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Tiger attack

2026-05-21T00:36:09Z

Nobranding1:

{{short description|Most common form of big-cat attack on human beings}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Maneater calcutta1903 stereoscopic.jpg|thumb|right|450px| [[Stereographic]] photograph (1903) of a Man-eating tiger, who had killed an estimated 200 people, in the [[Zoological Garden, Alipore|Calcutta zoo]]]]
'''Tiger attacks''' are a form of [[human–wildlife conflict]] which have killed more humans than attacks by any of the other [[big cat]]s, with the majority of these attacks occurring in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Tilson&Nyhus2010">{{cite book |last1=Nyhus |first1=P. J. |last2=Dufraine |first2=C. E. |last3=Ambrogi |first3=M. C. |last4=Hart |first4=S. E. |last5=Carroll |first5=C. |last6=Tilson |first6=R. |editor1-last=Tilson |editor1-first=R. |editor2-last=Nyhus |editor2-first=P. J. |title=Tigers of the world: The science, politics, and conservation of Panthera tigris |publisher=Academic Press |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |year=2010 |pages=132–135 |contribution=Human–tiger conflict over time |isbn=978-0-8155-1570-8 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XFIbjBEQolMC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Auerbach|first1=Paul|title=Wilderness Medicine E-Book|date=31 October 2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455733569|page=1114|edition=Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdTInPqMCjMC&q=tigers+killed+1+million+people&pg=PA1114|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

==Reasons for attacking==
[[File: Siberian Tiger Sign.JPG|thumb|"Caution Tigers Nearby" Sign in Russian]]
Like most other predators, tigers tend to attack humans only while hunting or when they feel threatened. If a human comes too close and surprises a sleeping or feeding tiger, or a tigress with her cubs, the tiger is prone to respond with aggression. Tigers have also been known to attack humans in cases of "mistaken identity" (for example, if a human is crouching while collecting firewood, or cutting grass) and sometimes when a tourist gets too close. Some also recommend not riding a bicycle, or running in a region where tigers live, so as not to provoke their instinct to chase. Peter Byrne wrote about an Indian postman who was working on foot for many years without any problems with resident tigers, but was chased by a tiger soon after he started riding a bicycle for his work.<ref>Byrne, Peter. (2002) Shikari Sahib. Pilgrims Publishing. pp. 291-92</ref>

While in modern times there are on average fewer than 85 people killed and injured by tigers worldwide each year, India has seen sharp increases in absolute numbers of tiger attacks in recent years, as was the case in 2014 and 2015, as a result of human population growth and the expansion of human settlements into the tiger's natural habitat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/01/over-1000-people-killed-india-humans-wildlife-territories-meet|title=More than 1,000 people killed in India as human and wildlife habitats collide|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=August 2017}}</ref> Many human fatalities and injuries are due to incidents at zoos, or to the man-eating tigers in certain parts of South Asia.

In some cases, tigers will change their natural diet to become [[Man-eating animal|man-eater]]s. This is usually due to a tiger being incapacitated by a gunshot wound or [[porcupine]] quills, or some other factors, such as health issues and disabilities. In such cases, the animal's inability to hunt traditional prey forces it to stalk humans, which are dangerous, but generally much easier to chase, overpower, and kill if found alone and/or unarmed. This was the case with the [[Champawat tigress|man-eating tigress of Champawat]], which was believed to have begun eating villagers at least partially in response to crippling tooth injuries.<ref name=me /> As tigers in Asia often live in close proximity to humans, tigers have killed more people than any other big cat species. Between 1876 and 1912, tigers killed 33,247 people in [[British India]].<ref>Compiled from official British records available at the [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/ Digital South Asia Library] (University of Chicago and the Center for Research Libraries). '''1.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1867&object=133 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1867–68 to 1876–77'' (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 132, 1878, retrieved 30 March 2013. 
'''2.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1876&object=241 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1876–77 to 1885–86'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 240, 1887, retrieved 30 March 2013. 
'''3.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=Statistics_1885&object=274 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild beasts and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1885–86 to 1894–95'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 268, 1896, retrieved 30 March 2013. 
'''4.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=statistical_1894&object=248 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1894–95 to 1903–04'', (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office): pg. 238, 1905, retrieved 30 March 2013. 
'''5.''' "[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/digbooks/digpager.html?BOOKID=statistical_1903&object=250 Number of persons and cattle killed in British India by wild animals and snakes]", ''Statistical abstract relating to British India from 1903–04 to 1912–13'', (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office): p. 240, 1915, retrieved 30 March 2013.</ref>

Man-eating tigers have been a recurrent problem in India, especially in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]], [[Garhwal Division|Garhwal]] and the [[Sundarbans]] mangrove swamps of [[Bengal]]. There, even otherwise healthy tigers have been known to hunt humans. However, there have also been mentions of man-eaters in old Indian literature, so it appears that after the British occupied India, built roads into forests and brought the tradition of [[Shikar (hunting)|''shikar'']], man-eaters became a much bigger problem. Although tigers usually avoid [[elephants]], they have been known to jump on an elephant's back to attack the [[mahout]] riding it. Kesri Singh mentioned a case when a fatally wounded tiger attacked and killed the hunter who had wounded it while the hunter was on the back of an elephant. Most man-eating tigers are eventually captured, shot or poisoned.<ref>Singh, Kesri. (1959) The tiger of Rajasthan. Hale</ref> In extreme situations, such as during droughts, tigers have hunted vulnerable or lost elephants (subapex-sized or calves) themselves for food.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drought-triggers-fierce-water-war-in-kerala-s-wayanad-as-tigers-kill-elephants/story-LBZn6Yf9hjFROwkjqGXoeK.html Tigers kill six elephants in Kerala’s Wayanad as drought triggers fierce water war], hindustantimes.com, 6 June 2017.</ref>

According to various sources, cases of man-eating tigers in the Russian Far East were always rare or not recorded at all over long periods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abramov |first=V.K. |date=1962 |title=Contribution to the Biology of the Amur Tiger Panthera tigris longipilis Fitzinger, 1868. [Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemoslovenicae, Volume 26, N° 2.] pp. 189-202 |url=}}</ref>

During war, tigers may acquire a taste for human flesh from the consumption of corpses which have lain unburied, and go on to attack soldiers; this happened during the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[World War II|Second World]] Wars.<ref name=me/> Tigers will stalk groups of people bending down while working in a field or cutting grass, but will lose interest as soon as the people stand upright. Consequently, it has been hypothesized that some attacks are a simple case of mistaken identity.<ref name=me/>

Tigers typically surprise victims from the side or from behind: either approaching upwind or lying in wait downwind. Tigers rarely press an attack if they are seen before their ambush is mounted.<ref name="Perry">{{cite book | author = Perry, Richard | title = The World of the Tiger | year = 1965 | page = 260 | id = ASIN: B0007DU2IU|no-pp=yes}}</ref>

[[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] once commented on man-eating tigers,

{{Blockquote |text=It is extraordinary how very cautious every man-eater becomes by practice, whether a tiger or panther and cowardly too. Invariably, it will only attack a solitary person, and that too, after prolonged and painstaking stalking, having assured itself that no other human being is in the immediate vicinity... These animals seem also to possess an astute sixth sense and be able to differentiate between an unarmed human being and an armed man deliberately pursuing them, for in most cases, only when cornered will they venture to attack the latter, while they go out of their way to stalk and attack the unarmed man.<ref name="KA">[[Tiger of Segur|The Man-Eater of Segur]]", from ''Nine Man-Eaters and One Rogue'', Kenneth Anderson, Allen & Unwin, 1954</ref>
}}

Tigers are sometimes intimidated from attacking humans, especially if they are unfamiliar with people. Tigers, even established man-eating tigers will seldom enter human settlements, usually sticking to village outskirts.<ref name=me>{{cite web|url=http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/maneating3.html |title=Man-eaters. The tiger and lion, attacks on humans |publisher=Lairweb.org.nz |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> Nevertheless, attacks in human villages do occur.<ref name=me/>

Most tigers will only attack a human if they cannot physically satisfy their needs otherwise. Tigers are typically wary of humans and usually show no preference for human meat. Although humans are relatively easy prey, they are not a desired source of food. Thus, most man-eating tigers are old, infirm, or have missing teeth, and choose human victims out of desperation. In one case, a post-mortem examination of a killed tigress revealed two broken [[canine teeth]], four missing [[incisors]], and a loose [[upper molars|upper molar]], handicaps which would make capturing stronger prey extremely difficult. Only upon reaching this stage did she attack a workman.<ref name=me/>

In some cases, rather than being predatory, tiger attacks on humans seem to be territorial in nature. In at least one case, a tigress with cubs killed eight people entering her territory without consuming them at all.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ethirajan, A. |year=2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16925673 |title=Rogue tigress 'terrorizes Bangladesh villagers' |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

==Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans==
{{Main|Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans}}
The Bengal tigers of the [[Sundarbans]], bordering India and Bangladesh, used to regularly kill fifty or sixty people a year. This was strange given that the tigers were usually in prime condition and had adequate prey available. Approximately 100 tigers live in this region,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jul/27/only-100-tigers-left-in-bangladeshs-famed-sundarbans-forest |title=Only 100 tigers left in Bangladesh's famed Sundarbans forest | Environment |work=The Guardian|date=27 July 2015 |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> possibly the largest single population anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.journeymart.com/Dexplorer/AsiaIS/India/india_addon/wildlife/sunderbans.asp |title=Sunderbans tiger reserve, sunderbans wildlife, sunderbans national park |publisher=Journeymart.com |access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref> By 2023, the official count of the Forest Department dropped to two or three deaths a year while the numbers tallied by unions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and activist groups, put it at anything between 10 and 25 deaths a year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Counting Tigers, Discounting Victims of Tiger Attacks |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/environment/counting-tigers-discounting-victims-tiger-attacks |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref> Other modern estimates are even higher, at over 100 fatalities a year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Kevin Lee Kharas and photos by Rana |date=2024-09-20 |title=Tigers, Crocodiles, Fishermen, and Bandits Are at War in the Sundarbans |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/tigers-crocodiles-fishermen-and-bandits-are-at-war-in-the-sundarbans/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref> Many such attacks go unreported to the authorities because victims enter parts of the forest without legal permission.<ref name=":0" /> Despite the notoriety associated with this area, humans are only a supplement to the tigers' diet; they do not provide a primary food source.<ref name=me/> Nevertheless, there are over 3,000 "[[Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans#Tiger Widows|tiger widows]]" in the Sundarbans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-30 |title=Counting Tigers, Discounting Victims of Tiger Attacks |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/environment/counting-tigers-discounting-victims-tiger-attacks |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref>

==Tigers and locations known for attacks==

===The Champawat Tiger===
The Champawat Tiger was a [[Man-eating animal|man-eating]] tigress which purportedly killed some 200 adults before being driven out of [[Nepal]]. She moved to [[Champawat district]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[North India]], and continued to kill, bringing her total human kills up to 436. She was finally tracked down and killed on 12 May 1907.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betabunny.com/predators/predators_beasts.htm |title=Predators: Beasts |publisher=Betabunny.com |access-date=2018-07-24 |archive-date=25 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225100352/http://www.betabunny.com/predators/predators_beasts.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was known to enter villages, even during daylight, roaring and causing people to flee in panic to their huts. The tigress was found and killed by [[Jim Corbett]] after he followed the trail of blood the tigress left behind after killing her last victim, a 16-year-old girl. Later examination of the tigress showed the upper and lower canine teeth on the right side of her mouth were broken, the upper one in half, the lower one right down to the bone. This permanent injury, Corbett claimed, "had prevented her from killing her natural prey, and had been the cause of her becoming a man-eater."<ref name=me/>

===The Tiger of Segur===
[[File:Man-eater of Segur.jpg|thumb|Body of the Tiger of Segur, killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] on the banks of the Segur River]]
The Tiger of Segur was a young man-eating male [[Bengal tiger]] who killed five people in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[South India]]. Though originating in the District of [[Malabar District]] and [[Wayanad District]] below the south-western face of the [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Blue Mountains]], the tiger later shifted his hunting grounds to [[Gudalur (Nilgiris district)|Gudalur]] and between the [[Sigur Plateau]] and [[Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History|Anaikatty]] in [[Coimbatore district]]. He was killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]] on the banks of the Segur River, {{circa|1954}}. Anderson later wrote that the tiger had a disability preventing him from hunting its natural prey.<ref name="KA"/>

===Tigers of Chowgarh===
The Tigers of Chowgarh were a pair of man-eating Bengal tigers, consisting of an old tigress and her sub-adult cub, which for over a five-year period killed a reported 64 people in eastern [[Kumaon Division]] of [[Uttarakhand]] in [[Northern India]] over an area spanning {{convert|1500|sqmi|km2}}. The figures however are uncertain, as the natives of the areas the tigers frequented claimed double that number, and they do not take into account victims who survived direct attacks but died subsequently. Both tigers were killed by Jim Corbett, the cub in April, 1929, and the mother on April 11, 1930 .<ref>{{Cite book|title="The Chowgargh Tigers", from ''The Maneaters of Kumaon'' in ''The Jim Corbett Omnibus'' |author=Jim Corbett |publisher=OUP India |date=1991}}</ref>

===Thak man-eater===
The Thak man-eater was a tigress from Eastern [[Kumaon division]], who killed four human victims, but was the last hunt of the hunter, conservationist and author [[Jim Corbett]]. The date was 30th of November 1938, when Corbett called her up and killed her during late twilight, after he lost all other means to track her down. Postmortem revealed that this tigress had two old gunshot wounds, one of which had become septic. This, according to Corbett, forced her to turn from a normal predator hunting natural prey to a man-eater.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===Tiger of Mundachipallam===
The Tiger of Mundachipallam was a male Bengal tiger, which in the 1950s killed seven people in the vicinity of the village of Pennagram, four miles (6 km) from the [[Hogenakkal Falls]] in [[Dharmapuri district]] of Tamil Nadu. Unlike the Segur man-eater, the Mundachipallam tiger had no known infirmities preventing him from hunting his natural prey. His first three victims were killed in unprovoked attacks, while the subsequent victims were devoured. The Mundachipallam tiger was later killed by [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===Man-eater of Bhimashankar===
A story was discovered by [[Pune]]-based author Sureshchandra Warghade when he ran into an old villager in the [[Bhimashankar]] forest which lies near Pune. The villager explained to the author how a man-eating tiger terrorized the entire Bhimashakar area during a span of two years in the 1940s. He was a police constable in that area and he had been responsible for dealing with the formalities surrounding the deaths (missing person reports and death certificates) and other jobs such as helping the hunting parties. During this time the tiger supposedly killed more than 100 people, but it was apparently very careful to avoid discovery; only two bodies were ever found. Several hunting parties were organized, but the only one to succeed was an [[Ambegaon]]-based hunter named Ismail. During his first attempt, Ismail had a direct confrontation with the tiger and was almost killed. He later called [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]]. They returned and killed the tiger. The tiger predominantly killed the villagers who slept outside the huts.

The authenticity of the story told by the villager was confirmed when Warghade examined official reports, including a certificate given by the British authorities for killing the man-eating tiger.<ref>Bhimanshankarcha Narbhakshak (Maneater of Bhimashankar) – A [[Marathi language|Marathi]] book by Author Sureshchandra Warghade</ref>

===Tara of the Dudhwa National Park===
While the Sundarbans are particularly well known for tiger attacks, [[Dudhwa National Park]] also had several man-eaters in the late 1970s, with 32 people killed over a period of four years in the Kheri region of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The first death was on 2 March 1978 when a Forest Corporation of Satiana employee, identified in the press as Akbar, was attacked while taking a bathroom break.<ref name=Age032782>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-age-killer-tigers-kill-90-in-india-o/148052204/ "Tiger terror returns to India's hills"], by Brian Jackman, ''The Age'' (Melbourne), March 27, 1982, p.2-5</ref> A death from a tiger attack had not been recorded in India since 1962,<ref name=Age032782/> but authorities concluded that three different tigers (at Satiana, Goia and Sarada) had attacked people in the state. Other deaths followed on 15 March, 3 April and 27 April. The Satiana tiger was shot and killed on 14 August 1978 by a wildlife warden.<ref name=Age032782/> A tigress who had killed 13 people in Goia was killed on 28 May 1979, but as of 1982, the third tiger at Sarada was still at large<ref name=Age032782/> and 90 people had been killed since the 1978 attack.<ref>"Tigers take 90 lives", ''Edmonton Journal'', March 10, 1982, p.C1</ref>

The population demanded action from authorities. The locals wanted the man-eater shot or poisoned. The killings continued, each one making headlines. Officials soon started to believe that the likely culprit was a tigress called Tara. Conservationist [[Billy Arjan Singh]] had taken the British-born cat from Twycross Zoo and raised her in India, with the goal of releasing her back into the wild. His experiments had also been carried out on leopards with some success. Experts felt that Tara would not have the required skills and correct hunting techniques to survive in the wild and controversy surrounded the project. She also associated men with providing food and comfort, which increased the likelihood that she would approach villages. Officials later became convinced that Tara had taken to easier prey and become a man-eater. A total of 24 people were killed before the tigress was shot. Singh also joined the hunt with the intent of identifying the man-eater, but firm confirmation of the identity of the tiger was never found. The debate over the tiger's identity has continued in the years since the attacks. Singh's supporters continue to claim that the tiger was not Tara, and the conservationist has produced evidence to that effect. However, officials maintain that the tiger was definitely Tara.<ref name=me/>

Other man-eaters from [[Dudhwa National Park]] have existed,<ref name=me/> but this tiger was potentially the first captive-bred tiger to be trained and released into the wild. This controversy cast doubt on the success of Singh's rewilding project.

Problems at Dudhwa have been minor in the past few years. Occasional tiger attacks still occur, but these are no higher than at other wildlife reserves. On average, two villagers are attacked at Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve each year. These attacks generally occur during the monsoon season when the locals enter the reserve to collect grass.<ref name=me/>

===Tigress of Moradabad===
In February 2014, reports emerged that a tigress had killed 7 people near the [[Jim Corbett National Park]]. The tigress was later called the man-eater of Moradabad, because she was hunting in the [[Bijnor]] and [[Moradabad]] region. The tigress could not be traced by about 50 [[camera trap]]s and an [[unmanned aerial vehicle]].<ref name=SpyDrone>{{cite news|title=Spy drones couldn't catch Bijnor's maneater tigress|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bijnor-tigress-bijnor-maneater-man-eating-tigress-uttar-pradesh-governments-uttarakhand-governments-uav-183701-2014-03-04|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=Deadliest.>{{cite news|title=Hunting for India's deadliest man-eating tiger|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26334587|access-date=27 January 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=26 February 2014}}</ref> In August 2014, it was reported that the tigress had stopped killing humans. Her last victim was killed in February, with a total of 7 victims. The animal remained untraced.<ref name=Menu>{{cite news|title=For Moradabad man-eater, is man off the menu?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/For-Moradabad-man-eater-is-man-off-the-menu/articleshow/40321022.cms|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Tigress of Yavatmal ===
Between 2016 and 2018, a tigress known as T-1 was said to have killed 13 people in Yavatmal district, in the western Indian state of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pinjarkar |first1=Vijay |title=In Yavatmal, 9-month-long hunt for killer tigress may be about to end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/in-yavatmal-9-month-long-hunt-for-killer-tigress-may-be-about-to-end/articleshow/66036053.cms |website=The Times of India|access-date=12 November 2018 |date=2 October 2018}}</ref> The tigress was shot dead after a major hunt in November 2018<ref>{{cite web |title='Man-eater' tigress Avni shot dead at Yavatmal in Maharashtra |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/man-eater-tigress-avni-shot-dead-at-yavatmal-in-maharashtra/tigress-avni-or-t1-no-more/slideshow/66486064.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=3 November 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112141448/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/man-eater-tigress-avni-shot-dead-at-yavatmal-in-maharashtra/tigress-avni-or-t1-no-more/slideshow/66486064.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/changing-the-stripes-of-conservation/article26412019.ece|title=Changing the stripes of conservation|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=2019-03-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> after charging those attempting to tranquillise her.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Kumar | first1=Hari | last2=Gettleman | first2=Jeffrey | date=3 November 2018 | title=Man-Eating Tiger Is Shot Dead in India | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/world/asia/india-tiger-dead.html | work=The New York Times | location=New Delhi | access-date=22 November 2018 }}</ref>

The hunt for the tigress included more than 100 camera traps, bait in the form of horses and goats tied to trees, round-the-clock surveillance from treetop platforms and armed patrols. Drones and a hang glider were also used to try and locate T-1.<ref>{{cite web |title='Man-eater' tigress Avni killed in Yavatmal after 3-month chase that included drones, hand-gliders, sniffer dogs, elephants |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/man-eater-tigress-avni-killed-in-maharashtras-yavatmal-after-nearly-three-month-chase-that-included-drones-trackers-elephants-5496751.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=12 November 2018 |date=3 November 2018}}</ref> Wildlife officials also brought in bottles of the perfume ''Obsession for Men'' by [[Calvin Klein]], which contains a pheromone called [[civetone]], after an experiment in the US suggested that it could be used to attract [[jaguar]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Calvin Klein's Obsession Could Be The Trick To Catching A Tiger |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/14/657238908/calvin-kleins-obsession-could-be-the-trick-to-catching-a-tiger |website=NPR |date=14 October 2018 |access-date=18 October 2018 }}</ref>

===Tigers of Bardia National Park, Nepal===
In 2021, four tigers killed ten people and injured several others in [[Bardia National Park]] of Nepal. Three of the tigers were captured and transferred to rescue centers. One of the tigers escaped from its cage and is yet to be captured.<ref name="ntnc01">{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tigers in Bardia taken under control (updated on 07 April 2021)| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://ntnc.org.np/news/man-eating-tigers-bardia-taken-under-control-updated-07-april-2021}}</ref><ref name="xin01">{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tiger sent to Nepal zoo – Xinhua – English.news.cn| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/25/c_139905441.htm}}</ref>

The tigers were identified and captured from Gaidamachan on 4 April, from Khata on 18 March and from Geruwa on 17 March. The tigers were found with broken canine teeth, possibly due to fighting between two males.<ref name="ntnc01"/> After the capture, one of the tigers escaped from the cage and went back to the forest in [[Banke district]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Man-eating tiger breaks iron cage, flees week after capture| work = efe.com| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/man-eating-tiger-breaks-iron-cage-flees-week-after-capture/50000260-4495791}}</ref> Two were housed at the rescue facility in Bardia National Park in Thakurdwara and Rambapur.<ref name="ntnc01"/> One was transferred to the [[Central Zoo]] in Jawalakhel, Kathmandu.<ref name="xin01"/><ref>{{Cite web| title = Nepal: Man-eater Tiger moved into Central Zoo from National Park – International – Times of India Videos| work = The Times of India| accessdate = 2021-10-20| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/nepal-man-eater-tiger-moved-into-central-zoo-from-national-park/videoshow/81956290.cms}}</ref>

==Measures to prevent tiger attacks==

Various measures were taken to prevent and reduce the number of tiger attacks with limited success. For example, since tigers almost always attack from the rear, masks with human faces were worn on the back of the head by the villagers in 1986 in the Sundarbans, on the theory that tigers usually do not attack if seen by their prey. Apparently, this did in fact decrease the number of attacks for a short while. Mask-wearing fell out of use after a short time, as the local tiger population reportedly became aware of the technique. Other means to prevent tiger attacks, such as providing the tigers with more prey by releasing captive bred pigs to the reserve's buffer zones, or placing electrified human dummies to teach tigers to associate attacking people with electric shock, did not work as well and tiger attacks continue. Many measures were thus discontinued due to lack of success.<ref>{{cite book|author=Montgomery, Sy|year=2009|title=Spell of the Tiger: The Man-Eaters of Sundarbans|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spelloftigermane00mont/page/37 37–38]|isbn=978-0395641699|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/spelloftigermane00mont/page/37}}</ref>

==In captivity==
{{prose|section|date=February 2019}}
{{see also|San Francisco Zoo tiger attacks}}
Tiger attacks have also happened in zoos and when tigers are kept as exotic pets. Attacks by captive tigers are not that rare. Between 1998 and 2001 there were seven fatal tiger attacks in the United States and at least 20 more attacks that required emergency medical care.
*In the 1980s, during rehearsals of a show in the German theme park [[Phantasialand]], the park's founder and owner, Richard Schmidt, was bitten in the arm by one of the tigers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voß |first=Jan |date=30 August 2024 |title=Bei Proben zu Kult-Show: Als Freizeitpark-Gründer Schmidt im Phantasialand von Tiger gebissen wurde |trans-title=During rehearsals for a cult show: When theme park founder Schmidt was bitten by a tiger at Phantasialand |url=https://www.ksta.de/region/rhein-erft/bruehl/phantasialand-freizeitpark-gruender-schmidt-von-tiger-gebissen-1-849837 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=[[Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger]] |language=de}}</ref>
*In 1985, a pair of Siberian tigers at the [[Bronx Zoo]] attacked and killed one of their keepers in an enclosure that was part of the Wild Asia exhibit.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/30/nyregion/2-siberian-tigers-at-bronx-zoo-kill-a-keeper-24.html | title=2 Siberian tigers at Bronx Zoo kill a keeper, 24 | newspaper=The New York Times | first=Jane | last=Gross | date=30 July 1985 | access-date=18 June 2021 }}</ref>
*On 13 June 1991, a zookeeper was attacked and killed by a tiger at a [[safari park]] in [[Gänserndorf]], [[Austria]] after getting out of his car, which was against the zoo's regulations<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Wenn Zootiere töten: Chronologie der Unfälle in Österreich |trans-title=When zoo animals kill: Chronology of incidents in Austria |url=https://www.vienna.at/wenn-zootiere-toeten-chronologie-der-unfaelle-in-oesterreich/8288956 |access-date=21 September 2025 |website=vienna.at}}</ref>
* In 1998, Jupiter, a 3-year-old white tiger, killed a 34-year-old man and his 58-year-old wife.
*In 2003, trainer and performer [[Roy Horn]] was [[Roy Horn#2003 tiger incident|attacked by a Siberian white tiger]] during a live stage performance, disabling Horn and prompting the permanent closure of the show.
*In 2005, a 17-year-old girl was killed by a captive Siberian tiger at the Lost Creek Animal Sanctuary in Kansas, while taking her high school graduation photo with the animal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigcatrescue.org/license-revoked-for-kansas-facility-where-tiger-killed-teen/|title=License revoked for Kansas facility where tiger killed teen|date=17 November 2006}}</ref>
*In December 2006, a man's arm was ripped off by a tiger after he had entered a restricted area for a photograph at a Spanish circus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=9 December 2009 |title=Tigers attack German trainer after fall at dinner show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/09/tigers-maul-keeper-hamburg-show |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*In 2006, Cynthia Lee Gamble was killed by one of her tigers, Tango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caged tiger kills owner in Minnesota |url=https://www.newstimes.com/news/article/caged-tiger-kills-owner-in-minnesota-99421.php |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Danbury News-Times |language=en}}</ref>
*In 2006, a zookeeper at the [[San Francisco Zoo]] was bitten on the arm by a tiger during a public feeding. In 2007, the same tiger killed one person and injured two others. Police officers intervened, shooting and killing the tiger.
*In 2007, a 32-year-old Canadian woman was killed when her pet Siberian tiger grabbed her leg through the cage and mauled her, causing her to bleed to death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2007 |title=Woman mauled to death by tiger in B.C. Interior |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/woman-mauled-to-death-by-tiger-in-b-c-interior-1.635094 |website = [[CBC News]]}}</ref>
*On 24 May 2009, a zookeeper at [[Memphis Zoo]] was bitten by a Bengal tiger after failing to close two internal safety doors, allowing a tiger to enter an unsecured hallway. The tiger, named Kumari, was sedated and safely placed back in her exhibit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miles |first=Jason |date=27 May 2009 |title=Memphis Zoo says human error to blame for tiger attack |url=https://www.actionnews5.com/story/10425870/memphis-zoo-says-human-error-to-blame-for-tiger-attack |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=[[Action News 5]] |language=en}}</ref>
*In December 2009, the 28-year-old tiger trainer Christian Walliser was mauled by three [[Bengal tiger]]s during a circus show in [[Hamburg]]. His hand had to be amputated and he suffered serious head and chest injuries. Several of the 200 audience members were treated for shock.<ref name=":2" />
*In 2009, at the [[Calgary Zoo]], Vitali, a male Siberian tiger, injured a man trespassing in his enclosure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/trespassing-charges-in-calgary-zoo-tiger-attack-1.791080|title=Trespassing charges in Calgary Zoo tiger attack|website = [[CBC News]]}}</ref> A handler was also killed by a white tiger in [[Kamo Wildlife Sanctuary|Zion Lion Park]].<ref name="vice.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-wasnt-nearly-the-first-time-a-tiger-has-killed-a-zoo-keeper/|title = Tigers Kill People a Lot More Often Than You Think| date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
*On 31 July 2012, Kushalappa Gowda (36), a zookeeper at [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]] in [[Mangalore|Mangalore, India]], was killed by an ailing tiger named Raja after he entered the squeeze cage in spite of warnings.<ref>{{cite web| title=Pilikula mourns as 'Raja' kills caretaker|date=August 2012|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/268592/pilikula-mourns-raja-kills-caretaker.html}}</ref> The tiger died of a heart attack in May 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiger, which killed its caretaker at Pilikula two years ago, dies|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2015|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/tiger-which-killed-its-caretaker-at-pilikula-two-years-ago-dies/article7237465.ece|last1=Kamila|first1=Raviprasad}}</ref>
*On 25 August 2012, a 43-year-old zookeeper at [[Cologne Zoological Garden]] was attacked and killed by a 4-year-old male Siberian tiger called Altai after entering an area that was open for the animals. The tiger was shot by director Theo Pagel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2012 |title=Augenzeugin: "Keiner hat uns gesagt, was los ist" |trans-title=Eyewitness: "Nobody told us what was going on" |url=https://www1.wdr.de/archiv/jahresrueckblick/tiger114.html |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|www1.wdr.de]] |language=de}}</ref>
*In November 2012, a [[white tiger]] named Paris escaped its enclosure and attacked three employees at [[Liberec Zoo]]. All victims were hospitalized, one suffered from a head injury, the other two had minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=22 November 2012 |title=Three injured after white tiger escapes from Czech zoo enclosure |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/22/three-injured-white-tiger-attack |access-date=18 September 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
*On 24 May 2013, Sarah McClay, a 24-year-old woman who had been working at [[South Lakes Safari Zoo]] in [[Cumbria]], England, was mauled by a tiger during public feeding time and suffered serious injuries to her head and neck. She died later the same day.
*In September 2013, Siberian tiger Rasputin killed Martin H., a 56-year-old zookeeper at [[Münster Zoo]], by attacking him from behind and biting his neck.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redaktion |date=19 September 2013 |title=Tiger tötet Tierpfleger - Allwetterzoo Münster lässt Tier leben |trans-title=Tiger kills zookeeper - Allwetterzoo Münster lets animal live |url=https://www.derwesten.de/panorama/tiger-toetet-tierpfleger-allwetterzoo-muenster-laesst-tier-leben-id326441.html |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=DerWesten.de |language=de}}</ref>
*In July 2014, an 11-year-old boy was attacked by a tiger in a zoo from [[Paraná (state)|Paraná, Brazil]]. His arm was amputated as a result of his injuries.
*In 2014, at the [[National Zoological Park Delhi]] in India, 20-year-old Maqsood Khan was killed by a white tiger after he fell into its enclosure.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |last2=Najar |first2=Nida |date=2014-09-23 |title=White Tiger Kills Visitor at Zoo in India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/world/asia/white-tiger-kills-visitor-to-new-delhi-zoo.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-23 |title=White tiger mauls visitor inside New Delhi Zoo |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-24/white-tiger-kills-boy-at-new-delhi-zoo/5764420 |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref>
*In 2015, 43-year-old zoo curator Samantha Kudeweh died after being attacked by a Sumatran tiger at [[Hamilton Zoo]] in [[Hamilton, New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullen |first=Jethro |date=2015-09-20 |title=Tiger kills zookeeper in New Zealand |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/09/20/asia/new-zealand-hamilton-zoo-tiger-attack/index.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
*On 14 June 2015, a [[white tiger]] escaped its enclosure at [[Tbilisi Zoo]] after a [[2015 Tbilisi flood|flood]]. Three days later it attacked two people, before the animal was shot by the police. One of them, 43-year-old Otar Tsukhishvili, was killed in a warehouse near the zoo. The flood and the attack sparked protests after the general prosecutor's office opened a criminal case for negligence against the zoo's director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lomsadze |first=Giorgi |date=17 June 2015 |title=Georgia: Tiger Mauls Man, Politicians Attack Zoo Director {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/georgia-tiger-mauls-man-politicians-attack-zoo-director |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[Eurasianet|eurasianet.org]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2015 |title=Georgia: Zoo Director Not Charged for Fatal Tiger Attack {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/georgia-zoo-director-not-charged-for-fatal-tiger-attack |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[Eurasianet|eurasianet.org]] |language=en}}</ref>
*In 2016, a 38-year-old woman was killed by Hati, a 13-year-old male tiger, in an enclosure at the [[Palm Beach Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Woman killed in Palm Beach Zoo tiger attack didn't have pepper spray, FWC says|url=https://www.local10.com/news/2016/10/04/woman-killed-in-palm-beach-zoo-tiger-attack-didnt-have-pepper-spray-fwc-says/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=local10.com|date=4 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>
*In July 2016, a woman was mauled to death and her female companion was injured by a Siberian tiger at the Badaling Wildlife World animal park near [[Beijing]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Angela |date=25 July 2016 |title=Woman mauled to death by tiger in China park |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/25/asia/china-animals-death |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>
*In May 2017, zoo-keeper Rosa King was killed by a [[Malayan tiger]] named Cicip at [[Hamerton Zoo Park]] in [[Cambridgeshire]], United Kingdom. A metal gate meant to separate the workers from the tiger was open when Rosa went to clean the enclosure, leaving her in the same space as the animal, where she was subsequently attacked.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/jul/10/death-zoo-keeper-rosa-king-mauled-tiger-ruled-accidental | title=Death of zoo keeper mauled by tiger ruled accidental | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 July 2019 }}</ref>
*In November 2017, a zookeeper at [[Kaliningrad Zoo]] was hospitalized after being attacked by the tiger Typhoon. According to the zoo, she had breached safety rules. The employee was saved by visitors who began to shout and threw stones, chairs and tables to the tiger.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Euronews |date=7 November 2017 |title=Pictures show terrifying moment tiger attacked Russian zookeeper |url=https://www.euronews.com/2017/11/07/pictures-show-terrifying-moment-tiger-attacked-russian-zookeeper |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=[[Euronews|www.euronews.com]]}}</ref>
*In October 2018, a 19-year-old external employee at [[Köthen]] Zoo in [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Germany]], was severely injured after being hit by the paw of one of the zoo's two tigers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogacki |first=Massimo |date=12 October 2018 |title=Mann im Tierpark Köthen durch Tiger verletzt |trans-title=Man injured by tiger in Köthen Zoo |url=https://www.volksstimme.de/sachsen-anhalt/mann-im-tierpark-kothen-durch-tiger-verletzt-929983 |access-date=17 September 2025 |website=[[Volksstimme (Saxony-Anhalt)|www.volksstimme.de]] |language=de}}</ref>
*In 2019, Patty Perry, a conservationist, was attacked at her animal sanctuary in [[Moorpark, California]] by two tigers during a donor event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/conservationist-attacked-tigers-animal-sanctuary/story?id=67575571|title = Conservationist attacked by her own tigers at animal sanctuary|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref>
*In 2020, a 55-year-old female zookeeper was killed by Irina, a Siberian tiger, in an enclosure at [[Zurich Zoo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inattention blamed for fatal tiger attack at Zurich zoo|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/inattention-blamed-for-fatal-tiger-attack-at-zurich-zoo/46476832|access-date=2021-07-28|website=swissinfo.ch|date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*On 3 December 2020 a volunteer was bitten and seriously injured by a tiger named Kimba at [[Big Cat Rescue]] animal sanctuary in Florida.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/volunteer-s-arm-nearly-tore-during-tiger-attack-carole-baskin-n1249894|title = Volunteer's arm 'nearly tore' off during tiger attack at Carole Baskin's Big Cat Rescue|website = [[NBC News]]| date=3 December 2020 }}</ref>
*On February 5, 2021, two Bengal tigers escaped from Sinka Zoo in the city of [[Singkawang|Singkawang, Indonesia]], after their enclosure was damaged by a landslide caused by heavy rain. Feri Darmawan, a 47-year-old zookeeper, was killed by the two tigers. On February 6, 2021, police succeeded in capturing one tiger, while the second was shot dead after a tranquilizer gun proved ineffective.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-06 |title=Indonesia tigers: Zookeeper killed after endangered animals escape |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55963355 |access-date=2024-06-14 |language=en-GB |website = [[BBC News]]}}</ref>
*In June 2021, a Siberian male tiger killed a Seaview Predator Park employee and another tiger in [[Gqeberha|Gqeberha, South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dayimani |first=Malibongwe |title=Siberian tiger kills Seaview Predator Park employee, tiger in front of horrified staff |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/siberian-tiger-kills-seaview-predator-park-employee-tiger-in-front-of-horrified-staff-20210617 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*In August 2021 a Bengal tiger killed Catalina Fernanda Torres Ibarra, a 21-year-old female zookeeper, at a safari park in [[Rancagua|Rancagua, Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/07/tiger-kills-woman-working-in-safari-park-in-chile|title = Tiger kills woman working in safari park in Chile|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 7 August 2021}}</ref>
*On 29 December 2021, an 8-year-old Malayan tiger named Eko at [[Naples Zoo]] in [[Florida]] was killed after a cleaner breached barriers after hours and entered an unauthorized area of the tiger enclosure, resulting in the tiger biting his arm. After unsuccessfully attempting to free the man, a deputy shot the tiger.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Tiger shot and dies at Naples Zoo in Florida after biting cleaner's arm |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-59826100 |access-date=2024-06-14 |language=en-GB |website = [[BBC News]]}}</ref>
*On 3 November 2022, a 65-year-old man entered a [[Siberian tiger]] enclosure in a private zoo in Hungary to pet the animal. He suffered minor injuries when the tiger bit him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first= |date=4 November 2022 |title=Tragedy Averted When Hungarian Man Enters Siberian Tiger's Enclosure |url=https://hungarytoday.hu/tragedy-averted-when-hungarian-man-enters-siberian-tigers-enclosure/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Hungary Today |language=en}}</ref>
*In December 2024, a 52-year-old employee at [[Pitești]] Zoo in southern [[Romania]] was killed by a tiger after not following safety rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dumitrescu |first=Radu |date=9 December 2024 |title=Southern Romania: Zoo employee killed by tiger at Pitești Zoo |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/southern-romania-pitesti-zoo-employee-killed-tiger-2024 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=Romania Insider |language=en}}</ref>
*On 12 May 2025, a 33-year-old zookeeper at Tierpark Nadermann in [[Delbrück]], [[Germany]], was injured by a 5-year-old male tiger called Dicker. While cleaning the enclosure, the tiger bit her in the hand and the shoulder. After the employee began to scream, the animal let off her and went to another part of the exhibit. The victim then went out of the enclosure and was brought to a hospital in [[Bielefeld]]. According to the zoo's director, the tiger (which was born in the zoo) only wanted to play and the bites were just test bites.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 May 2025 |title=Pflegerin im Tierpark Nadermann von Tiger angegriffen |trans-title=Zookeeper attacked by tiger in Tierpark Nadermann |url=https://www.die-glocke.de/lokalnachrichten/pflegerin-im-tierpark-nadermann-von-tiger-angegriffen-1747044368 |access-date=18 September 2025 |website=Die Glocke |language=de}}</ref>
*On 20 September 2025, 37-year-old Ryan Easley, the owner of Growler Pines Tiger Preserve in [[Hugo, Oklahoma]], was killed by a tiger that he had raised since it was a cub while performing in front of a crowd that included his wife and daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchison |first=Bill |date=22 September 2025 |title=Oklahoma animal handler attacked and killed by tiger during performance: Sheriff |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/oklahoma-animal-handler-attacked-killed-tiger-performance-sheriff/story?id=125792975 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en}}</ref>
*On 17 May 2026, a 72-year-old man was severely injured when a tiger owned by an animal trainer in Dölzig near [[Leipzig]], Germany escaped its enclosure. The animal was shot dead by the police. The case sparked debates about the private ownership of wild animals, as well as their use in circuses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2026 |title=Tiger-Ausbruch in Sachsen: Tierschützer fordern Haltungsverbot |trans-title=Tiger Escape in Saxony: Animal Rights Activists Demand Ban on Keeping Tigers |url=https://www.zdfheute.de/panorama/tiger-ausbruch-leipzig-doelzig-peta-wildtier-privat-haltung-verbot-100.html |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=[[ZDFheute]] |language=de}}</ref>

== In fiction ==
[[Shere Khan]] from ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' is a vicious [[Bengal tiger]] known for hunting humans. After his prey, a small human boy called [[Mowgli]], is adopted by a [[Pack (canine)|pack]] of [[Indian wolf|Indian wolves]], he swears to kill the child. The 1975 novel ''[[Harimau! Harimau!]]'', written by [[Mochtar Lubis]], tells the story of seven [[Dammar gum|dammar]] collectors who are attacked by a [[Sumatran tiger]] on their way back to their village.

One of the main characters in the pre-Code drama ''[[She Made Her Bed]]'' (1934) is killed by his captive Sumatran tiger. In [[Fritz Lang|Fritz Lang's]] adventure film [[The Tiger of Eschnapur (1959 film)|''The Tiger of Eschnapur'']] (1959), a man-eating tiger attacks the caravan of the female protagonist.

Tiger attacks on humans are shown in the [[natural horror]] films ''[[Black Zoo]]'' (1963), ''[[Maneater (2007 film)|Maneater]]'' (2007) and ''[[Burning Bright (film)|Burning Bright]]'' (2010).

==See also==
* {{section link|2015 Tbilisi flood|Animals in streets}}
* [[Ming of Harlem]]
* [[List of large carnivores known to prey on humans]]
* [[Tipu's Tiger]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=hllLWfhSIs4|title=Tigers Kill Men!}} – A short film on rising Man and Tiger conflict and its consequences. The video depicts an encounter of human civilization with the wildlife around the conserved forests at [[Kaziranga]].
*[http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/maneating.html Man-eaters] – Comprehensive site covering man-eating tigers.
* {{YouTube|id=4CwlEPeg3vo|title=Tiger attacks other Tiger}}

{{Man-eating tigers}}
{{Animal bites and stings}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger Attack}}
[[Category:Tigers]]
[[Category:Felidae attacks]]
[[Category:Tigers in Nepal]]

Chaman Chakko

2026-05-07T13:27:36Z

Nobranding1:

{{Short description|Indian film editor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chaman Chakko
| image = Chaman_Chacko.jpg
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| birth_place = Nellikunnu, [[Thrissur]]
| death_date =
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| occupation = [[Film editor]]
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}}
'''Chaman Chakko''' is an Indian [[film editor]] working in the [[List of Malayalam films of 2019|Malayalam film]] industry. He began his journey by directing and editing short films, which helped shape his visual storytelling skills. He later worked as a spot editor on several feature films before making his independent editing debut with the critically acclaimed film ''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |title = സിനിമ 'ചമയ്ക്കുന്ന' ചമൻ; മലയാളത്തിലെ പ്രായം കുറഞ്ഞ ഫിലിം എഡിറ്റര്‍; അഭിമുഖം...
|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2022/07/20/Chaman-Chacko-interview.html |publisher = manoramanews |date = 22 July 2022 |accessdate = 14 May 2024 |language = Malayalam}}</ref>

== Personal life==
Chaman was born to Thattil Chacko and Soly Chacko at Nellikunnu,[[Thrissur]]. He has a sibling named Chanchal Chacko. Music director [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] is his uncle. Chaman graduated from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] with a Bachelor of Visual Communication.<ref>{{cite news |title = Tovino Thomas' Kala clears censors with 'A' |url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Mar/18/tovino-thomas-kala-clears-censors-with-a-2277958.html |publisher = newindianexpress |date = 18 March 2021 |access-date = 14 May 2024 |language = English}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kala (2021 film)|Kala]]'' || Rohith V. S. ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2021-03-04 |title='Kala' movie review: This Tovino Thomas-starrer is a furious, adrenaline-pumping thrill ride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Mar/26/kala-movie-review-this-tovino-thomas-starrer-is-a-furious-adrenaline-pumping-thrill-ride-2281562.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Jo and Jo]]'' || [[Arun D. Jose]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |title='Jo & Jo' trailer: A sibling rivalry blown out of proportion? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jo-jo-trailer-a-sibling-rivalry-blown-out-of-proportion/articleshow/91148743.cms |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'' || [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=സ്വന്തം |date=2023-05-26 |title='വെല്ലുവിളിയായി 2018; ഉറക്കമില്ലാത്ത ദിവസങ്ങൾ; എയർ ലിഫ്റ്റിങ് മറക്കാനാകില്ല' |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2023/05/26/2018-editor-chaman-chacko.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Manoramanews |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[RDX (film)|RDX]]'' || [[Nahas Hidhayath]]||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-23 |title='RDX' OTT release: Shane Nigam's action flick to start streaming on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rdx-ott-release-shane-nigams-action-flick-to-start-streaming-on-this-date/articleshow/103882676.cms |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Journey of Love 18+]]'' || [[Arun D. Jose]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2023-07-07 |title=18 Plus review: Director Arun D Jose's rom-com criticises casteism in Kerala |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/18-plus-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Samadhana Pusthakam]]'' || Raveesh Nath ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=2024-07-19 |title=Samadhana Pusthakam review: A good effort to raise awareness about sex education, but needed better execution |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/samadhana-pusthakam-malayalam-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mura (film)|Mura]]'' || [[Muhammad Musthafa]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-12-20 |title=Muhammed Musthafa’s Mura gets OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Dec/20/muhammed-musthafas-mura-gets-ott-premiere |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hello Mummy]]'' || Vaishakh Elans ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-11-13 |title=Sunny Hinduja is Ashabha in Sharaf U Dheen-Aishwarya Lekshmi’s 'Hello Mummy' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2024/Nov/13/sunny-hinduja-is-ashabha-in-sharaf-u-dheen-aishwarya-lekshmis-hello-mummy |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sookshmadarshini]]'' || [[MC Jithin]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title = ‘Sookshmadarshini’ trailer on you tube |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrkfzvO9LkE |publisher = youtube |date = 17 November 2024 |language = Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2025 || ''[[Identity (2024 film)|Identity]]'' || Akhil Paul Anas Khan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-16 |title=First look of Tovino Thomas-starrer Identity out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/16/first-look-of-tovino-thomas-starrer-identity-out |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bromance (2025 film)|Bromance]]'' || [[Arun D. Jose]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-02-01 |title=Bromance trailer promises a fun, youthful entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/01/bromance-trailer-promises-a-fun-youthful-entertainer |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Officer on Duty]]'' ||Jithu Ashraf||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-17 |title=Kunchacko Boban's Officer on Duty gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jan/17/kunchacko-bobans-officer-on-duty-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maranamass]]'' || Sivaprasad ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-01 |title=Basil Joseph's Maranamass confirms release date, trailer unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/01/basil-josephs-maranamass-confirms-release-date-trailer-unveiled |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Indraneel Gopeekrishnan Rahul G. ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-04-14 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Detective Ujjwalan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/14/dhyan-sreenivasans-detective-ujjwalan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokah Chapter 1: Chandra]]'' || [[Dominic Arun]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-06-08 |title=Naslen-Kalyani Priyadarshan film titled Lokah Chapter One: Chandra |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jun/08/naslen-kalyani-priyadarshan-film-titled-lokah-chapter-one-chandra |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2026 || ''[[Pennum Porattum]]'' || [[Rajesh Madhavan]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-01 |title=Rajesh Madhavan's directorial debut Pennum Porattum gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/01/rajesh-madhavans-directorial-debut-pennum-porattum-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Athiradi}} || Arun Anirudhan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-18 |title=Tovino Thomas, Basil Joseph and Vineeth Sreenivasan team up for Athiradi; title teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/18/tovino-thomas-basil-joseph-and-vineeth-sreenivasan-team-up-for-athiradi-title-teaser-out |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[I'm Game (2026 film)|I'm Game]]}} || Nahas Hidhayath ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-03-01 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's next with Nahas Hidhayath titled I'm Game |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/01/dulquer-salmaans-next-with-nahas-hidhayath-titled-im-game |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Khalifa: Part 1– The Intro}} || [[Vysakh]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-15 |title=First glimpse of Prithviraj Sukumaran’s Khalifa to be unveiled on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/15/first-glimpse-of-prithviraj-sukumarans-khalifa-to-be-unveiled-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Thudakkam]]}} || Jude Anthany Joseph ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | {{TableTBA}} || {{Pending film| Thantha Vibe}} || [[Muhsin Parari]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino in 'Thantha Vibe', Muhsin Parari returns after a decade |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-thomas-announces-thantha-vibe-muhsin-parari-direction-78b0429c |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| It's a Medical Miracle}} || Shyamin Gireesh ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-03 |title=‘Medical Miracle’ first look out! ‘Premalu’s Sangeeth Prathap to make his debut as lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/medical-miracle-first-look-out-premalus-sangeeth-prathap-to-make-his-debut-as-lead/articleshow/118676741.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film| Thottam}} || Rishi Sivakumar ||<ref>{{cite news |title ='Thottam' first look out: Keerthy Suresh and Antony Varghese Pepe unite for high-octane action adventure|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thottam-first-look-out-keerthy-suresh-and-antony-varghese-pepe-unite-for-high-octane-action-adventure/articleshow/125120426.cms |publisher =timesofindia |date =6 November 2025|accessdate =1 December 2025|language =English }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10172518}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakko, Chaman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Film editors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1995 births]]

Padmini

2026-05-05T17:53:48Z

Nobranding1:

{{Wiktionary|Padmini}}
'''Padmini''' (from ''Padma'', a name for the Hindu god [[Lakshmi]]), may refer to:

{{TOC right}}
==People==
===Given name===
* [[Rani Padmini]] (fl. 13th/14th centuries), Rani of the Mewar kingdom
* [[Padmini (actress)]] (1932–2006), Indian actress and Bharathanatyam dancer
* [[Padmini Chettur]] (born 1970), Indian dancer
* [[Padmini Devi]] (born 1943), titular Rajmata of Jaipur, India
* [[Padmini Dian]] (born 1986), Indian politician
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] (born 1965), Indian actress and singer
* [[Padmini Murthy]], Indian-American physician
* [[Padmini Prakash]], Indian news anchor, actress, and transgender rights activist
* [[Padmini Priyadarshini]] (1944–2016), Indian actress, dancer and choreographer
* [[Padmini Rout]] (born 1994), Indian chess player
* [[Padmini Swaminathan]], Indian feminist economist
* [[Padmini Thomas]], Indian track athlete

===Surname===
* [[Divya Padmini]], Indian actress
* [[Kumari Padmini]] (died 1980), Indian actress
* [[Kutty Padmini]] (born 1956), Indian actress
* [[Rani Padmini (actress)]] (1962–1986), Indian actress
* [[T. K. Padmini]] (1940–1969), Indian painter

==Other uses==
* ''Padmini'' (film), an Indian Malayalam-language biographical film with [[Anumol]]
* ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'', a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by Senna Hegde
* [[Premier Padmini]], an automobile manufactured in India 1964–2001
* Padmini Pictures, an Indian film production company cofounded by [[B. R. Panthulu]]

==See also==
* {{In title|Padmini}}
* [[Padma (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation|surname|given name}}

Mukkamala, Peravali mandal

2026-05-05T00:11:05Z

Nobranding1: Made Bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mukkamala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5128
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534330
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08819
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mukkamala''' is a village in [[Peravali mandal]] of [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Mukkamala had a population of 5128. The total population constitute, 2599 males and 2529 females with a sex ratio of 973 females per 1000 males. 463 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 1067. The average literacy rate stands at 72.33%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588537-mukkamala-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Mukkamala Population Census|access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Godavari district]]

{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Indra Nooyi

2026-04-27T00:44:29Z

Nobranding1: stub.

{{Short description|Indian-American business executive (born 1955)}}
{{advert|date=December 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indra Nooyi
| image = IndraNooyiDavos2010ver2.jpg
| birth_name = Indra Krishnamurthy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|10|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras State]], India (present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| citizenship = United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uscis.gov/archive/2007-outstanding-american-by-choice-recipients |title=2007 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients |date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=[[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]]}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[Yale School of Management|Yale University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
| known_for = Former CEO of [[PepsiCo]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Raj Nooyi|1981}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Chandrika Tandon]] (sister)<ref>{{cite web |last=Goudreau |first=Jenna |title=Indra Nooyi and Chandrika Tandon - pg.7 |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/lmj45iejf/indra-nooyi-and-chandrika-tandon/#64109b9a1bb9 |work=Forbes}}</ref>
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2007)
| website = {{url|indranooyi.com}}
}}
'''Indra Nooyi''' ({{née|'''Krishnamurthy'''}}; born October 28, 1955) is an [[Indian Americans|Indian-born American]] business executive who was the chairman and [[chief executive officer]] (CEO) of [[PepsiCo]] from 2006 to 2018.<ref>{{Britannica|id=1377891|author=Sherman Hollar|title=Indra Nooyi}}. "(born October 28, 1955, Madras [now Chennai], India) Indra Nooyi is an Indian-born American businesswoman who was instrumental in the restructuring and diversification of soft-drink manufacturer PepsiCo, Inc. and its associated brands. Nooyi served as the company’s CEO (2006–18) and chair of the board of directors (2007–19)."</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Indra Nooyi |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000025851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406124723/https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000025851 |archive-date=2025-04-06 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=[[Munzinger-Archiv]] |language=de |trans-quote=Indra Nooyi. Indian-American industrial manager; CEO at PepsiCo (2006-2018). Birthday: October 28, 1955 Madras (India). Nation: India, United States of America (USA). Origin: Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi was born on October 28, 1955, in Madras (present-day Chennai, capital of the state of Tamil Nadu), in southern India. She grew up as the second of three children to wealthy, middle-class parents and remained closely connected to Hinduism. Her father worked at the nationally important State Bank of Hyderabad.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/08/06/635949879/pepsico-ceo-indra-nooyi-is-stepping-down-after-12-years|title=PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi Is Stepping Down After 12 Years|work=NPR.org|access-date=August 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.pepsico.com/about/leadership |website=PepsiCo, Inc. Official Website |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pepsize">{{cite journal|title=PepsiCo, Inc. (NYSE:PEP) : Second Quarter 2010 Earnings Preview|journal=IStock Analyst|date=July 15, 2010|url=http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/4311403|access-date=December 11, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717190805/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewarticle/articleid/4311403|archive-date=July 17, 2010}}</ref>

Nooyi has consistently ranked among the [[Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women|world's 100 most powerful women]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/wealth/power-women | work=Forbes | title=Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women | first=Patricia | last=Sellers | date=October 2, 2012}}</ref> In 2014, she was ranked at number 13 on the ''[[Forbes]]'' list, and the second most powerful woman on the ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' list in 2015 and 2017.<ref name="forbes2014">{{cite web |title=#13 Indra Nooyi |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/indra-nooyi/# |access-date=June 20, 2014 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolinehoward/2015/05/26/the-worlds-most-powerful-women-2015/#1452455a44ec|title=The World's Most Powerful Women 2015|last=Howard|first=Caroline|work=Forbes|access-date=October 3, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolinehoward/2017/11/01/the-19-most-powerful-women-in-business-2017-ceos-and-more-with-ambitious-goals/|title=The 19 Most Powerful Women In Business 2017: CEOs And More With Ambitious Goals|last=Howard|first=Caroline|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref> She sits on the [[Board of directors|boards]] of [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and the [[International Cricket Council]], among other organizations.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.businesstoday.in/top-story/pepsico-former-ceo-indra-nooyi-joins-amazon-board-of-directors/story/322345.html | title=PepsiCo's former CEO Indra Nooyi joins Amazon's Board of Directors | date=February 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/618624|title=ICC appoints Indra Nooyi as Independent Director}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Nooyi was born on October 28, 1955, in [[Madras]] (now known as [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India as the second of three children.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Personal side of Indra Nooyi">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-07/news/28471801_1_indra-nooyi-nandan-nilekani-personal-side|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308133429/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-02-07/news/28471801_1_indra-nooyi-nandan-nilekani-personal-side|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 8, 2013|title=Personal side of Indra Nooyi|publisher=Timesofindia-economictimes|date=February 7, 2007|access-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newceoswomenafri0000zwei|url-access=registration|title=The New CEOs: Women, African American, Latino, and Asian American Leaders of Fortune 500 Companies|first1=Richard L.|last1=Zweigenhaft|first2=G. William|last2=Domhoff|isbn=978-1-4422-0767-7|year=2011|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/newceoswomenafri0000zwei/page/68 68]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|title=Pride of Chennai|publisher=ITZChennai|date=2015|access-date=November 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232312/http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|archive-date=November 8, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nooyi did her schooling in [[Holy Angels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]] in [[T. Nagar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-indra-nooyi-pepsico-ceo-5294354/ | title=Who was and is Indra Nooyi? | publisher=The Indian Express | date=August 6, 2018 | access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref>

Nooyi's mother was a home maker while her father worked at the [[State Bank of Hyderabad]].<ref name=":4" /> While not having a formal education herself, her mother devised strategic games at dinner for her daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feloni |first=Richard |title=Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi explains how an unusual daily ritual her mom made her practice as a child changed her life |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pepsico-indra-nooyi-life-changing-habit-2015-9 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> When Nooyi and her sister were between eight and 11 years old, their mother instructed them to write a speech about what they would do if they held a position of power such as president or prime minister. If Nooyi fell short in a task, her paternal grandfather (a judge) would make her write, "I will not make excuses" 200 times on a piece of paper.<ref name="Tandon">{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Maria Thomas, Suneera |date=2018-08-07 |title=Indra Nooyi's journey from marriage pressure at 18 to heading PepsiCo at 50 |url=https://qz.com/india/1349241/pepsico-ceo-indra-nooyi-faced-the-pressure-to-get-married-at-18 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref>

== Education ==
While completing her studies, Nooyi played guitar in a band, and excelled at cricket.<ref name="Tandon"/> Nooyi received [[bachelor's degree]]s in [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and [[mathematics]] from [[Madras Christian College]] of the [[University of Madras]] in 1975, and a Post Graduate Programme Diploma from [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2004-Ko-Pr/Nooyi-Indra.html|title="Indra Nooyi Biography." - ''Life, Family, Children, Parents, School, Mother, Born, College, House''|publisher=Newsmakers Cumulation — Encyclopedia of World Biography|access-date=May 26, 2015}}</ref>

In 1978, Nooyi was admitted to [[Yale School of Management]] and moved to the United States, where she earned a master's degree in public and private management in 1980.<ref name="cnn2006" />

== Career ==
Nooyi began her career in India with product manager positions at [[Johnson & Johnson]] and the textile firm Beardsell Ltd. While attending [[Yale School of Management]], Nooyi completed a summer internship with [[Booz Allen Hamilton]].<ref name="cnn2006">{{cite news| url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/09/29/magazines/fortune/mpw.femaleCEOs.intro.fortune/index.htm | work=CNN | title=It's good to be the boss | first=Patricia | last=Sellers | date=October 2, 2006}}</ref> In 1980, Nooyi joined the [[Boston Consulting Group]] (BCG) as a strategy consultant,<ref name="glassceiling">{{cite news |title=Indra Nooyi: The Indian executive who broke glass ceiling in corporate America |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/indra-nooyi-the-indian-executive-who-broke-glass-ceiling-in-corporate-america/articleshow/65295723.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=August 7, 2018}}</ref> and then worked at [[Motorola]] as vice president and Director of Corporate Strategy and Planning,<ref name="glassceiling" /> followed by a stint at [[Asea Brown Boveri]].<ref name="Yale">{{cite web|url=http://mba.yale.edu/alumni/alumni_leaders/nooyii.shtml|title=Alumni Leaders — Indra Nooyi '80|publisher=Yale School of Management|access-date=July 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308161445/http://mba.yale.edu/alumni/alumni_leaders/nooyii.shtml|archive-date=March 8, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== PepsiCo ===
Nooyi joined [[PepsiCo]] in 1994, and was named CEO in 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Indra-Nooyi|title=Indra Nooyi {{!}} Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=June 23, 2019}}</ref> replacing [[Steven Reinemund]], becoming the fifth CEO in PepsiCo's 44-year history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indra Nooyi, Chairman and Periya thala of PepsiCo, Named CEO of the Year by GSCLG|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/indra-nooyi-chairman-and-ceo-of-pepsico-named-ceo-of-the-year-by-gsclg-nyse-pep-1217516.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302025543/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/indra-nooyi-chairman-and-ceo-of-pepsico-named-ceo-of-the-year-by-gsclg-nyse-pep-1217516.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 2, 2017|date=September 9, 2009|publisher=Marketwire|access-date=July 9, 2009}}</ref> She started as PepsiCo's senior vice president for strategic planning from 1994 until 1996, then became senior vice president for corporate strategy and development from 1996 until 2000. Next, she became senior vice president and chief financial officer of PepsiCo from February 2000 to April 2001, moving then to president and chief financial officer, beginning in 2001, and was also named to PepsiCo's board of directors.

Nooyi directed the company's global strategy for more than a decade and led PepsiCo's restructuring, including the 1997 divestiture of Tricon, now known as [[Yum! Brands]]. Tricon included companies like [[Pizza Hut]], [[KFC]], and [[Taco Bell]] under its umbrella.<ref>{{cite web |title=Departing PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi Did It Her Way |url=https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/departing-pepsico-ceo-indra-nooyi-did-it-her-way |publisher=[[Yale University]] |date= August 7, 2018 }}</ref> The financial gains from this spinoff allowed the company to increase the pace of its share buyback strategy, thereby giving it more leverage to pursue future acquisitions without as much shareholder backlash.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Indra Nooyi changed the face of PepsiCo |url=https://www.worldfinance.com/special-reports/how-indra-nooyi-changed-the-face-of-pepsico |publisher=[[World News Media]] |date=October 14, 2016 }}</ref> Nooyi also worked on the acquisition of [[Tropicana Products|Tropicana]] in 1998,<ref>{{cite news |first=Greg|last=Levine|title='Power Women' Member Nooyi To Lead 'Platinum' Pepsi|work=Forbes|date=August 14, 2006|access-date=September 10, 2007|url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/08/14/pepsi-nooyi-ceo-cx_gl_0814autofacescan10.html}}</ref> and the merger with [[Quaker Oats Company]], which also brought [[Gatorade]] in 2001.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/indra-nooyi/#|title=Forbes Profile: Indra Nooyi|access-date=January 15, 2015}}</ref> The $3.3 billion acquisition of Tropicana initially faced opposition from other PepsiCo executives and Wall Street critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giants - Indra Nooyi {{!}} Profit |url=http://profitmagazin.com/editions/number_136.1394.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=profitmagazin.com}}</ref> The [[Quaker Oats Company]]'s ownership of [[Gatorade]] was a lucrative move for PepsiCo, since [[Gatorade]] was responsible for 80% of sports drink sales at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4240905-pepsico-is-one-of-best-dividend-stocks|title=PepsiCo: Is It One Of The Best Dividend Stocks?|last=Pursuit|first=Passive Income|date=February 14, 2019|website=Seeking Alpha|language=en|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> Similar to the Tropicana acquisition, this strategic move gave PepsiCo leverage against [[Coca-Cola]], owner of [[Powerade]] – second in the sports drink segment.<ref>{{Cite report|last=Bruner|first=Robert F.|date=May 30, 2017|title=Coke Versus Pepsi, 2001|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2974379|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2974379}}</ref> [[PepsiCo]]'s annual net profit rose from $2.7 billion to $6.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news |first=Diane|last=Brady|title=Indra Nooyi: Keeping Cool In Hot Water|work=BusinessWeek|date=June 11, 2007|access-date=January 20, 2016|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2007-06-10/indra-nooyi-keeping-cool-in-hot-water}}</ref><ref name="jenniferreingold">{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2015/06/05/pepsico-ceo-indra-nooyi/|title=PepsiCo's CEO Indra Nooyi was right. Now what?|author=Jennifer Reingold|date=June 5, 2015|work=Fortune}}</ref>

Nooyi was named on ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''{{'}}s list of 50 women to watch in 2007 and 2008,<ref>{{cite news |first=Betsy|last=McKay|title=The 50 Women to Watch 2007|work=Wall Street Journal|date=November 19, 2007|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119517314579995043}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Michael R.|last=Crittenden|title=The 50 Women to Watch 2008|work=Wall Street Journal|date=November 10, 2008|access-date=July 10, 2009|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122609301920009441}}</ref> and was listed among ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s 100 Most Influential People in The World in 2007 and 2008. ''[[Forbes]]'' named her the #3 most powerful woman in 2008.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Indra-Nooyi_1S5D.html The 100 Most Powerful Women], Forbes.com</ref> In 2014, she was ranked #13 by ''Forbes''.<ref name="forbes2014" /> ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' ranked her the #1 in the list of Most Powerful Women in Business in 2009 and 2010. On October 7, 2010, Fortune magazine ranked her the 6th most powerful woman in the world.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/2009/full_list/ The 50 Most Powerful Women in Business], Fortune.com</ref><ref>[http://www.peoplestar.co.uk/index.html?celebs=4 « The World's 100 Most Powerful Women »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726025207/http://www.peoplestar.co.uk/index.html?celebs=4 |date=July 26, 2012 }}, ''peoplestar.co.uk'', Retrieved on October 11, 2010.</ref> In ''Fortune''<nowiki />'s Most Powerful Women List of 2015, Nooyi ranked second.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Fortune's Most Powerful Women List|last = Bellstrom|first = Kristen|date = September 15, 2015|journal = Fortune}}</ref>

Nooyi's strategic redirection of PepsiCo was called "Performance with a Purpose,"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Novak|first=David|date=September 12, 2018|title=Follow Indra Nooyi's example: Be a leader people want to follow|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/12/pepsico-indra-nooyi-be-a-leader-people-want-to-follow.html|access-date=August 12, 2020|website=www.cnbc.com}}</ref> focused on creating long-term growth while leaving a positive impact on society and the environment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.fr/us/indra-nooyi-pepsico-push-for-long-term-value-2018-1|title=PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi's long-term strategy put her job in jeopardy — but now the numbers are in, and the analysts who doubted her will have to eat their words|website=Business Insider France|date=February 2018|language=fr-FR|access-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> She reclassified PepsiCo's products into three categories: "fun for you" (such as potato chips and regular soda), "better for you" (diet or low-fat versions of snacks and sodas), and "good for you" (items such as oatmeal). She moved corporate spending away from junk foods and into the healthier alternatives, with the aim of improving the healthiness of even "fun" offerings.<ref name="jenniferreingold" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/indra-nooyi-on-making-pepsico-good-for-you/articleshow/62992920.cms|title=Indra Nooyi on making Pepsico 'good for you'|date=February 20, 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034148/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/indra-nooyi-on-making-pepsico-good-for-you/articleshow/62992920.cms|archive-date=February 27, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, Nooyi removed [[aspartame]] from Diet Pepsi, although in 2016 aspartame was reintroduced due to public backlash.<ref name=":0" />

Nooyi also focused on environmental concerns and [[environmental sustainability|sustainability]], redesigning packaging to reduce waste, conserving water, switching to [[renewable energy]] sources, and recycling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indra Nooyi: "Companies Can Be a Force for Good" {{!}} Duke's Fuqua School of Business |url=https://www.fuqua.duke.edu/dialogue-project-duke/indra-nooyi-companies-can-be-force-good |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.fuqua.duke.edu |language=en}}</ref> She also worked on creating a culture of employee retention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-03-14 |title=PepsiCo's Indra Nooyi focused on retention, not succession |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/pepsicos-indra-nooyi-focused-on-retention-not-succession/articleshow/12253887.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> As one example, Nooyi wrote to the parents of her leadership team and visited their homes to create a more personal connection.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Freeland |first=Grant |title=Indra Nooyi's Passions: People, Performance & Purpose At PepsiCo And Beyond |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/grantfreeland/2020/02/24/indra-nooyis-passions-people-performance--purpose-at-pepsico-and-beyond/ |access-date=August 12, 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Nooyi stated an intent to develop a line of snacks marketed specifically for women, feeling that it was a hitherto unexplored category. In a radio interview, Nooyi stated that PepsiCo was getting ready to launch products designed and packaged as per women's preferences, and based on behavioral differences in the way men and women consume snacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fortune.com/2018/02/05/doritos-pepsico-indra-nooyi/|title=PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi's Desire to Create Snacks for Women Is Nothing New|work=Fortune|access-date=February 26, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

At one point, PepsiCo even considered changing its name and move away from its namesake cola, but the health push faltered.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pepsi-lays-doritos-soda-sugar-fat-salt-health-62047e07?mod=Searchresults_pos2&page=1 | title=Pepsi's New Healthy Diet: More Potato Chips and Soda | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | date=April 22, 2023 | last1=Maloney | first1=Jennifer }}</ref> On August 6, 2018, Nooyi stepped down as CEO, and Ramon Laguarta, a 22-year veteran of PepsiCo, replaced her on October 3, as well as becoming a member of the board of directors. However, Nooyi continued as the chair of the company until early 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Siddharth|last=Cavale|date= August 6, 2018 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pepsico-ceo/pepsicos-indra-nooyi-to-step-down-as-ceo-idUSKBN1KR16H|title=PepsiCo veteran Ramon Laguarta to replace Indra Nooyi as CEO|access-date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> Nooyi was CEO for 12 years, seven years longer than the average CEO tenure at large companies according to an Equilar study.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/06/news/companies/indra-nooyi-pepsico/index.html|title=PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi is stepping down|last=Isidore|first=Chris|work=CNNMoney|access-date=August 10, 2018}}</ref>

=== Connecticut public service ===
In 2019, Nooyi became the co-director of the newly created Connecticut Economic Resource Center, a public-private partnership with the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development.<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Reporter |title=Connecticut Governor Names Indian American Executive Indra Nooyi to CERC Board of Directors to Improve Economic Strategy |url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/connecticut-governor-names-indian-american-executive-indra-nooyi-to-cerc/article_0dc06bde-2bf9-11e9-8cea-77f61deeb5d7.html |website=indiawest.com |publisher=India West |access-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-date=June 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604170411/https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/connecticut-governor-names-indian-american-executive-indra-nooyi-to-cerc/article_0dc06bde-2bf9-11e9-8cea-77f61deeb5d7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nooyi is a resident of Connecticut and a [[Yale School of Management|Yale SOM]] classmate of Connecticut Governor [[Ned Lamont]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pazniokas |first1=Mark |title=A Wall Street exec volunteers, and Lamont readily accepts |url=https://ctmirror.org/2019/02/01/a-wall-street-exec-volunteers-and-lamont-readily-accepts/ |website=ctmirror.org |date=February 2019 |publisher=CT Mirror |access-date=June 4, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2020, it was announced that Nooyi – along with [[Yale University|Yale]] epidemiologist Dr. Albert Ko – would represent Connecticut on the six-state working group planning for the careful easing of [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] restrictions. Nooyi and Ko also served as co-chairs of the Reopen Connecticut Advisory Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ctmirror.org/2020/04/13/cuomo-says-ne-governors-to-cautiously-ease-covid-19-restrictions/|title=NE governors promise to cautiously ease COVID-19 restrictions|date=April 13, 2020|website=The CT Mirror|language=en-US|access-date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>

=== Remuneration ===
While CEO of PepsiCo in 2011, Nooyi earned $17 million, which included a base salary of $1.9 million, a cash bonus of $2.5 million, pension value and deferred remuneration of $3 million.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/pepsico-ceo-nooyi-gets-17-mn-in-compensation-189522?pfrom=home-lateststories PepsiCo CEO Nooyi gets $17 mn in compensation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216081831/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/pepsico-ceo-nooyi-gets-17-mn-in-compensation-189522?pfrom=home-lateststories |date=December 16, 2013 }}. NDTV.com (March 24, 2012). Retrieved on May 26, 2015.</ref> By 2014, her total remuneration had grown to $19,087,832, including $5.5 million of equity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.salary.com/Pepsico-Inc-Executive-Salaries.html|title=PEPSICO INC Executive Salaries & Other Compensation|work=Salary.com}}</ref>

In 2017, Nooyi's last full year at the helm of PepsiCo, she earned more than $31 million in total compensation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title='Cringeworthy': Indra Nooyi on why she never asked for a raise - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/cringeworthy-indra-nooyi-on-why-she-never-asked-for-a-raise-11029942.htm |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Nooyi earned $87 million between 2015 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isidore |first=Chris |date=2018-08-06 |title=PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi is stepping down |url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/06/news/companies/indra-nooyi-pepsico/index.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=CNNMoney}}</ref> She claims to have never asked for a pay raise while at PepsiCo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Olen |first=Helaine |date=2021-10-11 |title=Opinion {{!}} Former Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi says she never asked for a raise. Other women still need to. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/10/11/former-pepsi-ceo-indra-nooyi-says-she-never-asked-raise-other-women-still-need/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==

In January 2008, Nooyi was elected chairwoman of the U.S.-India Business Council (USIBC). Nooyi leads USIBC's Board of Directors, an assembly of more than 60 senior executives representing a cross-section of American industry.<ref>{{cite press release|title=PepsiCo's Indra K. Nooyi Elected Chairman of U.S.-India Business Council|url=http://www.uschamber.com/NR/rdonlyres/exbnjy4mawims7mptd6isnhtvkqorskmwlupfr72a5u6sfs52z2ow6hh6fzrimvldilpygy5be2eefgrnnq6yyglhyh/2008.01.23PepsiCosIndraNooyiElectedasUSIBCsChairman.pdf|publisher=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|date=January 23, 2009|access-date=July 9, 2009}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=USIBC Leads U.S. Commercial Nuclear Executives to Help Implement Historic Nuclear Deal|url=http://www.uschamber.com/NR/rdonlyres/eekwkh6jdasrtonek2fpjfev7x2dt35lwlkoxjxkq2skspnd6omydisjceahnorox2jsboessxzjegrhxmrp4b5rrye/PressRelease2009.01.16USIBCLeadsU.S.CommercialNuclearExecutivestoHelpImplementHistoricNuclearDeal.pd.pdf|publisher=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|date=January 16, 2009|access-date=July 9, 2009}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In 2008, Nooyi was elected to the Fellowship of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|date=April 28, 2008|title=Academy Announces 2008 Class of Fellows|url=http://www.amacad.org/news/new2008.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618193601/http://www.amacad.org/news/new2008.aspx|archive-date=June 18, 2009|access-date=July 9, 2009|publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences}}</ref> She was also named one of America's Best Leaders by [[U.S. News & World Report]].<ref>{{cite web|title=America's Best Leaders: Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo CEO|url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/best-leaders/2008/11/19/americas-best-leaders-indra-nooyi-pepsico-ceo.html|access-date=November 20, 2008}}</ref>

Nooyi was named CEO of the Year by the Global Supply Chain Leaders Group in July 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090717061028/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India-born-Indra-Nooyi-named-CEO-of-the-year/articleshow/4775431.cms India-born Indra Nooyi named CEO of the year]. economictimes.indiatimes.com. July 14, 2009</ref> That year, she was also Nooyi was considered one of "The TopGun CEOs" by Brendan Wood International, an advisory agency.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/22/top-gun-CEOs--intelligent-investing-survey.html The Market's Best Managers – Forbes.com], Forbes.com</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS148914+10-Jun-2009+MW20090610.php Brendan Wood International Announces 24 TopGun CEOs in the US] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118203820/https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS148914%2B10-Jun-2009%2BMW20090610.php |date=January 18, 2016 }}, Reuters.com</ref>

''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine has named Nooyi number one on its annual ranking of Most Powerful Women in business for 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2006: #1|work=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/1.html|access-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|last2=Levenson|first2=Eugenia|last3=Arora|first3=Rupali|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2007: #1|work=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0709/gallery.women_mostpowerful.fortune/index.html|access-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shambora|first1=Jessica|last2=Kowitt|first2=Beth|date=October 16, 2008|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2008: #1|work=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/fortune/0809/gallery.women_mostpowerful.fortune/index.html|access-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shambora|first1=Jessica|last2=Kowitt|first2=Beth|date=September 15, 2009|title=50 Most Powerful Women 2009: #1|work=CNN|url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/fortune/0909/gallery.most_powerful_women.fortune/index.html|access-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>

Nooyi was named to ''[[Institutional Investor (magazine)|Institutional Investor]]'''s Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey in 2008 to 2011.<ref>[http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Research-and-Rankings-Corporate-Excellence.html The All-America Executive Team Best CEOs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712065207/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Research-and-Rankings-Corporate-Excellence.html|date=July 12, 2011}}, InstitutionalInvestor.com</ref> After five years on top, PepsiCo's Indian American chairman and CEO Indra Nooyi has been pushed to the second spot as most powerful woman in US business by Kraft's CEO, [[Irene Rosenfeld]].<ref>{{cite web|date=October 1, 2011|title=Indra Nooyi second most powerful woman in US business|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/business/234484/indra-nooyi-second-most-powerful-woman-in-us-business/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126153941/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/business/234484/indra-nooyi-second-most-powerful-woman-in-us-business/|archive-date=January 26, 2013|publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref>

She was the 2006 [[CNN-News18 Indian of the Year]]. ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked Nooyi on the 2008 through 2017 lists of [[The World's 100 Most Powerful Women]].<ref name="forbes2014" /><ref>{{cite news|date=August 27, 2008|title=The 100 Most Powerful Women: #3|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Indra-K-Nooyi_1S5D.html|access-date=August 27, 2008}}</ref> In 2016, Nooyi was the winner of the [[Academy of International Business]] (AIB) The International Executive of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Executive of the Year Award |url=https://www.aib.world/about/awards/executive-award/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Academy of International Business (AIB) |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2020, Nooyi was honored with the Outstanding Woman in Business award by the [[League of Women Voters]] of Connecticut and had been inducted into the [[Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff reports|date=December 26, 2019|title=League of Women Voters salutes Greenwich resident Nooyi|url=https://www.greenwichtime.com/local/article/League-of-Women-Voters-salutes-Greenwich-resident-14932665.php|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=GreenwichTime}}</ref> In 2021, Nooyi was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/womens-half-fame-michelle-obama-20210308.html |title=Michelle Obama, Mia Hamm chosen for Women's Hall of Fame |date=March 8, 2021}}</ref> In 2022, she was honored with [[Golden Book Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/wings-publication-announces-winners-of-indias-most-prestigious-book-award-golden-book-awards-202220220125122223/ |title=Wings Publication announces winners of India's most prestigious book award |date=January 25, 2022}}</ref> She is also a recipient of the [[Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)|Benjamin Franklin Medal]] from the [[Franklin Institute]], the [[Ellis Island Medal of Honor]] (2017) and the [[Great Immigrants Award]] (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=2007 Great Immigrants |url=https://www.carnegie.org/awards/great-immigrants/2007-great-immigrants/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626234315/https://www.carnegie.org/awards/great-immigrants/2007-great-immigrants/ |archive-date=2024-06-26 |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=[[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Year !! Name !! Awarding organization !! Ref.
|-
|2019
|Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters
| [[Yale University]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title= Indra Nooyi '80 Presented with Honorary Doctorate at Yale Commencement |url=https://som.yale.edu/news/2019/05/indra-nooyi-80-presented-with-honorary-doctorate-at-yale-commencement |publisher=[[Yale University]] |date=May 20, 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Honorary Degree
| [[Cranfield University]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cranfield.ac.uk/about/newsroom/updates/pepsico-chief-honoured-by-cranfield|title = Content not found}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters
| [[State University of New York at Purchase]]
|<ref>[http://www.purchase.edu/Departments/StudentAffairs/Commencement/recipients/indranooyi.aspx Commencement – Recipients – Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082452/http://www.purchase.edu/Departments/StudentAffairs/Commencement/recipients/indranooyi.aspx |date=September 5, 2015 }}. Purchase.edu. Retrieved on May 26, 2015.</ref>
|-
|2013
|Honorary Degree
| [[North Carolina State University]]
|<ref>Ford, D'Lyn (November 4, 2013) [https://web.archive.org/web/20131216081420/http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/freelon-to-speak-at-nc-state-commencement/ Freelon to Speak at NC State Commencement]. news.ncsu.edu</ref>
|-
| 2011
| Honorary Doctor of Laws
| [[University of Warwick]]
|<ref>[http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/olympics_weirdstones_pepsi/ Olympics, Weirdstones, Pepsi and New York feature in Warwick's Honorary Degrees]. .warwick.ac.uk (October 19, 2010). Retrieved on May 26, 2015.</ref>
|-
|2011
|Honorary Doctorate
|[[Wake Forest University]]
|
|-
| 2011
| Honorary Doctorate of Law
| [[Miami University]]
|<ref>[http://www.miamialum.org/s/916/internalNL.aspx?sid=916&gid=1&pgid=252&cid=6868&ecid=6868&ciid=25489&crid=0 Miami University – Miami Awards 3,967 Degrees at 2011 Commencement]. Miamialum.org. Retrieved on May 26, 2015.</ref>
|-
| 2010
| Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters
| [[Pennsylvania State University]]
|<ref>[http://live.psu.edu/story/45336 "PepsiCo leader Nooyi to receive honorary degree from Penn State" | Penn State University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320094659/http://live.psu.edu/story/45336 |date=March 20, 2012 }}. Live.psu.edu (March 19, 2010). Retrieved on May 26, 2015.</ref>
|-
| 2009
| Honorary Degree
| [[Duke University]]
|<ref>[http://today.duke.edu/2009/05/commencement.html "Duke to award degrees to more than 4,400 graduates on Sunday, May 10" | ''Duke Today'']. Today.duke.edu (May 4, 2009). Retrieved on May 26, 2015.</ref>
|-
| 2009
| Barnard Medal of Honor
| [[Barnard College]]
|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110108200720/http://www.barnard.edu/commencement/2009/citations.html commencement 2009. Citations for Medalists. Indra K. Nooyi]. barnard.edu</ref>
|-
| 2008
| Honorary Degree
| [[New York University]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2008/may/indra_krishnamurthy_nooyi.html |title=Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi Receives Honorary Doctorate From NYU |date=September 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| [[Padma Bhushan]]
| [[President of India]]
|<ref>{{cite news|first=Aloke|last=Tikku|title=Khushwant, Karnik, Nooyi, Remo, Mittal on Padma list|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=14130333-163e-4218-ba2f-4e1cb2277f39|work=Hindustan Times|date=February 23, 2007|access-date=July 9, 2009}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| Honorary Doctor of Laws
| [[Babson College]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.babson.edu/archives/awards/honorary_degrees.cfm|title=Babson College Commencement 2004: Citations for Medalists|access-date=June 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814133551/http://www3.babson.edu/archives/awards/honorary_degrees.cfm|archive-date=August 14, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== Memberships and associations ==
Nooyi is a Successor Fellow of the [[Yale Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PepsiCo president Indra Nooyi elected to Yale Corporation |work=Yale Bulletin & Calendar |date=August 30, 2002 |access-date=July 6, 2009 |url=http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v31.n1/story3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418141542/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v31.n1/story3.html |archive-date=April 18, 2009 }}</ref> She is a member of the Foundation Board of the [[World Economic Forum]], [[International Rescue Committee]], [[Catalyst (nonprofit organization)|Catalyst]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.catalyst.org/page/89/catalyst-boards|publisher=Catalyst|access-date=July 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318074501/http://catalyst.org/page/89/catalyst-boards|archive-date=March 18, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]]. She is a member of the Board of Trustees of [[Eisenhower Fellowships]], and has been chairman of the U.S.-India Business Council.

