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Pranav Sachdev

2026-05-05T15:25:18Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Short description |Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image =
| alt = pranav sachdev actor
| caption =
| birth_date = 12 August 1992
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = actor
| education =
}}
'''Pranav Sachdev''' is an [[Indian actor]] who graduated from [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]]. He began his career in theater and later joined [[Hans Raj College]] to study drama.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |last=Mathur |first=Yashika |date=18 February 2017 |title=Actor Pranav Sachdev has three years to prove himself or get back to being a lawyer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-actor-pranav-sachdev-has-three-years-to-prove-himself-or-get-back-to-being-a-lawyer/story-4E7RzcQxgnmtypGPEjbclJ.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Sachdev co-runs a [[Producing house|production house]] called LCM Entertainment, where he has worked on celebrity stage productions, [[Advertising|web advertisements]], and fictional series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Srijani |date=4 March 2017 |title=Angrezon Ke Zamane Ke Jailer, Asrani, is all set to star in an onstage comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/asrani-theatre-sholay-moliere-the-makkhi-choos-lifest-963883-2017-03-04 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
Pranav Sachdev began his career as a child actor in the TV show ''Intehaa'', which was broadcast on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranav Sachdev |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/pranav-sachdev |website=Hindi TV Net TV4U |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref> This was followed by a TV film called ''Lathi''. Later, he acted in various professionally staged plays under the guidance of Raj Upadhyay, and was cast as the lead in the TV show ''[[Zindagi Dot Com]]'', directed by Umesh Bist.''<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=Pranav Sachdeva is Taking onto the Tellyworld by His Cute Looks and Charm! |url=http://tennews.in/pranav-sachdeva-taking-onto-tellyworld-cute-looks-charm/ |work=Ten News}}</ref>''

He has played a lead role in ''Hadh'', a web original by [[Vikram Bhatt]] for [[Sony Liv]] and ''Dilliwood'', a web original for the [[Times Internet]]. He acted in ''Unafraid'', a crime thriller directed by Vikram Bhatt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pranav Sachdev |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9553584/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Internet Movie Database |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Appearance ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
{{col-begin}}{{col-1-of-2}}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Role
|-
|''[[Zindagi Dot Com]]''
| Mithlesh
|-
|''[[Agar Tum Saath Ho]]''
|Ram
|-
|''Airlines''
|Kunal
|-
|''Intehaa''
|Bunty
|-
|''Lathi''
|Asif
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Role
|-
|''Hadh''
|Veer
|-
|''Dilliwood''
|Rajbir
|-
|''Hope''
| Amit
|-
|''Maaya 2''<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8489294/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st#cast</ref>
|Puneet Tandon
|}
{{col-2-of-2}}

=== Stage shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Show
!Role
|-
|''The Makkhichoos''<br>(starring Asrani)
|Shikhar
|-
|''Delhiciously Chekhov''<br>(starring Tom Alter)
| Seducer and Vikram Chadha
|-
|''Kya Family Hai''<br>(starring Asrani)
|Ravi
|-
|''Yeh Jo Mohabbat Hai Na''<br>(adaptation of Romeo and Juliet)
|Raghav (Romeo)
|-
|''Firangi Laut aaye''
|Mohammad khan
|-
|''Ek tha Gadha urf aladad khan''
|Nawab
|-
|''God''
|Diabeties
|-
|''Clatta''
|Bob
|-
|''The Cellar''
|Smith
|-
|''Talaash Arjun ki''
|Sardar
|-
|''Desi Babu Videshi Mem''
|Tailor
|-
|''Gandhi tum zinda ho''
|Aftaab
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sachdev, Pranav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Chhaava (soundtrack)

2026-04-28T18:31:29Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Chhaava
| type = soundtrack
| cover = Chhaava (soundtrack).jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| released = 11 February 2025
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio = {{hlist|[[Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]]|Panchathan Studios, [[Mumbai]]|Rottenbiller Utca, [[Budapest]]|Cafe Musica, Chennai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=27|s=10}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Maidaan]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Thug Life (soundtrack)|Thug Life]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Icfxn2ILEsA|Chhaava - Full Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Chhaava
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Jaane Tu
| single1date = 31 January 2025
| single2 = Aaya Re Toofan
| single2date = 6 February 2025
}}
}}

'''''Chhaava''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2025 film [[Chhaava|of the same name]] directed by [[Laxman Utekar]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]] under [[Maddock Films]]. An adaptation of the eponymous novel by [[Shivaji Sawant]], which is based on the life of [[Sambhaji Maharaj]], the second ruler of the [[Maratha Empire]], it stars [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]] and [[Akshaye Khanna]]. The music is composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] which featured six songs with lyrics by [[Irshad Kamil]] and [[Kshitij Patwardhan]].

