just before the wedding Nemi wanders around the park where he sees the crying animals lined up to be slaughtered for the wedding feast. He becomes filled with disgust for the world and decides to renounce. The gods come to honour him and take him to Uttarakuru where he begins his meditation. Nemi attains kevala and roams the land to preach to his followers. In sarga 60 Nemi narrates the previous birth stories of Krishna’s wives. Devakī gives birth to another son, Gajakumāra, who, also on his wedding day, renounces the world. All the Daśārhas (except Vasudeva), Vasudeva’s wives (except Devakī and Rohinī), and Krishna’s daughters become mendicants.

Questioned by Krishna, Nemi foretells Dvāravatī’s downfall (61). Twelve years later, as predicted, the city and all its inhabitants are burnt by a vengeful god, who, when in a former existence he was an ascetic named Dvīpāyana, was insulted by Dvāravatī’s drunken young princes. Only Krishna and Baladeva escape the burning city alive. On their way south to the Pandavas Krishna rests under a tree while Baladeva goes to fetch some water. Jaratkumāra, Baladeva’s and Krishna's half-brother, who, in order to avoid killing Krishna as Nemi had predicted, had left Dvāravatī twelve years earlier to live in the forest as a hunter, mistakes Krishna's foot for a deer and shoots him. Krishna dies and is reborn in the third hell. Jaratkumāra goes to the Pāndavas to bring them the news of Dvāravatī’s downfall and Krishna’s demise (62). Baladeva cannot accept Krishna’s death and roams around carrying Krishna’s corpse with him. A god, his charioteer in a previous life, brings him to his senses, upon which he renounces the world (63).

The Pāndavas install Jaratkumāra as their successor and visit Nemi, from whom they hear about their previous lives (64). Sarga 65 describes the nirvāna of Nemi and the liberation of the main characters. The Hari lineage is continued by Jaratkumāra. In the final sarga the genealogy of the Hari dynasty is enumerated up to Jitaśatru, the monk about whom Shrenika had requested to hear the whole story. Shrenika then returns home and Mahāvīra attains nirvāõa. The Harivamśapurāna ends with an account of Mahāvīra’s lineage up to Caturmuni.

== See also ==
* [[Neminatha]]
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Balarama]]
* [[Jinasena]]

==Bibliography==
*Punnāta Jinasena. ''Harivaṃśapurāṇa'', ed. P. Jain, Kashi, 1962.

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |editor-last=Doniger |editor-first=Wendy |editor-link=Wendy Doniger |title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC |year=1993 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=0-7914-1381-0 }}
* {{citation|last=Jain|first=Dr. Pannalal|author-link=Pannalal Jain|title=Harivamsa Purana of Acharya Jinasena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_sFcJNt1sUC|date=2008|publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanapitha]]|isbn=978-81-263-1548-2}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |year=1999 |orig-year=1988 |publisher=New Age International Publishers |edition=Second |isbn=81-224-1198-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X |ref={{sfnref|Umakant P. Shah|1987}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

{{Jain Agamas}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit Jain texts]]
[[Category:Rajasthani literature]]

Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College, Mahe

2025-09-23T13:32:58Z

NoraBillings: page updated

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College<br />Mahe
| image_name = Partial view of building, Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College, Mahe.jpg
| image_size =
| motto = Technology Triumphs.
| established = October 2000
| type = Public Institution
| academic_staff = ~30
| city = [[Mahé, India|Mahe]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.721|75.529|display=title,inline}}
| campus = Rural
| free = IGPTC
| website = https://www.igptc-mahe.org/
}}

'''Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College''' is an educational institution in [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The Polytechnic College was established in the year 2000 under the supervision of PIPMATE and is funded by Government of Puducherry in collaboration with [[Department of Higher Education (Tamil Nadu)]]. The college was initially named as "Mahe Polytechnic College" and commonly known as "IGPTC" among students and the alumni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dhte.puducherry.gov.in/polytechnic_college.html |title=Polytechnic College | the Directorate of Higher & Technical Education |access-date=23 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901072128/http://dhte.puducherry.gov.in/polytechnic_college.html |archive-date=1 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute is named after the former prime minister of [[India]], and social reformer [[Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brainsail.com/college/19041/indira-gandhi-polytechnic-college |title=Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College, Mahe, Puducherry – Brainsail.com |website=brainsail.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080354/http://www.brainsail.com/college/19041/indira-gandhi-polytechnic-college |archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> The college campus was functioning temporarily in [[Rajiv Gandhi]] ITI Campus till 2012 and later shifted to its own campus.

==About==
IGPTC campus is located off the [[Mahé, India|Mahe]]-Palloor main road in [[Chalakkara]]. The campus houses two main blocks connected by a [[skywalk]].
* The institute is provided with high-tech Laboratories with workstations interfaced with Computers, Digital and Microprocessor Labs have been established for Instrumentation & Control Engineering and Computer Engineering Department.
*
* A number of 30 desktop computers with i3 processor and one 10KVA UPS with 1 hour backup have been purchased for the PC. Lab of the Instrumentation & Control Engg. Department utilizing the MHRD fund during the financial year 2016-17.
* Training & Placement section has placed number of students in various Multi National Companies. Implant training is also provided to the final year students every year in reputed firms.
* The project "Centralized Automated Toll Station in Highways" the sixth semester students of the academic year 2003-2004 secured 1st place in the state Level Project exhibition among the entire polytechnic Colleges of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry region.
* The project “Intelligent Railway Control System" by the sixth semester students of the academic year 2004-2005 secured 1st place in the Regional Level Project exhibition held at Kongu polytechnic College, Perundurai., Erode on 19-08-2005 and qualified for participating in the State Level Competition.
* This Institution, in co-operation with D.R.D.A., Mahe conducts a seminar for students on the subject "Renewable Energy Sources" every year in connection with the Renewable Energy Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahe.gov.in/igptc/|title = INDIRA GANDHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, MAHE | Mahe | India}}</ref>

==Courses offered==
* Diploma in [[Computer Engineering]]
* Diploma in Instrumentation and Control Engineering<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/colleges/indira-gandhi-polytechnic-college-mahe/6756/1|title=Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College, Mahe, Puducherry – Fees, Reviews, Address and Admissions 2021}}</ref>
* Diploma in [[Mechanical Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://institutes.angineer.com/indira-gandhi-polytechnic-college-mahe-pondicherry/ |title=INDIRA GANDHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, MAHE, Pondicherry – Institutes |website=institutes.angineer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511164258/http://institutes.angineer.com/indira-gandhi-polytechnic-college-mahe-pondicherry/ |archive-date=2012-05-11}}</ref>
* Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

==Laboratories==
* Process control Instrumentation Lab & Instrumentation Lab [[File:Image of the Instrumentation lab the campus facilitates.jpg|thumb|Image of the Instrumentation lab the campus facilitates]]
* Electronics Lab & Microprocessor Lab
* Computer Centre
* Hardware & Networking Lab
* Physics Lab
* Chemistry Lab
* English Communication Lab
* Workshop for 1 year Engineering
* Auto cad lab [[File:Image of the computer lab the campus facilitates.jpg|thumb|Image of the computer lab the campus facilitates]]
* Wiring and Winding Lab
* Electrical Machines Lab
* Microprocessor & [[Microcontroller]] Lab
* Power Electronics Lab
* Electrical Machines Lab
* Metrology & Metallographic Lab
* Instrumentation PC Lab<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mahe.gov.in/igptc/|title=INDIRA GANDHI POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, MAHE | Mahe | India}}</ref>