Nooyi is an honorary co-chair for the [[World Justice Project]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-08 |title=Celebrating Women on IWD 2013: WJP Honorary Chair, Mrs. Indra Nooyi |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/news/celebrating-women-iwd-2013-wjp-honorary-chair-mrs-indra-nooyi |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref> From April 2015 until April 2020, she was a director of [[Schlumberger Limited]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Amazon.com, Inc. - Officers and directors|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/officers-and-directors/default.aspx|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=ir.aboutamazon.com}}</ref> In June 2016, she was part of the inaugural team on the Temasek Americas Advisory Panel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Temasek launches Americas Advisory Panel|url=https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/news-and-views/news-room/news/2016/temasek-launches-americas-advisory-panel|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=Temasek Corporate Website English|date=June 16, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2016, Nooyi joined a business forum assembled by [[Donald Trump]] to provide strategic and policy advice on economic issues.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kell|first1=John|title=PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi Joins Trump's Business Council|url=http://fortune.com/2016/12/14/pepsico-indra-trump-council/|access-date=June 1, 2017|publisher=Fortune|date=December 14, 2016}}</ref>

In June 2018, Nooyi joined the [[International Cricket Council]] Board as the organization's first independent female director.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC appoints Indra Nooyi as Independent Director|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/618624|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en}}</ref>

Since February 2019, Nooyi has been a member of the board of directors at [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|first=Danielle|last= Wiener-Bronner |title=Ex-PepsiCo CEO Indra Nooyi joins Amazon's board|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/25/tech/indra-nooyi-amazon-board/index.html|access-date=June 10, 2020|website=CNN|date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

Nooyi is the Class of 1951 Chair for the Study of Leadership at [[United States Military Academy|West Point]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 30, 2020|title=Class of 1951 Distinguished Lecture Series and Chair for Leadership Study|url=https://www.westpoint.edu/centers-and-research/west-point-leadership-center/programs/class-of-51-distinguished-lecture-series|access-date=June 30, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630060128/https://www.westpoint.edu/centers-and-research/west-point-leadership-center/programs/class-of-51-distinguished-lecture-series|url-status=dead}}</ref> a Dean's Advisory Council member at MIT's School of Engineering,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT School of Engineering {{!}} » Dean's Advisory Council|url=https://engineering.mit.edu/about/leadership/deans-advisory-council/|access-date=June 30, 2020|website=Mit Engineering|language=en-US}}</ref> and a member of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIT Corporation elects 12 term members, three life members|url=http://news.mit.edu/2020/corporation-elects-12-members-0529|access-date=June 30, 2020|website=MIT News|date=May 29, 2020 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Indra married Raj K. Nooyi, president at [[Amsoft|AmSoft]] Systems, in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/PepsiCos-CEO-shares-the-trick-that-has-helped-her-stay-married-for-37-years/articleshow/62808115.cms|title=PepsiCo's CEO shares the trick that has helped her stay married for 37 years|work=Business Insider|access-date=August 6, 2018|archive-date=August 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001545/https://www.businessinsider.in/PepsiCos-CEO-shares-the-trick-that-has-helped-her-stay-married-for-37-years/articleshow/62808115.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nooyi has two daughters and resides in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]].<ref name="pers">{{cite news|last=Credeur|first=Mary Jane|title=Pepsi's Indra Nooyi Led Non-Soda Growth; Women CEO Exemplar|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aVxff5ovmqYk|access-date=August 17, 2011|newspaper=Bloomberg, L.P.|date=August 15, 2006}}</ref> She is a [[Hindu]] by faith and abstains from alcohol.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2014/11/11/7-ceos-with-notably-devout-religious-beliefs/|title=7 CEOs with notably devout religious beliefs|work=Fortune|language=en}}</ref>

Her older sister [[Chandrika Krishnamurthy tandon|Chandrika Krishnamurthy Tandon]] is a businesswoman and also a [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning artist.<ref name="Life">{{cite magazine|last=Seabrook|first=John|title=Snacks for a Fat Planet|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=May 9, 2011|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all|access-date=May 28, 2013}}</ref> South Indian [[Carnatic music]]ian [[Aruna Sairam]] is Indra's cousin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2006|title=TN remembers PepsiCo's 'Iron woman'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tn-remembers-pepsico-s-iron-woman/story-wZ2K6FPbbHDSbpbI2wwrCK.html|access-date=August 8, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In India, Nooyi used to play cricket and was also in an all-girl rock band, where she played guitar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fntalk.com/companies/indra-nooyi-making-pepsico-good|title=Indra Nooyi on making Pepsico "good for you and me"|access-date=November 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201094916/http://fntalk.com/companies/indra-nooyi-making-pepsico-good/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> In 2021, she published the memoir ''My Life in Full: Work, Family, and Our Future''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Book |url=https://www.indranooyi.com/thebook |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Indra Nooyi |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Philanthropy ===
In 2016, Nooyi gifted an undisclosed amount to her alma mater, the [[Yale School of Management]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Xu |first=Qi |date=2016-01-16 |title=SOM donation endows deanship |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2016/01/16/nooyi-becomes-soms-most-generous-graduate/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Yale Daily News |language=en}}</ref> She became the school's largest alumni donor in history and the first woman to endow a deanship at a highly ranked business school with her gift.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 13, 2016|title=Indra Nooyi becomes Yale's biggest alumni donor|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/Indra-Nooyi-becomes-Yales-biggest-alumni-donor/articleshow/50556872.cms|access-date=January 18, 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 13, 2016|title=A gift that keeps giving: Indra Nooyi is 'most generous graduate' of Yale school of management|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/a-gift-that-keeps-giving-indra-nooyi-is-most-generous-graduate-of-yale-school-of-management-2581544.html|access-date=June 30, 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Americans in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[List of Yale University people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Indra Nooyi}}

* {{Official website}}
* {{C-SPAN|1025617}}
* {{LibraryThing author|id=nooyiindra|name=Indra Nooyi}}
* [https://penguin.co.in/book_author/indra-k-nooyi/ Indra K. Nooyi] at [[Penguin India]]
* [https://www.forbes.com/profile/indra-nooyi/# Forbes Profile: Indra Nooyi]
* [http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/biography/M-R/Nooyi-Indra-K-1955.html Reference for Business: Indra Nooyi Leadership Biography]
* [https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/18/news/companies/morris_nooyi.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008021904: The Pepsi Challenge, profile Indra Nooyi (Fortune)]
* [http://www.makers.com/indra-nooyi Indra Nooyi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626152213/http://www.makers.com/indra-nooyi |date=June 26, 2017 }} Video produced by ''[[Makers: Women Who Make America]]''
* [https://hbr.org/2020/03/becoming-a-better-corporate-citizen Harvard Business Review: Becoming a Better Corporate Citizen]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{succession box
| title = Chairman and CEO of [[PepsiCo]]
| before= [[Steven Reinemund]]
| after= [[Ramon Laguarta]]
| years=2006 – Present}}
{{s-end}}
{{Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{PepsiCo}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–2009}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nooyi, Indra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Amazon (company) people]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the drink industry]]
[[Category:American chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:American chief executives in the food industry]]
[[Category:American chief executives in the manufacturing industry]]
[[Category:American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies]]
[[Category:American chief financial officers]]
[[Category:American corporate directors]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:American women chief executives]]
[[Category:American women corporate directors]]
[[Category:Asia Game Changer Award winners]]
[[Category:Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates]]
[[Category:Booz Allen Hamilton people]]
[[Category:Boston Consulting Group people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian chairpersons of corporations]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian corporate directors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:International Cricket Council]]
[[Category:Johnson & Johnson people]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology people]]
[[Category:Motorola employees]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:PepsiCo people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:SLB people]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:Temasek Holdings people]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Yale School of Management alumni]]

Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T18:13:44Z

Nobranding1: Put Up Basic Biography More To Come...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Aswaraopeta
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (118-Aswaraopeta highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 118
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Jare Adinarayana]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = 1,64,410
| loksabha_cons = [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
}}
'''Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency''' is a ST reserved constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of 10 constituencies in [[Khammam district]]. It is part of [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Jare Adinarayana]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] represents the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Aswaraopeta]]
|-
| [[Chandrugonda]]
|-
| [[Dammapeta]]
|-
| [[Mulakalapally]]
|-
|-[[Annapureddypalli]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Mitrasena Vageela || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Thati Venkateswarlu || {{Full party name with color|Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Mecha Nageswara Rao]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Jare Adinarayana]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Aswaraopeta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29118.htm |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jare Adinarayana]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 74,993 |percentage = 55.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mecha Nageswara Rao]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 46,088 |percentage = 33.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjunarao Pittala. |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,488 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muyyaboina Uma Devi |party = Janasena Party |votes = 2,281 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishor Kalluri |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,907 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paddam. Venkata Ramana |party = Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party |votes = 1,754 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madakam Prasad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thamballa Ravi |party = Independent politician |votes = 922 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uke. Ravi |party = Gondwana Dandkaranya Party |votes = 857 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,905 |percentage = 21.22% |change = {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,249 |percentage = 87.33% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,224}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,012 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Aswaraopeta <ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34760/239 Aswaraopeta Results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mecha Nageswara Rao]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 61,124 |percentage = 49.00% |change = {{increase}}14.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thati Venkateswarlu S/o Kattappa Thati |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 48,007 |percentage = 38.48% |change = {{increase}}29.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tanam Ravindar |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,955 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kangala Kalliah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,833 |percentage = 3.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,053 |percentage = 1.65% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thati Venkateswarlu S/o Veeraswami Thati |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,714 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bhukya Prasada Rao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,303 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gugolothu Ramulu |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 882 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,117 |percentage = 10.51% |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 126,825 |percentage = 88.08% |change = {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,747}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,995 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}14.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}14.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Aswaraopeta <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thati Venkateswarlu |party = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |votes = 49,546 |percentage = 34.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mecha Nageswara Rao]] |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 48,616 |percentage = 34.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mitrasena Vageela |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,101 |percentage = 10.60% |change = {{decrease}}26.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jare Adinarayana]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 13,217 |percentage = 9.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karam Bhadramma(sandhya) |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,731 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bhukya Prasada Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,688 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jan Babu. B |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,459 |percentage = 1.02% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Korsa Venkatesh Dora |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,255 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,145 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 930 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{decrease}}3.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,393 |percentage = 86.20% |change = {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,511}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,503 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Aswaraopeta <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mitrasena Vageela |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,183 |percentage = 36.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Payam Venkaiah |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 41,076 |percentage = 32.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagendra Rao Thati |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 19,740 |percentage = 15.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purem Buchi Raju |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,106 |percentage = 7.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vinayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,946 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravula Srinivas Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,806 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Banothu Janbabu |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,651 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thati Venkateswarlu |party = Independent politician |votes = 994 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Regula Veeraswamy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes = 968 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanneboina Venkata Narsaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,107 |percentage = 4.08% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,344 |percentage = 81.78% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,313}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,271 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.24|81.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Yasin Mazhar Siddiqui

2026-04-21T23:35:10Z

Nobranding1: New First Entry Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and historian (1944–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion = Islam
|nationality = [[India]]n
|birth_date = 26 December 1944
|birth_place = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]], [[United Provinces of British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|09|15|1944|12|26}}
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], [[University of Lucknow]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|notable_works= ''Tārīkh Tezeeb-e-Islāmi'', ''The Prophet Muhammad: A Role Model for Muslim Minorities''
|awards = Fifth Shah Waliullah Award
}}
'''Yasin Mazhar Siddiqui''' (also known as '''Yasin Mazhar Siddique Nadvi''')<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian scholar for eliminating interest from banking system |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/490402-faisalabad-the-city |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=[[The News International]] |date=12 March 2014}}</ref> (26 December 1944 – 15 September 2020) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] Sunni Muslim scholar and historian who served as director of the Institute of Islamic Studies of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].

==Biography==
Yasin Mazhar Siddiqui was born on 26 December 1944 in the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]] of [[United Provinces of British India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nizāmi |first1=Zafar Ahmad |author-link1=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |title=Qalmi khākey |page=263 |edition=First, 2013}}</ref> He graduated in the traditional [[dars-e-nizami]] studies from [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] in 1959, and mastered in literature at the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1960. He passed the intermediate exams from the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] in 1962 and then acquired [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1965 and [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]] in 1966 from the same university.<ref name="abdullah">{{cite journal |author1=Muhammad Abdullah |title=Professor Yāsin Mazhar Siddīqi ki Sīrat Nigāri |journal=Ziya-e-Tehqeeq |volume=3 |issue=6 |page=10 |url=https://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/?p=23536 |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916180656/https://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/?p=23536 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1968, Siddīqi received his [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] degree in History, [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil]] in 1969, and [[Doctorate of Philosophy|PhD]] in 1975 from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. <ref name="abdullah"/> His teachers included [[Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]], [[K. A. Nizami]], Abd al-Hafīz Balyāwi and [[Rabey Hasani Nadwi]].<ref name="abdullah"/>

Siddiqui was appointed a research assistant in the history department of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) in 1970. He became a lecturer of History in 1977 and [[Saiyid Hamid]] transferred him to the Institute of Islamic Studies, (AMU) in 1983.<ref name="abdullah"/> He became a Professor of Islamic Studies in 1991 and served as the director of Institute of Islamic Studies (AMU) from 1997 to 2000.<ref name="abdullah"/> In 2001, he was appointed as the director of Shah Waliullah Research Cell of the Institute of Islamic Studies (AMU). He retired from the Institute of Islamic Studies on 31 December 2006 but retained the position of director of the Shah Waliullah Research Cell for ten years.<ref name="abdullah"/> Between 2000 and 2010, he arranged about ten national and international seminars about the different aspects of [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]]'s life and wrote eighteen books.<ref name="abdullah"/>

Siddiqui was conferred with the fifth Shah Waliullah Award by [[Institute of Objective Studies]], New Delhi on 24 September 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Waliullah Award |url=http://www.iosworld.org/content.aspx?id=318 |website=iosworld.org |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> He died on 15 September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=معروف مصنف و محقق پروفیسر یسین مظہر صدیقی کا انتقال، علمی حلقہ سوگوار |trans-title=Renowned author and researcher Professor Yāsin Mazhar Siddīqi passes away|url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/60831 |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=Millat Times |date=15 September 2020 |language=ur}}</ref>

==Literary works==
Siddiqui authored books including:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nizāmi |first1=Zafar Ahmad |author-link1=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |title=Qalmi khākey |page=263-264 |edition=First, 2013}}</ref>

* ''Tārīkh Tehzeeb-e-Islāmi''
* ''Ghazwāt ki Iqtesādi Ehmiyat''
* ''Tawhīd-e-Ilāhi awr mufassirīn-e-girāmi''
* ''Wahi-e-Hadīth''
* ''Ehd-e-Nabwi mai Tanzīm-e-Riyāsat-o-Hukūmat''<ref>{{cite news |author1=Hāfiz Muhammad Sāni |title=Ehd-e-Nabwi mai Tanzīm-e-Riyāsat-o-Hukūmat |url=https://jang.com.pk/news/697863-state-of-madina |access-date=15 September 2020 |work=[[Daily Jang]] |date=10 November 2019 |language=ur |quote=''Ehd-e-Nabwi mai Tanzīm-e-Riyāsat-o-Hukūmat'' is a magnum opus work of Professor Siddīqi on the administration of Medina State: Hāfiz Muhammad Sāni}}</ref>
*''The Prophet Muhammad: A Role Model for Muslim Minorities''<ref name="review">{{cite journal |last1=Hofmann |first1=Murad Wilfried |author-link1=Murad Wilfried Hofmann |title=The Prophet Muhammad: A Role Model for Muslim Minorities |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=May 2007 |volume=18|issue=2 |page=241-243 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/jis/etm003 |jstor=26199808}}</ref>
* ''Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts at the Aligarh Muslim University'', published by [[Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation]] in [[London]] in 2002.<ref name="review"/>
* ''Ma'ash Nabawi'': Rasulullah Ke Zarayi' Aamdan ka Teheeqi Jayzah

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Nizāmi |first1=Zafar Ahmad |author-link1=Zafar Ahmad Nizami |title=Qalmi khākey |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-89964-96-2 |pages=263–264 |edition=First, 2013 |language=ur |chapter=Professor Yāsin Mazhar Siddīqi|date=23 December 2023 }}
*{{cite journal |author1=Muhammad Abdullah |title=Professor Yāsin Mazhar Siddīqi ki Sīrat Nigāri |journal=Ziya-e-Tehqeeq |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=9–17 |url=https://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/?p=23536 |access-date=15 September 2020 |publisher=Department of Islamic Studies & Arabic |location=[[Government College University Faisalabad]] |language=ur |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916180656/https://iri.aiou.edu.pk/indexing/?p=23536 |url-status=dead }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddiqi, Yasin Mazhar}}

[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

Padma Charan Haiburu

2026-04-20T07:00:34Z

Nobranding1: creating a info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Padma Charan Haiburu
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
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| death_date =
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| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Basanti Hembram]]
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
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| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
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| source =
}}

'''Padma Charan Haiburu''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Charan Haiburu Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=739 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karanjia Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Padma Charan Haiburu of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/karanjia-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917001.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haiburu, Padma Charan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Om (1995 film)

2026-04-17T21:09:16Z

Nobranding1: creating a entry first draft

{{short description|1995 Indian Kannada film by Upendra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Om (1995)
| image = 1995 Kannada film Om poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical re-release poster
| director = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| writer = S. Muralimohan (dialogues)
| screenplay = Upendra
| story = Upendra
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Poornima Enterprises
| distributor = [[Sri Vajreshwari Combines]]
| released = {{Film date|1995|05|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR|75 [[lakh]]}}<ref name=":News18">{{Cite web |title=Shiva Rajkumar-starrer Om, Having Highest Number Of Re-releases, Completes 29 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shiva-rajkumar-starrer-om-having-highest-number-of-re-releases-completes-29-years-8898972.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2025-08-29 |title=500 से ज्यादा बार री-रिलीज हुई ये साउथ फिल्म, लिमका बुक ऑफ वर्ल्ड रिकॉर्ड में दर्ज है नाम, क्या आपने देखी है? |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/south-cinema/om-film-kannada-re-release-box-office-collection-records-actor-shiva-rajkumar-3459907.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|10 [[crore]]}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Om''''', stylized as '''''ॐ''''', is a 1995 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[gangster film]] written and directed by [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]. The film was produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] under the production company Sri Vajreshwari Combines. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] with Srishanthi, G. V. Shivanand, Sadhu Kokila in supporting roles with real-life gangsters - ''Bekkina Kannu'' Rajendra, Tanveer, ''Korangu'' Krishna and Jedaralli Krishnappa - portraying the role of gangsters in a small but important portion of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/om-kannada-movie-super-star-upendra-directed-shiva-rajkumar-starrer-of-movie-during-his-college-days-hg-383903.html|title=Om Kannada Movie | Super star Upendra directed Shiva Rajkumar starrer Of movie during his college days | ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ ಕಾಲೇಜು ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದ ಕಥೆ 'ಓಂ' ಸಿನಿಮಾವಾಗಿ ಮೂಡಿ ಬಂದಾಗ..!|website=kannada.news18.com|date=16 May 2020 }}</ref>

''Om'' was remade in Telugu as ''[[Omkaram]]'' (1997) starring [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and Prema which was also directed by Upendra. [[Hamsalekha]] was also the music director of the Telugu remake and retained the songs in the Telugu version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/shiva-rajkumar-starrer-om-movie-remade-in-many-languages/articleshow/75822253.cms|title='ಓಂ' ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ ಪರಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲೂ ಸದ್ದು ಮಾಡಿತ್ತು! ಯಾವ್ಯಾವ ಭಾಷೆಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆಗಿದೆ ನೋಡಿ|website=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref> The film was unofficially remade in Hindi as ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S M |first=Shashiprasad |date=12 July 2023 |title=Hit films of Kannada superstar Shivanna that were remade in other languages |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/hit-kannada-films-of-shivanna-that-were-remade-in-other-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816164632/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/hit-kannada-films-of-shivanna-that-were-remade-in-other-languages/ |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=South First}}</ref> The 2001 [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]] film ''Panja'' was loosely inspired by the core plotline of this movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/unknown-facts-of-om-kannada-movie-zp-384815.html|title=ದಾಖಲೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪರಭಾಷೆಗೂ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆಗಿತ್ತು 'ಓಂ' | Unknown Facts of OM Kannada Movie|website=kannada.news18.com|date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> UP gangster [[Vikas Dubey]] was reported to be an ardent fan of ''Arjun Pandit''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-vikas-dubey-became-the-gabbar-of-bikru/articleshow/76918160.cms |title=How Vikas Dubey became the 'Gabbar' of Bikru |website=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714144938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-vikas-dubey-became-the-gabbar-of-bikru/articleshow/76918160.cms |archive-date=2020-07-14}}</ref>

The film became a successful venture at the box office and was declared an industry hit. It remains a [[Cult following|cult classic]] in [[Kannada cinema]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Birthday special: 5 movies that prove Upendra is the 'Real Star' of Kannada cinema | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/birthday-special-5-movies-that-prove-upendra-is-the-real-star-of-kannada-cinema-889273.html#google_vignette }}</ref> with a dedicated fan following among audience owing to its re-release every two weeks. This film has a Limca record for re-releasing more than 550 times.<ref name="si" /> The movie was reported to be the highest screened film in the history of [[Kannada cinema]].<ref name="ch">{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/om-still-chanting/articleshow/22074133.cms |title=OM still chanting}}</ref>
The movie has released 30 times in Kapali theatre, Bangalore which is a record.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=151&Date=MTUvMTAvMjAxNw==&Page=275655 |title=Edition |access-date=15 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221195127/http://epaper.prajavani.net/Home/index?Edition=151&Date=MTUvMTAvMjAxNw==&Page=275655 |archive-date=21 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the occasion of completion of 25 years, Upendra had revealed that the core plot of the film was based on a real-life person - ''Purshi'' who was his brother's friend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/celebrity-interviews/kannada-actor-upendra-interview-about-silver-jubilee-movie-om-qaib08|title='ಓಂ' ನೋಡಿದಾಗ ಬೇಸರ ಆಗಿದ್ದು ಅದೊಂದೇ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ: ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ | Kannada actor Upendra interview about Silver jubilee movie Om|website=kannada.asianetnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/25-years-of-gangster-film-om-841079.html|title=25 years of gangster film 'Om'|date=23 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/may/19/cult-film-om-clocks-25-actor-shivarajkumar-and-director-upendra-on-its-making-2145040.html|title=Cult film 'Om' clocks 25, Actor Shivarajkumar and director Upendra on its making|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> The film is credited for ushering in the genre of underworld mafia in a full-fledged manner in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/head-bush-movie-review-dhananjaya-shines-in-a-promising-but-caricaturish-gangster-drama/article66039765.ece|title='Head Bush' movie review: Dhananjaya shines in a promising, but caricaturish gangster drama|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara|date=21 October 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104081541/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/head-bush-movie-review-dhananjaya-shines-in-a-promising-but-caricaturish-gangster-drama/article66039765.ece|archive-date=4 November 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shashi is a [[journalist]] who interviews underworld gangsters and provides a book titled '''ॐ''', which is written by her and requests them to read. In the book, Shashi, who was interviewing about the [[Bangalore Underworld]] learns about a gangster named Satyamurthy "Satya" Shastri, who has been forcing a college student named Madhuri "Madhu" to love him by day, but is also involved in oil smuggling activities by ''Oil'' Raja at night. One night, Satya meets another gangster named Rayan where he reveals that Raja has hired a hitman named Kutty to kill him. Satya stabs Kutty, but manages to survive despite being severely injured and also kills Oil Raja at his mansion, where his wife Maria becomes the [[Witness|eyewitness]]. After being provided with an iota, Shashi told him he would be waiting for Madhuri at his friend Geetha's house. The cops chase Satya but manage to escape, leaving Madhu. Shashi learns about Satya's past from Geetha:

Satya was a humble college student and the son of a [[brahmin]] priest named Sreekantha Shastri, who is leading a happy life with his mother and three sisters: Sujatha, Suma, and Gowri. At his house, Satya is visited by Dheena's brother Ponna, who wants to stay away from Madhu, whom Dheena is in love with. Madhu is attracted to Satya and keeps talking to him, and Satya falls in love with Madhu, who instills the courage to fight back. At the college, Satya hacks Dheena and Ponna, who survive with severe injuries. Madhu testifies that Satya hacked the brothers for personal vengeance where he is tortured in [[Arrest|police custody]], but is granted bail by Ponna's boss Jayaraj. Satya visits Madhu where he learns that she is his friend Harish's sister. In a past event, Satya and Harish witnessed the killing of a girl by Ponna. Ponna and his gang frame Harish for the murder and threaten to kill Satya if he doesn't testify against Harish.

Satya is reluctant but is forced to lie at the court that Harish is the murderer of his family. Distraught, Harish commits suicide in jail. Subsequently, Harish's and Madhu's mother dies from shock. Madhu planned vengeance against Ponna where she used Satya as a weapon to kill Ponna while also tarnishing Satya's life. Satya is also ousted by his father Sreekantha Shastri, where he joins hands with Jayaraj. In the present, Satya takes Madhu to propose to her, but Madhu stabs Satya and escapes. However, Satya arrives at Madhu's house alive where he takes Shashi to a room and quietly asks her to help him convince Madhu of his innocence. Shashi agrees, and the two orchestrate a drama and make Madhu realize her mistake. Having seen Satya's family's condition, Madhu feels guilty and decides to change Satya to his past self. Meanwhile, Kutty and Ponna brainwash Rayan against Satya, leading to a [[Gang#Gang violence|gang war]] at the former's sister's wedding, but Satya executes the henchmen in front of his family.

When the cops arrive, Madhu takes Satya and escapes, but Satya's sister alliance is broken due to Satya's actions. Sreekantha Shastri performs a funeral, claiming that Satya is dead, which leads Satya heartbroken. Madhu tries to console Satya while professing her love for him and tells Satya to be his normal self, and she also tells him about Rayan's involvement in the attack. Enraged and ignorant of Madhu, Satya attacks Rayan at a restaurant but Rayan escapes. Madhu begins [[fasting]] till Satya changes his ways. Satya learns about Kutty's release from prison and his involvement in the death of Jayaraj and his gang members, so he hacks him to death at night. Madhu is admitted to the hospital where Satya meets her, but Rayan and his henchmen also arrive at the hospital. At this point in the film, the book's ending pages are missing, so the gangsters contact Shashi to find out about the ending.

Shashi takes them to a [[dhaba]], where she reveals what happened at the hospital. At the hospital, Satya tells the gangsters to finish him, and he also promises Madhu that he will lead a life free from the underworld. After making the promise, one of Satya's legs is chopped and Madhu's face is half-burnt by the acid thrown by one of the goons. Rayan and the others realize that Satya has changed, so they leave him to start a new life. It is revealed that Shashi brought them to Satya, who is a changed man, running a dhaba and leading a happy life with Madhu and his children. After seeing the happiness of Satya and his family, the gangsters realize their mistake and retire from the underworld to live a peaceful life with their families, with the film ending with a message of peace.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Satyamurthy "Satya" Shastri
* [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] as Madhuri "Madhu"
* Srishanthi as Shashi, a [[journalist]] of Krantiveera
* G. V. Shivanand as Narasimha, Madhu's father
* Upasane Seetharam as Sreekantha Shastri, Satya's father
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]] as a [[press photographer]] in Krantiveera
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Shankar
* [[V. Manohar]] as Chennakeshava, [[Editor-in-chief]] of Krantiveera
* [[Vanishree]] as Sujatha, Satya's sister
* Sandhya as Suma, Sathya's sister
* [[Michael Madhu]] as Michael
* Bekkina Kannu Rajendra as himself
* Tanveer as himself
* Korangu Krishna as himself
* Jedaralli Krishnappa as himself
* Ajay as "Srirampura" Kutty
* Dileep as Jai
* S. Murali Mohan as Harish, Madhuri's brother
* Harish Rai as Don Roy
* Kote Prabhakar as Dheena, Ponna's brother (Voice dubbed by Upendra)
* Tumkur Mohan as Ponna, Dheena's brother
* Vikram Udayakumar as [[Police inspector|Inspector]]
* Sriraksha Shivakumar as Geetha, Madhu's friend
* Balu Murugaraj
* Sriraj Kothari
* John
* Sukumar
* Shankar Narayan
* Ashwath Narayan
* N. Lokanath
* Mysore Anand
* Suresh Rai
;Uncredited
* [[Vinay Rajkumar|Master Vinay]] as Satya and Madhu's elder son
* [[Yuva Rajkumar|Master Yuva]] as Satya and Madhu's younger son
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Development===
Upendra wrote a part of the story during his days in college in the late-1980s. Purushottam, a friend of Upendra, brought to him a letter written by someone that caught his attention. Drawing inspiration from it, he drafted the first part of the story, that he subsequently developed, although incompletely. He also revealed that had always wanted make a film on [[organized crime]] and [[mafia]], based on real-life incidents.<ref name="yt1">{{cite AV media|people=Upendra|date=21 September 2014|title=Weekend With Ramesh — Episode 16 - September 21, 2014|language=kn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8kJw4nOtDs|access-date=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Zee Kannada]]}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> He said he was "disappointed" on learning that the screenplay of 1989 film ''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' had a similar storyline to what he had written.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111104250100.htm|title=Entertainment Bangalore : Uppi's hardly uppity|date=2016-04-20|access-date=2016-10-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420020602/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111104250100.htm|archive-date=20 April 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He began working as a dialogue writer and songwriter in Kannada cinema during the time, and the first half of the 1990s saw him direct two films, ''[[Tharle Nan Maga]]'' (1992) and ''[[Shhh! (film)|Shhh!]]'' (1993). Alongside, he developed the storyline and wrote a screenplay with the plot taking sequences of [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]], which he said "took another form" at the end of completion.<ref name="yt1"/>

===Casting===
Having given the film a [[working title]] as ''Satya'', Upendra initially decided to cast [[Kumar Govind]] as the eponymous lead, who he had previously collaborated with, in ''Shhh!''.<ref name="tnie1">{{cite news |author= Sharadhaa A. |title= The Magic of Om Continues |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/The-Magic-of-Om-Continues/2015/03/10/article2705684.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402224352/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/The-Magic-of-Om-Continues/2015/03/10/article2705684.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |newspaper= The New Indian Express |date= 10 March 2015 |access-date= 13 March 2015}}</ref> However, later, eager to cast [[Shiva Rajkumar]] in the role, Upendra approached actor Honnavalli Krishna in 1994, and persuaded him to speak the matter over to Shiva's father and actor, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. Krishna spoke to [[S. P. Varadappa]], Rajkumar's brother, who invited Upendra and him over to their house in [[Bangalore]]. Impressed by the story narrated by Upendra in a span of ten minutes using newspaper cuttings of oil mafia to elaborate on the subject, Rajkumar gave the go-ahead and Shiva was signed as the male lead. Rajkumar also agreed to produce the film and handed an amount of {{INR}}50,000 over to Upendra the same day.<ref name="yt1"/> Shiva had till then portrayed roles predominantly of a romantic hero in his then career of 8 years. Speaking on casting him, Upendra said he was drawn by Shiva's "powerful brownish-shaded eyes" and wanted to "make full use of it".<ref name="yt1"/> Many actresses had been speculated to play the role of the female lead Madhuri, in the film, including then popular [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] actress [[Juhi Chawla]]. Finally, on Rajkumar's approval, [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]], a newcomer then, who was already filming with Shiva in ''[[Savyasachi (1995 film)|Savyasachi]]'', was cast in the role.<ref name="yt2">{{cite AV media|people=Prema|date=6 July 2010|title=Kannada Actor Prema Film Lifes Journey|language=kn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-Idb0-8RI8|access-date=23 September 2015|publisher=[[TV9 Kannada]]}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> Real-life gangsters Bekkinakannu Rajendra, Korangu Krishna, Tanveer Ahmad and Jedarahalli Krishna made cameo appearances in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950630-art-imitates-underworld-life-in-kannada-film-om-807469-1995-06-29|title=Art imitates underworld life in Kannada film OM|first=Saritha|last=Rai|work=India Today|date=30 June 1995|access-date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230912095656/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950630-art-imitates-underworld-life-in-kannada-film-om-807469-1995-06-29|archive-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>

===Filming===
The [[principal photography]] began on 7 December 1994 in [[Bangalore]]. On the day, [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] wrote the spiritual icon "ॐ" on the film's screenplay material using kumkuma, which was later made the title design for the film.<ref name="yt3">{{cite AV media|date=2 January 2015|title=OM 'Sathya' Kathe: Unknown Facts About 'OM' Kannada Movie|language=kn|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ2vJzygd6M|access-date=4 October 2015|publisher=[[TV9 Kannada]]}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> B. C. Gowrishankar who handled cinematography used a warm, yellow tone and employed filters throughout the film to diffuse the violence and the colour of the blood.<ref name="om">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/its-still-young/article7011642.ece | title=It's Still Young — The Hindu | publisher=S. Shivakumar | work=The Hindu | date=19 March 2015 | access-date=27 October 2015| last1=Kumar | first1=S. Shiva |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230911145219/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/its-still-young/article7011642.ece|archive-date=11 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec052004/enter1.asp | title=Camera was his magic wand | publisher=S. N. Deepak | work=Deccan Herald | access-date=27 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113032624/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec052004/enter1.asp | archive-date=13 January 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Om
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:28
| label = Magnasound
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Hamsalekha]] composed the film score and the film's soundtrack, also writing its lyrics. In September 2015, the rights for the soundtrack album was acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music Entertainment]], and was released digitally.<ref>{{cite web|title=Om (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/om-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1034828004|website=iTunes|date=January 1995|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> All the songs including ''Hey Dinakara'' and ''O Gulabiye'' were well received and became chartbusters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17songs.htm|title=The best songs of Rajkumar|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:28
| title1 = Hey Dinakara
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| length1 = 5:08
| title2 = College Kumaru
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Mehabooba
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| extra3 = Mano
| length3 = 4:58
| title4 = O Gulaabiye
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| extra4 = Rajkumar, [[Rathnamala Prakash]]
| length4 = 4:58
| title5 = Amruthavanthe Premada
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| extra5 = Mano
| length5 = 4:17
}}

==Release==
The film was made on a budget of ₹68–75 lakh. [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] bought the rights to distribute the film for the Mysore area and made a small fortune.<ref name="om"/><ref name=":News18" />

===Re release===
The movie crossed its 500th re-release mark in 2013.<ref name=ch /> As of March 2015, ''Om'' had been re-released over 550 times and in over 400 theatres across [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/25-years-of-om-top-five-reasons-why-you-should-watch-shivarajkumar-and-premas-classic-film/photostory/75807792.cms|title=25 years of 'Om': Top five reasons why you should watch Shivarajkumar and Prema's classic film|date=19 May 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/shiva-rajkumar-prema-starrer-om-movie-created-trend-on-social-media/articleshow/75813831.cms|title=ಥಿಯೇಟರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ ಸೋಶಿಯಲ್ ಮೀಡಿಯಾದಲ್ಲೂ ಹವಾ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಿದ ಶಿವಣ್ಣನ 'ಓಂ'!|website=Vijaya Karnataka}}</ref><ref name = si>{{cite news |title= Shiva Rajkumar sets a new record! |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shiva-Rajkumar-sets-a-new-record/articleshow/46500011.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 9 March 2015 |access-date= 13 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/May/19/cult-film-om-clocks-25-actor-shivarajkumar-and-director-upendra-on-its-making-2145040.html|title=Cult film 'Om' clocks 25, Actor Shivarajkumar and director Upendra on its making - The New Indian Express|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=4 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/25yearsofom/|title=25 Years Of Om: Remembering The Great Kannada Classic|first=Jeevan|last=Jayaram|date=20 May 2020}}</ref> On 12 March 2015, the film was re-released with [[digital intermediate]] and [[DTS (sound system)|DTS]] for the first time in over 100 theatres.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/re-releasing-movies-an-emerging-trend-in-sandalwood-news-kannada-oeejzpbfdecsi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223050/http://www.sify.com/movies/re-releasing-movies-an-emerging-trend-in-sandalwood-news-kannada-oeejzpbfdecsi.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=18 October 2016 | title=Re-releasing movies- an emerging trend in Sandalwood | publisher=Moviebuzz | work=Sify | access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> It was distributed by Kishore Films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/exclusive/11688-om-550-releases-in-20-years-exclusive.html|title=OM 550 Releases In 20 Years - Exclusive - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image|website=www.chitraloka.com|access-date=2016-10-14|archive-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406143115/http://chitraloka.com/exclusive/11688-om-550-releases-in-20-years-exclusive.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ch />

===Pre-release business===
Om earned approximately ₹2 crores in pre-release business.<ref name=":News18" />

===Home media===
Even though the film was released in 1995, its satellite rights was sold to [[Udaya TV]] only in 2015 for a sum of ₹10 crores. The film had its television premiere on 15 August 2015 on the eve of Independence Day.<ref>{{cite news |title= Om satellite rights sold. |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Om-to-finally-be-screened-on-TV/articleshow/48340017.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 5 August 2015 |access-date= 5 August 2015}}</ref> The amount is the highest for any Kannada film considering that the film is already 20 years old and has been released hundreds of times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/om-in-udaya-tv-kannada-news-139670.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915042100/http://www.indiaglitz.com/om-in-udaya-tv-kannada-news-139670.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2015|title=OM in udaya tv|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=28 October 2015}}</ref> Video rights was released by Sri Ganesh Video.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shiva-Rajkumars-Om-now-out-on-DVD/articleshow/48570019.cms|title=Shiva Rajkumar's Om now out on DVD|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="bangmir">{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Om-arrives-on-DVD/articleshow/48558429.cms | title=Om arrives on DVD | publisher=Bangalore Mirror | access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[1995–96 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] — [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] — [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] — [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] — [[B. C. Gowrishankar]]

;[[Filmfare Awards South|43rd South Filmfare Awards]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]] — [[Shiva Rajkumar]]

==Legacy==
''Om'' attained cult status in Kannada cinema. It became a trendsetter in the genre of films based on gangsters.<ref name="uppi">{{cite web | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Song-sounds-like-a-sword/articleshow/48136655.cms | title=Song sounds like a sword | publisher=Bangalore Mirror | access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/hatrick-hodi-maga-is-bad/20090511.htm|title=Hatrick Hodi Maga is bad|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref><ref name="om"/> ''Rediff'' in its review of Darshan starrer ''Shastri'' (2005) called it "poor imitation of the trendsetting Kannada film, Om".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/shas/20050614.htm|title=Shashtri: Badly made, poorly directed|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> Murali Mohan who worked as an assistant in ''Om'' made his directorial debut with ''Santha'' (2007) which had a similar plot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sssantha/20070521.htm|title=Santha: Yet another gangster film|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|website=Rediff}}</ref>

In 1999, the film was unofficially remade in Hindi as ''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1999) by Rahul Rawail which stars Sunny Deol and Juhi Chawla in leading roles was criticized by film viewers for deviating from the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/20arjun.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Dumb and dumber|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3189256|Om}}

{{Upendra}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:1990s crime action films]]
[[Category:1995 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Upendra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:1995 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1990s action drama films]]

Kheri Leela

2026-04-14T15:56:10Z

Nobranding1:

{{more citations needed|date=September 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Kheri Leela
|settlement_type =
|nickname =
|motto =


|image_skyline =
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|image_map =
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|coordinates =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[India]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Didwana-kuchaman district|Deedwana-kuchaman]]
|subdivision_type3 = Makrana [[Tehsil]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Makrana]]


|government_footnotes =
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|unit_pref = Imperial
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|postal_code_type = Pin Code
|postal_code = 341504
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}}

'''Kheri Leela''' is a small village in [[Makrana]] tehsil, [[Nagaur district]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Census Villages mapped for :DOBRI KALAN Gram Panchayat, MAKRANA, NAGAUR, RAJASTHAN |url=http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=36566&rlbtype=V |work=National Panchayat Directory |publisher=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] |accessdate=27 September 2010 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184026/http://offerings.nic.in/directory/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=36566&rlbtype=V |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kheri Leela population according to census of India 2011 was 1090 out of which 528 males and 562 females, total households were 221 according to census 2011, literacy rate of village as per census 2011 was 47.20, now population and literacy rate both are significantly increased which will be showed in next census of India in 2021

Village has an Upper Primary School namely Government Upper Primary School, Kheri Leela Block Makrana District Nagaur state Rajasthan, Elementary Education Department of Government of Rajasthan runs the school, this is a co educational institute where girls and boys both are getting education from standard 1 to standard 8

Village falls in Gram panchayat Dobari Kalla of Panchayat Samitee Makrana Zila Parishad Nagaur

Gram panchayat is a local self government or a local body responsible for village development activities

Village has a branch post office under Gachhipura sub post office with pin code 341504

Nearest railway station to village is Gachhipura about 4 ka sway which is a small railway station of North West railway zone of Indian railways, other nearer railway stations are Degana Junction and Makrana Junction About 20 and 30 km from village respectively

Nearest Airport to village is Jaipur international Airport about 170 kilometres from village, next nearer airport is Jodhpur Airport about 230 kilometers

Police station is Gachhipura

Administration

Village is under district administration of District Nagaur of Rajasthan, Sub division Makrana Tehsil Makrana

Village Kheri Leela falls in Makrana assembly segment of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha and in Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency of Indian parliament

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}
{{Nagaur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Didwana Kuchaman district]]

Ekma Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:54Z

Nobranding1: Made the article w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ekma
| type = SLA
| map_image = 113-Ekma constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Manoranjan Singh Dhumal
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 291,675
| abolished = 
}}
'''Ekma''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 113 Ekma Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ekma and Lahladpur [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]; Mohmmadpur, Bhajouna Nachap, atarsan ashahni, nawada, Bhalua Bujurg, Mobarakpur, Matiyar, Chephul and Gobrahi [[gram panchayat]]s of Manjhi CD Block, Parsagarh Dakshani, Uttari and Puri of Ekma Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Ekma Assembly constituency is part of No. 19 [[Maharajganj (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. It has a railway station.<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Lakshmi Narayan Singh<ref name=election1951>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3886-bihar-1951/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Manoranjan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Srikant Yadav]]<ref name=election2020/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Manoranjan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ekma<ref name=election2025>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2025 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2025 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2025 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Manoranjan Singh
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:84077}}
|percentage = 49.16
|change = +23.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Srikant Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:61369}}
|percentage = 35.88
|change = +0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Deo Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:7642}}
|percentage = 4.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lakshman Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2992}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2460}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shankar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1600}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6217}}
|percentage = 3.63
|change = +0.67
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22708}}
|percentage = 13.28
|change = +4.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171043}}
|percentage = 58.64
|change = +7.98
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ekma<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Srikant Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:53875}}
|percentage = 35.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sita Devi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:39948}}
|percentage = 25.99
|change = -9.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Kameshwar Ku Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:29992}}
|percentage = 19.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:10998}}
|percentage = 7.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahulkumar Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:3179}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Kushvaha Rajbal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3011}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narendra Pratap Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:2890}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change = -0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sriram Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:1874}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Lakshman Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1455}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4545}}
|percentage = 2.96
|change = -0.82
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13927}}
|percentage = 9.06
|change = +3.27
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153697}}
|percentage = 50.66
|change = +1.1
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ekma<ref name="election2015"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Manoranjan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:49508}}
|percentage = 35.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kameshwar Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:41382}}
|percentage = 29.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh (Harpur)
|votes = {{formatnum:28345}}
|percentage = 20.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narendra Pratap Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:3662}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2651}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2200}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kushwaha Rajbal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2065}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjit Singh (Manjhi)
|votes = {{formatnum:2039}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1629}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Binod Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1378}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5293}}
|percentage = 3.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8126}}
|percentage = 5.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:140152}}
|percentage = 49.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1629}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|25|58|28|N|84|33|23|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Grasim Mr. India

2026-04-14T03:12:15Z

Nobranding1: Made the info initial version

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant}}
{{distinguish|Times Mister India}}
{{distinguish|text=professional bodybuilding championships organised by [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Mister India
| dissolved = 2012
| image =
| caption =
| formation = 1996
| former_name = Adonis - Graviera Man of the Year
| successor = [[ Times Mister India ]]
| type = Beauty Pageant
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| membership = [[Mister World]] [[Mr. International]] Mr. Intercontinental Best Model of the World
| language = [[Hindi]], [[English Language|English]]
}}
'''Grasim Mr. India''' (''formerly Adonis - Graviera Man of the Year'') was a national male [[beauty pageant]] in India that annually selected representatives to compete globally at [[Mr. International]], [[Mister World]], Mr. Intercontinental and Best Model of the World. In the years 1996 and 1998, the winner of the contest represented India at [[Mister World]] contest. Later the title was changed to "Mr. India" International and the winner was sent to compete at [[Mr. International]] pageant. Later in 2007 and 2008, Hayward 5000 organized Mr India pageant and the winner was sent to Mister World. In 2010 and 2012, Grasim Mr. India again sent its winner to Mister World and the title was renamed Mr India World. Since 2014, [[The Times Group]] owns the right to organize [[Mr India World]] contest and its winner represents India at Mister World.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mensxp.com/mr-india-2014/archives/22476-miss-india-organisation-launches-mr-india-world-2014_.html|title=Mr India World 2014: Miss India Organisation Launches Mr India World 2014|website=www.mensxp.com}}</ref><ref name="bp">{{cite web|title=Prateik Jain is the winner of Provogue MensXP Mr. India 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/prateik-jain-is-the-winner-of-provogue-mensxp-mr-india-2014/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

==History==
The first Mister India called ''Graviera Adonis Man of the Year'' contest was held in 1995. Bikram Saluja of Punjab was named the first ever Mister India and represented India at [[Mister World]], where he was placed among top 10 finalists.

==The Pageant==
In earlier years, the winner of Grasim Mr. India Pageant used to represent India at [[Mister World]] contest. From 1997 to 2003 the winner was sent to [[Mr. International]] and on some occasions the winner was also sent to compete at other international pageants like Mr. Intercontinental or Best Model of the World.

==Winners==
Below is the complete list of Mister India editions.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align:center"
|-
! width="2%" | Year
! width="10%" | Mister India
! width="10%" | State
|-
| 1994
| [[:pl:Bikram Saluja|Bikram Saluja]]
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
| 1995
| Tarun Raghavan
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 1996
| [[Sachin Khurana]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| 1997
| Deepinder Gill
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
| 1998
| [[Diwakar Pundir]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|-
| 1999
| Abhijit Sanyal
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2000
| [[Aryan Vaid]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
|-
| 2001
| [[Vivan Bhatena]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2002
| [[Raghu Mukherjee]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| 2003
| [[Rajneesh Duggal]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| 2004
| Sunil Mann
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| 2005
| [[Viraf Patel]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune Sailor is Grasim Mr. India 2005 |url=http://www.grasim.com/media/features/mr_grasim05.htm |publisher=Grasim.com |accessdate=12 June 2013 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615172500/http://grasim.com/media/features/mr_grasim05.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| 2006
| ''Rajveer Singh''
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| 2007
| [[Bharat Kundra]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| 2008
| [[Pravesh Rana]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| 2010
| Inder Bajwa
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|-
| 2012
| Taher Ali
| [[Maharashtra]]
|}

== India representatives to international pageants ==
The following [[male model]]s have represented India in international pageants:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| style="background:palegreen; width:1%;"| '''Winner'''
| style="background:#fadadd; width:1%;"| '''Runner Up'''
| style="background:lavender; width:1%;"| '''Finalist/Semifinalist'''
|}

===Representatives to Mister World===
*''Usually the winner of Mister India pageant represented India at [[Mister World]] but if for any reason the winner is unable to compete then a runner up was sent to the pageant.''
*''[[India]] has been participating in [[Mister World]] since its inception in 1996. [[India]] did not compete in the [[Mister World]] from [[Mister World 2000|2000]] & [[Mister World 2003|2003]]. Since 2014 representatives to Mister World are being sent by [[Mr India World]]''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=62|Year
!width=210|Mister World India
!width=210|State
!width=220|Ranking
!width=340|Special Awards
|-
|style="background:lavender;text-align:center;"|''[[Mister World 1996|1996]]''
|style="background:lavender;"|''[[Bikram Saluja]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 Handsome Indian Men-Bikram Saluja|url=http://www.webindia123.com/personality/men/bikram_saluja/bikram.htm|work=webindia123.com|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>
|style="background:lavender;"|''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]''
| style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|'''''Top 10'''''
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="background:lightyellow;text-align:center;"|[[Mister World 1998|1998]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Sachin Khurana]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Delhi]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;text-align:center;"|''[[Mister World 2007|2007]]''
|style="background:lavender;"|''[[Kawaljit Anand Singh]]''
|style="background:lavender;"|''[[Assam]]''
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|'''''Top 12'''''
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|
|-
|style="background:lavender;text-align:center;"|''[[Mister World 2010|2010]]''
|style="background:lavender;"|''[[Inder Bajwa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=SuperModel Alert: Inder Bajwa|url=http://news.avstv.com/2009/05/22/supermodel-alert-inder-bajwa/|work=news.avstv.com|accessdate=5 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224752/http://news.avstv.com/2009/05/22/supermodel-alert-inder-bajwa/|archive-date=6 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|style="background:lavender;"|''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]''
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|'''''Top 15'''''
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|''Mister World Top Model - Top 20'' ''Mister World Talent - Top 20''
|-
|style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center;"|[[Mister World 2012|2012]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Taher Ali]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mister World India 2012: Taher Ali|url=http://www.mensxp.com/mr-india-2014/archives/22478-mr-world-india-2012-taher-ali.html|work=mensxp.com|accessdate=5 June 2014}}</ref>
|style="background:lightyellow;"|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lightyellow;"|{{center|''Unplaced''}}
|style="background:lightyellow;"|
|-
|}

==Representatives to Mr. International==
* Usually the winner of Mister India pageant represented India at [[Mr. International]] but if for any reason the winner is unable to compete then a runner up is sent to compete at the pageant.

{| class="wikitable "
|-
! Year !!width=300| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=400| Ranking
|-
|1998
|[[Diwakar Pundir]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|'''Top 12'''
|-
|1999
|[[Abhijit Sanyal]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#fadadd; text-align:center;"|'''2nd Runner Up'''
|-
|2000
|[[Aryan Vaid]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|style="background:palegreen; text-align:center;"| '''[[Mr. International 2000]]'''
|-
|2001
|[[Vivan Bhatena]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|'''Top 11'''
|-
|2002
|[[Raghu Mukherjee]]
|[[Karnataka]]
|style="background:palegreen; text-align:center;"| '''[[Mr. International 2002]]'''
|-
|2003
|[[Rajneesh Duggal]]
|[[Delhi]]
|style="background:#fadadd; text-align:center;"|'''1st Runner Up'''
|-
|}

==Representatives to Mr. Intercontinental==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !!width=300| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=400| Ranking
|-
|1998
|[[Diwakar Pundir]]
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|style="background:#fadadd; text-align:center;"|'''2nd Runner Up'''
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''1999'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''[[Raqesh Bapat]]'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''[[Maharashtra]]'''
|style="background:#fadadd; text-align:center;"| '''1st Runner Up'''
|-
|2000
|[[Bikram Singh Sandhu]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|{{n/a|Unplaced}}
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''2001'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''[[Savio Bruto Da Costa]]'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''[[Goa]]'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|'''1st Runner Up'''}}
|-
|2002
|[[Saumik Rao]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:lavender; text-align:center;"|'''Top 12'''
|}

==Representatives to Best Model of the World==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !!width=300| Representative !!width=200| State !!width=400| Ranking
|-
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''1999'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''[[Vishal Yadav]]'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|'''[[Delhi]]'''
|style="background:#fadadd;"|{{center|'''2nd Runner Up'''}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Mister World India]]
* [[Sports in India]]
{{Portal bar|India|Sports}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Beauty pageants in India}}
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Indian awards]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Santali

2026-04-13T23:21:15Z

Nobranding1: Made Bio

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in"/>

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Santali language|Santali]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title=..:: Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-08-01}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|References
|-
| 2008 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2009 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''
|-
| 2010 || Sobha Nath Beshra|| Rahla Raybar || [[Meghadūta]] || Sanskrit || Poetry || [[Kalidasa]]||
|-
| 2011 || [[Thakurdas Murmu]]|| Santal Pahra (Vol. I & II) || Santal Lokakatha (Vol. I & II) || Odia || Short Stories || Binod Bihari Das ||
|-
| 2012 || [[Rabindranath Murmu]] || Ita Chetan Re lta || Iter Upar It || Bengali || Novel || [[Mahasweta Devi]]||
|-
| 2013 || [[Mangal Majhi]] (Murmu)|| Malang Anal || Bhagya Chakra || Bengali || Play || Haradhan Adhikari || <ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter|date= 22 August 2014|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 ||[[Saro Hansdah]]||Devdas||Devdas|| Bengali||Novel||Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay||<ref name="TOI-SanthaliDevdas2015">{{cite web
| title = Sahitya Akademi for Santhali ‘Devdas’
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/sahitya-akademi-for-santhali-devdas/articleshow/48547290.cms
| website = The Times of India
| author = B. Sridhar
| date = 20 August 2015
| access-date = 2 February 2026
| location = Ranchi
}}</ref><ref name="SA-TranslationList">{{cite web
| title = Akademi Translation Prizes (1989–2024) – Prize for Translation
| url = https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp
| website = Sahitya Akademi
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi, Government of India
| access-date = 2 February 2026
| language = English
}}</ref>

|-
| 2015 || [[Tala Tudu]] || Baplanij || [[Parineeta (novel)|Porineeta]] || Bengali || Novel || [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]] || <ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2015.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2015|date= 15 February 2016|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || [[Ganesh Thakur Hansda]] || Bhognadi Reyak Dahire || Bhagnadihir Mathre || Bengali || Novel || Panchu Gopal Bhaduri|| <ref name=":9">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2016.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2016|date= 20 April 2017|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || [[Surya Singh Besra]] || Matkom Rasa || [[Madhushala]] || Hindi || Poetry || [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]] || <ref name=":10">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2017.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2017|date= 21 December 2017|publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || [[Rupchand Hansda]] || Sen Dareyak'an Menkhan Chedak || Jetepari Kintu Keno Jabo || Bengali || Poetry || [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]] || <ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |accessdate=20 November 2019|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || [[Kherwal Soren]] || Aikao || Anubhab || Bengali || Novel || [[Dibyendu Palit]] || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || [[Chandra Mohan Kisku]] || Sido-Kanhu Tikinak Hohote || Sidu - Kanhur Dake || Bengali || Novel || [[Mahasweta Devi]] || <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Damayanti Beshra]] || Shreegeetagovinda || [[Gita Govinda]] || Sanskrit || Classic Poetry || [[Jayadeva]] || <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref><ref name="jantaserishta.com">{{cite web |title=झारखंड : अनुवाद श्रेणी में की गई साहित्य अकादमी अवार्ड की घोषणा |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/jharkhand/jharkhand-sahitya-akademi-award-announced-in-translation-category-1327143 |website=jantaserishta.com |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Laxman Kisku || Merom Gupi Din || [[Goat Days|Aadu Jeevitham]] || Malayalam || Novel || [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]] || <ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || [[Veer Pratap Murmu]] || Kira || Pratigya || Hindi || Novel || [[Premchand]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || [[Nazir Hembram]] || ''Hende Sadom'' || ''Kala Ghoda'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Nilotpal Mrinal]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Santali]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#SANTHALI Akademi Translation Prizes For Santali language]

{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

P. Shanmugam (Tamil Nadu politician, born 1946)

2026-04-11T12:41:34Z

Nobranding1: creating some entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = P. Shanmugam
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| order1 = Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| governor1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 =
| term_end2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1946|10|10}}
| birth_place = Agaramcheri Vill. in [[Vellore district]], ([[Tamil Nadu]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2006|2|14|1946|10|10}}
| death_place = [[Agaramcheri]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Smt. S. Prema
}}
'''P. Shanmugam''' (10 October 1946 – 14 February 2006) (born to Shri S Panchatcharam Mudaliyar - Kamala Ammal) was the Member of Parliament for [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore constituency]] (Lok Sabha). He has served during the period of 1996.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-DMK MP Shanmugam passes away |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 February 2006 |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb152006/national1818462006214.asp |accessdate=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125137/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb152006/national1818462006214.asp |archive-date=14 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also a social worker, businessman and agriculturist.

During the Lok Sabha election held during the year 1996, he defeated his opponent [[B. Akber Pasha]] by 211035 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/parliamentary-constituencies/vellore.html |title=Vellore(Tamil Nadu) Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 with Sitting MP and Party Name |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref>

After that he became the district head for DMK for Vellore District. He also played a major role in the DMK.

He was President for

(i) 'Mat Weavers' Cooperative Society, Agaramcheri, 1997 onwards; and

(ii) Ambur Marketing Society, Ambur, 1997 onwards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before = [[B. Akber Pasha]]|title = Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Vellore|years = 1996 - 1998|after = [[N. T. Shanmugam]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmugam, P.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Vellore district]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Gurpreet Singh Banawali

2026-04-07T14:02:31Z

Nobranding1: Made initial bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gurpreet Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards = 
| blank1 =
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| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website =
| nickname =
}}
'''Gurpreet Singh Banawali''' is an Indian politician and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Chairman (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Sardulgarh Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Sardulgarh
| before= [[Dilraj Singh Bhunder]]
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banawali, Gurpreet Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Deshastha Brahmin

2026-04-06T22:49:29Z

Nobranding1: Made basic data w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian Hindu Brahmin subcaste}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Deshastha Brahmin
| image =
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Maharashtra]] • [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]],<ref name="K. S. Singh 1998 552">{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|page=552|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=The Maharashtra Desastha Brahman are distributed in the districts of Telangana.}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] ([[Gwalior]], [[Indore]], [[Ujjain]], [[Dhar]], [[Katni]], [[Jabalpur]]) [[Gujarat]] ([[Vadodara]]) • [[Delhi]]
| langs = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]],<ref name="David Goodman Mandelbaum 1970 https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand/page/n192 18"/> [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="Raman2012">{{cite book|author=Bhavani Raman|title=Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WW67K09byR4C&pg=PA214|year=2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0226703275|page=214}}</ref><ref name="Singh1992">{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=People of India: India's communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|year=1992|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=3317|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2}}</ref>
| rels = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Pancha-Dravida]] • [[Karhade Brahmin|Karhade]] • [[Kannada people]]
• [[Chitpavan|Konkanastha]] •[[Devrukhe]] • • [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] • [[Thanjavur Marathi (people)|Thanjavur Marathi]] • [[Marathi people]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Deshastha Brahmin''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] [[caste|subcaste]] mainly from the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] and [[North Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA249|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|author=Robin Rinehart|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2004|page=249|isbn=9781576079058}}</ref> Other than these states, according to authors [[K. S. Singh]], Gregory Naik and Pran Nath Chopra, Deshastha Brahmins are also concentrated in the states of [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are the most ancient sub-caste of Maharashtra and they are to be found in all the districts of the Deccan, Marathi speaking part of the former Nizam State and in Berar.}}</ref><ref name="K. S. Singh 1998 552">{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|page=552|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=The Maharashtra Desastha Brahman are distributed in the districts of Telangana.}}</ref> {{small|(which was earlier part of [[Hyderabad State]] and [[Berar Division]])}}, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] {{small|(which was earlier part of [[Central Provinces and Berar]])}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Religions and Communities of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ|author=Pran Nath Chopra|publisher=East-West Publications|year=1982|page=52|isbn = 9780856920813|quote=The Deshasthas are spread all over the Deccan, especially in the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Our Fellow Pilgrims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IXYAAAAMAAJ|page=65|author=Gregory Naik|publisher=Gujarat Sahitya Prakash|year=2000|isbn = 9788187886105|quote=The Deshastha Brahmins "Desha" is the name given to the territory of the valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari, and the Deccan Plateau. Hence this community is spread over the states of Maharashtra (especially in Kolhapur), Karnataka, and Andhra.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ|page=105|author=Hans Bakker|publisher=BRILL|year=1990|isbn = 9004093184|quote=Deśastha Brahmans can be found not only in Maharashtra but also in Karnataka and other parts of the Deccan.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|page=3316|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780195633542}}</ref> Historian Pran Nath Chopra and journalist [[Pritish Nandy]] say, "Most of the well-known saints from [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Combined Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] were Deshastha Brahmins".<ref name="Pran Nath Chopra 1982 52">{{cite book|title=Religions and Communities of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ|author=Pran Nath Chopra|publisher=East-West Publications|year=1982|page=52|isbn = 9780856920813|quote=Most of the well- known saints from Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra were Deshastha Brahmanas. They are intensely religious , steeped in rituals , trustworthy and hardworking . They have produced saints , politicians and men of learning . There are two major groups in the community . The people of one follow the Rigveda and are called Rigvedis and those of the other the Yajurveda and are known as Yajurvedis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95, Part 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1974|author=Pritish Nandy|page=29|quote=Most of the well- known saints from Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra are Deshastha Brahmins. They are also a peace-loving, just and duty-conscious people and have always proved reliable.}}</ref> The mother tongue of Deshastha Brahmins is either [[Marathi language|Marathi]] or [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref name="David Goodman Mandelbaum 1970 https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand/page/n192 18"/><ref name="Raman2012" /><ref name="Singh1992" />

Over the millennia, the Deshastha community has produced mathematicians such as [[Bhāskara II]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsU7R69gqDIC|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95|author=Pritish Nandy|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|page=30|year=1974|quote=Deshasthas have contributed to mathematics and literature as well as to the cultural and religious heritage of India. Bhaskaracharaya was one of the greatest mathematicians of ancient India.}}</ref> Sanskrit scholars such as [[Bhavabhuti]], [[Satyanatha Tirtha]], [[Satyadharma Tirtha]];{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=653}}{{Sfn|Rajaram|2019|p=18}} [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] saints such as [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Eknath]], [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Samarth Ramdas]] and [[Vijaya Dasa]];{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=227}}<ref>{{cite book | title = The illustrated weekly of India, volume 95 | page = 30 | year = 1974}}</ref>{{Sfn|Chopra|1982|p=54}} polemical logician such as [[Jayatirtha]] and non-polemical scholar such as [[Raghuttama Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=205}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=463}}

The traditional occupation of Deshastha Brahmins is [[priesthood]] and the [[Kulkarni]] Vatan (village accountants).<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=Priesthood and Kulkarni Vatan were their traditional occupations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra Society and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2puAAAAMAAJ|page=74|year=2000|isbn=9788185016580|author=A. R. Kulkarni|quote=The Kulkarni generally belonged to the rural based deshastha community, even under the chitpavan rule.|publisher=Books & Books}}</ref> They also pursued secular professions such as writers, accountants, moneylenders and also practised agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=In Maharashtra Chitpavan or Kokanastha, and Deshastha Brahmins practise priesthood as their hereditary profession.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Amravati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9DAAAAYAAJ|page=146|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State, Maharashtra (India)|year=1968|quote=Most of the Deshasthas pursue secular professions and are writers, accountants, merchants, etc. The posts of village patwaris are almost monopolised by them.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC&pg=PA480|title=Maharashtra, Part 1|page=480|author=B. V. Bhanu|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2004|quote=Most of the Deshastha pursue secular professions as writers, accountants, merchants and are among the great Pandits in various branches of Sanskrit learning. Traditionally, the Deshastha Brahmin are a community of priests who render socio-religious services to the other caste groups. Apart from this, agriculture is also practised by the members who possess cultivable land in the rural areas. Some of them also taken to white-collar jobs. They are a progressive community.|isbn=9788179911006}}</ref> In historic times a large number of Deshasthas held many prominent positions such as [[Peshwa]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Maratha Confederacy: A Study in Its Origin and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulFuAAAAMAAJ|author=Vasant S. Kadam|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1993|page=49|isbn = 9788121505703|quote=Under Shivaji the Great, Sambhaji and Rajaram all the incumbents of the office of Peshwa were from the Deshastha (residing in the Desh area of Maharashtra) subcaste of the Brahmans.}}</ref> [[Divan|Diwan]], [[Deshpande]] (district accountants), [[Deshmukh]], [[Patil (title)|Patil]], [[Gadkari]], [[Desai]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ|page=xv|author1=Francine R. Frankel|author2=M. S. A. Rao|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn = 9780195620986}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religions and Communities of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAtuAAAAMAAJ|author=Pran Nath Chopra|publisher=East-West Publications|year=1982|isbn = 9780856920813|page=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA108|page=108|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|year=1989| publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn = 9788120604889}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Business Communities of India: A Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcu5AAAAIAAJ|page=94|author=Dwijendra Tripathi|publisher=Manohar publications|year=1984|isbn = 9780836412765|quote=The work of collection of revenue and accounts-keeping at village level in Maharashtra and especially in the Deccan had been with the Deshastha Brahmans even during the Muslim times.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880-1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kaZV5CdzsAC&pg=PA56|page=56|author=Gordon Johnson|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=8 June 2005|isbn = 9780521619653}}</ref> and Nirkhee (who fixed weekly prices of grains during the Nizam's Rule).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Dr. |date=2016 |title=Administrative Set Up Of The Deccan Under The Early Nizams* |url=https://valleyinternational.net/index.php/theijsshi/article/download/378/374 |journal=The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention |volume=3 |issue= 4 |pages=5th Pg |via=Valley International Journals}}</ref> Authors Vora and Glushkova state that "Deshastha Brahmins have occupied a core place in Maharashtrian [[politics]], [[society]] and [[culture]] from almost the beginning of the Maharashtra's recorded history. Occupying high offices in the state and even other offices at various levels of administration, they were recipients of state honours and more importantly, [[land grants]] of various types."<ref>{{cite book|title=Home, Family and Kinship in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFhuAAAAMAAJ|page=118|author1=I. P. Glushkova|author2=Rajendra Vora|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn = 9780195646351}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Deshastha'' derives from the [[Sanskrit]] ''deśa'' (inland, country) and ''stha'' (resident), literally translating to "residents of the country".<ref>{{cite book|title=Central Provinces district gazetteers, Volume 5|publisher=Governmaent of Maharashtra|year=1983|page=128|quote=The word Deshastha literally means residents of the country and the name is given to the Brahmans of that part of the Country}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South Asian Anthropologist, Volumes 11-14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPCZAAAAIAAJ|author=Sarat Chandra Roy|publisher=Institute of Anthropological Studies|year=1990|page=31|quote=The Deshastha Brahman are sporadically distributed all through the state of Maharashtra starting from village to urban peripheries. Etymologically the term Deshastha signifies 'the residents of desh (highland) region'.}}</ref> The valleys of the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] rivers, and a part of [[Deccan Plateau]] adjacent to the [[Western Ghats]], are collectively termed the ''Desha'' – the original home of the Deshastha Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|author1=Donald W. Attwood|author2=Milton Israel|author3=Narendra K. Wagle|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|year=1988|page=53|quote=Desh usually refers to the Deccan plateau British districts and princely states in the upper Godavari, Bhima, and upper Krishna river basins, from Nasik in the north, south to Kolhapur. Deshastha, "being of the Desh", usually refers to a group of Brahmin castes differentiated by ritual affiliations with a Vedic shakha ("branch")|isbn = 9780969290728}}</ref>

In [[Tamil Nadu]], Deshastha Brahmins are also referred as ''Rayar Brahmins''.<ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: India's communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|page=2086|isbn=978-0195633542|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|quote=MAHARASHTRA BRAHMAN Also known as the Rayar Brahman or Desastha Brahman, they are a Marathi-speaking community of Tamil Nadu. They use titles like Kesikar, Row and Goswamigal, and are concentrated in the Madras, Thanjavur, North Arcot and South Arcot, Pudukkottai, Thiruchirapal- li, Ramanathapuram and V.O. Chidambaram districts }}</ref> The word ''Rayar'' means king in [[Southeastern Indian subcontinent|Southeastern India]], a title shared notably by the [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathi]] community.

==Classification==
{{See also|Caste system in India}}

Deshastha Brahmins fall under the [[Pancha-Dravida|Pancha Dravida Brahmin]] classification of the Brahmin community in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/490 490]–492|author=James G. Lochtefeld|year=2002|isbn = 9780823931804}}</ref> Along with the [[Karhade Brahmin|Karhade]] and [[Chitpavan|Konkanastha Brahmins]], the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking Deshastha Brahmins are referred to as [[Maharashtrian Brahmin]]s, which denotes those Brahmin subcastes of the [[Deccan Plateau]] which have a regional significance in Maharashtra,{{sfn|Shrivastav|1971|p=140}} while the [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking Deshastha Brahmins from the [[Deccan Plateau]] region of [[Karnataka]] are referred to as [[Karnataka Brahmins]] or [[Karnataka Brahmins|Carnatic Brahmins]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=464}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k--C9xHsSnEC&pg=PA95|title=Glimpses of Maratha Socio-economic History|author=Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=1994|page=95|isbn=978-8171563470}}</ref><ref name="Syed Siraj ul Hassan 1989 118">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA118|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|page=118|isbn=9788120604889}}</ref>

===Based on Veda===
Deshastha Brahmins are further classified in two major sub-sects, the Deshastha Rigvedi and the Deshastha Yajurvedi, who earlier used to inter-dine but not inter-marry but now intermarriages between the two sub-groups is common.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=3316|quote=Earlier, both the subgroups, Yajurvedi and Rigvedi practised endogamy but now intermarriages between the two take place.|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref>{{sfn|Shrivastav|1971|p=140}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|year=2009|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|quote=Deshastha Brahmin : Deshastha Brahmins are in a large number in Maharashtra and they are to be found all over the Deccan. There are two sub - groups among Deshastha Brahmins, namely Rigvedi and Yajurvedi.}}</ref> These sub-sects are based on the [[Veda]] they follow.

;Rigveda
The Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins (DRB) are followers of [[Rigveda]] and follow Rigvedic rituals.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Society: An Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZktAAAAMAAJ|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|publisher=Deshmukh Prakashan|year=1968|page=24|quote=The Deshastha Ṛgvedi Brahmins as their name suggests, live in the Desh and follow a Ṛgvedic ritual. They are an extremely numerous and widespread community.}}</ref> Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are followers of Ashvalayana sutra and [[Shakala Shakha]] of Rigveda. Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are the most ancient sub-caste among Deshasthas and are found throughout the [[Deccan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ|author=Sandhya Gokhale|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2008|page=27|quote=Rig Vedic Deshasthas is the most ancient Shakha in Maharashtra.|isbn = 9788182901322}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are the most ancient sub-caste of Maharashtra and they are to be found in all the districts of the Deccan.}}</ref> According to [[Iravati Karve]], Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are found in [[Deccan Plateau|western and central Deccan]] along the banks of the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers and are spread deep into [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Society: An Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZktAAAAMAAJ|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|publisher=Deshmukh Prakashan|year=1968|quote=This caste is found in western and central Deccan along the banks of the Godavari and the Krishna and has spread deep into Karnatak. There are frequent inter-marriages between Karnatak and Maharashtra families in this community.}}</ref> Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are endogamous group which include families from difference linguistic regions. Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins include some families that speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and some speak [[Kannada language|Kannada]], majority of marriages happen within the families of same language but the marriages between [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] speaking families do happen often.<ref name="David Goodman Mandelbaum 1970 https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand/page/n192 18">{{cite book|title=Society in India: Continuity and change|url=https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand|url-access=registration|author=David Goodman Mandelbaum|publisher=University of California Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand/page/n192 18]|year=1970|isbn = 9780520016231|quote=Thus the Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins include some families that speak Marathi and some that speak Kannada.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=45|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are the most ancient sub-caste of Maharashtra and they are to be found in all the districts of the Deccan, Marathi speaking part of the former Nizam State and in Berar. Marriage alliance between Deshastha Rigvedi and Telugu and Karnataka Brahmins takes place quite frequently.}}</ref>

Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins are treated as a separate and distinct caste from the Deshastha Yajurvedi Madhyandina and Deshastha Kannavas Brahmins by several authors, including Malhotra and [[Iravati Karve]].{{sfn|Karve|Malhotra|1968|pp=109–134}}

;Yajurveda
The Deshastha Yajurvedi Brahmins are followers of [[Yajurveda]] and follow Yajurvedic rituals. They are further classified into two groups called the Madhyandins and the Kanavas. The Madhyandinas follow the [[Madhyandina Shakha]] of the [[Yajurveda#Shukla Yajurveda|Shukla Yajurveda]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|pages=45–46}}</ref> The word ''Madhyandina'' is a fusion of two words ''Madhya'' and ''dina'' which mean middle and day respectively. Ghurye says Madhyandhina is the name of the person, a pupil of [[Yajnavalkya]], the founder of Shukla-Yajurveda and followers of Madhyandhina are known by this name. The other meanings of the name are they are so-called because they perform ''[[Sandhya Vandana]]'' at noon or it also means these Brahmins are supposed to attain Brahmin-hood only after mid-day. Ghurye says apparently the name 'Madhyandhina' was misunderstood or deliberately misinterpreted by the southern Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC&pg=PA198|title=Caste and Race in India|page=198|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1969|isbn=9788171542055}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Caste and Race in India|url=https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur|url-access=registration|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=[https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/200 200]|year=1969|isbn = 9788171542055}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects Towards Each Other and Towards Other Religious Systems|author=Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya|publisher=Thacker, Spink|page=86|quote=The Madhyandinas* attach great importance to the performance of the Sandhya prayer at noon, i.e., after 11 am}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Brahmanic Ritual Traditions in the Crucible of Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VIqAAAAYAAJ|page=61|author=Baidyanath Saraswati|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|year=1977|isbn = 9780896844780|quote=The Madhyandina Brahmans perform sandhya (daily ritual) in the noon; to them the day begins at noon and not at sunrise or midnight. This marks them off from the others.}}</ref> Some Yajurvedi Deshasthas follow the 'Apastamba' subdivision of [[Yajurveda#Krishna Yajurveda|Krishna Yajurveda]].<ref>{{cite book | title= Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Aurangabad district | publisher = Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State | year = 1977 | page=25 | quote= "The Deshasthas of the district are divided into the 'Ashvalayan sub-division of Rigveda: the Apastamba subdivision of Krishna Yajurved; several sections of the Prathama Shakhi sub-division of the Shukla Yajurveda, such as Madhyandina, Kanva"}}</ref> Recently, the Yajurvedi Madhyandin and Yajurvedi Kannava Brahmins have been colloquially being referred to as Deshastha Yajurvedi Madhyandin and Deshastha Yajurvedi Kannava, although not all have traditionally lived or belonged to the Desh.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ruralcreditinwes0000cata|url-access=registration|title=Rural Credit in Western India, 1875-1930: Rural Credit and the Co-operative Movement in the Bombay Presidency|author=I. J. Catanach|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|page=[https://archive.org/details/ruralcreditinwes0000cata/page/14 14]|isbn=9780520015951}}</ref> Like Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins, Deshastha Yajurvedi Brahmins of Shukla Yajurvedi section are also spread throughout [[Deccan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|page=46|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=Like Rigvedi Brahmins, Shukla Yajurvedi Brahmins are spread all over the Deccan and their population is almost equal to that of the Rigvedi Brahmins.}}</ref>

===Based on Vedanta===
The Deshastha Rigvedi's and Deshastha Yajurvedi's started following the Vedantas propounded by [[Adi Shankara]] and [[Madhvacharya]].<ref name="Syed Siraj ul Hassan 1989 110">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA110|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|page=110|isbn=9788120604889}}</ref> They have produced a number of [[acharya]]s who has presided over various [[matha]]s. These seats of learning spread the teachings of the [[vedas]], [[smritis]], [[puranas]] and especially [[Advaita]] and [[Dvaita]] philosophies all over [[India]], because of this they have [[Smarta tradition|Smarthas]] as well as [[Madhvas]] among them.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95, Part 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1974|page=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|page=110|isbn = 9788120604889}}</ref>{{sfn|Suryanarayana|2002|p=54|ps=:"Among the Deshasthas in Madras are three different endogamous groups like Rigvedi Deshasthas, Smartha Deshasthas and Madhwa Deshasthas."}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers, Volume 1|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1960|page=135|quote=Smārtas are followers of Śaṅkarācārya, the apostle of doctrine that the soul and the universe are one; and Vaiṣṇavas who are mainly Bhāgavats, that is followers of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, hold the doctrine that the soul and universe are distinct. Those Deshasthas who are Vaiṣṇavas are known as Mādhva Brāhmaṇs or followers of Madhvācārya ( A.D. 1238 to 1317 ) whose chief mission was to preach the reality and dependence of the universe composed of cit (souls) and acit (matter) on God.}}</ref> Intermarriages between Deshastha Smarthas and Deshastha Madhwas is very common and normal among Deshasthas of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Aryan Path Volume 39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByMLAQAAMAAJ|page=8|publisher=Theosophy Company (India), Limited|author=Sophia Wadia|year=1968|quote=Intermarriage between the Adwaitins and the Dwaitins takes place and is normal among the Maharashtra Deshasthas. The Adwaitin, who is ordinarily a Smarta, holds rather liberal views but the Dwaitin is ordinarily very strong in his views.}}</ref> These sub-sects are based on the [[Vedanta]] they follow.