Two songs—"Jaane Tu" and "Aaya Re Toofan"—were released as singles on 31 January and 6 February 2025. The album was distributed by [[Sony Music India]] and released on 12 February at a music launch-cum-live concert held at the [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre]] in [[Mumbai]]. The soundtrack and score received mixed response, with criticism directed on the use of contemporary instruments and soundings in a period film resulting in it being unsuitable for the film's historical themes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=B Dutta |first=Srishti |date=2025-02-18 |title=Fans slam Chhaava's music, call AR Rahman 'overrated': 'Yeh Lagan Lagi gaane ka background music kyu laga diya' |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/fans-slam-chhaavas-music-call-ar-rahman-overrated-yeh-lagan-lagi-gaane-ka-background-music-kyu-laga-diya-652993.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218110340/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/fans-slam-chhaavas-music-call-ar-rahman-overrated-yeh-lagan-lagi-gaane-ka-background-music-kyu-laga-diya-652993.html |archive-date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[IndiaTimes]] |publisher=[[Times Internet]] |language=en-IN |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>

== Development ==
The film's musical score and soundtrack were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], who earlier collaborated with Laxman on ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' (2021).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=2025-02-20 |title=A.R. Rahman on Bridging History and Modernity With 'Chhaava' Score and His Broadway-Style Theater Plans in India: 'If I Don't Have Music, Life Is Mundane for Me' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/ar-rahman-chhaava-broadway-plans-india-1236313782/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250226163552/https://variety.com/2025/music/news/ar-rahman-chhaava-broadway-plans-india-1236313782/ |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahman received the offer to score for Chhaava, when he finished composing for [[Production of Ponniyin Selvan: I and Ponniyin Selvan: II|''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' and ''II'']]. Though initially hesitant, Laxman admitted that the film was completely different to the two-part series and wanted a global sound to the story.<ref name=":1" /> Despite being musically driven, Rahman provided a subtle approach for the film, adding that "When people come out, they just feel the movie. They don’t say how great the music is, they say, ‘What a great movie, what a great performance.’ That’s what music should do. It should enhance in a subliminal way where everything is heightened — the action and the characters."<ref name=":1" />

The first theme he wrote, was for the protagonist [[Sambhaji|Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]] (Kaushal), which he tuned after Utekar suggested a theme that emphasizes the king's glory. He composed multiple variations of the theme before the final version. The song "Jaane Tu" was also the first of the tunes that came, as "we went all around trying different ideas and then ultimately came back to this tune". The tune appears in multiple instances, while its purpose was signified in the climatic portions, where it becomes the voice of his wife coming back and embodied their telepathic spiritual relationship.<ref name=":1" />

Rahman refrained from using any ideas when it comes for composing historical films, but to provide the story and visuals, a contemporary feel which would resonate with the current generation audiences.<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Rashmika-Mandanna at the music launch of Chhaava (cropped).jpg
| footer = [[Rashmika Mandanna]] at the music launch event.
| align = center
| total_width = 200
}}