==Admission==
* The qualifying examination for admission is Matric/SSLC or equivalent examination. Another 19 students who have passed Higher Secondary Examination (10+2) (Academic/Vocational)/passed 2 year ITI are admitted in the second year class under the Lateral Entry Scheme.
* This institution is in its Seventeenth year and fifteen batches of students have passed out as on April’2017 with good academic record.
* Admission to the diploma courses is for Residents of U.T. of Puducherry only. However, as per order No: H/4/4/PIPMATE/2017/A4/877 dt: 11-08-2017 of the Member Secretary PIPMATE, Puducherry, the unfilled seats after admitting the resident students will be filled with the candidates from Other States on merit basis.
* Candidate seeking admission to First Year should have passed S.S.L.C. (10 years of schooling under new regulation with eligibility for admission to Higher Secondary course of study) or any other qualification recognized as equivalent and approved by the Director of School Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu and endorsed by the Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai, and Tamil Nadu.
* Candidates seeking admission to second year under reservation for Academic Stream should have passed Higher Secondary Course (Academic Stream) examination with Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry subjects for Engineering Courses, Commerce & Accountancy for Modern Office Practice Course conducted by the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Tamil Nadu and endorsed by the Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu with eligibility for admission to University course of study.

==MHRD assistance==
[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] (MHRD) Govt of India has sanctioned an assistance of Rs. 1.59 crores for improving the infrastructural facilities of this institution. In the first phase an amount of Rs. 20 Lakhs was released by the MHRD in the year 2011–12. In the second phase an amount of Rs. 1 [[crore]] has been released in the year 2015–16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igptc-mahe.org/about-us|title=About Us}}</ref>

==Alumni==
The Indira Gandhi Polytechnic College Alumni Association (IGPTCAA) has a highly active and growing community of over 500 alumni, living in over 20 countries. IGPTCAA is serving as forum to promote and foster good relationship between alumni, present students, management and teaching faculty. IGPTCAA has established endowment prize awards to the meritorious students.

It is the vision of the alumni of IGPTC-Mahe to project it as a successful and a leading institution of learning technology. One of the main components towards fulfilling such goal would be to motivate the students of the institution to win in their examinations and ultimately in life.

In order to encourage the financially unsound candidates the educational prospect at IGPTC-MAHE needs to be properly supported. These scholarships have been implemented by the contributions from the Alumni members across the globe and well wishers of IGPTC. We are confident that the relationship between the present and the past students will continue to grow in the years to come.

With this measure the Indira Gandhi polytechnic college alumni association with pleasure and pride launched an "INSPIRATION SCHOLARSHIP" for the economically backward students of IGPTC-MAHE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igptc-mahe.org/alumni|title = ALUMNI}}</ref>

==Achievements==
* Project ”Centralized Automated Toll Station in Highways" by the sixth semester students of the academic year 2003-2004 secured 1st place in the state Level Project exhibition among the entire polytechnic colleges of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry region.
* Project “ Intelligent Railway Control System" by the sixth semester students of the academic year 2004-2005 secured 1st place in the Regional Level Project exhibition held at Kongu polytechnic College, Perundurai., Erode on 19-08-2005 and qualified for participating in the State Level Competition.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://www.igptc-mahe.org/}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Mahe district]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs International

2025-09-22T03:39:45Z

NoraBillings: creating new page

{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = 52 minutes
| director = Gyan Sahay
| creator = Rajeev Arora<br />Abhishek Dwivedi
| presenter = [[Aditya Narayan]]
| starring = [[Suresh Wadkar]]<br> [[Sonu Nigam]]
| opentheme =
| country = [[India]]
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2007|10|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2008|3|1|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2009]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]
}}
}}

'''''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International''''' is an Indian televised children's singing competition announced by [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]] host, [[Aditya Narayan]], on 28 July 2007. The season began on 19 October 2007 with 28 contestants. The show was broadcast on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. [[Anamika Choudhari]] won this competition on 1 March 2008.<ref>{{cite episode
| title = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007
| series = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007
| series-link = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| location = Mumbai
| airdate = 28 July 2007
}}</ref> It is the second instalment of the "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs" series and the fifth public voting competition in the "[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]" series. Chronologically, the show was preceded by ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007]]''.

Narayan mentioned that children aged 6–14 worldwide could send recordings of their songs on a CD if they wished to participate in the competition. Furthermore, on 13 October 2007, Narayan also added that [[Pritam]] and [[Sonu Nigam]] would be the judges of the show. However, Pritam was later replaced by [[Suresh Wadkar]].

== Regional auditions phase ==

===Locations===
The auditions were held in the following cities in [[India]]:
*[[Chandigarh]]: – 22 September
*[[Ahmedabad]]: – 28 September
*[[Delhi]]: – 23 September
*[[Kolkata]]: – 23 September
*[[Mumbai]]: – 29 September

International auditions took place in the United Kingdom, [[Dubai]], USA, South Africa, [[Malaysia]], Pakistan, New Zealand, Singapore, [[Fiji]], Kenya, Australia, Israel and Hong Kong.<ref>[http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20071014/793471.html Sa Re Ga Ma Pa- L'il champs' begins on Zee TV from 19 Oct]</ref>

Most participants were from India. No foreign contestants reached the finals

===Judges===
*[[Sonu Nigam]]
*[[Suresh Wadkar]]