;Dvaita Vedanta
{{see also|Madhva Brahmins|Madhva Sampradaya}}
Deshastha Madhva Brahmins, also referred as ''Deshastha Madhvas'' (or simply ''Madhvas'') are Deshastha Brahmins who follow [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Madhvacharya]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Kolhapur District|publisher=Directorate of Government Print, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWZDAAAAYAAJ|year=1959|page=135|quote= Those Deshasthas who are Vaisnavas are known as Madhva Brahmans or followers of Madhvacarya (A.D. 1238 to 1317)}}</ref> Majority of Deshastha Madhva Brahmins are followers of [[Uttaradi Math]]. Uttaradi Math is the largest Matha in [[Madhva Sampradaya]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=199}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=193}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Charisma and Canon: Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvXAAAAMAAJ|page=122|author1=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|author2=Angelika Malinar|author3=Martin Christof|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|quote=The Desastha or Kannada- Marathi Madhvas have a few mathas, of which the Uttaradimatha is the largest;|isbn = 9780195654530}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford India Hinduism Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQBPAQAAIAAJ|author1=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|author2=[[Heinrich von Stietencron]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|page=161|quote=Uttarādimatha , the largest single matha , to which most of the Mādhvas in Maharashtra and in eastern and northern Karnataka adhere.|isbn=9780198062462}}</ref> There are few Deshastha Madhvas who follow [[Raghavendra Math]] and some other Madhva mathas.{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=152}}{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=152}} In [[South India]] Deshastha Madhvas have traditionally been bilingual in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] or [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="Linguistic Sciences">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CK0oAQAAIAAJ|title=Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Volumes 8-9|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois|page=199|year=1978|quote=The Desastha Madhwa brahmins in the South have traditionally been bilingual in Marathi and Kannada, Telugu or Tamil}}</ref>

;Advaita Vedanta
{{see also|Smartha Brahmins|Smartha tradition}}
Deshasthas following [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara]] have two divisions among them. They are ''Vaishnav Advaitins'' and ''Smarta Advaitins''. The Smarta Advaitins are also known as Deshastha Smarta Brahmins or Deshastha Smartas{{sfn|Abhishankar|Kāmat|1990|p=242}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsU7R69gqDIC|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India|year=1974|quote=the fact that Deshasthas have Smartas as well as Madhwas among them.}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Madhava Rao.jpg|thumb|right|[[T. Madhava Rao|Madhavarao Tanjavarkar]] (born 1828, died 4 April 1891), a descendant of Deshastha Brahmins with the last name Tanjavarkar or Thanjavurkar]]
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=200|caption=Location of areas outside Maharashtra where Deshastha brahmins have settled over the centuries as administrators or religious leaders (Pandits). Some of these had Maratha rulers. Hover over the dot to see the area name.|places=
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Dewas |lat=22.96|long=76.06}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Delhi |lat=28.61|long=77.23}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Gwalior |lat=26.22|long=78.18}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Sagar, Madhya Pradesh |lat=23.83|long=78.71}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Jabalpur |lat=23.166|long=79.93}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Indore |lat=22.71667|long=75.84722}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Vadodara |lat=22.30|long=73.19}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Varanasi |lat=25.28|long=82.96}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Thanjavur |lat=10.78|long=79.136}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Arcot |lat=12.99|long=79.314}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Dharwad |lat=15.2730|long=75.0030}}
{{Location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Shivamogga|lat=13.93|long=75.56}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Bijapur |lat=16.83|long=75.71}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Gulbarga |lat=17.329|long=76.825}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Bidar |lat=17.9|long=77.5}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Belgaum |lat=15.51|long=74.30}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Raichur |lat=16.2|long=77.37}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Bellary |lat=15.06|long=76.55}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Uttara Kannada |lat=14.6|long=74.7}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label= Anantapur|lat=14.68|long=77.599}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Kurnool |lat=15.83|long=78.05}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Hyderabad |lat=17.37|long=78.48}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Guntur |lat=16.3008|long=80.4428}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Tirupati |lat=13.65|long=79.42}}
{{location map~|India|position=none|mark=City locator 13.svg|label=Cuddapah|lat=14.47|long=78.82}}
}}
The valleys of the Krishna and Godavari rivers, and the plateaus of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri hills), are collectively called the Desha – the original home of the Deshastha Brahmins.<ref>{{harvnb|Chopra|1982|pp=52–54}} The valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari and the plateau of the Sahyadri hills are known as ''Desha'' and the Brahmanas from this region are called Deshashtha Brahmanas. Vedic literature describes people closely resembling the Deshastha Brahmanas and so it may be said that this community is as old as the Vedas.</ref>

[[Brahmin]]s constitute 8-10% of the total population of [[Maharashtra]].<ref># {{Citation |author1=Irawati Karmarkar Karve |title=Group relations in village community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPhHAQAAIAAJ |page=9 |year=1963 |publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute |quote=The Brahmin who form about 8% of the population of Maharashtra. |author2=Yashwant Bhaskar Damle}}
# {{Cite book |author1=Subhash R. Walimbe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MMLAQAAMAAJ |title=Anthropology for archaeology: proceedings of the Professor Irawati Karve Birth Centenary Seminar |author2=P. P. Joglekar |author3=Kishor Kumar Basa |publisher=Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute |year=2007 |page=158 |quote=While comprising only 9% of the Maharashtrian population, the eight endogamous Brahmin castes studied by Karve and Malhotra}}
# {{Citation |title=Maharashtra Assembly election: How Brahmin Devendra Fadnavis won over Marathas |date=17 October 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/maharashtra-assembly-election-how-brahmin-devendra-fadnavis-won-over-marathas-1610274-2019-10-17 |publisher=India Today |quote=For record, Brahmins contribute to around 10 per cent in the population of Maharashtra.}}
# {{Citation |title=After Marathas, Brahmins in Maharashtra seek reservation |date=3 December 2018 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-marathas-brahmins-in-maharashtra-seek-reservation/articleshow/66916397.cms |publisher=The Economic Times |quote=Dave also said they would be soon meeting the Maharashtra Backward Class Commission to pitch for their claims. According to the latter, the state had around 90 lakh Brahmins and 70% of them are below the creamy layer, which means they would be eligible for reservation benefits.}}
# {{Citation |title=No reservation for Brahmins, says Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis |date=29 May 2019 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/no-reservation-for-brahmins-says-maharashtra-cm-devendra-fadnavis |publisher=The Free Press Journal |quote=The Brahmin community has around 8 percent share in the population of the state which is around 90 lakhs.}}
# {{Citation |title=Maharashtra Brahmins unhappy, want separate 4% reservation |date=31 January 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-brahmins-unhappy-want-separate-4-reservation/articleshow/67765301.cms |work=The Times of India |quote=Vishwajeet Deshpande, a functionary of the Samaj, said that the Brahmin community comprises 8% of Maharashtra's total population of 11.4 crore.}}
# {{Citation |title=Distribution Of Brahmin Population |date=5 February 2022 |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/distribution-of-brahmin-population/220442 |publisher=Outlook |quote=Brahmins are about 10 percent of Maharashtra population.}}
# {{Citation |title=Maharashtra: Brahmin community presses for economic status survey |date=3 December 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra-brahmin-community-presses-for-economic-status-survey-5475575/ |publisher=The Indian Express |quote=It is widely believed that people from the Brahmin community are well-to-do. That is not true. Almost 60-70 per cent Brahmins are poor, especially those living in rural areas," said Anand Dave, president of Pune district unit of the Akhil Bharatiya Brahman Mahasangh. The mahasangh said that Brahmins make up 8-9 per cent of Maharashtra's population, which is around 90 lakh.}}
# {{Citation |title=Now Brahmins in Maharashtra want survey on socio-economic status |date=7 December 2018 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article25690217.ece |publisher=Frontline, The Hindu |quote=In the numbers game, which is so crucial in influencing government policy, Brahmins do not do as well as Marathas. The Brahmin community forms about 9 per cent of the State's population as opposed to Marathas who constitute about 30 per cent of the population.}}
# {{cite book |author=Hazel D'Lima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlCw0LwqyFIC&pg=PA170 |title=Women in Local Government: A Study of Maharashtra |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1983 |isbn=978-8170221418 |page=170 |quote=Brahmins do not have a numerical superiority as they account for only 8 per cent of the population.}}</ref> Almost 60 per cent (three-fifth) of the [[Maharashtrian Brahmin]]s are Deshastha Brahmins.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich|url-access=registration|title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra|author=Richard I. Cashman|publisher=University of California Press|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/mythoflokamanya00rich/page/19 19]|quote=The Deshasthas, who hailed from the Deccan plateau, the Desh, accounted for three-fifths of the Maratha Brahman population.|isbn=9780520024076}}</ref> In [[North Karnataka]], especially in the districts of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapura]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]] and [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]] Deshasthas were about 2.5% of the total population in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Linguistic Diversity in South Asia: Studies in Regional, Social, and Functional Variation|author1=Charles Albert Ferguson|author2=John Joseph Gumperz|publisher=Indiana University. Research Center in Anthropology, and Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DX0PAAAAYAAJ|year=1960|page=79|quote=The principal caste represented by the advanced classes in the three districts are the Deshastha Brahmins, who belong either to the Smarta (Saivite) sect or to the sect of the Madhvas, who are primarily worshippers of Vishnu. Deshastha Brahmins number about 2.5% of the population of Dharwar, Belgaum and Bijapur districts.}}</ref> Earlier this region was known as "Bombay-Karnataka region".{{Sfn|Mathew|1984|p=26}} [[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] says, The exact percentage of population belonging to Deshastha community is very difficult to find out since they are spread throughout the Deccan.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsU7R69gqDIC|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press, 1974|page=28|quote=Deshastha Brahmins have spread all over the Deccan, especially in the States of Maharashtra, Mysore and Andhra. It is very difficult to find out the exact number of people belonging to this community. |year = 1974}}</ref>

The Deshastha Brahmins are equally distributed all through the state of Maharashtra, ranging from villages to urban areas.{{sfn|Leach|Mukherjee|1970|pp=98, 55–56}}{{efn|"[page 98]:Almost half Maharashtrian Brahmins were Deshastha Brahmins. They were found throughout the province, but particularly on the Deccan plateau." }}<ref>{{Citation |year=1990 |title=South Asian anthropologist |volume=11-14 |pages=31|quote=The Deshastha Brahman are sporadically distributed all through the state of Maharashtra starting from village to urban|publisher=Sarat Chandra Roy Institute of Anthropological Studies |issn=0257-7348 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yYYrAAAAIAAJ |access-date=10 October 2010 }}</ref> In [[Karnataka]], the Deshastha Brahmins are mostly concentrated in the districts of [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]], [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]], [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]], [[Bellary district|Bellary]], [[Uttara Kannada]], and [[Shivamogga]].{{sfn|Abhishankar|Kāmat|1990|pp=241-242}}<ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh 1998 3316">{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=3316|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref>

Deshasthas also settled outside Maharashtra and Karnataka, such as in the cities of [[Indore]]{{sfn|Shrivastav|1971|p=140}} in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and those of [[Chennai]]{{sfn|Suryanarayana|2002|p=54|ps=:"Among the Deshasthas in Madras are three different endogamous groups like Rigvedi Deshasthas, Smartha Deshasthas and Madhwa Deshasthas."}} and [[Thanjavur]] in [[Tamil Nadu]],{{sfn|Fuller|Narasimhan|2014|p=61}} which were a part of or were influenced by the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>{{Citation |title=PILC journal of Dravidic studies |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |year=1998 |publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture |pages=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZF4AAAAIAAJ |access-date=10 October 2010|quote=Maratha rule in the Tamil country lasted for about two hundred years – from the later half of the Seventeenth century to 1855}}</ref> The Deshastha Brahmins of [[Vadodara]] in [[Gujarat]] are immigrants who came from the Deccan for state service.{{sfn|Gujarat (India)|1984|pp=171–174|ps="The Deshastha Brahmans are immigrant Maharashtrian Brahmans from the Deccan who came here for State service during princely regime."}} In [[Andhra Pradesh]], the Deshastha Brahmins have settled in various parts, particularly in the cities of [[Anantapur]], [[Kurnool]], [[Tirupati]], [[Cuddapah]], [[Hyderabad]] (which is now part of [[Telangana]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: A - G., Volume 4|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=3317|quote=In Andhra Pradesh, the Deshastha Brahman have settled in various parts, particularly in the cities of Rayalaseema, Anantapur, Kurnool, Tirupati, Cud- dapah and Hyderabad.}}</ref> In [[Coastal Andhra]], Deshastha Brahmins settled in [[Nellore district]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC|page=101|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2004|isbn = 9788120618510|quote=There are several Karnatakas and Desastha Madhwas in the district.}}</ref> [[Krishna district]] and [[Guntur district]].<ref>{{cite book|title=India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding -- Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical -- in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgubl3CQQDgC&pg=PA70|author1=Robert Eric Frykenberg|author2=Richard Fox Young|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|page=70|year=2009|isbn = 9780802863928}}</ref> In [[Telangana]], Deshastha Brahmins are distributed throughout all the districts of the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ|page=552|author=K. S. Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn = 9780195633542|quote=The Andhra Brahman, again, are either Shaivite (Smartha) or Vaishnavite. The Maharashtra Desastha Brahman are distributed in the districts of Telangana.}}</ref> The Deshastha families who migrated to [[Combined Andhra Pradesh|Telugu states]] completely adapted themselves to the Telugu ways, especially in food.<ref>{{cite book|title=The River Is Three-Quarters Full|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKllAAAAMAAJ|author=Ranga Rao|publisher=Penguin Books India|date=1 January 2001|page=16|isbn = 9780140299373|quote=The Maratha Brahmin bureaucrats, who had served faithfully the Moslem rulers earlier and now were serving loyally under the white umbrella, these desasthas had completely adapted themselves to the Telugu ways, especially in food.}}</ref>

The military settlers (of [[Thanjavur]]) included Brahmins of different sub-castes and by reason of their isolation from their distant home, the sub-divisions which separated these castes in their mother-country were forgotten, and they were all welded together under the common name of Deshasthas.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kc1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|title=Rise of Maratha Power|author=Mahadeo Govind Ranade|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|page=125|access-date=29 August 2017|isbn=9788123025117|date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfCICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT221|title=Intercultural Communication: The Indian Context|author1=Ramesh N. Rao|author2=Avinash Thombre|date=23 April 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|accessdate=23 April 2015|page=221|isbn=9789351505075}}</ref> Today's Marathi speaking population in Tanjore are descendants of these [[Marathi people|Marathi]] speaking people.{{sfn|Holloman|Aruti︠u︡nov|1978|p=225}}<ref name="David1977">{{cite book|editor=Kenneth David |author=Mahadev Apte |title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia |chapter=Region, Religion and Language: Parameters of Identity in the Process of Acculturation|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC&pg=PA383|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-080775-2|page=385}}</ref> The isolation from their homeland has almost made them culturally and linguistically alien to Brahmins in Maharashtra.{{sfn|Vinayak|2000}} The early British rulers considered Deshastha from the south to be a distinct community and heavily recruited them in administrative service in the present-day areas of [[North Karnataka|Northern Karnataka]] after the fall of [[Peshwa]] rule in these areas in preference to Deshastha and other Brahmins from Desh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=John Roberts |title=The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule |journal=The Historical Journal the Historical Journal |date=June 1971 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=241–262 |jstor=2637955 }}</ref>

;Migration patterns:
According to PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies, Maratha people who migrated towards the [[South India]] were originally from [[Pune district|Pune]] and [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]. They took the land route and passed through [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Sangli district|Sangli]] and [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]. Another set of migrants migrated from [[Bijapur]] through [[North Karnataka]], the districts of [[Kadapa district|Cuddupah]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] and [[North Arcot]]. One more set of migrants took the sea route from [[Ratnagiri]] to [[Cochin]].<ref>{{cite book|title= PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies: PJDS., Volume 8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpJkAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture|year=1998|page=56|quote=Marathas who migrated towards the South were originally from Poona and Vijayapura. They took the land route and passed through Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur. Another set of migrants migrated from Bijapur through northern Karnataka, the districts of Cuddupah, Kurnool, Chittor and North Arcot. One more set of migrants took the sea route from Ratnagiri to Cochin. Thus, two main routes could...}}</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = India Maharashtra locator map.svg
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| image2 = Indiarivers.png
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| footer = The location of state of Maharashtra in India. Majority of Deshastha live in Maharashtra (left). The Krishna and Godavari rivers (right)
}}
[[File:Maharashtra Districts.png|right|thumb|315px|Divisions of Maharashtra. The blue region is an approximate indication of the Desh.]] The word Deshastha comes from the Sanskrit words ''[[Desh, Maharashtra|Desha]]'' and ''Stha'', which mean inland or country and resident respectively. Fused together, the two words literally mean "residents of the country".<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of India - Volume 1|page=107|author=P. N. Chopra|year=1988|publisher=Agam Prakashan|quote=Brahmans residing in 'Desh', i.e., valleys of river Krishna and Godavari and the plateau of Sahyadri hills in Deccan, are called 'Deshasthas'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Central Provinces district gazetteers (Volume 5)|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|year=1983|page=128|quote=The word Deshastha literally means residents of the country and the name is given to the Brahmans of that part of the Deccan which lies above the ghats}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Astadhyayi of Panini|date= 1 January 2015|author=Sumitra M. Katre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSDakY97XckC&pg=PA769|quote=-stha-situated in|page=769|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn= 9788120805217}}</ref> Deshastha are the Maharashtrian and North Karnataka Brahmin community with the longest known history,{{sfn|Shrivastav|1971|p=140}}{{sfn|Mandavdhare|1989|p=39}} making them the original{{sfn|Leach|Mukherjee|1970|pp=98, 55–56}}{{sfn|Johnson|2005|p=55}} and the oldest Hindu Brahmin sub-caste from Maharashtra and North Karnataka.{{sfn|Shrivastav|1971|p=140}}{{sfn|Mandavdhare|1989|p=39}}{{sfn|Levinson|1992|p=68}} The Deshastha community may be as old as the Vedas, as vedic literature describes people strongly resembling them.{{sfn|Chopra|1982|pp=52-54}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India Volume 95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|page=28|year=1974|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|quote=Vedic literature describes a people closely resembling the Deshastha Brahmins and it is, there-fore, believed that this community is as old as the Vedas.}}</ref> This puts Deshastha presence on the Desh between 1100 and 1700 BC.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} As the original Brahmins of Maharashtra, the Deshasthas have been held in the greatest esteem in Maharashtra and they have considered themselves superior to other Brahmins.<ref name="superior">{{harvnb|Leach|Mukherjee|1970|p=98|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA98]|ps=:As the original Brahmin inhabitants of Maharashtra they[Deshastha] were held in greatest esteem and considered themselves superior to other Brahmins. Yet although the Deshastha Brahmins composed the traditional religious social elite of Maharashtra, they have not featured so prominently in recent Indian history as Chitpavan Brahmins}}</ref>

Marathi Brahmins started migrating to the Hindu holy city of [[Benares]] in the medieval period. They dominated the intellectual life of the city and established an important presence at the [[mughal empire|Mughal]] and other north Indian courts.<ref>O'HANLON, Rosalind, 2010. Letters home: Banaras pandits and the Maratha regions in early modern India. Modern Asian Studies, 44(2), pp.201-240.</ref>
During the [[Deccan sultanates]] era and early Maratha rule, the Deshasthas were closely integrated into the texture of rural society of Maharashtra region, as village record keepers (Kulkarnis) and astrologers (Joshis).<ref>{{cite book|title=Business communities of India: a historical perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcu5AAAAIAAJ|author=Dwijendra Tripathi|publisher=Manohar Publishers|year=1984|page=94|isbn = 9780836412765|quote=The work of collection of revenue and accounts-keeping at village level in Maharashtra and especially in the Deccan had been with the Deshastha Brahmans even during the Muslim times.}}</ref> As such they featured far more prominently in the eyes of the rural communities than any other Brahmin groups in the region. Before the rise of the Peshwas from the Bhat family, the Maratha bureaucracy was almost entirely recruited from the Deshastha community along with the [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] community; but [[Balaji Vishwanath]]'s accession to power shattered their monopoly over the bureaucracy, even though they retained influence as [[Kulkarni]]s and [[Deshmukh]]s on rural [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918|author=Sandhya Gokhale|publisher=Shubhi Publications|year=2008|page=74|quote=But despite the fact that Balaji Vishwanath subverted their monopoly in administrative posts, they still managed to hold a commanding position on the rural Maharashtra as Kulkarnis and Deshmukhs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Ravinder |title=STATE AND SOCIETY IN MAHARASHTRA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY |date=1964 |publisher=Australian National University |pages=61–62 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11258/1/Kumar_R_1964.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Gordon1993">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PR9|date=16 September 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|page=130}}</ref>
Many Deshastha Brahmins moved to present day Andhra Pradesh for lack of opportunities in Chitpavan dominated Peshwa era. This group became part of the elite in this region, specifically around Guntur.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Samaddar|editor-first1=Ranabir |last=De|first=Barun |title=Peace studies : an introduction to the concept, scope, and themes|date=2004|publisher=SAGE Publ.|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=9780761996606|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVADxxgT6KAC&q=karhade+brahmin&pg=PA206}}</ref> By the 19th century, Deshasthas had held a position of such strength throughout [[South India]] that their position can only be compared with that of the [[Kayastha]]s and [[Khatri]]s of [[North India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Region and nation in India|author1=Paul Wallace|author2=Richard Leonard Park|publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.|year=1985|quote=During much of the 19th century, Maratha Brahman Desasthas had held a position of such strength throughout South India that their position can only be compared with that of the Kayasthas and Khatris of North India.}}</ref>
At the time of Indian independence in 1947, [[Urban area|urban]] dwelling and professional [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Hindu people, mostly belonged to communities such as the [[Chitpavan]]s and the [[CKP]]s. However, researcher Donald Kurtz concludes that although Deshasthas and other Brahmin groups of the region were initially largely [[rural]], they were mostly urbanised by the end of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Indian Middle class|page=28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28|author=Pavan K. Varma|publisher=Penguin Books|quote=...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified '''professionals''' such as doctors, engineers and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists[etc]...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus) of Maharashtra. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule:the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis and the upper crusts of Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite.|isbn=9780143103257|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Social Action, Volume 50|publisher=Indian Social Institute|year=2000|page=72}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|publisher=Journal of Anthropological Research Volume 65, Issue 4, University of Chicago Press|pages=613|last1= Kurtz|first1= Donald V.|title=The Last Institution Standing: Contradictions and the politics of Domination in an Indian University|journal=Journal of Anthropological Research|volume=65|issue=4|year=2009|jstor=25608264|quote=Brahmans in Maharashtra are represented primarily by the Chitpava, Deshastha, Saraswatand Karhade jatis. Currently and historically they represent about 4.5% of Maharashtra's population. Historically Chitpavan Brahmins had been largely urban and are synonymous with the Poona Brahmans in the local vernacular because they are largely resident in the city of Pune. The three latter Brahman jatis historically were largely rural and are commonly identified as ''Maharashtra Brahmans''. Today all the Brahmin jatis in Maharashtra are primarily Urban.|doi=10.3998/jar.0521004.0065.404|s2cid=147219376}}</ref>

One of the traditional occupations of the Deshasthas was that of priesthood at the Hindu temples or officiating at socio-religious ceremonies. Records show that most of the religious and literary leaders since the 13th century have been Deshasthas. Author Pran Nath Chopra and journalist [[Pritish Nandy]] say, "Most of the well-known saints from [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Combined Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] were Deshastha Brahmins".<ref name="Pran Nath Chopra 1982 52"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 95, Part 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1974|author=Pritish Nandy|page=29|quote=Most of the well- known saints from Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra are Deshastha Brahmins. They are also a peace-loving, just and duty-conscious people and have always proved reliable.}}</ref> In addition to being village priests, most of the [[village accountant]]s or Kulkarnis belonged to the Deshastha caste.{{sfn|Leach|Mukherjee|1970|pp=98, 55–56}}{{sfn|Johnson|2005|p=56}} Priests at the famous [[Vitthal]] temple in [[Pandharpur]] are Deshastha, as are the priests in many of Pune's temples.{{sfn|Zelliot|Berntsen|1988|pp=55–56}} Other traditional occupations included village revenue officials, academicians, astrologer, administrators and practitioners of [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste|page=62|author1=C. J. Fuller|author2=Haripriya Narasimhan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=11 November 2014|quote= In general, though, at the highest levels occupied by Indians in Madras Presidency's revenue administration, Deccani Brahmans—Maratha Deshasthas and Telugu Niyogis— were more prominent than Tamil Brahmans. Deshasthas had been both innovative and powerful in the bureaucracies of the Muslim states in the western India and then in Shivaji's Maharashtrian Hindu kingdom in the seventeenth century.|isbn=9780226152882|date=11 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Business communities of India: a historical perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcu5AAAAIAAJ|author=Dwijendra Tripathi|publisher=Manohar Publications|year=1984|page=94|isbn = 9780836412765|quote=The work of collection of revenue and accounts-keeping at village level in Maharashtra and especially in the Deccan had been with the Deshastha Brahmans even during the Muslim times.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|page=40|author1=Donald W. Attwood|author2=Milton Israel|author3=Narendra K. Wagle|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|year=1988|quote=The majority of Satara's Brahmans were Deshasthas, who as joshis (priests and astrologers), kulkarnis (village officials)|isbn = 9780969290728}}</ref> Deshasthas who study the vedas are called Vaidika, astrologers are called "[[Joshi]]"<ref>{{cite book|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ky5IH3-LPNwC&pg=PA58|title=The New Brahmans: Five Maharashtrian Families|author1=Ellen E. McDonald|author2=D.D.Karve|year=1963|publisher=Univ of California Press|quote=Joshi, meaning astrologer, is a very common surname}}</ref> and practitioners of medical science are called Vaidyas, and reciters of the puranas are called Puraniks.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA111|page=111|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|isbn = 9788120604889}}</ref> In historic times Deshasthas also engaged in manufacturing and trading of [[salt]] and cereals in the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. Hence they also adopted the surnames related to them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bl90u5lmwRAC|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|quote=In historic times Deshastha Brahmin were engaged in trading especially salt and cereals and also in money lending.}}</ref>

===Philosophy and literature===
Deshasthas have contributed to the fields of Sanskrit, Marathi literature and Kannada literature, mathematics, and philosophy.{{sfn|Pandey|2007|p=19}}{{sfn|Patterson|2007|p=398}}{{sfn|Bokil|1979|p=18}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India - Volume 95, Part 4|page=30|year=1974|quote=Deshasthas have contributed to mathematics and literature as well as to the cultural and religious heritage of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company}}</ref>

The Deshastha Brahmin community in the Karnataka and Maharshtra regions produced the thirteen century philosopher-saint [[Padmanabha Tirtha]],{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=228}} the fourteenth century Dvaita philosopher saint [[Jayatirtha]],{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=227}} the fifteenth and sixteenth century stalwarts of [[Haridasa]] movement and philosophers of [[Dvaita]] order,<ref name="Verma1970">{{cite book|author=Onkar Prasad Verma|title=The Yādavas and their times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WdO1AAAAIAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|quote=...Patalakarani (Chief Secretary), Rajadhyaksha (Foreign Affairs Secretary), Mahattama (Head of a village council), and Rajaguru (Royal Priest)...|page=178}}</ref> [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Vijaya Dasa]], and Prasanna Venkata Dasa.{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=229}}{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=93}}{{Sfn|Hebbar|2005|p=306}} In fact, according to Sharma, all the pontiffs of [[Uttaradi Matha]] (a [[Dvaita]] monastery) beginning from [[Raghunatha Tirtha]], [[Raghuvarya Tirtha]], [[Raghuttama Tirtha]] to [[Satyapramoda Tirtha]], without a single exception, belonged to the Deshastha Brahmin community.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sree Puranḍara gānāmrutham: text with notation|author1=Purandaradāsa|author2=Iyer, A. S. Panchapakesa |publisher=Gānāmrutha Prachuram|year=1992|quote=Shri Purandara dasa who is considered to be the aadhiguru and Sangeeta Pitamaha of carnatic music was born in purandaragad in Ballary District near the town of Hampi, to a millionaire Varadappa Nayak and Kamalambal, a devoted wife and great lady, belonging to Madhva Desastha Brahmin race, by the blessings of Tirupati Venkatachalapathi in the year 1484.}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=198}}

Deshasthas produced prominent literary figures in Maharashtra between the 13th and the 19th centuries.{{sfn|Patterson|2007|p=398}} The great Sanskrit scholar [[Bhavabhuti]] was a Deshastha Brahmin who lived around 700 AD in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.{{sfn|Pandey|2007|p=19}}<ref>{{Citation |chapter=Bhavabhuti |title=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |chapter-url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhavabhuti |access-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> His works of high Sanskrit poetry and plays are only equalled by those of [[Kalidasa]]. Two of his best known plays are ''[[Sanskrit Drama|Mahāvīracarita'' and ''Mālatī Mādhava]]''. Mahaviracarita is a work on the early life of the Hindu god [[Rama]], whereas Malati Madhava is a love story between Malati and her lover Madhava, which has a happy ending after several twists and turns.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJVlZjIe5o8C&pg=PA1253|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |author1=Roland Greene|author2=Stephen Cushman|author3=Clare Cavanagh|author4=Jahan Ramazani|author5=Paul F. Rouzer|author6=Harris Feinsod|author7=David Marno|author8=Alexandra Slessarev|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|page=1253|isbn=978-0691154916 }}</ref>

[[Mukund Raj]] was another poet from the community who lived in the 13th century and is said to be the first poet who composed in Marathi.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Higher Anglo-Marathi Grammar Containing Accidence, Derivation, Syntax on a New Plan with the Analysis of Sentences ...|author=Appaji Kashinath Kher|page=453|quote=Mukund Raj (A. D. 1 200)— The first Marathi Poet said to have been an inhabitant of Ambe, was a Deshastha Brahmin. He is the author of Viveka-Sindhu and Paramamriht both of them metaphysical pantheistic works connected with orthodox Vedantism}}</ref> He is known for the ''Viveka-Siddhi'' and ''Parammrita'' which are metaphysical, pantheistic works connected with orthodox [[Advaita Vedanta|Vedantism]]. Other well known Deshastha literary scholars of the 17th century were Mukteshwar and [[Shridhar Swami Nazarekar]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Shri Ramvijay| language=mr|editor1=Diwakar Anant Ghaisas|editor2=Ranade|author=Shridhar Swami|publisher=Dhavale Prakashan| page= 4| year=2011}}</ref> Mukteshwar was the grandson of Eknath and is the most distinguished poet in the ''ovi'' meter. He is most known for translating the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]'' in Marathi but only a part of the Mahabharata translation is available and the entire Ramayana translation is lost. Shridhar came from near Pandharpur and his works are said to have superseded the Sanskrit epics to a certain extent. Other major literary contributors of the 17th and the 18th century were [[Vaman Pandit]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89ZdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72|title=आधुनिक मराठी साहित्यातील परतत्त्वबोध / Adhunik Marathi Sahityatil Paratatwa Bodh|author=Dr. Sumati Risabuda|publisher=Ramakrishna Math, Nagpur|access-date=30 May 2018|page=72|isbn=9789388071994|date=30 May 2018}}</ref> [[Mahipati]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India|publisher=Open Book Publishers|year=2015|editor1= Francesca Orsini|editor2= Katherine Butler Schofield|author=Christian Lee Novetzke|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.008|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.doa.008/page/n200 180]|quote=...Mahipati, who lived throughout the eighteenth century, dying in 1790. He was a Deshastha Brahmin Kulkarni or village accountant of Taharabad, but he is more famous now as a kirtankar who specialised in the stories of the lives of the sants|isbn=9781783741021}}</ref> Amritaraya,<ref>{{cite book|title=A Higher Anglo-Marathi Grammar Containing Accidence, Derivation, Syntax on a New Plan with the Analysis of Sentences ...|author=Appaji Kashinath Kher|page=451|quote=Amritaraya (Died, about 1758) – A Deshashtha Brahmin, the resident of Awangabad.}}</ref> Anant Phandi<ref>{{cite book|title=History of modern Marathi literature, 1800-1938|author=Govind Chimnaji Bhate|page=53|quote=The second poet of lesser calibre than Ram Josi was Anant PhandI. He came from Sangamner in Ahmednagar district. He was born in the year 1744 A.D. He was a Deshastha Yajurveda Brahmin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Higher Anglo-Marathi Grammar Containing Accidence, Derivation, Syntax on a New Plan with the Analysis of Sentences ...|author=Appaji Kashinath Kher|page=453|quote=Anant Phandi (1744-1819)— A Yajurvedi Brahmin, residing at Sangamner in the Nagar District. His father was Bhavani Bowa and his mother was Ranubai. He was called Phandi because he was a friend of a Fakir named Malik Phandi.}}</ref> and Ramjoshi.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTnJBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT215|page=215|author1=Rosalind O'Hanlon|author2=David Washbrook|publisher=Routledge|access-date=2 January 2014|quote=One of the most important figures in this public performance context at the end of the eighteenth century was Ram Joshi, a Deshastha Brahmin of Sholapur who relocated to Pune to pursue his profession.|isbn = 9781317982876|date = 2 January 2014}}</ref>

The Deshastha community has produced several saints and philosophers. Most important were Dnyaneshwar, Jayatirtha, Eknath, Purandara Dasa, Raghuttama Tirtha, Samarth Ramdas, and Vijaya Dasa.{{sfn|Bokil|1979|p=18}} The most revered logician and philosopher, Jayatirtha was universally acclaimed for his magnum opus work "Nyaya Sudha", which is the commentary on the [[Anu Vyakhyana]] of [[Madhvacharya]]. The most revered of all [[Bhakti]] saints, Dnyaneshwar was universally acclaimed for his commentary on the [[Bhagvad Gita]]. It is called [[Dnyaneshwari]] and is written in the [[Marathi language]] as spoken in the thirteenth century. He lived in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/prakrit-adaptation-of-the-bhagavad-gita/article2267099.ece|title=Prakrit adaptation of the Bhagavad Gita|date=28 August 2007|author=M. NARASIMHACHARY|quote=Sant (Saint) Dnyaneshwar (Jnaneshwar) of Maharashtra (1275-96) composed 9000 verses in the Maharashtri Prakrit (an old dialect) expounding the Gita which contains only 700 verses in Sanskrit. This exposition is called Dhnyashwari (Jnaneswari). This is not a regular commentary on the Gita; it is an independent work taking the Gita as a reference and unraveling the concepts of all the Indian philosophical systems}}</ref> Eknath was yet another Bhakti saint who published an extensive poem called the ''[[Eknathi Bhagwat]]'' in the 16th century. Other works of Eknath include the ''Bhavartha Ramayana'', the ''Rukmini Swayamwara'' and the ''Swatma Sukha''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1143|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature (Volume II)|editor-first=Amaresh|editor-last=Datta|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2005|page=1143|isbn=9788126011940}}</ref> The 17th century saw the ''[[Dasbodh]]'' of the saint [[Samarth Ramdas]], who was also the spiritual adviser to Shivaji.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q-QoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=2017|title=Cultural Leaders of India - Devotional Poets and Mystics: Part-2|editor-first=V|editor-last=Raghavan|page=88|isbn=9788123024837}}</ref>

===Military and administration===
[[File:TantiaTope1858.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tatya Tope]]'s Soldiery]]

====Seuna dynasty and Vijayanagara eras====
[[Hemadpant]] who was the prime minister from 1259 to 1274 C.E. in the regimes of Kings [[Mahadeva of Devagiri|Mahādeva]] (1259–1271) and [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] (1271–1309) of [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Seuna Yādav Dynasty of Devagiri]], which ruled in the western and southern part of [[India]] was a Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kāḷācyā paḍadyāāḍa, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_wvAAAAMAAJ|page=373|publisher=Marāṭhī Sāhitya Parishada|year=1992|quote=देवगिरी येथे रामचंद्रराव राजा राज्य करीत असता दमरदारीच्या कामावर ''हेमाद्री ऊर्फ हेमाडपंत' हा देशस्थ ऋग्वेदी ब्राह्मण काम करीत होता''.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTnJBQAAQBAJ&q=Hemadpant+is+brahmin&pg=PT194|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn = 9781317982876}}</ref>

Deshastha Brahmins also held prominent roles in the political, military and administrative hierarchy of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fmtjbaQPzMC|title=Vol. Iii: Medieval Indian Society And Culture|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-0432-9|pages=224|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=Sarojini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcwAQAAIAAJ&q=administration+brahmins+vijayanagar|title=A short history of South India|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Saṁskṛiti|isbn=978-81-87374-37-4|pages=238|language=en}}</ref>

====Deccan sultanate and Mughal Era====
According to Robert Eric Frykenberg, the very origin of the [[Bahamani Sultanate|Bahamani]] power appears to have been linked with support from local deccani leadership. Frykenberg also quotes that, The reason to [[Mahmud Gawan]] greatness as an administrator was due to his sagacious employment of groups of Maratha Brahmans known as Deshasthas.{{Sfn|Brand|1973|p=111}}

According to Robert Eric Frykenberg, the break-up of [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahamani]] authority following the senseless execution of the able Diwan in 1481 led to increasing dependence upon the services of the Deshasthas by the Sultanates of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golkonda]], and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]].{{Sfn|Frykenberg|1979|p=222}}

Deshastha Madhva Brahmins held high positions during the rule of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb shahis of Golkonda]]. The posts held by them include [[Deshmukh]], [[Deshpande]], [[Majumdar]], Mannavar (Head of Police) etc. in the districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: papers |author= Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar |publisher= Shivaji University |year=1971 |page=31|quote= The ascendancy of the Qutb-shahis of Golkonda resulted in several Maratha Brahmins of the Madhwa sect, generally called Desasthas, being appointed to high positions. This is evident from several terms such as Deshmukh, Deshpande, Majumdar, Mannavar etc.used in the district's of Andhra to signify certain administrative posts}}</ref>

====Maratha Empire and Nizam State====
Most of [[Shivaji]]'s principal Brahmin officers were Deshasthas,{{sfn|Prakash|2003|p=115}} including all of his Peshwas.{{sfn|Palsokar|Rabi Reddy|1995|p=59}} Other significant Deshasthas of the period were warriors such as [[Moropant Trimbak Pingle]], [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]], [[Annaji Datto Sachiv]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Marathi santomka samajika karya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHs_AAAAIAAJ|page=140|author=Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte|year=1954|quote=अधिकार होते हुए भी अण्णाजी दत्तो तथा मोरोपंत पिंगले इन दो देशस्थ ब्राह्मणोंने दशवर्षके बालक राजारामको सिंहासन...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra: Society and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2puAAAAMAAJ|page=145|author=A. Rā Kulakarṇī|publisher=Books & Books|year=2000|isbn = 9788185016580|quote=Moropant Pingale and Annaji Datto, as ministers of Shivaji, led military expeditions, besides attending to their regular administrative duties.}}</ref> Abaji Sondev, [[Pralhad Niraji]], Raghunath Narayan Hanmante<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWJX64NGu5sC|title=Puratan, Volume 16|page=102|publisher=Department of Archaeology and Museums, Madhya Pradesh|year=2012|quote=Raghunathpant Hanmante, an erudite scholar and diplomat was Serving under Shahaji, the father of Shiwaji when Shahaji was administering his Benglore fief. Narayan, the father of Raghunath was serving as mujumdar (Revenue minister) under Shahji. Raghunath was a trusted minister of Ekoji but for some reasons he left Benglore and joined cabinet of Shiwaji. He accompanied Shiwaji in the Bhaganagar expedition. (Bhaganagar=Golkunda, the Capital of the Kutubshahi Kingdom).}}</ref> and [[Melgiri Pandit]].{{sfn|Kunte|1972|loc=Chapter 9 - The Moghals in Maharashtra}} At one point in the history of the Maratha Empire, seven out of eight [[Ashta Pradhan]] (Council of Eight Ministers) came from the community.{{sfn|Palsokar|Rabi Reddy|1995|p=59}} In 1713, [[Balaji Vishwanath|Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]], a Kokanastha Brahmin was appointed as the sixth Peshwa and the seat of Peshwa remained in Konkanastha hands until the fall of the Maratha Empire. To obtain the loyalty of the locally powerful Deshastha Brahmins, the Konkanastha Peshwas established a system of patronage for Brahmin scholars.{{sfn|Lele|Singh|1989|p=34}} The most prominent Deshastha Brahmin families during the Peshwa rule were The [[Pant Pratinidhi]]s, The [[Vinchurkar]]s,<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA63|page=63|author=Shabnum Tejani|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2008|isbn= 978-0253220448|quote=The Vinchurkar, a Deshastha Brahman, held forty-five villages in Nasik, as well as elsewhere in Maratha country,}}</ref> The [[Purandare]]s,<ref>{{cite book|title=Poona in the eighteenth century: an urban history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THR5AAAAIAAJ|author=[[Balkrishna Govind Gokhale]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1988|page=116|isbn = 9780195621372|quote=The Purandares belonged to the original group that rose to eminence from the time of Balaji Vishwanath. They were Rigvedi Deshastha Brahmans and Deshpandes of Saswad, enjoying one- half part of the rights of the Deshkulkarnis of the district Raryat Marval.}}</ref> The [[Gandekar]]s (Pant Sachiv family)<ref>{{cite book|title=Mārga: Ways of Liberation, Empowerment, and Social Change in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xovXAAAAMAAJ|page=391|author1=Masao Naitō|author2=Iwao Shima, Hiroyuki Kotani|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|year=2008|isbn=978-8173047626|quote=The princes of Bhor were known as Pantsachivs, a title derived from sachiv of ashtapradhan (the eight ministers of state), which was granted in 1698 to their ancestor Shankar Narayan Gandekar by Rajaram, Shivaji ' s son. A scribe at the court of Shivaji at the beginning of his career, this Deshastha Brahman later proved himself an outstanding warrior and governor.}}</ref> and The [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Bavadekars]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Shivaji and the Maratha Art of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF8MAAAAIAAJ|page=256|author=Murlidhar Balkrishna Deopujari|publisher=Vidarbha Samshodhan Mandal|year=1973}}</ref>

During the Peshwa era, the lack of administrative positions forced Deshastha and other literate groups to find opportunities elsewhere in India such as the [[Guntur]] area in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Samaddar2004">{{cite book|author=Ranabir Samaddar|title=Peace Studies: An Introduction To the Concept, Scope, and Themes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVADxxgT6KAC&pg=PA206|date=19 August 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9660-6|page=214}}</ref>

;Prominence of Deshastha in 18th century Pune

Historian [[Govind Sakharam Sardesai]] lists 163 prominent families that held high ranks and played significant roles in politics, military and finance in 18th century Pune, the cultural capital of Maharashtra. Of these 163 families, a majority(80) were Deshastha, 46 were [[Chitpawan]], 15 were [[CKP]], and [[Karhade Brahmin]] and [[Saraswat]] accounted for 11 families each.<ref name="Gokhale1988">{{cite book|author=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale|title=Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9QcAAAAMAAJ|pages=111, 112|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195621372|quote=The caste composition of these leaders throws interesting light on the nature and functioning of the upper echelons of Poona society. The late Professor G.S.Sardesai compiled a list of prominent historical families who played significant political, military and financial roles in Poona's affairs during the Eighteenth Century. The list contains the names and genealogies of 163 families. The caste affiliations of the families are Deshasthas 80 Chitpawans 46 Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 15 Karhadas 11 Saraswats 11.}}</ref><ref name="DikshitPatil1986">{{cite book|author1=Kamal Ramprit Dikshit|author2=Charulata Patil|author3=Maharashtra State Board for Literature & Culture|page=173|title=Maharashtra in maps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QytuAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|quote=Recognized as the cultural capital of Maharashtra, the town has grown from its historic antiquity into a modern metropolis}}</ref>

==== East India Company and British era ====
;Kingdom of Mysore
[[File:Purniya, Chief Minister of Mysore.tif|thumb|Painting of 1st [[Diwan of Mysore|Diwan of Mysore Kingdom]], [[Purnaiah|Mir Miran Purnaiah]] by Irish painter [[Thomas Hickey (painter)|Thomas Hickey]]]]

This Deshastha Brahmin migrant who served under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tippu Sultan]] as the most trustworthy aide could successfully win over the confidence of the [[East India Company|English]] in 1799. Diwan [[Purnaiah]] was a typical example of an elite adept in the art of accommodation and survival by changing loyalties in a most astonishing and successful manner. But the most important plus point in him that attracted the English was perhaps his technical abilities as a successful administrator, which the English could use to their advantage in later years'. Although, many Deshastha Brahmins were employed in the service of [[Hyder Ali|Hyder]] and [[Tippu Sultan|Tippu]], a greater penetration of them into the service was witnessed during the Dewanship of [[Purnaiah]] and during the succeeding years. One Rama Rao was appointed Foujdar of Nagar in 1799 by Purnaiya. Sowar Bakshi Rama Rao, [[Bargir Bakshi Balaji Rao]], Babu Rao, Krishna Rao and Bhim Rao of Annigere were some of the notables among this class. When [[Purnaiah]] was Prime Minister of [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]
Krishna Rao served as Commander-in-Chief of [[Mysore Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Volume 41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZeRtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Indian History Congress|year=1980|page=671}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WW67K09byR4C|author=Bhavani Raman|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=7 November 2012|page=214|quote=For most part, company establishment records erroneously differentiated between Brahmans by means of their linguistic affiliations. Thus many Deccani Brahmans were identified as "Maratha". Robert Frykenberg has generally interpreted this to mean that they were all Deshastha Brahmans who had accompanied the Bhonsle dynasty to Tanjavur.|isbn=978-0226703275|date = 7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tN0rBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194|page=194|author1=David Arnold|author2=Peter Robb|publisher=Routledge|access-date=1 February 2013|isbn=978-1136102349|date = February 2013}}</ref> During this time the revenue and finance departments were monopolised almost by them. With their mathematical mind, accuracy and memory they were ideally suited for these posts.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tipu Sultan, a Great Martyr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mR1uAAAAMAAJ|page=27|publisher=Bangalore University|year=1993|quote=The revenue and finance departments were monopolized almost by the Brahmins like Purnaiah, Shamiah, Krishna Rao, etc. With their mathematical mind, accuracy and memory they were ideally suited for these posts.}}</ref> [[Purnaiah]] governed the [[Mysore Kingdom]] as the first [[Dewan]] under [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] and later Sovar Bakshi Rama Rao, [[Bargir Bakshi Balaji Rao]], Babu Rao continued as the [[Dewan]]s after him. Diwan [[Purnaiah]] was also the founder of [[Yelandur estate]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Artha Vijnana, Volume 13, Issues 1-2|page=130|year=1970|publisher=Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics|quote=The jagir granted to Purniya in 1807 as a reward for his meritorious services to the state was the largest single grant during the period.This consisted of 46 villages}}</ref> Diwan [[Purnaiah]]'s direct descendant [[P. N. Krishnamurti]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of oriental collections in Finland: manuscripts, xylographs, inscriptions and Russian minority literature, Issues 31-34|page=73|author=Harry Halén|publisher=Curzon Press|year=1978|quote=The leader of the Hebbar Iyengars, Krishnaiengar, had also died and instead they supported P. N. Krishnamurthi, the grandson of the great Purnaiya.}}</ref> who was the fifth jagirdar of [[Yelandur estate]] also served as the [[Diwan of Mysore]] from (1901 – 1906). Later many prominent Deshastha Brahmins such as Kollam Venkata Rao, [[V. P. Madhava Rao]], [[T. Ananda Rao]] (son of [[Raja]]h [[T. Madhava Rao]]) and [[N. Madhava Rao]] governed the [[Mysore Kingdom]] as [[Dewan]]s.

;Madras Presidency
In the 17th century Deshastha Madhva Brahmins started migrating to [[Andhra Pradesh]] and held high level administrative positions during the ascendancy of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutub Shahis of Golconda]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Maratha History Seminar, May 28-31, 1970: papers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFZXAAAAMAAJ |author= Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar |publisher= Shivaji University |year=1971 |quote=The 17th century witnessed the Maratha penetration into Andhra. The ascendancy of the Qutb-shahis of Golkonda resulted in several Maratha Brahmins of the Madhwa sect, generally called Desasthas, being appointed to high positions. This is evident from several terms such as Deshmukh, Deshpande, Majumdar, Mannavar etc.used in the district's of Andhra to signify certain administrative posts}}</ref> In [[Guntur district]] between 1788 and 1848, two out of five Zamindars i.e., Chilkalurpet Zamindari and Sattanapalli Zamindari were ruled by Deshastha Madhva Brahmins, whose title was "[[Deshmukh]]",<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of Asian studies, Volume 24|year = 1964|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp5RAQAAIAAJ|page=264|quote=Indeed, the official titles of the Zamindars of Guntur had been Desmukh (Executive-Collector), Mannavar (Head of Police), and Despandi (Chief Accountant); moreover, two of the five zamindari families were Desastha.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=State and Society: A Reader in Comparative Political Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5gzTp13AXQC&pg=PA116|page=116|author=Coenraad M. Brand|publisher=University of California Press|year=1973|isbn = 9780520024908}}</ref> but Frykenberg also tells us that in the earlier phase the Deshasthas had to contend for power with the zamindars many of whom were not Brahmins at all but [[Kamma (caste)|Kammas]], [[Velama]] and [[Raju]]s. This structure of competition was evidently not created ex nihilo by British rule, but existed before Maratha period and earlier.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2kQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT82|title=Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective|page=82|author=Andre Beteille|publisher=Routledge|date=22 December 2020|isbn=9781000324440}}</ref> According to Eric Frykenberg, By mid-nineteenth century all the vital positions in the subordinate civil and revenue establishments in the [[Guntur district]] were monopolised by certain Deshastha Brahmin families.<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Bengal, a socio-economic survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tTsAAAAMAAJ|author=Siba Pada Sen|publisher=Institute of Historical Studies |page=231|quote=Frykenberg found that in the case of the Guntur district in mid-nineteenth century all the vital positions in the subordinate civil and revenue establishments were monopolized by certain Maratha Deshasth Brahman families.|isbn = 9788185421001|date = January 1990}}</ref> According to [[East Asian Economic Review|Asian Economic Review]], The tendency of the Deshastha Brahmins to consolidate the power by appointing their own relations was not only confined to Guntur, but this habit extended throughout [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Asian Economic Review, Volume 8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNIsAQAAIAAJ|author=S .N.|year=1965|page=399}}</ref> By the 19th century, Deshasthas had held a position of strength throughout [[South India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Region and nation in India|author1=Paul Wallace|author2=Richard Leonard Park|publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.|year=1985|quote=During much of the 19th century, Maratha Brahman Desasthas had held a position of strength throughout South India that their position can only be compared with that of the Kayasthas and Khatris of North India.}}</ref> According to Eric Frykenberg, "Deshastha Madhva Brahmins—a vestige of former regimes— who possessed the requisite clerical skills and knowledge of the revenue system and a capacity for concealing this knowledge through the use of this complicated book-keeping system and the Modi script who conspired to subvert the orders of the and to absorb a sizeable amount of land revenues".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WIqAQAAMAAJ|publisher=American Academy of Political and Social Science|year=1967|page=235|quote=Professor Frykenberg argues that It was the Marathi-speaking Deshastha Madhva Brahmins—a vestige of former regimes— who possessed the requisite clerical skills and knowledge of the revenue system and a capacity for concealing this knowledge through the use of this complicated book-keeping system and the Modi script who conspired to subvert the orders of the Madras government and to absorb a sizable amount of land revenues.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://history.wisc.edu/people/frykenberg-robert-eric/ |title = Frykenberg, Robert Eric|date = 532}}</ref> According to Frykenberg, This was the reason why most of the [[Sheristadar]]s, Naib Sheristadars and Tehsildars in [[Madras Presidency]] are exclusively selected from Deshastha Brahmin community, who are fluent in writing [[Modi script]]. According to Frykenberg, Deshasthas also are noted for their English skills during British colonial rule.<ref>{{cite book|title=India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding -- Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical -- in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgubl3CQQDgC|author1=Robert Eric Frykenberg|author2=Richard Fox Young|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2009|page=79|quote=Deshasthas were noted for their English skills|isbn = 9780802863928}}</ref><ref name="Seal1971"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WW67K09byR4C|title=Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India|author=Bhavani Raman|date=7 November 2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press, 7 November 2012|page=214|isbn=9780226703275|quote=Although the Presidency's sheristadars generally included men from Deshastha families, not all writers of Modi were necessarily Deshastha.}}</ref> At the beginning of the [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], the most powerful Brahmin bureaucrats in the [[South India]] were Deshastha Brahmins, who were migrants from [[Maharashtra]] and [[North Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC&pg=RA3-PA1963|title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India|page=1963|author=Isabelle Clark-Decès|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|access-date=10 February 2011|isbn=9781444390582|date=10 February 2011}}</ref> During the later years of the colonial rule Deshasthas increasingly lost out to the [[Tamil Brahmin]]s due to the latter community's enthusiasm towards English education.<ref name="Seal1971">{{cite book|author=Anil Seal|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR13|date=2 September 1971|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-09652-2|page=98}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
{{See also|Maharashtrian cuisine|Karnataka Cuisine}}

===Language===
Even though the majority of Deshasthas speak Marathi, one of the major languages of the [[Indo-Aryan language]] family, a significant minority speak [[Kannada language|Kannada]], one of the major languages of the [[Dravidian languages]] family.<ref name="David Goodman Mandelbaum 1970 https://archive.org/details/societyinindia0002mand/page/n192 18"/> The major dialects of Marathi are called Standard Marathi and [[Varhadi dialect|Warhadi Marathi]].{{sfn|Dhoṅgaḍe|Wali|2009|pp=11, 39}} Standard Marathi is the official language of the State of Maharashtra. The language of Pune's Deshastha Brahmins has been considered to be the standard Marathi language and the pronunciation of the Deshastha Rigvedi is given prominence.{{sfn|Nemāḍe|1990|pp=101, 139}} There are a few other sub-dialects like Ahirani, Dangi, Samavedi, Khandeshi and Puneri Marathi. There are no inherently nasalised vowels in standard Marathi whereas the Chitpavani dialect of Marathi, spoken in Pune does have nasalised vowels.{{sfn|Dhoṅgaḍe|Wali|2009|pp=11, 39}} Deshastha Brahmins who are spread throughout [[South India]] have either [[Marathi language|Marathi]] or [[Kannada language|Kannada]] as their mother tongue and speak in local languages with other people.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CK0oAQAAIAAJ|title=Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Volumes 8-9|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois|page=199|year=1978|quote=The Desastha Brahmins in the South have traditionally been bilingual in Marathi and Kannada, Telugu or Tamil}}</ref>

===Diet===
As with most [[Pancha-Dravida]] [[Brahmin]] communities, Deshastha Brahmins are also [[vegetarian]]s.<ref name="karve1959">{{cite journal|last1=Karve|first1=Iravati|title=What Is Caste? (IV) Caste-Society and Vedantic Thought|journal=The Economic Weekly Annual|date=1959|issue=January|page=153|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1959_11/4-5-6/what_is_casteiv_castesociety_and_vedantic_thought.pdf}}</ref> Deshastha use black spice mix or ''kala'', literally black, [[Spice mix#Masala|masala]], in cooking. Traditionally, each family had their own recipe for the spice mix. However, this tradition is dying out as modern households buy pre-packaged mixed spice directly from supermarkets. A popular dish in Deshastha cuisine is the [[Varan bhaat|''varan'']] made from [[tuvar]] [[dal]]. ''Metkut'', a powdered mixture of several dals and a few spices is also a part of traditional Deshastha cuisine. [[Puran poli]] for festivals and on the first day of the two-day marriage is another Marathi Brahmin special dish.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Caste conscious cuisine of Maharashtra|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/36268/caste-conscious-cuisine-of-maharashtra|magazine=Outlook India}}</ref>

===Dressing style===
[[File:Aji 1976.jpg|thumb|155px|right|A Deshastha woman from the 1970s in her traditional attire, watering the holy basil plant ([[Tulsi in Hinduism|Tulsi]] at the [[Tulasi chaura|Tulsi Vrindavan (plinth)]] in her yard]]
Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or [[shalwar kameez]] with the traditionally ''[[Kasta sari#Nauvari|nauvari]]'' or nine-yard [[sari]], disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand. Older women wear the five-yard [[sari]]. Traditionally, Brahmin women in Maharashtra, unlike those of other castes, did not cover their head with the end of their saree.<ref name=Saree>{{cite book|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|title=Indian Costume|year=1951|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Bombay|isbn=978-81-7154-403-5|pages=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irh9dvlLz3MC&q=ghurye&pg=PR5}}</ref> In urban areas, the five-yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies. Maharashtrian brides prefer the ''very Maharashtrian'' saree – the [[Paithani]] – for their wedding day.{{sfn|Saraf|2004|p=1}}

In early to mid 20th century, Deshastha men used to wear a black cap to cover their head, with a turban or a [[pagadi]] being popular before that.<ref name="Syed Siraj ul Hassan 1989 118"/> For religious ceremonies males wore a coloured silk [[dhoti]] called a ''sovale''. In modern times, dhotis are only worn by older men in rural areas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Bhandara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAtuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Directorate of Government Print, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State|year=1979|page=201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume, Xxiv: Kolhapur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P61DAQAAMAAJ|page=44|publisher=Gazetteers Department, Government of Maharashtra|year=1999|quote=The indoor dress of a Deshasth man is a waistcloth and a shouldercloth and sometimes a shirt . When he goes out he puts on a coat, a turban or headscarf, and a pair of sandals or shoes.}}</ref> In urban areas, just like women, a range of styles are preferred. For example, the Deshastha [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] politician [[Manohar Joshi]] and former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] prefers white fine [[khadi]] [[kurta]]s,{{sfn|Deshpande|2010|p=}} while younger men prefer modern western clothes such as [[jeans]].

In the past, caste or social disputes used to be resolved by joint meetings of all Brahmin sub-caste men in the area.{{sfn|Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer|1976b|}}{{sfn|Government of Maharashtra|1977|p=}}

===Religious customs===
[[File:Deoghar.jpg|thumb|right|155px| A typical Deshastha household [[Shrine]] called Deoghar.]]
Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins still recite the ''Rig Veda'' at religious ceremonies, prayers and other occasions.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Economic Weekly, Volume 10|publisher=Economic Weekly|year=1958|page=129|quote=The Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins as their name shOWs live in the Desha and follow a Rigvedic ritual. They are an extremely widespread}}</ref> These ceremonies include birth, wedding, initiation ceremonies, as well as death rituals. Other ceremonies for different occasions in Hindu life include ''Vastushanti'' which is performed before a family formally establishes residence in a new house, [[Satyanarayana Puja]], originating in [[Bengal]] in the 19th century, is a ceremony performed before commencing any new endeavour or for no particular reason. Invoking the name of the family's ''[[gotra]]'' and the ''[[Kuladevata|Kula Daivat]]'' are important aspects of these ceremonies. Like most other Hindu communities, Deshasthas have a shrine called a ''devaghar'' in their house with idols, symbols, and pictures of various deities.<ref>Chavan, C. Y., & Chandar, S. (2022). The Relationships Between Socio-Economic, Political and Cultural Profiles of the People and House-Forms: Sawantwadi, Maharashtra, India.Journal of the International Society for the Study of Vernacular Settlementsal, Vol. 9, no.3,[https://isvshome.com/pdf/ISVS_9-3/ISVS_EJ_9.3.9.pdf]</ref> Ritual reading of religious texts called ''pothi'' is also popular.

In traditional families, any food is first offered to the preferred deity as ''naivedya'', before being consumed by family members and guests. Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering. In contemporary Deshasthas families, the naivedya is offered only on days of special religious significance.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igC0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|title=Pangat, a Feast: Food and Lore from Marathi Kitchens|author=Saee Koranne - Khandekar|publisher=Hachette UK|access-date=31 October 2019|page=97|isbn=9789388322928|date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

Deshasthas, like all other Hindu Brahmins, trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages, the [[saptarshi]]. They classify themselves into eight ''[[gotra]]s'', named after the ancestor [[rishi]]. Intra-marriage within gotras (Sagotra Vivaha) is considered as incest.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA109|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|page=109|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|isbn=9788120604889}}</ref>

Deshastha Smartas applies [[Tripundra]] with [[Vibhuti]] (cow-dung ashes) or Chandana ([[Sandalwood#Hinduism|Sandalwood paste]]). They smear it in three traverse streaks on their forehead and after the Puja is over they replace it by a [[sandalwood]] spot. Whereas Deshastha Madhvas applies [[Urdhva Pundra]] with Gopichandana ([[Sandalwood#Hinduism|Sandal paste]]). They smear gopichandana on their forehead in two perpendicular lines, running from the nose to the root of the hair, with a central line of charcoal divided in the middle by a circular turmeric patch at the centre. During the initiation, a Deshastha Madhva men is marked on the shoulders and on the chest with [[Shankha]] (conch), [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]] (disc) and other emblems of [[Vishnu]], while for women, the seals are stamped only on their arms, the 'chakra' is stamped on the right arm, the shanka is stamped on the left arm. The stamp used for marking these seals being of red hot iron and is known as "Tapta Mudra Dharana". Tapta means 'heated' and mudra means 'seals'. Madhvas also stamp five mudras with gopichandana paste daily on various parts of the body. Vaishnava Advaitins who follow Varkari Sampradaya also apply Gopichandana Urdhva Pundra on their forehead.<ref name="Syed Siraj ul Hassan 1989 110"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSkvAAAAYAAJ|page=154|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|author=J. J. Grewal| isbn=978-0-19-567703-4 |quote=Besides the tulsimala around the neck, the Varkari was identified by the sandal paste (gopichandan) on his forehead.}}</ref>

Every Deshastha family has their own family patron deity or the ''[[kuladevata|Kuladaivat]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA110|page=110|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassanpublisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989| publisher=Asian Educational Services |quote=Each Deshastha family has its own family or patron deity worshipped with great ceremony either on the Paurnima (the 15th) of Chaitra (March–April).|isbn = 9788120604889}}</ref> This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor.{{sfn|Walunjkar|pp=285–287}} The [[Khandoba]] of Jejuri is an example of a Kuladaivat of some Maharashtrian Deshastha families; he is a common Kuladaivat to several castes ranging from Brahmins to [[Dalit]]s.{{sfn|Government of Maharashtra|1962|p=}} The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as Kuladaivats began in the period of the [[Yadava dynasty]].{{sfn|Walunjkar|pp=285–287}} Other family deities of the Deshasthas of Maharashtra and Karnataka are [[Bhavani]] of [[Tuljapur]], [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi]] of [[Kolhapur]], Mahalaxmi of [[Amravati]], [[Renuka]] of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], [[Saptashringi]] on Saptashringa hill at Vani in Nasik district, [[Banashankari]] of [[Badami]], Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari of [[Sannati]], [[Renuka|Renuka Yellamma ]] of [[Savadatti]]. [[Venkateswara]] of [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]], [[Narasimha]] and [[Vithoba]] (Vittala) of [[Pandharpur]] are popular forms of Vishnu who are worshipped as kuladevatha among Deshasthas.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA110|page=110|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1989|quote=The patron deities of the Deshasthas are Bhairoba of Sonari, Shri Bhavani of Tuljapur and Mahur, Khandoba of Jejuri, Shri Narsinha and Shri Venkateshwara of Tirupati|isbn = 9788120604889}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Society: An Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZktAAAAMAAJ|page=24|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|publisher=Deshmukh Prakashan|year=1968|quote=The Deshastha Ṛgvedi Brahmins as their name suggests, live in the Desh and follow a Ṛgvedic ritual. They are extremely widespread and numerous community, they worship different deities but their family god. Many of them are hereditary worshippers of the Vithoba of Pandharpur.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India Volume 95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wc6AQAAIAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|quote=The deities commonly worshipped by the Deshasthas are Nrusimha, Shiva, Vishnu, Vyankatesa, Shri Rama and Shri Hanumana. The major goddesses they worship are Bhavani of Tuljapur, Ambabai of Kolhapur and Yamai of Aundha.}}</ref>

====Ceremonies and rituals====
Traditionally the Deshastha followed the sixteen bodily [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Sanskara]] from birth to death.<ref>Mullins, E.M., 1962. Brahman beliefs and practices in Maharashtra (Doctoral dissertation, SOAS University of London).[https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29695/]</ref>
Upon birth, a child is initiated into the family ritually according to the [[Rig Veda]] for the Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins. The naming ceremony of the child may happen many weeks or even months later, and it is called the ''barsa''. In many Hindu communities around India, the naming is almost often done by consulting the child's horoscope, in which are suggested various names depending on the child's Lunar sign (called Rashi). However, in Deshastha families, the name that the child inevitably uses in secular functioning is the one decided by his parents. If a name is chosen on the basis of the horoscope, then that is kept a secret to ward off casting of a spell on the child during his or her life. During the naming ceremony, the child's [[paternal aunt]] has the honour of naming the infant. Children receive their first hair-cut at 11 months old. This is an important ritual as well and is called ''Jawal''.<ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh 1998 3316"/>

When a male child<ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh 1998 3316"/> reaches his eighth birthday he undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja (in reference to the [[Tripidium bengalense|munja grass]] that is of official ritual specification), ''Vratabandha'', or [[Upanayanam]].{{sfn|Mookerji|1989|pp=174–175}} From that day on, he becomes an official member of his caste, and is called a [[dwija]] which translates to "[[twice-born]]" in English, in the sense that while the first birth was due to his biological parents, the second one is due to the initiating priest and [[Gayatri Mantra|Savitri]].{{sfn|Prasad|1997|pp=156–158}} Traditionally, boys are sent to [[gurukula]] to learn [[Vedas]] and scriptures. Boys are expected to practice extreme discipline during this period known as [[brahmacharya]]. Boys are expected to lead a celibate life, live off alms, consume selected vegetarian [[saatvic]] food and observe considerable austerity in behaviour and deeds. Though such practices are not followed in modern times by a majority of Deshasthas, all Deshasthas boys undergo the sacred thread ceremony. Many still continue to get initiated around eight years of age. Those who skip this get initiated just before marriage. Twice-born Deshasthas perform annual ceremonies to replace their sacred threads on [[Narali Purnima]] or the [[full moon]] day of the month of [[Shravana (month)|Shravan]], according to the Hindu calendar. The threads are called ''Jaanave'' in Marathi and ''Janavaara'' in Kannada.<ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh 1998 3316"/>

The Deshasthas are historically an [[endogamous]] and monogamous community for whom [[Hindu wedding|marriages]] take place by negotiation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Hoshangabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA150|page=150|publisher=Government Central Press|quote=Konkanastha, Deshastha and Karhade are endogamous in character|year = 1827}}</ref> The [[Mangalsutra]] is the symbol of marriage for the woman. Studies show that most Indians' traditional views on caste, religion and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage,{{sfn|Bahuguna|2004|p=}} that is, people marry within their own castes,{{sfn|Srinivasa-Raghavan|2009|p=}} and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub-caste.{{sfn|The Economist|2010|p=}} Deshastha Yajurvedi do not allow [[cross cousin]] marriage, while the Deshastha Rigvedi sub-group, allow [[cross cousin]] marriage, just like many other Marathi castes.<ref name="karve1959"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Weekly of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsU7R69gqDIC|page=28|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press|year=1974|quote=Among Yajurvedis, however, a boy is not allowed to marry the daughter of his maternal uncle. There is no such taboo among Rigvedis.}}</ref> In South Maharashtra, Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmins even allow uncle-niece marriage.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kinship Organization in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w58iAQAAMAAJ|page=268|author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1990|isbn = 9788121505048|quote=The Deshastha Rgvedi Brahmins are found in Maharashtra and north Karnatak. Unlike other Marathi Brahmins, they allow cross- cousin marriage and on the southern border of Maharashtra allow uncle-niece marriage also. }}</ref>

While arranging a marriage, ''gana'', ''gotra'', ''pravara'', ''devak'' are all kept in mind. Horoscopes are matched.{{Sfn|Sharma|2005|p=289}} The marriage ceremony is described as follows: "The groom, along with the bride's party goes to the bride's house. A ritual named ''Akshat'' is performed in which people around the groom and bride throw ''haldi'' (turmeric) and ''sindur'' (vermilion) coloured rice grains on the couple. After the ''Kanyadan'' ceremony, there is an exchange of garlands between the bride and the groom. Then, the groom ties the Mangalsutra around the neck of the bride. This is followed by ''granthibandhan'' in which the end of the bride's ''sari'' is tied to the end of the groom's dhoti, and a feast is arranged at the groom's place."{{Sfn|Sharma|2005|p=289}}

A Deshasthas marriage ceremony includes many elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony. It consists of ''seemant poojan'' on the wedding eve. The ''dharmic'' wedding includes the ''antarpat'' ceremony followed by the vedic ceremony which involves the bridegroom and the bride walking around the sacred fire seven times to complete the marriage. Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception. A Deshastha woman becomes part of her husband's family after marriage and adopts the gotra as well as the traditions of her husband's family.{{efn|Until about 300 BC, Hindu men were about 24 years of age when they got married and the girl was always post-pubescent.{{sfn|Nagi|1993|pp=6–9}} The social evil of child marriage established itself in Hindu society sometime after 300 BC as a response to foreign invasions.{{sfn|Nagi|1993|pp=7}} The problem was first addressed in 1860 by amending the Indian Penal Code which required the boy's age to be 14 and the girls age to be 12 at minimum, for a marriage to be considered legal. In 1927, the Hindu Child Marriage Act made a marriage between a boy below 15 and a girl below 12 illegal. This minimum age requirement was increased to 14 for girls and 18 for boys in 1929. It was again increased by a year for girls in 1948. The Act was amended again in 1978 when the ages were raised to 18 for girls and 21 for boys.{{sfn|Nagi|1993|pp=9}}}}

After weddings and also after thread ceremonies, Deshastha families arrange a traditional religious singing performance by a Gondhal group.{{sfn|Zelliot|Berntsen|1988|pp=176}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Folklore and Folktales of South Asia, Volume 12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zUkAQAAIAAJ|author=Naresh Kumar|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2003|page=3154|quote=Among the Madhvas and other Desastha Brahmans the gondhal is performed at their thread ceremonies, marriages and pregnancies. Other castes perform the gondhal at marriages only.|isbn=9788126114009}}</ref>

Deshastha Brahmins dispose their dead by [[Antyesti|cremation]].<ref name="Kumar Suresh Singh 1998 3316"/> The dead person's son carries the corpse to the cremation ground atop a [[bier]]. The eldest son lights the fire to the funeral pyre at the head for males and at the feet for females. The ashes are gathered in an earthen pitcher and scattered in a river on the third day after the death. This is a 13-day ritual with the ''pinda'' being offered to the dead soul on the 11th and a ''[[Śrāddha]]'' ceremony followed by a funeral feast on the 13th. Cremation is performed according to vedic rites, usually within a day of the individual's death. Like all other Hindus, the preference is for the ashes to be immersed in the [[Ganges]] river or [[Godavari River]]. ''Śrāddha'' becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered. These rituals are expected to be performed only by male descendants, preferably the eldest son of the deceased.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt9G1e6JF-QC|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=3310|isbn = 9780195633542}}</ref>

====Festivals====
{{Main|List of festivals of Maharashtrian Brahmins}}

{{See also|List of Hindu festivals}}
Deshasthas follow the [[Saka calendar]]. They follow several of the festivals of other Hindu Marathi people. These include [[Gudi Padwa]], [[Rama Navami]], Hanuman Jayanti, Narali Pournima, Mangala Gaur, [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Sharad Purnima|Kojagiri Purnima]], [[Diwali]], Khandoba Festival (Champa Shashthi), Makar Sankranti, [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Holi]].

Of these, Ganesh Chaturthi is the most popular in the state of Maharashtra,{{sfn|Thapan|1997|p=226}}<ref>Courtright, Paul B.. "2. On This Holy Day In My Humble Way Aspects of Pūjā". Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India, edited by Joanne Punzo Waghorne and Norman Cutler, New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, 1985, pp. 33-52. https://doi.org/10.7312/wagh91314-005</ref> however, Diwali, the most popular festival of Hindus throughout India,{{sfn|Council of Social and Cultural Research|p=28}} is equally popular in Maharashtra. Deshasthas celebrate the [[Ganesha]] festival as a domestic family affair. Depending on a family's tradition, a clay image or ''shadu'' is worshiped for one and a half, three and a half, seven or full 10 days, before ceremoniously being placed in a river or the sea.{{sfn|Government of Maharashtra|1969|p=}} This tradition of private celebration runs parallel to the public celebration introduced in 1894 by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].{{sfn|Bandyopādhyāẏa|2004|p=243–244}} ''[[Modak]]'' is a popular food item during the festival. Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals, namely [[Teej|Hartalika]] and the Gauri festival, the former is observed with a fast by women whilst the latter by the installation of idols of Gauris.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pattanaik|first1=Devdutt|title=99 thoughts on Ganesha : [stories, symbols and rituals of India's beloved elephant-headed deity]|date=2011|publisher=Jaico Pub House|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-8495-152-3|page=61|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wh22qvzQuowC&pg=PP9}}</ref>

The religious amongst the Deshasthas [[fasting|fast]] on the days prescribed for fasting according to Hindu calendar.{{sfn|Sharma|Gupta|2006|p=}}
Typical days for fasting are [[Ekadashi]], [[Chaturthi]], [[Maha Shivaratri]] and Janmashtami. [[Teej|Hartalika]] is a day of fasting for women. Some people fast during the week in honour of a particular god, for example, Monday for [[Shiva]] or Saturday for Hanuman and the planet Saturn, [[Shani]].<ref name="ahmednagar.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/people_feast.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410170511/http://www.ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/people_feast.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 |title=The Gazetteers Department - AHMADNAGAR}}</ref>

[[File:Gudi.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Gudi Padwa Gudi or Victory pole]]
Gudi Padwa is observed on the first of the day of the lunar month of [[Chaitra]] of the Hindu calendar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA988|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|page=988|author1=K.R. Gupta|author2=Amita Gupta|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2006|isbn=9788126906390}}</ref> A victory pole or Gudi is erected outside homes on the day. The leaves of [[Azadirachta indica|''Neem'']] or and [[shrikhand]] are a part of the cuisine of the day.{{sfn|Express News Service|2009|p=1}}{{sfn|Ahmadnagar District Gazetteers|1976a|}} Like many other Hindu communities, Deshasthas celebrate [[Rama Navami]] and [[Hanuman Jayanti]], the birthdays of Rama and Hanuman, respectively, in the month of Chaitra. A snack eaten by new mothers called Sunthawada or Dinkawada is the [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]] or the religious food on Rama Navami. They observe Narali-pournima festival on the same day as the much widely known north Indian festival of [[Raksha Bandhan]]. Deshastha men change their sacred thread on this day.<ref name="ahmednagar.nic.in"/>

An important festival for the new brides is Mangala Gaur. It is celebrated on any Tuesday of [[Shravana]] and involves the worship of [[lingam]], a gathering of womenfolk and narrating limericks or ''Ukhane'' using their husbands' first name. The women may also play traditional games such as Jhimma, and Fugadi, or more contemporary activities such as Bhendya till the wee hours of the next morning.{{sfn|Madhava Rao|1962|}}

Krishna Janmashtami, the birthday of Krishna on which day Gopalkala, a recipe made with [[curds]], pickle, popped millet (''jondhale'' in Marathi) and chili peppers is the special dish. [[Sharad Purnima]] also called as Kojagiri Purnima, the full moon night in the month of [[Ashvin]], is celebrated in the honour of [[Lakshmi]] or [[Parvati]]. A milk preparation is the special food of the evening. The first born of the family is honoured on this day.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In Deshastha families Ganeshotsav is more commonly known as Gauri-Ganpati because it also incorporates the Gauri Festival.In some families Gauri is also known as Lakshmi [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]. It is celebrated for three days; on the first day, Lakshmi's arrival is observed. The ladies in the family will bring statues of Lakshmi from the door to the place where they will be worshiped. The Kokanstha Brahmins, instead of statues, use special stones as symbols of Gauri.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai Food: Ganpati Offerings That Go Beyond The Modak|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/ganesh-chaturthi-special-modak-ganpati-offerings-crab-turmeric-leaves-vegetable-stew-mumbai-food/18518164|publisher=Mid-day|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> The statues are settled at a certain location (very near the Devaghar), adorned with clothes and ornaments. On the second day, the family members get together and prepare a meal consisting of puran poli. This day is the puja day of Mahalakshmi and the meal is offered to Mahalakshmi and her blessings sought. On the third day, Mahalakshmi goes to her husband's home. Before the departure, ladies in the family will invite the neighbourhood ladies for exchange of haldi-kumkum. It is customary for the whole family to get together during the three days of Mahalakshmi puja. Most families consider Mahalakshmi as their daughter who is living with her husband's family all the year; but visits her parents' (maher) during the three days.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Usha|title=Festivals in Indian Society|date=2008|publisher=Mittal|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sqz4eWbAMSkC&pg=PA153|access-date=12 January 2015|isbn=9788183241137}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bapat |first1=Shakuntala |last2=Karandikar |first2=Suman |title=Rural Context of Primary Education Searching for the Roots |url=http://birbhum.gov.in/DPSC/reference/25.pdf |access-date=12 January 2015}} See also [http://birbhum.gov.in Birbhum District Official Website].</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gopalakrishna|first1=B. T.|title=Festival and Dalits|date=2013|publisher=B. T.Gopalakrishna|location=Bangalore|isbn=978-1-300-68262-2|pages=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW-lBAAAQBAJ&q=gauri+maharashtra+-kotwal++festival+bhadrapad&pg=PA35|access-date=12 January 2015}}</ref>

[[Navaratri]], a nine-day festival starts on the first day of the month of Ashvin and culminates on the tenth day or [[Vijayadashami]]. This is the one of three auspicious days of the year. People exchange leaves of the ''Apti'' tree as symbol of gold. During Navaratri women and girls hold ''Bhondla'' referred as bhulabai in Vidarbh region, a singing party in honour of the Goddess.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Like all Hindu Marathi people and to a varying degree with other Hindu Indians, Diwali is celebrated over five days by the Deshastha Brahmins. Deshastha Brahmins celebrate this by waking up early in the morning and having an ''Abhyangasnan''. People light their houses with lamps and candles, and burst fire crackers over the course of the festival. Special sweets and savouries like [[Anarsa|Anarse]], [[Dumpling|Karanjya]], [[Chakli]], [[Chiwda]] and [[laddu|Ladu]] are prepared for the festival. Colourful [[Rangoli]] drawings are made in front of the house.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Deshastha Brahmins observe the [[Khandoba]] Festival or ''Champa Shashthi'' in the month of [[Agrahayana|Mārgashirsh]]. This is a six-day festival, from the first to sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight. Deshastha households perform ''Ghatasthapana'' of Khandoba during this festival. The sixth day of the festival is called Champa Sashthi. For Deshastha, the [[Chaturmas]] period ends on Champa Sashthi. As it is customary in many families not to consume onions, garlic and [[eggplant]] (Brinjal / Aubergine) during the Chaturmas, the consumption of these food items resumes with ritual preparation of Vangyache Bharit ([[Baingan Bharta]]) and ''rodga'', small round flat breads prepared from ''jwari'' (white [[millet]]).{{sfn|Pillai|1997|p=192}}
[[File:Tilgul kha god god bola.jpg|thumb|right| [[Tilgul]] is exchanged by Deshasthas on Makar Sankaranti. The centre shows sugarcoated [[sesame]] seeds surrounded by ''[[laddu]]''s of ''tilgul'' or [[sesame]] [[jaggery]].]]