The album was preceded by the first single "Jaane Tu", which released on 31 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=Chhaava: Vicky Kaushal And Rashmika Mandanna's Song Jaane Tu Is A Soulful Creation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandannas-song-jaane-tu-is-a-soulful-creation-7605373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205054348/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chhaava-vicky-kaushal-and-rashmika-mandannas-song-jaane-tu-is-a-soulful-creation-7605373 |archive-date=2025-02-05 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Mahima |date=2025-01-31 |title=Chhaava song Jaane Tu: Vicky Kaushal-Rashmika Mandanna's romantic track is soulful, but does it fit the period drama? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/chhaava-song-jaane-tu-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-s-romantic-track-is-soulful-but-does-it-fit-the-period-drama-101738316794301.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131151142/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/chhaava-song-jaane-tu-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-s-romantic-track-is-soulful-but-does-it-fit-the-period-drama-101738316794301.html |archive-date=2025-01-31 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It is a romantic ballad picturized on Kaushal and Mandanna, and featured vocals by Arijit Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=31 January 2025 |title=Chhaava's Jaane Tu Out Now: Arijit Singh & A.R. Rahman's Musical Brilliance Captures Vicky Kaushal-Rashmika Mandanna's Love Story |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-jaane-tu-song-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-arijit-singh-ar-rahman-9209671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205073402/https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-jaane-tu-song-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-arijit-singh-ar-rahman-9209671.html |archive-date=5 February 2025 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Pooja Biraia |date=2025-02-05 |title=Arijit Singh and AR Rahman join hands for significant collaboration in 'Chhaava' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/02/05/arijit-singh-and-ar-rahman-join-hands-for-significant-collaboration-in-chhaava.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250226171515/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/02/05/arijit-singh-and-ar-rahman-join-hands-for-significant-collaboration-in-chhaava.html |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single titled "Aaya Re Toofan" was released on 6 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Juneja |first=Apeksha |date=6 February 2025 |title=Chhaava song Aaya Re Toofan OUT: Vicky Kaushal showcases Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj's 'epic glory' in AR Rahman's energetic track |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/chhaava-song-aaya-re-toofan-out-vicky-kaushal-showcases-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-epic-glory-in-ar-rahmans-energetic-track-1371224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209114712/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/chhaava-song-aaya-re-toofan-out-vicky-kaushal-showcases-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharajs-epic-glory-in-ar-rahmans-energetic-track-1371224 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pande |first=Shreyas |date=2025-02-06 |title='Aaya Re Toofan': AR Rahman's spirited beats fuel Vicky Kaushal's beasty presence in new song from Chhaava |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Feb/06/aaya-re-toofan-ar-rahmans-spirited-beats-fuel-vicky-kaushals-beasty-presence-in-new-song-from-chhaava |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209193929/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Feb/06/aaya-re-toofan-ar-rahmans-spirited-beats-fuel-vicky-kaushals-beasty-presence-in-new-song-from-chhaava |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's music launch was held on 12 February 2025 at the [[Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=2025-02-13 |title=Chhaava music launch: “This film has the ability to show the world what an Indian hero stands for. If they have Avengers, we have Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj!” – Dinesh Vijan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/chhaava-music-launch-film-ability-show-world-indian-hero-stands-avengers-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-dinesh-vijan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214083944/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/chhaava-music-launch-film-ability-show-world-indian-hero-stands-avengers-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-dinesh-vijan/ |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> The cast and crew felicitated the event, which also featured live performance of the songs by Rahman and his musical team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=13 February 2025 |title=Vicky Kaushal Pens A Sweet Note For AR Rahman As He Performs Live On Chhaava Songs: 'I'll Truly Cherish' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushal-pens-a-sweet-note-for-ar-rahman-as-he-performs-live-on-chhaava-songs-ill-truly-cherish-9226214.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214214305/https://www.news18.com/movies/vicky-kaushal-pens-a-sweet-note-for-ar-rahman-as-he-performs-live-on-chhaava-songs-ill-truly-cherish-9226214.html |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Vicky Kaushal calls Chhaava music launch a 'new core memory': 'To see AR Rahman compose live score to my dialogues…in the presence of my parents' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-calls-chhaava-music-launch-a-new-core-memory-9834259/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214012510/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-calls-chhaava-music-launch-a-new-core-memory-9834259/ |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The album will be distributed in [[LP record|vinyl LP]] formats, by the music company Blisstainment with an expected release in March 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Chhaava – Black (Pre Book) |url=https://blisstainment.com/product/chhaava |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250226183830/https://blisstainment.com/product/chhaava |archive-date=2025-02-26 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Blisstainment}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| total_length = {{Duration|m=27|s=10}}
| title_width =
| title1 = Jaane Tu
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length1 = 4:44
| lyrics1 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| title2 = Aaya Re Toofan
| extra2 = [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Vaishali Samant]]
| length2 = 4:39
| lyrics2 = Irshad Kamil, [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
| title3 = Zinda Rahey
| extra3 = Hiral Viradia, A. R. Rahman
| length3 = 5:08
| lyrics3 = Irshad Kamil
| title4 = Teri Chaahat
| extra4 = [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Seeta Qasemi]]
| length4 = 3:05
| lyrics4 = Irshad Kamil
| title5 = The Roar
| extra5 = MC Heam, [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
| lyrics5 = Irshad Kamil
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = Rudra
| extra6 = Nakul Abhyankar
| length6 = 3:00
| lyrics6 = Kshitij Patwardhan
| title7 = The Crown
| extra7 = Mahsa Ahmadi, Nooshin Ghayoor
| length7 = 3:22
| lyrics7 = Traditional
}}