{|class="wikitable"
|+Contestants [http://www.lilchamps.zeetv.com/participants.php]
! Name !! City/State !! Country !! Status !! Status Date !! Episode Number !! Wildcard Entry/2nd Elimination
|-
| [[Anamika Choudhari]] || Mariani, Assam|| [[India]] || Winner || 1 March 2008 || Episode 40
|rowspan=5|
|-
| Rohanpreet Singh || Patiala, Punjab || [[India]] || 1st runner-up || 1 March 2008 || Episode 40
|-
| Tanmay Chaturvedi ||Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh || [[India]] || 2nd runner-up|| 1 March 2008 || Episode 40
|-
| Aamir Hafeez || Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh || [[India]] ||3rd runner-up|| 15 February 2008 || Episode 34
|-
| Vasundhara Raturi || Delhi || [[India]] || 4th runner-up|| 8 February 2008 || Episode 32
|-
| Vaishali Raikwar || Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh || [[India]] || Voted out || <s>1 December 2007</s> || <s>Episode 14</s> || 25 Jan 2008/Epi. 29
|-
| Smita Nandi || Agartala, Tripura || [[India]] || Voted out || 18 January 2008 || Episode 27
|rowspan=4|
|-
| Vibhor Parashar || Delhi || [[India]] || Voted out || 12 January 2008 || Episode 25
|-
| Rohit Raut|Rohit Shyam Raut || Nagpur, Maharashtra || [[India]] || Voted out || 4 January 2008 || Episode 23
|-
| Paritosh Pande || Gaziabad, Uttar Pradesh || [[India]] || Voted out || 21 December 2007 || Episode 21
|-
| Sahil Solanki || Hissar, Haryana || [[India]] || Voted out || <s>14 December 2007</s> || <s>Episode 6</s> || 1 Dec 2007/Epi. 14
|-
| Loria Dhoshi || Jaipur, Rajasthan || [[India]] || Voted out || 8 December 2007 || Episode 16
|rowspan=21|
|-
| Shahzaad Ali || Bikaner, Rajasthan || [[India]] || Voted out || 3 November 2007 || Episode 17
|-
| Sagar Padke || Mumbai, Maharashtra || [[India]] || Voted out || 30 November 2007 || Episode 13
|-
| Sayon Sen || New Delhi || [[India]] || Voted out || 17 November 2007 || Episode 10
|-
| Barbie Rajput with Ankesh Godbole || Mandi, Himachal Pradesh || [[India]] || Voted out || 10 November 2007 || Episode 8
|-
| Arghya Ramnath Naik || Muscat || [[Oman]] || Voted out || 28 October 2007 || Episode 5
|-
| Harsh Kapoor || Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh || [[India]] || Voted out || 27 October 2007 || Episode 4
|-
| Shreya Nayak || Mumbai, Maharashtra || [[India]] || Voted out || 27 October 2007 || Episode 4
|-
| Shreya Tripathi || Sitrah || [[Bahrain]] || Voted out || 27 October 2007 || Episode 4
|-
| Sukanya Gupta || Delhi || [[India]] || Voted out || 27 October 2007 || Episode 4
|-
| Utkarsha Telang || Indor, Madhya Pradesh || [[India]] || Voted out || 27 October 2007 || Episode 4
|-
| Aamna Waheed (Spelling Correction) || England || [[United Kingdom]] || Voted out || 26 October 2007 || Episode 3
|-
| Maithali Shome || Johannesburg || [[South Africa]] || Voted out || 26 October 2007 || Episode 3
|-
| Rupaali || Suva || [[Fiji]] || Voted out || 26 October 2007 || Episode 3
|-
| Surbhi Rajput || Kota, Rajasthan || [[India]] || Voted out || 26 October 2007 || Episode 3
|-
| Veda Narulkar || Mumbai, Maharashtra || [[India]] || Voted out || 26 October 2007 || Episode 3
|-
| Anshula Kumar || Sydney || [[Australia]] || Voted out || 19 October 2007 || Episode 2
|-
| Monalisa Roy || Kuala Lumpur || [[Malaysia]] || Voted out || 19 October 2007 || Episode 2
|-
| Shruti Khandai || California || [[United States]] || Voted out || 19 October 2007 || Episode 2
|-
| Vibhav Gautam || Doha || [[Qatar]] || Voted out || 19 October 2007 || Episode 2
|-
| Yash Kansara || N/A || [[United States]] || Voted out || 19 October 2007 || Grand Finale
|}

==Episode themes==
Just as was done in previous ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' shows, the idea of themes is used to determine the contestants' versatility and ability to sing different genres.

*Episode 1 – Week 1 (Fri, 19 October) – Introduction to Indian Contestants
*Episode 2 – Week 1 (Sat, 20 October) – Introduction to Foreign Contestants
*Episode 3 – Week 2 (Fri, 26 October) – Contestants' Choice
*Episode 4 – Week 2 (Sat, 27 October) – Contestants' Choice
*Episode 5 – Week 3
*Episode 6 – Week 3 (Sat, 3 November) – ''"Masti and Dhamaal"'' Songs
*Episode 7 – Week 4 (Fri, 9 November) – Diwali Special
*Episode 8 – Week 4 (Sat, 10 November) – [[Rock and Roll]] Songs
*Episode 9 – Week 5 (Fri, 16 November) – Children's Day Special
*Episode 10 – Week 5 (Sat, 17 November) – Comedy Special
*Episode 11 – Week 6 (Fri, 23 November) – [[Asha Bhonsle]]'s Songs
*Episode 12 – Week 6 (Sat, 24 November)
*Episode 13 – Week 7 (Fri, 30 November) – Contestant's Favorite Songs
*Episode 14 – Week 7 (Sat, 1 December) – Retro Theme
*Episode 15 – Week 8 (Fri, 7 December) – Hungama Songs
*Episode 16 – Week 8 (Sat, 8 December) – [[Aamir Khan]]'s Songs
*Episode 17 – Week 9 (Fri, 14 December) –
*Episode 18 – Week 9 (Sat, 15 December) –
*Episode 19 – Week 10 (Fri, 21 December) – Balle Balle Punjabi Songs
*Episode 20 – Week 10 (Sat, 22 December) – Hits of [[Karisma Kapoor]]
*Episode 21 – Week 11 (Fri, 28 December) – [[Sonu Nigam]]'s Songs
*Episode 22 – Week 11 (Sat, 29 December) – Disco Special
*Episode 23 – Week 12 (Fri, 4 January) – Beach Special
*Episode 24 – Week 12 (Sat, 5 January) – Parent's Special
*Episode 25 – Week 13 (Fri, 11 January) – Arabic Music
*Episode 26 – Week 13 (Sat, 12 January) – Mela Special
*Episode 27 – Week 14 (Fri, 18 January) – Sufi Songs
*Episode 28 – Week 14 (Sat, 19 January) – Hits of Arshad Warsi/Ayesha Takia
*Episode 29 – Week 15 (Fri, 25 January) – Train Songs
*Episode 30 – Week 15 (Sat, 26 January) – Patriotic Songs
*Episode 31 – Week 16 (Fri, 1 February) – [[Suresh Wadkar]]'s Songs
*Episode 32 – Week 16 (Sat, 2 February) – New Songs of 2007 & Romantic Songs
*Episode 33 – Week 17 (Fri, 8 February) – Devotional Songs
*Episode 34 – Week 17 (Sat, 9 February) – Chaand & Bhoot Songs
*Episode 35 – Week 18 (Fri, 15 February) – Classical Songs
*Episode 36 – Week 18 (Sat, 16 February) – Hits of Kajol/Ajay Devgan

==Celebrity guests==
*Week 3 (2 November) – [[Anand Raj Anand]]
*Week 4 (9 November) – [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
*Week 5 (16 November) – Amrita-Nagin
*Week 6 (23 November 24 November) – [[Asha Bhonsle]] (both days)
*Week 7 (1 December) – [[Soha Ali Khan]]
*Week 8 (7 December) – [[Usha Uthup]]
*Week 8 (8 December) – [[Aamir Khan]]
*Week 9 (14 December 15 December) – [[Alka Yagnik]] (both days)
*Week 10 (21 December) – [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
*Week 10 (22 December) – [[Karisma Kapoor]]
*Week 11 (28 December) – Agam Kumar Nigam
*Week 11 (29 December) – [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Amrita Rao]], [[Nikhil Dwivedi]]
*Week 12 (5 January) – Deepa Narayan
*Week 13 (11 January) – [[Nagesh Kukunoor]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
*Week 14 (18 January) – [[Rajpal Yadav]]
*Week 14 (19 January) – [[Ayesha Takia]], [[Arshad Warsi]]
*Week 15 (26 January) – [[Bipasha Basu]]
*Week 16 (1 February) – [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
*Week 16 (2 February) – [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Sameer Tandon]]
*Week 17 (9 February) – [[Raju Shrivastav]]
*Week 18 (15 February) – [[Amjad Ali Khan]]
*Week 18 (16 February]) – [[Kajol]], [[Ajay Devgan]]