[[Makar Sankranti]] falls on 14 January when the Sun enters Capricorn. Deshastha Brahmins exchange ''Tilgul'' or sweets made of jaggery and sesame seeds along with the customary salutation ''Tilgul Ghya aani God Bola'', which means ''Accept the Tilgul and be friendly''.<ref>Dunghav, M.G., 2015. Scientific Approach to Celebrate Festivals in Maharashtra in India-A Conceptual Study. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 6(2) pp=97.</ref> ''Gulpoli'', a special type of [[chapati]] stuffed with jaggery is the dish of the day.

Maha Shivaratri is celebrated in the month of [[Magha (month)|Magha]] to honour [[Shiva]]. A chutney made from [[curd fruit]] (''Kawath'' in Marathi) is part of the cuisine of the day.<ref>Dunghav, M.G., 2015. Scientific Approach to Celebrate Festivals in Maharashtra in India-A Conceptual Study. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 6(2) pp=96.</ref>

[[Holi]] falls on the full moon day in [[Phalguna]], the last month. Deshasthas celebrate this festival by lighting a bonfire and offering [[Puran Poli]] to the fire. Unlike North Indians, Deshastha Brahmins celebrate colour throwing five days after Holi on [[Rangapanchami]].<ref name="ahmednagar.nic.in"/>

==Social and political issues==
The Deshasthas of Maharashtra and Karnataka practised priesthood as their hereditary occupation, who traditionally offer socio-religious services to the other communities.{{Sfn|Singh|1998|p=3315}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Charisma and Canon: Essays on the Religious History of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvXAAAAMAAJ|page=123|author1=[[Vasudha Dalmia]]|author2=Angelika Malinar|author3=Martin Christof|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn = 9780195654530|quote=While the GSBs tend to be a religiously self-contained community, the Taulavas and Desasthas are more sought after for priestly services by other communities. There are numerous cultural difference between these three subdivisions.}}</ref> The secular among them who had agricultural land practised agriculture.{{Sfn|Bhanu|2004|p=480}} However, the absentee landlords among Deshasthas lost their lands when the newly independent India enshrined in its constitution, agrarian or land reform. Between 1949 and 1959, the state governments started enacting legislation in accordance with the constitution implementing this agrarian reform or ''Kula Kayada'' in Marathi. The legislation led to the abolition of various absentee tenures like ''inams'' and ''jagirs''. This implementation of land reform had mixed results in different States. On official inquiry, it was revealed that not all absentee tenures were abolished in the State of Maharashtra as of 1985.{{sfn|Haque|Sirohi|1986|pp=35–36}} Other social and political issues include anti-Brahminism and the treatment of Dalits.

===Inter-caste issues===
{{see also|Marathi Brahmin#Anti-Brahmin violence}}
[[File:Pandharpur Vithoba temple.jpg|thumb|left|The main entrance to the Vithoba temple in Pandharpur]]
During British rule in the 19th century, social reformers such as [[Jotiba Phule]] launched campaigned against Brahmin domination of society and in government employment. The campaign was continued in the early 20th century by the maharaja of Kolhapur, [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu]]. In the 1920s the non-Brahmin political party under [[Keshavrao Jedhe]] led the campaign against Brahmins in Pune and rural areas of western Maharashtra. This period saw Brahmins losing their landholding and their migration to urban centers<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayapalan|first1=N.|title=Social and cultural history of India since 1556|date=2000|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171568260|pages=160–162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5}}</ref>
Maharashtrian Brahmins were the primary targets during the anti-Brahmin riots in Maharashtra in 1948, following [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s assassination. The rioters burnt homes and properties owned by Brahmins.{{sfn|Mohanty|2004|p=161}} The violent riots exposed the social tensions between the Marathas and the Brahmins.{{sfn|Dossal|Maloni|1999|p=11}}

In recent history, on 5 January 2004, the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] (BORI) in Pune was vandalised by 150 members of the Sambhaji Brigade, an organisation promoting the cause of the Marathas.{{sfn|Katakam|2004|pp=17–30}} The organisation was protesting against a derogatory remark made by the American author James Laine, on Shivaji's Parentage in his book, ''Shivaji: A Hindu King in an Islamic Kingdom''. BORI was targeted because Srikant Bahulkar, a scholar at BORI, was acknowledged in Laine's book. The incident highlighted the traditionally uncomfortable Brahmin-Maratha relationship.{{sfn|Katakam|2004|pp=17–30}} Recently, the same organisation demanded the removal of [[Dadoji Konddeo]] from the ''Statue of Child Shivaji ploughing Pune's Land'' at Lal Mahal, Pune. They also threatened that if their demands were not met, they would demolish that part of statue themselves.{{sfn|Swamy|2008|p=}}

Until recent times, like other high castes of Maharashtra and India, Deshastha also followed the practice of segregation from other castes considered lower in the social hierarchy. Until a few decades ago, a large number of [[Hindu temples]], presumably with a Deshastha priest, barred entry to the so-called "[[Dalit|untouchables]]" (Dalit). An example of this was the case of the 14th century saint [[Chokhamela]] of the [[Varkari]] movement, who belonged to the [[Mahar]] caste. He was time and again denied entry to the [[Vitthal]] temple in [[Pandharpur]],{{sfn|Prasad|2007|p=10-12}} however, his mausoleum was built in front of the gate of the temple. In the early 20th century, the Dalit leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]], while attempting to visit the temple, was stopped at the burial site of Chokhamela and denied entry beyond that point for being a Mahar.{{sfn|Lele|Singh|1989|p=38}} Deshastha caste-fellow [[Dnyaneshwar]] and his entire family were stripped of their caste and excommunicated by the Deshasthas because of his father's return from ''[[sanyasa]]'' to family life. The family was harassed and humiliated to an extent that Dnyaneshwar's parents committed suicide.{{sfn|Jñānadeva|1981|p=5}} Other saints like [[Tukaram]] ([[Kunbi]] caste) were discriminated against by the Brahmins.{{sfn|Eaton|2005|p=129-130}}{{sfn|Eaton|2005|p=132}}

The Maharashtra Government has taken away the hereditary rights of priesthood to the Pandharpur temple from the Badve and Utpat Deshastha families, and handed them over to a governmental committee. The families have been fighting complex legal battles to win back the rights.{{sfn|Press Trust of India|2000|p=}}{{efn|While untouchability was legally abolished by the Anti-untouchability Act of 1955 and under article 17 of the Indian constitution, modern India has simply ghettoised these marginalised communities.{{sfn|Nubile|2003|p=}} Article 25(2) of the Indian constitution empowers States to enact laws regarding temple entries. The relevant Act was enacted and enforced in Maharashtra in 1956. Leaders from different times in history such as [[Bhimrao Ambedkar]], [[Mahatma Phule]], [[Savarkar]], [[Sane Guruji]] fought for the cause of Dalits.}} The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], an organisation founded by [[K. B. Hedgewar]] advocates Dalits being head priests at Hindu temples.<ref>{{Cite news |title = RSS for Dalit head priests in temples |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/RSS-rips-into-ban-on-Dalits-entering-temples/articleshow/1040404.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321201554/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-03/india/27884065_1_jagannath-temple-upper-caste-dalits |url-status=live |archive-date=21 March 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 January 2007 |access-date=13 October 2010 }}</ref>

===Deshastha-Konkanastha relations===
Prior to the rise of the Konkanastha Peshwas, the Konkanastha Brahmins were considered inferior in a society where the Deshasthas held socio-economic, ritual and Brahminical superiority.<ref>*{{cite web |year=1989 |title=Economic and political weekly |volume=24 |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itOwAAAAIAAJ |access-date=10 October 2010 }}</ref>{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=249}} After the appointment of [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]] as [[Peshwa dynasty|Peshwa]], Konkanastha migrants began arriving en masse from the Konkan to Pune,{{sfn|Gokhale|2008|p=113}}{{sfn|Eaton|2005|p=192}} where the Peshwa offered some important offices to the Konkanastha caste.{{sfn|Patterson|2007|p=398}} The Konkanastha kin were rewarded with tax relief and grants of land.{{sfn|Leach|Mukherjee|1970|pp=101, 104–5}} Historians point out nepotism{{sfn|Śejavalakara|1946|pp=24–5}}{{sfn|Seal|1971 |pp=74, 78}}{{sfn|Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute|1947|p=182}}{{sfn|Śinde|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Michael|2007|p=95}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century|author=Anil Seal|publisher=CUP Archive|year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV84AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78|page=78|quote=Between Brahmins and these non-Brahmins there was a long history of rancour which the nepotism of the Peshwas had only exacerbated.|isbn=9780521096522}}</ref> and corruption during this time.

The Konkanasthas were waging a social war on Deshasthas during the period of the Peshwas.{{sfn|Kulkarnee|1975|p=8}} By the late 18th century, Konkanasthas had established complete political and economic dominance in the region. As a consequence, many members of the literate classes, including Deshasthas left their ancestral region of Western Maharashtra and migrated to other areas of the Maratha empire such as around the east Godavari basin in the present-day states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Samaddar|editor-first=Ranabir |last=De|first=Barun |title=Peace studies : an introduction to the concept, scope, and themes|date=2004|publisher=SAGE Publ.|location=New Delhi [u.a.]|isbn=9780761996606|page=214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVADxxgT6KAC&pg=PA206}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bayly|first1=Susan|title=Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=9780521798426|page=79|edition=1. Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PR6}}</ref> Many Deshastha Brahmins, [[Saraswat Brahmins]] and [[CKP]]s moved to newly formed Maratha states ruled by the [[Scindia]]s, [[Gaikwad]]s and others that were at the periphery of the Peshwa's kingdom.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pandit|first1=Nalini|title=Caste and Class in Maharashtra|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1979|volume=14|issue=7/8 (February 1979)|pages=425–436|jstor=4367360|quote=The Maratha army commanders such as the Scindias, Gaikwads, and others, carved out independent States for themselves on the periphery of the Peshwa's kingdom. The Deshastha and Saraswat Brahmins and Kayastha Prabhus migrated to these kingdoms which offered them opportunities for employment and promotion.}}</ref>
After the Maratha empire under the command of [[Chimaji Appa]], the brother of Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] (1700–1740), captured [[Battle of Vasai|Vasai]] from the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] in 1739, local chitpavan Brahmins contested the claim of the local Shukla yajurvedi Brahmins, who had lived under Portuguese rule for nearly two hundred years, of being Brahmins .{{efn|The Konkanastha Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]], who coveted conquering [[Vasai]] or Bassein, sent an envoy to the Portuguese governor of Bassein. The governor, Luís Botelho, provided the rationale to do so by "grossly insult[ing] the Peshwa's envoy" by speaking of the handsome and fair-complexioned Bajirao, as a "negro."{{sfn|Sarkar|1976}} The Peshwa then deployed his brother, [[Chimaji Appa]] in the conquest of Vasai. This was a hard-fought battle with the British supplying the Portuguese with advice, and the Marathas with equipment. Khanduji Mankar of the Pathare Prabhu caste and Antaji Raghunath Kavale, a Yajurvedi Brahmin, both played important roles in the conflict.<ref name="Kulkarni2008">{{cite book|author=Prof. A. R. Kulkarni|title=Medieval Maratha Country|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OY5LDwAAQBAJ|date=1 July 2008|publisher=Diamond Publications|isbn=978-81-8483-072-9|chapter=Religion and Bassein campaign of 1739}}</ref>}} The full Brahmin status of the Vasai Yajurvedis was affirmed by an assembly of learned Brahmins in 1746. However, the case came up again in 1808 in the waning years of Peshwai.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2013|p=765-787}}
Richard Maxwell Eaton states that this rise of the Konkanastha is a classic example of social rank rising with political fortune.{{sfn|Eaton|2005|p=192}} Since then, despite being the traditional religious and social elites of Maharashtra, the Deshastha Brahmins failed to feature as prominently as the Konkanastha.<ref name="superior"/> The Deshasthas looked down upon the Konkanasthas as newcomers in the 18th and 19th centuries. They refused to socialise and intermingle with them, not considering them to be Brahmins. A Konkanstha who was invited to a Deshastha household was considered to be a privileged individual, and even the Peshwas were refused permission to perform religious rites at the Deshastha ''[[ghats]]'' on the Godavari at Nasik. The Konkanasthas on their part, pursued for greater intellectual ability and better political acumen.{{sfn|Kumar|2004|p=37}} During the British colonial period of 19th and early 20th century, Deshasthas dominated professions such as government administration, music, legal and engineering fields, whereas Konkanasthas dominated fields like politics, medicine, social reform, journalism, mathematics and education. The relations have since improved by the larger scale mixing of both communities on social, financial and educational fields, as well as with intermarriages.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caste, Prejudice, and the Individual|url=https://archive.org/details/casteprejudicein0000para|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/casteprejudicein0000para/page/117 117]|author=A. C. Paranjpe|publisher=Lalvani Publishing House|year=1970|quote=It may also be pointed out that marriages between the Deshastha and Kokanastha Brahmins have been very common}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste|author1=C. J. Fuller|author2=Haripriya Narasimhan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=11 November 2014|page=62|isbn=9780226152882|date=11 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105|title=Elites in South Asia|editor1=Edmund leach|editor2=S. N. Mukherjee| author= Gordon Johnson|year=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=105}}</ref>

===Community organisations===
The Deshastha Rigvedi sub-caste have community organisations in many major cities such as Mumbai, Dombivali, Belgaum, Nasik, Satara etc. Most of these organisations are affiliated to Central organisation of the community called Akhil Deshastha Rugvedi Brahman Madhyavarty Mandal (A. D. R. B. M.) which is located in Mumbai. The activities of ADRBM includes offering scholarships to needy students, financial aid to members, exchange of information, and Matrimonial services. The Deshastha community organisations are also affiliated to their respective local All Brahmin Umbrella Organisations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Waghmore |first=Suryakant |date=2019 |title=Community, not humanity: Caste associations and Hindu cosmopolitanism in contemporary Mumbai |location=South Asia |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=375–393 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332194578}}</ref><ref name="Deshastha Rugvedi Brahman Sangh">{{cite web|title=Deshastha Rugvedi Brahman Sangh|url=http://www.drbsdombivli.org/drbs_dombivli_history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809190816/http://www.drbsdombivli.org/drbs_dombivli_history.htm|archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref>
Similar to the Rigvedi community, there are organisations and trusts dedicated to the welfare of the Yajurvedi sub-caste.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shukla Yajurvediya Maharastriya Brahman Madhyavarti Mandal, Pune |website=Charity Commissioner Of Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahacharity.gov.in/kiosk/o_trust_history.php?case_no=201250001031952&frmAction=modify&dbselect=punedb |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215503/http://www.mahacharity.gov.in/kiosk/o_trust_history.php?case_no=201250001031952&frmAction=modify&dbselect=punedb |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shree Vishnu Deosthan (Of Yajur Shakhiya Brahman) |website=Charity Commissioner Of Maharashtra |url=http://www.mahacharity.gov.in/kiosk/o_trust_history.php?case_no=201250006891953&frmAction=modify&dbselect=punedb |access-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204643/http://www.mahacharity.gov.in/kiosk/o_trust_history.php?case_no=201250006891953&frmAction=modify&dbselect=punedb |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Deshastha Brahmins}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
* [[Thanjavur Maharashtrian]]
* [[Forward Castes]]
* [[Marathi people (Uttar Pradesh)|Marathi people in Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}

* {{citation
|last=Ahmadnagar District Gazetteers
|year=1976a
|title=The People: Feasts and Festivals
|publisher=Government of Maharashtra
|url=http://ahmednagar.nic.in/gazetteer/people_feast.html
}}
*{{cite book|title=The Vanished Raj A Memoir of Princely India|last=Rajaram|first=N S|publisher=Prism Books Private Limited|year=2019|isbn=978-9388478113}}
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|title=Struggle for survival
|first=M
|last=Vinayak
|access-date=10 October 2010
|location=Chennai, India
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=15 January 2000
}}

* {{Citation
|chapter-url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/Land%20&%20People%20%20Final/L%20&%20P%20pdf/Chapter%20VII/1%20Chapter%20VII%20Religion.pdf
|title=Maharashtra: Land and its people
|first=Dr. T. N
|last=Walunjkar
|chapter=VII
|publisher=State of Maharashtra
|access-date=10 October 2010
}}



* {{Citation
|title=The Experience of Hinduism: essays on religion in Maharashtra
|first1=Eleanor
|last1=Zelliot
|first2=Maxine
|last2=Berntsen
|year=1988
|isbn=978-0-88706-664-1
|publisher=SUNY Press
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyon3IOpX-AC
}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
* {{cite book|title=Maharashtra, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmBjoAFMfjoC|first=B. V.|last=Bhanu|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2004|isbn=9788179911006}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyaya|first=JayantanujaJ|year=2008|title=Class and Religion in Ancient India|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-727-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwUF11NRyT4C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Usha|year=2005|title=Marriage in Indian Society: From Tradition to Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk1dhn9W-44C|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170999980}}
* {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Robert|year=1991|title=Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God|publisher=Albany: State University of New York|page=19|isbn=978-0-7914-0657-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWS1QgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite news|title =India: An international spotlight on the caste system|last= Datta-Ray|first=Sunanda K|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/12/opinion/12iht-eddattaray.html|access-date=5 October 2010 |date=13 May 2005}}
* {{Cite web |title=Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: Short life History |last=Dr. Ambedkar Mission|year=2010 |url=http://www.drambedkarmission.org/ambedkar |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826072937/http://www.drambedkarmission.org/ambedkar |archive-date = 26 August 2010 }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Frykenberg |first=Robert Eric | title=Elite groups in a South Indian district: 1788–1858 | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |date = February 1956| volume=24 | issue=2 |pages=261–281 | doi=10.2307/2050565 | jstor=2050565|s2cid=153984852 }}
* {{Cite book|title=Toward a global science: mining civilizational knowledge|first=Susantha|last=Goonatilake|year=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-33388-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SI5ip95BbgEC}}
* {{Cite web|title=Satara District Gazetteer|year=1963|last=Government of Maharashtra|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/SATARA/people_marriage_morals.html|access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Cite web|last=Government of Maharashtra|title=Wardha District Gazetteer|year=1974|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/WARDHA/people_marriage%20morals.html|access-date=10 October 2010}}
* {{Cite book| title=Rapt in the name: the Ramnamis, Ramnam, and untouchable religion in Central India|last=Lamb|first=Ramdas|isbn=978-0-7914-5385-8|lccn=2002070695|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STw9LQtx89oC|year=2002 |publisher=State University of New York Press}}
* {{cite news|title = The caste system – India's apartheid?|last = Rajagopal|first=Balakrishnan|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/18/stories/2007081856301200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504204710/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/18/stories/2007081856301200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2012|access-date=5 October 2010|location=Chennai, India |newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date=18 August 2007}}
* {{Cite book|title=Fields of protest: women's movements in India|first=Raka|last=Ray|year=2000|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-81-86706-23-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh2keRsHhnwC}}
* {{Cite book|title=Modern Hindu thought: the essential texts|page=137|first=Arvind|last=Sharma|isbn=978-0-19-565315-1|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1sqAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|chapter=Mobility in the caste system|editor1-first=Bernard S|editor1-last=Cohn|editor2-first=Milton|editor2-last=Singer|last=Srinivas|first=M. N|publisher=Transaction Publishers
|year=2007|isbn= 978-0-202-36138-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tradition and modernity in Bhakti movements|first=Eleanor|last=Zelliot|editor=Jayant Lele|pages=136–142|year=1981|publisher=Brill Archive |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ|isbn=978-90-04-06370-9}}
* {{cite book|title=Caste, Prejudice, and the Individual|url=https://archive.org/details/casteprejudicein0000para|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/casteprejudicein0000para/page/117 117]|author=A. C. Paranjpe|publisher=Lalvani Publishing House|year=1970|quote=It may also be pointed out that marriages between the Deshastha and Kokanastha Brahmins have been very common}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7KjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|title=Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste|author1=C. J. Fuller|author2=Haripriya Narasimhan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|access-date=11 November 2014|page=62|isbn=9780226152882|date=11 November 2014}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105|title=Elites in South Asia|editor1=Edmund leach|editor2=S. N. Mukherjee| author= Gordon Johnson|year=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=105}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.htm Sacred texts: Hinduism]
* [https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/ Government of Maharashtra Official Website]

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

Dance Dance (TV series)

2026-04-05T03:05:23Z

Nobranding1: Made basic data and citations

{{Short description|Indian television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = dancedancekannadashow.jpg
| alt_name =
| genre = Dance
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer = [[Star Suvarna]]
| writer =
| director = Jai Achari
| presenter = {{Plainlist}}
*[[Shine Shetty]]
{{endplainlist}}
| creative_director =
| judges = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Prajwal Devraj]]
* [[Hariprriya]]
* [[Harsha (director)]]
{{endplainlist}}
| starring =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Dance Dance
| endtheme =
| composer = Karthik Sharma
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| image_size =
| caption =
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 30
| editor =
| location = [[Bengaluru]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 60-75 minutes
| company = In House Productions
| network = [[Star Suvarna]]
| list_episodes =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|12|05|df=yes}}
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Cookku with Kirikku]]
* | executive_producer =
}}
| producer = Jai Achari
}}

'''''Dance Dance''''' is a [[Kannada]] dance reality show aired on [[Star Suvarna]] and streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. It features celebrities as contestants who are paired with professional dancers competing for a cash prize. It premiered on 20 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance is back on television - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-is-back-on-television/articleshow/83944673.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The judges of tha show are [[Prajwal Devaraj]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prajwal Devaraj set for his big television debut as judge for dance reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/prajwal-devaraj-set-for-his-big-television-debut-as-judge-for-dance-reality-show/articleshow/84521451.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಈ ಶೋಗೆ ತೀರ್ಪುಗಾರರಾಗಿ ಕಿರುತೆರೆಗೆ ಎಂಟ್ರಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟ ಪ್ರಜ್ವಲ್‌ ದೇವರಾಜ್‌!|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/actor-prajwal-devaraj-as-judge-in-star-suvarna-dance-reality-show-vcs-qwzs4r|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref> [[Hariprriya]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hariprriya set to foray into television as judge for dance reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriya-set-to-foray-into-television-as-judge-for-dance-reality-show/articleshow/84943116.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸ್ಟಾರ್‌ ಸುವರ್ಣ ಡಾನ್ಸ್‌ ರಿಯಾಲಿಟಿ ಶೋಗೆ ಹರಿಪ್ರಿಯಾ ಜಡ್ಜ್‌|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/sandalwood/haripriya-to-judge-star-suvarna-dance-reality-show-dpl-qxaurp|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=kn}}</ref> and [[Harsha (director)|A.Harsha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haripriya, Prajwal Devraj, and Master Harsha to judge reality show 'Dance Dance' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/haripriya-prajwal-devraj-and-master-harsha-to-judge-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85029801.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show is hosted by Shine Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shine Shetty to host a new dance reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shine-shetty-to-host-a-new-dance-reality-show/articleshow/84547512.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Production ==
The show is a competition wherein 12 celebrities are paired with professional dancers and compete against each other. Contestants dance to a different tune, different theme and different styles every week and scores are given by the judges. Each week one couple is eliminated based on Conestants voting and their scores.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Auditions begin for Dance Dance reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/auditions-begin-for-dance-dance-reality-show/articleshow/84060369.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Contestants ==
A total of 12 celebrities, mostly TV actors, are coupled with dancing partners for the show..

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap; margin:auto; font-size:95%;"
! width="20" |#
! width="120" |Celebrity
! width="140" |Professional partner
|-
|{{center| 1
(winners)
}}
|{{center|Monisha}}
|{{center|Shlok}}
|-
|{{center| 2
(Runner Up)
}}
|{{center|Mahendra}}
|{{center|Harshitha}}
|-
|{{center| 3
(2nd Runner Up)
}}
|{{center|Vittal Kamath}}
|{{center|Soundarya}}
|-
|{{center| 4
(finalist)
}}
|{{center|[[Kavitha Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kavita Gowda to participate in new reality show Dance Dance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kavita-gowda-to-participate-in-new-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85481053.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|{{center|Prabhu}}
|-
|{{center| 5
(finalist)
}}
|{{center|Koli Ramya}}
|{{center|Gagan}}
|-
|{{center| 6}}
|{{center|Nayana Sharath<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance: Nayana Sharath to participate in the dance reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-nayana-sharath-to-participate-in-the-dance-reality-show/articleshow/85364352.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|{{center|Manjunath Siddi}}
|-
|{{center| 7}}
|{{center|Jagappa}}
|{{center|Nidhi Suresh}}
|-
|{{center| 8}}
|{{center|Karthik Ramesh}}
|{{center|Sindagi}}
|-
|{{center| 9}}
|{{center|Smileguru Rakshith}}
|{{center|Aditi}}
|-
|{{center| 10}}
|{{center|Ashvithi Shetty<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Ashvithi Shetty to participate in reality show Dance Dance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/actress-ashvithi-shetty-to-participate-in-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85396958.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I am excited to participate in Dance Dance, says Ashvithi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-am-excited-to-participate-in-dance-dance-says-ashvithi/articleshow/85394257.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance: Ashvithi Shetty gets evicted from the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-ashvithi-shetty-gets-evicted-from-the-show/articleshow/86989794.cms|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|{{center|Aditya}}
|-
|{{center| 11}}
|{{center|Vivek Simha<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vivek Simha to participate in dance reality show Dance Dance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vivek-simha-to-participate-in-dance-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85296266.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|{{center|Mandara}}
|-
|{{center| 12}}
|{{center|Supritha Sathyanarayan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supritha Sathyanarayan puts on her dancing shoes for reality show Dance Dance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/supritha-sathyanarayan-puts-on-her-dancing-shoes-for-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85346532.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=My passion made me take part in Dance Dance, says Supritha Sathayanarayan - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/my-passion-made-me-take-part-in-dance-dance-says-supritha-sathayanarayan/articleshow/85422983.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|{{center|John Edwin}}
|}

== Weekly summary ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:99%;"
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Week No.
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Episode No.
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Original Air Date
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Couple Evicted Rank
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Theme
! scope="col" style="background:#9A0700; color:#fff;" |Best Jodi Of The Week
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1 Grand Premiere
| style="text-align:center;" |1
|20 August 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Introduction
| {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |
* Celebrity contestants were introduced with individual performances and were paired with professional dancers for the competition.
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2
| style="text-align:center;" |2 3
|21 August 2021 22 August 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Mass Round
|Monisha and Shlok
|-
| colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" |
* Shlok and Monisha & Kavitha and Prabhu steals the show in the mass round
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#9A0700;" |
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|3
|style="text-align:center;"| 4 5
|28 August 2021 29 August 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Single Property Round
|Mahendra and Harshitha
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*Contestants scorch the stage up, each pair delivering a more dazzling performance than the last.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|4
|style="text-align:center;"| 6 7
|4 September 2021 5 September 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Romantic Rain Round<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance: Contestants gear up for the 'romantic rain' round - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-contestants-gear-up-for-the-romantic-rain-round/articleshow/85824471.cms|access-date=2021-09-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Koli Ramya and Gagan
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The romantic rain theme did induce some chemistry between the couples.
*[[Aditi Prabhudeva]] was invited as the guest to perform where she sizzled with her rain performance.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|5
|style="text-align:center;"| 8 9 10 11
|11 September 2021 12 September 2021 18 September 2021 19 September 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" | Supritha & John Edwin '''Rank 12'''
|Festival Celebration Round
|Kavitha and Prabhu
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The festival celebration theme had a lot of massive performances.
*[[Sriimurali]] was invited as the guest for the festival celebration round.
*Pranam Devraj was invited as a guest for the round.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|6
|style="text-align:center;"| 12 13
|11 September 2021 12 September 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" | Vivek Simha & Mandara<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vivek Simha gets evicted from Dance Dance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vivek-simha-gets-evicted-from-dance-dance/articleshow/86606564.cms|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Times of India}}</ref> '''Rank 11'''
|Replica Round
|Vittal Kamath and Soundarya
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The replica round was mind-blowing as the contestants recreated the songs.
*Ace actresses [[Sudha Rani|Sudharani]] and [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] graced the show.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|7
|style="text-align:center;"| 14 15
|2 October 2021 3 October 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Folk Round
|Monisha and Shlok
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The folk round was filled with a lot of folklores where Shlok and Monisha stole the show.
*[[Manvita Kamath]] was invited as the guest to perform where she sizzled with her folk dance performance.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|8
|style="text-align:center;"| 16 17
|9 October 2021 10 October 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" |Ashvithi Shetty and Aditya<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashvithi Shetty, Adithya evicted from Dance Dance show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ashvithi-shetty-adithya-evicted-from-dance-dance-show/articleshow/86989569.cms|access-date=2021-10-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref> '''Rank 10'''
|Blind Fold Round
|Karthik and Sindagi
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The blindfold round was filled with a lot of emotional performances.
*Karthik and Sindagi, Vittal Kamath, and Soundarya stole the show.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|9
|style="text-align:center;"| 18 19
|16 October 2021 17 October 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" |Rakshith and Aditi '''Rank 9'''
|Navarasa Round
|Nayana and Manjunath Siddi
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The navarasa round had stiff competition between the contests.
*There were 7 golden performances in the round.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|10
|style="text-align:center;"| 20 21
|23 October 2021 24 October 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Marriage Round
|Shlok and Monisha
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The marriage round was filled with a lot of celebrations.
*[[Shiva Rajkumar]] was invited as the guest for the round and to promote his film [[Bhajarangi 2]].
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|11
|style="text-align:center;"| 22 23
|30 October 2021 6 November 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" |Jagappa and Nidhi Suresh '''Rank 8'''
|Creative Round
|Karthik and Sindagi
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The creative round had unique performances which were a delight for the viewers to watch
*[[Manoranjan Ravichandran]] was invited as a guest with his ''Mugilpete'' film team to promote the film.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|12
|style="text-align:center;"| 24 25
|13 November 2021 14 November 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" | Karthik and Sindagi '''Rank 8'''
|Battel Round
|Mahendra and Harshitha
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The battle round intended the tough competition among the contestants.
*Jagappa had wildcard entry to the show.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|13
|style="text-align:center;"| 26 27
|21 November 2021 22 November 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Family Round
| {{n/a}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The family round was filled with a lot of celebrations.
*All the performances performed had golden buzzers.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|14
|style="text-align:center;"| 28 29
|27 November 2021 28 November 2021
|style="background:#f4c7b8; text-align: center;" | Jagappa
Nayana & Manjunath Siddi '''Rank 7 & Rank 8'''
|Semi Finale Round
|Vittal Kamath & Soundarya
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*The Semi Finale round was filled with a lot of power-packed performances and the judges kept the scores as secret.
*Prajwal Devraj and his wife Ragini celebrate their wedding anniversary on the stage.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|15
''(Grand Finale)''
|style="text-align:center;"| 30
|5 December 2021
| {{n/a}}
|Grand Finale
| {{n/a}}
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|
*[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]] was invited as a special guest for the grand finale.
*The scores were kept as a secret by thejudges.
|-
! style="background:#9A0700;" colspan="6"|
|}

== Weekly scores ==
The maximum points awarded for a couple is 30.

'''Danger Zone:''' Irrespective of scores, couples can be subject to eviction based on the contestants votes.

'''Week 1:''' The premiere week had no competition or scores.

'''Week 11:''' Marks were kept secret.

'''Week 14:''' Marks were kept secret.

'''Week 15:''' Marks were kept secret.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; white-space:nowrap; margin:auto; font-size:98%;"
| colspan="3" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''''Dancing Star'''''
| colspan="14" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |''''' Scoreboard'''''
|-
! scope="col" width="50" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Rank
! scope="col" width="160" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Couple
! scope="col" width="80" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |<big>←</big>Total <big>→</big>
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 2
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 3
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 4
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 5
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 6
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 7
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 8
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 9
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 10
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 11
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 12
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 13
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 14
! scope="col" width="60" style="background:darkred; color:white;" |Week 15
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''1'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Monisha & Shlok'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''291.5'''
|30
|24.5
|30
|30
|30
|30
|27
|30
|30
|30
|SM
|30
|SM
|SM
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''2'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Mahendra & Hrashitha'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''281'''
|26
|30
|26.5
|25.5
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |26.5
|27.5
|30
|30
|26
|29
|SM
|30
|SM
|SM
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''3'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Vittal Kamth & Soundarya'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''294.5'''
|28.5
|29
|30
|30
|30
|27
|30
|30
|27.5
|30
|SM
|30
|SM
|SM
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''4'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Kavitha & Prabhu'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''280.5'''
|30
|27.5
|24
|30
|27
|27
|30
|30
|30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |25
|SM
|30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |SM
|SM
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''5'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Koli Ramya & Gagan'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''293.5'''
|23.5
|30
|30
|30
|30
|30
|30
|30
|30
|30
|SM
|30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |SM
|SM
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''6'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Nayana & Manjunath Siddi'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''279'''
|28.5
|30
|28
|24
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |24.5
|27
|30
|30
|26
|27
|SM
|30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''SM'''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''7'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Jagappa & Nidi Suresh'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''256'''
|26
|25.5
|17.5
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |29
|27.5
|25
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |21
|26
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''24.5'''
|SM
|30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''SM'''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''8'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Karthik Ramesh & Sindagi'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |{{center|'''243'''}}
|21.5
|23.5
|24.5
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |26.5
|27
|30
|30
|26
|30
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''SM'''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''9'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Rakshith & Aditi'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''203.5'''
|27.5
|26
|30
|24
|27.5
|28
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |25.5
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''15.5'''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''10'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Ashwithi Shetty & Aditya'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''181'''
|23.5
|24
|30
|26
|27.5
|24
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''25.5'''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''11'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Vivek Simha & Mandara'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |{{center|'''126.5'''}}
|23
|26.5
|27.5
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |25
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''24.5'''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|-
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''12'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''Supritha & John Edwin'''
| style="background:darkred; color:white;" |'''96.5'''
|28.5
|15.5
|22.5
| style="background:Salmon; color:black;" |'''''30'''''
| colspan="19" style="background:silver;" |
|}

: {{Color box|Salmon|border=darkgray}} indicates the couple in danger zone who faced eviction.
: {{Color box|#FF69B4|border=darkgray}} indicates that the couple withdrew.
: {{Color box|white|NP|border=darkgray}} indicates ''no points.''
: {{Color box|white|SM|border=darkgray}} indicates ''secret'' ''marks .''

== Guests ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Episode Date
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|[[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
|20 August 2021
|Guest for Grand Premier
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puneeth Rajkumar to grace reality show Dance Dance - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/puneeth-rajkumar-to-grace-reality-show-dance-dance/articleshow/85125525.cms|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chandan Kumar]]
| rowspan="3" |22 August 2021
|To Support Kavitha Gowda & Promote his serial ''[[Marali Manasagide (TV series)|Marali Mansagide]]''
|
|-
|Priyanka Chicholi
| rowspan="2" |To promote their serial ''Manasella Nene''
|
|-
|Sameeksha
|
|-
|[[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
|4 September 2021
|Guest to perform
|
|-
|[[Sriimurali]]
|11 September 2021
12 September 2021
|Guest for the round and to promote his film ''[[Madhagaja]]''
|
|-
|Pranam Devraj
|18 September 2021
|Guest for the festival round
|
|-
|[[Sudha Rani|Sudharani]]
|25 September 2021
| rowspan="2" |Guest for the replica round
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance: Ace actress Sudharani to grace the show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-ace-actress-sudharani-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/86253917.cms|access-date=2021-09-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
|26 September 2021
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance: Ace actress Shruthi to feature in the reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-ace-actress-shruthi-to-feature-in-the-reality-show/articleshow/86388357.cms|access-date=2021-09-27|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manvita Kamath]]
|2 October 2021
|Guest to perform
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dance Dance: Film star Manvita Kamat to feature in the reality show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dance-dance-film-star-manvita-kamat-to-feature-in-the-reality-show/articleshow/86606374.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|23 October 2021
24 October 2021
|Guest for the round and to promote his film ''[[Bhajarangi 2]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kannada superstar Dr. Shivrajkumar to feature in Dance Dance; details inside - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-superstar-dr-shivrajkumar-to-feature-in-dance-dance-details-inside/articleshow/86803698.cms|access-date=2021-10-30|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|[[Manoranjan Ravichandran]]
|30 October 2021
6 November 2021
|Guest for the round and to promote his film ''Mugilupete''
|
|-
|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhanajaya]]
|5 December 2021
|Guest for the Grand Finale
|
|}

== Reception ==
The show gained massive success in the TRP Charts and it became one of the most-watched shows in both rural and urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reality show Dance Dance scores well on the TRP charts - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/reality-show-dance-dance-scores-well-on-the-trp-charts/articleshow/85919811.cms|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dance-dance/7228/ Dance Dance] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Suvarna original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian dance television shows]]
[[Category:Indian dance competition television shows]]
[[Category:Indian celebrity reality television series]]

Udalguri district

2026-03-26T02:43:13Z

Nobranding1: improve article further

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Udalguri district
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| image_skyline = Paneri Tea Garden.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Paneri Tea Garden
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Udalguri in Assam (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=250 |frame-height=200
|zoom=8 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Udalguri district'''
|type=shape |id=Q321998
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Udalguri district of Assam
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Assam.svg}} [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Autonomous district council|Territorial Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Banner of Bodoland.png}} [[Bodoland]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Udalguri]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Darrang-Udalguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darrang-Udalguri]]
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bhergaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhergaon]], [[Udalguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Udalguri]], [[Majbat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Majbat]], [[Tangla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tangla]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| dunam_link = 
| area_total_km2 = 1,852.16
| area_total_ha =
| area_total_dunam =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_land_ha =
| area_land_dunam =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_ha =
| area_water_dunam =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_urban_dunam =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_rural_dunam =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_metro_dunam =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank1_dunam =
| area_blank2_title =

| area_blank2_km2 =

| area_blank2_ha =

| area_blank2_dunam =
| area_note =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 831,668
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 784509
| area_code = 03711
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| registration_plate = AS-27
| website = {{URL|https://udalguri.assam.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
}}

'''Udalguri district''' (Pron:ˌʊdʌlˈgʊəri), also known as Odalguri, is a district in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] of the state of [[Assam]] in [[Northeastern India]]. [[Udalguri]] town is the headquarters of the district.

==Etymology==
The name Udalguri denotes a place surrounding the Udal tree (Udal, meaning a tree and Guri meaning surrounding area). Some authors are of the opinion that the name of the place became Udalguri as there was a hermitage of a sage named Uddalak Muni. Yet, another source mentions that the word has origins in the Boro language. From the Bodo words {{Transliteration|brx|ordla}} and {{Transliteration|brx|gundri}}, the name became {{Transliteration|brx|Ordlagundri}} > {{Transliteration|brx|Ordlagundi}} > {{Transliteration|brx|Odalguri}} > {{Transliteration|brx|Ugalguri}}. Bodo people still pronounce the name as Odalguri. In the Bodo language, {{Transliteration|brx|ordla}} means wide and spacious, and {{Transliteration|brx|gundri}} means powdered object.<ref>http://udalguri.gov.in/districthistory.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main article|Dooars|Duar War|Bhutan|Ahom kingdom}}

===Duars===
Udalguri district falls under [[Dooars#Darrang Dooars|Darrang Duars]] which includes the region between the [[Bornadi River]] and [[Dhansiri River]]. The Duar that falls under the Udalguri district are the Buriguma Dooar and Killing Dooars.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=38}}</ref>

===Trade relation with Tibet===
In older times, Udalguri acted as a trading point between [[Assam]] and [[Tsona]] city in [[Tibet]] (now [[China]]).<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=40">{{harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=40}}</ref> The route passed through the [[Nyamjang Chu]] and [[Tawang Chu]] rivers via [[Trashigang]] and [[Dewangiri]]. The [[Monpa people|Monpa]]s of Tibet would visit [[Tangla]] and [[Udalguri]] to acquire silk known as Alaine from the [[Bodo people|Bodo]]s and [[Rabha|Rava]]s.<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=40"/> and also to weave their dyed silk in the villages, the final product was later sold in Monpa villages in present Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet.<ref name="harvcol|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=40"/>

===Darrang Raja and under the Kingdom of Bhutan===
[[File:Southern border of Bhutan1985.jpg|thumb|280px|Southern Boundary of Bhutan contained the present Udalguri district before the 1865 [[Duar War]]]]

Under the Darrang Raja, an officer named Guntia Baruah was appointed to manage the transaction with the [[Ngalop people|Bhutias]] who handed it over to the [[Borphukan]] at [[Guwahati]], the Bhutias appointed [[Dzongpen|Dzongpon]] to do the same.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=40}}</ref>

According to Bhutanese chronicles, the region till the east in Killing Duars fell under the authority of the Bhutias in 1189.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=41}}</ref>

From the early 17th-century present-day Udalguri district was governed jointly by the [[Druk Desi]] ([[Dzongkha]]: འབྲུག་སྡེ་སྲིད་) of [[Kingdom of Bhutan|Bhutan]] and the [[Sutamla]] of the [[Ahom kingdom]].<ref>"While Bhutan generally enjoyed absolute possession of the eleven Bengal duars, its control over the seven Assam duars was not straightforward. Even during the Ahom rule, the Bhutanese did not gain full possession of the duar tracts. As a result, they are said to have harassed the population along the Assam frontiers with persistent incursions and raids."{{harvcol|Phuntsho|2013|p=394}}</ref> Under the Bhutan government, it was under the authority of [[Penlop of Trongsa|Tongso Penlop]] who appointed [[Subahdar|Subah]] who in turn appointed Laskar, [[Mandal|Mondol]] or Uzir to look after the activities of the Duars.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=32}}</ref>

In 1841, the [[East India Company|British East company]] removed the Bhutanese influence and the area was later merged to undivided [[Darrang district]] of Assam of the [[India|Indian Union]] in 1949.<ref>{{harvcol|Das|1998|p=26}}</ref>

===Present===
This district was formed on 14 June 2004<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref> as one of the four districts under the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]. This district was carved out by bifurcating [[Darrang district]].<ref name='Statoids'/> The territory of the present district was earlier Udalguri sub-division of the undivided district.

Late Jojaram Sharma was one of the prominent India freedom fighters from Assam lived here.

==Tourism==
Other than the multitude of culture and tradition of the various ethnic communities, the district has several tourist places. Some of the important ones are,

# Part of [[Orang National Park]]
# [[Bathouism|Bathou]] temple and Research centre in Odalguri District (All Bathou Mahasabha)
# Old [[Namghar]] (Assamese Worship Place) in Udalguri Town
# Tea gardens at Kachubil
# Old [[Hanuman]] temple in Udalguri Town
# Old [[Baptists|Baptist Christian church]] in Udalguri Town
# [[Bhairabkunda]] Picnic Spot<ref>{{Cite web|title=HOME|url=http://udalguri.gov.in/bhairabkunda.htm|website=udalguri.gov.in|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>
# [[Bhairabkunda|Gethsemane Man-made Forest]] (Bhairabkunda)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afforestation changes life and landscape: How a district in Assam lost a forest, gained a future|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/afforestation-changes-life-and-landscape-how-a-district-in-assam-lost-a-forest-gained-a-future-4997615/|date=2017-12-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Unknown saviors of the environment: Thirty-five men create a forest from barren land|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/01/unknown-saviors-of-the-environment-thirty-five-men-create-a-forest-from-barren-land/|date=2020-01-24|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Forest Management Committee attempts transforming 60 hectares land into green jungle- Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/joint-forest-management-committee-attempts-transforming-60-hectares-land-into-green-jungle/|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2019-07-15|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Man-made forest at Bhairabkunda|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/17310|date=2016-07-20|website=Assam Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=72,515|13=1911|14=72,634|15=1921|16=81,624|17=1931|18=1,02,727|19=1941|20=1,38,593|21=1951|22=1,72,046|23=1961|24=2,78,788|25=1971|26=4,39,022|27=1991|28=6,92,919|29=2001|30=7,58,746|31=2011|32=8,31,668|source=Census of India<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the 2011 census Udalguri district's population is 831,668, an increase of 9.8% over 2001.<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Udalguri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/246/download/634/DH_2011_1827_PART_A_DCHB_UDALGURI.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The literacy rate is 66.6% and the gender ratio is 966.<ref name=districtcensus/> There are {{convert|449|PD/sqkm}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> 4.52% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.55% and 32.15% of the population respectively.

The district is multi-ethnic and multi-religious in nature. [[Bodo people|Bodos]] forms the largest ethnic group in the district with 31.76% of the district's population. Other ethnic groups with significant population are [[Tea-tribes of Assam|Adivasi]] community with almost 23.12% and [[Bengali Muslims]] with 12% of the district's population. Assamese and [[Bengali Hindus]] resides mainly in urban areas. There is also a presence of sizeable Nepali speaking [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] community with estimated 5% of the district's population thinly scattered across the Udalguri district.

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Udalguri district (2011)<ref name=Religion/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|73.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|13.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|green|12.66}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.45}}
}}
Followers of [[Bathouism]] are counted under [[Hindus]] , no government data gives their exact number.
Hindus are the largest group in the district, making up 612,425 which is 73.64% of the population. There are also 110,215 Christians (13.25%) and 108,319 Muslims (12.66%) in the district.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11365/download/14478/DDW18C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Udalguri district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value1 = 26.90 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value2 = 22.62 |color2 = purple
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 19.43 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value4 = 7.88 |color4 = burlywood
|label5 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value5 = 5.60 |color5 = pink
|label6 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value6 = 2.79 |color6 = darkturquoise
|label7 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value7 = 2.64 |color7 = firebrick
|label8 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value8 = 2.08 |color8 = mediumseagreen
|label9 = [[Hindi]] |value9 = 1.66 |color9 = orange
|label10 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value10 = 1.57 |color10 = teal
|label11 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value11 = 1.45 |color11 = gold
|label12 = Others |value12 = 5.38 |color12 = grey
}}
According to the 2011 census, 26.90% of the population speaks [[Boro language (India)|Boro]], 22.62% [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 19.43% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 7.88% [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 5.60% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 2.79% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.64% [[Odia language|Odia]], 2.08% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 1.66% [[Hindi]], 1.57% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] and 1.45% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population By Mother Tongue: Assam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10195/download/13307/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
This district is bounded by [[Bhutan]] and [[West Kameng|West Kameng district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in the north, [[Sonitpur district]] in the east, [[Darrang district]] in the south and [[Tamulpur district]] in the west. Area of the district is 1852.16 km2.<ref>[http://assamgovt.nic.in/districts/district.asp?distID=19 Assam state website – Udalguri district]</ref>

===Major Towns===
Odalguri is the largest town in Udalguri district. Other towns include [[Tangla]], [[Rauta|Rowta]], Mazbat, [[Kalaigaon]], Paneri, Khairabari and Bhergaon.

===Wildlife Sanctuary===
*[[Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Part)

===Flora and fauna===
In 1990, Udalguri district became home to [[Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|26.22|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Assam|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=23 August 2011}}</ref> It shares the park with four other districts.

Animals like elephants, Hog Deer, Tiger, Wild Boar, Civet, etc. are found. Birds like Bengal Florican, Black-necked Stork, Greater Adjudant Stork, Pallas's Fishing Eagle and Reptiles such as King Cobra, Python, Paradise Flying Snake,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flying snake found at Bhairabkunda|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/16643|date=2016-04-03|website=Assam Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> Lessemys Punctate, etc. can also be found.
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Tangla (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 31.7
| Feb record high C = 32.5
| Mar record high C = 38.0
| Apr record high C = 38.2
| May record high C = 38.9
| Jun record high C = 39.6
| Jul record high C = 38.1
| Aug record high C = 39.0
| Sep record high C = 38.8
| Oct record high C = 37.0
| Nov record high C = 33.4
| Dec record high C = 32.1
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 20.9
| Feb high C = 23.3
| Mar high C = 25.4
| Apr high C = 28.6
| May high C = 29.0
| Jun high C = 30.2
| Jul high C = 30.5
| Aug high C = 31.0
| Sep high C = 29.8
| Oct high C = 28.6
| Nov high C = 26.9
| Dec high C = 22.7
| year high C = 27.5
| Jan low C = 11.2
| Feb low C = 12.4
| Mar low C = 15.2
| Apr low C = 19.0
| May low C = 20.9
| Jun low C = 23.5
| Jul low C = 24.8
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 24.0
| Oct low C = 21.8
| Nov low C = 18.5
| Dec low C = 12.9
| year low C = 19.4
| Jan record low C = 3.6
| Feb record low C = 5.3
| Mar record low C = 8.4
| Apr record low C = 10.8
| May record low C = 15.7
| Jun record low C = 17.4
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 20.3
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 11.3
| Nov record low C = 9.2
| Dec record low C = 5.2
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 8.1
| Feb rain mm = 16.2
| Mar rain mm = 48.3
| Apr rain mm = 267.4
| May rain mm = 251.1
| Jun rain mm = 335.3
| Jul rain mm = 326.6
| Aug rain mm = 247.9
| Sep rain mm = 187.6
| Oct rain mm = 116.7
| Nov rain mm = 14.2
| Dec rain mm = 5.6
| year rain mm = 1825.0
| Jan rain days = 1.0
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 3.8
| Apr rain days = 13.6
| May rain days = 11.5
| Jun rain days = 15.2
| Jul rain days = 14.1
| Aug rain days = 10.3
| Sep rain days = 9.6
| Oct rain days = 5.2
| Nov rain days = 1.0
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 87.4
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

==Administration==
===Divisions===
The district has two sub-divisions: Udalguri and Bhergaon. These two sub-divisions are further divided into 5 revenue circles: Udalguri, Majbat, [[Harisinga]], [[Kalaigaon]], [[Khoirabari]].

Three Vidhan Sabha constituencies of this district are [[Paneri]], Majbat, and Udalguri. All of these are part of [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency]].{{fact|date=February 2025}}

Apart from these three Legislative Assembly constituencies, majority of the villages under Kalaigaon Legislative Assembly Constituency and a few villages fall under the Borsola Legislative Assembly Constituency fall in Udalguri District. While Kalaigaon LAC is a part of Mangaldai Lok Sabha Constituency and Borsola LAC is a part of [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur Lok Sabha Constituency]].{{fact|date=February 2025}}

Dhansiri Irrigation Project, the largest irrigation project in the region is situated in Udalguri.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Das|first=Smriti|date=1998|title=Assam Bhutan relations with special reference to duars from 1681 to 1949|type=PhD|publisher=Guwahati University|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|hdl=10603/67909|archive-date=16 March 2023|access-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316100526/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/195|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite book|last1=Mizuno|first1=Kazuharu|last2=Tenpa|first2=Lobsang|title=Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India : A Study of Monpa|year=2015|publisher=Springer
}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Phuntsho |first1=Karma |title=The History of Bhutan |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9781908323583}}

==External links==
* [https://udalguri.assam.gov.in Udalguri district official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419051307/https://udalguri.assam.gov.in/ |date=19 April 2025 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Udalguri district
|North = {{flag|Bhutan}}
|Northeast = [[West Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|East = [[Sonitpur district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Darrang district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Kamrup district]]
|Northwest = [[Baksa district]]
}}

{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26|44|42.72|N|92|05|46.32|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Udalguri district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Bodoland]]

Mangyu temple complex

2026-03-25T23:21:31Z

Nobranding1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Mangyu temple complex
|image =Royal drinking scene at the entrance of the western monastery at Mangyu, 11th to 13th century CE.jpg
|alt =
|caption =Royal drinking scene at the entrance of the monastery at Mangyu, 16th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |page=244 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254/A_Turk_in_the_Dukhang_Comparative_Perspectives_on_Elite_Dress_in_Medieval_Ladakh_and_the_Caucasus}}</ref>
|map_type = South Asia#India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|34|14|0.41|N|77|3|15.07|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location in Ladakh
|map_size = 250
|location=[[Giramangu|Mangyu]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
|founded_by =
| founded = 12th/13th century
|date_renovated =
|sect =
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama =
|no._of_monks =
|architecture = [[Tibet]]an [[Architecture]]
|festivals=
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Mangyu temple complex''' located in the village of [[Giramangu|Mangyu]], Ladakh is one of the earliest in [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. Believed to be contemporaneous to the temples at [[Alchi Monastery]] and [[Sumda Chun]], the earliest structures are supposed to be dating to the late 12th/early 13th century<ref>{{cite book|last=Luczanits|first=Christian|title=Buddhist sculpture in clay : early western Himalayan art, late 10th to early 13th centuries|year=2004|publisher=Serindia Publ.|location=Chicago|isbn=9781932476026|pages=167–174}}</ref> but as per the oral history and local belief the temples were established by [http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Rinchen-Zangpo/10199 Lotsawa Rinchen Zangpo].<ref>{{cite web|last=sTopgays|first=Sonam|title=Monasteries of Ladakh and places of interest|url=http://www.sonam.info/Ladakh/Monasteries.asp|publisher=Sonam Adventure Tour & Travel|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> Main temple complex comprise two early temples (Sakyamuni and Vairocana temples) situated adjacent to each other and two chapels, one each on either side of the temples, that house large images of two armed and four armed ''[[Maitreya]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Van Ham|first=Peter|title=Heavenly Himalayas : the murals of Mangyu and other discoveries in Ladakh|year=2010|publisher=Prestel|location=Munich|isbn=9783791345437}}</ref> It lies 22 {{convert|22|km}} southwest of [[Alchi Monastery]].

The Sakyamuni temple with a beautiful image of [[Sakyamuni]] on the North West wall is also known as ''Chenrezig Lakhang'' where as Vairocana temple with assemblage of sculptures on NW wall is known as ''Nangbar Nangzad'' <ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Eva|title=Pristine Mangyu?|url=http://artistfulbrightindia.wordpress.com/2013/12/07/pristine-mangyu/|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> and the chapels on either side are known as ''Chamba Lakhang.'' Another two important structures are early period painted chortens, one of them known as four image Chorten due to the four sculptures inside it. While the early structures are under the administration of [[Likir Monastery]] with one resident monk appointed by the monastery carrying out religious activities in the temples, a new temple built slightly above these early structures is under the administration of [[Matho Monastery]].

Unfortunately some of the wall paintings were lost and some were repainted in the past, especially those in the Vairocana temple. But still there are good quality authentic paintings at this site and at present Likir monastery is very keen to conserve them without any repainting/retouching which is commendable.

[http://vimeo.com/80905321 Video of Vairocana temple]

==Access and amenities==

Mangyu village is accessible by motorable roads and is about 70 km from Leh, a journey that will take about 2 hours by cabs. Important monasteries and sites like Basgo, Saspol, Alchi are all in this route with minor deviations. There are bus services from Leh to Mangyu twice a week. Mangyu is at a distance of about 15 km from Alchi monastery.

In 2013 there were three shops in the village with various stationery items that include water, bottled soft drinks, tea, noodles, biscuits etc. There is a good home stay, Mangyu guest house, with three rooms, two with attached toilets.

==Conservation==

Architectural conservation of all the temples and chapels and conservation of paintings of Sakyamuni temple were carried out by the Architectural and Material Heritage divisions of the Delhi chapter of [https://web.archive.org/web/20131222073353/http://www.intach.org/index.asp Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage] (INTACH). The project carried out in five seasons was funded by [[Shinnyo-en]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese funding for INTACH|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/japanese-funding-for-intach/article1298868.ece|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=31 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing details of funds received & spent by INTACH under FCRA during 2013-14 (upto 18.9.2013)|url=http://www.intach.org/FCRA.asp?links=partners5|publisher=INTACH|accessdate=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227035920/http://www.intach.org/FCRA.asp?links=partners5|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="280px">
File:Manjusri Mangyu Sakyamuni Temple.JPG|Manjusri, SW wall, Sakyamuni Temple Mangyu.
File:Mangyu 011.jpg|Female deity - Mangyu, Ladakh.
File:Painting four image chorten Mangyu.jpg|Wall painting, Four Image Chorten, Mangyu
</gallery>

== See also==

* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Tourism in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]

Surat Airport

2026-03-11T11:00:51Z

Nobranding1: small fix

{{short description|Airport serving Surat, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Surat Airport
| image = Surat International Airport.jpg
| image-width = 300
| IATA = STV
| ICAO = VASU
| FAA =
| type = Public
| owner-oper = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Surat]]
| location = Magdalla, Surat, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| hub =
| focus_city =
| elevation-f = 16
| elevation-m =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|7|3.57|N|072|44|42.93|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label = '''STV'''
| r1-number = 04/22
| r1-length-f = 9530
| r1-length-m = 2905
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 1,724,821 ({{increase}} 24.9%)
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 16,631 ({{increase}} 11.3%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 6,885 ({{increase}} 16.1%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/surat|Surat Airport}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Gujarat
}}

'''Surat Airport'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Surat Airport |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/surat |website=Airport Authority of India |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref> {{airport codes|STV|VASU}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Magdalla]], situated 12 km (6.4 mi) from the city centre. It has a total area of 770 acres (312 ha) and is the second busiest airport in Gujarat after [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], in terms of both aircraft movements and passenger traffic. It was awarded the status of a [[customs airport]] on 9 June 2018, and the cabinet approved the international status on 15 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Deepak|title=CUSTOM NOTIFICATION: SURAT AIRPORT NOTIFIED AS CUSTOMS AIRPORT|url=https://studycafe.in/custom-notification-notifying-surat-airport-as-customs-airport-27944.html|work=StudyCafe|date=9 June 2018|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Union Cabinet gives nod, Surat airport goes international |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/union-cabinet-gives-nod-surat-airport-goes-international/articleshow/106036220.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Government of Gujarat]] built the airport in the early 1970s. Safari Airways, owned by [[Vijaypat Singhania]] of the [[Raymond Group]], operated regular services to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Bombay]] and [[Bhavnagar Airport|Bhavnagar]] using [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft in the 1970s.<ref name="RA1">{{cite web |title=AVIATION HISTORY |url=https://raymondaviation.com/Home/History | access-date=30 January 2024 }}</ref> During the 1990s, [[Vayudoot]] and [[Gujarat Airways]] flew to Surat, but discontinued their flights in May 1994 and January 2000, respectively. The airport, with a {{convert|1400|m|adj=on}} airstrip and an adjoining {{convert|60|x|40|m}} apron, was then transferred to the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) in 2003, who began to modernise the airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Airports Authority of India Starts Work on Surat Airport |url=http://archives.californiaaviation.org/airport/msg29273.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=16 February 2004 |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115225339/http://archives.californiaaviation.org/airport/msg29273.html |archive-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> After a failed initial attempt in July 2004 to connect Surat with Mumbai and Bhavnagar due to poor airport infrastructure,<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Deccan's maiden Surat flight washed out |url=http://indiaabroad.com/money/2004/jul/19deccan.htm?zcc=rl |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126083644/http://indiaabroad.com/money/2004/jul/19deccan.htm?zcc=rl |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[rediff.com]] |date=19 July 2004 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> the now-defunct airline [[Air Deccan]] operated an [[ATR 42|ATR-42]] aircraft daily from November 2004 to July 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Deccan suspends Surat operations |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/air-deccan-suspends-surat-operations/215865/ |work=[[Business Standard]] |date= 18 July 2005 |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2007, the airport's 1,400-metre-long runway was extended to 2,250 metres to enable the landing of larger aircraft. Subsequently, commercial services resumed on 6 May 2007, with an [[Indian Airlines]] [[Airbus A319]] flight to [[Delhi]] flagged off by the former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]], [[Praful Patel]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Magdalla airport upgraded for connectivity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Magdalla-airport-upgraded-for-connectivity/articleshow/4197521.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-26/surat/28006044_1_magdalla-airport-terminal-building-full-fledged-airport |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |date= 26 February 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 October 2011}}</ref> However, in October 2007, the runway was reportedly damaged due to poor quality of work during its extension.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |title=Runway damage scars still hover over Surat airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Runway-damage-scars-still-hover-over-Surat-airport/articleshow/12009318.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 February 2012 |access-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Runway-damage-scars-still-hover-over-Surat-airport/articleshow/12009318.cms |archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref> As a result, a limitation was imposed on the runway not to allow more than two operations of aircraft weighing over 75,000 kg up to its rated capacity of 80,000 kg, until the runway was repaired.<ref name="TOI3">{{cite news |title=Runway extension work speeded up at airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Runway-extension-work-speeded-up-at-airport/articleshow/45155947.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 November 2014 |access-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Runway-extension-work-speeded-up-at-airport/articleshow/45155947.cms |archive-date=23 December 2017}}</ref>

In 2009, the AAI announced that the airport required 864 hectares of land, and the state government had allocated such land for the development. Planned improvements at the airport included a capacity to handle up to seven jets at a time and extending the runway to 3,810 metres. The extension work on the runway was scheduled to begin in 2009.<ref name="DNA">{{cite news |title=Surat airport: AAI asks govt for 864 ha |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surat-airport-aai-asks-govt-for-864-ha-1234934 |publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407152645/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surat-airport-aai-asks-govt-for-864-ha-1234934 |archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
The November 2014 collision of a [[Water buffalo|buffalo]] with a [[SpiceJet]] [[Boeing 737]] aircraft prompted the AAI to address safety issues at the airport and extend the runway from 2,250 metres to 2,905 metres, at a cost of {{INR}}500 million.<ref name="TOI3"/> The runway extension and repair were taken up in three phases. In the first phase, the runway was extended by 655 metres.<ref name="TOI4">{{cite news |title=Work to extend Surat airport runway to begin in July |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Work-to-extend-Surat-airport-runway-to-begin-in-July/articleshow/47746332.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 June 2015 |access-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202174443/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Work-to-extend-Surat-airport-runway-to-begin-in-July/articleshow/47746332.cms |archive-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>

The adjoining concrete apron measures 235 by 90 metres, and is linked by two taxiways to its sole runway that is oriented 04/22. The runaway initially 2,250 metres long and 45 metres wide, was extended to 2,905 metres in 2017. The airfield is equipped with night landing facilities and an [[Instrument Landing System]] (ILS), as well as navigational facilities like [[DVOR]]/[[Distance Measuring Equipment]] (DME) and a [[Non-Directional Beacon]] (NDB).<ref>{{citation |title=AAI website |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/surat_generalinfo.jsp |date=18 August 2010 |access-date=31 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128222352/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/surat_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref>

==Terminal==
[[File:Surat Airport arrival area.jpg|thumb|Arrivals area of the airport]]

=== Integrated terminal ===
The new airport terminal building was inaugurated on 27 February 2009 by the former Union Minister of State for Petroleum, [[Dinsha Patel]].<ref name = "DNA"/> The terminal building, constructed at the cost of {{INR}}400 million, has a total floor area of {{cvt|8,500|sqm}} and can handle 240 passengers per hour. It is equipped with CCTV cameras, two [[baggage carousel]]s in the arrivals hall, and one hand baggage X-ray machine, among other modern facilities, including two [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]] with [[Visual Docking Guidance System]] (VDGS), two elevators, two escalators, and a 120-seat lounge. Coffee Culture and other shops have been added.

=== Expanded terminal ===

The construction work for the expansion of the terminal started in March 2020. The budget for the project is ₹ 353 crore, and [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated it on 17 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates new terminal at Surat airport|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-terminal-at-surat-airport/articleshow/106057451.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=17 December 2023|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> It has a total area of {{convert|25,520|m2}}. It is capable of handling 1,800 passengers (1,200 domestic and 600 international) during peak hours daily, with a provision of handling a further 3,000 passengers at peak hours, and 5.5 million passengers annually, an increase from the earlier 3.5 million passengers. It is equipped with 20 check-in counters, 26 immigration counters, 5 [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]] from the existing three, baggage conveyors, and parking spaces to accommodate 475 cars. It is designed keeping the local culture and heritage in mind, so the facade is inspired by the old Kashta houses of [[Rander]], a coastal town in [[Surat district]]. It is also equipped with sustainability features and has been made eco-friendly with a Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) 4-star compliant, given for including a double-insulated roofing system, a low-heat gain double-glazing unit, canopies for energy saving, a rainwater harvesting system, sewage treatment and water treatment plants among others.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi to launch new terminal of Surat Airport today; check its features|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-launch-new-terminal-of-surat-airport-today-check-its-features-101702773866126.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 December 2023|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

The other infrastructure developments at the airport include an extension of the apron for an additional 10 bays for code 'C' type aircraft, and a full-length parallel taxiway connecting the runway.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAI issues work order for Surat airport terminal extension |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/aai-issues-work-order-for-surat-airport-terminal-extension/articleshow/69568753.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2019 |access-date=13 June 2019}}</ref> The expansion has transformed the airport into an international airport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Surat airport to be converted into an international one: Jayant Sinha |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8gY1FCMvlkenC2vSafJMSP/Surat-airport-to-be-converted-into-an-international-one-Jay.html |work=Mint |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Cargo terminal ===
The cargo terminal of the airport was inaugurated on 29 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Domestic cargo terminal at Surat airport to be inaugurated on January 29 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/domestic-cargo-terminal-at-surat-airport-to-be-inaugurated-on-jan-29/articleshow/73363411.cms |access-date=29 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=19 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) approved a plan for a modular cargo terminal at the airport. After the approval of the tender, work on the construction of the new cargo terminal was awarded to a Surat-based company for the {{convert|14000|ft2}} cargo complex with a ground-level area of {{convert|10800|ft2}} and a first-floor area of {{convert|3200|ft2}}, respectively. Construction of the cargo terminal was completed within the project completion period of 13 months. The AAI has future plans to build a cargo terminal at the airport and has reserved land for this purpose.<ref>{{cite news |title=News for Airlines, Airports and the Aviation Industry {{!}} CAPA |url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/surat-airport-considering-new-international-cargo-terminal-981147 |access-date=5 March 2020 |work=centreforaviation.com |date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list
| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}} | [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Saurabh|title=Air India Express to link Bangkok with Surat and Pune|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/air-india-express-to-link-bangkok-with-surat-and-pune/articleshow/115737275.cms|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2024|access-date=27 November 2024|language=en}}</ref> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express To Start Dubai Operations From Surat Airport|url=https://theblunttimes.in/air-india-express-to-start-dubai-operations-from-surat-airport/38563/|work=The Blunt Times|date=13 December 2023|access-date=14 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Dabolim Airport|Goa–Dabolim]],{{cn|date=November 2025}} [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1736278454876971377|title=Air India Express to launch Hyderabad-Surat flights from January 2024|work=JetArena|accessdate=17 December 2023}}</ref>{{bsn|date=November 2025}}

| [[IndiGo]] |
[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/DXB|title=Indigo Dubai-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Pune Airport|Pune]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/PNQ|title=Indigo Pune-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Delhi Airport|New Delhi]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/DEL|title=Indigo Delhi-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Chennai Airport|Chennai]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/MAA|title=Indigo Chennai-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Goa Airport|Panji]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/GOI|title=Indigo Goa-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Hyderabad Airport|Hyderabad]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/HYD|title=Indigo Hyderabad-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Jaipur Airport|Jaipur]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/JAI|title=Indigo Jaipur-Surat flights}}</ref>
[[Kolkata Airport|Kolkata]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.goindigo.in/information/flight-schedule.html#fs/STV/CCU|title=Indigo Kolkata via Jaipur Surat flights}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [[List of airports in Gujarat]]
* [[List of the busiest airports in India]]
* [[Airports in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Portalbar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Surat]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Surat]]
[[Category:Airports established in the 1970s]]
[[Category:1970s establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Airports in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Islam in India

2026-03-09T12:22:24Z

Nobranding1: refined information based on references for consistency

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Redirect2|Indian Muslims|Muslims in India|Islam in the Indian subcontinent|Islam in South Asia|the book|Muslims in India (book)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Islam in India
| population = {{increase}} '''est. 200 million'''<ref name="auto">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/muslim-population-in-2023-estimated-to-be-20-crore-lok-sabha/articleshow/101996898.cms | title=Muslim population in 2023 estimated to be 20 crore: Lok Sabha | newspaper=The Times of India | date=21 July 2023 }}</ref> (14.61% of the population)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/can-muslims-surpass-hindus-in-population-numbers-experts-say-practically-not-possible-1103547.html | title=Can Muslims surpass Hindus in population numbers? Experts say practically not possible }}</ref> ({{Circa|2023|lk=yes}})
| image = Jama Masjid, Delhi - IMGL5299 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 280px
| image_alt = Map of India showing the number of Muslims in each state according to the 2011 Indian census
| image_caption = [[Jama Masjid, Delhi]]
|region1 = [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|pop1 = 38,483,970<ref name="statista-numbers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/616679/muslim-population-by-state-and-union-territory-india/|title=India - Muslim population 2011|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>
|region2 = [[Islam in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|pop2 = 24,654,830<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region3 = [[Islam in Bihar|Bihar]]
|pop3 = 17,557,810<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region4 = [[Islam in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|pop4 = 12,971,150<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region5 = [[Islam in Assam|Assam]]
|pop5 = 10,679,350<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region6 = [[Islam in Kerala|Kerala]]
|pop6 = 8,873,470<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region7 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)#Religion|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|pop7 = 8,567,490<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region8 = [[Religion in Andhra Pradesh#Islam|Andhra Pradesh]] (includes present-day Telangana)
|pop8 = 8,082,410<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region9 = [[Religion in Karnataka#Islam|Karnataka]]
|pop9 = 7,893,070<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region10 = [[Islam in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|pop10 = 6,215,380<ref name=statista-numbers/>
|region11 = [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarat]]
|pop11 = 5,846,760<ref name=statista-numbers/>
| languages = {{Plainlist|
'''Liturgical''' {{Hlist| [[Quranic Arabic]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Al-Jallad |first=Ahmad |title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic |date= 30 May 2011|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004177024 |doi=10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000030|url-access=subscription }}</ref>}}
*'''Common''' {{Hlist| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why the 30% Muslim vote share is crucial in Bengal, explains Robin Roy|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/why-the-30-muslim-vote-share-is-crucial-in-bengal-explains-robin-roy|access-date=2021-11-08|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref> [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]], [[Nawayathi dialect|Nawayathi]], [[Beary language|Beary]], [[Malvani Konkani]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Meitei language|Pangon]], and other [[languages of India]]}}
* '''Traditional''' {{Hlist| [[Arwi]], [[Arabi Malayalam]]}}
}}
|rels= Majority [[Sunni Islam]] with minor [[Shia Islam|Shia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2008/en/78959 | title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - India : Muslims }}</ref>
|flag=}}
{{Islam in India}}
{{Islam by country}}
Islam is India's [[Religion in India|second-largest religion]], with 14.2% of the country's population, or approximately 172.2 million people, identifying as adherents of [[Islam]] in a 2011 census.<ref name="2011census-Religion-pca">{{Cite web|title=Religion PCA – India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0000.xlsx|access-date=26 October 2021 |work=[[2011 Census of India]]}} {{Cite web|title=Religion PCA |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_PCA.html|access-date=1 September 2021 |work=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> [[India]] has the [[Islam by country|third-largest]] number of [[Muslims]] in the world.<ref name="pewresearch.org-2015">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/|title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&q=what+percent+of+muslims+live+in+south+asia&pg=PA193 |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=1 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415448512 |page=193}}</ref> Most of India's Muslims are [[Sunni]], with [[Shia]] making up around 15% of the Muslim population.<ref name="USSD-IRFR" />{{Request quotation|date=September 2025}}

[[Islam]] first spread in southern Indian communities along the Arab coastal trade routes in [[Gujarat]] and on [[Malabar Coast]] shortly after the religion emerged in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Later, Islam arrived in the northern inland of the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 7th century when the Arabs invaded and conquered [[Sindh]]. It arrived in [[Punjab]] and [[North India]] in the 12th century via the [[Ghaznavids]] and [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids conquest]] and has since become a part of India's [[Culture of India|religious and cultural heritage]]. The Barwada Mosque in [[Ghogha]], [[Gujarat]] built before 623 CE, [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]] (629 CE) in [[Methala]], [[Kerala]] and [[Palaiya Jumma Palli]] (or The Old Jumma Masjid, 628–630 CE) in [[Kilakarai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] are three of [[List of mosques in India|the first mosques in India]] which were built by [[seafaring]] [[Arabs|Arab]] [[merchant]]s.<ref>Prof. Mehboob Desai,''Masjit during the time of Prophet Nabi Muhammed Sale Allahu Alayhi Wasalam, Divy Bhasakar, Gujarati News Paper, Thursday, column 'Rahe Roshan', 24 May, page 4''.</ref><ref>Kumar(Gujarati Magazine), Ahmadabad, July 2012, P. 444.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |date=6 November 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116041920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |archive-date=16 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms|title=India's oldest mosque and growing irrelevance of Muslim vote in Gujarat |date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |access-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209035951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/indias-oldest-mosque-and-growing-irrelevance-of-muslim-vote-in-gujarat/articleshow/61985802.cms |archive-date=9 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujaratexpert.com/blog/muslim-religious-places-in-gujarat/|title=Top 11 Famous Muslim Religious Places in Gujarat|last=Sharma|first=Indu|date=22 March 2018 |website=Gujarat Travel Blog|language=en |access-date=28 July 2019}} {{verify source|date=August 2019|reason=This ref was deleted ([[Special:Diff/911246496]]) by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite at [[Special:Permalink/911172027]] cite #23 - please verify the cite's accuracy and remove this {verify source} template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> According to the [[legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 CE at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last ruler (the Tajudeen Cheraman Perumal) of the [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632). Similarly, [[Tamil Muslim]]s on the eastern coasts also claim that they converted to Islam in Muhammad's lifetime. The local mosques date to the early 700s.<ref>{{citation |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8 |page=1}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
The vast majority of the Muslims in India belong to [[South Asian ethnic groups]]. However, some Indian Muslims were found with detectable, traceable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from the Middle East and Central Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Journal of Human Genetics |title=Diverse genetic origin of Indian Muslims: evidence from autosomal STR loci |journal=Nature |date=8 May 2009 |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=340–348 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2009.38 |pmid=19424286 |s2cid=153224 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="genestudy"/><ref name="Kashif-ul-Huda">{{cite web|author=Kashif-ul-Huda |url=https://www.radianceweekly.com/57/407/draught-of-character-in-the-high-ups/2007-05-06/science-amp-technology/story-detail/genetically-indianstory--of-indian-muslims.html |title=Genetically Indian: Story of Indian Muslims |publisher=Radiance Viewsweekly |date=6 May 2007 |access-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> However, they are found in very low levels.<ref name="Kashif-ul-Huda"/> Sources indicate that the castes among Muslims developed as the result of the concept of [[Kafa'ah|Kafa'a]].<ref name="EoI">{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=John Burton-Page |last1=Burton-Page |first1=John |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedie-de-l-islam/*-SIM_2884 |title=Hindū |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor1-first=Peri |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor2-first=Thierry |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor3-first=Clifford Edmund |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor4-first=Emeri Johannes |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |editor5-first=Wolfhart P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |publisher=Brill |date=2006 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960, p. 66</ref><ref name="Sikand">{{cite web |last=Singh Sikand |first=Yoginder |title=Caste in Indian Muslim Society |publisher=[[Hamdard University]] |url=http://stateless.freehosting.net/Caste%20in%20Indian%20Muslim%20Society.htm |access-date=18 October 2006 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072216/http://stateless.freehosting.net/Caste%20in%20Indian%20Muslim%20Society.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Those who are referred to as [[Ashraf]]s are presumed to have a superior status derived from their foreign [[Arabs|Arab]] ancestry,<ref name="pratap_caste">{{cite book| last = Aggarwal|first = Patrap|title = Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India|publisher=Manohar|year = 1978 }}</ref><ref name="zarina_social_strat">{{cite book
|last = Bhatty
|first = Zarina
|editor = M N Srinivas
|title = Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar
|access-date = 12 June 2007
|year = 1996
|publisher = Viking, Penguin Books India
|isbn = 0-14-025760-8
|pages = 249–253
|chapter = Social Stratification Among Muslims in India
|chapter-url = http://www.anti-caste.org/muslim_question/caste/bhatty_article.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312061216/http://www.anti-caste.org/muslim_question/caste/bhatty_article.html
|archive-date = 12 March 2007}}</ref> while the Ajlafs are assumed to be converts from [[Hinduism]], and have a lower status.