== Reception ==
The music received mixed reception from critics and audiences, who noted Rahman's use of contemporary sounds being "out of place" for a period film set in the 17th century.<ref name=":0" /> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' noted "While AR Rahman’s background score is typically masterful, the use of electric guitar in the midst of tense sequences, reminiscent of [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]]’s [[Ride of the Valkyries]], feels out of place in a period drama. A more culturally rooted score, using Indian tunes and instruments, would have better suited the historical setting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=2025-02-14 |title=Chhaava Movie Review |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/chhaava-movie-review-71442.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217203039/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/chhaava-movie-review-71442.html |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> Prasanna D. Zore of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' criticised that "A R Rahman has become monotonous with his melodies after ''Lagaan''."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zore |first=Prasanna D. |date=2025-02-14 |title=Chhaava Review: Big Thumbs Up! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/chhaava-review/20250214.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111534/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/chhaava-review/20250214.htm |archive-date=2025-02-19 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' and Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' also remarked as "deafening" and "ill-fitting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-02-14 |title='Chhaava' review: A brutally violent version of Maratha history |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1079101/chhaava-review-a-brutally-violent-version-of-maratha-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217154248/https://scroll.in/reel/1079101/chhaava-review-a-brutally-violent-version-of-maratha-history |archive-date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Mishra further summarized that "in isolation, perhaps these tunes, loud as they are in the film, could work. But on screen, in a film set after 1680, it’s so disjointed. This is a soundtrack for a modern film; not a period drama."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |date=2025-02-14 |title=Chhaava Review: Vicky Kaushal Soars in a Film That Isn't as Brave as Its Subject |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/chhaava-film-full-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-sambhaji-maharaj-story-chhatrapati-shivaji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214101558/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/chhaava-film-full-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-sambhaji-maharaj-story-chhatrapati-shivaji |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref>

In contrast, Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' said "A.R Rahman’s music, BGM and scores blends beautifully with the narrative and enhances the storytelling."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=2025-02-13 |title=Chhaava movie review: Vicky Kaushal delivers his career best act in a roaring Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj biopic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-delivers-his-career-best-act-in-a-roaring-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-biopic-13862769.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215025842/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chhaava-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-delivers-his-career-best-act-in-a-roaring-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-biopic-13862769.html |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Nishad Thalaivappil of ''[[News18]]'' wrote "The theme track of the film, Aaya Re Toofan, along with the two soulful melodies, Jaane Tu and Zinda Rahey, already makes this album a strong contender for the music accolades. However, the background score might just take you on a trip to Jodha Akbar, as it sounds slightly similar here and there."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaivalappil |first=Nishad |date=2025-02-13 |title=Chhaava Review: Vicky And Rashmika Bring To Life Laxman Utekar's Raje and Maharani |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-bring-to-life-laxman-utekars-raje-and-maharani-9226776.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216163149/https://www.news18.com/movies/chhaava-review-vicky-kaushal-rashmika-mandanna-bring-to-life-laxman-utekars-raje-and-maharani-9226776.html |archive-date=2025-02-16 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
{{div col}}
* Music composed, produced, arranged and programmed by: [[A. R. Rahman]]
* Lyricists: [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
* Singers: A. R. Rahman, [[Arijit Singh]], [[Vaishali Samant]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Nakul Abhyankar]], Hiral Viradia, MC Heam, Seeta Qasemie, Mahsa Ahmadi, Nooshin Ghayoor
* Backing vocals: [[Aanandi Joshi (singer)|Aanandi Joshi]], [[Sumedha Karmahe]], Aasa Singh, Sudeep Jaipurwale, Sana Aziz, Nakul Abhyankar, Sarthak Kalyani
* Flute: [[Naveen Kumar (musician)|Naveen Kumar]]
* Bass guitar: Keith Peters
* Violin: Balaji
* [[Shehnai]]: Pratik Shrivastava
* Dholak: [[Drums Sivamani|Sivamani]]
* Rhythm arranged and conducted by: Dipesh Varma, Kumaran Sivamani
* Percussions: Dipesh Varma, Shikhar Naad Qureshi, Vijay Jadhav, Ganesh Thorat, Rahul Rupawate, Adesh More, Siddharth Jadhav, Tushar Shirsath Tutar
* Strings: Budapest Scoring Orchestra
* Recording studio: Rottenblier Utca ([[Budapest]])
* Conductor: Peter Illenyi, Dániel Erik Fülöp
* Session producer: Bálint Sapszon
* Recording engineer: Viktor Sabzo
* Librarian: Agnes Sapszon
* Score transcription: Samarth Srinivasan, Srikanth Krishna
* Indian representative: Balasubramanian G
* Music supervision and editing: Hiral Viradia
* Additional programming: Parag Chhabra, Japjisingh Valecha, Shubham Bhat, Sarthak Kalyani
* Studios: [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]] (Chennai), Panchathan Studios (Mumbai), Cafe Musica (Chennai)
* Senior engineers: Suresh Permal, Karthik Sekaran
* Recording engineers: Sreekanth Hariharan, Sarthak Kalyani, Sarath Santosh, Suryansh, Dilshaad Shabbir Shaikh, Nitish R Kumar, Vibin Sundar
* Assistant recording engineers: Aravind Crescendo, Sathish V Saravanan, Harshil Pathak, Naval Chikhliya
* Mixed and mastered by: Suresh Permal, Nitish R Kumar
* Head of technical services: Riyasdeen Riyan
* Musicians' coordinator: R Samidurai, Abdul Hayum
{{div col end}}