Grand Finale: (1 March) Kajol and Ajay Devgan

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.saregamapachallenge2007.com/ ''SaReGaMaPa Lil Champs International''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031006/http://saregamapachallenge2007.com/ |date=30 October 2007 }}
* [https://lil-champs-international.blogspot.com/ ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International 2007–08'']
* [https://saregamapalilchamps2007.blogspot.com/ ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2007'']
* [http://www.jeetegakaun.in/saregamapa_lil_champs_2007/comments.php ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs International 2007'' forums]
*[http://www.saregamapachallenge2007.com ''Saregamapa Lil Champs International'' videos, reviews and latest mews] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030031006/http://saregamapachallenge2007.com/ |date=30 October 2007 }}
*[https://lil-champs-international.blogspot.com/ ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs International'' live updates, videos and news]
*[http://saregamapashow.com/2007/08/zee-tvs-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-little-champs.html ''Saregamapa Lil Champs International'']
*[http://www.parilok.org/saregamapalilchamps2007/ ''Saregamapa Lil Champs International 2007'' videos, reviews and latest news]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa}}

[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:Television series about children]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Dancing Queen (2008 Indian TV series)

2025-08-11T01:26:39Z

NoraBillings: new.

{{Short description|Indian dance reality series}}
{{Distinguish|text=the 2018 American television series [[Dancing Queen (American TV series)]]}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = DancingQueen2.jpg
| native_name = ''Dhamaka Dance Ka''
| genre = [[Reality competition]]
| creator =
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Anita Hassanandani]]
| presenter = [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
| judges = {{ubl|[[Jeetendra]]|[[Hema Malini]]|[[Liza Malik]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Sandip Ssingh]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography = Surinder Rao

Asst Nitesh Choudhary
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 24 minutes
| company = SOL
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2008|12|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|03|07|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Dancing Queen''''' is an Indian dance [[reality competition]] television series which aired on [[Colors TV]] from 12 December 2008 to 7 March 2009.

==Concept==
The series consists of 10 female celebrities (film and television) who are paired with an aspirant who shall be her partner and protégé throughout the show and whom she will have to mentor. Each week, these jodis will perform before the judges to receive their scores and the audience votes through SMS.

==Cast==

===Host===
*[[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]

===Judges===
*[[Jeetendra]]
*[[Hema Malini]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/hema-malini-to-judge-a-reality-show_17587.html|title=Hema Malini to judge a reality show|date=4 December 2008|accessdate=19 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074357/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/hema-malini-to-judge-a-reality-show_17587.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Liza Malik]]

==Contestants==
Following is a list of contestants with their partners:

* [[Anita Hassanandani]] - Sonali Nirantar
* [[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]] - Taranjeet Kaur
* [[Bruna Abdullah]] - Priya Gamre
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] - Liza Malik
* [[Ishitta Arun]] - Anjali Azad
* [[Meghna Naidu]] - Moon Das
* [[Mink Brar]]- Ada
* [[Sambhavna Seth]] - Shamaayal ('''WINNER''')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-sambhavna-the-dancing-queen/articleshow/4248680.cms|title=Meet Sambhavna Seth, the 'Dancing Queen' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 March 2009|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930045736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-sambhavna-the-dancing-queen/articleshow/4248680.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sanober Kabir]] - Mrigya Saklani
* [[Shweta Menon]] - Bhoomika Zaver
* [[Shweta Salve]] - Aashnay ('''WILDCARD''')

==Elimination chart==
{|class="wikitable" border="1" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
|+ '''Legend'''<br>
|-
| style="background:pink; padding-left: 1em;" width="30%" |{{center| SF/Semi-Finals }}
| style="background:yellow; padding-left: 1em;" width="30%" |{{center| Highest Votes }}
| style="background:orange; padding-left: 1em;" width="30%" |{{center| Danger Zone }}
| style="background:red; padding-left: 1em;" width="30%" |{{center| Eliminated (Out) }}
| style="background:white; padding-left: 1em;" width="30%" |{{center| SF/Semi-Finals }}
|}

{|border="2" cellpadding="4" style="margin:1em auto; background:white; border:1px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"
|colspan="2" align="right"|''Elimination Round:''
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! SF1 !! SF2 !! Grand-Finale
|-
!Place
!Contestant
!colspan="10" align="center"|Result
|-
|-
|align= | 1
| Sambhavna Seth - Shamaayal
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|
|
|
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|
|
|
|style="background:lime; color:black" | Winner
|-
|align= | 2
| [[Sanober Kabir]] - Mrigya Saklani
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|
|
|
|style="background:silver; color:black" | Runner-Up
|-
|align= | 3
| [[Anita Hassanandani]] - Sonali Nirantar
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=1|
|-
|align= | 4
| Ishita Arun - Anjali Azad
|
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=2|
|-
|align= | 5
| [[Shweta Salve]] - Aashnay
|style="background:gray; color:white" colspan=5| ''Entered in ER 6 ''
|
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=3|
|-
|align= | 6
| [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] - Liza Malik
|
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=4|
|-
|align= | 7
| [[Mink Brar]] - Ada
|
|style="background:yellow; color:black" | HV
|
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=5|
|-
|align= | 8
| [[Bruna Abdullah]] - Priya Gamre
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=6|
|-
|align= |9
| [[Meghna Naidu]] - Moon Das
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=7|
|-
|align= |10
| [[Shweta Menon]] - Bhoomika Zaver
|style="background:orange; color:black" | DZ
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=8|
|-
|align= |11
| [[Barkha Bisht Sengupta]] - Taran Jeet Kaur
|style="background:red; color:black" | '''Out'''
|style="background:Black; color:white" colspan=9|
|}{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215000334/http://dancingqueen.in.com/index.php Dancing Queen Official Site]

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dancing Queen (TV series)}}
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian dance television shows]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Jayshree

2025-07-22T04:29:22Z

NoraBillings: New A Pg...