This social stratification, however, stands in direct contrast to the core Islamic theological principle of the equality of all believers. Orthodox Islamic doctrine holds that all Muslims constitute a single community ([[Ummah]]), and the Quran and Hadith strongly emphasize unity and brotherhood, rejecting divisions based on ethnicity or lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-An'am - 159 |url=https://quran.com/6/159 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> This principle is exemplified in the [[Farewell Sermon]] of the Prophet Muhammad, which states: "All mankind is from Adam and Eve. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white; except by piety and good action."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Sermon Of Prophet Muhammad(SAW) |url=https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/thelastsermon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119113104/https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/thelastsermon.html |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.iium.edu.my}}</ref> In light of these teachings, many Islamic scholars ([[Ulama|ulema]]) argue that the existence of a caste-like hierarchy is a cultural practice that contradicts the foundational tenets of the religion. However, other scholars and community leaders maintain that marrying within one's own caste or social group is preferable, a practice that remains widely observed in India.<ref name="dalitmuslims.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dalitmuslims.com/2008/08/caste-and-social-hierarchy-among-indian.html |title=Pasmanda Muslim Forum: Caste and Social Hierarchy Among Indian Muslims: M.A.Falahi (Interview) |publisher=Dalitmuslims.com |date=10 August 2008 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221902/http://www.dalitmuslims.com/2008/08/caste-and-social-hierarchy-among-indian.html |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&q=kasai+caste&pg=PA942 |title=People of India: Maharashtra |via= Google Books |access-date=14 September 2010|isbn=978-81-7991-101-3|year=2004|last1=Bhanu |first1=B. V. |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}</ref>

In two of the three genetic studies referenced here, in which is described that samples were taken from several regions of India's Muslim communities, it was again found that the Muslim population was overwhelmingly similar to the local non-Muslims associated, with some having minor but still detectable levels of gene flow from outside, primarily from Iran and Central Asia, rather than directly from the [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabian peninsula]].<ref name="genestudy">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2009/10/the-mostly-south-asian-origins-of-indian-muslims/|title=The mostly South Asian origins of Indian Muslims|work=Gene Expression|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082524/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2009/10/the-mostly-south-asian-origins-of-indian-muslims/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Research on the comparison of Y chromosomes of Indian Muslims with other Indian groups was published in 2005.<ref name="genestudy"/><ref name="Kashif-ul-Huda"/> In this study 124 Sunnis and 154 Shias of Uttar Pradesh were randomly selected for their genetic evaluation. Other than Muslims, Hindu higher and middle caste group members were also selected for the genetic analysis. Out of 1021 samples in this study, only 17 samples showed E haplogroup and all of them were Shias. The very minor increased frequency however, does place these Shias, solely with regards to their haplogroups, closer to Iraqis, Turks and Palestinians.<ref name="genestudy"/><ref name="Kashif-ul-Huda"/>

===Early history of Islam in India===
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Cheraman Juma Palli (ചേരമാൻ ജുമാ പള്ളി).jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Cheraman Juma Masjid|Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid]] on the Malabar Coast, probably the first Mosque in India.]]
Trade relations have existed between Arabia and the [[Indian subcontinent]] since ancient times. Even in the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|pre-Islamic era]], Arab traders used to visit the [[Konkan]]-[[Gujarat]] coast and [[Malabar Coast]], which linked them with the ports of [[Southeast Asia]]. Newly Islamised Arabs were Islam's first contact with India. Historians Elliot and Dowson say in their book ''[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]]'', that the first ship bearing Muslim travellers was seen on the Indian coast as early as 630 CE. H. G. Rawlinson in his book ''Ancient and Medieval History of India''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY3fPAAACAAJ |title=Ancient and Medieval History of India|last=Rawlinson|first=H. G.|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=9788186050798 |language=en}}</ref> claims that the first [[Arab Muslims]] settled on the Indian coast in the last part of the 7th century CE. This fact is corroborated by J. Sturrock in his ''Madras District Manuals''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNJnwEACAAJ |title=Madras District Manuals: South Canara|date=1894|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|language=en}}</ref> and by Haridas Bhattacharya in ''Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV''.<ref>{{ISBN|8187332050}} Cultural Heritage of India Vol. IV</ref> With the rise of Islam, Arabs emerged as a significant cultural force on the global stage. Through their extensive trade and commerce networks, Arab merchants and traders became key ambassadors of the faith, shared its teachings wherever they traveled.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jaihoon.com/456.htm|title=Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community {{!}} JAIHOON.COM|date=2009-11-03|work=JAIHOON.COM|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en-US|archive-date=22 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115327/http://www.jaihoon.com/456.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to popular tradition, [[Islam]] was brought to [[Lakshadweep]] islands, situated just to the west of [[Malabar Coast]], by [[Sheikh Ubaidullah|Ubaidullah]] in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of [[Andrott]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|publisher=lakshadweep.nic.in|access-date=1 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514235511/http://lakshadweep.nic.in/KL_History.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A few [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] (661–750 CE) coins were discovered from [[Kothamangalam]] in the eastern part of [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |author-link=Roland E. Miller |article=Mappila |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam |volume=VI |publisher=E. J. Brill |year=1988 |pages=458–66}}</ref> According to [[Malabar Muslims|Kerala Muslim]] tradition, the [[Masjid Zeenath Baksh]] at [[Mangalore]] is one of the oldest mosques in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/zeenath-baksh-masjid/|title=Zeenath Baksh Masjid {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid Mangalore {{!}} Zeenath Baksh Masjid History|date=2017-12-02|work=Karnataka.com|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 CE at [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Kerala]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], [[Madayi]], [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and [[Chaliyam]], were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref>

The first Indian [[mosque]], [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], is thought to have been built in 629 CE by [[Malik Deenar]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cheraman-Juma-Masjid-A-1000-year-old-lamp-burns-in-this-mosque/articleshow/47486911.cms |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: A 1,000-year-old lamp burns in this mosque|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2015 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> although some historians say the first mosque was in [[Gujarat]] in between 610 and 623 CE.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Oldest-Indian-mosque-Trail-leads-to-Gujarat/articleshow/55270285.cms |title=Oldest Indian mosque: Trail leads to Gujarat |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> In [[Malabar region|Malabar]], the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]s may have been the first community to convert to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA506|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |last=West|first=Barbara A.|date=2010-05-19|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438119137|language=en}}</ref> Intensive missionary activities were carried out along the coast and many other natives embraced Islam. According to legend, two travellers from India, Moulai [[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Abdullah]] (formerly known as Baalam Nath) and Maulai Nuruddin (Rupnath), went to the court of [[Imam]] [[Al-Mustansir Billah|Mustansir]] (427–487 AH)/(1036–1094 CE) and were so impressed that they converted to Islam and came back to preach in India in 467 AH/1073 CE. Moulai Ahmed was their companion. [[Abdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary)|Abadullah]] was the first [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|Wali-ul-Hind]] (saint of India). He came across a married couple named Kaka Akela and Kaki Akela who became his first converts in the [[Taiyabi Ismaili|Taiyabi]] ([[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]]) community.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Arab–Indian interactions===
{{see also|Zutt|Bawarij}}
Historical evidence shows that Arabs and Muslims interacted with Indians from the early days of Islam and possibly before the arrival of Islam in Arab regions. Arab traders transmitted the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|numeral system developed by Indians]] to the Middle East and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindu-Arabic-numerals|title=Hindu-Arabic numerals | History & Facts | Britannica|date=9 October 2024|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref>

Many [[Sanskrit]] books were translated into Arabic as early as the 8th century. [[George Saliba]] in his book "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance", writes that "some major Sanskrit texts began to be translated during the reign of the second [[Al-Mansur|Abbasid caliph al-Mansur]] (r. 754–775), if not before; some texts on logic even before that, and it has been generally accepted that the Persian and Sanskrit texts, few as they were, were indeed the first to be translated."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Boc0JjGRPF0C|title=Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance|last=Saliba|first=George|date=2007|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262195577|pages=74|language=en}}</ref>

Commercial intercourse between Arabia and India had gone on from time immemorial, with for example the sale of dates and aromatic herbs by Arabs traders who came to Indian shores every spring with the advent of the [[monsoon]] breeze. People living on the western coast of India were as familiar with the annual coming of Arab traders as they were with the flocks of monsoon birds. However, whereas monsoon birds flew back to Africa after a sojourn of few months, not all traders returned to their homes in the desert; many married Indian women and settled in India.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nsGAQAAIAAJ|title=A history of the Sikhs|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=1963|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=20|language=en}}</ref>

The advent of [[Muhammad]] (569–632 CE) transformed the previously [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|idolatrous]] and fragmented Arabs into a nation unified by faith and driven by a shared commitment to spreading the message of Islam. Arab merchant seamen, who had long brought goods like dates to South India, now introduced the new religion, which found a warm reception in the region. [[South India]]n communities welcomed the construction of mosques and facilitated cultural integration, including intermarriage between Arabs and local women. This led to the formation of a distinct Indian-Arabian Muslim community. By the early 9th century, Muslim missionaries in Malabar achieved a significant milestone when they inspired the conversion of the local king to Islam.<ref name="A history of the Sikhs-p20" />

According to historian Derryl N. Maclean, early connections between Sindh (in present-day Pakistan) and the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] supporters of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi. A [[Companions of the Prophet|companion of Muhammad]], Hakim traveled through Sind to [[Makran]] in 649 CE, reporting on the region to the Caliph. A devoted supporter of Ali, Hakim died in the [[Battle of the Camel]] alongside Sindhi [[Jats]].<ref>M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala - An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145-50, (April 1955).</ref> He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abu Talib]] have survived, as reported in Chachnama.<ref>Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref>{{efn|Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi's poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib: {{Blockquote|text=({{langx|ar|ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدة

ان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكم

وأن أشرف من اودي الزمان به

أهل العفاف و أهل الجود والكريم
<ref>چچ نامہ، سندھی ادبی بورڈ، صفحہ 102، جامشورو، (2018)</ref>
}}

"Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are truly of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".<ref>Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900).</ref>}}}}

During Ali's leadership, numerous Jats in Sind embraced Islam,<ref>Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "''The Shia Muslims''", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006).</ref> influenced by the efforts of figures like Harith ibn Murrah al-Abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, officers in Ali’s army. In 658 CE, they led campaigns against Sindhi [[Banditry|bandits]], pursuing them as far as Al-Qiqan (modern-day [[Quetta]]).<ref>Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> Sayfi was later killed in 660 CE near Damascus as one of seven loyal companions of Ali who were beheaded alongside [[Hujr ibn 'Adi|Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi]].<ref>Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean, "''Religion and Society in Arab Sind''", p. 126, Brill, (1989) {{ISBN|90-04-08551-3}}.</ref> in 660 CE, near Damascus.

===Political history of Islam in India===
{{See also|Medieval India|Muslim kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent|Indo-Persian culture|Delhi Sultanate|Mughal Empire|#Conversion controversy|l6=Conversion controversy}}
[[File:Taj mahal (1870s).jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], India. It was built under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in the 17th century, and represents [[Indo-Islamic architecture]].]]
[[File:Sindian Foot Soldier in his War Dress.png|thumb|A Sindhi Muslim]]
[[Muhammad bin Qasim]] (672 CE), at the age of 17, was the first Muslim general to invade the Indian subcontinent, managing to reach [[Sindh]]. In the first half of the 8th century CE, a series of battles took place between the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and the Indian kingdoms; resulted in [[Umayyad campaigns in India]] checked and contained to Sindh.<ref name=Crawford>{{cite book |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |first=Peter |last=Crawford |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=Barnsley, Great Britain |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84884-612-8 |page=216}}</ref>{{efn|"India" in this page refers to the territory of present-day [[India]].}} Around the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic empire, the [[Ghaznavids]], under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] (971–1030 CE), was the second, much more ferocious invader, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains. Eventually, under the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]]s, the Muslim army broke into the North Indian Plains, which lead to the establishment of the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1206 by the slaves of the Ghurid dynasty.<ref>{{citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|date=13 June 2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[One World Media|One World]]|isbn=978-1-85168-237-9|page=68}}</ref> The sultanate was to control much of [[North India]] and to make many forays into South India. However, internal squabbling resulted in the decline of the sultanate, and new Muslim sultanates such as the [[Bengal Sultanate]] in the east breaking off,<ref>Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|0-415-15482-0}}, pp 187–190</ref> while in the Deccan the [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu-speaking]] colonists from Delhi, who carried the [[Urdu language]] to the Deccan, founded the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanid Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&dq=colonists+dakhni&pg=PA42 |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700 |date=2015 |author=Richard Maxwell Eaton |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=41 |isbn=9781400868155 }}</ref> In 1339, [[Shah Mir]] became the first [[Muslim]] ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the ''Salatin-i-Kashmir'' or [[Shah Mir dynasty]].<ref name=imp-gazet-history>''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.</ref>

Under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], there was a synthesis of [[Indian Culture|Indian civilization]] with that of [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]], and the integration of the Indian subcontinent with a growing world system and wider international networks spanning large parts of [[Afro-Eurasia]], which had a significant impact on [[Indian culture]] and society.<ref name="asher-50-52">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|pages=50–52|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|page=50}}}}</ref> The time period of their rule included the earliest forms of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]],<ref>A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India," Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp 311-322</ref><ref>J. A. Page, [https://archive.org/stream/guidetothequtbde031434mbp#page/n15/mode/2up/search/temple Guide to the Qutb], Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, page 2-7</ref> increased growth rates in [[Demographics of India|India's population]] and [[Economic history of India|economy]],<ref name="maddison379">{{cite book|last=Madison|first=Angus|title=Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD: essays in macro-economic history|date=6 December 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-922720-4|page=379}}</ref> and the emergence of the [[Hindustani language]].<ref name="brown2008">{{Citation | title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |author1=Keith Brown |author2=Sarah Ogilvie | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-08-087774-7 | publisher=Elsevier | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC | quote=... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ...}}</ref> The Delhi Sultanate was also responsible for repelling the [[Mongol Empire]]'s potentially devastating [[Mongol invasions of India|invasions of India]] in the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref name="asher-50-51">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19|pages=19, 50–51}}</ref> The period coincided with a greater use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent. From the 13th century onwards, India began widely adopting mechanical technologies from the [[Islamic world]], including [[Water wheel|water-raising wheels]] with [[gear]]s and [[pulley]]s, machines with [[Cam (mechanism)|cam]]s and [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]],<ref name="Pacey">{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace | url-access = registration | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace/page/26 26]–29}}</ref> [[papermaking]] technology,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author-link1=Irfan Habib |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Pearson Education India]] |isbn=9788131727911 |page=96 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA96}}</ref> and the [[spinning wheel]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Pacey | first = Arnold | title = Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History | url = https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace | url-access = registration | orig-year = 1990 | edition = First MIT Press paperback | year = 1991 | publisher = The MIT Press | location = Cambridge MA | pages = [https://archive.org/details/technologyinworl0000pace/page/23 23]–24}}</ref>
[[File:Codice Casanatense Malabarese Muslims (cropped).jpg|thumb|Muslim family from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], 1540]]
In the early 16th century, northern India, being then under mainly Muslim rulers,<ref>{{citation|last=Robb|first=P.|title=A History of India|year=2001|publisher=London: Palgrave|isbn=978-0-333-69129-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete/page/80 80]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia00pete/page/80}}</ref> fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.<ref>{{citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|date=16 June 1998|title=A History of India|edition=1st|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-20546-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC|page = 164}}</ref> The resulting [[Mughal Empire]] did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices<ref>{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|pages = 90–91}}</ref> and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 17}} leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.<ref name="Asher-Talbot-2008-p152">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|page = 152}}</ref> Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under [[Akbar]], the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 17}} The Mughal state's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture<ref name="Asher-Talbot-2008-p158">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|page = 158}}</ref> and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 169}} caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.<ref name="Asher-Talbot-2008-p152"/> The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion,<ref name="Asher-Talbot-2008-p152"/> resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]].<ref name="Asher-Talbot-2008-p186">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C|date=1 January 2008|title=India Before Europe|edition=1st|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8|page = 186}}</ref> The Mughal Empire was the [[Economic history of the world#Proto-industrialization|world's largest economy]] in the 17th century, larger than [[Qing China]] and [[Western Europe]], with Mughal India producing about a quarter of the world's economic and industrial output.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|author-link=Angus Maddison|title=Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=rHJGz3HiJbcC}}|date=25 September 2003|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-10414-3|page=259}}</ref><ref name="williamson">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf|title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries|author=[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], David Clingingsmith|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|date=August 2005|access-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>

In the 18th century, Mughal power had become severely limited. By the mid-18th century, the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] had routed Mughal armies and invaded several Mughal provinces from the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |date=2010 |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA1941-IA82 |publisher=Macmillan India |page=Introduction 14 |isbn=978-0230328853}}</ref> By this time, the dominant economic powers in the Indian subcontinent were [[Bengal Subah]] under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] and the South Indian [[Kingdom of Mysore]] under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]], before the former was devastated by the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]],<ref name="Chaudhuri253">{{cite book|author=Kirti N. Chaudhuri|title=The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=253|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C|page=253}}|isbn=9780521031592|author-link=Kirti N. Chaudhuri}}</ref><ref name="Marshall73">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=P. J. Marshall|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=73|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=lIZrfokYSY8C|page=73}}|isbn=9780521028226|author-link=P. J. Marshall}}</ref> leading to the [[economy of the Kingdom of Mysore]] overtaking Bengal.<ref name="Parthasarathi45">{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |page=45 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=1_YEcvo-jqcC|page=45}}}}</ref> The [[British East India Company]] conquered [[Battle of Plassey|Bengal in 1757]] and then [[Anglo-Mysore Wars|Mysore in the late 18th century]]. The last Mughal emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]], had authority over only the city of Old Delhi ([[Shahjahanabad]]), before he was exiled to Burma by the [[British Raj]] after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="150px">

File:Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II with sons Mirza Jawan Bakht & Mirza Shah Abbas.jpg|Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II with sons Mirza Jawan Bakht & Mirza Shah Abbas
File:Akbar Shah II procession guards.png|Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II in British India
</gallery>

===Role in the Indian independence movement===
{{Further|Indian independence movement}}
The contribution of Muslim revolutionaries, poets and writers is documented in the history of India's struggle for independence. [[Titumir]] raised a revolt against the [[British Raj]]. [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] and [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] are other Muslims who engaged in this endeavour.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} [[Ashfaqulla Khan]] of [[Shahjahanpur]] conspired to loot the British treasury at [[Kakori]]([[Lucknow]]) (See [[Kakori conspiracy]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} [[Bacha Khan|Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan]] (popularly known as "Frontier Gandhi") was a noted nationalist who spent 45 of his 95 years of life in jail; [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah|Barakatullah of Bhopal]] was one of the founders of the [[Ghadar Party]], which created a network of anti-British organisations; Syed Rahmat Shah of the Ghadar Party worked as an underground revolutionary in France and was hanged for his part in the unsuccessful [[Ghadar Mutiny]] in 1915; Ali Ahmad Siddiqui of [[Faizabad]] (UP) planned the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] in [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and [[Myanmar|Burma]], along with Syed Mujtaba Hussain of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], and was hanged in 1917; [[Vakkom Abdul Khader]] was a member of Azad Hind Fauj and was hanged in 1943; Umar Subhani, an industrialist and millionaire from Bombay, provided [[Mahatma Gandhi]] with Congress expenses and ultimately died for the cause of independence. Among Muslim women, [[Begum Hazrat Mahal|Hazrat Mahal]], Asghari Begum, and Bi Amma contributed in the struggle for independence from the British.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Gandhi, Patel and Maulana Azad Sept 1940.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Azad]] was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a strong advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Shown here is Azad (left) with [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Sardar Patel]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1940.]]
Other famous Muslims who fought for independence against [[British Raj|British rule]] were [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Mahmud al-Hasan]] of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], who was implicated in the famous [[Silk Letter Movement]] to overthrow the British through an armed struggle, [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], former Shaikhul Hadith of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], Syed Mahmud, [[Ahmadullah Shah]], Professor [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah|Maulavi Barkatullah]], [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]], [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], [[Vakkom Abdul Khader]], Manzoor Abdul Wahab, [[Bahadur Shah II|Bahadur Shah Zafar]], Hakeem Nusrat Husain, [[Bacha Khan|Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan]], [[Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai]], Colonel Shahnawaz, [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], Ansar Harwani, Tak Sherwani, Nawab Viqarul Mulk, Nawab Mohsinul Mulk, Mustsafa Husain, V. M. Obaidullah, S.R. Rahim, [[Badruddin Tyabji]], [[Abid Hasan]] and Moulvi Abdul Hamid.<ref name="zakaria">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMlKSmWRQ8cC|title=Indian Muslims: Where Have They Gone Wrong?|last=Zakaria|first=Rafiq|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2004|isbn=9788179912010|pages=281–286|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ali">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC|title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities|last2=Roy|first2=Shantimoy|publisher=Hope India Publications|year=2006|isbn=9788178710914|pages=103–116|last1=Ali|first1=Asghar|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>

Until 1920, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], later the founder of [[Pakistan]], was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and was part of the independence struggle. [[Muhammad Iqbal]], poet and philosopher, was a strong proponent of Hindu–Muslim unity and an undivided India, perhaps until 1930. [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] was also active in the Indian National Congress in Bengal, during his early political career. [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]] and [[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]] struggled for the emancipation of the Muslims in the overall Indian context, and struggled for independence alongside [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Abdul Bari of Firangi Mahal. Until the 1930s, the Muslims of India broadly conducted their politics alongside their countrymen, in the overall context of an undivided India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

=== Partition of India ===
{{Main|Partition of India}}

{{Rquote|left|I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], opposing the division of India on the basis of religion in 1944.<ref name="Prasoon2010">{{cite book|author=Prof. Prasoon|title=My Letters.... M.K.Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qfEbNpv7ggC&pg=PA120|date=1 January 2010|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1109-9|pages=120}}</ref>}}
[[File:1946 Map of British India with areas demanded for separate Pakistan by Muslim League.jpg|thumb|260px|The Partition of British India was based on religion. The negotiations failed several times, with differing demands about boundaries, as shown in this map of 1946.]]
The [[Partition (politics)|partition]] of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] led to the creation of the [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (that later split into the [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] and the [[Bangladesh|People's Republic of Bangladesh]]) and [[Dominion of India|India]] (later [[India|Republic of India]]). The [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] had decided 15 August 1947, as the appointed date for the partition. However, Pakistan celebrates its day of creation on 14 August.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The partition of India was set forth in the Act and resulted in the dissolution of the British Indian Empire and the end of the [[British Raj]]. It resulted in a struggle between the newly constituted states of India and Pakistan and displaced up to 12.5 million people with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million (most estimates of the numbers of people who crossed the boundaries between India and Pakistan in 1947 range between 10 and 12 million).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C|title=A Concise History of Modern India|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|date=2006-09-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139458870|pages=221–222|language=en}}</ref> The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues [[India–Pakistan relations|their relationship]] to this day.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[File:Badshah Khan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] with [[Gandhi]] in 1930. Also known as ''Frontier Gandhi'', Khan led the non-violent opposition against the British Raj and strongly opposed the [[partition of India]].]]
The partition included the geographical [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|division of the Bengal province]] into [[East Bengal]], which became part of Pakistan (from 1956, [[East Pakistan]]). [[West Bengal]] became part of India, and a similar partition of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] became [[West Punjab]] (later the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]) and [[East Punjab]] (later the [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], as well as [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]). The partition agreement also included the division of Indian government assets, including the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]], the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], the [[Royal Indian Navy (1612–1950)|Royal Indian Navy]], the [[Rail transport in India#History|Indian railways]] and the central treasury, and other administrative services.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at the stroke of midnight on 14–15 August 1947. The ceremonies for the transfer of power were held a day earlier in [[Karachi]], at the time the capital of the new state of Pakistan, so that the last British [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]] of Burma, could attend both the ceremony in Karachi and the ceremony in [[Delhi]]. Thus, [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Pakistan's Independence Day]] is celebrated on 14 August and [[Independence Day (India)|India's]] on 15 August.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

After [[Partition of India]] in 1947, two-thirds of the Muslims resided in Pakistan (both east and West Pakistan) but a third resided in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/842925/muslims-in-indian-army|title=Muslims in Indian army|date=2010-03-15|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en}}</ref> Based on 1951 census of displaced persons, 7,226,000 Muslims went to Pakistan (both West and East) from India while 7,249,000 Hindus and Sikhs moved to India from Pakistan (both West and East).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/aug/14/when-muslims-left-pakistan-for-india-1642817.html |title=When Muslims left Pakistan for India |date=14 August 2017 |first1=Vivek |last1=Shukla |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Some critics allege that British haste in the partition process increased the violence that followed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJHTif-WA6oC|title=Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|date=2009-09-17|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199745043|language=en}}</ref> Because independence was declared ''prior'' to the actual Partition, it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order. No large population movements were contemplated; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border. It was a task at which both states failed. There was a complete breakdown of law and order; many died in riots, massacre, or just from the hardships of their flight to safety. What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history. According to Richard Symonds: At the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXVCAAAAYAAJ|title=The Making of Pakistan|last=Symonds|first=Richard|date=1950|publisher=National Committee for Birth Centenary Celebrations of Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan|pages=74|language=en}}</ref>

However, many argue that the British were forced to expedite the Partition by events on the ground.<ref name="Post-Imperial World-p72">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FciqvzTfAuEC|title=Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World|last=Butler|first=L. J.|date=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860644481|pages=72|language=en}}</ref> Once in office, Mountbatten quickly became aware if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war, which seemed increasingly likely, there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India.<ref name="Post-Imperial World-p72" /> Law and order had broken down many times before Partition with much bloodshed on both sides. A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy. After the Second World War, Britain had limited resources,<ref name="Post-Imperial World-p72" /> perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order. Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult circumstances.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9Qe_mLjs8MC|title=Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968|last=Hyam|first=Ronald|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521866491|pages=113|language=en}}</ref> The historian Lawrence James concurs that in 1947 Mountbatten was left with no option but to cut and run. The alternative seemed to be involvement in a potentially bloody civil war from which it would be difficult to get out.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DMS3r_BxOYC|title=The Rise and Fall of the British Empire|last=James|first=Lawrence|date=1997-09-15|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780312169855|language=en}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
In March 2025, the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] passed the [[The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025|Waqf (Amendment) Bill]], which sparked widespread protests from Muslim organizations and opposition parties. The bill, which seeks to reform the governance of [[Waqf|waqf properties]]; Muslim charitable endowments regulated under the Waqf Act, 1995; was introduced by the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in August 2024. The government claimed it aimed to improve transparency and accountability, including provisions for centralized registration, revised rules for property disputes, and the inclusion of non-Muslims on waqf boards. Critics, including the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and parliamentarian [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], argued that the bill was unconstitutional and infringed on minority rights. It was passed despite significant opposition in both houses and has since been challenged in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Waqf Bill: India's parliament passes Muslim land bill after fierce debates |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyn87ly1pqo |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India deploys troops after Waqf bill protests marred by violence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/13/3-dead-over-150-arrested-in-india-protests-over-muslim-properties-bill |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Islam by country#Countries}}

With around 204 million Muslims (2019 estimate), India's Muslim population is the [[Islam by country|world's third-largest]]<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21>{{citation |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/30/2288000/0/en/MRHB-DeFi-and-Coinsbit-India-Partner-to-Bring-Halal-Crypto-to-India-s-200-Million-Muslims.html |title=MRHB DeFi and Coinsbit India Partner to Bring Halal Crypto to India's 200 Million Muslims |date=29 August 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |agency=MRHB DeFi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bangladesh-wants-indias-entry-in-oic-as-observer/articleshow/64044678.cms |title=Make India observer in forum of Islamic nations: Bangladesh |date=6 May 2018 |first1=Indrani |last1= Bagchi |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the world's largest Muslim-minority population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Muslims-of-India.html|title=Muslims of India – World Directory of Minorities|website=faqs.org|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population.<ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref name="pewforum-17Nov17">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/chart/interactive-data-table-world-muslim-population-by-country/|title=World Muslim Population by Country|date=17 November 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Indian Muslims have a fertility rate of 2.36, the highest in the nation as per as according to year 2019-21 estimation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/total-fertility-rate-down-across-all-communities/articleshow/91407169.cms | title=Total fertility rate down across all communities | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=8 May 2022 }}</ref> In 2023, the [[Government of India]] estimated the Muslim population at 19.75 to 20 crore, out of 138.8 to 140.0 crore total population, thus constituting around (14.22%–14.28%) of the nation's population.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/projected-population-of-muslims-in-2023-to-stand-at-1975-crore-govt-in-lok-sabha/article67106178.ece | title=Projected population of Muslims in 2023 to stand at 19.75 crore: Govt in Lok Sabha | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslim-population-in-india-is-nearly-20-crore-in-2023-govt-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102011439.cms | title=Muslims india: Muslim population in India is nearly 20 crore in 2023: Govt in Lok Sabha - the Economic Times | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=21 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.siasat.com/muslim-population-in-india-touch-20-crore-in-2023-smriti-irani-in-ls-2647451/ | title=Muslim population in India to touch 20 crore in 2023: Smriti Irani in LS | date=21 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/smriti-irani-governments-statement-on-the-population-of-muslims-in-the-country-estimated-to-be-19-75-crore-population-2638754.html | title=Smriti Irani: Government's statement on the population of Muslims in the country, estimated to be 19.75 crore population }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehindustangazette.com/latest-news/muslim-population-is-19-75-crore-in-india-centre-16125 | title=Muslim population is 19.75 crore in India - Centre | date=22 July 2023 }}</ref>

'''Muslim populations (top 5 countries) Est. 2020'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/muslim-population-in-india.html|title=Muslim Population in India - Muslims in Indian States|website=www.indiaonlinepages.com|access-date=2017-10-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908034112/http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/muslim-population-in-india.html|archive-date=8 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=globenewswire-29Aug21/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.id/agamadanstatistik/umat |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut |date=15 May 2018 |work=Sensus Penduduk 2018 |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |trans-title=Population by Region and Religion |access-date=3 September 2020 |quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian (Protestant), Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religions. }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Muslim 231,069,932 (86.7), Christian (Protestant)20,246,267 (7.6), Catholic 8,325,339 (3.12), Hindu 4,646,357 (1.74), Buddhist 2,062,150 (0.72), Confucianism 71,999 (0.03), Other Religions/no answer 112,792 (0.04), Total 266,534,836</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162630/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2021|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-05-24|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf |title=Salient Features of Final Results Census-2017 |work=[[2017 Census of Pakistan]] |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !! Muslim Population !! Percentage of Total Muslim Population
|-
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}|| 249,070,000 || 12.2%
|-
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}|| 233,046,950 || 11.2%
|-
|'''{{Flag|India}}'''||'''207,000,000'''||'''10.9%'''
|-
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}|| 153,700,000 || 9.20%
|-
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}|| 110,263,500 || 5.8%
|}

Muslims represent a majority of the local population in [[Lakshadweep]] (96.2%) and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (68.3%). The largest concentration – about 47% of all Muslims in India, live in the three states of [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], [[Islam in West Bengal|West Bengal]], and [[Bihari Muslims|Bihar]]. High concentrations of Muslims are also found in the states of [[Andhra Muslims|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Islam in Assam|Assam]], [[Delhi]], [[Gujarati Muslims|Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Islam in Kerala|Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Marathi Muslims|Maharashtra]], [[Manipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Muslims|Telangana]], [[Tripura]], and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/5-myths-about-muslim-voters-in-modern-india/129628/ |title=5 myths about Muslim voters in modern India |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=5 October 2018 |first1=Rahul |last1=Verma}}</ref>

===Percentage by states===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
||[[File:Muslim In India By Percentage.png|alt=|thumb|480x480px|Muslims as percentage of total population in different states of India (2011 Census).]]
||[[File:District wise Muslim population percentage India census 2011.png|alt=|thumb|435x480px|Muslims as percentage of total population in different districts of India as per census 2011]]
|}
{{As of|2021}}, Muslims comprise the majority of the population in the only Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and in a Union territory [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="TheHindu-26Aug15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece|title=India's religions by numbers|date=26 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 January 2020 |language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 110 minority-concentrated districts, at least a fifth of the population are Muslim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/when-the-good-is-not-good-enough/article5733354.ece|title=When the good is not good enough |first1=Faizan |last1=Mustafa |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Muslim majority/significant states of India ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '' Muslim majority/significant populated states/territory of India as per [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]''<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=2011 Census |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016074944/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=2015-10-16 |website=census.india.gov |type=.xls file, download link}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu Muslim Population in India |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/religion.php |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|-
! States/territory
! Population ([[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]])
! (%)
|-
| '''[[Lakshadweep]]'''
| 62,268
| 96.58
|-
| '''[[Islam in Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]'''
| 8,567,485
| 68.31
|-
| '''[[Islam in Assam|Assam]]'''
| 10,679,345
| 34.22
|-
| '''[[Islam in West Bengal|West Bengal]]'''
| 24,654,825
| 27.01
|-
| '''[[Islam in Kerala|Kerala]]'''
| 8,873,472
| 26.56
|-
| '''[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]'''
| 38,483,967
| 19.26
|-
| '''[[Islam in Bihar|Bihar]]'''
| 17,557,809
| 16.87
|}

===Population growth rate===
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical Muslim population growth in India
|type =
|footnote = Parts of Assam were not included in the 1981 census data due to violence in some districts.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Jammu and Kashmir was not included in the 1991 census data due to militant activity in the state.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
|align =
|width =
|state =
|shading =
|pop_name =
| cols = 2
|percentages =
|source = <ref name=indiaspend-27Aug15>{{citation |author1=Indiaspend |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/muslim-population-growth-at-20-year-low-90625 |title=Muslim Population Growth At 20-Year Low |work=IndiaSpend |date=27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu-26Aug15"/>
| 1901 | 29,900,000
| 1911 | 30,800,000
| 1921 | 31,200,000
| 1931 | 35,800,000
| 1941 | 42,400,000
| 1951 | 35,400,000
| 1961 | 46,900,000
| 1971 | 61,400,000
| 1981 | 80,300,000
| 1991 | 106,700,000
| 2001 | 138,200,000
| 2011 | 172,200,000
}}
[[File:A refugee train, Punjab, 1947.jpg|thumb|A train of Muslim refugees in India leaving for Pakistan]]

Region-wise distribution of Muslims leaving for Pakistan ([[1951 Census of India|1951 Census]]) <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/price-of-partition-1503088847.html | title=Price of Partition | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=10 July 2022 }}</ref> -
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Region
! Population
! Percentage
|-
| [[East Punjab]]
| 5.3 million
| 73.61%
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]], and other parts of India
| 1.2 million
| 16.67%
|-
| [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]]
| 0.7 million
| 9.72%
|-
! Total
! 7.2 million
! 100%
|}

After India's Independence and the [[History of Pakistan (1947–present)|creation of Pakistan]] in 1947, the Muslim population in India declined from 42,400,000 (13.3%) in 1941 to 35,400,000 (9.8%) in the [[1951 census of India|1951 census]] due to the [[Partition of India]].<ref name=indiaspend-27Aug15/> The Pakistan Census, 1951 identified the number of displaced persons in the country at 7,226,600, presumably all Muslims refugees who had entered Pakistan from India.<ref name="Springer Science & Business Media">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2012 |isbn=978-9400953093 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ|title=The Partition of India|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|date=2009-07-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4|pages=2|language=en}}</ref> Around 35 million Muslims stayed back after Partition as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (then the [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime Minister]] of India) have ensured the confidence that they would be treated fairly in this democratic nation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=2017-08-17 |title=Opinion {{!}} India's Muslims and the Price of Partition |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/opinion/india-muslims-hindus-partition.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Minhaz |date=2020-08-27 |title=Nehru's noble intent of treating Muslims fairly put India on slippery slope of faux secularism |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/nehrus-noble-intent-of-treating-muslims-fairly-put-india-on-slippery-slope-of-faux-secularism/489174/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the [[Census in British India|1941 Census]], there were 94.5 million Muslims living in the [[Undivided India]] (inc. [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]), comprising 24 percent of the population. Partition, in fact, has eventually drained India of 60% of its Muslim population respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-critics-decry-india-mistreating-minorities-but-cant-whitewash-pak-islamisation/355536/ | title=Modi critics decry India mistreating minorities but mustn't whitewash Pakistan's Islamisation | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=30 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U86UDwAAQBAJ&q=Partition+drained+out+60%25+of+India%27s+muslim+population | title=Ethnic Cleansing: Migration and Population Transfer and the Jewish Paradigm of Survival Amidst Displacement | isbn=978-1-950015-44-3 | last1=Israeli | first1=Raphael | date=4 April 2019 | publisher=Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency }}</ref>

Former Minister of Law and Justice of India, [[Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar]] during partition, have advocated for a full population exchange between the Muslim and Hindu minorities of India and Pakistan for maintenance of law, order and peace in both the newly formed nations by citing- "That the transfer of minorities is the only lasting remedy for communal peace is beyond doubt" in his own written book "Pakistan or partition of India" respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B R Ambedkar's 'transfer of population as solution' to minority issues - extract from his book on Pakistan - South Asia Citizens Web |url=https://www.sacw.net/article2880.html |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.sacw.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan, or, The Partition of India, by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref><ref>Ministry of External Affairs
https://mea.gov.in › amb › V...PDF
'Pakistan or the Partition of India', Dr B. R. Ambedkar</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=2016-06-28 |title=The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page' |url=https://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

However, a complete population exchange did not occur and was made impossible due to the earlier signing of the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact]] in 1950, which sealed the borders of both nations completely. Ultimately, this led to the cessation of migration of refugees from both sides.<ref>Ministry of External Affairs
https://mea.gov.in › PortalPDF
Nehru-Liaquat Agreement</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=13/12/2019 |url=https://empowerias.com/blog/prelims-special-facts/nehru-liaquat-pact-empower-ias |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Empower IAS}}</ref> As a result of this, a large number of [[1951 Census of India|Muslims in India]], a significant number of Hindus in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) and a large number of [[Hinduism in Sindh|Hindus in the Sindh province]] of [[West Pakistan]] remained. Meanwhile, the [[East Punjab]] state of India and the [[West Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]] saw a full population exchange between Muslim and Hindu/Sikh minorities during the time of [[Partition of Punjab|Partition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No, Pakistan's non-Muslim population didn't decline from 23% to 3.7% as BJP claims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-bangladesh-non-muslim-population-citizenship-amendment-bill-bjp-1627678-2019-12-12 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=India Today |date=12 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Illegal immigrants===
{{See also|Rohingya refugees in India|Bangladeshis in India|Illegal immigration to India}}

India is the home of some 40,000 illegal [[Rohingya Muslim]] refugees, with approximately 18,000 registered with the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR). But even people with refugee cards are being detained across India due to security concerns.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maktoobmedia.com/features/unending-exodus-crackdown-pushes-indias-rohingya-refugees-to-flee/#:~:text=Despite%20this%20MHA%20estimates%20about,are%20being%20detained%20in%20India | title=Unending exodus: Crackdown pushes India's Rohingya refugees to flee | date=10 November 2023 }}</ref> A small number of [[Uyghurs]] also reside in India, primarily in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Around 1,000 illegal Uyghur refugees arrived in India in 1949 to escape the communist regime.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2016/12/18/for-uighur-exiles-kashmir-is-heaven | title=For Uighur exiles, Kashmir is heaven }}</ref> On 17 November 2016, Union Minister of State for Home, [[Kiren Rijiju]], stated in the [[Rajya Sabha]] that, according to available inputs, there are around 20 million (2 crore) illegal Bangladeshi migrants staying in India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-crore-bangladeshi-immigrants-illegally-staying-in-india-centre-informs-rajya-sabha/articleshow/55457903.cms | title=Two crore Bangladeshi immigrants illegally staying in India, Centre informs Rajya Sabha | newspaper=The Times of India | date=17 November 2016 }}</ref> Illegal immigrants in Assam are estimated to number between 16 lakh and 84 lakh, in a total population of 3.12 crore according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/864879/illegal-bangladeshi-migrants-are-not-responsible-for-the-increase-in-assam-s-muslim-population | title=Fact check: Are illegal Bangladeshi migrants responsible for increase in Assam's Muslim population? | date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> A report published by DNA has revealed that the Bangladeshi-origin Muslim population has grown to 5–7% in bordering districts of [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal|Bengal]] simultaneously.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bangladeshi-muslim-population-grows-5-7-in-assam-and-west-bengal-2015180 | title=Bangladeshi Muslim population grows 5-7% in Assam and West Bengal }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/assam-muslim-population-in-border-districts-rising-need-to-stregthen-intelligence-says-cm-himanta-5690071.html | title=Assam: Muslim Population in Border Districts Rising, Need to Stregthen Intelligence, Says CM Himanta | work=News18 | date=4 August 2022 }}</ref> Muminul Aowal, an eminent Assamese Muslim Minority Development Board Chairman, has reported that Assam has about 1.3 crore Muslims of which around 90 lakh are of Bangladeshi origin.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp | title=BJP wants to segregate Assamese Muslims from Bangladeshi Muslims, but some ask how | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=12 February 2020 }}</ref> According to Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]], among the 19 lakh individuals excluded from the Assam [[National Register of Citizens]], 7 lakh are Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1065331/7-lakh-muslims-5-lakh-bengali-hindus-left-out-of-assam-nrc-says-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma | title=7 lakh Muslims among the 19 lakh left out of Assam NRC, says CM Himanta Sarma | date=18 March 2024 }}</ref> Dr. Kuntal Kanti Chattoraj, HOD of Geography at P.R.M.S. Mahavidyalaya, Bankura, estimates that around 6.28 million Bangladeshi Muslims have migrated to West Bengal over the decades.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattoraj |first=Kuntal Kanti |date=2018 |title=Impact of Migration and Infiltration from Bangladesh to West Bengal: A Historical and Demographic Perspective |url=http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:rjhss&volume=9&issue=4&article=027 |journal=Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=870 |doi=10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00145.6 |issn=0975-6795|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Projections===

Muslims in India have a much higher [[total fertility rate]] (TFR) compared to that of other religious communities in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/fertility-rate-indian-muslim-women-beat-others.html|title=Fertility rate: Indian Muslim women beat others|last=Pioneer|first=The|work=The Pioneer|access-date=2017-07-28|language=en}}</ref> Because of higher birthrates the percentage of Muslims in India has risen from about 9.8% in 1951 to 14.2% by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2021/09/21/population-growth-and-religious-composition/ |title = Population growth and religious composition in India {{!}} Pew Research Center|date = 21 September 2021}}</ref> However, since 1991, the largest decline in fertility rates among all religious groups in India has occurred among Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/karimpolicyseminar.aspx|title=Changes in Fertility Rates Among Muslims in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|website=prb.org|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313061221/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/karimpolicyseminar.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Sachar Committee|Sachar Committee Report]] shows that the Muslim Population Growth has slowed down and will be on par with national averages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-population-may-decline-Sachar-report/articleshow/672785.cms|title=Muslim population may decline: Sachar report|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> The Sachar Committee Report estimated that the Muslim proportion will stabilise at between 17% and 21% of the Indian population by 2100.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/705283/five-charts-that-puncture-the-bogey-of-muslim-population-growth |title=Five charts that puncture the bogey of Muslim population growth |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=28 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> [[Pew Research Center]] have projected that India will have 311 million Muslims by 2050, out of total 1.668 billion people, thus constituting 18.4% of the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/21/by-2050-india-to-have-worlds-largest-populations-of-hindus-and-muslims/|title=By 2050, India to have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims|date=21 April 2015 |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-india-will-surpass-china-s-population-but-data-shows-decreasing-fertility-rate-news-237568|title=Explained: India Will Surpass China's Population But Data Shows Decreasing Fertility Rate|date=15 November 2022 |access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref> The [[United Nations]] has projected India's population to rise to 170.53 crore by 2050, and then fall to 165.97 crore by 2100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mampatta |first=Sachin |date=2 September 2015 |title=Four out of five Indians will still be Hindu even when Muslim population peaks |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/5bsICkXvl4t4hXSewk8bkN/Four-out-of-five-Indians-will-still-be-Hindu-even-when-Musli.html |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=mint}}</ref>

===Religiosity===
On 29 June 2021, Pew Research Center reports on Religiosity have been published, where they completed 29,999 face-to-face interviews with non-institutionalized adults ages 18 and older living in 26 states and three union territories across India. They interviewed 3,336 Muslims and found that 79% of those interviewed believed in the existence of God with absolute certainty, 12% believes in the existence of God with less certainty and 6% of the Indian Muslims have declared themselves as [[Atheists]] by citing that they don't believe in any God. However 91% of Muslim interviewed have said religion plays a big part in their lives.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religious-practices-2/ | title=7. Religious practices | date=29 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2021-06-29 |title=Appendix A: Methodology |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/appendix-a-methodology-12/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2021-06-29 |title=12. Beliefs about God |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/beliefs-about-god-in-india/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>

CSDS study reports, have found that Indian Muslims have become ‘less religious’ since 2016. In that same year, the study founds that 97 per cent of Muslim respondents have said that they prayed regularly. However, in 2021, it was found that only 86 per cent of Muslim youth prayed regularly which is an absolute decline of 11 percentage points from the last five years respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rampal |first=Nikhil |date=2021-12-31 |title=Indian Muslims got 'less religious' since 2016, shows CSDS study. 44% reported discrimination |url=https://theprint.in/india/indian-muslims-got-less-religious-since-2016-shows-csds-study-44-reported-discrimination/791647/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Social and economic reasons behind population growth'''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/813651/socio-economic-factors-not-religion-influence-indias-fertility-rate-and-population-growth |title=Socio-economic factors, not religion, influence India's fertility rate and population growth |agency=IndiaSpend |first1=Shreya |last1=Shah |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=11 August 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
!colspan=3| Census information for 2011: Hindu and Muslim compared.<ref name="TheHindu-25Aug15">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Muslim-population-growth-slows/article10336665.ece |title=Muslim population growth slows |date=25 August 2015 |first1=S |last1=Rukmini |first2=Vijaita |last2=Singh |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Composition
! [[Hindu]]s
! Muslims
|-
| % total of population 2011
| 79.8
| 14.2
|-
| 10-yr. Growth % (est. 2001–11)
| 16.8
| 24.6
|-
| Sex ratio*
| 939
| 951
|-
| Literacy rate (avg. 64.8)
| 63.6
| 57.9
|-
| Work Participation Rate
| 41
| 33
|-
| Urban sex ratio
| 894
| 907
|-
| Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs.)
| 913
| 943
|}

According to [[sociology|sociologists]] Roger and Patricia Jeffery, socio-economic factors, rather than religious determinism, play a more significant role in explaining the higher birthrates among Indian Muslims.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Jeffery, Roger and Patricia Jeffery
|title = Population, gender, and politics
|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997
|isbn = 978-0-521-46653-0 }}</ref> Studies suggest that Muslims in India tend to have lower income levels and educational attainment compared to Hindus. However, B. K. Prasad, a noted Indian sociologist, highlights that due to the higher [[urbanization]] among Indian Muslims, their infant mortality rate is about 12% lower than that of Hindus.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Prasad
|title = Population and family life education
|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|year=2004
|isbn = 978-81-261-1800-7
|first = B.K.}}</ref>

However, some sociologists suggest that religious and cultural factors may also contribute to higher birthrates among Muslims in India. Surveys indicate that, on average, Muslim families are more traditional in their approach to [[family planning]], and Muslim women tend to marry at a younger age compared to Hindu women, leading to a longer [[fertility|fertility period]].<ref>{{cite book
|last = Shakeel Ahmad
|title = Muslim attitude towards family planning
|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2003
|isbn = 978-81-7625-389-5 }}</ref>

On the other hand, it is also documented that Muslims tend to adopt family planning measures.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/conquering-a-muslim-myth/article4372042.ece |title=Conquering a Muslim Myth |work=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Prof. Ilias |last1=Ali |date=2 February 2013 |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> A study conducted by K. C. Zacharia in Kerala in 1983 revealed that on average, the number of children born to a Muslim woman was 4.1 while a Hindu woman gave birth to only 2.9 children. Religious customs and marriage practices were cited as some of the reasons behind the high Muslim birth rate.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Nair, V. Balakrishnan
|title = Social development and demographic changes in South India: focus on Kerala
|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|year=1994
|isbn = 978-81-85880-50-1 }}</ref> According to [[Paul Kurtz]], Muslims in India are much more resistant to modern contraception than are Hindus and, as a consequence, the decline in fertility rate among Hindu women is much higher compared to that of Muslim women.<ref name="Christ">{{cite book|title=Fertility transition in south India|last=Guilmoto|first=Christophe|publisher=Sage|year= 2005|isbn=978-0-7619-3292-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last = Paul Kurtz
|title = Multi-Secularism: A New Agenda
|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2010
|isbn = 978-1-4128-1419-5 }}</ref>

The National Family and Health survey conducted in 1998–99 highlighted that Indian Muslim couples consider a substantially higher number of children to be ideal for a family as compared to Hindu couples in India.<ref name="Surya">{{cite book
|last = Narain Singh
|first = Surya
|title = Muslims in India
|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.|year= 2003
|isbn = 978-81-261-1427-6 }}</ref> The same survey also pointed out that percentage of couples actively using family planning measures was more than 49% among Hindus against 37% among Muslims. According to a district wise fertility study by Saswata Ghosh, Muslim TFR (total fertility rate) is closer to that of the Hindu community in most southern states. Also TFR tends to be high for both communities in Northern states such as [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. This study was based on the last census of the country from 2011.<ref>Ghosh, S. (2018). Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials in India: indirect estimation at the district level from Census 2011. Indian Journal of Human Development, 12(1), 37-51.</ref>

==Denominations==
There are two major denominations amongst Indian Muslims: Sunni and Shia. The majority of Indian Muslims (over 85%) belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] branch of Islam,<ref name="USSD-IRFR" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-12-22 |title=Muslim Population in India 2023 {{!}} Islam in India |url=https://www.findeasy.in/muslim-population-in-india/ |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=Find Easy |language=en-US}}</ref> while a minority (over 13%) belong to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] branch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/media/shia-india|title=The Shia Of India|website=www.al-islam.org|date=19 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name="USSD-IRFR">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208640.pdf |title=India 2012 International Religious Freedom Report |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |at=Section I. Religious Demography |date=13 May 2013 |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|value1=90|value2=12|color1=Green|color2=Red|label1=Sunni:- [[Deobandi]], [[Barelvi]], [[Ahl-e-Hadith]], [[Sufi]]|label2=Shia:- [[Twelver Shi'ism]], [[Ismaili]], [[Dawoodi Bohra]] and [[Khoja]]|caption=Relative size of Muslim traditions in India, according to [[Pew Research Center]]'s analysis of [[2011 Indian census]].<ref>Pew Research Center (2010), Indian Census (2011), various socio-religious studies</ref><ref>data collected by Ministry of Minority Affairs</ref>|value3=1|label3=[[Ahmadiyya]]|color3=Black}}

===Sunni===
The majority of Indian Sunnis follow the [[Barelvi|Barelvi movement]] which was founded in 1904 by [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi|Ahmed Razi Khan]] of Bareilly in defense of traditional Islam as understood and practised in South Asia and in reaction to the revivalist attempts of the Deobandi movement.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ali Riaz |author-link=Ali Riaz |date=2008 |title=Faithful Education: Madrassahs in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/faithfuleducatio00riaz |url-access=limited |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faithfuleducatio00riaz/page/n88 75]–76 |isbn=978-0-8135-4345-1 |quote="The emergence of ... Barelvis, under the leadership of Maulana Ahmed Riza Khan ... he succeeded in founding the Madrassah Manzar al-Islam in Bareilly in 1904 ... Barlevis' vehement opposition to Deobandis and other contemporary reformists led Barbar Metcalf to conclude that the Barlevis were 'an oppositional group as much as they were reformers.'"}}</ref><ref name="roy">{{cite book |title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism |editor1-last=Sfeir |editor1-first=Antoine |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-231-14640-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaworlddic0000unse }}</ref> In the 19th century the [[Deobandi]], a revivalist movement in Sunni Islam was established in India. It is named after Deoband a small town northeast of Delhi, where the original madrasa or seminary of the movement was founded. From its early days this movement has been influenced by [[Wahhabism]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Taliban: Ascent to Power |author=M. J. Gohari |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/talibanascenttop00goha/page/30 30] |isbn=0-19-579560-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/talibanascenttop00goha/page/30 |year=2000 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ahmad |editor1-first=Imtiaz |editor2-last=Reifeld |editor2-first=Helmut |title=Lived Islam in South Asia: Adaptation, Accommodation, and Conflict |page=114 |date= 2006 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=81-87358-15-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities| author= N. C. Asthana| author2= Anjali Nirmal |pages=66–67 |publisher=Aavishkar Publishers |place=Jaipur|year=2009|isbn=978-81-7132-598-6}}</ref>

In the coastal Konkan region of Maharashtra, the local [[Konkani Muslims]] follow the [[Shafi'i]] school of [[Sunni]] Islamic [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]].<ref name="jnu_phd">{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Md. Jalis Akhtar |last=Nasiri |year=2010 |title=Indian Muslims: Their Customs and Traditions during Last Fifty Years |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Margins or Center? Konkani Sufis, India and "Arabastan" |first=Deepra |last=Dandekar |pages=141–156 |title=Area Studies at the Crossroads: Knowledge Production after the Mobility Turn |editor1-first=Katja |editor1-last=Mielke |editor2-first=Anna-Katharina |editor2-last=Hornidge |year=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}</ref>

===Shia===
{{Main|Shia Islam in India}}

[[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] are a large minority among [[India]]'s Muslims forming about 13% of the total Muslim population.<ref name="USSD-IRFR" /> However, there has been no particular census conducted in India regarding sects, but Indian sources like [[Times of India]] and [[Daily News and Analysis]] reported Indian Shia population in mid 2005–2006 to be up to 25% of the entire Muslim population of India which accounts them in numbers between 40,000,000<ref name="TOI-20061106" /><ref name="TOI-20061106b">{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Only-a-few-people-have-right-to-issue-fatwas/articleshow/334751.cms |title=Only a few people have right to issue fatwas |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=17 July 2010 }}</ref> to 50,000,000<ref name="DNA-20061106">{{cite news |url= https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_talaq-rights-proposed-for-shia-women_1062327 |title=Talaq rights proposed for Shia women | work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 November 2006| access-date=2010-06-21}}</ref> of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://twocircles.net/2009oct08/india_third_global_muslim_population_1_57_bn.html|title= India Third in Global Muslim Population|date= 8 October 2009| publisher=[[Twocircles.net]] |access-date=2010-07-03}}</ref> However, as per an estimation of one reputed Shia NGO Alimaan Trust, India's Shia population in early 2000 was around 30 million with [[Sayyid]]s comprising just a tenth of the Shia population.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.alimaan.org/whyindia.html |title= Why India |publisher=Alimaan Charitable Trust |access-date=3 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616134238/http://www.alimaan.org/whyindia.html |archive-date=16 June 2010}}</ref> According to some national and international sources Indian Shia population is the world's second-largest after [[Iran]].<ref name="IDSA-20081205">{{cite web |last=Roy |first=Meena Singh |url=http://www.idsa.in/event/india-iranrelations_meenasinghroy_051208 |title=India – Iran relations: Converging Interests or Drifting Equations |publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=2010-08-21 |archive-date=17 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117162310/http://idsa.in/event/india-iranrelations_meenasinghroy_051208 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Trib-20090725">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090725/edit.htm#4 |title=Obama's Overtures |last=Puri |first=Balraj |date=25 July 2009 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305183639/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090725/edit.htm#4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IE-20080421">{{cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ahmadinejad-on-way-nsa-says-india-to-be-impacted-if-iran-wronged-by-others/299498/ |title=Ahmadinejad on way, NSA says India to be impacted if Iran 'wronged by others' |date=21 April 2008 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=21 July 2010 }}</ref><ref name="TOI-20091110">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Iran-to-make-common-cause-over-terror-from-Pak/articleshow/5213050.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070948/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-10/india/28070350_1_jundallah-iran-pakistan-india-sistan-balochistan |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=India, Iran to make common cause over terror from Pak |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 July 2010 |first1=Sachin |last1=Parashar |date=10 November 2009 }}</ref><ref name="TOI-20090201">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Aspiring-powers-and-a-new-old-friendship/articleshow/4058264.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-02-01/special-report/28005869_1_india-and-iran-india-iran-south-pars |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Aspiring powers and a new old friendship |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 July 2010 |first1=Ramin |last1=Jahanbegloo |date=1 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="BBC-20040902">{{cite news|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/3605950.stm |title= India's Polite Refusal| work=BBC News |date=2 September 2004 |access-date=2010-07-01 |first=Vinod |last=Mehta}}</ref>

====Bohra====
{{Main|Dawoodi Bohra}}

[[File:Moulai Abadullah khambhat.JPG|thumb|right|Mausoleum of 1 st Wali–ul–Hind:Moulai Abadullah, Khambat, Gujarat, era 1050–1100 CE.]]
[[File:Mufaddal Saifuddin Houstan Ashara.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dawoodi Bohra]], 53rd Dai Syedna [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]], with Dawat office at Mumbai]]
[[Dawoodi Bohra|Bohra]] Shia was established in Gujarat in the second half of the 11th century. This community's belief system originates in [[Yemen]], evolved from the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] were persecuted due to their adherence to Fatimid Shia Islam{{snd}} leading the shift of Dawoodi Bohra to India. After occultation of their 21st [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] Imam [[At-Tayyib Abu'l-Qasim|Tayyib]], they follow Dai as representative of Imam which are continued till date.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Dā'ī Zoeb appointed Maulai Yaqoob (after the death of Maulai Abdullah), who was the second Walī al-Hind of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] dawat. Moulai Yaqoob was the first person of Indian origin to receive this honour under the Dā'ī. He was the son of Moulai Bharmal, minister of [[Hindu]] [[Chaulukya dynasty|Solanki King]] [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]] (Anhalwara, Patan). With Minister Moulai Tarmal, they had honoured the Fatimid dawat along with their fellow citizens on the call of Moulai Abdullah. [[Syedi Fakhruddin]], son of Moulai Tarmal, was sent to western [[Rajasthan]], India, and [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|Moulai Nuruddin]] went to the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] (death: Jumadi al-Ula 11 at Don Gaum, [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], India).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

One Dai succeeded another until the 23rd Dai in Yemen. In India also Wali-ul-Hind were appointed by them one after another until Wali-ul-Hind Moulai Qasim Khan bin Hasan (11th and last Wali-ul-Hind, d. 950 AH, [[Ahmedabad]]).{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Due to persecution by the local [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydi Shi'a]] ruler in Yemen, the 24th Dai, [[Yusuf Najmuddin ibn Sulaiman]] (d. 1567 CE), moved the whole administration of the ''Dawat'' (mission) to India. The 25th Dai [[Jalal Shamshuddin]] (d. 1567 CE) was first dai to die in India. His mausoleum is in Ahmedabad, India. The Dawat subsequently moved from Ahmedabad to Jamnagar<ref>The Ismaili, their history and doctrine by Farhad Daftary. Chapter – Mustalian Ismailism, pp. 300–310</ref> Mandvi, Burhanpur, [[Surat]] and finally to Mumbai and continues there to the present day, currently headed by 53rd Dai.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee]] was a Bohra and 20th century Islamic scholar from India who promoted modernization and liberalization of Islam through his writings. He argued that with changing time modern reforms in Islam are necessary without compromising on basic "spirit of Islam".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780195693010.do |title=A Modern Approach to Islam: Asaf A. A. Fyzee – Oxford University Press |publisher=Ukcatalogue.oup.com |date=2007-12-20 |isbn=978-0-19-569301-0 |access-date=2015-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e690?_hi=0&_pos=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005135441/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e690?_hi=0&_pos=8 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 October 2015 |title=Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar – Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxfordislamicstudies.com |date=2008-05-06 |access-date=2015-10-04}}</ref><ref name="Daftary2014">{{cite book|author=Farhad Daftary|title=Fifty Years in the East: The Memoirs of Wladimir Ivanow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbCbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|date=2014|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-78453-152-2|pages=91–}}</ref>

====Khojas====
{{Main|Khoja}}

The Khojas are a group of diverse people who converted to [[Islam]] in [[South Asia]]. In [[India]], most Khojas live in the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], and the city of [[Hyderabad]]. Many Khojas have also migrated and settled over the centuries in [[East Africa]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. The Khoja were by then adherents of [[Nizari]] [[Ismailism]] branch of Shi'ism. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the aftermath of the [[Aga Khan case]], a significant minority separated and adopted [[Twelver Shi'ism]] or [[Sunni Islam]], while the majority remained [[Nizari|Nizārī Ismā'īlī]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316803/Khoja |title=Khoja (Islam) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2012-08-03}}</ref>

===Sufis===
{{Main|Sufism in India}}

[[Image:TombSalimChisti.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Sufi saint Shaikh [[Salim Chisti]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Sufism|Sufis]] (Islamic mystics) played an important role in the spread of Islam in India. They were very successful in spreading Islam, as many aspects of Sufi belief systems and practices had their parallels in Indian philosophical literature, in particular nonviolence and [[monism]]. The Sufis' orthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to practice. [[Erwadi|Sulthan Syed Ibrahim Shaheed]], [[Moinuddin Chishti|Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti]], [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], [[Shah Jalal]], [[Amir Khusrow]], [[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari]], Shekh Alla-ul-Haq Pandwi, [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]], [[Waris Ali Shah]], [[Ata Hussain Fani Chishti]] trained Sufis for the propagation of Islam in different parts of India. The Sufi movement also attracted followers from the [[artisan]] and [[Dalit|untouchable]] communities; they played a crucial role in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions. [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], a prominent member of the [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] advocated the peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam.<ref name="ErnstLawrence2016">{{cite book|author1=C. Ernst|author2=B. Lawrence|title=Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-UYDAAAQBAJ|date= 2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-09581-7}}</ref>

===Ahmadiyya ===
{{Main|Ahmadiyya Islam}}

[[File:Hadhrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad2.jpg|thumbnail|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of the Ahmadiyya movement]]
The Ahmadiyya movement was founded in 1889 by [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] of [[Qadian]]. He claimed to be the promised messiah and [[mahdi]] awaited by the Muslims and obtained a considerable number of followers initially within the United Provinces, the [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512 |title=H.H. Risley and E.A. Gait, (1903), Report of the Census of India, 1901, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, p. 373 |publisher=Chinese Heritage of the Australian Federation Project |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205180023/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=1512 |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> Ahmadis claim the Ahmadiyya movement to embody the latter day revival of Islam and the movement has also been seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and [[Arya Samaj]] missionary activity that was widespread in 19th century India. After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his [[Khalifatul Masih|successors]] directed the Ahmadiyya Community from Qadian which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the creation of [[Pakistan]]. The movement has grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme and has expanded to over 200 countries as of 2014 but has received a largely negative response from mainstream Muslims who see it as heretical, due mainly to Ghulam Ahmad's claim to be a prophet within Islam.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8711026.stm |title=Who are the Ahmadi? |work=BBC News |date=28 May 2010}}</ref>

Ahmaddiya have been identified as sects of Islam in [[2011 Census of India]] apart from Sunnis, Shias, Bohras and Agakhanis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ahmadiyyas-islam-sects-islam-ahmadiyyas-sect-ahmadiyyas-islam-islamic-sects-islam-india-ahmadiyya-legal-status-2011-census-india-population-india-news-2952701/ |title=Sunnis, Shias, Bohras, Agakhanis and Ahmadiyyas were identified as sects of Islam |date=4 August 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Protest-against-inclusion-of-Ahmediyyas-in-Muslim-census/articleshow/53645457.cms |title=Protest against inclusion of Ahmediyyas in Muslim census |date=11 August 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/ahmadiyya-community-census-india-muslims-2954285/ |title=Minority in a minority |date=5 August 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/in-their-search-for-pure-islam-many-muslim-sects-consider-others-insufficient-or-infidels-2941564.html |title=We need to curb the everyday Jihadism of Indian Muslims in their search for pure Islam |first1=Tufail |last1=Ahmad |date=8 August 2016 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> India has a significant Ahmadiyya population.<ref name="Number of Ahmadis in India">{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,464db4f52,47f237db2,3ae6ad202c,0.html |title=Number of Ahmadis in India |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=1 November 1991|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> Most of them live in Rajasthan, [[Odisha]], Haryana, Bihar, Delhi, [[Uttar Pradesh]], and a few in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in the area of Qadian. In India, Ahmadis are considered to be Muslims by the Government of India (unlike in neighbouring Pakistan). This recognition is supported by a court verdict (Shihabuddin Koya vs. Ahammed Koya, A.I.R. 1971 Ker 206).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1400223/|title=Shihabuddin Imbichi Koya Thangal vs K.P. Ahammed Koya on 8 December, 1970 Kerala High Court|access-date=4 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=hoque>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/law/2004/03/03/index.htm|title=On right to freedom of religion and the plight of Ahmadiyas|author=Hoque, Ridwanul|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=21 March 2004}}</ref> There is no legislation that declares Ahmadis non-Muslims or limits their activities,<ref name="hoque"/> but they are not allowed to sit on the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], a body of religious leaders India's government recognises as representative of Indian Muslims.<ref name="Naqvi, Jawed">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/weekly/jawed/20080109.htm|title=Religious violence hastens India's leap into deeper obscurantism|work=Dawn|author=Naqvi, Jawed|date=1 September 2008|access-date=23 December 2009}}</ref> Ahmadiyya are estimated to be from 60,000 to 1 million in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/article/wretched-of-the-land/265665 |title=Wretched of the Land |date=14 June 2010 |first1=Amir |last1=Mir |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185739/https://www.outlookindia.com/article/wretched-of-the-land/265665 |archive-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>

===Quranists===
Non-sectarian Muslims who reject the authority of [[hadith]], known as [[Quranism|Quranists]], Quraniyoon, or Ahle Quran, are also present in India. In South Asia during the 19th century, the Ahle Quran movement formed partially in reaction to the [[Ahl-i Hadith|Ahle Hadith]] movement whom they considered to be placing too much emphasis on hadith. Notable Indian Quranists include [[Chiragh Ali]], [[Aslam Jairajpuri]], [[Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din]], and Abdullah Chakralawi.<ref>Ali Usman Qasmi, [http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta3/tft/article.php?issue=20130125&page=16 A mosque for Qurani Namaz], The Friday Times. Retrieved 16 February 2013</ref>

===Islamic traditions in India===
{{Main|Islam in South Asia}}

[[Image:Dargah Shareef of Khwaza Moinuddin Chishti.JPG|200px|thumb|An outside view of the Maqbara]]
[[Sufism]] is a mystical dimension of Islam, often complementary with the legalistic path of the [[sharia]] had a profound impact on the growth of Islam in India. A Sufi attains a direct vision of oneness with God, often on the edges of orthodox behaviour, and can thus become a Pir (living saint) who may take on disciples ([[murid]]s) and set up a spiritual lineage that can last for generations. Orders of Sufis became important in India during the thirteenth century following the ministry of [[Moinuddin Chishti]] (1142–1236), who settled in [[Ajmer]] and attracted large numbers of converts to Islam because of his holiness. His [[Chishti Order]] went on to become the most influential Sufi lineage in India, although other orders from Central Asia and Southwest Asia also reached India and played a major role in the spread of Islam. In this way, they created a large literature in [[regional language]]s that embedded Islamic culture deeply into older South Asian traditions.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Intra-Muslim relations===
====Shia–Sunni relations====
The Sunnis and Shia are the biggest Muslim groups by denomination. Although the two groups remain cordial, there have been instances of conflict between the two groups, especially in the city of Lucknow.<ref>{{cite book|last=Engineer|first=Asghar Ali|title=Communal Riots in Post-independence India|year=1984|publisher=Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division|isbn=0-86131-494-8|pages=144–155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yB5NM0o3I9QC}}</ref>

==Society and culture==
{{Expand section|Topics like, qawwali, shayari, literature, calligraphy, fabric and attire, theatre(noha, Dastan gohi,) etc|date=April 2025}}

===Religious administration===
{{Main|Grand Mufti of India}}

The religious administration of each [[States and union territories of India|state]] is headed by the ''Mufti of the State'' under the supervision of the [[Grand Mufti of India]], the most senior, most influential religious authority and spiritual leader of [[Muslims]] in [[India]]. The system is executed in India from the Mughal period.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kanthapuram-selected-grand-mufti-of-india/articleshow/68175547.cms|title=Kanthapuram selected Grand Mufti of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2019|language=en|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kanthapuram-elected-as-new-grand-mufti-religion-1.3599882|title=Kanthapuram elected as new Grand Mufti|access-date=2019-08-07|website=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=25 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Muslim institutes===
{{See also|List of Islamic universities and colleges in India}}
[[Image:Victoria gate.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aligarh Muslim University]] ]]
There are several well established Muslim institutions in India. Here is a list of reputed institutions established by Muslims in [[India]].

===Modern universities and institutes===

* [[Al-Ameen Educational Society]], [[Bangalore]]
* [[Al Kabir Polytechnic]], [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[Aliah University]], [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]]
* [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya|Jamia Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]]
* [[Ma'din|Ma'dinu Ssaquafathil Islamiyya]]
* [[B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology]]
* [[Darul Huda Islamic University]]
* [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
* [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]
* [[Farook College]], [[Kozhikode]]
* [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]]
* [[Integral University]]
* [[Jamal Mohamed College]], [[Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Jamia Hamdard|Hamdard University]], [[Delhi]]
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], [[New Delhi]]
* [[Karim City College, Jamshedpur|Karim City College]], [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[M.S.S. Wakf Board College]], [[Madurai]] (The only college in India run by a State Wakf Board)
* [[Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College]], [[Pulikkal]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
*[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] [[Hyderabad]]
*[[Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic and Persian University]], [[Patna, Bihar]]
* [[Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science]], [[Aurangabad]]
* [[Muslim Educational Association of Southern India]]
* [[Muslim Educational Society]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Nellai College of Engineering]], [[Tirunelveli]]
* [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College]], [[Tirurangadi]]
* [[Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering]], [[Kollam]]


===Traditional Islamic universities===
* [[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]], Bohra
* [[Al Jamiatul Ashrafia]], Barelvi
* [[Jamia Darussalam]], [[Oomerabad]]
* [[Al-Jame-atul-Islamia]], Uttar Pradesh
* [[Jamia Nizamia]], [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Manzar-e-Islam]], [[Bareilly]]
* [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]], Kerala
* [[Raza Academy]]

===Leadership and organisations===
[[File:Protest in U.P against Caricature of Prophet of Islam.jpg|thumb|400px|[[All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board|AIUMB
]] protest against caricature of Muhammad in the city of [[Sambhal]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].]]
* The [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]] and [[Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat]] at [[Bareilly]] Shareef are prime center of Sufi oriented Sunni Muslims of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zG3aMfKAuC26PNQsW8ODZJ/The-sufi-solution.html |title=The sufi solution |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |first1=Mayank Austen |last1=Soofi |date=3 February 2012|access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
* Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] form a substantial minority within the Muslim community of India comprising between 25 and 31% of total Muslim population in an estimation done during mid-2005 to 2006 of the then Indian Muslim population of 157 million. Sources like [[The Times of India]] and [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] reported Indian [[Shia Islam|Shia]] population during that period between 40,000,000<ref name="TOI-20061106">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Shia-women-too-can-initiate-divorce/articleshow/334804.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811081425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-06/lucknow/27799200_1_model-nikahnama-new-nikahnama-shia-personal-law-board |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Shia women too can initiate divorce|location=India |date=6 November 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="TOI-20061106b" /> to 50,000,000<ref name="DNA-20061106" /> of 157,000,000 Indian Muslim population.
*The Deobandi movement, another section of the Sunni Muslim population, originate from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], an influential religious seminary in the district of [[Saharanpur]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], founded by Deobandi scholars in 1919, became a political mouthpiece for the Darul Uloom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arts.monash.edu.au/politics/terror-research/proceedings/gtrec-proceedings-2009-10-kamala-dash.pdf|title=Global Terrorism Research Centre (GTReC)|author=Monash Arts Online Presence Team|access-date=6 May 2015 |archive-date=6 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406072943/http://arts.monash.edu.au/politics/terror-research/proceedings/gtrec-proceedings-2009-10-kamala-dash.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]], founded in 1941, advocates the establishment of an Islamic government and has been active in promoting education, social service and ecumenical outreach to the community.<ref>Introduction, A Historical Overview of Islam in South Asia, Islam in South Asia in Practice by Barbara D. Metcalf Princeton University Press, 2009. p. 32</ref>

===Caste system among Indian Muslims===
{{Main|Caste system among South Asian Muslims}}

Although Islam requires [[egalitarianism]] and is against discrimination based on caste, creed or [[Race (human categorization)|race]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 4, 2019|title=Racism, Casteism and Islam|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Jan-2019/racism-casteism-and-islam|website=The Nation|access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adetunji|first=Jo|date=July 6, 2020|title=Islam's anti-racist message from the 7th century still resonates today|url=https://theconversation.com/islams-anti-racist-message-from-the-7th-century-still-resonates-today-141575|website=The Conversation|access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation |url=http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=49&verse=13 |website=corpus.quran.com |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref> the caste system has developed among some Indian Muslims that deals with units of social stratification.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Being-Muslim-in-India-means-Syeds-spit-on-Julahas-in-an-egalitarian-community/articleshow/5935797.cms |title=Being Muslim in India means Syeds spit on Julahas in an 'egalitarian community' |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Mohammed |last1=Wajihuddin |date=16 May 2010}}</ref>

Some Muslim scholars have tried to reconcile and resolve the "disjunction between Quranic egalitarianism and Indian Muslim social practice" through theorizing it in different ways and interpreting the Quran and Sharia to justify casteism.<ref name="Sikand" />

====Stratification====
In parts of South Asia, Muslims are categorized into groups like Ashrafs and Ajlafs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-muslim-obcs-and-affirmative-action/233259|title=The Muslim OBCs And Affirmative Action |author= Sachar Committee Report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Sep04-Print-Edition/011509200449.htm
|title=On reservation for Muslims
|author=Asghar Ali Engineer
|work=The Milli Gazette
|publisher=Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Ltd
|access-date=1 September 2004
}}</ref> Ashrafs often claim foreign ancestry and are divided into various occupational castes.<ref name="pratap_caste"/><ref name="zarina_social_strat" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/inclusive-lessons/article20663394.ece |title=Inclusive lessons |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 November 2017 |first1=Shahana |last1=Munazir}}</ref> Historian Ziauddin Barani emphasized caste distinctions, advocating higher status for the "sons of Muhammad" (Sayyids)<ref name="Das">Das, Arbind, Arthashastra of Kautilya and Fatwa-i-Jahandari of Ziauddin Barrani: an analysis, Pratibha Publications, Delhi 1996, {{ISBN|81-85268-45-2}} pp. 124–143</ref> and proposing that state laws (zawabi) enforce these divisions, even over Sharia in some cases.<ref name="Das"/> He attributed "ignoble" professions to the Ajlaf and sought religious endorsement for this hierarchy. Barani also developed a caste-based framework for appointing and promoting imperial officers (wazirs).<ref name="Das"/>

Beyond the Ashraf/Ajlaf divide, the Arzal caste represents groups associated with professions deemed menial,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|work=BBC News|date=10 May 2016}}</ref> such as waste disposal.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/12109.html |title=Dereserve these myths |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516075059/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/12109.html |archive-date=16 May 2008|date=7 September 2006 |first1=Tanweer |last1=Fazal |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Anti-caste activist [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]] likened the Arzal to untouchables.<ref name="Ambedkar-Chapter10">{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/ambedkar_partition/410.html |last = Ambedkar |first = Bhimrao |author-link = B.R. Ambedkar |title=Pakistan or the Partition of India |edition=2 |chapter=10, Social Stagnation |publisher=Thackers Publishers}}</ref> The term "Arzal," meaning "degraded," encompasses subdivisions like the Bhanar, Halalkhor, Hijra, Kasbi, Lalbegi, Maugta, and Mehtar, reflecting the persistence of caste-based stratification in parts of the Muslim community.<ref name="Ambedkar-Chapter10"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.idsn.org/Documents/asia/pdf/Bangladesh_full_report.pdf
|title=Consultative Meeting on the situation of Dalits in Bangladesh
|author=Gitte Dyrhagen and Mazharul Islam
|publisher=International Dalit Solidarity Network
|date=18 October 2006
|access-date=12 June 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070803023637/http://www.idsn.org/Documents/asia/pdf/Bangladesh_full_report.pdf  |archive-date = 3 August 2007}}</ref>

South Asian Muslims have also been known to organize their society through ''qaums'' or communal groups.<ref name="barth_leach_aspects">{{cite book
| last = Barth
| first = Fredrik
| editor = E. R. Leach
| title = Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and North-West Pakistan
| access-date = 12 June 2007
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| chapter = The System of Social Stratification in Swat, North Pakistan
| chapter-url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2995517
| page = 113
| year = 1962
| archive-date = 6 April 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406091830/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2995517
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Studies of Bengali Muslims in India reveal that notions of purity and impurity continue to influence inter-group relationships, with [[social status]] often tied to perceived cleanliness rather than economic conditions.<ref name="zarina_social_strat" /> Among Indian Muslims, there are also distinctions like the Muslim Rajputs, as well as upper and middle-caste communities such as [[Sayyid|Syed]], [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]], [[Shaikhzada]], [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzada]], [[Rohilla|Pathan]], [[Mughal tribe|Mughal]], and [[Malik clan (Bihar)|Malik]].<ref name="rediff_burial">{{cite web
|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/mar/06bihar.htm
|title=Backward Muslims protest denial of burial
|author=Anand Mohan Sahay
|work=[[Rediff.com]]
|access-date=6 March 2003
}}</ref> Genetic data has also supported this stratification.<ref>[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/human_biology/v077/77.3aarzoo.pdf Gene Diversity in Some Muslim Populations of North India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112544/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fhuman_biology%2Fv077%2F77.3aarzoo.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Human Biology – Volume 77, Number 3, June 2005, pp. 343–353'' – [https://muse.jhu.edu/about/publishers/waynestate Wayne State University Press]</ref> Genetic studies of South Asian Muslims have supported the existence of these stratifications, showing that their genetic makeup closely resembles that of local non-Muslims, with small but notable influences from Iran and Central Asia rather than the Arabian [[Peninsula]].<ref name="genestudy"/>

Some scholars argue that caste discrimination among Muslims is less severe than in Hindu society,{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} but Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar disagreed, claiming that social injustices within Muslim society were "worse than those seen in Hindu society."{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} He criticized the Ashraf community for their hostility towards the Ajlaf and Arzal groups and condemned the Muslim community for failing to implement needed reforms.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

====Interaction and mobility====
Data indicates that the castes among Muslims have never been as rigid as that among Hindus.<ref name="Muslim Communities">{{cite book
| last = Madan
| first = T.N.
| title = Muslim communities of South Asia: culture and society
| year = 1976
| publisher=Vkas Publishing House
| isbn = 978-0-7069-0462-8
| page = 114
}}</ref> They have good interactions with the other communities. They participate in marriages and funerals and other religious and social events in other communities. Some of them also had inter-caste marriages since centuries but mostly they preferred to marry in the same caste with a significant number of marriages being [[consanguineous]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} In [[Bihar]] state of India, cases had been reported in which the higher caste Muslims have opposed the burials of lower caste Muslims in the same graveyard.<ref name="rediff_burial"/>

Some scholars argue that caste discrimination among Muslims is less severe than in Hindu society,<ref name="Sikand"/><ref name="Muslim Communities" />] but Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar disagreed, claiming that social injustices within Muslim society were "worse than those seen in Hindu society."<ref name="Ambedkar-Chapter10"/> He criticized the Ashraf community for their hostility towards the Ajlaf and Arzal groups.<ref name="Ambedkar-Chapter10"/>

===Segregation===
Segregation of Indian Muslims from other communities began in the mid-1970s when the first [[Religious violence in India|communal riots]] occurred. This was heightened after the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]] in Bihar and became a trend after the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] in 1992. Soon several major cities developed [[ghetto]]s, or segregated areas, where the Muslim population moved into.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/subverse/Pariahs-in-our-own-home/articleshow/4436167.cms |title=Pariahs in our own home |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Ather |last1=Farouqui |date=23 April 2009 |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> This trend, however, did not help with the anticipated security the anonymity of ghetto was thought to have provided. During the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], several such ghettos became easy targets for the rioting mobs, as they enabled the profiling of residential colonies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Banu|first=Musarrath|title=The Ghettoisation of Muslims in Bengaluru: Its Socio-Cultural and Economic Impact|url=https://www.academia.edu/6244911|website=academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oommen |first=T. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COJRDb5RyJUC&dq=Ghettoisation+of+Indian+muslims&pg=PA119 |title=Crisis and Contention in Indian Society |date=2005-07-21 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3358-8 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref><ref>''Human Development and Social Power: Perspectives from South Asia'', by Ananya Mukherjee Reed. Published by Taylor & Francis, 2008. {{ISBN|0-415-77552-3}}. p. 149.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2030055.stm |title=India's Muslims feel backlash|date=6 June 2002 |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> This kind of ghettoisation can be seen in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] and many cities of [[Gujarat]] where a clear socio-cultural demarcation exists between Hindu-dominated and Muslim-dominated neighbourhoods.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In places like [[Gujarat]], riots and alienation of Muslims have led to large-scale ghettoisation of the community. For example, the [[Juhapura]] area of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmadabad]] has swelled from 250,000 to 650,000 residents since 2002 riots. Muslims in Gujarat have no option but to head to a ghetto, irrespective of their economic and professional status.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/worlds-apart-in-a-divided-city/article5278661.ece |title=Worlds apart in a divided city |work=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Darshan |last1=Desai |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

An increase in [[ghetto]] living has also shown a strengthening of [[Stereotype|stereotyping]] due to a lack of cross-cultural interaction, and reduction in economic and educational opportunities at large. [[Secularism in India]] is being seen by some as a favour to the Muslims, and not an imperative for democracy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-indias-largest-muslim-ghetto/article7330090.ece |title=In India's largest Muslim ghetto |work=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Basharat |last1=Peer |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30204806|title=Why segregated housing is thriving in India|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=10 December 2014 |work=BBC News|access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-price-of-exclusion/article3232925.ece |title=The price of exclusion |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 December 2006 |access-date=29 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

===Consanguineous marriages===
The [[National Family Health Survey|NFHS]] (National Family Health Survey) on 1992-93 showed that 22 per cent of marriages in India were consanguineous, with the highest per cent recorded in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a Muslim majority state. Post partition percentage of [[Consanguineous marriages|consanguineous]] marriages in Delhi Sunni Muslims has risen to 37.84 per cent. As per Nasir, such unions are perceived to be exploitative as they perpetuate the existing power structures within the family and similar scene in the Southern state<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jairath |first=Vinod K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5sffCgAAQBAJ |title=Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India |date=2013-04-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-19680-5 |pages=93–95 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Selvam |first1=P. Arul Panneer |last2=Pushpalatha |first2=Dr S. |date=2024-10-01 |title=Inter-Caste Marriages in Tamil Nadu before and after 69% Reservation Policy (1990) |url=https://bpasjournals.com/library-science/index.php/journal/article/view/1774#:~:text=As%20in%20other%20states%20of,after%20the%2069%25%20reservation%20policy. |journal=Library Progress International |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=7243–7256 |doi=10.48165/bapas.2024.44.2.1 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |issn=2320-317X}}</ref>

===Art and architecture===
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2024}}
{{main|Indo-Islamic architecture|Mughal painting}}

<gallery align="center">
File:Diwali (Samrup Rachna Calligraphy).jpg|Diwali Lamp in [[Samrup Rachna]] Calligraphy(Hybrid art of Hindi-Urdu script).
File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is one of India's most iconic monuments.
File:Cheraman juma masjid Old.jpg|A rebuilt structure of the old [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], [[Kerala]], which is often considered as the first [[Mosque|''Masjid'']] of India
File:Bara Imambara Lucknow.jpg|Asafi Imambargah, also known as [[Bara Imambara]] at [[Lucknow]]
File:Tomb_of_Humayun,_Delhi.jpg|The [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Delhi]]
File:GolGumbaz2.jpg|[[Gol Gumbaz]] at [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], Karnataka, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine [[Hagia Sophia]].
File:Bahauddin Makbara, Junagadh.jpg|''Bahauddin Makbara'', mausoleum of the [[Vizier|Wazir]] of [[Junagadh]], Gujarat
File:Mecca Masjid, Hyderabad, India.jpg|400-year-old [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]], [[Hyderabad]]. (Photo: 1885)
File:The mosque within the bara imambara , lucknow.JPG|The Asafi Mosque within the [[Bara Imambara|Asafi Imambargah]] Complex at Lucknow
File:The Rumi Darwaza.JPG|The Rumi Darwaza at Lucknow
File:Gole gummaj.jpg|Gole-Gumma, Mousoleum of Nawab Wahab Khan, [[Kurnool]], Andhra Pradesh
File:Charminar.jpg|[[Charminar]], the most famous of the monuments of [[Hyderabad]]
File:RedFort LahoreGate.JPG| [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]]
File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, morning view.jpg|[[Jama Masjid]], [[Delhi]], one of the largest mosques in [[India]]
File:AMU Masjid - panoramio.jpg| [[Sir Syed Mosque]], [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]]
</gallery>

[[Architecture of India]] took new shape with the advent of [[Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent|Islamic rule in India]] towards the end of the 12th century CE. New elements were introduced into the Indian architecture that include: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of coloured marble, painted plaster and brightly coloured glazed tiles. [[Qutb complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque|Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque]] built in 1193 CE was the first mosque to be built in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; its adjoining "Tower of Victory", the [[Qutb Minar]] also started around 1192 CE, which marked the victory of [[Muhammad of Ghor]] and his general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], from [[Ghazni]], Afghanistan, over local [[Rajput]] kings, is now a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order, i.e. all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams, the Islamic architecture was arcuate, i.e. an arch or dome was adopted as a method of bridging a space. The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. Muslims used a cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, which were derived by experience of other civilisations, in their constructions in India. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. One fact that must be stressed here is that, the Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before these were introduced in India. Unlike most Islamic monuments in these countries, which were largely constructed in brick, plaster and rubble, the Indo-Islamic monuments were typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. It must be emphasized that the development of the [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] was greatly facilitated by the knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen, who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[Islamic architecture]] in India can be divided into two parts: religious and secular. Mosques and Tombs represent the religious architecture, while palaces and forts are examples of secular Islamic architecture. Forts were essentially functional, complete with a little township within and various fortifications to engage and repel the enemy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Mosques====
{{Main|List of mosques in India}}

[[File:Charminar-Pride of Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Charminar|Char Minar]] at Old City in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].]]
There are more than 300,000 active mosques in India, which is higher than any other country, including the [[Muslim world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newseastwest.com/multicultural-india-has-more-mosques-than-any-muslim-country/ |title=Multicultural India has more mosques than any Muslim country |publisher=Newseastwest.com |access-date=2015-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109134740/http://newseastwest.com/multicultural-india-has-more-mosques-than-any-muslim-country/ |archive-date=9 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mosque or masjid is a representation of Muslim art in its simplest form. The mosque is basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah, crowned off with a dome. A ''[[mihrab]]'' indicates the direction of the ''qibla'' for prayer. Towards the right of the ''mihrab'' stands the ''minbar'' or pulpit from where the ''Imam'' presides over the proceedings. An elevated platform, usually a minaret from where the Faithful are summoned to attend prayers is an invariable part of a mosque. Large mosques where the faithful assemble for the Friday prayers are called the Jama Masjids.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Tombs and mausoleum====
The tomb or [[maqbara]] could range from being a simple affair (Aurangazeb's grave) to an awesome structure enveloped in grandeur ([[Taj Mahal]]). The tomb usually consists of a solitary compartment or tomb chamber known as the ''huzrah'' in whose centre is the cenotaph or ''zarih''. This entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome. In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the ''[[maqbara]]'', in which the corpse is buried in a grave or ''qabr''. Smaller tombs may have a ''mihrab'', although larger mausoleums have a separate mosque located at a distance from the main tomb. Normally the whole tomb complex or ''rauza'' is surrounded by an enclosure. The tomb of a Muslim saint is called a [[dargah]]. Almost all Islamic monuments were subjected to free use of verses from the Quran and a great amount of time was spent in carving out minute details on walls, ceilings, pillars and domes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

====Styles of Islamic architecture in India====
Islamic architecture in India can be classified into three sections: Delhi or the imperial style (1191–1557 CE); the provincial style, encompassing the surrounding areas like [[Ahmedabad]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]; and the [[Mughal architecture]] style (1526–1707 CE).<ref>(Courtesy: Culturopedia.com)</ref>

==Law, politics, and government==
Certain civil matters of jurisdiction for Muslims such as marriage, inheritance and [[waqf]] properties are governed by the Muslim Personal Law,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/assc/india/India_Musl_Personal.htm |title=Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 – Resources for Jurisdictional Research, Yale |access-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728183442/http://www.law.yale.edu/rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/assc/india/India_Musl_Personal.htm |archive-date=28 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was developed during British rule and subsequently became part of independent India with some amendments.<ref name="Emory-19491126">{{cite web|url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/india.htm |title=India |publisher=law.emory.edu |date=26 November 1949 |access-date=18 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.law.yale.edu/research/guides/resources/outlines-muhammadan-law-fyzee-aaa-new-dehli-oup-2008-5th-ed |title=Outlines of Muhammadan Law / FYZEE, A.A.A." New Delhi : OUP, 2008 (5th ed.) | Yale Law School Library |publisher=Library.law.yale.edu |date=2013-04-21 |access-date=2014-08-18 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132816/http://library.law.yale.edu/research/guides/resources/outlines-muhammadan-law-fyzee-aaa-new-dehli-oup-2008-5th-ed |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indian Muslim personal law is not developed as a Sharia law but as an interpretation of existing Muslim laws as part of [[common law]]. The [[Supreme Court of India]] has ruled that [[Sharia]] or Muslim law holds precedence for Muslims over Indian civil law in such matters.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/11/world/hatreds-india-hindu-memory-scarred-centuries-sometimes-despotic-islamic-rule.html The Hatreds of India; Hindu Memory Scarred by Centuries Of Sometimes Despotic Islamic Rule] ''The New York Times'', Published: 11 December 1992</ref>

Muslims in India are governed by "The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937."<ref name="MPL">[http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/muslimperact/muslimpersonalact.htm The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211800/http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/muslimperact/muslimpersonalact.htm |date=5 February 2012 }} Vakilno1.com</ref> It directs the application of Muslim Personal Law to Muslims in marriage, mahr (dower), divorce, maintenance, gifts, [[waqf]], wills and inheritance.<ref name="Emory-19491126" /> The courts generally apply the [[Hanafi]] Sunni law for Sunnis; Shia Muslims are independent of Sunni law for those areas where [[Shia Islam|Shia]] law differs substantially from Sunni practice.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]] provides equal rights to all citizens irrespective of their religion. Article 44 of the constitution recommends a [[uniform civil code]]. However, attempts by successive political leadership in the country to integrate Indian society under a common civil code is strongly resisted and is viewed by Indian Muslims as an attempt to dilute the cultural identity of the minority groups of the country. The [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] was established for the protection and continued applicability of "Muslim Personal Law", i.e. Shariat Application Act in India. The [[Sachar Committee]] was asked to report about the condition of Muslims in India in 2005. Almost all the [[Sachar Committee|recommendations of the Sachar Committee]] have been implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=50202 |title=Implementation of Sachar Committee recommendations |date=13 July 2009 |website=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sachar |title=Sachar Committee Report |date=5 March 2014 |website=Ministry of Minority Affairs |publisher=Government of India |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317203317/http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sachar |archive-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The following laws/acts of Indian legislation are applicable to Muslims in India (except in the state of Goa) regarding matters of marriage, succession, inheritance, child adoption etc.