== Release history ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Region
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Format(s)
! scope="col" | Label
! scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | Various
| 12 February 2025
| {{Hlist|[[Music download|Digital download]]|[[Streaming media|streaming]]}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Sony Music India]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2025 |title=Chhaava (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/chhaava-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1796179955 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250227083743/https://music.apple.com/in/album/chhaava-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1796179955 |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
|-
| March 2025
| {{Hlist|[[LP record|Vinyl]]
| align="center" | <ref name=":2" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{A. R. Rahman}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Epic film soundtracks]]

Chintamaneni Prabhakar

2026-04-24T23:32:48Z

Nishant taliyan: new new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chintamaneni Prabhakar
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| constituency = [[Denduluru Assembly constituency|Denduluru]]
| predecessor = [[Kotaru Abbaya Chowdary]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}
'''Chintamaneni Prabhakar''' (born 3 January 1968) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is currently a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] 2024 from Denduluru Assembly constituency in [[Eluru district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2009 |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2009-election-results.html/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2014 |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2014-election-results.html/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> Representing [[Telugu Desam Party]], he represented the [[Denduluru Assembly constituency]] three times from 2009 to 2019 and from 2024 for his third term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denduluru Constituency Election Results 2024: Denduluru Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/denduluru |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He served as a whip<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whips - Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/whips |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=aplegislature.org}}</ref> of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2014 to 2019.

== Early life and education ==
Prabhakar is from Duggirala in the erstwhile West Godavari district which is currently in Eluru district. His father Kesavarao is a farmer. He completed his intermediate, the pre university course, from Sir Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy College, Eluru, in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chintamaneni Prabhakar(TDP):Constituency- DENDULURU(WEST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=201 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prabhakar won from Denduluru Assembly constituency representing Telugu Desam Party in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 107,287 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Kotaru Abbaya Chowdary]] of YSR Congress Party, by a margin of 26,266 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denduluru Assembly Election Results 2024: Denduluru Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/denduluru-constituency-result-1064 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chintamaneni Prabhakar, TDP Candidate from Denduluru Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/chintamaneni-prabhakar-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a064e2024c003/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhakar, Chintamaneni}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Churhat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:40:34Z