{{Wikt|जयश्री}}

'''Jayshree''' is an Indian female given name and may refer to:
* [[Jayshree Arora]], Indian actress, dancer
* [[Jayshree Gadkar]], Indian Marathi and Hindi film actress
* [[Jayshree Jadeja]], Indian cricketer
* [[Jayshri Jadhav]], Indian politician
* [[Jayshree Khadilkar]], Indian chess player
* [[Jayshree Satpute]], Indian lawyer and human rights activist
* [[Jayshree Soni]], Indian actress
* [[Jayshree T.]], Indian Marathi actress and dancer
* [[Jayshree Talwalkar]], Indian philosopher, spiritual leader, social reformer
* [[Jayshree Ullal]], American businesswoman

== See also ==
* [[Jaya (disambiguation)]]
* [[Shree (disambiguation)]]
* [[Jayashree]], alternative form of the name
** [[Jayashree (Tamil actress)]], Indian actress
* [[Jayasri Burman]], Indian artist
* [[Jayasri Chattopadhyay]], Indian Sanskrit writer and poet
* [[Jayasree Kalathil]], Indian writer, translator, mental health researcher and activist
* [[Joyasree Goswami Mahanta]], Indian politician
* [[Jaysri-Jeyaraaj]], Indian musical duo
* [[Jayshree Periwal High School]], Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

{{Disambiguation|given name}}

High Altitude Research Laboratory

2025-05-28T11:58:51Z

NoraBillings: New New Post

{{Short description|Research laboratory}}
{{Infobox company
|name = High Altitude Research Laboratory
|logo =
|type = [[Astrophysics]] and [[Nuclear research]]
|key_people =
|num_employees =
|homepage =
|foundation = 1954
|location_city = [[Gulmarg|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|location_country= [[India]]
}}
'''High Altitude Research Laboratory''' ('''HARL''') is a research laboratory located at [[Gulmarg]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Razdan |first=H. |date=1969-01-01 |title=RESEARCH ACTIVITY AT HIGH ALTIDUDE RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULMARG. |url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4045625-research-activity-high-altidude-research-laboratory-gulmarg |journal=Pp 296-9 of Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Cosmic Rays, Astrophysics, Geophysics and Elementary Particle Physics, 1969. Vol. I. Bombay Department of Atomic Energy (1969). |osti=4045625 |language=English}}</ref>

== History ==
The laboratory was established in 1954, jointly by [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[University of Jammu and Kashmir]] to conduct scientific research in the field of ionospheric studies, cosmic ray astrophysics, [[radio astronomy]], [[geomagnetism]], and atmospheric neutron monitoring. It was formally opened on 4 April 1954.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=June 1954 |title=The Gulmarg Observatory |url=http://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3061682 |journal=Physics Today |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=8 |doi=10.1063/1.3061682 |issn=0031-9228|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1963, the laboratory became a constituent part of [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Altitude Research Laboratory (HARL) at Gulmarg {{!}} Gulmarg.org – Skiing, Adventure, Fun in Gulmarg, Kashmir |url=http://www.gulmarg.org/high-altitude-research-laboratory-harl-at-gulmarg/ |access-date=2022-06-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> and it is managed by BARC's ''Astrophysical Sciences Division (ASD)''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisational Chart:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC), Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India |url=https://www.barc.gov.in/div/64_605.html |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.barc.gov.in}}</ref>

In 1974, to assist HARL in executing different research projects in the field of [[nuclear physics]] and [[radiation physics]], Nuclear Research Laboratory was set up in [[Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaul |first1=P.K. |last2=Razdan |first2=H. |date=1985 |title=PROGRESS REPORT FOR (1974 - 1984) NUCLEAR RESEARCH LABORATORY SRINAGAR, KASHMIR |url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/17/034/17034195.pdf |website=[[International Nuclear Information System]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] |publisher=[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]] |page=4 |publication-place=[[Mumbai]]}}</ref>

== Research & development ==

=== Gulmarg observatory ===
Since 1977, the Gulmarg Observatory is in operation. It was established to study the geomagnetic field near the center of the ionospheric Sq current system to fill a gap in the chain of magnetic observatories between India and the erstwhile [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulmarg {{!}} Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) |url=https://iigm.res.in/observatories/gulmarg |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=iigm.res.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1954 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in India]]
[[Category:Energy research]]
[[Category:Nuclear research institutes]]
[[Category:Laboratories in India]]

{{physics-org-stub}}

Gopal Singha Dev I

2025-05-27T22:25:17Z

NoraBillings: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Gopal Singha Dev I
| image =
| caption =
| succession = 55th king of the [[Mallabhum]]
| coronation =
| reign = 1712–1748
| predecessor = [[Raghunath Singha Dev II]]
| successor = [[Chaitanya Singha Dev]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| position =
| spouses =
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = [[Krishna Singha Dev II]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bankura Gazetteer CHAPTER XIV |url=http://bankura.gov.in/Gazet/Chapter_14.PDF |website=bankura.gov.in |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=2 February 2016 |page=185 |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001425/http://www.bankura.gov.in/Gazet/Chapter_14.PDF |url-status=live }}</ref>
| father = [[Durjan Singha Dev]]
| mother =
}}

'''Gopal Singha Dev I''' was the fifty-fifth [[Raja]] of [[Mallabhum]]. He ruled from 1712 to 1748.<ref name=Malabhum>Malabhum, Bishnupur-Chandra, Manoranjan; 2004; Kolkata. Deys Publishing {{ISBN|8129500442}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallik |first1=Abhaya Pada |title=History of Bishnupur-Raj: An Ancient Kingdom of West Bengal |date=1921 |publisher=Calcutta |edition=the University of Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QF4dAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=GANGULI |first1=SAMIR |title=THE ZAMINDARS AND NAWABS OF BENGAL |date=30 September 2023 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezvaEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Midnapore Raj==
{{Main|Midnapore_Raj#History}}
The Rajas of Mallabhum were an independent kingdom, not subject to the authority of the Nawabs. In 1747, King Gopal Singh Malla of Mallabhum launched an attack on Karnagarh. However, with the blessings of Mahamaya, Jasomanta Singh led the forces of Karnagarh to a victorious defeat of Mallabhum's army. This victory played a key role in securing Karnagarh's sovereignty and reinforcing its strength in the region.<ref name=ManoranjanChandra>Chandra, Manoranjan,''Mallabum Bishnupur '', {{in lang|bn}},1957 edition, page 190 ,Mitra & Ghosh Publishers Pvt Ltd 10 Shyamacharan De Street, Kolkata 700 017.</ref>

==Krishnamangal Kavy==
Gopal Singh authored the ambitious Krishnamangal Kavy. The Malla rulers contributed to the dissemination of Vaishnava literature by personally copying local poetry collections and translating key Vaishnava texts into Bengali, making them accessible to the growing Vaishnava community they supported. Gopal Singh, for instance, transcribed the central Gaudiya Vaishnava text, the Chaitanya Charitamrita. Many of these manuscripts, adorned with finely painted wooden covers, are preserved in the Vishnupur Sahitya Parishad. As a result, Vishnupur became a significant hub for poetry, playing a crucial role in preserving and promoting the theological principles and unique rituals of the movement that had flourished in Vrindavan.<ref name=Pika>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pika |title=Tales, Tanks, and Temples: The Creation of a Sacred Center in Seventeenth-Century Bengal |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |date=2002 |volume=61 |issue=2 |page=207 |doi=10.2307/1178971 |jstor=1178971 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178971 |issn=0385-2342|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Transformation of Mallabhum==
The transformation of the Malla-ruled territory into Vishnupur, a center dedicated to Vishnu and Krishna, was facilitated through the systematic renaming and consecration of the region. Villages surrounding the capital were incorporated into this sacred landscape, known as "Brajamandala," and given names such as Gokulnagar, Yadavanagar, and Vasudevpur. This process mirrored similar symbolic incorporations seen in places like Benares, where major pilgrimage sites were integrated to establish a broader religious center.<ref name=Pika />