# Muslim Personal Law Sharia Application Act, 1937
# The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939
# [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986|Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986]]

Note: the above laws are not applicable in the state of Goa. The [[Goa civil code]], also called the Goa Family Law, is the set of civil laws that governs the residents of the Indian state of Goa. In India, as a whole, there are religion-specific civil codes that separately govern adherents of different religions. Goa is an exception to that rule, in that a single secular code/law governs all Goans, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or linguistic affiliation. The above laws are also not applicable to Muslims throughout India who had civil marriages under the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

[[Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan]] is an Indian Muslim women's organisation in [[India]]. It released a draft on 23 June 2014, 'Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act', recommending that [[polygamy]] be made illegal in the [[Law of India|Muslim Personal Law]] of India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/no-second-wife-please/article6158039.ece |title=No second wife, please|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 June 2014 |access-date=28 July 2017 |first1=Jyoti |last1=Punwani |language=en}}</ref>

[[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] was proposed for the changes in the citizenship and immigration norms of the country by relaxing the requirements for Indian citizenship. The applicability of the amendments are debated in news as it is on religious lines (excluding Muslims).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/67272/citizenship-amendment-bill-2016/ |date=21 September 2016 |title=If India Wants to Stay Secular, the New Citizenship Bill Isn't the Way to Go |last=Garg |first=Lovish |work=[[The Wire (India)]]|language=en-GB |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/2016/07/29/narendra-modi-wants-bangladeshi-hindus-in-sonowal-wants-muslims-out |title=Modi Wants Bangladeshi Hindus in, Sonowal Wants Muslims Out |work=[[The Quint]] |first1=Chandan |last1=Nandy |date=29 July 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/%E2%80%98Citizenship-amendment-bill-communally-motivated%E2%80%99-Activists/article15007768.ece|title='Citizenship amendment bill communally motivated': Activists |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 September 2016 |access-date=28 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>

India's Constitution and Parliament have protected the rights of Muslims but, according to some sources,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/the-rising-tide-of-intolerance-in-narendra-modis-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731095954/http://harvardkennedyschoolreview.com/the-rising-tide-of-intolerance-in-narendra-modis-india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=31 July 2016 |title=The Rising Tide of Intolerance in Narendra Modi's India |first1=Shanoor |last1=Seervai |date=27 July 2016 |work=Kennedy School Review |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-34553015|title=A week of worrying about rising intolerance in India|last=Devichand |first=Mukul |date=17 October 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=27 July 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/US-concerned-about-%E2%80%98rising-intolerance-violence%E2%80%99-in-India/article14517044.ece |title=US concerned about 'rising intolerance, violence' in India |date=30 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=27 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> there has been a growth in a 'climate of fear' and 'targeting of dissenters' under the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[First Modi ministry|Modi ministry]], affecting the feelings of security and tolerance amongst Indian Muslims. However, these allegations are not universally supported.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-myth-of-intolerant-india/|title=The myth of Intolerant India |date=4 December 2015 |first1=Arvind P. |last1=Datar |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=28 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

===Active Muslim political parties===
* [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM), led by [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]; active in states of [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Post Maharashtra win, Owaisi's MIM to contest 100 seats | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=2 February 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/post-maharashtra-win-owaisis-mim-to-contest-100-seats/ |first1=Lalmani |last1=Verma |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML), led by [[E. Ahamed]] active in [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web | title=IUML's crescent and star in question paper evokes protest |work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=18 March 2015 |first1=Shaju |last1=Philip |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/iumls-crescent-and-star-in-question-paper-evokes-protest/ | access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF), led by [[Badruddin Ajmal]] active in [[Assam]] state<ref>{{cite news | title=Ajmal's AIUDF makes foray into Bodo bastion, wins 4 seats | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=15 April 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ajmals-aiudf-makes-foray-into-bodo-bastion-wins-4-seats/ |first1=Samudra Gupta |last1=Kashyap |access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]] (JKPC), founded by Abdul Ghani Lone and Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari.<ref>{{citation |first=Sten |last=Widmalm |title=The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir |journal=Asian Survey |volume=37 |number=11 |date= November 1997 |pages=1005–1030 |jstor=2645738 |ref={{sfnref|Widmalm, The Rise and Fall of Democracy in Jammu and Kashmir|1997}} |doi=10.2307/2645738}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |title=Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=22 |number=22 |date=30 May 1987 |pages=835–837 |jstor=4377036 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Fundamentalism in Kashmir, Fragmentation in Jammu|1987}}}}</ref> Led by Sajjad Lone.<ref>Rekha Chowdhary, [http://qz.com/317154/kashmir-election-has-reshaped-language-and-agenda-of-all-parties/ The Kashmir elections have reshaped the language and agenda of all parties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015909/https://qz.com/317154/kashmir-election-has-reshaped-language-and-agenda-of-all-parties/ |date=21 June 2018 }}, Quartz India, 23 December 2014</ref> It is active in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].
* [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC) main party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) main party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party|Apni Party]] (JKAP) a newly formed party of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Peace Party of India]] of [[Mohamed Ayub]]

===Muslims in government===
India has seen three Muslim presidents and many [[Chief Minister (India)|chief ministers]] of State Governments have been Muslims. Apart from that, there are and have been many Muslim ministers, both at the centre and at the state level. Out of the 12 [[President of India|Presidents of the Republic of India]], three were Muslims – [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] and [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]. Additionally, [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]], [[Mirza Hameedullah Beg]] and [[Altamas Kabir]] held the office of the [[Chief Justice of India]] on various occasions since independence. [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the [[President of India]], the [[Vice-President of India]] and the [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref name="M. Hidayatullah"/><ref name="EBC article on J. Hidayatullah"/>

The former [[Vice-President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], former Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] and former Director (Head) of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], [[Syed Asif Ibrahim]] are Muslims. Ibrahim was the first Muslim to hold this office. From 30 July 2010 to 10 June 2012, Dr. [[S. Y. Quraishi]] served as the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]].<ref name="yahind.com"/> He was the first Muslim to serve in this position. Prominent Indian bureaucrats and diplomats include [[Abid Hussain]], [[Ali Yavar Jung]] and [[Asaf Ali]]. [[Zafar Saifullah]] was [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994.<ref name="the first 50 years-p252"/> [[Salman Haidar]] was the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.<ref name="apcd.anu.edu.au"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> [[Tayyab Husain]] was the only politician in Indian history to serve as a Cabinet Minister in the government of three different states at different times. ([[Undivided Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023 : राजनीति के इतिहास में विरला उदाहरण थे चौधरी तैय्यब हुसैन, एक नहीं, तीन राज्यों में बने थे मंत्री |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/bharatpur/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023-chaudhary-tayyab-hussain-of-bharatpur-rajasthan-became-minister-in-three-states/rj20231104075537993993509 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=4 November 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> Influential Muslim politicians in India include [[Sheikh Abdullah]], [[Farooq Abdullah]] and his son [[Omar Abdullah]], [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]], [[Mehbooba Mufti]] (whose served as Chief Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), [[Chaudhary Rahim Khan]], [[Sikander Bakht]], [[A. R. Antulay]], [[Ahmed Patel]], [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]], [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]], [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], [[Salman Khurshid]], [[Saifuddin Soz]], [[E. Ahamed]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]] and [[Badruddin Ajmal]], [[Najma Heptulla]].

===Haj subsidy===
{{Main|Haj subsidy}}

The government of India subsidized the cost of the airfare for Indian [[Hajj]] pilgrims until it was totally phased out in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-ends-subsidy-for-haj-pilgrims/articleshow/62523061.cms |title = Haj subsidy: Centre ends Haj subsidy as part of policy to 'empower minorities without appeasement' |website = [[The Times of India]]| date=16 January 2018 }}</ref> The decision to end the subsidy was in order to comply with a [[Supreme Court of India]] decision of 2011. Starting in 2011, the amount of government subsidy per person was decreased year on year and ended completely by 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Abolish-Haj-subsidy-in-10-years-Supreme-Court/articleshow/13058161.cms |title=Abolish Haj subsidy in 10 years: Supreme Court |work=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Dhananjay |last1=Mahapatra |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ranjan|first=Amitav|title=Haj subsidy cuts start soon|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-cuts-start-soon/696844/|access-date=14 July 2011|newspaper=The India Express|date=13 October 2010}}</ref> [[Mahmood Madani|Maulana Mahmood A. Madani]], a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and general secretary of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]], declared that the Hajj subsidy is a technical violation of Islamic [[Sharia]], since the [[Quran]] declares that Hajj should be performed by Muslims using their own resources.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/haj-subsidy-unislamic-use-that-money-on-our-education-health/16740/ |title='Haj subsidy unIslamic, use that money on our education, health' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 November 2006 |first1=Ruchika |last1=Talwar |access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Influential Muslim lobbies in India have regularly insisted that the Hajj subsidy should be phased out as it is un-Islamic.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Muslim-leaders-back-cutting-Haj-subsidy/Article1-529806.aspx |title=Muslim leaders back cutting Haj subsidy |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 April 2010 |first1=Zia |last1=Haq |access-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121122532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Muslim-leaders-back-cutting-Haj-subsidy/Article1-529806.aspx |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>

==Conflict and controversy==
===Conversion controversy===
{{See also|Medieval India|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Religious violence in India}}
[[File:Sun temple martand indogreek.jpg|right|thumb|Ruins of the [[Surya]] Temple at [[Martand]], which was destroyed due to the iconoclastic policies of [[Sikandar Butshikan]], photo taken by John Burke in 1868.]]
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Somnath temple ruins (1869).jpg
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| alt1 = Somnath temple in ruins, 1869
| caption1 = Somnath temple in ruins, 1869
| image2 = Somnath-current.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Front view of the present Somnath Temple
| caption2 = Front view of the present Somnath Temple
| footer = The [[Somnath temple]] was first attacked by Muslim Turkic invader [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and repeatedly rebuilt after being demolished by successive Muslim rulers, including the Mughals under [[Aurangzeb]].
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Considerable controversy exists both in scholarly and public opinion about the conversions to Islam typically represented by the following schools of thought:<ref name="der Veer">{{cite book |last=van der Veer |first=Peter |title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC&q=third%20school%20of%20thought |year=1994 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08256-4 |pages=27–29}}</ref>

# The bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the [[Iranian Plateau]] or Arabs.<ref name="Eaton">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |date=1993 |url=https://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft067n99v9/ |access-date=1 May 2007}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2015}} However this claim is disputed by modern genetic studies on haplotype findings of Y-chromosomal ancestry amongst various Muslim communities in India.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2590854 | date=2006 | last1=Gutala | first1=R. | last2=Carvalho-Silva | first2=D. R. | last3=Jin | first3=L. | last4=Yngvadottir | first4=B. | last5=Avadhanula | first5=V. | last6=Nanne | first6=K. | last7=Singh | first7=L. | last8=Chakraborty | first8=R. | last9=Tyler-Smith | first9=C. | title=A Shared Y-chromosomal Heritage between Muslims and Hindus in India | journal=Human Genetics | volume=120 | issue=4 | pages=543–551 | doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0234-x | pmid=16951948 }}</ref>
# Conversions of convenience: administrators and clerks converted to preserve their employment by governments; slaves obtained protection, and sometimes even power, through conversion; sub-castes converted to gain a Muslim ruler's protection; in many service industries (e.g. butchery) conversion was socially convenient; non-Muslim men converted to marry Muslim women.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Peter |title=Muslims of British India |date=October 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/PeterHardyTheMuslimsOfBritishIndia/page/n18 9] |url=https://archive.org/details/PeterHardyTheMuslimsOfBritishIndia}}</ref>
# Conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes<ref name="der Veer"/><ref name="Eaton"/>
# Conversion was a result of the actions of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] saints and involved a genuine change of heart.<ref name="der Veer"/>
# Conversion came from [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and the en masse conversions of lower castes for social liberation and as a rejection of the oppressive [[Caste system in India|Hindu caste strictures]].<ref name="Eaton"/>
# A combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart.<ref name="der Veer"/>
# As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant [[Muslim world|Muslim civilisation and global polity]] at large.<ref name="Eaton"/>

Embedded within this lies the concept of Islam as a foreign imposition and Hinduism as the native religion that resisted it has been a point of contention, contributing to the failure of efforts to Islamize the Indian subcontinent and playing a significant role in the politics of [[Partition of India|partition]] and [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]].<ref name="der Veer"/> The impact and consequences of the Muslim conquest of South Asia remain subjects of scrutiny and diverse viewpoints.

[[Will Durant]] characterizes the Muslim conquest of India as a particularly tumultuous chapter in history. He suggests that it was marked by significant violence and upheaval, which he attributes in part to factors such as internal divisions, the influence of religions like [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|author-link=Will Durant|title=The Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage |page= 459}}</ref> [[Jadunath Sarkar]] argues that some Muslim invaders waged a systematic jihad against Hindus, using various methods to force conversions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1912 |title=History of Aurangzeb |volume=3 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar and Sons |page=254}}</ref> Hindu converts to Islam faced discrimination within the Muslim social hierarchy, as outlined in Ziauddin al-Barani’s Fatawa-i Jahandari,<ref name="Sikand" /> where they were placed in the Ajlaf caste and treated as inferior to the Ashraf castes.<ref name="one">{{cite book|last=Aggarwal|first=Patrap|title=Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India|publisher=Manohar|year=1978}}</ref> Other perspectives suggest that the Muslim conquests led to persecution of Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists, with instances of massacres, temple destructions, and forced conversions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv-4tyO9u_QC&pg=PA248|title=Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and Its Impact on Indian and Cross-cultural Studies|author=Eli Franco, Karin Preisendanz|page=248|publisher=Motlilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8120831100|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19mPVOBZ_9YC&pg=PA16|title=The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism|author=Eamon Murphy|page=16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415565264|year=2013}}</ref>

[[Thomas Walker Arnold|Sir Thomas Arnold]] and [[De Lacy O'Leary]], criticized the view that Islam was spread by force and sword as 'absurd.'<ref name=Munir>{{cite web |last1=Munir |first1=Hassam |date=May 12, 2018 |title=Did Islam Spread by the Sword? A Critical Look at Forced Conversions |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/did-islam-spread-by-the-sword-a-critical-look-at-forced-conversions |website=Yaqeen Institute |access-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114042739/https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/did-islam-spread-by-the-sword-a-critical-look-at-forced-conversions |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Ira M. Lapidus|Ira Lapidus]], while instances of forced conversion in Muslim regions did occur, they were relatively infrequent. Muslim conquerors generally sought to exert control rather than enforce conversion, with the majority of conversions to Islam being voluntary in nature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lapidus |first1=Ira M. |author1-link=Ira M. Lapidus |year=2014 |title=A History of Islamic Societies |edition=3rd |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/a-history-of-islamic-societies/22183D81CFE5E37E5DBED1A0F5AB0FB9#overview |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139048828 |isbn=9780521514309 |access-date= |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503164345/https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/a-history-of-islamic-societies/22183D81CFE5E37E5DBED1A0F5AB0FB9#overview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Munir />

Other critics of the "conversion by the sword theory" point to the presence of the large Muslim communities found in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Western Burma, Bangladesh, Southern Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia coupled with the distinctive lack of equivalent Muslim communities around the heartland of historical Muslim empires in the Indian subcontinent as a refutation to the "conversion by the sword theory". The legacy of the Muslim conquest of South Asia is a hotly debated issue and argued even today.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Muslim invaders were not all simply raiders. Later rulers fought on to win kingdoms and stayed to create new ruling dynasties. The practices of these new rulers and their subsequent heirs (some of whom were born to Hindu wives) varied considerably. While some were uniformly hated, others developed a popular following. According to the memoirs of [[Ibn Battuta]] who travelled through [[Delhi]] in the 14th century, one of the previous sultans had been especially brutal and was deeply hated by Delhi's population. Batuta's memoirs also indicate that Muslims from the Arab world, [[Greater Iran|Persia]] and [[Anatolia]] were often favoured with important posts at the royal courts, suggesting that locals may have played a somewhat subordinate role in the Delhi administration. The term "Turk" was commonly used to refer to their higher social status. S.A.A. Rizvi (''The Wonder That Was India – II'') however points to [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] as not only encouraging locals but promoting artisan groups such as cooks, barbers and gardeners to high administrative posts. In his reign, it is likely that conversions to Islam took place as a means of seeking greater social mobility and improved social standing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://india_resource.tripod.com/islam.html |title=Islam and the sub-continent – appraising its impact |access-date=27 November 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209030754/http://india_resource.tripod.com/islam.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Although, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] were generally known for their religious tolerance,<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |title=Revisiting the History and Historiography of Mughal Pluralism |url=https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/reorient.5.2.0137 |journal=Reorient |access-date=March 2, 2024 |date=April 1, 2020| doi=10.13169/reorient.5.2.0137 | last1=Kinra | first1=Rajeev | volume=5 | issue=2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=MUGHALS AND THE RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/99054ac16e7f4bff45b43e5af41a383a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=646551 |website=Proquest |access-date=March 2, 2024 |date=September 2012}}</ref><ref name=a1>{{cite web |last1=Akhtar |first1=Awais |title=Religious Policy of Emperor Shahjahan (1627-1658AD) |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/1_v4_2_18.pdf |publisher=Journal of Indian Studies}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Giordan |first1=Giuseppe |title=Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion. Volume 10 (2019) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isuiDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh |access-date=March 10, 2024 |page=278 |date=July 15, 2019|isbn=978-90-04-40126-6 }}</ref> and actively patronized the arts and literature as well as cultural and religious exchange, blending Hindu and Islamic traditions,<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="auto1"/> numerous temples were destroyed by Muslim conquerors like [[Aurangzeb]] who was noted for his policies of religious intolerance non-Muslims.<ref group="web">{{cite web |url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/Aurang2.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212204236/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Mughals/Aurang2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2012 |title=Aurangzeb: Religious Policies |publisher=Manas Group, UCLA |access-date=26 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyXxEX5PQH8C&pg=PA362|title=Ornament in Indian Architecture|first=Margaret Prosser|last=Allen|page=362|isbn=978-0874133998 |publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=1991}}</ref>

Richard M. Eaton lists a total of 80 temples that were desecrated by Muslim conquerors,<ref name=Frontline-Jan2001>{{cite news |first1=Richard M. |last1=Eaton |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Part II |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=5 January 2001 |pages=70–77 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1726/17260700.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040012/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1726/17260700.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2014}} {{citation |url=https://ftp.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples2.pdf |title=via: ftp.columbia.edu}}</ref> but notes this was not unusual in [[medieval India]] where numerous temples were also desecrated by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms during conflicts between devotees of different Hindu deities, and between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.<ref name="Eaton-dec">{{cite journal |last=Eaton|first=Richard M. |title=Temple desecration in pre-modern India, Part I |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=9 December 2000 |volume=17 |issue=25| publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1725/17250620.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211181300/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1725/17250620.htm |archive-date=11 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Eaton-sep">{{cite journal|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States|journal=[[Journal of Islamic Studies]]|date=September 2000|volume=11|issue=3|pages=283–319|doi=10.1093/jis/11.3.283|doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="Eaton-2004">{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard M.|title=Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India|date=2004|publisher=Hope India Publications|location=Gurgaon|isbn=978-8178710273}}</ref> He also notes there were many instances of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources, and that attacks on temples had significantly declined under the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=Frontline-Jan2001/>

[[K. S. Lal]], in his book ''[[Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India]]'', claimed that between 1000 and 1500 the Indian population decreased by 30 million,<ref>{{citation |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |author-link=K.S. Lal |title=Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86471-72-2 |page=343}}: "I have arrived at the conclusion that the population of India in A.D. 1000 was about 200 million and in the year 1500 it was 170 million."</ref> but stated his estimates were tentative and did not claim any finality.<ref>{{citation |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |author-link=K.S. Lal |title=Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7U8AQAAIAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Research Publications |isbn=978-81-86471-72-2 |page=89}}</ref><ref name=Elst>{{citation |last=Elst |first=Koenraad |author-link=Koenraad Elst |chapter=The Ayodhya Debate |editor=Gilbert Pollet |title=Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact : Proceedings of the 8th International Rāmāyaạ Conference, Leuven, 6–8 July 1991 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C |year=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6831-701-5 |page=33}}</ref><ref name=Miller>{{citation |last=Miller |first=Sam |author-link=Sam Miller (journalist) |chapter=A Third Intermission|title=A Strange Kind of Paradise: India Through Foreign Eyes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FnOAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-14-4819-220-5 |page=80}}</ref> His work has come under [[Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India#Criticism|criticism]] by historians such as [[Simon Digby (oriental scholar)|Simon Digby]] ([[SOAS, University of London]]) and [[Irfan Habib]] for its agenda and lack of accurate data in pre-census times.<ref name="Digby1975">{{cite journal |last=Digby |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Digby (oriental scholar) |year=1975 |title=Reviews: K. S. Lal: ''Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000-1800)'' |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3802960&fulltextType=BR&fileId=S0041977X0004739X |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0004739X |jstor=614231|s2cid=161748418 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Habib">{{cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |date=January 1978 |title=Economic History of the Delhi Sultanate - An Essay in Interpretation |journal=The Indian Historical Review |volume=IV |issue=2 |pages=287–303}}</ref> Different population estimates by economics historians [[Angus Maddison]] and Jean-Noël Biraben also indicate that India's population did not decrease between 1000 and 1500, but increased by about 35 million during that time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|title=The Contours of the World Economy 1–2030 AD|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2006}}</ref><ref>Biraben, Jean-Noël (2003). "The rising numbers of humankind", ''Populations & Societies'' '''394'''.</ref> The [[Demographics of India|Indian population]] estimates from other economic historians including [[Colin Clark (economist)|Colin Clark]], John D. Durand and [[Colin McEvedy]] also show there was a population increase in India between 1000 and 1500.<ref name="maddison">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 pp. 241–242] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 |date=11 November 2020 }}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref><ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 p. 236] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111170118/http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 |date=11 November 2020 }}, [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref>

===Relations with non-Muslim communities===

====Muslim–Hindu conflict====
{{See also|Persecution of Muslims|Persecution of Hindus#During Islamic rule of the Indian sub-continent|Religious violence in India|Violence against Muslims in India}}
;Before 1947
The conflict between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent has a complex history which can be said to have begun with the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]'s invasion of [[Sindh]] in 711. The persecution of Hindus during the Islamic expansion in India during the medieval period was characterised by destruction of temples, often illustrated by historians by the repeated destruction of the Hindu Temple at [[Somnath]]<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://www.indhistory.com/somnath-temple.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710164219/http://indhistory.com/somnath-temple.html| url-status=usurped| archive-date=10 July 2004|title=Somnath Temple | access-date=17 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1608/16081210.htm | title=Somanatha and Mahmud | access-date=17 April 2008 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517102331/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1608/16081210.htm | archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref> and the anti-Hindu practices of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Richards | first = John F. | title = The Mughal Empire | year = 1995 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-56603-7 | pages = 130, 177}}</ref> Although there were instances of conflict between the two groups, a number of Hindus worshipped and continue to worship at the tombs of Muslim Sufi Saints.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burman|first=J. J. Roy|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|year=2002|publisher=Naurang Rai for Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-839-5| pages = 26, 27}}</ref> During the [[Noakhali riots]] in 1946, several thousand Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam by Muslim mobs.<ref name="khan68-69">{{cite book |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |year=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn= 978-0-300-12078-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan |url-access=registration |quote=Noakhali. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/68 68]–69}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fatal flaw in communal violence bill |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/fatal-flaw-in-communal-violence-bill/20110602.htm |newspaper=[[Rediff.com]] |date=2 June 2011 |first1=Vivek |last1=Gumaste |access-date=2 August 2011}}</ref>

;From 1947 to 1998
The aftermath of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 saw large scale [[Sectarian violence|sectarian strife]] and bloodshed throughout the nation. Since then, India has witnessed sporadic large-scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of the Hindu and Muslim communities. These include the [[1969 Gujarat riots]], the [[1970 Bhiwandi riots]], the 1983 [[Nellie massacre]], and the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]]. These conflicts stem in part from the ideologies of [[Hindu nationalism]] and [[Islamic extremism]]. Since independence, [[India]] has always maintained a [[Indian constitution|constitutional]] commitment to [[secularism]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

The sense of communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims in the post-partition period was compromised greatly by the razing of the [[Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]]. The demolition took place in 1992 and was perpetrated by the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and organisations like [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], [[Bajrang Dal]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]. This was followed by [[tit for tat]] violence by Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists throughout the country, giving rise to the [[Bombay riots]] and the [[1993 Bombay bombings]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In the [[1998 Prankote massacre]], 26 Kashmiri Hindus were beheaded by Islamist militants after their refusal to convert to Islam. The militants struck when the villagers refused demands from the gunmen to convert to Islam and prove their conversion by eating beef.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/20/world/gunmen-kill-25-hindus-in-kashmir-attacks.html |date=20 June 1998 |title=Gunmen Kill 25 Hindus in Kashmir Attacks |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412024706/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/20/world/gunmen-kill-25-hindus-in-kashmir-attacks.html |first1=John F. |last1=Burns |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Kashmir (1990s)

During the eruption of militancy in the 1990s, following persecution and threats by radical Islamists and militants, the native [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Hindus]] were forced into an exodus from [[Kashmir]], a Muslim-majority region in Northern India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |title=Paradise Lost – the Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=[[BBC World Service]] |first1=Shivani |last1=Sharma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109093913/https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm |date=19 January 2005 |title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror |first1=Kanchan |last1=Gupta |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Mosques issued warnings, telling them to leave Kashmir, convert to Islam or be killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/kashmiri-pandits-offered-three-choices-by-radical-islamists/ |title=Kashmiri Pandits offered three choices by radical Islamists |first1=By Col (Dr) Tej Kumar |last1=Tikoo |date=19 January 2021 |work=Indian Defence Review}}</ref> Approximately 300,000–350,000 pandits left the valley during the mid-80s and the 90s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=CIA Factbook: India–Transnational Issues |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many of them have been living in abject conditions in refugee camps of [[Jammu]].<ref name="rediff1">{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/kashmiri-pandits-remain-refugees-in-their-own-nation/20120119.htm |title=23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=28 March 2013}}</ref>

;Gujarat (2002)

One of the most violent events in recent times took place during the [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat riots]] in 2002, where it is estimated one thousand people were killed, most allegedly Muslim. Some sources claim there were approximately 2,000 Muslim deaths.<ref name="India's Great Divide">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501030811/story.html |archive-date=6 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806223353/http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501030811/story.html |date=4 August 2003 |first1=Alex |last1=Perry |title=India's Great Divide |access-date=4 April 2007 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> There were also allegations made of state involvement.<ref name="India's Great Divide"/><ref>{{cite news |date=13 November 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505143121/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200411132124.htm |archive-date=5 May 2007 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200411132124.htm |title=Demand for CBI probe into Zaheera's u-turn |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=usurped |access-date=4 April 2007}}</ref> The riots were in retaliation to the [[Godhra train burning]] in which 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from the disputed site of the [[Babri Masjid]], were burnt alive in a train fire at the Godhra railway station. Gujarat police claimed that the incident was a planned act carried out by extremist Muslims in the region against the Hindu pilgrims. The Bannerjee commission appointed to investigate this finding declared that the fire was an accident.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2203/stories/20050211004203200.htm |title=Still a burning question |first1=Dionne |last1=Bunsha |date=11 May 2005 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=28 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427105825/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30203511.ece |archive-date=27 April 2020}}</ref> In 2006 the High Court decided the constitution of such a committee was illegal as another inquiry headed by Justice Nanavati Shah was still investigating the matter.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Banerjee-panel-illegal-Gujarat-HC/articleshow/1457456.cms |title=Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 March 2006 |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Image:Ahmedabad riots1.jpg|right|thumb|The skyline of [[Ahmedabad]] filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by [[2002 Gujarat violence|rioting mobs]]. The riots, which took place following the [[Godhra train burning]] incident, killed more than 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus, including those killed in the Godhra train fire. These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed |work=BBC News |date=11 May 2005 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP cites govt statistics to defend Modi |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=ExpressIndia (part of [[The Indian Express]] group) |date=12 May 2005 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050527160301/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46626 |archive-date=27 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=254 Hindus, 790 Muslims killed in post-Godhra riots |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=Indiainfo.com |date=11 May 2005 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226131020/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/05/11/1105godhra-rs.html |archive-date=26 February 2009 }}</ref>]]

In 2004, several Indian school textbooks were scrapped by the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT) after they were found to be loaded with anti-Muslim prejudice. The NCERT argued that the books were "written by scholars hand-picked by the previous Hindu nationalist administration". According to ''[[The Guardian]]'', the textbooks depicted India's past Muslim rulers "as barbarous invaders and the medieval period as a Dark Age of Islamic colonial rule which snuffed out the glories of the Hindu empire that preceded it".<ref name=Guardian26Jun04>{{cite news |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/26/india.schoolsworldwide |title=Another rewrite for India's history books |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 June 2004 |access-date=29 July 2017 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In one textbook, it was purported that the [[Taj Mahal]], the [[Qutb Minar]] and the [[Red Fort]] – all examples of Islamic architecture – "were designed and commissioned by Hindus".<ref name=Guardian26Jun04/>

;West Bengal (2010)

In the [[2010 Deganga riots]], rioting began on 6 September 2010, when an [[Islamist]] mob resorted to arson and violence on the [[Hindu]] neighborhoods of [[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]], Kartikpur and Beliaghata under the [[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]] police station area. The violence began late in the evening and continued throughout the night into the next morning. The [[West Bengal Police|district police]], [[Rapid Action Force]], [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and [[Border Security Force]] all failed to stop the [[Riot|mob violence]] and the [[Indian Army|Army]] was finally deployed.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Communal-clash-near-Bangla-border-Army-deployed/articleshow/6516123.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-08/india/28230267_1_communal-clash-indo-bangla-deganga |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Communal clash near Bangla border, Army deployed |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="toi2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Army-out-after-Deganga-rioting/articleshow/6516493.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103132107/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-08/kolkata/28268373_1_deganga-army-personnel-senior-army-official |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Army out after Deganga rioting |date=8 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 September 2010 }}</ref><ref name="express1">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Curfew-in-Bengal-district--Army-called-in/678774 |title=Curfew in Bengal district, Army called in |work=The Indian Express |date=8 September 2010 |access-date=11 September 2010 |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |first=Raktima |last=Bose |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/08/stories/2010090859680100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910005112/http://hindu.com/2010/09/08/stories/2010090859680100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 September 2010 |title=Youth killed in group clash |date=8 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 September 2010 }}</ref>

;Assam (2012)

At least 77 people died<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/india/subho-fake-8am-v-732858.html|title=Ground report: Death toll in Bodo attack mounts to 70|website=News18|access-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> and 400,000 people were displaced in the [[2012 Assam violence]] between indigenous [[Bodo people|Bodos]] and East Bengal rooted Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/world/asia/after-tensions-in-indias-east-turn-deadly-claims-officials-turned-a-blind-eye.html|title=As Tensions in India Turn Deadly, Some Say Officials Ignored Warning Signs|last=Harris|first=Gardiner|date=2012-07-28|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-07-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

;Delhi (2020)

The [[2020 Delhi riots]], which left more than 50 dead and hundreds injured,<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi riots: Violence that killed 53 in Indian capital 'was anti-Muslim pogrom', says top expert |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/world/delhi-riots-pogrom-violence-deaths-modi-bjp-india-police-a9384891.html |work=The Independent |date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For Jews, the New Delhi riots have a painfully familiar ring |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/for-jews-the-new-delhi-riots-have-a-painfully-familiar-ring/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=11 March 2020}}</ref> were triggered by protests against a [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship law]] seen by many critics as [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] and part of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Hindu nationalist]] agenda.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Muslim violence in Delhi serves Modi well |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/26/violence-delhi-modi-project-bjp-citizenship-law |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi slammed as death toll in New Delhi violence rises |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/modi-slammed-death-toll-delhi-violence-rises-200226192504695.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

====Muslim–Sikh conflict====
{{Main|Islam and Sikhism}}

{{See also|Chhota Ghallughara}}
[[Sikhism]] emerged in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. Conflict between early Sikhs and the Muslim power center at Delhi reached an early high point in 1606 when [[Guru Arjan]], the fifth guru of the Sikhs, was tortured and killed by Jahangir, the Mughal emperor. After the death of the fifth beloved Guru his son took his spot as [[Guru Hargobind]], who basically made the Sikhs a warrior religion. Guru ji was the first to defeat the Mughal empire in a battle which had taken place in present [[Sri Hargobindpur]] in [[Gurdaspur]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|author2=Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh|year=2005|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures|publisher=Routledge|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-415-26604-1|pages=xv–xvi}}</ref> Later in the 16th century, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur]] became guru in 1665 and led the Sikhs until 1675. Teg Bahadur was executed by the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for helping to protect Hindus, after a delegation of [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s came to him for help when the Emperor condemned them to death for failing to convert to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rama|first=Swami|year=1986|title=Celestial Song/Gobind Geet: The Dramatic Dialogue Between Guru Gobind Singh and Banda Singh Bahadur|publisher=Himalayan Institute Press|isbn = 0-89389-103-7|pages=7–8}}</ref> At this point, [[Aurangzeb]] had instituted forceful conversions on the basis of charging citizens with crimes then sparing them from punishments (up to death) if they converted. This led to a high increase of violence between the Sikhs and Hindus as well as rebellions in [[Aurangzeb]]'s empire. This is an early example which illustrates how the Hindu-Muslim conflict and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts are connected. After this Guru Gobind Singh and the Sikhs helped the next successor of the throne of India to rise, who was Bahadur Shah Zafar. For a certain period of time good relations were maintained somewhat like they were in [[Akbar]]'s time until disputes arose again. The Mughal period saw various invaders coming into India through Punjab with which they would loot and severely plunder. Better relations have been seen by [[Dulla Bhatti]], [[Mian Mir]], Pir Budhu Shah, Pir Bhikham Shah, [[Bulleh Shah]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In 1699, the [[Khalsa]] was founded by [[Guru Gobind Singh]], the last guru. A former ascetic was charged by Gobind Singh with the duty of punishing those who had persecuted the Sikhs. After the guru's death, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur became the leader of the Sikh army and was responsible for several attacks on the Mughal empire. He was executed by the emperor [[Jahandar Shah]] after refusing the offer of a pardon if he converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|author-link=Khushwant Singh|year=2006|title=The Illustrated History of the Sikhs|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=India|isbn = 0-19-567747-1|pages=47–53}}</ref> The decline of Mughal power during the 17th and 18th centuries, along with the growing strength of the [[Sikh Empire]], resulted in a balance of power which protected the Sikhs from more violence. The Sikh empire was absorbed into the British Indian empire after the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] of 1849.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Massive population exchanges took place during the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, and the British Indian province of Punjab was divided into two parts, where the western parts were assigned to Pakistan, while the eastern parts went to India. 5.3 million Muslims moved from India to West Punjab in Pakistan, as 3.4 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from Pakistan to East Punjab in India. The newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border. Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 1,000,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm#India|title=War Stats Redirect |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

==Indian Muslim News Agencies==
*[[The Milli Gazette]]: A prominent English-language newspaper in India that focuses on issues related to the Muslim community and provides news, analysis, and views from an Islamic perspective.
*[[All India Muslim Personal Law Board|All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB)]]: While primarily a body representing the interests of Muslims in India, the AIMPLB is also involved in publishing statements, reports, and newsletters on issues affecting the Muslim community in the country.
*[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jaamiat-e-Ulama-i-Hind (Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind)]]: One of the oldest and most respected Muslim organizations in India, Jamiat also disseminates news and information on various social, educational, and religious matters through its publications and media outlets.
*[[Muslim Mirror]]: A digital media platform focusing on news, opinion, and analysis related to the Muslim community in India and across the globe.
*'''India Islamic Cultural Centre (IICC)''': This center in New Delhi is not primarily a news agency, but it publishes materials, reports, and information related to the Indian Muslim community’s cultural, educational, and social concerns.
*'''[https://youtube.com/@nousnetwork Naus Network]:''' it is a news channel which talk about the issues of Muslims as well as other minorities on YouTube.

==Prominent Muslims in India==

India is home to many eminent Muslims who have made their mark in numerous fields and have played a constructive role in India's economic rise and cultural influence across the world.
Out of the 12 [[President of India|Presidents of the Republic of India]], three were Muslims – [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] and [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]. Additionally, 4 Muslims: [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], [[Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi]], [[Mirza Hameedullah Beg]] and [[Altamas Kabir]] held the office of the [[Chief Justice of India]]. [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]] also served as the acting President of India on two separate occasions; and holds the distinct honour of being the only person to have served in all three offices of the [[President of India]], the [[Vice-President of India]] and the [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref name="M. Hidayatullah">{{cite web|url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mhidayatullah.htm|title=M. Hidayatullah|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=8 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106034450/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mhidayatullah.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EBC article on J. Hidayatullah">{{cite web|url=https://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/92v4a2.htm |title=Full Court Reference in Memory of The Late Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah |first1=P.D. |last1=Desai |date=1992 |work=Supreme Court Cases Journal |publisher=Eastern Book Company, Lucknow |access-date=8 June 2008 }}</ref> [[Tayyab Husain]] serves as a Cabinet Minister in the government of three different states ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]]) at different times and became the only politician in Indian history to do so.<ref name=":0" />

[[Dr. Zakir Hussain]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]], [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]] are prominent Muslims of India who have been awarded [[Bharat Ratna]], highest civilian award of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://clarionindia.net/5-muslims-among-bharat-ratna-awardees-a-tribute-to-excellence-and-diversity/?amp=1|title= 5 Muslims among Bharat Ratna awardees- A tribute to excellence and diversity|access-date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

The former [[Vice-President of India]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], former Foreign Minister [[Salman Khurshid]] are Muslims. Dr. [[S. Y. Quraishi]] and [[Syed Nasim Ahmad Zaidi]] both served as the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] .<ref name="yahind.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.yahind.com/news/directory.php?id=408|title=S.Y. Quraishi appointed as election commissioner of India from YaHind.Com|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502084543/http://www.yahind.com/news/directory.php?id=408|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prominent Indian Muslim bureaucrats and diplomats include [[Abid Hussain]], [[Ali Yavar Jung]] and [[Asaf Ali]]. [[Zafar Saifullah]] was [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] of the Government of India from 1993 to 1994.<ref name="the first 50 years-p252">{{cite book |page=252 |title=Independent India: the first fifty years |first1=Hiranmay |last1=Karlekar |publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations and Oxford University Press |date=1998}}</ref> Salman Haidar was [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Indian Foreign Secretary]] from 1995 to 1997 and Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations.<ref name="apcd.anu.edu.au">{{cite web |url=http://apcd.anu.edu.au/transforum/2004/participants.html |title=2004 Transnational Policy Forum Participants |website=Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy |publisher=Australian National University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505102848/http://apcd.anu.edu.au/transforum/2004/participants.html |archive-date=5 May 2006}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/programmes/analysis/transcripts/15_03_07.txt|title=Anchor Aweigh?|work=[[BBC Radio 4]] |date=15 March 2007 }}</ref> Numerous Muslims have achieved high rank in the [[Indian Police Service]], with several attaining the rank of [[Director general of police]] and serving as commanders of both state and [[Central Armed Police Forces]]. In 2013, IPS officer [[Syed Asif Ibrahim]] became the first Muslim Director of the Intelligence Bureau, the seniormost appointment in the service. There have been seven Muslim Chief Ministers of [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|Indian states]] (other than [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]):
# [[Barkatullah Khan]] ([[Rajasthan]]: 1971–73)
# [[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]] ([[Bihar]]: 1973–75)
# [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]] ([[Kerala]]: 1979)
# [[Anwara Taimur]] ([[Assam]]: 1980–81)
# [[A. R. Antulay]] ([[Maharashtra]]: 1980–82)
# [[Mohammed Alimuddin]] ([[Manipur]]: 1973–74)
# [[M. O. H. Farook]] was a three-time CM of the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]].


Some of the most popular and influential as well as critically acclaimed actors and actresses of the Indian film industry are Muslims. These include [[Dilip Kumar|Yusuf Khan]] (stage name Dilip Kumar),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-one-and-only-dilip-kumar-the-actor-who-shaped-world-biggest-film-industry-7392998/|title=The one and only Dilip Kumar: The actor who shaped world's biggest film industry|work=The Indian Express |date=7 July 2021}}</ref> [[Shah Rukh Khan]],<ref>Zubair Ahmed (23 September 2005) [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan?] BBC News Retrieved on 30 March 2009.</ref> [[Salman Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6383.html |title=Aamir speaks out on alienation as a Muslim |work=IndiaGlitz |date=5 August 2005 |access-date=30 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130191313/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/interview/6383.html |archive-date=30 November 2005}}</ref> [[Saif Ali Khan]],<ref name=sak>{{cite news |first1=Deepa |last1=Gahlot |date=July 1998 |url=http://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/august98/saif.htm |title='Religion played a major role in my upbringing' |work=Communalism Combat |publisher=[[Sabrang Communications]] |access-date=3 April 2009 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606052619/http://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/august98/saif.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-went-to-a-Muslim-builder-says-Saif/articleshow/3385672.cms |first1=Subhash K |last1=Jha |date=21 August 2008 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509215025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-21/news-interviews/27923991_1_saif-muslim-societies |title='I went to a Muslim builder,' says Saif |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2009}}</ref> [[Madhubala]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.topnews.in/interesting-facts-and-figures-madhubala-2140744 |title=Interesting Facts and Figures : Madhubala |work=TopNews (India) |first1=Mohit |last1=Joshi |date=17 March 2009 |access-date=30 March 2009}}</ref> [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]],<ref>PTI (24 April 2017) [http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/04/24/watch-nawazuddin-siddiqui-explains-that-he-isnt-just-a-muslim_a_22052880/ Watch: Nawazuddin Siddiqui Explains That He Isn't Just A Muslim, But A Bit Of All Religions] ''HuffPost''. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</ref> [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Shabana Azmi]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130509215016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-17/india/27919758_1_indian-democracy-shabana-azmi-muslims Indian democracy unfair to Muslims: Shabana Azmi] ''The Times of India''. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2009.</ref> [[Waheeda Rehman]],<ref name="Waheeda Rehman honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for contributions to Indian cinema, expemplifying ‘strength of Bharatiya Nari’">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Waheeda Rehman honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award for contributions to Indian cinema, expemplifying 'strength of Bharatiya Nari' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/waheeda-rehman-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-contributions-to-indian-cinema-expemplifying-strength-of-bharatiya-nari-8956704/ |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926093107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/waheeda-rehman-honoured-with-dadasaheb-phalke-award-for-contributions-to-indian-cinema-expemplifying-strength-of-bharatiya-nari-8956704/ |archive-date=26 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Ajit Khan]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Meena Kumari]], [[Prem Nazir]], [[Mammootty]], [[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Nargis]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Arshad Warsi]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Raza Murad]], [[Farooq Sheikh]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]].

Some of the best known film directors of Indian cinema include [[Mehboob Khan]], [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]], [[Nasir Hussain]], [[Kamal Amrohi]], [[K. Asif]], [[Sultan Ahmed (director)|Sultan Ahmed]], [[Anees Bazmee]], [[Mansoor Khan]], [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], [[Ali Abbas Zafar]] and the [[Abbas–Mustan]] duo. Indian Muslims also play pivotal roles in other forms of performing arts in India, particularly in music, modern art and theatre. [[M. F. Husain]] is one of India's best known contemporary artists. [[Academy Awards]] winners [[Resul Pookutty]] and [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Naushad]], [[Salim–Sulaiman]] and Nadeem Akhtar of the [[Nadeem–Shravan]] duo are some of India's celebrated musicians. [[Abrar Alvi]] penned many of the greatest classics of Indian cinema. Prominent poets and lyricists include [[Shakeel Badayuni]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] and [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]. Popular Indian singers of Muslim faith include [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Lucky Ali]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Armaan Malik]], [[Adnan Sami]], [[Talat Mahmood]] and [[Shamshad Begum]]. Another famous personality is the [[Padma Vibhushan]] awardee [[tabla]] maestro [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussian]].


[[Sania Mirza]], from [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], is the highest-ranked Indian woman tennis player. Prominent Muslim names in Indian [[cricket]] (the most popular sport of India) include [[Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi]] and [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], who captained the Indian cricket team on various occasions. Other famous Muslim cricketers in India are [[Mushtaq Ali]], [[Syed Kirmani]], [[Arshad Ayub]], [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Munaf Patel]], [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Yusuf Pathan]], [[Mohammed Shami]], [[Mohammed Siraj]] and [[Wasim Jaffer]].


[[File:Azim H. Premji World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Azim Premji]], CEO of India's 3rd largest IT company [[Wipro Technologies]] and the 5th richest man in India with an estimated fortune of US$17.1 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/14/billionaires-walton-buffett-biz-cz_ah_1114frugalbillies.html|title=The Frugal Billionaires|author=Asher Hawkins|date=14 November 2007|work=Forbes|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>]]
India is home to several influential Muslim businessmen. Some of India's most prominent firms, such as [[Wipro]], [[Wockhardt]], Himalaya Health Care, [[Hamdard (Wakf) Laboratories|Hamdard Laboratories]], [[Cipla]] and Mirza Tanners were founded by Muslims. The only two South Asian Muslim billionaires named by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, [[Yusuf Hamied]] and [[Azim Premji]], are from India.


Though Muslims are under-represented in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], as compared to [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/arvind-kala-hiding-what-s-well-known-106030401044_1.html|title=Arvind Kala: Hiding what's well-known|last=Kala|first=Arvind|date=2006-03-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-07-28}}</ref> several Indian military Muslim personnel have earned gallantry awards and high ranks for exceptional service to the nation. Air Chief Marshal [[I. H. Latif]] was Deputy [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and later served as [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air staff]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] from 1973 to 1976.<ref>[http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/latifbiodata.htm Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif, PVSM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518201546/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/latifbiodata.htm |date=18 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>Civil-military relations: regional perspectives, Morris Janowitz, Inter-university Seminar on Armed Forces and Society, Sage Publications, 1981. p. 118</ref> Air Marshal Jaffar Zaheer (1923–2008) commanded IAF Agra and was decorated for his service during the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, eventually rising to the rank of [[air marshal]] and ending his career as Director-General of Civil Aviation from 1979 to 1980.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/air-marshal-jaffar-zaheer-principled-indian-air-force-officer-806294.html |title=Air Marshal Jaffar Zaheer: Principled Indian Air Force officer |date=23 October 2011 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> [[Indian Army]]'s [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]] was posthumously awarded India's highest military decoration, the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for knocking-out seven Pakistani tanks with a recoilless gun during the [[Battle of Asal Uttar]] in 1965.<ref>[Maj Gen Cardozo, Ian (2003). Param Vir. New Delhi: Lotus Collection. {{ISBN|81-7436-262-2}}]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/photo_6.htm|title=The Param Vir Chakra Winners' home page for Company Quarter Master Havildar Abdul Hamid|access-date=6 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215807/http://indianarmy.nic.in/PVC/photo_6.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Two other Muslims – Brigadier Mohammed Usman and Mohammed Ismail – were awarded [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for their actions during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/MVC.html|title=Maha Vir Chakra|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610015036/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/HEROISM/MVC.html|archive-date=10 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> High ranking Muslims in the Indian Armed Forces include:
*Lieutenant General Jameel Mahmood (former GOC-in-C Eastern Command: 1992–93),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/lieutenant-general-p-m-hariz-took-over-as-commander-in-chief-of-the-southern-command/ |title=Lieutenant General P. M. Hariz took over as Commander-In-Chief of the Southern Command |work=Muslim Mirror |location=India |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016}}</ref>
*Lieutenant General Sami Khan (Commandant of the National Defence Academy: 1985–86, GoC-in-C, Central Command: 1988–89)
*Lieutenant General Pattiarimmal Mohamed Hariz (GOC-in-C, Southern Command: 2016–17),<ref>{{cite web|author=Anil Bhat|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/87825/ |title=Brave Indians, also Muslim |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=14 February 2006 |access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref>
*Air Marshal Syed Shahid Hussein Naqvi (Deputy Chief of Air Staff: 1997–99, Senior Air Staff Officer, Training Command 1999–2001)<ref name="Bharat_Rakshak_Service_Record">{{cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/7193|title=Air Marshal Syed Shahid Hussein Naqvi|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref>
*Lieutenant General [[Syed Ata Hasnain]] (GOC XV Corps: 2010–2012, Military Secretary: 2012–13)
*Major General [[Afsir Karim]]
*Major General SM Hasnain
*Major General Mohammed Amin Naik.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.merinews.com/article/a-high-profile-naik-of-indian-army/132377.shtml |title=A high-profile 'Naik' of Indian Army |work=Merinews |date=13 April 2008 |first1=Rajesh |last1=Bhat |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028182723/http://www.merinews.com/article/a-high-profile-naik-of-indian-army/132377.shtml |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Abdul Kalam]], one of India's most respected scientists and the father of the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) of India, was honoured through his appointment as the 11th [[President of India]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm |title=Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309080244/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Abdulkalam/Abdulkalam.htm |date= 9 March 2007 |archive-date=9 March 2007 |work=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal}}</ref> His extensive contribution to India's defence industry lead him to being nicknamed as the ''Missile Man of India''<ref>R. K. Pruthi.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee3PR5HFBCAC&dq=%22Abdul+Kalam%22+%22missile+man%22&pg=PA61 ''President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.''] Anmol Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|978-81-261-1344-6}}; Ch. 4. Missile Man of Idia. pp. 61–76</ref> and during his tenure as the President of India, he was affectionately known as ''People's President''. [[Syed Zahoor Qasim]], former Director of the [[National Institute of Oceanography, India|National Institute of Oceanography]], led India's first scientific expedition to [[Antarctica]] and played a crucial role in the establishment of [[Dakshin Gangotri]]. He was also the former Vice Chancellor of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], Secretary of the Department of Ocean Development and the founder of Polar Research in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archives.nic.in/techfocus/doc3/int.htm |title=Interview: Dr SZ Qasim |access-date=15 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916052340/http://archives.nic.in/techfocus/doc3/int.htm |archive-date=16 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other prominent Muslim scientists and engineers include C. M. Habibullah, a stem cell scientist and director of [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]] and Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090228/dplus.htm#3 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |title=Hope hangs on stem cell therapy |date=27 February 2009 |first1=Neena |last1=Sharma |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> In the field of [[Yunani medicine]], one can name [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], Hakim Abdul Hameed and [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]]. [[Salim Ali]], was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist, also known as the "birdman of India".

In the list of most influential Muslims list by [[Georgetown University]], there were 21 Indians (in 2017) like [[Mahmood Madani|Maulana Mahmood Madani]], [[Akhtar Raza Khan]], [[Zakir Abdul Karim Naik]], [[Wahiduddin Khan]], Abul Qasim Nomani Syed Muhammad [[Ameen Mian Qaudri]], [[Aamir Khan]] and Aboobacker Ahmad Musliyar. [[Mahmood Madani]], leader of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] and MP was ranked at 36 for initiating a movement against terrorism in South Asia.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bhaskar Roy, TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-Shah-Rukh-in-most-influential-Muslims-list/articleshow/5328554.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512000003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-12/india/28109876_1_islamic-terror-muslims-maulana-mahmood-madani |url-status=live |archive-date=12 May 2013 |title=Kalam, Shah Rukh in most influential Muslims list |date=12 December 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> Syed Ameen Mian has been ranked 44th in the list.

In January 2018, Jamitha reportedly became the first woman to lead a [[Jumu'ah]] prayer service in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/woman-imam-leads-friday-prayer-service-in-kerala-claims-to-be-first-in-india/story-teJA1BKyUyqaNOIV6kNB5O.html |quote=Breaking gender stereotypes, a 34-year-old woman has led Jumu’ah, a Friday prayer service of Muslims, in Malappuram in Kerala, claimed to be the first in the history of the country. Jamitha, the general secretary of Quran Sunnat Society, took the role of the 'imam' of the prayers held at the office of the Society in the Muslim-dominated district on Friday. |title=Woman Imam leads Friday prayer service in Kerala, claims to be first in India |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 January 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Islam}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]
* [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
* [[Mughal architecture]]
* [[Islamic art]]
* [[History of Islam]]
* [[List of scientists in medieval Islamic world]]
* [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world]]
* [[List of Islamic educational institutions]]
* [[Islam in South Asia]]
* [[Bengali Muslims]]
* [[Bihari Muslims]]
* [[Deccani Muslims]]
* [[Gujarati Muslims]]
* [[Hyderabadi Muslims]]
* [[Mappila Muslims]]
* [[Tamil Muslim]]
* [[Meithei Pangals]]
* [[Hindu–Islamic relations]]
* [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]
* [[Persecution of Kashmiri Shias]]
* [[NCERT textbook controversies]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}<references group="web" />

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Asghar Ali Engineer]], ''Islam in India: The Impact of Civilizations''. Shipra Publications, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7541-115-5|}}.
* Mohamed Taher. ''Muslims in India: Recent Contributions to Literature on Religion, Philosophy, History, & Social Aspects''. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 1993. {{ISBN|81-7041-620-5|}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KRVd8384LyMC&q=Muslims+in+India Excerpts]
* Mohammad Mujeeb. ''Islam in South Asia: A Short History''. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008.
* [[Murray Thurston Titus]], ''Indian Islam: A Religious History of Islam in India''. Milford, Oxford university press, 1930. {{ISBN|81-7069-096-X|}}
* Yogindar Sikand. ''Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-faith Relations''. Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|0-415-31486-0|}}.
* Elliot and Dowson: [[The History of India as told by its own Historians]], New Delhi reprint, 1990.
* Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] – This online Copy has been posted by: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List])
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Majumdar|editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra|editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar|editor2-last=Pusalker|editor2-first=A. D.|editor3-last=Majumdar|editor3-first=A. K.|date=1960|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate|location=Bombay|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Majumdar|editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra|editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar|editor2-last=Pusalker|editor2-first=A. D.|editor3-last=Majumdar|editor3-first=A. K.|date=1973|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People|volume=VII: The Mughal Empire|location=Bombay|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mistry|first=Malika B.|date=December 2005|title=Muslims in India: A demographic and socio-economic profile|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=25|issue=3|pages=399–422|doi=10.1080/13602000500408468|s2cid=143931874}}
* M K A Siddiqui (ed.), ''Marginal Muslim Communities in India'', Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (2004) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110408200244/http://www.iosworld.org/life_on_the_margins.htm review])
* {{cite journal|last=Nizami|first=Khaliq Ahmad|title=Some Aspects of Khānqah Life in Medieval India|journal=[[Studia Islamica]]|volume=8|issue=8|pages=51–69|year=1957|doi=10.2307/1595247|jstor=1595247|publisher=Maisonneuve &#38}}
*{{cite book|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries|first=André|last=Wink|volume=3 of Al-Hind Series|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C|isbn=9004135618|access-date=24 April 2014}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* Online Copy: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125948/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] – This online Copy has been posted by: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132016/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List]
* {{Country study}}

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Asia in topic|Islam in}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
}}

[[Category:Islam in India| ]]
[[Category:Islam by country]]
[[Category:Religion in India]]

National Highway 143 (India)

2026-03-08T20:53:50Z

Nobranding1: basic improved section per sources also and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|National highway in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = NH
|route = 143
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=320|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 143|text= Map of National Highway '''143''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
|length_km = 256.90
direction_a =
|terminus_a = [[Gumla]], [[Jharkhand]]
|junction =
|direction_b =
|terminus_b = [[Barkote]], [[Odisha]]
|destinations=
|states =
|spur_type = NH
|spur_of = 43
|previous_type = NH
|previous_route = 43
|next_route = 49
|next_type = NH
}}

'''National Highway 143''' (Previously '''NH23''') is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] of [[India]]. This highway runs from [[Gumla]] in the state of Jharkhand to [[Barkote]] in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=OMMCOM |date=2025-12-06 |title=Fire Engulfs Truck On NH 143 In Sundargarh; Probe Launched {{!}} Odisha |url=https://ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/fire-engulfs-truck-on-nh-143-in-sundargarh-probe-launched/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Breaking News, Odisha Latest News {{!}}{{!}} Ommcom News |language=en-US}}</ref> This is a daily communication road to [[Bhubaneswar]] from [[Rourkela]], in Sundergarh district. It is also known as [[Ranchi]]-[[Rourkela]] Road. It also runs through Simdega district in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident on NH 143 causes 24-hour-long jam in Jharkhand |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jharkhand/accident-on-nh-143-causes-24-hour-long-jam-in-jharkhand-3740685 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The construction of a second bridge on National Highway-143 over Brahmani river was completed by 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-02-14 |title=For greater Rourkela plan, entry points to city need of the hour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/Feb/14/for-greater-rourkela-plan-entry-points-to-city-need-of-the-hour-2547359.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Land acquisition for widening of NH143 between [[Barkote]] & [[Biramitrapur]] started in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-06-03 |title=Spadework for renovation of NH-143 finally begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Jun/03/spadework-for-renovation-of-nh-143-finally-begins-483190.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Route ==

The Highway starts from Gumla in Gumla District of Jharkhand on the {{jct|NH|43|country=IND}}, going through Kolebira, Simdega in Simdega District of Jharkhand, enters into Birmitrapur, Rourkela, Lahunipada in Sundergarh District of Odisha & ends in Barkote in Deogarh District of Odisha on {{jct|NH|49|country=IND}} covering a distance of
{{convert|256.9|km|mi}}. It also goes through Sundergarh district in Odisha, which leads to Khandadhar waterfalls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Rajesh |date=2 January 2017 |title=Waterfalls projects on track |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/waterfalls-projects-on-track/cid/1388790 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH43 sr}}
{{National and State Highways in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:National highways in Odisha]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Connie M

2026-03-07T20:02:21Z

Nobranding1:

{{short description|Indian singer and actor (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Connie M
| image = Connie M at Carnival 2013 - Carnaval Khell (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Silva during [[Goa Carnival]], 2013
| birth_name = Conceicão Diogo da Silva
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|8|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = Per-Seraulim, [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| other_names = Conceicao Diogo D’Silva
| years_active = 1965–present
| relatives = [[C. D'Silva]] (brother)
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor|drummer|playwright}}
| spouse = Jeromina da Silva
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/conniem.dsilva}}
| embed = yes
| origin = Goa, India
| genre = [[Beat music]]
| instruments = {{hlist|Vocals|drums}}
| current_member_of = Fantasy
| past_member_of = {{flatlist|
*Ignatius & His Swing Band
* Ebony
* CIC Band
* Luis & his Melodians
* Radio Serenaders
* AVC Pops
*Melody Makers}}
}}
}}

'''Conceicão Diogo da Silva ''' (born 21 August 1948), known professionally as '''Connie M''', is an Indian singer, actor, drummer, and playwright who works on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
Conceicao had five siblings, two sisters named Escolastica and Catarina, and three brothers named [[C. D'Silva]], a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor and singer,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-16 |title=Silva hero with a thousand faces |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/silva-hero-with-a-thousand-faces/articleshow/20612171.cms |access-date=2024-01-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Agnelo, and Constancio.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
In 1960, D'Silva's older brother, Constancio Menino, gifted D'Silva his first [[drum set]]. This encouraged D'Silva, who lacked the means to purchase his own equipment, to pursue his passion for drumming.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-02 |title=A golden year for Connie M! |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/06/02/magazines/buzz/a-golden-year-for-connie-m/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092630/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/06/02/magazines/buzz/a-golden-year-for-connie-m/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-06-05 |title=Well played 50! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/well-played-50/articleshow/47548620.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2016-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012020203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Well-played-50/articleshow/47548620.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1965, D'Silva joined Ignatius & His Swing Band as their drummer. Notably, during that same year, he impressed the audience with a performance that nearly caused damage to the drum set and left him with a torn T-shirt. As [[Beat music|beat groups]] grew popular, D'Silva found himself drumming for Ebony, where his talent gained him recognition as a drummer for weddings and beat shows.<ref name=":0" />

Subsequently, D'Silva was a drummer for a succession of bands including CIC Band ([[Raia, Goa]]), Luis & his Melodians, Radio Serenaders, AVC Pops, and Melody Makers.<ref name=":0" /> In 1983, he established his own ensemble, Fantasy, which became one of the most popular [[Big band|dance bands]] of the 1980s. They performed at numerous weddings and dances, with festivities often commencing at 10 p.m. and extending well into the early hours of the morning.<ref name=":1" />

In addition to his drumming skills, D'Silva held a deep fascination for the traditional [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[musical theater]]. During his formative years, he participated in various productions and sang humorous songs. His brother [[C. D'Silva]], a Konkani actor and singer, helped D'Silva nurture his singing talent.<ref name=":0" /> He began acting with appearances in Santos de Arossim's ''Catkar'' (''Cheater'') and Casiano D'Costa's ''tiatr Kuniad'' (''Brother-in-law''). D'Silva frequently collaborated with his brother C. D'Silva, who was known for his skill in portraying multiple characters on stage.<ref name=":1" />

D'Silva, as a musician, spent 37 years mastering the art of drumming. However, in 2002, he was forced to stop his drumming due to disagreements with his band members, who insisted on incorporating recorded music into their performances, rather than relying solely on [[live instrumentation]]. D'Silva had been an integral part of the band Fantasy, which had gained popularity at beat shows in [[Salcete]] and the now-disbanded Arlem Festival.<ref name=":0" />

After quitting drumming, D'Silva focused on singing Konkani songs for ''tiatrs'' (Goa musical dramas) and other [[musical show]]s. ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' wrote, "D'Silva captivated audiences with his own compositions, earning widespread acclaim in various productions under the direction of figures such as [[Patrick Dourado]], Rafael Noel, [[Prince Jacob]], Ben Evangelisto, Oldrin Sequeira Tony Dias, and many others".<ref name=":1" />

While D'Silva's musical pursuits offered him opportunities to perform abroad, including onboard [[cruise liners]] with his band, it was his active involvement in the Konkani stage that allowed him a larger international audience.<ref name=":1" /> Throughout his career, D'Silva has been an admirer of [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], a Konkani singer. D'Silva continues to honour Rose's legacy by incorporating Rose's songs into his own [[repertoire]], alongside his own compositions.<ref name=":0" />

Following the launch of his sixth [[CD]], ''Best of Connie M'', D'Silva made the decision to retire from regular performances, reserving his appearances for select and special occasions.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
D'Silva has been honoured with the "Goa State Cultural Award" in the field of music for the year 2007–2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Goa State Cultural Award |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=Directorate of Art and Culture |archive-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805030337/https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/47_doc_Recipients-of-Goa-State-Cultural-Awards.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He was recognized for his lyrical composition in the ''[[tiatr]]'' performances ''Family Day'' and ''Kurl'leo'', winning the "Best Lyrics" prize for his songs, "Osotori",<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-26 |title='Pai' bags top honours at TAG's 6th Popular Tiatr Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pai-bags-top-honours-at-tags-6th-popular-tiatr-festival/articleshow/46374851.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092742/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/pai-bags-top-honours-at-tags-6th-popular-tiatr-festival/articleshow/46374851.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Moronn", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mog Mogan Jiye' Tiatr Bags 1st Prize |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=131498 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092630/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=131498 |url-status=live }}</ref> Furthermore, D'Silva received a special acknowledgement from the Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]] for his significant contributions to the ''tiatr'' domain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Felicitation prog at Margao today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Felicitation-prog-at-Margao-today/89380 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092632/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Felicitation-prog-at-Margao-today/89380 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|''Catkar''
|Singer
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Kuniad''
|Singer
|
|-
|1980s
|''Nichev''
|Co-writer
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Undoubtedly one of a kind |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Undoubtedly-one-of-a-kind/202606 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518042935/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Undoubtedly-one-of-a-kind/202606 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Divorce''
|Drummer
|
|rowspan="4"|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Goencho Saib''
|Actor
|
|-
|
|''Ti Moji Maim''
|Actor
|
|-
|
|''Rupnnem''
|Singer
|
|-
|2004
|''Devak Zai Zalear''
|Singer
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evangelisto |first=Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPzwMAAACAAJ |title=Devak zai zalear: khell-tiatr |date=2006 |publisher=Goa Konkani Akademi |language=en |access-date=2024-01-03 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103092705/https://books.google.com/books?id=BPzwMAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2005
|''Roddonaka''
|Actor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creating his Own Tunes |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Creating-his-Own-Tunes/108151 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055956/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Creating-his-Own-Tunes/108151 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|-
|2009
|''Mahanand Monis Vo Soitan?''
|Singer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-14 |title=Konkani tiatr |url=https://issuu.com/kuwaitnews/docs/kt20100114 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=[[Kuwait Times]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227114219/https://issuu.com/kuwaitnews/docs/kt20100114 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Connie M}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]

Kaksparsh

2026-03-04T09:47:59Z

Nobranding1: done.

{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaksparsh
| image = Kaksparsh.jpg
| caption = Poster Seen are [[Priya Bapat]] in white and Medha Manjrekar in red saree with [[Sachin Khedekar]] seated.
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| producer = Medha Manjrekar
| screenplay = Girish Joshi
| based_on = {{based on|''Kaksparsh''|Usha Datar}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sachin Khedekar]]
*[[Priya Bapat]]
*[[Medha Manjrekar]]
*Savita Malpekar
*[[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]
*[[Vaibhav Mangle]]
*Abhijit Kelkar
}}
| music = [[Rahul Ranade]] Ajit-Sameer
| cinematography = Ajith V. Reddy
| editing = Rahul Bhatankar
| distributor = [[Zee Talkies]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|05|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = {{INRConvert|1.4|c}}<ref name="mid-day.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/monetary-boost-giving-marathi-cinema-a-new-lease-of-life/15648157|title=Monetary Boost Giving Marathi Cinema A New Lease Of Life?|last=Shetty|first=Shakti|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=1 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703214923/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/monetary-boost-giving-marathi-cinema-a-new-lease-of-life/15648157|archive-date=3 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|14|c}}<ref name="mid-day.com"/>
}}

'''''Kaksparsh''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] [[historical drama|period drama]] film directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] and produced by Aniruddha Deshpande and Medha Manjrekar. The film stars [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Priya Bapat]], [[Medha Manjrekar]], Savita Malpekar and [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]. Based on a short story by Usha Datar by the same name, the film depicts the tumultuous events in a [[Chitpavan]] [[Brahmin]] family, set around 1930–1950 in [[Konkan]]. The film was a commercial success and got critical acclaim for its direction, screenplay by Girish Joshi and also for the performances by its actors, especially Khedekar for his portrayal of Hari Damle as a head of the family.

In 1989, the short story was adapted into a [[Marathi theatre|Marathi play]] ''Janmagaath'' with actor-director [[Vinay Apte]] playing the lead. Apte had desires to make a film based on it. However, his attempts were not successful. Sachin Khedekar, who went to play the lead in the cinematic adaptation of the story, had seen the play and came across the story again in 2007. Khedekar requested Girish Joshi to complete the [[Film adaptation#Adaptation of films|adapted screenplay]] and together approached Manjrekar in 2009 to make a film on the story. ''Kaksparsh''{{`s}} shooting was completed in 26 days – from 5 to 30 December 2011 and was released on 4 May 2012, on the occasion of centenary of [[Indian cinema]].

The film won several awards on release including Best Film award at [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], [[MICTA]], and 11th [[Pune International Film Festival]]. It is also the first Marathi film to have a home media release in [[Blu-ray]]. With the success of ''Kaksparsh'', a [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remake of ''Kaksparsh'' is also being directed by Mahesh Manjrekar with [[Arvind Swamy]] and [[Tisca Chopra]] as the leads.

== Plot ==
Hari Damle ([[Sachin Khedekar]]), head of a [[Chitpavan]] [[Bramhin]] family, lives in the village Torgaon in [[Konkan]] with his wife Tara ([[Medha Manjrekar]]), their three children, his younger brother Mahadev (Abhijit Kelkar), and his widowed aunt, Namu Aatya (Savita Malpekar). Hari arranges the marriage of Mahadev with a pre-pubescent girl, Durga ([[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]), renamed as Uma after marriage. However, Mahadev dies before the consummation of the marriage. Hari performs death rituals ([[Śrāddha]]) for Mahadev but crows (symbolic of the spirit of the deceased in Hinduism) refuse to touch the offerings. Hari mumbles something while offering food after which crow touches the offerings.