Nishant taliyan: new a data

{{short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Churhat
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 76
| map_image = 76-Churhat.svg
| mla = [[Ajay Arjun Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Sharadendu Tiwari
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = AjaySinghRahulBhaiya.jpg
}}
'''Churhat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. It is a segment of [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency.<ref name="electlist">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/churhat.html|title=Churhat(Madhya Pradesh) Election Result 2018 Updates: Candidate List, Winner & Runner-up MLA List|website=Elections in India}}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!MLA<ref name="electlist" />
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | Chandra Pratap Tiwari
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Arjun Singh (Congress politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 1985^<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1985-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1985|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| [[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Arjun Singh (Congress politician)|Arjun Singh]]
|-
| 1991^<ref name="election1990">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1990-election-results.html|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1990|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|[[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Govind Prasad Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Sharadendu Tiwari
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
^[[Bypoll]]

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Churhat<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:97517}}
|percentage = 51.66
|change = +10.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sharadendu Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:69740}}
|percentage = 36.95
|change = -8.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Anendra Govind Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:8200}}
|percentage = 4.34
|change = +3.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Soni 'Nirdali'
|votes = {{formatnum:2724}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bablu Vishwakarma
|votes = {{formatnum:1866}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = -0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:414}}
|percentage = 0.22
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27777}}
|percentage = 14.71
|change = +10.66
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188749}}
|percentage = 71.51
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|swing =
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bjp
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Churhat<ref name="electlist"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sharadendu Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:71909}}
|percentage = 45.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:65507}}
|percentage = 41.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vivek Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:2997}}
|percentage = 1.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dadan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2248}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Anand Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1961}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shri Arjun Prasad Sondhiya
|votes = {{formatnum:1692}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Samman party
|candidate = Chotu Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:1646}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajiv Kumar Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1583}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:524}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6402}}
|percentage = 4.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:158143}}
|percentage = 69.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Churhat<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=4 Dec 2023}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Ajay Arjun Singh|Ajay Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 71796
|percentage = 48.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sharadendu Tiwari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 52440
|percentage = 35.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chandrabhan Jaisawal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 7044
|percentage = 4.80
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anand Pandey
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 2984
|percentage = 2.03
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Daddu Lal Pandey
|party = BSCP
|votes = 1908
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dadan Singh Baghel
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1697
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mahendra Dixit
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1112
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sampati Kumar Chaudhari
|party = Rashtriya Parivartan Dal
|votes = 901
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kurm Kshatri Patel
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 819
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hamid Raza Anshari
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 791
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rampratap Singh Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 756
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anurag Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 558
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramsiya Kol
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 351
|percentage = 0.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramnaresh Saket
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 222
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Ramakant Pandey
|party = SBHSP
|votes = 221
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3168
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 148,589
|percentage = 72.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|swing =
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Churhat]]
* [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Sidhi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.42|81.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sidhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Chhote Nawab

2026-04-14T08:15:08Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chhote Nawab
| image = Chhote Nawab.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = S.A. Akbar
| producer = Usman Ali
| writer = {{ubl|[[Mumtaz Ali]]|B. H. Bukhari}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Ameeta]]
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
}}
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Vitthal Bankar
| studio = Mumtaz Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1961}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web | title=Chhote Nawab | website=BBFC | date=5 April 2005 | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/chhote-nawab-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjc0otk | access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}5.2 million<ref name="Box Office" >{{Cite web|date=2013-10-14|title=Boxofficeindia.com|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ==|access-date=2020-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014051632/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=167&catName=MTk2MQ==|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref>
}}

'''''Chhote Nawab''''' ({{Translation|Little Master}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written by [[Mumtaz Ali]] and directed by S. A. Akbar.<ref>{{cite web | last=Government of India | first=Directorate of Printing | title=Gazette of India, 1961, No. 203 : Directorate of Printing, Government of India : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=23 December 1961 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1961.203/O-1925-1961-0000-86306?q=Chhote+Nawab+1961 | access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> Produced under Mumtaz Films, it stars [[Ameeta]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] and [[Helen (actress)|Helen]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaveri |first1=Hanif |title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods |date=2005 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-213-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4R2lC3b5e4C&pg=PA177 |language=en}}</ref> It was released in 1961 and was " Hit" at the box office.<ref name="Box Office" />