==Mallabhum temples==
===Jor Mandir Group of Temples===
[[File:Jore Mandir group of temples at Bishnupur in Bankura district of West Bengal.jpg|250px|left]]
[[File:Jor Group temples in Bishnupur in Bankura district 03.jpg|200px|right]]
In 1726 Gopal Singha Dev established a complex consisting of one small and two big temples known as the Jor Mandir Group of Temples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASI Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Jormandir |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=19 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119193310/https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Jormandir |url-status=live }}</ref> The temple situated in the north-western corner has an idol of [[Narayana]]. The temple standing in the center is extensively decorated.<ref name="Malabhum" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Kings of Mallabhum]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Mallabhum temples]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Haladie

2025-05-14T15:33:20Z

NoraBillings: New New Article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = Haladie
| image = File:Indian haladie.jpg
| image_size = 277px
| caption = Indian haladie, 18th to 19th c, a steel parrying weapon, {{convert|31.75|in|cm}} long with {{convert|13|in|cm}} blades. Shown next to a [[khanjali]] and a tiger tooth [[jambiya]] for size comparison.
| origin = India and Syria
| type = Blade
| used_by = [[Rajput]]s
}}
The '''haladie''' is a double-edged dagger from ancient India,<ref name="mormon"/> consisting of two curved blades,<ref name="mormon">{{cite journal | title=Near Eastern Weapon Parallels | journal=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies | year=1999 | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=39–40, 78}}</ref> each approximately {{convert|8.5|in|cm}} in length,<ref name="mormon"/> attached to a single hilt.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/adescriptionind00egergoog | title=A Description of Indian and Oriental Armour | publisher=W. H. Allen & co ., limited | author=Egerton, Earl Wilbraham | year=1896 | isbn=9788120612051}}</ref>

The weapon was used by warriors of the Indian [[Rajput]] clans, and was both a stabbing and slicing blade. Some haladie had spikes on one side of the handle in the style of a [[knuckle duster]], while others had a third blade in this position.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}} In some cases the main blades would be [[serrated]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/19794/lot/85/ | title=Lot 85 An Indian Double-Bladed Haladie, A Malabar Sacrificial Knife, And Two Khyber Lohar | publisher=Bonhams | date=25 July 2012 | accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

Eventually, the haladie began to be used outside of India, most notably in Syria.

The haladie is believed to be one of the world's first triple-edged blades.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}

==See also==
*[[Willow Leaf Knives]] are two sided throwing knives that can be curved or straight. Designed exclusively for ranged combat they look almost like haladie without the handle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imperialcombatarts.com/throwing-weapons.html|title = Throwing Weapons}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Daggers]]
[[Category:Rajput culture]]
[[Category:Weapons of India]]

Jamalapuram Temple

2025-02-03T15:39:55Z

NoraBillings:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple
|native_name = వెంకటేశ్వరస్వామి దేవాలయం
|image = Jamalapuram Temple.jpg
|caption = Jamalapuram Temple

|deity = [[Venkateswara]]
|tradition = [[Hinduism]]
|functional_status =
|temple_board =
|festivals =
|tower =
|temple_tank =
|temple_tree =

|location = [[Jamalapuram]]
|district = [[Khammam district]]
|state = [[Telangana]]
|country = {{IND}}
|map_type = India Telangana
|map_alt =
|coordinates = {{coord|16.8317|80.5198|display=inline, title}}
|coordinates_footnotes =

|architecture_type =
|architecture_style =
|creator =
|established =
|groundbreaking =
|year_completed =

|facade_direction =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =

|website =

|footnotes =
}}
'''Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple''' is located in [[Jamalapuram]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Rs 3.2 cr allotted for Jamalapuram temple development in Khammam |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rs-3-2-cr-allotted-for-jamalapuram-temple-development-in-khammam |access-date=14 February 2024 |work=Telangana Today |date=23 October 2020}}</ref> near to [[Errupalem]] in [[Khammam district]] of [[Telangana]], India.

The presiding deity in this temple is [[Lord Balaji]] and is said to be a swayambhu Lord, who self-manifested in this place. The legend has it that in ancient days Jabali Maharshi worshipped and did penance here at a place called Suchi Gutta and was said to have been blessed by [[Lord Venkateshwara]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

The temple here seems to have been in existence since considerable antiquity. It was renovated by [[Sri Krishnadevaraya]], the emperor of [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. It is also known as [[Telangana]] Chinna [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]]. The temple has sub-shrines for [[Padmavathi]] Ammavaru, Sri [[Alamelu]] Ammavaru, [[Lord Shiva]], [[Lord Ganesh]], [[Lord Ayyappa]], and [[Lord Hanuman]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Khammam district]]

Kallar (Kasaragod)

2024-12-21T02:25:03Z

NoraBillings: New Stub...

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kallar
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Kallar Gramapanchayath Office(1).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kallar Grama Panchayat Office
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.4284|N|75.2683|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Vellarikundu]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Kallar Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 52.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 19,414
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671532
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-79]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kallar''' is a village in [[Kasaragod district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archivedate=2008-12-08 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kasargod.nic.in/tehsil/|title = Taluk Offices | Website of Kasargod | India}}</ref> Kallar is located on Kanhangad-Panathur road ([[State Highway 56 (Kerala)|SH 56]]) of 40 km south east of [[Kasaragod|Kasaragod town]] and 27 km north east of [[Kanhangad]].

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kallar village had population of 19,414 which constitutes 9,493 males and 9,921 females. Kallar village spreads over an area of {{cvt|52.67|km2}} with 4,691 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Kallar was 1045 lower than state average of 1084. Population in the age group 0-6 was 2,137 (11% of total population) where 1,070 are males and 1,067 are females. Kallar had overall literacy of 87% lower than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 91.5% and female literacy was 82.8%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=92,93 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Administration==
Kallar [[Grama Panchayat]] is part of [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)]] under Kasaragod Loksabha.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[National Highway 66]] passes through [[Kanhangad]] town which connects [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]] in the northern side and [[Kochi]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in southern side. [[State Highway 56 (Kerala)]] passes through Kallar which connects cities and towns of neighbouring [[Karnataka]] state.
The nearest railway station is at [[Kanhangad railway station|Kanhangad]] on [[Shoranur-Mangalore Section]] under Southern railways.
The nearest international airports are [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]] and [[Mangalore international airport|Mangalore]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Panathur area]]
[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group C

2024-11-04T17:03:26Z

NoraBillings: starting initial biography basic info...