The Brahmin community in the village now expects widow Uma to have her head shaved (a ritual). Hari opposes and does not allow any rituals to be performed for her as a widow. Hari stands behind Uma in all her difficulties which raise doubts about his intentions, including that by his wife, Tara. Years later, when Tara is diagnosed of a terminal disease, the now grown-up Uma (now played by [[Priya Bapat]]) takes charge of the household. Before Tara dies, she realizes her mistakes and requests Hari to marry Uma which he readily refuses.

In the meantime, Hari gets his son Sankarshan ([[Saksham Kulkarni]]) married. Once Hari finds Uma sitting outside the room of the newly married couple, listening to their playful banter. Disgusted by Uma's behaviour, Hari starts avoiding her. Upset by this behaviour, Uma tries to talk her heart out to Hari's friend Balwant (Sanjay Khapre) and requests him to find out the reason. Coincidentally, Hari overhears this and severs his relations with Balwant. Unaware of the reason for Hari's changed behaviour, Uma starts staying aloof, while her health starts degrading. Worried Sankarshan requests his sister Shanti ([[Manava Naik]]) to talk to Uma. Frustrated and unknowing of what loss she had throughout her life, Uma opens her heart but situation raises more questions about her relation with Hari.

Uma decides to go on a [[Fasting#Hinduism|fast]] and relents to none of the family member's request to quit. Hari, left with no other option, explains his behavior. Hari reveals to Uma that when he was performing death rituals for Mahadev and offerings were not accepted by crow for a long time, he took a vow that he would not let any other man touch Uma. Thus, he did not allow practiced rituals of shaving her head to be performed and also declined Tara's request of their marriage. When he learned through Tara that Uma has started loving him, he stopped talking to her, in spite of his love towards Uma.

He eventually accepts that he loves Uma and would marry her, breaking his vow. Knowing the truth, Uma forgives Hari and agrees to the proposal. Hari fetches [[Mangala sutra]] but finds out that Uma is dead. He realises that Uma has sacrificed her life for his love where she did not want Hari to break his vow.

== Cast ==
{{col-float}}
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Hari Dada Damle
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Uma Damle, widow of Mahadev Damle
** [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]] as Young Uma Damle/Durga
* Abhijit Kelkar as Mahadev Damle, Hari's younger brother, Uma's deceased husband.
* Savita Malpekar as Namu Aatya, Hari's widow aunt
* Sanjay Khapre as Balwant Phadke
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] as Upadhyay
* [[Medha Manjrekar]] as Tara Damle, Hari's wife
* [[Saksham Kulkarni]] as Sankarshan Damle, Hari-Tara's son
* [[Manava Naik]] as Shanti, Hari-Tara's daughter
* [[Saiee Manjrekar]] as Kushi, Hari-Tara's daughter
* Kishor Raorane as Janu
{{col-float-end}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[File:Mahesh-Medha Manjrekar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] with his wife [[Medha Manjrekar|Medha]]]]
Based on a short story ''Kaksparsh'' written by Usha Datar, a [[Marathi theatre|Marathi play]] ''Janmagaath'' premiered on 16 December 1989. Actor-director [[Vinay Apte]] had done the role of Hari Damle in the play and Sukanya Kulkarni as Uma. Apte had tried making a film based on the story but was not successful.<ref group=m>{{cite web|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=226484:2012-05-12-18-23-43&catid=364:2011-08-26-09-11-11&Itemid=368|title=ही तो प्रेक्षकांची कृपा!|trans-title=With the grace of viewers!|access-date=12 April 2014|work=Loksatta|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 May 2012|language=mr|author=Tillu, Rohan}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Sachin Khedekar]] had seen the play and came across the story again in 2007. He showed the story to Girish Joshi (screenplay writer of the film) who then developed a complete [[Film adaptation#Adaptation of films|adapted screenplay]] from the story which had a length of 4–5 pages.{{sfn|Patil|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Patil|2012|pp=19–21}} Later, Khedekar and Joshi approached Mahesh Manjrekar in 2009 to make a film on the story.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/others/news-interviews/Kaksparsh-my-best-film-till-date-Manjrekar/articleshow/12848617.cms?referral=PM|title='Kaksparsh' my best film till date: Manjrekar|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=24 April 2012|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2014|author=Phadke, Aparna|location=Mumbai}}</ref> However, Majrekar was busy with his other projects and could not plan the film. Manjrekar said that when he heard the story for the first time, he considered it to be better than other Indian love stories like [[Baji Rao I|Bajirao]]-[[Mastani]] or [[Jahangir|Salim]]-[[Anarkali]].<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=223973:2012-04-28-14-59-04&catid=364:2011-08-26-09-11-11&Itemid=368|title=सोनेरी अनुभूती देणारा 'काकस्पर्श'|trans-title='Kaksparsh' is a golden experience|work=Loksatta|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 April 2014|language=mr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Manjrekar had to wait as he did not have the copyrights for the story. He said that it "took more than three years to make this film".<ref name=NHT/>

=== Casting ===
After Manjrekar finished his projects, he decided to start ''Kaksparsh'' and signed Khedekar to portray the lead role of Hari Damle. The director said that there was no compulsion for him to cast Khedekar. He did it "because he was the best to pull it off."<ref name="kaksparshmt" group=m>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13304194.cms|title=कथेपुढे गेलेला काकस्पर्श|trans-title='Kaksparsh' has excelled its storyline|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|work=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=20 May 2012|language=mr|access-date=6 August 2012|author=Apte, Vinay|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624083306/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13304194.cms|archive-date=24 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=dna>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_manjrekar-touts-kaksparsh-as-his-best-ever-cinematic-effort_1681726|title=Manjrekar touts Kaksparsh as his best ever cinematic effort|date=28 April 2012|agency=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=25 August 2012|author=Pawar, Yogesh|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508075957/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_manjrekar-touts-kaksparsh-as-his-best-ever-cinematic-effort_1681726|archive-date=8 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Earlier Manjrekar had signed another actress to play the role of Tara Damle, however the actress declined to join the schedule at the last moment, thus Manjrekar was forced to look out for the alternative. His wife, Medha Manjrekar, had done a small role in his debut film ''Aai'' (1995) and also made a comeback in another film ''[[De Dhakka]]'' (2008) written by him. As Medha was working as a producer for ''Kaksparsh'', Mahesh Manjrekar approached her to play the role.<ref group=m>{{cite web|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227468:2012-05-17-22-04-37&catid=360:cut-&Itemid=363|title=मेघाची मेघभरारी|trans-title=Medha's flying high|language=mr|author=Thakur, Dilip|access-date=12 April 2014|work=Loksatta|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223146/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227468:2012-05-17-22-04-37&catid=360:cut-&Itemid=363|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Manjrekar had worked with [[Priya Bapat]] in ''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]'' (2009) and had mentioned about ''Kaksparsh'' to her. He desired Bapat to play the lead role of Uma, however the film couldn't start as planned. When Manjrekar planned for the film, he called Bapat again who had married [[Umesh Kamat]] in the meantime.{{sfn|Patil|2012|pp=25–27}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Why-isnt-real-life-couple-Priya-and-Umesh-getting-reel-life-roles-together/movie-review/28049501.cms|title=Why isn't real-life couple Priya and Umesh getting reel-life roles together?|date=28 December 2013|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2014|author=Chatterjee, Swasti|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Manjrekar had seen 2011 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|National Award-winning]] film [[Shala (film)|''Shala'']] and was impressed with a teen-aged character played by [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]] and decided to cast her as a young Uma.{{sfn|Patil|2012|pp=28–31}} Savita Malpekar was cast to play the role of Khedekar's widowed aunt. Malpekar had to shave her head to prepare for the role. Manjrekar insisted that the film cast including Savita Malpekar should shave the head for their roles and avoid wearing a prosthetic bald patch.<ref name=dna/><ref name=kakbald>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Tanuja-to-go-bald/articleshow/31959784.cms?|title=Tanuja to go bald|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=14 March 2014|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2012|author=Deshmukh, Gayatri|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314190846/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Tanuja-to-go-bald/articleshow/31959784.cms|archive-date=14 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Wai ghat1.jpg|thumb|right|Krishna Ghat, [[Wai, Maharashtra]] where all the temple scenes of the films have been shot.]]

''Kaksparsh'' was shot in the real locations than [[Set construction#Film production|sets]] and was mainly shot in Paalshet, a village near [[Guhagar]] in [[Konkan]].<ref name=dna/> As the film's story-line was set around 1930–1950, Manjrekar was concerned about the authentic production design for the film. He appointed two production designers, Prashant Rane and Abhishek Vijaykar, who had challenges of depicting pre and post Indian independence era. Rane had worked with Manjrekar earlier for ''[[De Dhakka]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/kaksparsh-another-mahesh-manjrekar-classic/article_54518|title=Kaksparsh: Another Mahesh Manjrekar classic|date=2 May 2012|agency=[[Afternoon (newspaper)|Afternoon]]|access-date=5 April 2014|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074928/http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/kaksparsh-another-mahesh-manjrekar-classic/article_54518|archive-date=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Kaksparsh''{{`s}} shooting was completed in 26 days; starting from 5 December 2011 till 30 December 2011.{{sfn|Patil|2012|p=40}} The initial shooting scheduled started at Ranade Wada in Pune. The film also had a few scenes in and surrounding the temple but as most of the temples in [[Konkan]] region have been restored from their damages over the period of time, Manjrekar feared that the plastering done to repair the damages would not give the desired authentic feel to the film. Thus, the next schedule was shifted to Krishna Ghat, [[Wai, Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-2|2014|loc=2:56–3:18}}<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=231534:2012-06-09-15-39-36&catid=364:2011-08-26-09-11-11&Itemid=368|title=वाई- भोर शूटिंगचे हाँट स्पॉट|trans-title=Wai-Bhor: Hot locations for shooting|work=Loksatta|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 June 2012|access-date=5 April 2014|language=mr}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

As a director, Manjrekar believed that the mansion shown in the film "plays a major character" and was certain that finding the appropriate mansion would be a difficult job.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TetDi7DCk4k|title=Mahesh Manjrekar Kaksparsh Memories|publisher=[[Lehren]]|language=mr|access-date=22 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512043001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TetDi7DCk4k|archive-date=12 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The production designing team had searched for various location across Konkan but most of the mansions had [[electrical wiring]] across which was a major obstacle for the shooting as Konkan then did not have electricity. Finally, Manjrekar was introduced to a mansion owned by Avinash Nene near Paalshet which suited the period where third and final schedule of the film was carried out.<ref group=m>{{cite web|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/movies/--/articleshow/12750922.cms?|title=... आणि घर सापडलं|trans-title=... And the house was found|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|work=[[Maharashtra Times]]|date=21 April 2012|language=mr|access-date=6 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105907/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/movies/--/articleshow/12750922.cms|archive-date=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaksparsh
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rahul Ranade]], Ajit-Sameer
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:02
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = VP
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|width=20em|align=right|quote="...after the film got released, many viewers started inquiring about the audio CDs for the songs used in the film. We had no such plans in the beginning but the growing demand compelled us to release the songs officially."<ref name="KV"/>|source=—Mahesh Manjrekar on releasing music later than the film.}}

The soundtrack for the film is composed by [[Rahul Ranade]] and music director duo Ajit Parab and Sameer Mhatre, popularly known as Ajit-Sameer. Poet-Actor [[Kishor Kadam]] ("Saumitra") and Mitali Joshi have written the lyrics for the songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmm2013.org/ek-mi-an-ek-to.html|title=Ek Mi an Ek To|access-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407122722/http://www.bmm2013.org/ek-mi-an-ek-to.html|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> Being a period film set in 1930, soundtrack mainly consists of traditional songs in the form of [[Ovee]], a type of meterical stanza in [[Marathi poetry]] by Mrs.Kumudini Pawar. Rahul Ranade used Vibhavari Joshi's voice for all of his compositions except "Janma Baicha". Joshi rendered all her songs without any musical accompaniment.<ref name="KV">{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbF2_K-fbX8|title=Kaksparsh Hits Public Demand|publisher=[[Lehren]]|language=mr|date=22 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722095750/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbF2_K-fbX8|archive-date=22 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

As most of the songs are in the form of Ovee, Ranade decided to use the traditional musical format. He took help of [[Mrs. Kumudini Pawar]], sister of great folk literate Dr.Sarojini Babar a Marathi writer-politician who had studied the songs of the period depicted in the film. Mrs. Kumudini Pawar introduced Ranade to Babar's, collection of various traditional Ovee.<ref name="PM"/> For two situation songs, Ranade requested Kishor Kadam to write the lyrics.<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZY92K8FCjY|title=Kaksparsh Melody Moments With Rahul & Ajit!|publisher=[[Lehren]]|language=mr|date=22 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412071725/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZY92K8FCjY|archive-date=12 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The duo Ajit-Sameer composed two theme tracks and one song ("Kuthe Paath Phiravun") for the film's soundtrack. A noted [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist, Rajashree Pathak, rendered the song and was appreciated for "its vocal and soulfulness" and won Best Playback Singer (Female) at 2012 Zee Gaurav Puraskar.<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=225133:2012-05-05-08-39-33&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=71|title=हृदयस्पर्शी 'काकस्पर्श'|trans-title=Touching 'Kaksparsh'|work=Loksatta|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 April 2014|language=mr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220749/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=225133:2012-05-05-08-39-33&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=71|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The soundtrack also made use of "Are Sansar Sansar", much-quoted couplet from one of the poems written by noted Marathi poet [[Bahinabai Chaudhari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=8&id=769|title=Bahinabai Nathuji Chaudhari|access-date=5 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408022642/https://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=8&id=769|archive-date=8 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The song is narrated and rendered by film's lead actors, Sachin Khedekar and Ketaki Mategaonkar respectively and is [[Arrangement|arranged]] by Sameer Mhatre.<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=231535:2012-06-09-15-49-17&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|title=चित्रगीत : काकस्पर्श|trans-title=Film Songs: 'Kaksparsh'|work=Loksatta|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Bhatkhande, Aniruddh|date=10 June 2012|access-date=5 April 2014|language=mr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135754/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=231535:2012-06-09-15-49-17&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|archive-date=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Before taking up acting, Mategaonkar had participated in singing reality show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]].<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/chottam-mottam/179801|title=केतकी माटेगावकर|trans-title=Ketaki Mategaonkar|work=Prahaar|date=31 January 2014|access-date=4 October 2014|language=mr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091542/http://prahaar.in/chottam-mottam/179801|archive-date=6 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The soundtrack was released after the film's release and was acclaimed for "bringing an authentic and subtle flavour to the period of the film."<ref name="PM">{{cite news|url=http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?contentid=2012061020120610075831847bcb7e606|title=Music and lyrics, Small Talk: With Rahul Ranade|work=Pune Mirror|date=10 June 2012|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 August 2012|author1=Ainapure, Mrunmayi |author2=Sarfare, Sapna|location=Pune|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331040857/http://www.punemirror.in/printarticle.aspx?contentid=2012061020120610075831847bcb7e606|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=Zee>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetelevision.com/media-relations/press-release/kaksparsh-sets-the-box-office-on-fire.html|title=Kaksparsh sets the box-office on fire|access-date=28 April 2012|publisher=zeetelevision.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120034009/http://www.zeetelevision.com/media-relations/press-release/kaksparsh-sets-the-box-office-on-fire.html|archive-date=20 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kishore Kadam was also appreciated for writing lyrics which suitably noted the traditions followed by women during the period.<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/article/BOL-movie-review-of-marathi-film-kaksparsha-3219132.html|title=भावनांना चौकटीतच ठेवणारा 'काकस्पर्श'|trans-title='Kaksparsh' binds emotions|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|date=5 May 2012|access-date=5 April 2014|language=mr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614040952/http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/article/BOL-movie-review-of-marathi-film-kaksparsha-3219132.html|archive-date=14 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:02
| title1 = Janma Baicha
| extra1 = [[Choir|Chorus]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kishor Kadam]]
| music1 = [[Rahul Ranade]]
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Taak Ghusal Ghusal
| extra2 = Vibhavari Joshi
| lyrics2 = Kishor Kadam
| music2 = Rahul Ranade
| length2 = 1:42
| title3 = Kuthe Paath Phiravun
| extra3 = Rajashree Pathak
| lyrics3 = Mitali Joshi
| music3 = Ajit-Sameer
| length3 = 3:34
| title4 = Tulas Maalan
| extra4 = Vibhavari Joshi
| lyrics4 = Dr.Sarojini Babar
| music4 = Rahul Ranade
| length4 = 1:32
| title5 = Ugawala Narayan
| extra5 = Vibhavari Joshi
| lyrics5 = Dr.Sarojini Babar
| music5 = Rahul Ranade
| length5 = 2:00
| title6 = Saawalaa Pandurang
| extra6 = Vibhavari Joshi
| lyrics6 = Dr.Sarojini Babar
| music6 = Rahul Ranade
| length6 = 2:36
| title7 = Kaksparsh (Love Found)
| extra7 = Mrudula Sathe
| music7 = Ajit-Sameer
| lyrics7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 5:02
| title8 = Kaksparsh (Love Lost)
| extra8 = Mrudula Sathe
| music8 = Ajit-Sameer
| lyrics8 = Instrumental
| length8 = 6:18
| title9 = Are Sansar Sansar
| extra9 = [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]]
| lyrics9 = [[Bahinabai Chaudhari]]
| music9 = Sameer Mhatre
| length9 = 2:36
}}

== Reception ==
''Kaksparsh'' was released on 4 May 2012 which also marked a beginning of the 100th year of [[Indian cinema]].<ref name=dna/> The film received wide critical acclaim and was a commercial success. It got critical acclaim for the direction by Mahesh Manjrekar, its screenplay by Girish Joshi and for the performances by its actors, especially [[Sachin Khedekar]] for his portrayal of Hari Dada Damle as the head of the family.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/art-culture/Of-old-and-new/articleshow/13078624.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103150416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-10/art-culture/31654910_1_marathi-cinema-first-marathi-film-damle-family|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Of old and new|date=10 May 2012|access-date=25 August 2012|author=Gokhle, Shanta|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Ajit Reddy's cinematography and Ajit-Sameer's music were also praised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Kaksparsh/movie-review/13929306.cms|title=Kaksparsh: Movie review|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=5 May 2012|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121093921/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/Kaksparsh/movie-review/13929306.cms|archive-date=21 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film was said to have brought the "best out of" the director. Manjrekar said that he "expected to it be a hit, but not expected such a landslide hit".<ref name=NHT>{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/iexplore/these-are-exciting-times-filmmakers|title=These are exciting times for filmmakers|date=15 June 2012|agency=[[The Navhind Times]]|access-date=12 April 2014|author=Das, Arti|location=Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413154836/http://www.navhindtimes.in/iexplore/these-are-exciting-times-filmmakers|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref> The film was noted to have a "strong script" and well presented "a sensitive issue." It was called as "the best love story in Marathi films."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/kaksparsh-completes-100-days/988249|title=Kaksparsh completes 100 days|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=17 August 2012|access-date=12 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141957/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/kaksparsh-completes-100-days/988249|archive-date=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was marketed as a love story, and a review in ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' by Saumitra Pote noted that "the film has gone beyond a love story".<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13003335.cms|title='काकस्पर्श': अव्यक्त भावनांचा कल्लोळ|trans-title='Kaksparsh': unsaid emotions|language=mr|access-date=12 April 2014|date=5 May 2012|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|work=[[Maharashtra Times]]|author=Pote, Saumitra|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144943/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/13003335.cms|archive-date=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film also said to have shown "the mores of the period quite accurately".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmimpressions.com/home/2012/05/essay-from-kunku-to-kaksparsh-a-regressive-journey.html|title=Essay: From 'Kunku' to 'Kaksparsh', A Regressive Journey — Clutching on to tradition|publisher=filmimpressions.com|access-date=13 April 2014|author=Deosthalee, Deepa|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413233628/http://www.filmimpressions.com/home/2012/05/essay-from-kunku-to-kaksparsh-a-regressive-journey.html|archive-date=13 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Aniruddha Bhatkhande of weekly Marathi magazine ''Lokprabha'' criticised the film in his review by saying that the actual film is a way different than the "attractive" promos. He further said that the film's costume designs are flawed and as most of the film is shot indoor, it gives a feeling to the viewers that they are watching a recorded theatre play.<ref group=m>{{cite news|url=http://www.lokprabha.com/20120622/cinema.htm|title=काकस्पर्श नावाचे मृगजळ!|trans-title=A mirage named 'Kaksparsh'|language=mr|access-date=20 April 2014|date=22 June 2012|work=Lokprabha Weekly|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Bhatkhande, Aniruddha|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421095555/http://www.lokprabha.com/20120622/cinema.htm|archive-date=21 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

;Remake
With the success of ''Kaksparsh'', it was reported in June 2012 that Manjrekar is planning a remake in [[Hindi]] starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jun/170612-Kaksparshs-Hindi-remake-to-star-Big-B.htm|title=Kaksparsh's Hindi remake to star Big B|date=17 June 2012|agency=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=12 April 2012|author=Jha, Subhash|author-link=Subhash K. Jha|location=Mumbai}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, the director readily clarified that he is not planning for a remake and he did contact Bachchan for the film but not for the remake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Amitabh-not-in-Kaksparsh-remake-Mahesh-Manjrekar/articleshow/14320237.cms?referral=PM|title=Amitabh not in Kaksparsh remake: Mahesh Manjrekar|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=22 June 2012|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2012|author=Deshmukh, Gayatri|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228184237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/marathi/news-interviews/Amitabh-not-in-Kaksparsh-remake-Mahesh-Manjrekar/articleshow/14320237.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=28 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Later in January 2014, Manjrekar announced that a [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remake of ''Kaksparsh'' is being directed by himself starring [[Arvind Swamy]], [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Adinath Kothare]] and [[Ketaki Mategaonkar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahesh Manjrekar to remake Kaksparsh in Hindi and Tamil with Arvind Swamy and Tisca Chopra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mahesh-Manjrekar-to-remake-Kaksparsh-in-Hindi-and-Tamil-with-Arvind-Swamy-and-Tisca-Chopra/articleshow/28789072.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2014-01-15 |access-date=2014-08-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003102750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Mahesh-Manjrekar-to-remake-Kaksparsh-in-Hindi-and-Tamil-with-Arvind-Swamy-and-Tisca-Chopra/articleshow/28789072.cms |archive-date=3 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Swamy will be portraying Khedekar's role whereas Chopra will be seen as Swamy's wife, originally played by Medha Manjrekar. Mategaonkar will reprise her role from the original and Vaidehi Parshurami will be playing the older Uma. [[Milind Soman]] is reported to play Swamy's friend and Adinath Kothare will play Mahadev's character which was originally played by Abhijit Kelkar. [[Murali Sharma]] will be seen portraying a negative character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sushant-singh-rajput-in-a-biopic-on-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|title=Murli goes bald for Kaksparsh remake|access-date=12 April 2014|date=22 March 2014|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322111041/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sushant-singh-rajput-in-a-biopic-on-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|archive-date=22 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sushant-singh-rajput-in-a-biopic-on-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|title=Mahesh Manjrekar to remake Kaksparsh in Hindi and Tamil with Arvind Swamy and Tisca Chopra|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=15 January 2014|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2014|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322111041/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/sushant-singh-rajput-in-a-biopic-on-mahendra-singh-dhoni/|archive-date=22 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The veteran [[Bollywood]] actress [[Tanuja]] will be portraying the role of widowed aunt, played by Savita Malpekar in the original.<ref name=kakbald/> The music will be composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] with Mategoankar and Vibhavari Apte Joshi rendering their first Tamil song.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Vibhavari-Apte-sings-for-Ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/29663226.cms|title=Vibhavari Apte sings for Ilaiyaraaja|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=9 March 2014|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2014|author=Kulkarni, Pooja|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421014911/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Vibhavari-Apte-sings-for-Ilaiyaraaja/articleshow/29663226.cms|archive-date=21 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tisca Chopra begins Shoot of Hindi Remake of Kaksparsh|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/tisca-chopra-begins-shoot-of-hindi-remake-of-kaksparsh/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=29 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131111147/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/tisca-chopra-begins-shoot-of-hindi-remake-of-kaksparsh/|archive-date=31 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Adinath Kothare's wife [[Urmila Kanitkar]] will be doing a guest appearance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Urmila-to-act-in-Kaksparsh-remake/articleshow/33118683.cms|title=Urmila to act in Kaksparsh remake|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=2 April 2014|agency=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 April 2014|author=Kulkarni, Pooja|location=Mumbai|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228184237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news-interviews/Urmila-to-act-in-Kaksparsh-remake/articleshow/33118683.cms|archive-date=28 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The film won several awards on release.

* [[MFK Award for Favourite Film]]

*2012 11th [[Pune International Film Festival]]<ref group=awards>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Award-for-Kaksparsh-at-Pune-International-Film-Festival/articleshow/18067204.cms|title=Award for 'Kaksparsh' at Pune International Film Festival|access-date=30 March 2014|date=18 January 2013|agency=[[The Times of India]]|location=Pune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920133422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Award-for-Kaksparsh-at-Pune-International-Film-Festival/articleshow/18067204.cms|archive-date=20 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Government of Maharashtra "Sant Tukaram" Best Marathi Feature Film Award
* Special Jury Award: Sachin Khedekar
*2012 [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]<ref group=awards>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|title=Awards@kaksparshthefilm.com|access-date=30 March 2014|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|archive-date=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{col-float}}
* Best Film: Great Maratha Entertainment
* Best Actor: Sachin Khedekar
* Best Makeup Artist: Vikram Gaikwad, Henry Martis
{{col-float-break}}
* Best Director: Mahesh Manjrekar
* Best Actress: Priya Bapat
* Best Art Director: Prashant Rane, Abhishek Vijaykar
{{col-float-end}}
*2012 [[MICTA|Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards]] (MICTA)<ref group=awards>{{cite web|url=http://micta.in/Inner/Winners.aspx|title=Marathi International Cinema and Theatre Awards|access-date=4 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004053407/http://micta.in/Inner/Winners.aspx|archive-date=4 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{col-float}}
* Best Film: Great Maratha Entertainment
* Best Actor: Sachin Khedekar
* Best Supporting Actor Female: Medha Manjrekar
* Best Art Director: Prashant Rane, Abhishekh Vijaykar
* Best Makeup Artist: Vikram Gaikwad, Henry Martis
{{col-float-break}}
* Best Director: Mahesh Manjrekar
* Best Actress: Ketaki Mategoankar
* Best Cinematographer: Ajit Reddy
* Best Costume Designer: Laxman Yellappa Gollar
{{col-float-end}}
*2012 Prabhat Film Awards<ref group=awards>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-dhag-bhartiya-rule-at-first-prabhat-awards-1842693|title='Dhag', 'Bhartiya' rule at first Prabhat awards|access-date=30 March 2014|date=2 June 2013|agency=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|location=Pune|author=Rege, Omkar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303155757/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-dhag-bhartiya-rule-at-first-prabhat-awards-1842693|archive-date=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Best Actor (Male): Sachin Khedekar {{small|(Shared with [[Vikram Gokhale]] for [[Anumati (film)|Anumati]])}}
* Best Background score: Ajit-Sameer
*2012 Screen Awards Marathi<ref group=awards>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/up-for-challenges/1070917/0|title=Up for challenges|access-date=30 March 2014|date=8 February 2013|agency=[[Indian Express]]|location=Mumbai|author=Nivas, Namita|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102610/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/up-for-challenges/1070917/0|archive-date=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Best Actress: [[Priya Bapat]]
*2012 [[Zee Gaurav Puraskar]]<ref name="ZGP" group=awards>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeetelevision.com/media-relations/press-release/lux-fragrance-deodorant-presents-zee-gaurav-awards-2013.html|title=Lux fragrance deodorant presents ZEE GAURAV Awards 2013|access-date=30 March 2014|publisher=zeetelevision.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080414/http://www.zeetelevision.com/media-relations/press-release/lux-fragrance-deodorant-presents-zee-gaurav-awards-2013.html|archive-date=7 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{col-float}}
* Best Actor (Male): Sachin Khedekar
* Best Supporting Actor (Male): Sanjay Khapre
* Best Story: Usha Datar
* Best Sound: Manoj Mochemadkar
{{col-float-break}}
* Best Actor (Female): Priya Bapat
* Best Playback Singer (Female): Rajashree Pathak
* Best Dialogues: Girish Joshi
{{col-float-end}}

;Other Awards

* All India Marathi Film Federation — Yashashree Puraskar<ref group=awards>{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=236007:2012-07-04-16-19-15&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|title=सचिन पिळगावकर आणि उमा भेंडे यंदाचे'चित्रभूषण'|trans-title=Sachin Pilgaonkar and Uma Bhende gets awarded|language=mr|access-date=12 April 2014|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|work=Loksatta|location=Pune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024316/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=236007:2012-07-04-16-19-15&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|archive-date=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Majha Awards – Medha Manjrekar<ref group=awards>{{cite news|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233264:2012-06-19-14-39-18&catid=41:2009-07-15-03-58-17&Itemid=81|title='असेही एक नाटय़संमेलन' एक आनंदसोहळा!|trans-title=Unusual Event|language=mr|date=20 June 2012|access-date=12 April 2014|agency=[[The Indian Express]]|work=Loksatta|location=Pune|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305103454/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233264:2012-06-19-14-39-18&catid=41:2009-07-15-03-58-17&Itemid=81|archive-date=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

;Awards

{{Reflist|group=awards}}

;Marathi language sources

{{Reflist|group=m}}

;Bibliography

;* {{cite book|last=Patil|first=Pratap|location=Kolhapur|title=काकस्पर्श|language=mr|url=http://www.bookganga.com/eBooks/Book/4669265533436144409.htm|publisher=Parshwa Publications|pages=160|year=2012|access-date=12 April 2014}}
;* {{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dv5U4KJGFug|title=Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-1|publisher=[[Lehren]]|language=mr|access-date=6 April 2014|medium=Television production|ref={{sfnRef|Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-1|2014}}}}
;* {{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shTJB8AXgV4|title=Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-2|publisher=[[Lehren]]|language=mr|access-date=6 April 2014|medium=Television production|ref={{sfnRef|Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-2|2014}}}}
;* {{cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxJyrURt3Q4|title=Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-3|publisher=[[Lehren]]|language=mr|access-date=6 April 2014|medium=Television production|ref={{sfnRef|Kaksparsh Exclusive Making-3|2014}}}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com}}
* {{IMDb title|id=2400377|title=Kaksparsh}}

{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}


[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]
[[Category:2012 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language period drama films]]

Kaki (film)

2026-03-03T17:46:48Z

Nobranding1: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaki Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri
| image = Kaki (film).png
| caption = Release poster
| director = Manon M
| producer = Kiran Pathikonda
| story = Ronald Raj S Williams
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]]
* [[Meghashree]]
*[[Sangeetha Bhat]]
* Kiran Pattikonda
}}
| music = Amruth
| cinematography = Saravana Natarajan
| editing = Zashi Omer
| studio = Arpita Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|12|12|Telugu|2017|7|22|Tamil}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kaki''''' is a 2015 Indian [[romantic film|romantic]]-[[horror film|horror]] film directed by Manon and starring [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]], [[Meghashree]], [[Sangeetha Bhat]], and Kiran Pattikonda.<ref name="C" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/beautiful-love-story-261456|title=కొంచెం నవ్వు... కొంచెం భయం [A little laugh ... a little fear]|language=te|date=28 July 2015|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|access-date=11 November 2023|archive-date=6 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506154845/https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/beautiful-love-story-261456|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/kaki-movie-294373|title=భయపెట్టే కాకి [Scary crow]|language=te|date=30 November 2015|website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|access-date=11 November 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918175644/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/kaki-movie-294373|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was simultaneously shot in Telugu and Tamil with the latter version titled '''''Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri''''' ({{translation|[crow sound]: danger looms}}). The Tamil version was released in 2017.

== Plot ==
In the United States, Karthik ([[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]]) marries Deepthi ([[Meghashree]]). They both come to India to assist Kiran (Kiran Pattikonda) in his factory and decide to stay in his village.

As Karthik is busy with his work, he goes to the city and leaves Deepti in the bungalow with Ammu ([[Yuvina Parthavi|Baby Yuvina]]) and the watchman (Ramesh Pandit). One day, Chitram / Natchatiram ([[Yogi Babu]]), a fan of [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], enters the house and introduces himself as the cook. Evil forces start to take over Ammu and Natchatiram notices this while talking to her. The evil forces prevents Kathik and Deepti from uniting. The evil force also includes a ghost ([[Sangeetha Bhat]]). After the force creates havoc in the house, a doctor ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]), who is Deepthi's father. Who is this ghost? What do these evil forces have to do with Karthik and Deepti? These questions form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]] as Karthik
* [[Meghashree]] as Deepti
* [[Sangeetha Bhat]] as Ghost
* Kiran Pattikonda as Kiran
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Deepthi's father
* [[Jayasudha]] as Mother Clara
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Chitram (Telugu) / Natchatiram (Tamil)
* Ramesh Pandit as Watchman
* [[Yuvina Parthavi|Baby Yuvina]] as Ammu
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Tamil and Telugu languages simultaneously and is directed by Manon, who worked as an assistant to directors [[P. Vasu]], [[Vetrimaaran]] and Raghavan, in his directorial debut.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/bilingual-shoot-progresses-in-city/article7308447.ece|title=Bilingual shoot progresses in city|first=Rani|last=Devalla|date=12 June 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429215256/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/bilingual-shoot-progresses-in-city/article7308447.ece|archive-date=29 April 2023|access-date=27 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="B">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151124/entertainment-kollywood/article/vetrimaaran-heaps-praises-his-prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9|title=Vetrimaaran heaps praises on his protégé|date=24 November 2015|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|accessdate=31 May 2021|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918014011/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151124/entertainment-kollywood/article/vetrimaaran-heaps-praises-his-prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9|url-status=live}}</ref> Kiran Pattikonda, who debuts as a producer, also plays a role in the film.<ref name="A" /> The film was shot in Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, and Puducherry.<ref name="A" /> [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]] and [[Meghashree]] were to portray a couple in the film with the latter making her Tamil film debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-cinema-snippets/article7904093.ece|title=Etcetera|first=Nikhil|last=Raghavan|date=21 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 November 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918014017/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/tamil-cinema-snippets/article7904093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150609/entertainment-kollywood/article/megha-shree-dons-sinister-avatar-kolly-debut|title=Megha Shree dons sinister avatar for Kolly debut|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=9 June 2015|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319183005/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150609/entertainment-kollywood/article/megha-shree-dons-sinister-avatar-kolly-debut|url-status=live}}</ref> The makers initially roped in [[Sonu Gowda|Shruti Ramakrishnan]] to portray the second heroine and is seen during the flashback portions before she was replaced by Kannada actress [[Sangeetha Bhat]].<ref name="C"/> Saravana Natarajan, an assistant to [[R. Velraj|Velraj]], worked as the cinematographer for the film while Amruth was brought in to compose the music.<ref name="C" /> [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Yogi Babu]] play supporting roles in the film.<ref name="B"/>

== Reception ==
Regarding the Tamil version, a critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' gave the film a rating of eighty out of a hundred and stated how "Overall there is a lack of suspense in ''Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/09/28214201/1110526/Ka-Ka-Ka-Aabathin-Arikuri-movie-review.vpf|language=ta|title=கா கா கா ஆபத்தின் அறிகுறி [Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri]|date=28 September 2017|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|url-status=dead|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021055250/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2017/09/28214201/1110526/Ka-Ka-Ka-Aabathin-Arikuri-movie-review.vpf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|5501106}}
*{{IMDb title|7320198|Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri}}

[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2015 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2015 romance films]]
[[Category:2015 horror films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]

Gunaah (2002 film)

2026-03-03T03:59:39Z

Nobranding1: improve section as per guidelines after review

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunaah
| image = Gunaah 2002 Poster.jpg
| writer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Pranay Narayan
| starring = [[Bipasha Basu]] [[Dino Morea]] [[Irrfan Khan]]
| based_on = [[Out of Sight]]<ref name="auto"/>
| producer = [[Mukesh Bhatt]]
| director = Amol Shetge
| distributor = [[Vishesh Films]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ishwar R. Bidri
| editing = Mohammed Rafique
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|9|20}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹4 crore<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=625|title=Gunaah - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| music = [[Sajid–Wajid]] [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| gross = ₹7.5 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Gunaah''''' ({{translation|Crime}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama film]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/films/2002/09/20/gunaah_2002_preview.shtml|title=BBC - Leicester Films - Gunaah preview|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> directed by Amol Shetge and written by [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. The film stars [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Dino Morea]] and [[Irrfan Khan]]. The film was released on 20 September 2002.<ref name=REDIFF>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/20gunaah.htm|title=Romancing the cop|last=Kulkarni|first=Ronjita|date=20 September 2002|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209020011/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/20gunaah.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/gunaah/movieshow/61323361.cms|title=Gunaah Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419013650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/gunaah/movieshow/61323361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gunaah/critic-review/gunaah-movie-review/ |title=Gunaah Movie Review |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 September 2002 |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref> and performed averagely at the [[box office|box-office]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2002-09-20 |title=Gunaah Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gunaah/box-office/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==

Police Inspector Prabha Narayan is haunted by the demons of her past. Being the illegitimate daughter of a prostitute, she has had a very bad childhood, and there once occurred an incident in her life when she was driven to the point of committing a murder. But today, now that she is a cop, she believes that she can clear her conscience by reforming a criminal.

Prabha's life is turned topsy-turvy with the entry of Aditya Kashyap, who is a good person at heart but was forced to take the path of crime due to the wrongdoings of the police system. Incidents, which included his father getting [[urinated]] on in the police station.

Prabha goes to Aditya's house to nab him but gets distracted when she sees him bathing and looks away. Aditya slips from under her vigilant eyes, and a hasty chase follows. Prabha stays close on the heels of fleeing Aditya. At one point, when she is about to fall off the rooftop, Aditya stops running and extends his hand to save her. This act makes a great impact on Prabha.

Prabha decides to know Aditya's past and find out what prompted him to commit a crime in the first place. She decides to reform him, but she gets reformed herself and falls in love in the process. Eventually, Prabha and Aditya fall in love. This continues with them being passionate towards each other. Then, a problem arises when Aditya escapes from jail and starts killing people again. Prabha being a good officer kills him when he is about to kill Police Inspector Digvijay Pandey. She gets a gold medal for killing him and keeps the medal in front of his old fireman helmet, saying she loved him and a part of him will always live inside her.

==Cast==
*[[Dino Morea]] as Aditya Kashyap
*[[Bipasha Basu]] as Inspector Prabha Narayan
*[[Irrfan Khan]] as ACP Digvijay Pandey
*[[Ashutosh Rana]] as Ex-Havaldar Madhusudan Gokhale "Uncle"
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Dr Mahesh Mirchandani
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Satyakam Kashyap, Aditya’s father .
*[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Parshuram

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Gunaah
| type = Soundtrack album
| artist = [[Sajid-Wajid]] and [[Anand Raaj Anand]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The soundtrack was composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]] and [[Anand Raj Anand]]. The soundtrack had 6 songs. The songs were very popular upon release.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song
!Lyricist!! Artist(s)!! Music
|-
| "Dil Ne Kaha"
|[[Faaiz Anwar]]
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
|-
| "Hamne Tumko Dil Ye De Diya"
|Praveen Bhardwaj
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Babul Supriyo]]
| [[Anand Raj Anand]]
|-
| "Jab Dil Churaya"
|Praveen Bhardwaj
| Alka Yagnik, Babul Supriyo
| Anand Raj Anand
|-
| "Mere Dil Pe Kisine"
|[[Anand Bakshi]]
| Sonu Nigam, Alka Yagnik
| Sajid–Wajid
|-
| "Rooth Kar Hum"
|Anand Bakshi
| [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Sabri Brothers]]
| Sajid–Wajid
|-
| "Sajana Saajna"
|Praveen Bhardwaj
| Alka Yagnik, [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]]
| Anand Raj Anand
|-
|-
| "Theme of Gunaah"
|
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| Anand Raj Anand
|-
|}

==Reception==
Ronjita Kulkarni from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised Irrfan Khan's performance, felt the film lost steam in the second half, criticized the dialogues, and found the music to be intrusive and at times silly.<ref name=REDIFF/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0331256|Gunaah}}

{{Mahesh Bhatt}}

[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sajid–Wajid]]
[[Category:Films directed by Amol Shetge]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Police films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films about sexuality]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]

Hadoti

2026-03-01T18:56:46Z

Nobranding1: brief updated intro as per guidelines and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|Region of Rajasthan, India}}
{{For|the language|Hadoti language}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox region
| name = Hadoti
| settlement_type = Historical [[Region]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2
| image1 = The Garh Palace, Bundi, Rajasthan.jpg
| caption1 = The Garh Palace, Bundi
| image2 = Jag Mandir Kota.jpg
| caption2 = [[Jag Mandir Palace, Kota]]
| image3 = Gagron fort 2nd view.jpg
| caption3 = [[Gagron Fort]], Jhalawar
| image4 =Baran Rajasthan bhand devra bk.jpg
| caption4 = [[Bhand Deva Temple]], Baran
}}
| image_map = Hadoti Region(RAJ.) Suresh Godara.jpg
| map_caption = Map of the Hadoti region in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| map1_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| parts_type = [[Districts of India|Districts]]
| p1 = [[Bundi district|Bundi]]
| p2 = [[Baran district|Baran]]
| p3 = [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]]
| p4 = [[Kota district|Kota]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = [[Hadoti language|Hadoti]]
| demographics1_info1 = 51.57%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_info2 = 32.76%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| demographics1_info3 = 5.51%
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="languages">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live |work=[[2011 census of India]]}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Largest City
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{hlist
| [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
}}
| established_title =
| established_date = 1241 CE
| founder = Rao Deva Hada
| named_for = [[Hada Chauhan]]
| seat_type =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 24,204
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 5,695,804
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Hadoti''' is a historical region located in the southeastern part of the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It encompasses the districts of [[Bundi district|Bundi]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]], and [[Baran district|Baran]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-23 |title=Constituency watch: Hadoti, the power centre of Rajasthan politics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/constituency-watch-hadoti-the-power-centre-of-rajasthan-politics/story-HG6Y0svumZNsn2SZRWbE2H.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406191246/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/constituency-watch-hadoti-the-power-centre-of-rajasthan-politics/story-HG6Y0svumZNsn2SZRWbE2H.html |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Named after the [[Hada Chauhan|Hada Rajputs]], a branch of the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan clan]], the region's identity began taking shape in the 13th century when Rao Deva conquered Bundi in 1241 CE, followed by the capture of Kota in 1264 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=history/city profile |url=https://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/nagar-parishad-bundi/en/about-/history-city-profile/history--city-profile.html#:~:text=The%20Hadoti%20region%20in%20which,and%20nearby%20Kota%20in%201264. |website=Nagar Parishad Bundi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District and Sessions Court, Kota {{!}} India |url=https://kota.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505090105/https://kota.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/ |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=kota.dcourts.gov.in |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
The south-eastern region of Rajasthan, also known as Hadoti, lies between the [[Malwa|Malwa Plateau]] to the east, the [[Aravalli Range]] to the west, and the [[Marwar]] Plateau to the southwest, bordering the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The major river of the region is the [[Chambal River|Chambal]] River, along with its tributaries — the [[Kali Sindh River|Kalisindh]], [[Parbati River (Rajasthan)|Parvati]], Parwan, and Chapi rivers. The predominant soil type in the region is alluvial, supporting extensive agriculture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Puja |date=2014-04-29 |title=Geographical Environment of Central Hadaoti, Rajasthan |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/geography/geographical-environment-of-central-hadaoti-rajasthan/38749 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Your Article Library |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Princely states of Hadoti==
* Palaitha - [[Hada Chauhan]] Maharaja's
* Moondli - [[Hada (clan)|Hada]] Maharaja's
* [[Bamulia]] - Hada Maharaja's
* Kachnoada - Hada
* [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan|Rajgarh]] - Hada
* [[Ghati]] - Hada
* [[Kherli]] - [[Tanwar]]
* Srinal - Tanwar
* [[Koela]] - Hada Chauhan
* [[Dabri, Jodhpur|Dabri]] - Hada
* [[Kherli]] - Hada Maharaja's
* [[Karwar]] - Hada
* Phasud - Hada
* Pipalda - Hada
* Antarda - Hada
* Nimola - Hada
* [[Sarola kalan]] - Pandit Brahmins
*Harnawada - Sirohiya Rao Raja
*Akawad Khurd - Rathore

==Demographics==

===Religion===

{{Pie chart| thumb = right
|label1=[[Hinduism]]|value1=89.75|color1=orange
|label2=[[Islam]]|value2=8.54|color2=green
|label3=[[Jainism]]|value3=0.96|color3=brown
|label4=Others|value4=0.75|color4=grey
|caption=Religion in Hadoti (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/ |access-date=1 December 2021 |title=2011 census of India}}</ref>
}}
The vast majority of the population are [[Hindu]]. [[Muslims]] form the largest minority and are largely concentrated in urban areas.

===Languages===

{{Pie chart| thumb = right| caption = Languages in Hadoti (2011)<ref name="languages" />
|label1=[[Harauti language|Hadauti]] |value1=51.57 |color1=#E44D2E
|label2=[[Hindi]] |value2=32.76 |color2=orange
|label3=[[Malvi]] |value3=5.51 |color3=deeppink
|label4=Sondwari |value4=3.53 |color4=orchid
|label5=[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value5=2.30 |color5=red
|label6=[[Urdu]] |value6=1.30 |color6=green
|label7=Others |value7=3.03
|color7=grey}}

[[Harauti language|Hadauti]] is the main language spoken in the region. [[Hindi]] is popular in urban areas like [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]. [[Malvi]] and Sondwari, a distinct dialect of [[Malwi]], is spoken in the southern and western parts of [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]] along with [[Hindi]].
==Notable people==
*[[Bhupendra Jadawat]]
Actor Film Industry Mumbai Bollywood

* [[Om Birla]]
Speaker, Lok Sabha

== See also ==
*[[Marwar]]
*[[Mewar]]
*[[Shekhawati]]
*[[Bagar (region)|Bagar]]
*[[Dhundhar]]
*[[Vagad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Regions of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]

Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union

2026-02-24T07:10:03Z

Nobranding1: Put Up Some Biography V1...

{{Short description|Student organisation in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox
|title = Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union

|label1 = Institution | data1 = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|label2 = Former name | data2 = [[Siddons Union Club]]
|label3 = Formation | data3 = 1884
|label4 = Location | data4 = Students' Union Hall
|label5 = [[President (education)|President]] | data5 = ''' M. Salman Imtiaz'''
|label6 = [[Vice-President]] | data6 = '''Hamza Sufyan'''
|label7 = Honorary Secretary | data7 = '''Huzaifa Aamir Rashadi'''

|label8 = Cabinet Member | data8 =
* Gowtham K
* Fakhra khan
* Syed Shahrukh Hussain
* Ferdous Ahmed Barbhuiya
* Nishant Bhardwaj
* Maryam Batool
* Hasan Mustafa
* Moinuddin
* Fahd Ayub Zinjani
* Naved Alam

|label10 = Flag | data10 =
{{color box|#15701B}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}} {{color box|#980E21}}

|label11 = website | data11 = {{URL|http://www.amusu.in}}

|Cabinet's=
Moinuddin
Fakhra khan
Maryam Batool
Ferdous Ahmed Barbhuiya
Gowtham K
Nishant Bhardwaj
Syed Shahrukh Husain
Hasan Mustafa
Naved Alam
Fahd Ayub Zinjani|Cabinet Member=
Gowtham K
Moinuddin
Fakhra khan
Maryam Batool
Ferdous Ahmed Barbhuiya
Nishant Bhardwaj
Syed Shahrukh Husain
Hasan Mustafa
Naved Alam
Fahd Ayub Zinjani|Institution=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]}}

The '''Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union''' ('''AMUSU''') is the official Students' Union of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], Aligarh, [[India]].
The Aligarh Muslim University Students' Union is the university-wide representative body for students and is autonomous in nature. It works according to their own constitution, written by Amin A. Bulbuliya.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} It is primarily responsible for building and preserving a healthy political culture and an atmosphere of open debates on the campus. Students are kept informed about the public meetings, discussions and other issues through pamphlets and notices.

==History==
It was established as a Students' Debating Society named after the first principal [[Henry George Impey Siddons]] of [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]], the parent body of Aligarh Muslim University, on the model of Cambridge Union Society. The club was started in 1884 at Strachey Hall, located at the college premises. Debates of various issues related to Muslims of India and the world used to be conducted in the [[Siddons Union Club]]. The club had enthusiasm among the students of the M.A.O. College for its debates and English Style Club used to inculcate the debating skills and knowledge of English Language among the students. The founder, Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] considered competence in English and "debating skills" necessary for maintaining Muslims' political influence, especially in Northern India. Khan's image for the college was based on his visit to Oxford and Cambridge and he wanted to establish an education system similar to the British model.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole paragraph|date=November 2024}}

==Union Publications==
The '''Aligarian''' magazine is an official voice of AMUSU. The magazine covers activities of the Union as well as other socio-cultural and political issues of the country in general. The President of the Union by virtue of its mandate remains its 'Censor', while the Vice President remains its 'Chief Editor', while any member from the general body is selected as 'Editor'.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole paragraph|date=November 2024}}

==List of presidents==
The Union presidents of the last 20 years are as follows.
* Nadim Asrar (1999–2000)<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Response to Nadim Asrar's Open Letter to Shehla Rashid|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/02/27/a-response-to-nadim-asrars-open-letter-to-shehla-rashid|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Newslaundry|date=27 February 2017 }}</ref>
* Naseem Ashraf (2004–05)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-10|title=Dismissal of Akhilesh Yadav government demanded|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/dismissal-of-akhilesh-yadav-government-demanded-1096459.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
* Abdul Hafeez (2005–06)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-02-11|title=Amid UP assembly elections, Aligarh Muslim University continues to search for a voice|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/amid-up-assembly-elections-aligarh-muslim-university-continues-to-search-for-a-voice-4518735/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Nafees Ahmad|Mr. Nafees Ahmad]] (2006–07)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-11-13|title=AMUSU flays death sentence to Saddam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amusu-flays-death-sentence-to-saddam/story-URZC25BQZDSgDPQ0scDyrL.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* Abu Affan Farooqui (2010–11)<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2011-01-20|title=AMU students' union election results announced|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/AMU-studentsrsquo-union-election-results-announced/article15525989.ece|access-date=2020-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Syed Sharique Ahmad (2011–12)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-12-11|title=AMU students' union election results declared|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/amu-students-union-election-results-declared_746504.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>
* Shahzad Alam Barni (2012–13)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-03|title=Expelled AMUSU leader new SP youth wing secy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/expelled-amusu-leader-new-sp-youth-wing-secy/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* Abdullah Azzam (2014–15)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-30|title=AMU students' union opposes VC's decision to hold seminar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amu-students-union-opposes-vc-s-decision-to-hold-seminar/story-uqfEhAd6fDY4C3fTVpHNdO.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* Faizul Hasan (2016–17)<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-10-09|title=Faizul Hasan elected AMU student union's president|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/faizul-hasan-elected-amu-student-union-s-president-116100900237_1.html|access-date=2020-11-26}}</ref>
* [[Maskoor Usmani|Mr. Maksoor Ahmad Usmani]] (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 12, 2017|title=New Student Union President elected in Aligarh Muslim University|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/new-student-union-president-elected-amu-1105592-2017-12-12|access-date=2020-11-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* Salman Imtiyaz (2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-04|title=AMU: Salman Imtiaz elected as the new President of AMU Students' Union|url=https://newsd.in/amu-salman-imtiaz-elected-as-the-new-president-of-amu-students-union/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Newsd.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

==List of vice presidents==
* [[A. T. M. Mustafa]] (1946–1947)
* S.M. Haider Ali Khan (Asad) (1991–92)
* Mazin Hussain Zaidi (2006–07)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Headline|first=Times|date=2018-06-30|title=AMU students demands quick action of Sanskriti Rai's case|url=https://timesheadline.com/india/uttar-pradesh/amu-students-demands-quick-action-of-sanskriti-rais-case-20636.html|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Times Headline|language=en|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205221229/https://timesheadline.com/india/uttar-pradesh/amu-students-demands-quick-action-of-sanskriti-rais-case-20636.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Tauseef Alam (2012–13)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=Case against ex-AMUSU chief |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20150602/281827167372814 |access-date=2021-01-30 |via=PressReader}}</ref>
* Syed Masoodul Hasan (2014–15)
* Nadeem Ansari (2016–17)<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-31|title=Two ex-AMU students externed|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-ex-amu-students-externed/article30706293.ece|access-date=2021-01-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*Sajjad Subhan Rather (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web|last=singh|first=majid alam & amardip kumar|title=Former VP Ansari Extends Support to AMU Students, Questions "Precise Timing" of Mob Intrusion|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/newsdetail/index/2/13794/former-vp-ansari-extends-support-to-amu-students-questions-precise-timing-of-mob-intrusion|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Citizen|date=13 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Hamza Sufyan (2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-05|title=UP: AMU students plan march on Monday, police say won't object|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/amu-students-plan-march-on-monday-police-say-wont-object-6200170/|access-date=2021-01-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== List of Honorary Secretaries ==

* Maqsood Hussain Amoomi (1962-1963)
* Farrukh Khan (2005–2006)<ref name=":0" />
*Aamir Qutub (2010–11)<ref name=":1" />
* Nabeel Usmani (2016–17)
*Mohd Fahad (2017–18)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newly elected AMU students body installed; See PHOTOS here {{!}} ummid.com|url=https://ummid.com/news/2017/December/16.12.2017/amusu-2017-installation-ceremony.html|access-date=2021-03-18|website=www.ummid.com/}}</ref>
* Huzaifa Aamir Rashadi (2018–19)

==Lifetime members==
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was the first life member of the union and was conferred upon him on 1920.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/01/row-over-jinnahs-portrait-aligarh-muslim-university-authorities-student-leaders-call-it-historica-1808767.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502223744/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/01/row-over-jinnahs-portrait-aligarh-muslim-university-authorities-student-leaders-call-it-historica-1808767.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2018|title=Row over Jinnah's portrait: Aligarh Muslim University authorities, student leaders call it historical preservation|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://awaam.net/gandhi-jis-students-union-amu-zulfiqar-sheth/|title=Gandhi Ji's Students' Union at AMU {{!}} Zulfiqar Sheth - Awaam|date=2017-05-28|work=Awaam|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>
* [[Muhammad Iqbal]], Muslim poet and philosopher (1929)
* [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], Pashtun freedom fighter (1934)
* [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]], Founder of Pakistan (1938)
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], Ex-Prime Minister of India (1948)
* [[Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], King of Saudi Arabia (1955)

* [[Mother Teresa]], Social Worker (1983)
* [[Dalai Lama]], Tibetan spiritual leader (1998)
* [[Anwar Sadat]], Ex-President of Egypt (1955)
* [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]], King of Afghanistan (1958)
* [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], President of Egypt (1960)
* [[Gamal Salem]], Egyptian Revolutionary (1955)
* [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary]], Queen of Iran (1956)
* [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], Ex-President of India (1951)
* [[V.V. Giri]], Former President of India (1958)
* [[Morarji Desai]], Former Prime Minister of India (1959)
* [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi]], Noted Islamic Scholar (1959)
* Sir [[Alexander R. Todd]], Nobel Laureate in Science (1960)
* [[Sarojini Naidu]], Indian activist
* [[Refi Cevat Ulunay]], Turkish journalist (1952)
* [[Ahmet Emin Yalman]], Turkish journalist (1952)
* [[Arthur H. Compton]], Chancellor of Washington University (1950)
* [[C. V. Raman]], Scientist
* [[Ahmad Matin-Daftari]], Ex-Prime Minister of Iran (1952)
* [[Sachin Pilot]], Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
* [[Teesta Setalvad]], Indian Civil Rights activist and journalist (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaiswal|first=Anuja|date=2018-03-13|title=After 35 years, AMUSU gives life membership to a woman, felicitates Teesta Setalvad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/-after-35-years-amusu-gives-life-membership-to-a-woman-felicitates-teesta-setalvad/articleshow/63275278.cms|access-date=2021-11-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Asghar Hikmat, Iranian politician (1944)
* [[E. M. Forster]] and many more are also life members of the union<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/jinnah-portrait-at-aligarh-muslim-university-sparks-row|title = Jinnah Portrait at Aligarh Muslim University Sparks Row}}</ref>

==Notable alumni ==
* [[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]], M.P, 9 times M.L.A. and Cabinet Minister was an Honorary Secretary of the union.
* [[Mohammad Adeeb]], Rajya Sabha M.P was a President of Union.
* [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], Governor of Kerala, was a President and Honorary Secretary of the Union in 1972-73 and 1971-72 respectively.
*[[Nafees Ahmad]], Minister of State, M.L.A. was the President of Union.
*[[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi]], Former [[Minister of State]] in the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] was the Honorary Secretary of Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3497.htm|access-date=2020-09-17|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Aligarh Muslim University Media Network]]
* [[AMU Journal]]
* [[Aligarh Muslim University]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://www.amu.ac.in/amusu.jsp}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University|Students' Union]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1884]]

Peelings

2026-02-22T02:03:37Z

Nobranding1: creating some info and citations

{{Short description|2024 song by Devi Sri Prasad, Chandrabose, Shankarr Babu Kandukoori and Laxmi Dasa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Peelings
| type = single
| cover = Peelings song.jpg
| caption = Official song cover
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] featuring Shankarr Babu Kandukoori and Laxmi Dasa
| album = [[Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)|Pushpa 2: The Rule]]
| language = Telugu
| released = 1 December 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]}}
| length = 4:07
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| lyricist = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| tracks = # "Pushpa Pushpa"
# "Sooseki"
# "[[Kissik]]"
# '''"Peelings'''"
# "Gango Renuka Thalli"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=3FaYm8Us42k|title="Peelings"}}
}}
}}

"'''Peelings'''" is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song, composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with lyrics written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], and recorded by Shankarr Babu Kandukoori and Laxmi Dasa for the [[Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2024 Indian film ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Pushpa 2 song Peelings OUT: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna turn up the heat with their dance moves; Fans compare it with Saami |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pushpa-2-song-peelings-out-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-turn-up-the-heat-with-their-dance-moves-fans-compare-it-with-saami-1360752 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203085417/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pushpa-2-song-peelings-out-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-turn-up-the-heat-with-their-dance-moves-fans-compare-it-with-saami-1360752 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on 1 December 2024 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the fourth single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Peelings: Allu Arjun, Rashmika set the stage on fire in Pushpa 2 song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/peelings-allu-arjun-rashmika-set-the-stage-on-fire-in-pushpa-2-song-2643194-2024-12-01 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The full video song, featuring visuals directly from the film, was released on 16 December 2024 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2024-12-16 |title=PEELINGS Video Song Out: పుష్ప-2 పీలింగ్స్ వీడియో సాంగ్ కోసం వెయిటింగా.. వచ్చేసింది.. |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/peelings-telugu-video-song-out-from-pushpa-2-the-rule |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216120541/https://www.v6velugu.com/peelings-telugu-video-song-out-from-pushpa-2-the-rule |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song was also released in other languages through the same name. Upon the release, the song was subjected to criticism owing to its lyrics and dance choreography,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title='This Is Making Me Uncomfortable' Pushpa 2's Latest Song Bashed for 'Vulgar Steps' |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/regional/172945-pushpa-the-rule-peelings-song-fan-reactions.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212033538/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/regional/172945-pushpa-the-rule-peelings-song-fan-reactions.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gulati |first=Triya |date=2024-12-07 |title=Pushpa 2 choreography is a tragic mashup of yoga and intimate poses. No Antava |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/pushpa-2-choreography-is-a-tragic-mashup-of-yoga-and-intimate-poses-no-antava/2392337/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> but after the film's release, it peaked at number one on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] in the third week and had a significant commercial success.<ref name="indiasongs2">{{cite magazine |date=24 December 2024 |title=India Songs: Week of December 28, 2024 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2024-12-28 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=24 December 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grandma's Dance Reel On 'Peelings' Song From Pushpa 2 Goes Viral; Internet Falls In Love With Her 'Superb' Performance |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/grandmas-dance-reel-on-peelings-song-from-pushpa-2-goes-viral-internet-falls-in-love-with-her-superb-performance |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Background and composition ==
[[Devi Sri Prasad]] has chosen folk singers Shankarr Babu Kandukoori and Laxmi Dasa to record the song. Speaking to ''[[Telangana Today]]'', Laxmi Dasa told, "I am overjoyed by the overwhelming response to the song from various sections of the society".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-12-06 |title=Pushpa 2 song 'Peelings' brings Nirmal's folk singer Laxmi Dasa into limelight |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pushpa-2-song-peelings-brings-nirmals-folk-singer-laxmi-dasa-into-limelight |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207071704/https://telanganatoday.com/pushpa-2-song-peelings-brings-nirmals-folk-singer-laxmi-dasa-into-limelight |url-status=live }}</ref> The song begins with [[Malayalam]] lyrics interlude, written by Siju Thuravoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pushpa 2' latest song 'Peelings' starts with this Malayalam hook line. Know what it means |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/12/02/pushpa-2-peelings-song-malayalam-hook-line.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website='Pushpa 2' latest song 'Peelings' starts with this Malayalam hook line. Know what it means |language=en}}</ref> It is sung by Aparna Harikumar, Indu Sanath and Gayathry Rajiv in all six languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam hook in Pushpa 2's 'Peelings', Allu Arjun says it's for Malayali fans {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-the-rule-peelings-song-1.10120010 |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=Mathrubhumi English |date=29 November 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204154242/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-the-rule-peelings-song-1.10120010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Hindi version has lyrics written by Raqueeb Alam, and sung by [[Javed Ali]], [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]. The Tamil version has lyrics written by [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]], and sung by [[Senthil Ganesh]] and Rajalakshmi. The Malayalam version has lyrics written by Siju Thuravoor, and sung by Pranavam Sasi and [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]. The Kannada version has lyrics written by Varadaraj Chikkaballapura, and sung by [[Santhosh Venky]] and [[Amala Chebolu]]. The Bengali version has lyrics written by [[Srijato|Srijato Bandopadhyay]], and sung by [[Timir Biswas]] and [[Arpita Chakraborty]].{{fact|date=February 2026}}

== Music video ==

=== Background and production ===
As part of the film's production, the scenes involved in the music video of the song were shot at a specially constructed set from 23 November 2024 to 26 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna wrap Pushpa 2 with last-minute song shoot in Hyderabad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-wrap-pushpa-2-with-last-minute-song-shoot/5f82159d21572 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201222426/https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-wrap-pushpa-2-with-last-minute-song-shoot/5f82159d21572 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] has choreographed the dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title='Peelings' from 'Pushpa 2': A colorful mass duet |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/peelings-from-pushpa-2-a-colorful-mass-duet |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204013116/https://telugucinema.com/news/peelings-from-pushpa-2-a-colorful-mass-duet |url-status=live }}</ref> During an interview, Rashmika Mandanna revealed that her phobia to being lifted made her uncomfortable and further stated, "I am someone who has a phobia of being lifted, I wasn’t very comfortable with people lifting me and here is the song where I am only being lifted. I had this thing of ‘how am I going to do this? I recently realised that if I make up my mind, I fully go and surrender to my director and co-actor. I was like, Let’s just do it. If this is what the film needs, let’s do it. Once you trust the man, it becomes fun".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushpa 2's Rashmika Mandanna On Controversial Peelings Dance Song: 'I Wasn't Comfortable Initially' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2s-rashmika-mandanna-on-controversial-peelings-dance-song-i-wasnt-comfortable-initially-9164558.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''. The scenes feature [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna]] dancing together.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peelings Song from Pushpa 2: The Rule Out Now, Set To Energize Your Playlist |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/peelings-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-out-now-set-to-energize-your-playlist-2826711.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202015954/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/peelings-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-out-now-set-to-energize-your-playlist-2826711.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=PEELINGS (Telugu Lyrical Video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RAd-_Qj_ac |work=[[YouTube]] | date=1 December 2024|access-date=24 December 2024 |language=en }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Devi Sri Prasad]] {{spaced ndash}} Composer
* [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] {{spaced ndash}} Lyricist
* Shankarr Babu Kandukoori {{spaced ndash}} Vocals
* Laxmi Dasa {{spaced ndash}} Vocals
* Siju Thuravoor {{spaced ndash}} Malayalam lyrics
* [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] {{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Chaitanya Ravi Krishnan {{spaced ndash}} Keyboards
* Vikas Badisa {{spaced ndash}} Keyboards
* Kalyan {{spaced ndash}} rhythm
* A Jayakumar {{spaced ndash}} Clarinet
* S. P. Abhishek {{spaced ndash}} Backing vocals, vocal supervision
* Aparna Harikumar {{spaced ndash}} Malayalam vocals
* Indu Santh {{spaced ndash}} Malayalam vocals
* Gayathry Rajiv {{spaced ndash}} Malayalam vocals
* A. Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} Mix engineer, mastering engineer, record engineer
* T. Uday Kumar {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Suresh Kumar Taddi {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Raam Gandikota {{spaced ndash}} record engineer
* Murugan {{spaced ndash}} orchestra in-charge
* Pugalendhi {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* Bharat {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* B. Manikandan {{spaced ndash}} Album Co-ordinator
{{div col end}}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Peelings"
! scope="col" | Chart (2024{{Ndash}}2025)
! scope="col" | Peak position
|-
! scope="row" | [[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="indiasongs2" />
| 1
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=PEELINGS |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/kandukooridasa-peelings/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref> {{small|(Telugu)}}
| 13
|-
! scope="row" | [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=PEELINGS |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/biswaschakraborty-peelings/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref> {{small|(Bengali)}}
|21
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=3FaYm8Us42k|title=''Peelings'' (full video version)}}
* {{YouTube|id=8RAd-_Qj_ac|title=''Peelings'' (lyrical)}}
{{Pushpa (film series)}}{{Devi Sri Prasad}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Pushpa (film series)]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]

Vincent Arthur Smith

2026-02-12T06:14:20Z

Nobranding1: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Irish historian, art historian and indologist (1843–1920)}}
{{hatnote|For other people named Vincent Smith, see [[Vincent Smith (disambiguation)|Vincent Smith]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vincent Arthur Smith
| image = The Early History of India by Vincent Arthur Smith.jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''The Early History of India'' by Vincent Arthur Smith, 1914
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1843|06|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1920|02|06|1843|06|03|df=y}}<ref name="obit" />
| death_place = Oxford
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indologist]], [[art historian]]
| known_for =
}}
'''Vincent Arthur Smith''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} (3 June 1843 – 6 February 1920) was an Irish [[Indologist]], historian, member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], and curator. He was one of the prominent figures in Indian historiography during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBziwQEACAAJ&q=history+of+modern+india+rajiv+ahir |title=A Brief History of Modern India |date=2018 |publisher=Spectrum Books (P) Limited |isbn=978-81-7930-688-8 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1890s, he was key to exposing the forgeries of [[Alois Anton Führer]], then working for the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], who Smith caught in the act of making fake inscriptions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhammika |first1=Shravasti |title=Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India |date=2008 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0197-8 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ-Qa_jRVMYC&pg=PA41 |language=en}}</ref><ref>"Fuhrer's attempt to associate the names of eighteen Sakyas, including Mahanaman, with the structures, on the false claim of writings in pre-Asokan characters, was fortunately foiled in time by V.A. Smith, who paid a surprise visit when the excavation was in progress. The forgery was exposed to the public." in {{cite book |title=East and West |date=1979 |publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iJGAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Smith was born in [[Dublin]] on 3 June 1843 which was then part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. His father was [[Aquilla Smith]], well known in medical and numismatic circles in Dublin and London.<ref name="obit">{{cite journal|last=F. E. P.|title=Vincent Arthur Smith|journal=[[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|date=July 1920|issue=3|pages=391–395|jstor=25209644}}</ref>

After graduating from [[Trinity College Dublin]], he passed the final examination for the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1871, at "the head of the list", and served in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]] until 1900, in the regular ICS roles, rising to the post of Chief Secretary to the government in 1898, becoming a Commissioner the same year. Throughout this period he was a prolific writer on Indian history, and finally left the service early to devote more time to this, in 1900, returning to England.<ref name="obit" />

Moving first to [[Cheltenham]], by 1910 Smith was settled in [[Oxford]] where he joined [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] and was appointed a Curator of the [[Indian Institute]].<ref name="obit" />

Following his retirement, Smith wrote several monographs on Indian history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=N.B.D. |date=1919 |title=OBITUARY NOTES |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688156 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=191–193 |jstor=41688156 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> These included two monographs on the emperors [[Ashoka]] and [[Akbar]] respectively, which he went on to revise several times, updating them to reflect new research and information.<ref name=":0" /> He also wrote and published two comprehensive volumes on Indian history, ''The Early History of India'' and ''The Oxford History of India,'' as well as a book about the history of fine arts in India and Sri Lanka.<ref name="obit" />

Smith was honoured with the award of [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<ref name="Folklore">{{cite journal|last=Crooke|first=William|authorlink=William Crooke|title=Dr. Vincent Arthur Smith, C. I. E.|journal=Folklore|date=30 March 1920|volume=31|issue=1|page=87|jstor=1255017|doi=10.1080/0015587x.1920.9719131|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429987}}</ref> and awarded a doctorate by [[Trinity College Dublin]] in 1919.<ref name="obit" />

He died in Oxford on 6 February 1920.<ref>The History of British India: A Chronology. by J F Riddick</ref>

== Works ==
* ''General index to the reports of the Archaeological Survey of India: Volumes I to XXIII, with a glossary and general table of contents'', Simla, Government Central Press, 1887. - Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1969
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1893). Editor of [[William Henry Sleeman | William Henry Sleeman's]] [https://archive.org/details/b29352551_0001 ''Rambles and Recollections of an Indian official Volume 1''], [https://archive.org/details/b29352551_0002 ''Rambles and Recollections of an Indian official Volume 2''] Westminster Reprint edition of the 1893 (2 volumes)
* Preface to Purna Chandra Mukherji: ''A report on a tour of exploration of the antiquities of Kapilavastu Tarai of Nepal during February and March, 1899'', Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1901; Delhi Indological Book House, 1969.
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). [https://archive.org/details/asokabuddhistem00smitgoog ''Asoka, the Buddhist Emperor of India''], 1 ed. Oxford 1901; [[s:Rulers of India/Asoka - the Buddhist Emperor of India|3rd ed.]], [[Rulers of India series]], Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1920
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901). [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.21585 ''The Jain Stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ'']
* "The Kushān, or Indo-Scythian, Period of Indian History, B.C. 165 to A.D. 320," pp.&nbsp;1–64 in ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London)'', 1903.
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1903). [https://archive.org/details/indiancivilservi00smitrich ''The Indian civil service as a profession. A lecture delivered at Trinity College, Dublin, on June 10th, 1903'']
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904). [https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofin00smit_0 ''The Early History of India, from 600 B. C. to the Muhammadan conquest'']. A revised fourth edition (1924) was edited by [[Stephen Edwardes]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dipesh |title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth |date=15 July 2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-10045-6 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMEECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |language=en}}</ref>
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1906). [https://archive.org/details/pt1catalogueofcoins01indiuoft ''Catalogue of the coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, including the cabinet of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: Volume 1''], The Early Foreign Dynasties and the Guptas, Oxford: Clarendon Press
* {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Vincent Arthur|title=History of India: From Sixth century B.C. to Mohammedan Conquest|editor-first=A. V.|editor-last=Williams Jackson|editor-link=A. V. Williams Jackson|volume=2|year=1906|publisher=Grolier Society|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia02jack}}
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1911). [https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart00smit ''A history of fine art in India and Ceylon from the earliest times to the present day'', First Edition]
* [https://archive.org/details/historyoffineart035424mbp ''A history of fine art in India and Ceylon from the earliest times to the present day'', Second Edition revised by K Codrington, 1930]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.11197 ''A history of fine art in India and Ceylon from the earliest times to the present day'', Third Edition revised and enlarged by Karl Khandalavala, 1962]
*{{cite book|last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press}}
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919) Second and revised edition to [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5104 ''François Bernier's Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668'', 1914]
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919). [https://archive.org/details/TheOxfordHistoryOfIndia ''The Oxford history of India: from the earliest times to the end of 1911''], Oxford: Clarendon Press. The second edition (1923) was edited by Stephen Edwardes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |title=The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911 |date=1923 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGBYaBJULHIC |language=en}}</ref>
* Smith, Vincent Arthur (1919). [https://archive.org/details/indianconstituti00smituoft ''Indian constitutional reform, viewed in the light of history''], Oxford: University Press

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=no | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Vincent Arthur Smith | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q2526510}}

* {{Cite ODNB|id=36164|title=Smith, Vincent Arthur}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Vincent Arthur}}
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Irish historians]]
[[Category:Writers from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Irish colonial officials]]

H. K. Firodia Awards

2026-01-23T09:11:39Z

Nobranding1:

{{Infobox award
| name = H. K. Firodia Awards
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Award for individual contributions to science and technology
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[H. K. Firodia Foundation]]
| firstawarded = 1996
| lastawarded =
| reward = {{INR|2}} [[lakh]]s and {{INR|1}} lakh
| former name =
| holder_label =
| holder =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| website = {{Url|hkfirodiaawards.org}}
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''H. K. Firodia Awards''' for excellence in science and technology are given annually by the [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|H. K. Firodia Foundation]]. The awards were initiated in 1996 to recognize achievements by Indian scientists in any field of science. The awards are given at a ceremony in [[Pune]].

There are two awards every year:
*Award I: The main award is presented to an individual in recognition of their lifetime achievements and contributions to the fields of science and technology.
*Award II: The second award is given to young and promising innovators, scientist and technologists.

==List of awardees==
Source: [http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html H K Firodia Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234211/http://hkfirodiaawards.org/awards_2.html |date=2016-03-04 }}
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="0" width="100%"
! Year
! Name
! Subject
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1996 || [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] || Engineering & Space
|-
|[[Vijay P. Bhatkar]] || Computer Science
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1997 || [[C. N. R. Rao]] || Chemistry
|-
| [[Anil Kakodkar]] || Nuclear
|-
|rowspan ="2"|1998 || [[Rajagopala Chidambaram]] || Nuclear
|-
|[[S. K. Sikka]] || Nuclear
|-
|rowspan ="3"| 1999 || [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]] || Engineering & Space
|-
| [[Paul Ratnasamy]] || Chemistry
|-
| [[Man Mohan Sharma]] || Chemistry
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2000 || [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]] || Engineering & Space
|-
| [[D. D. Bhawalkar]] || Nuclear
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2001 || [[Govind Swarup]] || Astronomy & Astrophysics
|-
|[[Ramanujam Varatharaja Perumal]] || Engineering & Space
|-
|rowspan = "2"|2002 || [[M. S. Valiathan]] || Life Sciences, Medicine & Genomics
|-
|[[Ashok Jhunjhunwala]] || Computer Science
|-
|rowspan = "2"|2003 || [[Prakash Narain Tandon]] || Life Sciences, Medicine & Genomics
|-
| [[Padmanabhan Balaram]] || Chemistry
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2004 || [[Obaid Siddiqi]] || Life Sciences, Medicine & Genomics
|-
|[[T. S. Prahlad]] || Engineering & Space
|-
|rowspan ="3"|2005 || [[M. S. Swaminathan]] || Agriculture
|-
|[[G. Madhavan Nair]] || Engineering & Space
|-
|[[Ashoke Sen]] || Mathematics
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2006 || [[Jayant Narlikar]] || Astronomy & Astrophysics
|-
|[[Shivram Bhoje]] || Nuclear
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2007 || [[Madhav Gadgil]] || Ecology
|-
|[[Samir K. Brahmachari]] || Life Sciences, Medicine & Genomics
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2008 || [[Raghavendra Gadagkar]] || Ecology
|-
| [[C. S. Seshadri]] || Mathematics
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2009 || [[Yash Pal]] || Physics
|-
| [[Mylswamy Annadurai]] || Engineering & Space
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2010 || [[Goverdhan Mehta]] || Chemistry
|-
| [[Ajay K. Sood]] || Physics
|-
|rowspan = "2"|2011 || [[Roddam Narasimha]] || Engineering & Space
|-
| [[Manindra Agrawal]] || Mathematics
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2012 || [[T. V. Ramakrishnan]] || Physics
|-
| [[K. Vijayraghavan]] || Life Sciences, Medicine & Genomics
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2013 || [[Dipankar Das Sarma]] || Nano Technology
|-
|[[M. S. Narasimhan]] || Mathematics
|-
|rowspan ="2"|2014 || [[Maharaj Kishan Bhan]] || Life Sciences, Medicine & Genomics
|-
|[[Devang Vipin Khakhar|Devang Khakar]] || Chemistry
|-
|rowspan = "2"|2015
|[[Baldev Raj]]
|Nuclear
|-
|[[Krishna N. Ganesh]]
|Chemistry
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|[[Sriram Ramaswamy]]
|Physics
|-
|[[Sanjeev Dhurandhar]]
|Astrophysics
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017<ref name="HKF2017" />
|[[A. S. Kiran Kumar]]<ref name= HKF2017>{{cite web|url=http://hkfirodiaawards.org/current.html|title=H. K. Firodia Awards 2017|publisher=H. K. Firodia Memorial Foundation|accessdate=1 May 2018|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502064723/http://hkfirodiaawards.org/current.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|Aeronautics
|-
|[[Ashutosh Sharma (scientist)|Ashutosh Sharma]]
|Nanotechnology
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/scientists-honoured-with-hk-firodia-awards-in-pune/story-OwH2AxolxVBOVXX88hBbjL.html|title=Scientists honoured with HK Firodia awards in Pune|date=2019-02-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>
|[[Sandip Trivedi]]
|Theoretical physics
|-
|[[Satyajit Mayor]]
|Biology
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|[[K. Sivan]]
|Aerospace engineering
|-
|[[Shekhar Mande]]
|Structural and Computational Biology
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of general science and technology awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official}}
* {{cite web | url=http://hkfmindq.org/index.html | title=H. K. Firodia Foundation - Official website | publisher=H. K. Firodia Foundation | date=2015 | accessdate=October 31, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117165048/http://hkfmindq.org/index.html | archive-date=November 17, 2015 | url-status=dead }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:H K Firodia Awards}}
[[Category:Indian science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in India]]

Abu Ishaque

2026-01-03T18:18:22Z

Nobranding1: general enhance section per sources further

{{Short description|Bangladeshi novelist (1926–2003)}}
{{infobox person
|name=Abu Ishaque
|native_name=আবু ইসহাক
|native_name_lang = bn
|birth_name=Abu Bashar Mohammad Ishaque
|birth_place= [[Naria Upazila|Shirangol]], [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|image=Abu Ishaque photograph.jpg
|birth_date={{birth date|1926|11|1|df=y}}<ref name=Banglapedia/>
|alma_mater= [[Karachi University]]
|father=Muhammad Ibadullah
|mother=Athar un-Nisa
|death_date=16 {{death year and age|2003|1926|2}}
|death_place=
}}
'''Abu Bashar Mohammad Ishaque''' ({{langx|bn|আবু ইসহাক}}; 1 November 1926 – 16 February 2003) was a Bangladeshi novelist. He graduated B.A. from Karachi University. He was the Deputy Director of [[National Security Intelligence|NSI]].

==Early life==
Ishaque was born in the village of Shirangal in [[Naria Upazila|Naria]], [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur District]] (now in [[Shariatpur District]]) on 1 November 1926. He studied at the Upsi Bijari Taraprasanna English High School, from which he passed his [[matriculation exam]] with scholarship in 1942. In 1944, he completed his IA from [[Government Rajendra College]] in [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]].