== Cast ==
* [[Ameeta]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Roshan
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Chhote Nawab
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Captain
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]<ref name="Cast" >{{cite book |last1=Pinto |first1=Jerry |title=Helen: The Life and Times of an H-bomb |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303124-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ng_vVIcq5yQC&pg=PA98 |language=en}}</ref> as Miss Sophie
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Mehnuma
* [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]]
* [[Nazir Hussain]]
* [[Achala Sachdev]]
* [[Bela Bose]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhote Nawab (1961) |url=https://indiancine.ma/JVM/info |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was announced in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chhote Nawab (1961): आर.डी. बर्मन और कॉमेडी किंग महमूद का लॉन्च | website=Mayapuri | date=10 June 2024 | url=https://mayapuri.com/gupshup/chhote-nawab-the-rise-of-r-d-burman-and-comic-king-mehmood-4753584 | language=hi | access-date=4 August 2024 | archive-date=4 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804061311/https://mayapuri.com/gupshup/chhote-nawab-the-rise-of-r-d-burman-and-comic-king-mehmood-4753584 | url-status=live }}</ref> The film also marks the debut for music director [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{cite web | title=S.D. Burman : the world of his music : Debabarmana, Khageśa, 1940- author : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=26 June 2024 | url=https://archive.org/details/sdburmanworldofh0000deba?q=Chhote+Nawab+1961 | access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Guru Dutt : a life in cinema : Kabir, Nasreen : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=26 June 2024 | url=https://archive.org/details/guruduttlifeinci0000kabi?q=Chhote+Nawab+1961 | access-date=6 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Beaster-Jones |first=Jayson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gf1zBAAAQBAJ&q=Chhote+Nawab+1961 |title=Bollywood Sounds: The Cosmopolitan Mediations of Hindi Film Song |date=2014-10-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-999347-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chhote Nawab
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[R.D. Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1961}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/chhote-nawab-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1328242580 | title=Chhote Nawab (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by R.D. Burman on Apple Music | access-date=5 August 2024 | archive-date=5 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805024954/https://music.apple.com/in/album/chhote-nawab-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1328242580 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=38|s=02}}
| label = [[Saregama India]]
| producer = [[R.D. Burman]]
| next_title = [[Bhoot Bungla]]
| next_year = 1965
}}
The music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Music in Pacific Island cultures: experiencing music, expressing culture: Diettrich, Brian : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=26 June 2024 | url=https://archive.org/details/musicinpacificis0000diet?q=Chhote+Nawab+1961 | access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaduri |first=Abhijit |title=10 terrific RD Burman songs – Raga based |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/just-like-that/ten-terrific-rd-burman-songs-raga-based/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is considered his breakthrough in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |title=A tribute: Five rare gems from the early RD Burman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Addictions/a-tribute-five-rare-gems-from-the-early-rd-burman/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUKMdEoauW4C&q=Chhote+Nawab+1961 |title=Anvīkshā |date=2011 |language=en}}</ref> [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] penned the lyrics for the songs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bharatan |first1=Raju |title=A Journey Down Melody Lane |date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-05-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT203 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Premchand |first1=Manek |title=Yesterday's Melodies Today's Memories |date=27 December 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64429-877-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJCBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT369 |language=en}}</ref> The film has following tracks:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.saregama.com/album/chhote-nawab_4281 | title=Chhote Nawab - 01 January 1961 Download | Chhote Nawab - 01 January 1961 Movie Songs Download | access-date=5 August 2024 | archive-date=4 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804064318/https://www.saregama.com/album/chhote-nawab_4281 | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 38:02
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ghar Aaja Ghir Aaye Badra
| extra1 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length1 = 03:22
| title2 = Matwali Ankhonwale
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi
| length2 = 06:14
| title3 = Jeenewale Muskura Ke Jee
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi
| length3 = 03:14
| title4 = Aaj Hua Mera Dil Matwala
| extra4 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length4 = 05:38
| title5 = Aam Chhum Taam Chhum
| extra5 = Mohammed Rafi
| length5 = 03:44
| title6 = Chura Ke Dil Ban Rahe Ho Bhole
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length6 = 03:35
| title7 = Ilahi Tu Sun Le Hamari Dua
| extra7 = Mohammed Rafi
| length7 = 06:11
| title8 = Koi Aane Ko Hai Dil
| extra8 = Mohammed Rafi, [[Shamshad Begum]]
| length8 = 03:20
| title9 = Chhote Nawab
| extra9 = [[R. D. Burman]]
| length9 = 02:27
}}

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
''Chhote Nawab'' was the nineteenth highest-grossing Indian film of 1961.<ref name="Box Office" />