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group C
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 11 October
| todate = 5 November 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| runner up =
| participants = 8
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2021–22
| previous_tournament = 2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
| next_year =
| next_tournament =
}}
The '''2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy''' was the fifteenth season of the [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], a [[Twenty20 cricket]] tournament played in India. It was contested by 38 teams, divided into five groups, with eight teams in Group C.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 August 2022 |title=BCCI Announces India's Domestic Season for 2022-23, Ranji Trophy to Start in December |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/bcci-announces-indias-domestic-season-for-2022-23-ranji-trophy-to-start-in-december-5711695.html |website=News18 India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 October 2022 |title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy 2022-23: Squads, teams and groups |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-smat-t20-squads-teams-groups/article65976301.ece |website=SportStar|date=7 October 2022 }}</ref> The tournament was announced by BCCI on 8 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date= 8 August 2022 |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2022-23 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555906/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2022-23?type=Latest |website=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref>

[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] won six of their seven matches, with [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] winning five matches. Therefore, Karnataka advanced to the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy#Quarter-finals|quarter-finals]] and Kerala progressed to the [[2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy#Preliminary quarter-finals|preliminary quarter-finals]] because of a higher net run rate than [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-karnataka-kerala-qualify-knockout-haryana-services-smat-results-scores/article66046024.ece|title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: Karnataka, Kerala qualify for knockouts after convincing wins|work=SportStar|date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2022–23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Group C}}

==Fixtures==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2022-23-1332915/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2022/23 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Fixtures |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

===Round 1===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 53/6 (11 overs)
| runs1 = [[Techi Doria]] 18 (17)
| wickets1 = [[Sudhesan Midhun]] 2/10 (2 overs)
| score2 = 55/0 (4.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohan Kunnummal]] 32[[not out|*]] (13)
| wickets2 =
| result = Kerala won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332929.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 11 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = Chetan Anand, Meet Desai, Rohan Sharma, Tanmay Gupta (Arunachal Pradesh), Abdul Basith, Krishna Prasad and [[Nedumankuzhy Basil]] (Kerala) all made their T20 debuts.

}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 81/3 (9 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jatin Wadhwan]] 26 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 1/9 (1 over)
| score2 = 85/2 (7.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 51[[not out|*]] (23)
| wickets2 = [[Umran Malik]] 1/16 (2 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332931.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 9 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = Abhishek Kumar (Meghalaya) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 126 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sumit Kumar]] 24 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 125/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 35 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 2/18 (2 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 1 run
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332930.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]] [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dinesh Bana]], [[Aman Kumar]], [[Nishant Sindhu]] (Haryana) and [[Parth Rekhade]] (Services) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Sumit Kumar for Ankit Kumar (Haryana) and Parth Rekhade for Nitin Yadav (Services).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 October 2022
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 215/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Devdutt Padikkal]] 124[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets1 = [[Ashay Palkar]] 1/24 (2 overs)
| score2 = 116/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Divyang Hinganekar]] 47 (36)
| wickets2 = Vidhwath Kaverappa 3/19 (4 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 99 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332928.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Vidhwath Kaverappa (Karnataka), Ramakrishna Ghosh, Pavan Shah, [[Kaushal Tambe]] and Siddhesh Veer (Maharashtra) all made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Shamshuzama Kazi for Ashay Palkar (Maharashtra) and Shreyas Gopal for Devdutt Padikkal (Karnataka).
}}

===Round 2===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 136/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 35 (19)
| wickets1 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi (cricketer, born 1990)|Rajesh Bishnoi]] 4/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 53 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 21 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 3/4 (1.3 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 83 runs.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332948.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Sumit Kumar for Ankit Kumar (Haryana) and Swarajeet Das for Chengkam Sangma (Meghalaya).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 185/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 112 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Mohit Kumar (cricketer, born 1996)|Mohit Kumar]] 3/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 189/5 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1995)|Rahul Singh]] 59 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Ashay Palkar]] 3/47 (4 overs)
| result = Services won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332946.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Shamshuzama Kazi for Yash Nahar (Maharashtra) and Amit Pachhara for Nitin Yadav (Services).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 238/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shubham Khajuria]] 85 (39)
| wickets1 = Chetan Anand 1/29 (4 overs)
| score2 = 65 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Techi Doria]] 30 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Abid Mushtaq]] 4/7 (4 overs)
| result = Jammu and Kashmir won by 173 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332949.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Rajeev Godara and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Nabam Tempol for Yab Niya (Arunachal Pradesh) and Vivrant Sharma for Jatin Wadhwan (Jammu and Kashmir).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 October 2022
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 179/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammed Azharuddeen]] 95 [[Not out|*]](47)
| wickets1 = [[Jagadeesha Suchith]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhinav Manohar]] 46[[Not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = Vaishak Chandran 4/11 (4 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 53 runs.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332947.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and GS Ananth Ramakrishnan
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Vaishak Chandran (Kerala) and LR Chethan (Karnataka) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: LR Chethan
for Vidhwath Kaverappa (Karnataka) and Sudhesan Midhun for Vishnu Vinod (Kerala).
}}

===Round 3===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 89/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Larry Sangma]] 34 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 3/5 (4 overs)
| score2 = 90/1 (10.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 47[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets2 = Abhishek Kumar 1/15 (3 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332965.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = M Venkatesh (Karnataka) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Kilco Marak for Kishan Lyngdoh (Meghalaya) and M Venkatesh for Vijaykumar Vyshak (Karnataka).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 131/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jayant Yadav]] 39 (25)
| wickets1 = Abdul Basith 1/8 (2 overs)
| score2 = 132/7 (19 overs)
| runs2 = Abdul Basith 27[[not out|*]] (15)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332966.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Krishna Prasad for KM Asif (Kerala) and Pramod Chandila for Aman Kumar (Haryana).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 75 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nabam Tempol]] 29 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Parth Rekhade]] 2/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 76/1 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anshul Gupta]] 38[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets2 = Tanmay Gupta 1/20 (2 overs)
| result = Services won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332967.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Nabam Tempol for Yab Niya (Arunachal Pradesh).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 October 2022
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| score1 = 175/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] 55 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Rajvardhan Hangargekar]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/7 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Tripathi]] 59 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Umran Malik]] 4/27 (4 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332964.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Auqib Nabi for Jatin Wadhwan (Jammu and Kashmir) and Pavan Shah for Manoj Ingale (Maharashtra).
}}

===Round 4===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 148/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anshul Gupta]] 39 (35)
| wickets1 = Vaisakh Chandran 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 136 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Baby]] 36 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Nitin Yadav]] 3/12 (2.4 overs)
| result = Services won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332984.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Krishna Prasad for Vaisakh Chandran (Kerala) and Parth Rekhade for Ravi Chauhan (Services).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| score1 = 144 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 38 (33)
| wickets1 = Abhishek Kumar 4/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 70 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yogesh Tiwari]] 26 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Satyajeet Bachhav]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 74 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332982.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vicky Ostwal]] and [[Yash Kshirsagar]] (Maharashtra) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Siddhesh Veer for Pavan Shah (Maharashtra) and Swarajeet Das for Kilco Marak (Meghalaya).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score1 = 147/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shreyas Gopal]] 48[[not out|*]] (38)
| wickets1 = Rithik Singh 2/16 (3 overs)
| score2 = 113 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vivrant Sharma]] 63 (46)
| wickets2 = Vidhwath Kaverappa 5/11 (3.2 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 34 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332983.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Rithik Singh (Jammu and Kashmir) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Shreyas Gopal for Abhinav Manohar (Karnataka) and Vivrant Sharma for Mujtaba Yousuf (Jammu and Kashmir).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 October 2022
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 190/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]] 78[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets1 = [[Myendung Singpho]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 86/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neelam Obi]] 24 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 104 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1332985.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Sub: Sumit Kumar for Chaitanya Bishnoi (Haryana).
}}