==Career==
His first story, "Abhishap", was published in 1940 in the ''[[Nabajug]]'' magazine, which was edited by the activist [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]]. This was when Abu Ishaque was still in high school. The story was later featured in the [[Saogat]] and [[The Azad]] magazines of [[Calcutta]].

His first job was as an inspector for a private institution. Ishaque's first big literary effort, ''Sūrja-Dīghal Baṛī'', was completed in August 1948, though waited some seven years for a publisher.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangla Literature|author=Mohammad Daniul Huq and Aminur Rahman}}</ref>
After the Partition of India in 1947, he became an assistant inspector for the Pakistan police department and was based in the cities of [[Karachi]], [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Islamabad]] up until 1956. Graduating from [[Karachi University]] in 1960, he served in many important posts in the country as well as in diplomatic positions in the high commission offices.

In 1973, Ishaque became a sub-director for the [[National Security Intelligence]] based in [[Dhaka]].<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Wakil Ahmed|article=Ishaque, Abu}}</ref> He served as vice-consul at the Bangladeshi embassy in [[Akyab]], [[Myanmar]] in 1974. Ishaque became the first secretary for the Bangladesh Deputy High Commission at [[Kolkata]] in 1976. In 1979, he started serving as the Chief of the National Security Intelligence's Khulna Branch. He retired from the government service in 1984.

==Works==
Three novels - one of which is a detective novel, two collections of short stories and the voluminous Samokalin Bangla Bhashar Obhidhan (first two parts of it have already been published from the Bangla Academy and the rest [how many?] are being prepared).

===Novels===
*''Surja-Dighal Bari'' (1955)
*''Padmar Palidwip'' (1986)
*''Jaal'' (1988)

===Short stories===
*"Jook"
*"MahaPatanga" (Large Insect)
*"Haarem"

==Awards==
*[[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1963)
*[[Ekushey Padak]] (1997)
*[[Independence Day Award]] (2004) Posthumously

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishaque, Abu}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male novelists]]
[[Category:People from Naria Upazila]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslims]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:University of Karachi alumni]]

{{Bangladesh-writer-stub}}

Padalathri Narasimhar Temple

2025-12-26T14:51:04Z

Nobranding1: creating the location from scratch

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Padalathri Narasimhar temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| image = Singaperumalkovil1.JPG
| coordinates = {{coord|12|45|37.2|N|80|00|17.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| native_name = Singaperumalkovil
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
| locale = [[Singaperumalkoil]], [[Chennai]]
| deity = Padalathri Narasimhar ([[Vishnu]]) Ahobilavalli ([[Lakshmi]])
| architecture = Pallava Architecture
| festivals = Chittirai Brahmotsavam Pavithrotsavam Theppotsavam Narasimhar Jayanthi
| tradition= [[Vaishnavism]]
| elevation_m = 60.76
}}

The '''Padalathri Narasimhar Temple''' or '''Narasimhar Temple''' (also called '''Singaperumal Koil''') is dedicated to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]] ([[Narasimhar|Narasimha]]) located in [[Singaperumalkoil|Singaperumal Koil]], near [[Chennai City]], in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Constructed as [[rock-cut architecture]], it is dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Narasimha, and his consort Lakshmi as Ahobilavalli. The temple was built by the [[Pallava]]s during the 8th century. Earlier in [[Kanchipuram district]], it is now under [[Chengalpattu district]]. The temple is classified asaone mong the 108 [[Abhimana Kshethram|Abhimana Kshethrams]] of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition.

The temple is open from 7 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. and has four daily rituals at various times of the day. Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, with the Chittirai Brahmotsavam during April–May, Narasimha Jayanthi, Pavithra Utsavam during ''[[Tamil_calendar|Aani]]'' (June–July) and [[Tamil_calendar|Maasi]] float festival (Theppam) during February–March being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Singaperumalkovil5 - Copy.JPG|200px|Image of Narsimha with Lakshmi on his lap|thumb|left]]
According to the Hindu legend, Singaperumal Kovil is referred by a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] Padalathri. The temple finds mention in ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', which mentions that Vishnu appeared as [[Narasimha]] to the sages performing penance at this place after killing the asura king [[Hiranyakasipu|Hiranyakashipu]]. Hiranyakashipu was troubling the [[Hindu deities|devas and devis]] as he got a boon from [[Brahma]], that neither human nor an animal could kill him. His son [[Prahlada]] was an ardent devotee of Vishnu, which Hiranyakashipu discouraged. He also tried to slay Prahlada by various means, but was saved by the divine grace of Vishnu. Vishnu took the avatar of Narasimha and appeared from a pillar. Narasimha, as a lion-man deity, caught Hiranyakashipu and Narasimha killed Hiranyakashipu on an evening time in a doorway, which was neither land nor air. His anger was not quenched even after slaying the asura king, but Prahlada sang and prayed Narasimha to calm down, which he acceded to.<ref name=Madhavan/> He is also believed to have quenched his anger by bathing at the temple tank in this place. The water is believed to have turned red after the incident.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|page=149|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Singaperumalkovil4.JPG|thumb|Narasimha temple towers.]]
[[File:Singaperumalkovil8.JPG|thumb|Steps leading up the hill to reach the Narasimha temple.]]
Singaperumal Kovil was originally called by various names like Alvar Narasingadevar, and Narsinga Vinnagar Alvar. The original temple is believed to have been built in [[Rock-cut architecture]] by the [[Pallava]]s, who built cave temples of similar kind in the area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press |location=Chennai|page=26 |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2}}</ref> The inscriptions on the walls of the temple are from the Chola regime during the 10th–11th centuries CE. The inscriptions are made in [[Telugu Language|Telugu]],<ref name=scripts>{{cite book|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QswOAAAAQAAJ&dq=singaperumal&pg=PA191|page=191|last=Sewell|first=Robert|publisher=E. Keys|year=1882}}</ref> [[Grantha alphabet|Grantha]]<ref name=scripts /> and [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]{{citation needed|date=February 2018}} scripts. The oldest inscription is found from the period of [[Rajaraja I|Raja Raja Chola]] (985–1014 CE), the most famous [[Chola]] emperor from [[Thanjavur]] in 990 CE indicating a gift of 26 sheep for producing ghee for the perpetual lighting of the temple by oil lamps. Another inscription from Andal shrine is mutilated, but indicates a gift by an individual to the presiding deity. The third inscription is mutilated, presumably from the 11th century indicating gifts to the temple.<ref name=Madhavan/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Singaperumalkovil3.JPG|200px|Inner Prāhāram (near Paramapada Entrance)| thumb]]
The temple is built in [[Rock-cut architecture]], occupies around {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and has two precincts. It is located in [[Singaperumalkoil| Singaperumal Koil]], a suburb located {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Chennai]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The presiding deity housed in the sanctum in a cave is a rock-cut image, in seated posture with his right leg bent and left leg left hanging. Narasimha has four hands with two of the top hands holding his [[Panchajanya|Conch]] and [[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]], while the other two hands showing Abaya Mudra and Uru hasta (resting on his lap). Ugra Narasimha is sported with a third eye on his forehead, which is usually a feature of [[Shiva]]. The sanctum is guarded by two [[Dvarapalas]] image on either sides. The shrine of his consort, Ahobilavalli is located in the second precinct, which is believed to be a later addition. There is a shrine of [[Andal]] located to the right of the sanctum. While the two shrines of Ahobilavalli and [[Andal]] have precincts, unlike the shrine of Narasimhar.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

The shrine of [[Garuda]] facing Narasimhar, the eagle mount of Vishnu, is located axial to the central shrine. The central shrine is approached through [[mandapa|Mahamandapa]], the worship hall and a narrow Ardha mandapam. The flagpost is located behind the shrine of Garuda, axial to the central shrine and the gateway tower. There are images of [[Azhwars|Alvars]] in the worship hall on both sides and the shrine of Ahobilavalli is located in the second precinct. The [[vimana]], the roof over the sanctum, has stucco images of various avatars of Vishnu. There are separate shrines of [[Lakshmi Narasimha]], [[Ramanuja]], [[Manavala Mamunigal]], and [[Vishwaksena|Vishvaksena]].<ref name=Madhavan/>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Singaperumalkovil7.JPG|200px|Temple tree|thumb|left]]
The temple follows [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship based on Vaikasana Agamic tradition. The temple is open from 6:30 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Narasimhar and his consort Ahobilavalli. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|pages=101–5}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Patalathri Narasimhar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=946|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2014|access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref>

Various festivals are celebrated in the temple, with the Chittirai Brahmotsavam during April–May, Narasimha Jayanthi, Pavithra Utsavam during ''Aani'' (June–July) and Maasi float festival during February–March being the most prominent. During Aani Brahmotsavam, the temple car housing the festival deities of Narasimhar and Ahobilavalli is drawn around the streets of Singaperumalkoil. During the float festival in February–March, the presiding deities are drawn in a float in the temple tank. There are festivals almost every month in the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Brahmotsavam at Singaperumalkoil|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/06/stories/2003060601400400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119174916/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/06/stories/2003060601400400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2004|date=6 June 2003|access-date=9 November 2015|last=T.A.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=Srinivasan}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lakshmi Narasimha|Lakshmi-Narasimha]]
* [[Marundeeswarar Temple, Thirukachur|Thirukachur Marundeeswarar Temple]]
* [[Kachabeswarar temple, Thirukachur|Thirukachur Kachabeswarar Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Narasimha temples]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Jitendra Singh (Rajasthan politician)

2025-12-14T17:09:07Z

Nobranding1: new

{{Short description|Member of Legislative Assembly}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jitendra Singh
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1985-1990, 1993-2003, 2008-2013, 2018
| constituency = Khetri
| predecessor = Pooranmal Saini
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = 11 December 1946
| birth_place = Khetri, [[Jhunjhunu]]
| spouse = Vinakshi Singh
| term_end = 2023
}}

'''Jitendra Singh''' is an Indian politician. He is a senior member of [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as Member of [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] for five-terms representing [[Khetri Assembly constituency|Khetri constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://www.rajpcc.com/dr.jitendersingh |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www.rajpcc.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jitendra Singh (MLA Khetri), Minister Govt. of Rajasthan, MLA Jitendra Singh, MLA Khetri |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/jhunjhunu/mla/1259/jitendra-singh-mla-khetri |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Rajasthan Link |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Rajasthan 1985 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1985/rajasthan/66/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1985/rajasthan/66/14 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 11 December 1946 in [[Khetri Assembly constituency|Khetri]], Jhunjhunu to Choggalal and Pan Kumari. He did MBBS from [[Sawai Man Singh Medical College|SMS Medical College]], Jaipur.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
In 1968, Singh married Vinakshi Singh; they have 2 children.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jitendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1985–1990]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Hajipur, Mancherial District

2025-12-14T12:20:39Z

Nobranding1: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hajipur
| native_name = Rajula Adipuram
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village and Mandal
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana,#India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.86247|N|79.30862|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = State government
| leader_party =
| leader_title = 
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = MLA
| leader_name1 = [[Kokkirala Premsagar Rao]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1865
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_rank = 
| population_demonym = Hajipuri
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics2_title1 = Other
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 504207
| area_code = 91-08736
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = TS-19
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 =
| official_name =
}}
'''Hajipur''' is a village and mandal located in the [[Mancherial district|Mancherial District]] of [[Telangana]] State in India.

== Administration divisions ==
There are 21 villages in Hajipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.districtsinfo.com/2016/11/mancherial-district-revenue-divisions.html|title=Schedule - II Reorganization Of Mandals In Mancherial District|website=www.districtsinfo.com|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Sl.No.
! Villages in the mandal
! The erstwhile mandals from which the present mandal is formed
|-
|1
|Chandanapur
| rowspan="21" | Mancherial
|-
|2
|Donabanda
|-
|3
|Gadhpur
|-
|4
|Gudipet
|-
|5
|Hajipur
|-
|6
|Karnamamidi
|-
|7
|Kondapur
|-
|8
|Kondepally
|-
|9
|Kothapally
|-
|10
|Mulkalla
|-
|11
|Nagaram
|-
|12
|Namnur
|-
|13
|Narsingapur
|-
|14
|Padthenpally
|-
|15
|Peddampet
|-
|16
|Rapalle
|-
|17
|Ryali
|-
|18
|Subbapally
|-
|19
|Vempally
|-
|20
|Hussainsagar
|-
|21
|Pochampahad
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mancherial district}}
[[Category:Villages in Mancherial district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Mancherial district]]

Sirur

2025-12-12T17:03:42Z

Nobranding1:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sirur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.0965|N|75.7858|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bagalkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Bagalkot
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11163
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

''' Sirur ''' is a village in the northern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 173400 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India : Sirur, Bagalkot, Karnataka|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> It is located in the [[Bagalkot]] [[taluk]] of [[Bagalkot district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Sirur had a population of 11163 with 5660 males and 5503 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Bagalkot]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Bagalkot.nic.in/

{{Settlements in Bagalkot district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bagalkot district]]

{{Bagalkot-geo-stub}}

Mahabaleshwar strawberry

2025-11-27T02:39:50Z

Nobranding1: Made Info

{{Short description|Edible fruit cultivar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Strawberries for sale at Mahabaleshwar.jpg|thumb|right|Mahabaleshwar strawberries]]
The '''Mahabaleshwar strawberry''' is a [[strawberry]] grown in the hilly slopes of [[Mahabaleshwar]], India which accounts for about 85 percent of the total strawberry produced in that country. Strawberries, along with [[raspberry|raspberries]], [[mulberry|mulberries]] and [[gooseberry|gooseberries]] are produced on a large scale in and around Mahabaleshwar. The Mahabaleshwar strawberry obtained the [[geographical indication]] (GI) tag in 2010.

==History==
Strawberries were brought to the region from [[Australia]] during the British colonial rule. Mahabaleshwar was the summer capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]] under [[British Raj]]. Since then, local farmers have developed their own varieties of the fruit, some of which are imported from other places.<ref name=bounty>{{cite web|last1=Kanan Chandra|first1=Kavita|title=Berry bounty|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/berry-bounty/article3384072.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=11 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=bstd/><ref name=trib>{{cite web|title=India's strawberry fields|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140316/spectrum/travel.htm|work=The Tribune|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=16 March 2014}}</ref>

==Production==
The Mahabaleshwar strawberry is grown mainly in the hilly Mahabaleshwar-[[Panchgani]] belt in western [[Maharashtra]]. As of late 2015, it is grown in an estimated area of 3,000 acres with about 30,000 metric tonnes of the fruit being produced annually.<ref name=expec>{{cite web|last1=Kasabe|first1=Nanda|title=Shorter strawberry season expected this year in Maharashtra|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/markets/commodities/shorter-strawberry-season-expected-this-year-in-maharashtra/168539/|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Mahabaleshwar strawberry contributes to about 85 percent of the total strawberry production in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kasabe|first1=Nanda|title=Growing demand for strawberries in domestic market|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/growing-demand-for-strawberries-in-domestic-market/913569|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=1 February 2016|date=18 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=good/><ref name=redi/> The cool climate and red soil of the region make it suitable for growing the fruit and give it a unique taste.<ref name=bounty/>

[[File:StrawBerries from Mahabaleshwar.jpg|thumb|right|Mahabaleshwar strawberries being sold]]
The Mahabaleshwar strawberry is a seasonal fruit with the usual season lasting between October–November and April–May. Mother saplings, some of which are imported from [[California]] in the month of June, are planted in nurseries in places like [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]]. The runners produced by each of these saplings are replanted in the month of September.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kher|first1=Swatee|title=Strawberries to be late by a month or more|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strawberries-to-be-late-by-a-month-or-more/870477/0|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=4 November 2011}}</ref> The land is prepared after the monsoon season in September by [[fumigation]] and covering the fields with plastic sheets. The seeds are planted in holes punched through these sheets and sprays are added to the fields.<ref name=trib/>

Nearly half of the fruit in the region belongs to the Sweet Charlie variety of California, with Camarosa and Winter Dawn being the other two major varieties.<ref name=good>{{cite web|last1=Kshirsagar|first1=Alka|title=Mahabaleshwar set for good strawberry season|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/mahabaleshwar-set-for-good-strawberry-season/article2805530.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=16 January 2012}}</ref> Other notable varieties include Rania and Nabila.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kasabe|first1=Nanda|title=Indian strawberry finds way to Malaysian markets|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/markets/commodities/indian-strawberry-finds-way-to-malaysian-markets/15837/|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=5 December 2014}}</ref> Mahabaleshwar strawberry is used in making various food products in the region such as preserves, jams, fruit crushes, ice-creams, milkshakes, strawberry with fresh cream, strawberry fudge, strawberry wine and jelly toffees.<ref name=trib/>

==Export==
Strawberries from Mahabaleshwar are exported in large quantities to other countries like [[France]], [[Belgium]], [[Malaysia]], and to the [[Middle East]]. The fruit is frozen before it is exported.<ref name=redi>{{cite web|title=Mahabaleshwar poised for strawberry boom|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/apr/11straw.htm|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=11 April 2007}}</ref>

==Geographical Indication==
In 2009, the All India Strawberry Grower's Association proposed the registration of Mahabaleshwar strawberry under the Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999, to the Office of the Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-11-11 |title=Mahabaleshwar seeks GI tag for its strawberries |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/mahabaleshwar-seeks-gi-tag-for-its-strawberries/articleshow/5217249.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=giá dâu tây vinmart |url=https://dautaydalat.org/tin-tuc/gia-dau-tay-vinmart/ |access-date=2023-07-01 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The fruit was granted the GI status two years later in 2010.<ref name=bstd>{{cite news|last1=Joshi|first1=Hrishikesh|title=Mahabaleshwar strawberry gets GI status|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/mahabaleshwar-strawberry-gets-gi-status-110051400085_1.html|work=Business Standard|accessdate=27 January 2016|date=14 May 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mapro Garden]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]
* [[List of strawberry cultivars]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Strawberry cultivars]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satara district]]
[[Category:Mahabaleshwar]]
[[Category:Panchgani]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

Quercus semecarpifolia

2025-11-11T21:53:25Z

Nobranding1: small rework layout per sources and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Quercus semecarpifolia kz04.jpg
| genus = Quercus
| display_parents = 2
| parent = Quercus sect. Ilex
| species = semecarpifolia
| authority = [[Sm.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantList |id=kew-175022 |taxon=Quercus semecarpifolia |authority=Sm.}}</ref>
| synonyms = * ''Quercus cassura'' Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
* ''Quercus obtusifolia'' D.Don
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=Qin, H. |date=2020 |title=''Quercus semecarpifolia'' |volume=2020 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194230/147633899 |access-date=10 March 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''Quercus semecarpifolia''''' is an Asian species of [[oak]]. It is native to the Himalayas and nearby mountains in [[Tibet]], Afghanistan, India, Nepal, and Pakistan,<ref name=kelly>{{eFloras|2|210001864|Quercus semecarpifolia |first1=Chengjiu |last1=Huang |first2=Yongtian |last2=Zhang |first3=Bruce |last3=Bartholomew |volume=4}}</ref> where it is referred to as '''kharsu'''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rawat |first1=Balwant |last2=Rawat |first2=Janhvi M. |last3=Purohit |first3=Sumit |last4=Singh |first4=Gajendra |last5=Sharma |first5=Pradeep Kumar |last6=Chandra |first6=Anup |last7=Shabaaz Begum |first7=J. P. |last8=Venugopal |first8=Divya |last9=Jaremko |first9=Mariusz |last10=Qureshi |first10=Kamal A. |date=2022 |title=A comprehensive review of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm.: An ecologically and commercially important Himalayan tree |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.961345 |issn=2296-701X |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022FrEEv..1061345R |hdl=10754/681751 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It is classified in subgenus ''Cerris'', [[Quercus sect. Ilex|section ''Ilex'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017 |title=Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks |website=figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Appendix_2_1_________An_updated_infrageneric_classification_of_the_oaks/5547622/1 |access-date=18 February 2023 |format=xls |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |title=Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L |series=Tree Physiology |date=2017 |volume=7 |editor1-last=Gil-Pelegrín |editor1-first=Eustaquio |editor2-last=Peguero-Pina |editor2-first=José Javier |editor3-last=Sancho-Knapik |editor3-first=Domingo |contribution=An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns |pages=13–38 |publication-place=Cham. |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |isbn=978-3-319-69099-5 |contribution-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

''Quercus semecarpifolia'' is an [[evergreen]] tree up to {{Convert|30|m|abbr=off}} tall. The leaves are up to {{Convert|12|cm|abbr=off|frac=4}} long, with a few teeth along the sides but rounded at the tip.<ref name=kelly/><ref name=heleen>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/119403#page/259/mode/1up Smith, James Edward in Rees. 1814 The cyclopædia; or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature. volume 29, pages not numbered, ''Quercus'' number 20]</ref>
It has been grown in middle Europe, Western Germany, winter-hardiness zone 7, withstanding -14 °C, without any damages. It gives a good, showy bush to small tree with lush green leaves.
The epithet ''semecarpifolia'' refers to a resemblance between the leaves of this species and those of ''[[Semecarpus anacardium]].''<ref name=heleen/>

In its native range, it serves as a [[keystone species]], exhibiting up to 80% [[Dominance (ecology)|dominance]] at elevations between 2700 and 3300 meters.<ref name=":0" /> In areas where less [[Environmental degradation|degradation]] has occurred, ''Q. semecarpifolia'' reduces light at the forest floor, encouraging the growth of [[Shade tolerance|shade tolerant]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] species.<ref name=":0" /> Local people make use of kharsu more frequently than other native oaks for food, animal fodder, fuel, and timber.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Amit |last2=Samant |first2=S. S. |last3=Naithani |first3=Suneet |date=1 September 2021 |title=Population ecology and habitat suitability modelling of Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. in the sub-alpine ecosystem of Great Himalayan National Park, north-western Himalaya, India |journal=South African Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=141 |pages=158–170 |doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2021.04.022 |issn=0254-6299 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021SAJB..141..158S }}</ref> Its leaves are also known to support ''[[Antheraea roylei|Antheraea proylei]]'' silk worms, goats,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raju |first1=J. |last2=Sahoo |first2=B. |last3=Chandrakar |first3=A. |last4=Sankar |first4=M. |last5=Garg |first5=A. K. |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |last7=Pandey |first7=A. B. |date=1 April 2015 |title=Effect of feeding oak leaves (Quercus semecarpifolia vs Quercus leucotricophora) on nutrient utilization, growth performance and gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in temperate sub Himalayas |journal=Small Ruminant Research |language=en |volume=125 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.12.013 |issn=0921-4488 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and prevent slug infestations.<ref name=":0" />

==Fossil record==
Fossils of ''Quercus semecarpifolia'' have been described from the [[fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district]] in [[Turkey]], which is of early [[Pliocene]] age.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasaplıgil |first1=Baki |title=Ankara, Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem köyü civarında bulunan son tersiyer kozalaklı-yeşil yapraklı ormanı |journal=Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration |date=1977 |volume=88 |page=94-102 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bulletinofmre/issue/3914/52153 |publisher=[[General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Turkey)|General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration]] |location=Ankara |language=tr, en |format=PDF |trans-title=A Late-Tertiary Conifer-Hardwood Forest From the Vicinity of Güvem Village, Near Kızılcahamam, Ankara}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tropicos.org/Image/56678 line drawing, Flora of China Illustrations vol. 4, plate 368, figures 6-8 in lower half]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7599286}}

[[Category:Quercus|semecarpifolia]]
[[Category:Trees of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Trees of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Trees of Tibet]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1814]]
[[Category:Taxa named by James Edward Smith (botanist)]]

{{Quercus-stub}}

Siege of Chittorgarh (1535)

2025-10-31T13:08:58Z

Nobranding1:

{{Short description|1535 battle between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mewar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of
Chittorgarh (1535)
| place = [[Chittor Fort]]
| image = Chittorgarh fort.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| date = December 1532<ref name="b504">{{cite journal | last=Tiwari | first=Arya Ramchandra G. | title=BAHADUR SHAH'S CONQUEST OF CHITTOR — ITS CHRONOLOGY | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=Indian History Congress | volume=21 | year=1958 | issn=22491937 | jstor=44145216 | pages=302–305 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44145216 | access-date=2024-11-06}}</ref><ref name=SG>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500 – AD 1600|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=9788129108906|pages=457–560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Rumi+khan|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref> – 8 March 1535
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Gujarat Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Sisodia Dynasty|Kingdom of Mewar]]
| commander1 = '''[[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]]''' Rumi Khan
| commander2 = '''[[Vikramaditya Singh of Mewar]]'''<ref name=SG>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500 – AD 1600|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=9788129108906|pages=457–560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Rumi+khan|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref> [[Rani Karnavati]] Rani Jawahir Bai Bagh Singh Arjun Hada Rao Doorga Sutto Chundawat Dudo Chundawat
| result = [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid]] victory
}}

The '''siege of Chittorgarh''' took place in 1535, when Sultan [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]] attacked [[Chittor Fort]], after the death of [[Rana Sanga]], with the aim of expanding his kingdom. The fort's defense was led by the widows of Sanga.

==Background==
Rana Vikramaditya was an unpopular ruler, mainly due to his short temper and arrogance. He had insulted several nobles and courtiers which caused many nobles to leave his court. The Sultan of Gujarat took advantage of this situation and made plans to attack Mewar in December 1532. However, Rani Karnavati had the siege lifted by paying a ransom, and the Gujarat army withdrew on 28 March 1533. The ransom kept the sultan satisfied for a few months but he once again attacked Mewar in 1534. Upon knowing of the invasion, Rani Karnavati requested the people of Mewar to come to the defense of Chittor. Hundreds of commoners as well as nobles came to her call of arms, however the Gujarati army still greatly outnumbered the Mewari's.<ref name=SG/>

==Siege==
The Mewari army was able to fend off attacks until March 1535, after which the Gujarati artillery under Rumi Khan succeeded in breaking through the fort defenses, Rao Doorga, Arjun Hada and the [[Chundawat]] brothers were killed after trying to repel the Gujarati assaults. One of [[Rana Sanga]]'s widows, Rani Jawahir Bai Rathor, then donned her armour and led the sortie with Mewari soldiers against the Sultan's army. She wreaked havoc on the Gujarati ranks and was killed after inflicting casualties to the enemy.<ref>Mewar Saga: The Sisodias role in Indian history pg.46, by D. R. Mankekar — "Maharani Jawahir Bai, a Rathor, armed from head to toe, personally headed a sortie against the besieging enemy and wreaked havoc in his ranks before herself being slain."</ref> The women of Chittor including [[Rani Karnavati]] committed [[Jauhar]] and the soldiers prepared for [[Last stand|Saka]], which was led by Bagh Singh of Deola. Rana [[Vikramaditya Singh (Maharana)|Vikramaditya Singh]], [[Udai Singh II|Udai Singh]] and Udai Singh's faithful nurse [[Panna Dai]] escaped to [[Bundi]]. Bahadur Shah was not able to hold Chittor for long and the Sisodia's captured it within a short time of his departure.<ref name=SG>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan, Section:The State of Mewar, AD 1500 – AD 1600|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=9788129108906|pages=457–560|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Rumi+khan|access-date=2020-09-15}}</ref>

The fable about Rani Karnavati sending a rakhi to Humayun was invented later by James Tod and modern historians do not consider it a historical fact.<ref>History of Medieval India by Satish Chandra pg.212</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* Ishwari Prasad. "A Short History of Muslim Rule in India". India in the sixteenth century. The Indian
* Joe Bindloss; James Bainbridge; Lindsay Brown; Mark Elliott; Stuart Butler (2007). India. Southern Rajasthan History. Lonely Planet.
* Mirat-e-Sikandari pp. 381-382
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1535|Chittorgarh]]
[[Category:Chittorgarh Fort]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs|Chittorgarh]]

Shreeram Bhincher

2025-10-06T05:59:58Z

Nobranding1: New First Details Basic Info - done

{{short description|Indian politician from Rajasthan|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shreeram Bhincher
| image = Shri Ram Bhin.jpg
| caption = Shree Ram Bhincher
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|7 June 1955}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Members Page |url=http://rajassembly.nic.in/MembersPage.asp?DivNo=173 |website=rajassembly.nic.in |accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Makrana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency1 = [[Makrana]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = {{start date|df=y|2013|12|08}}
| term_end1 = {{end date|df=y|2018|12|13}}
| predecessor1 = [[Zakir Hussain Gesawat]]
| successor1 = [[Roopa Ram]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Shrimati Bhanwari Devi
| children =
}}
'''Shreeram Bhincher''' (born 7 June 1955) is an Indian politician from [[Nagaur]], [[Rajasthan]]. He was elected to the [[14th Rajasthan Assembly|14th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. He served as member of the Question & Reference Committee in Rajasthan Assembly. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Ram Bhinchar |url=http://localmla.com/rajasthan/shriram-bhinchar/ |website=Local MLA |accessdate=2 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shreeram Bhinchar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MAKRANA(NAGAUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://myneta.info/rajasthan2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=969 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhinchar, Shreeram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Rendezvous (festival)

2025-09-29T07:57:20Z

Nobranding1:

{{Short description|Annual cultural festival of IIT Delhi}}
{{Advert|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox recurring event
| name = Rendezvous, IIT Delhi
| logo = [[File:2ndpagepic.jpg|250px|Rendezvous]]
| dates = 27 - 30 September, 2025
| frequency = Annual
| genre = [[Cultural]]
| first = {{start date and age|1976}}
| venue = [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT)]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rdv-iitd.org/}}
| organised = Board for Recreational & Creative Activities (BRCA), [[IIT Delhi]]
}}
'''Rendezvous''', known as "'''The RDV'''," is the flagship cultural festival of the [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)]]. Taking place September 27 to September 30, 2025(It usually happens at the end of September or the beginning of October), this event transcends academia, attracting students from 1200+ colleges and welcoming a staggering 160,000+ attendees. It's a celebration of culture, art, and talent like no other, showcasing creativity and innovation at its finest.

== Events ==
Rendezvous, in its every edition, hosts a large number of competitional and non-competitional events engaging a nationwide participation. Faces of RDV(formerly known as Mr. & Mrs. RDV), Fashion Show, Comedy Hunt, Blitzkrieg Beatbox Battle, Rap Battle, [[Chess]] Tournament, Lifestyle, Chef's Art, Meme Fest, [[Valorant]] Tournament, Deguise (a cosplay event), [[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]] Tournament, [[Battlegrounds Mobile India|BGMI]] Tournament, COD Tournament, Stratazenith, Film Festival are a few to name the mega flagship events. Apart from these, a variety of competitions, workshops and talk sessions are organised by the respective cultural clubs of IIT Delhi namely Dance Club, Debating Club, Design Club, Dramatics Club, Fine Arts and Crafts Club, Hindi Samiti, Literary Club, Music Club, Photography and Films Club, Spic Macay, Quizzing Club.<ref>{{cite web |title=BRCA IIT Delhi Website |url=https://brca.iitd.ac.in/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=brca.iitd.ac.in}}</ref>

== Pronites ==
[[File:Spectrum10.jpg|thumb|Spectrum, the Group Dance Competition]]
Following each eventful day at Rendezvous, Pronite brings out artists from various cultures together on a stage. It has been the main star attraction of the festival with performing artists ranging from the famous Indian musical trio, [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/iit-delhis-annual-fest-rendezvous-celebrates-40-years/|title=IIT Delhi’s Annual Fest Rendezvous Celebrates 40 Years -|website=rollingstoneindia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> to the famous American Rock Band, [[Hoobastank]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/big-buck-fests-hoobastank-at-iit-delhi/story-akjNRg6RjNtEfS7ee0N2lJ.html|title=Big buck fests: Hoobastank at IIT Delhi|date=2013-10-14|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en}}</ref> having performed here. Dhoom, in the past has staged popular performances like [[Nucleya]], [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Sonu Nigam]] in 2023 earlier edition of March, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]] and [[Benny Dayal]] in 2022, [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar Ehsaan Loy]], [[Amit Trivedi]] and [[Ritviz]] in 2019 [[Javed Akhtar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://atkt.in/javed-akhtar-iit-delhi-rendezvous-2016/|title=Javed Akhtar at IIT Delhi Rendezvous 2016 {{!}} ATKT.in|date=2016-10-19|work=ATKT.in|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Ehsaan Noorani]] and [[Loy Mendonsa|Loy Medonsa]], [[Javed Ali]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.universityexpress.co.in/delhiuniversity/2015/10/what-iit-ds-rendezvous-have-in-store-this-year/|title=What IIT D's Rendezvous have in store this year - University Express|date=2015-10-15|work=University Express|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref> in 2015, Falak Shabir and [[Arijit Singh|Arjit Singh]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://festpav.com/fest/view/5998/Rendezvous_2016_cultural_fest_of_IIT_Delhi_October_2016-IIT_Delhi|title=Rendezvous 2016_cultural fest of IIT Delhi October 2016-IIT Delhi-Delhi-Delhi-21-October-2016-24-Oct-2016|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> in 2014, Farhan Akhtar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wetleafphotography.blogspot.in/2013/10/rendezvous-2013-farhan-akhta-jasleen.html|title=Rendezvous 2013 {{!}} Farhan Akhtar, Jasleen Royal, Bandish Band in IIT Delhi|website=wetleafphotography.blogspot.in|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> Hoobastank in 2013, [[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio@MTV]] ([[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]], [[Shilpa Rao]] and Advaita Band)<ref name="IIT fest to get bigger">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/iit-fest-to-get-bigger/story-EJn9sfVskHFOv1EpfzAK3K.html|title=IIT fest to get bigger|date=2012-10-15|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en}}</ref> in 2012; [[Rabbi Shergill]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.postpickle.com/entertainment/delhis-most-awaited-fest-is-here-get-ready-for-iit-delhis-rendezvous|title=Delhi’s Most Awaited Fest Is Here! Get Ready For IIT-Delhi’s Rendezvous!|website=www.postpickle.com/|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> Rohit Deshmukh, [[Kailash Kher]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Rendezvous: Annual Cultural Fest of IIT Delhi | url=https://www.groovenexus.com/college-fest/rendezvous-iit-delhi/ | website=GrooveNexus | access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> Amaan and Ayaan Ali Khan, Mohit Chauhan, [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://onlygizmos.com/rendezvous-iit-delhi-2014/2014/09/|title=Rendezvous'14 - IIT Delhi's Cultural Fest is Back!|date=2014-09-30|work=OnlyGizmos|access-date=2017-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref> in 2010. The Pro-Show Spectrum has maintained the legacy of hosting star casts of popular Bollywood movies like [[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]] ([[Arjun Rampal]], [[Abhay Deol]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Esha Gupta]]) in 2012, [[Band Baaja Baaraat]] ([[Anushka Sharma]], [[Ranveer Singh]])<ref name="IIT fest to get bigger"/> and [[Break Ke Baad]] ([[Deepika Padukone]], [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP%2F2010%2F10%2F24&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar05701&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804175127/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=CAP%2F2010%2F10%2F24&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar05701&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2017|title=IITians tech to filmi glamour Think IITs are the land of geeks? Then what’s Bollywood doing here?|work=Times of India}}</ref> in 2010. Blitzkrieg has staged several international headliner bands like [[Cypher16]] in 2012, Textures in 2010, Malefice<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/Rockers-at-IIT/articleshow/5110143.cms|title=Rockers at IIT! - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> in 2009, and Mindsnare in 2008; and Indian Rock Bands like Parikrama.<ref name=":1" />

Apart from competitions, some of the Indian top bands are also invited to perform. 2016 witnessed the presence of the Junkyard Groove and Spud in the Box.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/delhi/93a61287590d8c412a8380989cd86f8e-blitzkrieg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805055806/https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/delhi/93a61287590d8c412a8380989cd86f8e-blitzkrieg|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 August 2017|title=Blitzkrieg at Delhi - Events High|website=Events High|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref> These have been judged by prominent judges like [[Shiamak Davar]]<ref name="IIT fest to get bigger"/> (Choreography Competition 2012) and [[Shahnaz Husain]] (Fashion Show 2015).

==Programs==

===Influencer Program===
The Influencer Program by Rendezvous IIT Delhi is designed to empower social media influencers of all follower counts and provide them with a platform to showcase their skills and gain recognition. Participants in this program have the opportunity to earn a range of benefits, from cash prizes and exciting goodies to exclusive callouts during Pronites.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rendezvousiitd.com/Influencer/|title=Influencer Program}}</ref>

===Campus Ambassador Program===

The Campus Ambassador Program is an excellent opportunity for individuals to represent IIT Delhi on social media platforms. Rendezvous IIT Delhi has reintroduced its Campus Ambassador Program, offering a unique chance to enhance your marketing and publicity skills. By participating, you'll have the chance to earn internship certificates, letters of recommendation, discount vouchers, exciting merchandise, and even Pronite passes!<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cap.rendezvousiitd.org|title=Campus Ambassador Program}}</ref>

== Other performances ==
[[File:Bike racing10.jpg|thumb|The Stunt Mania in 2010]]Informal stages are set up on the streets of IIT Delhi to attract and engage with the passers-by. They host informal events throughout the four days of the festival. In the past, they have seen the presence of Bollywood personalities including Anushka Sharma, [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Piyush Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy-Piyush-Mishra-headed-to-IIT-15102015101043|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805021914/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy-Piyush-Mishra-headed-to-IIT-15102015101043|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 August 2017|title=The Times Group|website=epaperbeta.timesofindia.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref>

The commencement of the "RDV’s Got talent" has given students a platform to showcase their skills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fineartssrcc.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/rdv-iit-delhi-join-and-have-a-blast/|title=RDV, IIT Delhi- Join and Have a blast|date=2014-10-10|website=The Fine Arts Society, SRCC|access-date=2017-08-04}}</ref>

Live stages are also put up near the main institute area of IIT Delhi, where professional artist from all across the nation showcase their talent in front of the crowd of RDV.

[[File:Duo-dance10.jpg|thumb|Duo Dance Competition]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*{{Official website|https://www.rdv-iitd.org/}}
*[http://www.iitd.ac.in/ IIT Delhi]

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rendezvous (festival)}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology festivals]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:College festivals in India]]
[[Category:Culfests]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Delhi]]

Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology

2025-09-26T14:23:11Z

Nobranding1: minor cleaned up structure based on references and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Life science research institute in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
|image = ccmb emblem.png
|image_name =
|motto = '''Dedicated to the Nation'''
|established = {{start date and age|1977}}
|type = Autonomous, [[Government]]
|academic_affiliation = [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]
|president =
|director =[[Vinay K. Nandicoori]]
|address = CSIR-IICT, Uppal Rd, IICT Colony, Habsiguda, Hyderabad
|city = [[Hyderabad]]
|state = [[Telangana]]
|country = [[India]]
|postgrad =
|faculty =
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|6|acre|m2}}
|website = {{URL|http://www.ccmb.res.in/|ccmb.res.in}}
}}

[[File:CCMB Hyderabad India.jpg|thumb|CCMB Hyderabad India]]
The '''Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology''' ({{langx|hi| कोशिकीय एवं आण्विक जीवविज्ञान केंद्र}}, [[IAST]]: ''Kośikīya evam āṇavik jīvavijñāna kendra'') or '''CCMB''' is an Indian fundamental [[biotechnology|life science]] research establishment located in [[Hyderabad]] that operates under the aegis of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]. CCMB is a designated "Centre of Excellence" by the Global Molecular and Cell Biology Network, [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/30/stories/2003043001921900.htm |title=CCMB develops DNA test to identify animal species |newspaper=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=2003-04-30 |access-date=2012-08-22 |archive-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820030129/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/30/stories/2003043001921900.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/CCMB-identifies-milk-gene/articleshow/1523231.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-10/science/27823408_1_ccmb-scientists-milk-mice-strain |url-status=live |archive-date=2011-08-11 |title=CCMB identifies milk gene |date=2006-05-10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref>

The center collaborates with the [[University of Nebraska Medical Center]] for translational research on [[glaucoma]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/news/2010-11/collaboration-press.pdf |title=Glaucoma Research |access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref> In addition, the centre receives funding for specific collaborative projects from establishments outside India, such as the [[National Institutes of Health]], [[Harvard Medical School]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/new-research-reveals-the-ancestral-populations-of-india-and-their-relationships-to-modern-groups/ |title=Harvard School of Public Health » HSPH News » New research reveals the ancestral populations of India and their relationships to modern groups |newspaper=News |publisher=Hsph.harvard.edu |date=2009-09-23 |access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090924/1348386.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175219/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090924/1348386.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |title=caste system existed from 'Founder' race: CCMB-Harvard-MIT study |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=2009-09-24 |access-date=2013-04-16 }}</ref> the [[Imperial Cancer Research Fund]] and [[Cambridge University]] in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAxLzIxI0FyMDE1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229105041/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAxLzIxI0FyMDE1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=29 December 2010 |title=Modern man went into the world via India |work=The Times of India |date=2009-01-21 |access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref> the India-Japan Science Council and the [[University of Ryukyus]] in [[Japan]],<ref name="b172">{{cite book | last1=K. | first1=Shailendra | last2=Tiwari | first2=Sneham | last3=Saxena | first3=Rakhi | last4=Mathur | first4=Asha | last5=P.N. | first5=Madhavan | title=Flavivirus Encephalitis | chapter=Japanese Encephalitis: An Emerging and Spreading Arbovirosis | publisher=InTech | date=2011-09-30 | isbn=978-953-307-669-0 | doi=10.5772/22145 | doi-access=free | chapter-url=https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20874/InTech-Japanese_encephalitis_an_emerging_and_spreading_arbovirosis.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=HTLV-1 Tax Specific CD8+ T Cells Express Low Levels of Tim-3 in HTLV-1 Infection: Implications for Progression to Neurological Complications |pmc=3082508 | pmid=21541358 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001030 |volume=5 |year=2011 |journal=PLOS Negl Trop Dis |article-number=e1030 | last1 = Ndhlovu | first1 = LC | last2 = Leal | first2 = FE | last3 = Hasenkrug | first3 = AM | last4 = Jha | first4 = AR | last5 = Carvalho | first5 = KI | last6 = Eccles-James | first6 = IG | last7 = Bruno | first7 = FR | last8 = Vieira | first8 = RG | last9 = York | first9 = VA | last10 = Chew | first10 = GM | last11 = Jones | first11 = RB | last12 = Tanaka | first12 = Y | last13 = Neto | first13 = WK | last14 = Sanabani | first14 = SS | last15 = Ostrowski | first15 = MA | last16 = Segurado | first16 = AC | last17 = Nixon | first17 = DF | last18 = Kallas | first18 = EG|issue=4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique]] and the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[France]] and the [[Volkswagen]] Foundation in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_associations.html |title=Research > Research Partners |publisher=Ccmb.res.in |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218041613/http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_associations.html |archive-date=2013-12-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2011/05/31/stories/2011053150050200.htm |title=Education Plus: Opening new vistas of research in biology |work=The Hindu |date=2011-05-31 |access-date=2013-04-16 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629115341/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2011/05/31/stories/2011053150050200.htm }}</ref>

== History ==
CCMB was set up initially as a semi-autonomous Centre on 1 April 1977 with the Biochemistry Division of the then Regional Research Laboratory (presently, [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], IICT) in [[Habsiguda]], Hyderabad forming its nucleus and Dr [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava|P M Bhargava]] heading the new Centre. Earlier, the Governing Board of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) [[New Delhi]], the apex body which constituted 44 research institutions (now 38) in the country, approved the proposal in 1976 to establish such a Centre in view of the importance of research in the frontier and multi-disciplinary areas of modern biology. During 1981–82, the CCMB was accorded the status of a full-fledged national laboratory with its own Executive Committee and Scientific Advisory Council. With major expansion plans, it was decided to relocate the centre to a spacious campus.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Former directors==
The list of former directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_people1.html |title=About CCMB > Organisation Structure |access-date=2014-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722014557/http://ccmb.res.in/about_people1.html |archive-date=2012-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="Dr Rakesh Mishra appointed as the new Director of CCMB, Hyderabad">{{cite web | url=http://www.biovoicenews.com/dr-rakesh-kumar-mishra-appointed-director-centre-cellular-molecular-biology/ | title=Dr Rakesh Mishra appointed as the new Director of CCMB, Hyderabad | publisher=Bio Voice | date=21 May 2016 | access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:65%"
! scope="col" style="width:35%" | Name
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | From
! scope="col" style="width:15%" | To
|-
|[[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava|P. M. Bhargava]] || April 1977 || February 1990
|-
|Sharat Chandra || March 1990 || May 1992
|-
|[[Dorairajan Balasubramanian]] || May 1992 || May 1998
|-
|[[Lalji Singh]] || May 1998 || July 2009
|-
|[[Ch. Mohan Rao]] || July 2009 || January 2016
|-
|[[Rakesh Mishra|Rakesh Kumar Mishra]] || May 2016 || Apr 2021
|-
|}

==Research==
[[File:RMP2495 - Copy.jpg|thumb|Work on antimicrobial peptides at CCMB]]
The ongoing research programmes at the CCMB are in three major categories – high quality basic research in the frontier areas of modern biology, research relevant to societal needs, and application-oriented research towards commercialization. These include the areas of evolution & development, gene regulation in [[prokaryote]]s and [[eukaryote]]s, host-parasite interactions, [[membrane biology]], [[protein structure]], [[Stem cell|stem cell biology]], [[Neuroscience|neurobiology]], bioinformatics, [[functional genomics]], ecology and ecosystems.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Annexe I – LaCONES==
[[File:RMP2093.jpg|thumb|Working with animal samples in LaCONES-CCMB]]
The [[Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species]] is an annexe with the aim to conserve the Indian wildlife by using modern biological techniques and assisted reproductive technologies. It has worked extensively with various departments of the [[Government of India]] to curb wildlife crime. They have helped identify the source of animal meat in cases of doubt, sources of smuggled animals, and study stress among wild animals via non-invasive measures. They have helped the Directorate of Aerospace Safety to identify the reason on bird hits, and help them in canopy engineering of their airports. They host the National Wildlife Genetic Resource Bank with currently 250 genetic samples of animals, collected from zoos across the country. They can contain up to 17,000 samples. In the past few years, they have worked with the [[Nehru Zoological Park]], Hyderabad to protect the mouse deer from extinction. In August 2018, they started with the phased release of these animals into their original habitats of Amrabad Tiger Reserve.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Annexe II – Medical Biotechnology Complex==
CCMB carries out molecular diagnostic tests for 30 genetic disorders and wildlife forensics its medical biotechnology complex, also known as Innovation Hub (iHUB). It also hosts the [http://aic.ccmb.res.in/aic.html Atal Incubation Centre-CCMB (AIC-CCMB)] to support early stage life science startups. This initiative is supported by [[NITI Aayog]] and [[Atal Innovation Mission]]. They have been supporting startups working in drug discovery, [[drug repositioning|drug repurposing]], vaccine development, diagnostics, nutrition and nanomaterial development. They now host a [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Meity]] Startup Hub to incubate startups that look into big data in life sciences/healthcare sector.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== PhD program in CCMB ==
To join CCMB's PhD program one needs to apply for their application test followed by interviews. Most students join in with their own fellowships from CSIR, UGC, DBT, ICMR, or DST. There are two rounds of intake each year, one in January (interviews are held in December), and the other in July (interviews are held in June).{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Most alumni from CCMB's PhD program have continued in academia or joined the life science industry in India and abroad. They are present in premier research and educational institutes of India including [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]], [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research|IISERs]], [[National Institute of Science Education and Research|NISER]] and [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]] and many central and state universities.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Collaborations ==
The centre actively collaborates with life scientists in India and abroad. The list of national collaborations run with premier research institutes as well as universities. This list of present and past collaborations includes [https://www.tifr.res.in/ Tata Institute of Fundamental Research], [https://www.instem.res.in/ inStem], [http://www.icar-iirr.org/ ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research], [http://www.uohyd.ac.in/ University of Hyderabad], [https://www.igib.res.in/ CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology], [https://nrcmeat.icar.gov.in/ ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat] among multiple others.

The centre has collaborated with the [[University of Nebraska Medical Center]] for translational research on [[glaucoma]]<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/news/2010-11/collaboration-press.pdf|title=Glaucoma Research|access-date=2012-12-01}}</ref> In addition, the centre receives funding for specific collaborative projects from establishments outside India, such as the [[National Institutes of Health]], [[Harvard Medical School]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/new-research-reveals-the-ancestral-populations-of-india-and-their-relationships-to-modern-groups/|title=Harvard School of Public Health » HSPH News » New research reveals the ancestral populations of India and their relationships to modern groups|date=2009-09-23|publisher=Hsph.harvard.edu|access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090924/1348386.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175219/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090924/1348386.html|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=caste system existed from 'Founder' race: CCMB-Harvard-MIT study|date=2009-09-24|publisher=News.webindia123.com|access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref> the [[Imperial Cancer Research Fund]] and [[Cambridge University]] in United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAxLzIxI0FyMDE1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229105041/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAxLzIxI0FyMDE1MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|archive-date=29 December 2010|title=Modern man went into the world via India|date=2009-01-21|work=The Times of India|access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref> the India-Japan Science Council and the [[University of Ryukyus]] in [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ndhlovu|first1=LC|last2=Leal|first2=FE|last3=Hasenkrug|first3=AM|last4=Jha|first4=AR|last5=Carvalho|first5=KI|last6=Eccles-James|first6=IG|last7=Bruno|first7=FR|last8=Vieira|first8=RG|last9=York|first9=VA|last10=Chew|first10=GM|last11=Jones|first11=RB|year=2011|title=HTLV-1 Tax Specific CD8+ T Cells Express Low Levels of Tim-3 in HTLV-1 Infection: Implications for Progression to Neurological Complications|journal=PLOS Negl Trop Dis|volume=5|article-number=e1030|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001030|pmc=3082508|pmid=21541358|first15=MA|last18=Kallas|first17=DF|last17=Nixon|first16=AC|last16=Segurado|last14=Sanabani|last15=Ostrowski|first14=SS|first13=WK|last13=Neto|first12=Y|last12=Tanaka|first18=EG|issue=4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique]] and the [[Pasteur Institute]] in [[France]] and the [[Volkswagen]] Foundation in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_associations.html|title=Research > Research Partners|publisher=Ccmb.res.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218041613/http://www.ccmb.res.in/about_associations.html|archive-date=2013-12-18|access-date=2013-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2011/05/31/stories/2011053150050200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629115341/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2011/05/31/stories/2011053150050200.htm|archive-date=2013-06-29|title=Education Plus: Opening new vistas of research in biology|date=2011-05-31|access-date=2013-04-16|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Technological achievements ==
* [[File:The first DNA Fingerprinting picture reported in Indian judiciary.jpg|thumb|The first DNA Fingerprinting picture reported in Indian judiciary]]Developed the DNA Fingerprinting Technology in India; and made India the third country in the world to have its own fingerprinting technology
* Developed the universal primer technology that can identify the species of source animal from any animal product
* Discovered the heart disease mutation, carried by 6 [[crore]] people among Indians<ref>[http://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2009/090118.html The worst luck in the world? – Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute]</ref>
* Developed the first genetically engineered, [[gene knockout]] [[Knockout mouse|mouse]] in India<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051009080700.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629111128/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/10/stories/2006051009080700.htm|archive-date=2013-06-29|title=Scientists complete work on gene knockout technology|date=2006-05-10|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* Demonstrated the first [[artificial insemination]] in spotted [[deer]]<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1020582/report-ccmb-implements-artificial-insemination-in-deer CCMB implements artificial insemination in deer – India – DNA]</ref>
* Developed a systematic screening and validation programme for anti-cancer drugs in India<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/CCMB-scientists-develop-new-drug-assay-system/articleshow/1252647788.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629133154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-11-03/science/27238017_1_ccmb-drosophila-system-show-anti-cancer-properties|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=CCMB scientists develop new drug assay system|date=2001-11-03}}</ref>
* Discovered the uniqueness of Indian population through genomic studies
* Discovered the origin of the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] tribes<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/dna-fingerprinting-has-come-a-long-way-says-lalji-singh/article4424035.ece|title=DNA fingerprinting has come a long way, says Lalji Singh|date=2013-02-17|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* Commercially delivered, [[recombinant DNA]] technology based diagnostic kit for detection of pathogens causing ophthalmic infections<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/CCMB-scientists-develop-new-method-to-test-cancer/articleshow/1665138572.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-11-04/hyderabad/27237029_1_ccmb-colon-cancer|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=CCMB scientists develop new method to test cancer|date=2001-11-04}}</ref>
* Discovered high yielding and Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) disease resistant Improved Samba Mahsuri [[rice]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/CCMB-grows-pest-resistant-Samba-Masuri-rice-strain/articleshow/10912558.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123520/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/hyderabad/30453881_1_samba-masuri-ccmb-farmers|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-06-29|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=CCMB grows pest-resistant Samba Masuri rice strain|date=2011-11-29}}</ref>
* Discovered native bacteria, Indibacter alkaliphilus used to generate enzymes and bio-molecules in the industrial biotechnology sector<ref>{{cite news|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-found-bacteria-get-indian-nomenclatures/article2622358.ece|title=New found bacteria get Indian nomenclatures|date=2011-11-13|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* Discovered the functionality of [[microsatellite]]s (simple sequence repeats) among non-coding DNA<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130608154009/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/DNA-CCMB-scientists-achieve-breakthrough/2013/05/16/article1591902.ece DNA: CCMB scientists achieve breakthrough – The New Indian Express]</ref>
* Discovered the gene CPA1, which causes chronic [[pancreatitis]], in collaboration with Asian Institute of Gastroenterology<ref>[http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/scientists-from-ccmb-and-aig-discovered-gene-causing-chronic-pancreatitis-1376893389-1 Scientists from CCMB and AIG Discovered Gene Causing Chronic Pancreatitis]</ref>

== Societal Relevance of CCMB ==
* CCMB's students have formed an instrumental workforce in Indian academia.
* CCMB's present and past scientists have also been important in founding and leading many research and educational institutes in India. This includes establishment of the [http://www.cdfd.org.in/ Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics] (CDFD) in Hyderabad after the success of DNA fingerprinting technology as an accepted form of evidence in [[Judiciary of India|Indian judicial system]]. Other institutes include [https://www.instem.res.in/ InStem], [https://www.iiserpune.ac.in/ IISER-Pune], [http://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/ IISER-Tirupati] and [https://www.lvpei.org/ LV Prasad Eye Institute].
* CCMB incubated India's first biotechnology company, [[Shantha Biotechnics]] Ltd in the 1990s, and helped them develop their recombinant vaccine against [[Hepatitis B vaccine|Hepatitis-B]], affordable for Indian masses.
* The elite varieties of rice development project aims to help farmers in multiple states of India. The current Improved Samba Mahsuri rice in the market is suited for areas affected by bacterial blight infection.
* CCMB has solved multiple high-profile criminal cases of murders, assassinations and rape using the DNA fingerprinting technology. This includes cases of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]], Naina Sehwal, [[Priyadarshini Mattoo]], [[Swami Shraddhanand]]a's wife and [[Swami Premananda (guru)|Swami Premananda]].
* The DNA fingerprinting technology also helped in identification of the victims of [[Singapore Airlines]] plane crash in 2000.
* The genetic disorder testing facilities offer services at nominal rates, and benefits patients from [[India]] as well as the [[Foreign relations of India|neighbouring countries]].
* CCMB trains people in industries as well as for industries through its skill development programs.
* CCMB trains forest and judiciary officials in understanding the [[DNA profiling|DNA fingerprinting]] technology and the universal primer technology, and how to effectively use them for justice.
* The state of the art instrumentation facilities at CCMB is open for users outside the institute at reasonable costs.
* It is attempting to develop affordable techniques for lab-grown meat.
* It has been instrumental in the fight of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 in India]]. It is one of the testing centres for patient samples in [[Telangana]]. It also aims to contribute in the basic understanding of the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV2]] biology to help develop vaccines and drugs.

== Awards and honours ==
In recognition for its contribution to modern biology, CCMB has been chosen as a Centre of Excellence by [[UNESCO]] Global Network for Molecular and Cell Biology (MCBN), and has been designated as a South Centre for Excellence for Research and Training by the Third World Academy of Sciences TWAS, Italy. Many prestigious international and national awards have come to CCMB including the CSIR Technology Award (four times) and [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|FICCI]] Award for outstanding achievements in Science & Technology.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

CCMB scientists have 1 [[Padma Bhushan]], 4 [[Padma Shri]], 3 [[Infosys Prize]], 11 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] awardees along with 14 JC Bose, 3 [[The World Academy of Sciences|Third World Academy of Sciences]], 24 [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], 20 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]], and 21 [[Indian National Science Academy]] fellows. 10 CCMB scientists have become Directors of educational or research institutes and 6 Vice-Chancellors or Deans in universities or educational institutes of India.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

== Reaching CCMB ==
The main campus of CCMB is located on the inner ring road of Hyderabad, connecting the areas [[Secunderabad]] and Uppal. CCMB can be reached very conveniently by the city road transport buses and the new [[Hyderabad metro]] at [[Habsiguda]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava]]
* [[Dorairajan Balasubramanian]]
* [[Lalji Singh]]
* [[Ch. Mohan Rao]]
* [[Jayaraman Gowrishankar]]
* [[Ghanshyam Swarup]]
* [[Veena Parnaik]]
* [[Amitabha Chattopadhyay]]
* [[Ramakrishnan Nagaraj]]
* [[Ramesh Venkata Sonti]]
* [[Imran Siddiqi]]
* [[Rakesh Mishra]]
* [[Manjula Reddy]]
* [[Vinay K. Nandicoori]]
* [[Rajan Sankaranarayanan]]
* [[Jyotsna Dhawan]]
* [[Subhadeep Chatterjee]]
* [[Sunil Kumar Verma]]
* [[Genome Valley]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

{{CSIR Labs}}
{{Research institutes in Telangana |state=collapsed}}

{{coord|17.4210|N|78.5410|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Molecular biology institutes]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Biosafety level 4 laboratories]]

Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)

2025-09-22T03:51:36Z

Nobranding1: New The Stub More To Come

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Inter-title of ''Yeh Vaada Raha''
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Revenge]]
| creator = [[Trishulla Productions LLP]]
| writer = [[Vivek Behl]] [[Mahesh Pandey]] [[Sunjoy Shekhar]]
| starring = [[Ankush Arora]] [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] [[Zain Imam]] [[Rinku Karmarkar]]
Ahmad Harhash
| director = [[Harak Sawant]] [[Mahesh Pandey]]
| creative_director =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 349
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Deepak Kumar Bhagat]] [[Mahesh Pandey]] [[Vikas Seth]]
| editor = [[Shashank Singh]] [[Ajay Singh (film editor)|Ajay Singh]]
| location = [[Mumbai]] [[Nashik]]
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company = [[Trishulla Productions LLP]]
| budget =
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| channel =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|09|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|01|20}}
}}
'''''Yeh Vaada Raha''''' ({{Translation|It's a promise}}) is a Hindi-language Indian television drama series that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 21 September 2015 to 20 January 2017. It is where the main characters, Karthik and Survi were shown in their previous birth and they are now reborn as Karthik and Survi. The show initially focused on the love story of Survi ([[Sonal Vengurlekar]]) and Karthik ([[Ankush Arora]]). However the show then took an eight-year leap after Survi's death and her daughter, Khushi, who was seven years old, has grown up (also led by Vengurlekar) and marries Abeer ([[Zain Imam]]), the new male lead of the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/watch-promo-of-zee-tv%E2%80%99s-brand-new-show-yeh-vaada-raha_1651949.html|title=Watch: Promo of Zee TV's brand new show 'Yeh Vaada Raha'|date=24 August 2015|website=Zee News}}</ref> it was replaced by [[Woh Apna Sa]].

==Premise==

The show started off with the story of its main protagonists, Survi Mohite and Kartik Barve. After a generation leap, it focused on the love story of their daughter, Khushi, and Abeer Dharmadhikari.

==Plot==

Survi, aged 9 is mature and responsible, raised by Shrikant. Kartik, aged 19 is impulsive and childish. In an unfortunate event, the police shoots his uncle Digambar to death; his aunt Kamla blames Shrikant and vows revenge. He and Survi forcibly move to [[Dubai]]. Kartik promises Kamla to care for the family.

===4 years later===

Rich, Kartik decides to bring Survi as he always had great respect for Shrikant who he promised to care for her. Survi learns Kamla only wants Kartik's property. She tells Survi that she'll harm Kartik if she doesn't leave. Survi agrees. Kartik's mother Lata learns Kamla's truth, who pushes her off the roof and blames Survi. Believing Kamla blindly, Kartik starts hating Survi.

===8 years later===

Survi grows up as [[nurse]]; due to her so-called betrayal Kartik is a cold-hearted [[alcoholic]]. For money for Shrikant's [[surgery]], Survi meets Kartik who lets her stay. His cousin Aniket falls in love with Survi. Kartik finds out her innocence and realises he loves her. Survi announces to marry Aniket who runs away. Kartik weds her to protect her dignity.

Survi exposes Kamla. Kartik kicks off her out but gives all his property to her. He starts to work as a mechanic. Survi is pregnant. Kamla acts later to have lost her memory and kidnaps Khushi (Survi and Kartik's newborn daughter), leading them to separate as they assume her dead. On a train, one of the kidnappers hands Khushi to Survi who adopts her, unaware she's her real daughter.

===7 years later===

Khushi lives with Survi and runs into Kartik, who bonds with her. Kamla learns she is their real daughter. Khushi's truth comes out as Kartik and Survi argue and unite. For revenge, Kamla makes Kartik mental. Krishna, his twin enters to create problems on his return. All family members except Khushi and Kartik die. Kamla also kills Survi. In hospital before her death, Khushi promises her to care for the mentally deranged Kartik.

===15 years later===

Khushi grows up. She clashes with Abir Dharmadhikari, a playboy. They land in a village. To lie to villagers of them being fiancés, Abir [[kisses]] Khushi. They fall in love and are forced to marry; Abir's parents refuse to accept Khushi. Kamla is back for revenge, but gets arrested again. In the end, Khushi is accepted by her in-laws.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] in a [[dual role]] as:
** Survi Barve: Shrikant's daughter; Aniket's ex-fiancé; Kartik's wife; Khushi's mother (2015–2016)
*** [[Roshni Walia]] as Young Survi (2015)
** Khushi Dharmadhikari: Kartik and Survi's daughter; Abir's wife (2016–2017)
*** Harbandana Kaur as Young Khushi (2016)
* [[Ankush Arora]] in a [[dual role]] as:
** Kartik Barve: Sitaram and Lata's first twin son; Krishna and Shanti's brother; Survi's husband; Khushi's father (2015–2017)
*** Krishna Soni as Elder Kartik Barve
** Krishna Barve: Sitaram and Lata's second twin son; Kartik and Shanti's brother (2016)
* Rinku Karmarkar as Kamla Barve: Digambar's wife; Hema, Aniket and Bindu's mother (2015–2017)
* [[Zain Imam]] as Abir Dharamadhikari: Manoj and Kamini's son; Khushi's husband (2016–2017)
* [[Gaurav Bajpai]] as Pyare Mohan tripathi Gaurav Nominated Best Actor In comic Male (2016–2017)

===Recurring===
* [[Himanshu Rai (actor)|Himanshu Rai]] as Ajitesh "Ajju" Shinde (2015)
* Ajay Paul Singh as Digambar Barve: Sitaram's brother; Kamla's husband; Hema, Aniket and Bindu's father (2015) (Cameo)
* Pankaj Vishnu as Shrikant Mohite: Survi's father (2015–2016)
* Rumi Khan as Druv Ranka
* Jinal Jain as Hema Tripathi: Digambar and Kamla's elder daughter; Aniket and Bindu's sister; Pyare's wife; Riya's mother (2015–2016)
* Rashmi Gupta as Bindiya "Bindu" Barve: Digambar and Kamla's younger daughter; Hema and Aniket's sister (2015–2016)
* Radhika Muthukumar as Shanti Barve: Sitaram and Lata's daughter; Kartik and Krishna's sister (2015–2016)
** Almas Ali as Young Shanti (2015)
* Shashank Mishra as Raghu Nath (2016)
* Gaurav Bajpai as Pyare Mohan Tripathi: Hema's husband (2015–2016)
* Amit Phatak as Kishore
* Madhavi Gogate / Radhika Vidyasagar as Lata Barve: Sitaram's wife; Kartik, Krishna and Shanti's mother (2015–2016)
* Sehrish Ali as Vishaka (2015)
* [[Faisal Khan (actor born 1998)|Faisal Khan]] as Paltak (2016)
* [[Vaishali Takkar]] as Simran (2016)
* Ankit Raizada as Karan (2016)
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] (2016)
* [[Ankitta Sharma]] as Meher Khanna: Ranbir's sister; Kartik's obsessed lover (2016)
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Ranbir Khanna: Meher's brother (2016)
* [[Manish Goplani]] as Chetan (2016) (Cameo)
* [[Prasad Barve]] as Jatin Mehta (2016)
* Tamannah Deepak as Riya Tripathi: Pyare and Hema's daughter (2016)
* Abhiyan Singh as Rohit Kishore Barve
* [[Soni Singh]] as Kalindi
* [[Vikas Sethi]] as CBI Officer Vikram Khurana
* [[Vaishnavi Dhanraj]] as Iccha Sengupta: Aniket's love interest (2016)
* [[Ashita Dhawan]] as Kamini Dharmadhikari: Manoj's wife; Abir's mother (2016–2017)
* Nasirr Khan as Manoj Pratap Dharmadhikari: Kamini's husband; Abir's father (2016–2017)
* [[Ahmad Harhash]] as Veer Malhotra Kamini's brother Abir brother (2015–2017)

==Awards==
{| style="width: 50%;" class="wikitable"
! style="width:6%;" |Year
! style="width:25%;"|Recipient
! style="width:25%;"|Award
! style="width:25%;"|Event
! style="width:12%;"|Result
! style="width:7%;" |References
|-
|2015
|[[Ankush Arora]]
|Favourite Beta
|[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeetv.com/press-releases/and-the-winners-of-zee-rishtey-awards-2015-are.html|title=And the winners of Zee Rishtey Awards 2015 are|website=zeetv.com}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[Sonal Vengurlekar]]
|Naya Sadasya
|Zee Rishtey Awards
|{{won}}
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2015
|[[Mahesh Pandey]]
|Best Screenplay
|Zee Rishtey Awards
|{{won}}
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|2015
|[[Rinku Karmarkar]]
|Dulara Dushman
|Zee Rishtey Awards
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2015/zee-rishtey-awards-2015-nomination-list-vote-fav-kutumb-bahu-beta-jodi-dushman-anchor-205740.html|title=Zee Rishtey Awards 2015 Nomination List: Favourite Kutumb, Bahu, Beta, Jodi, Dushman & Anchor Lists|date=19 November 2015|website=Filmibeat}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2016|reason=Filmibeat is not considered a reliable source by Wikipedia's Indian cinema task force. See WP:ICTF}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/yeh-vaada-raha/0-6-144}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maharashtra]]

Khawkawn

2025-09-20T08:06:40Z

Nobranding1: update formatting per sources to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khawkawn
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.0188146|N|93.2212883|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ngopa]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1257
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 908
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271291
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khawkawn''' is a [[Zomi people|small]] village in the [[Champhai district|Saitual district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Ngopa]] [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]], near the state's border with Manipur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Khawkawn has 161 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 97.88%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |access-date=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 908 || 452 || 456
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 153 || 72 || 81
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 901 || 449 || 452
|-
| Literates || 739 || 378 || 361
|-
| Workers (all) || 407 || 232 || 175
|-
| Main workers (total) || 323 || 220 || 103
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 266 || 183 || 83
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 3 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Other || 51 || 34 || 17
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 84 || 12 || 72
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 77 || 9 || 68
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 5 || 2 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 501 || 220 || 281
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ngopa block]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Vishwanath Mathur

2025-09-06T13:06:58Z

Nobranding1: New The Page With Sources

{{Short description|Indian independence activist}}
'''Vishwanath Mathur''' was an Indian independence activist.<ref name="x666">{{cite book | title=The Indian Journal of Political Science | publisher=Indian Political Science Association | date=2006 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHNWAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2025-09-06 | page=880-885}}</ref>

He was arrested in 1930 for his anti-government activities.<ref name="p075">{{cite book | last=Rannjan | first=Dr Manish | title=Bihar General Knowledge 2022 For Bpsc & Other Competitive Exams: Bestseller Book by Dr. Manish Rannjan: Bihar General Knowledge 2022 for BPSC & Other Competitive Exams | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan | date=2022-02-10 | isbn=978-93-5488-165-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=espdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 | access-date=2025-09-06 | page=81}}</ref> He was also jailed in Port Blair's Cellular Jail for his role in the independence movement.<ref>{{cite web | title=Freedom fighters, historians oppose move | work=The Hindu | date=25 February 2003 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/freedom-fighters-historians-oppose-move/article27747903.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007173846/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/freedom-fighters-historians-oppose-move/article27747903.ece | archive-date=7 October 2019 }}</ref><ref name="x666"/>

A founding member of the ex-Andaman Political Prisoners' Fraternity Circle, he also served as the President of the All India Freedom Fighters' Association.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old packs, new GST: Why your soap bar may get bigger soon | work=The Economic Times | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-03-11/news/27523772_1_d-savarkar-gandhi-assassination-central-hall/3 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911030222/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-03-11/news/27523772_1_d-savarkar-gandhi-assassination-central-hall/3 | archive-date=11 September 2016 }}</ref>

In 2003, he criticized the Indian Parliament's decision to hang portrait of [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in the Parliament. He added Savarkar was a "coward being portrayed as a revolutionary".<ref>{{cite web | title=Freedom fighters, historians oppose move | work=The Hindu | date=25 February 2003 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/freedom-fighters-historians-oppose-move/article27747903.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007173846/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/freedom-fighters-historians-oppose-move/article27747903.ece | archive-date=7 October 2019 }}</ref>

He died in 2004 at the age of 92 due to cardiac arrest at the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences]] in New Delhi.<ref name="o720">{{cite web | title=Nation | website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=2004-06-12 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/nation.htm | access-date=2025-09-06}}</ref> Indian Prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said Mathur was a "cherished link with our freedom struggle".<ref name="b780">{{cite book | title=Trade Union Record | publisher=All-India Trade Union Congress | date=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHHtAAAAMAAJ&q=%2522vishwanath+mathur%2522 | access-date=2025-09-06 | page=14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category: Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

S1 (Indian TV channel)

2025-08-29T15:09:01Z

Nobranding1: creating some stub initial version

{{notability|Company|date=December 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = S1 NEWS
| logo = S1TV-logo.jpg
| logo_size = 150px
| launch_date = 2005
| owner = [[Senior Media Limited]]
| picture_format = [[480i]] ([[SDTV]])
| sister_channels =
| headquarters = [[Delhi, India]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| area = [[India]]
| website =
}}

'''S1''' (also known as '''S1 Television)''' is a 24-hour Hindi news channel launched in India by Mr. Vijay Dixit, CMD, Senior Media Group on 6 August 2005. It is an initiative of Senior Media Limited which also owns the fortnightly socio-political Hindi magazine ''''Senior India''''. The channel was launched in 2005. The channel is headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

==References==
* http://www.contentsutra.com/entry/s1-news-channel-launch-this-month/
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051030122957/http://www.lyngsat-address.com/ss/S1-TV.html Article title]}}

[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Bakhtiarpur

2025-08-27T05:17:24Z

Nobranding1: correct article and cleaned formatting per standard format

#REDIRECT [[Bakhtiyarpur]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Marga Natya

2025-08-23T15:01:05Z

Nobranding1: Made A Data

{{Short description|Major form of Indian classical dance}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox dance|image=Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|alt=|caption=[[Nataraja|Shiva as the Lord of Dance]]}}

Based on the study of [[Natya Shastra]] text, the common Indian grammar of performing arts and literature is referred to as '''Marga''' in the post-Natyashastra period. '''Deshis''' are regional forms of performing arts, many of which are developed based on regional taste.

== Major Research ==
'''Marga Natya''' is the revival and reconstruction of [[Bharata (sage)]]’s tradition of dance, music and acting (natya, geeta and abhinaya) as mentioned in his [[Natya Shastra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A symphony of dance, music and ancient cultural tradition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/a-symphony-of-dance-music-and-ancient-cultural-tradition/articleshow/68547156.cms |website=Times of India |publisher=Times of India |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

Researcher [[Piyal Bhattacharya]] has been working at the Natyashastra with the support of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] under their scheme of “Safeguarding Intangible Cultural heritage of India”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rising above the ordinary |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/rising-above-the-ordinary-1502526098.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Regaling with traditional beauty |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/regaling-traditional-beauty-1502607186.html |website=The Statesman |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>

== The Origin ==
The Nāṭyaśāstra describes the origins of '''Marga Natya''' within a cosmological framework. According to [[Bharata (sage)]]'s account, during the transition from the ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya) Yuga]]'' (Golden Age) under Svāyambhuva Manu to the ''[[Treta Yuga]]'' (Silver Age) under Vaivasvata Manu, human society in Jambudvīpa experienced an increase in worldly preoccupations known as Grāmya Dharma. This shift brought forth various emotional states including joy, grief, jealousy, anger, and desire, which created mental disturbances that interfered with the concentration necessary for Vedic learning.

Recognizing this societal challenge, Indra and the other deities sought assistance from [[Brahma]] to develop a solution for the people of [[Jambudvipa]] . They requested the creation of an entertainment form (Krīḍanīyaka) that would be both visually and auditorily engaging while serving as a vehicle for transmitting Vedic wisdom and promoting spiritual awareness.

The divine request emphasized the need for an art form that would be universally accessible, transcending the traditional restrictions of caste hierarchy. Unlike Vedic study, which was limited to the upper three varṇas, this new medium was intended to be "sārvavarṇika" (accessible to all castes), including [[Brahmin|Brāhmaṇas]], [[Kshatriya|Kṣatriyas]], [[Vaishya|Vaiśyas]], and [[Shudra|Śūdras]], thereby democratizing access to spiritual knowledge through artistic expression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhattacharya |first=Amritanath |title=The Vedic Foundations of Mārga Nāṭya: Exploring the Socio-Cultural Itihāsa of Indian Theatre |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.51879/PIJSSL/080210 |journal=Praxis International Journal of Social Science and Literature |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=71-85}}</ref>

पूर्वं कृतयुगे विप्रा वृत्ते स्वायंभुवेऽन्तरे ।

त्रेतायुगेऽथ सम्प्राप्ते मनोर्वैवस्वतस्य तु ॥ NS – 1.08

ग्राम्यधर्मप्रवृत्ते तु कामलोभवशं गते ।

ईर्ष्याक्रोधादिसंमूढे लोके सुखितदुःखिते ॥ NS – 1.09

देवदानवगन्धर्वयक्षरक्षोमहोरगैः ।

जम्बुद्वीपे समाक्रान्ते लोकपालप्रतिष्ठिते ॥ NS – 1.010

महेन्द्रप्रमुखैर्देवैरुक्तः किल पितामहः ।

क्रीडनीयकमिच्छामो दृष्यं श्रव्यं च यद्भवेत् ॥ NS – 1.011

न वेदव्यवहारोऽयं संश्राव्यः शूद्रजातिषु ।

तस्मात्सृजापरं वेदं पञ्चमं सार्ववर्णिकम् ॥ NS – 1.012

एवमस्त्विति तानुक्त्वा देवराजं विसृज्य च ।

सस्मार चतुरो वेदान्योगमास्थाय तत्त्ववित् ॥ NS – 1.013

== Major Researchers ==
[[Piyal Bhattacharya]]

Sayak Mitra

Subhendu Ghosh

Deep Ghosh

Akash Mallick

Rik Amrit (Amritanath Bhattacharya)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|author=Pandurang Vaman Kane| title=History of Sanskrit Poetics| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLiCSTFOGnMC |year=1971| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0274-2 }}

[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Classical dance genres of India]]
[[Category:Hindu art]]

Jenny Lalremliani

2025-08-18T20:50:41Z

Nobranding1: stub.

{{short description|Indian boxer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{notability|biography|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox boxer (amateur)
|name = Jenny Lalremliani
|nationality = Indian
|weight = {{convert|63|kg|lb}}
|weight class = [[Light welterweight]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|06|21}}
|birth_place = Dinthar Veng, [[Aizawl]], Mizoram, India
|show-medals = yes
|medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[AIBA World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships|2006 New Delhi]]|Light welterweight}}
{{MedalComp|[[Asian Amateur Boxing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2003 Asian Women's Amateur Boxing Championships|2003 Hisar]]|Light welterweight}}
{{MedalGold|[[2005 Asian Women's Amateur Boxing Championships|2005 Kaohsiung]]|Light welterweight}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2001 Asian Women's Amateur Boxing Championships|2001 Bangkok]]|Welterweight}}
}}
'''Jenny R Lalremliani'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-sports.org/jenny-r-lalremliani-amateur-boxing-spf23653.html|title=Amateur Boxing - Jenny R Lalremliani|website=The Sports.org|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref> is an Indian amateur boxer competing at 63 kg. In 2006, she won a gold medal in the [[2006 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships|Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships]].<ref name=Tribune2006>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061202/spr-trib.htm#1|title=Knock Out Punch|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh|date= 2 December 2006|accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/mizo-boxer-punches-her-way-to-glory/cid/1624139|title=Mizo boxer punches her way to glory|newspaper=The Telegraph|last=M. Thangliana|first=David|date=24 November 2006|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref>

When not boxing, she works as a police officer in the state of [[Mizoram]].<ref name=Telegraph2006>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061124/asp/sports/story_7044108.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206085138/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061124/asp/sports/story_7044108.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2016|title=India net 4 golds- World boxing - Historic hattrick by Merykom|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta|date=24 November 2006|accessdate=5 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.indiaboxing.in/boxerdetails.php?regno=7519 Profile]

{{Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Light Welterweight}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:R. L., Jenny}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Boxers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Light-welterweight boxers]]
[[Category:IBA Women's World Boxing Championships medalists]]

{{India-boxing-bio-stub}}

Silver Cascade Falls (India)

2025-08-12T09:22:03Z

Nobranding1: New Basic Data W/ Refs - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=August 2025}}
{{One source|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Silver Cascade Falls
| native_name =
| photo = Silver_Cascade_Falls_02.jpg
| photo_width =
| photo_caption =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|14|31|N|77|30|38|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| location = [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| type =
| elevation =
| height = Over {{convert|180|ft|m}}<ref>[https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/silver-cascade-falls Silver Cascade Falls] at [[Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments|Government of Tamil Nadu tourism website]]</ref>
| height_longest =
| number_drops =
| width =
| average_width =
| watercourse =
| average_flow =
| world_rank =
}}

'''Silver Cascade Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] located in [[Kodaikanal]], [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="The Economic Times - 18 April 2025 - 6 best places to visit in Kodaikanal this summer">{{cite news |title=6 best places to visit in Kodaikanal this summer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/6-best-places-to-visit-in-kodaikanal-this-summer/kodaikanal-lake/slideshow/120405173.cms |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=18 April 2025}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Milk like water from heaven.jpg|Rainy season
File:Kodaikanal 4.jpg|With visitors
File:Kodaikonal falls.jpg|With Kodaikanal Ghat Road ([[:en:State Highway 156 (Tamil Nadu)|State Highway 156]])
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/silver-cascade-falls Silver Cascade Falls] at [[Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments|Government of Tamil Nadu tourism website]]

[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]

{{India-geo-stub}}