===Round 5===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 134/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abdul Samad (cricketer)|Abdul Samad]] 41[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets1 = [[Sumit Kumar (Haryana cricketer)|Sumit Kumar]] 2/7 (2 overs)
| score2 = 138/6 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dinesh Bana]] 43 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Mujtaba Yousuf]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333002.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Haryana won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Sunil Kumar (Jammu and Kashmir) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Sumit Kumar for Aman Kumar (Haryana) and Vivrant Sharma for Shubham Khajuria (Jammu and Kashmir).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 75 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = Rohan Sharma 18 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Vasuki Koushik]] 3/5 (3.2 overs)
| score2 = 76/0 (6.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 47[[not out|*]] (21)
| wickets2 =
| result = Karnataka won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333001.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Mohit Panwar (Arunachal Pradesh) made his T20 debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 167/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] 114 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Sijomon Joseph]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 127/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohan Kunnummal]] 58 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Satyajeet Bachhav]] 3/11 (4 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 40 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333000.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Shoun Roger (Kerala) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Sub: Sijomon Joseph for Vaisakh Chandran (Kerala).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2022
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 148/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Puneet Bisht]] 42 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 151/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Vikas Hathwala]] 55 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi (cricketer, born 1990)|Rajesh Bishnoi]] 2/29 (3 overs)
| result = Services won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333003.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Gaurav Sharma (Services) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Anish Charak for Rohit Shah (Meghalaya) and Parth Rekhade for Gaurav Sharma (Services).
}}

===Round 6===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 129/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Amit Pachhara]] 35 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Vijaykumar Vyshak]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 130/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = LR Chethan 61[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Pulkit Narang]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333019.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Parth Rekhade for Anshul Gupta (Services) and Shreyas Gopal for Vasuki Koushik (Karnataka).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| score1 = 184/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sachin Baby]] 62 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Mujtaba Yousuf]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| score2 = 122 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubham Khajuria]] 30 (14)
| wickets2 = [[KM Asif]] 3/15 (3 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 62 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333020.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Lone Nasir]] (Jammu and Kashmir) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Sudhesan Midhun for Mohammed Azharuddeen (Kerala) and Vivrant Sharma for Rithik Singh (Jammu and Kashmir).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| score1 = 136/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Azim Kazi]] 41[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 138/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chaitanya Bishnoi]] 51 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Satyajeet Bachhav]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| result = Haryana won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333018.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Piyush Dahiya and Yuvraj Singh (Haryana) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Pavan Shah for Siddhesh Veer (Maharashtra) and Piyush Dahiya for Aman Kumar (Haryana).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2022
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 167/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 73 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Myendung Singpho]] 1/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 118/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Techi Doria]] 40 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Rajesh Bishnoi (cricketer, born 1990)|Rajesh Bishnoi]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Meghalaya won by 49 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333021.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Riboklang Hynniewta (Meghalaya) and Tollum Makcha (Arunachal Pradesh) both made their T20 debuts.
* Impact Player Subs: Anish Charak for Rohit Shah (Meghalaya) and Neelam Obi for Yab Niya (Arunachal Pradesh).
}}

===Round 7===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| team2 = [[Arunachal Pradesh cricket team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
| score1 = 162/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kaushal Tambe]] 62[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Akhilesh Sahani]] 1/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 99/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neelam Obi]] 29 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Satyajeet Bachhav]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = Maharashtra won by 63 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333036.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Arunachal Pradesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Nabam Hachang (Arunachal Pradesh) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Kaushal Tambe for Yash Nahar (Maharashtra) and Techi Sonam for Tollum Makcha (Meghalaya).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score1 = 125/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rahul Tewatia]] 27 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 129/5 (17.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Manish Pandey]] 64[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = Karnataka won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333037.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Anshul Kamboj]] (Haryana) made his T20 debut.
* Impact Player Subs: Piyush Dahiya for Ankit Kumar (Haryana) and Shreyas Gopal for Vasuki Koushik (Karnataka).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| score1 = 100/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Larry Sangma]] 20 (19)
| wickets1 = Vaisakh Chandran 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 101/5 (12.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Baby]] 28 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Chengkam Sangma]] 3/19 (3 overs)
| result = Kerala won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333038.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[Mullanpur Garibdass|Mullanpur]]
| umpires = GS Ananth Ramakrishnan and Rajesh Timaney
| motm =
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Kishan Lyngdoh for Rohit Shah (Meghalaya) and Sudhesan Midhun for Unnikrishnan Manukrishnan (Kerala).
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2022
| team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| score1 = 149/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vivrant Sharma]] 50 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Parth Rekhade]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/7 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Singh (cricketer, born 1995)|Rahul Singh]] 47 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Auqib Nabi]] 3/21 (3.2 overs)
| result = Services won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1333039.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = Abhijit Bhattacharya and Rajeev Godara
| motm =
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Impact Player Subs: Parth Rekhade for Nitin Yadav (Services) and Umran Malik for Henan Nazir (Jammu and Kashmir).
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy}}
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2022–23]]

Mazhanoolkkanavu

2024-10-24T19:26:51Z

NoraBillings: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Malayalam films of 2003]]

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Karansinhji II Vajirajji of Lakhtar

2024-09-29T09:53:36Z

NoraBillings:

{{Short description|Long–reigning Indian Monarch (1846–1924)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
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| title = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] [[Shri]] Karansinhji II Vajirajji [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]
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| caption = Photo of Karansinhji II Vajirajji (early 20th century)
| succession = [[Lakhtar State|Thakur of Lakhtar]]
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| reign = 15 June 1846 – 8 August 1924
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'''Thakur Sahib Karansinhji II Vajirajji''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (10 January 1846 – 8 August 1924) was the 12th ruler of the non-salute [[princely state]] of [[Lakhtar State|Lakhtar]].<ref name="Lethbridge"/>

==Life==
Karansinhji became ruler of Lakhtar on 15 June 1846, aged five months.<ref name="Lethbridge">{{cite book|last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |date=1900 |title=The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon |location=London |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Co. |page=314 |url=https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/314/mode/2up}}</ref> He attended the 1911 [[Delhi Durbar]], and in the [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours]] was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28559 |supp=|page=9358|date=8 December 1911}}</ref> He died on 8 August 1924 after a long reign of {{Age in years, months and days|1846|6|15|1924|8|8}}.<ref>{{cite book |date=1928 |title=The ruling princes, chiefs and leading personages in the Western India States Agency |location=Rajkot |publisher=Western India States Agency Press |page=261 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8136/page/261/mode/2up?q=}}</ref> His reign was one of the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest reigns in Indian history]] and the sixth longest of any verifiable ruler.{{fact|date=June 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1846 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]

Doosra (film)

2024-08-16T13:38:22Z

NoraBillings: Article updated with latest changes

#REDIRECT [[Doosra (2021 film)]]

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