=== Critical response ===
The film is also considered a ”Shakti film” in which dance plays a prominent role in the shaping of female characters.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Saswati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7CDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhote+Nawab+1961&pg=PA132 |title='Bad' Women of Bombay Films: Studies in Desire and Anxiety |last2=Roy |first2=Shampa |last3=Purkayastha |first3=Sharmila |date=2019-12-06 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-26788-9 |pages=132–134 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0283989}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:1961 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

Suniti Kumar Ghosh

2026-04-12T13:53:36Z

Nishant taliyan: Added Bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Suniti Kumar Ghosh
| image =
| native_name = সুনীতি কুমার ঘোষ
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_names =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 = 1
| birth_date = 1918
| birth_place = [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|05|11|1918|df=y}}
| source = https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2014/06/comrade-suniti-kumar-ghosh
}}

'''Suniti Kumar Ghosh([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: সুনীতি কুমার ঘোষ;'''1918 – 11 May 2014) was an Indian Marxist-Leninist revolutionary, writer, and editor. He was one of the founding members of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] and the founding editor of its central organ, Liberation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Comrade Suniti Kumar Ghosh {{!}} Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |url=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2014/06/comrade-suniti-kumar-ghosh |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.cpiml.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Long Live Comrade Suniti Kumar Ghosh |url=https://www.archive.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2014/jun_2014/Comrade%20Suniti%20Kumar%20Ghosh.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.archive.cpiml.org}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
'''Suniti Kumar Ghosh''' was born in [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]. He graduated from [[Ripon College, Calcutta|Ripon College]] in [[Kolkata]] and earned a master's degree in English from the [[University of Calcutta]]. He began his career as a teacher at Dinajpur College (now in [[Bangladesh]]), where he became closely associated with the [[Tebhaga movement|Tebhaga struggle]] in 1946-47 and joined the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI).]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-13 |title=Suniti Kumar Ghosh (1918-2014) {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2014/25/letters/suniti-kumar-ghosh-1918-2014.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 1949, Ghosh was externed from [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) and settled in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He worked as a lecturer in English at [[Vidyasagar College]], [[Kolkata]]. After the formation of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] [CPI(M)], he became an important organizer of the party's lecturers’ cell. Ghosh, known as Comrade SKG within the party, fully immersed himself in revolutionary political activities during the [[Naxalbari uprising|Naxalbari]] uprising.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Suniti Kumar Ghosh (1918-2014) |url=https://sanhati.com/articles/9879/ |access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref>

== Role in CPI(ML) ==
'''Ghosh''' was a member of the [[All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries]] ([[All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries|AICCCR]]) and the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] [CPI(ML)] from their inception.<ref name=":0" /> Under his editorship, Liberation began publication in November 1967, becoming the organ of [[All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries|AICCCR]] in May 1968 and later the central organ of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|CPI(ML)]] from April 1969.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Liberation played a crucial role in revolutionary journalism and party building during this period.

== Later years and writings ==
After the revolutionary communist movement faced setbacks around 1972, Ghosh focused on writing books and articles with revolutionary fervor and theoretical rigor. His notable works include:

* ''The Indian Big Bourgeoisie: Its Genesis, Growth and Character''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Indian-Big-Bourgeoisie-Genesis-Character/dp/B00MUW2UZ4 |title=Indian-Big-Bourgeoisie-Genesis-Character}}</ref>
* ''India and the Raj 1919-1947: Glory, Shame and Bondage (in two volumes)''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/INDIA-RAJ-1919-SUNITI-KUMAR/dp/B0CNLYV8VR/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.gRp9lRyIJ1lVSoJtJHTPE2KuTorgit-6KSFywLSUd3cuHt9uUnb0NljaTB_tyaVa.u3yhClA0qFImPeYkkRoMJM_nmUXmc27M2mdC_VdNk4M&dib_tag=se&qid=1727201637&refinements=p_27%3ASuniti+Kumar+Ghosh&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=INDIA AND THE RAJ}}</ref>
* ''Imperialism’s Tightening Grip on Indian Agriculture''
* ''The Indian Constitution and Its Review''
* ''Development Planning in India: Lumpen-development and Imperialism''
* ''The Himalayan Adventure: India-China War of 1962 — Causes and Consequences''
* ''The Tragedy of Partition of Bengal''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tragic partition of Bengal by Ghosh, Suniti Kumar. – Lucknow Digital Library |url=https://lucknowdigitallibrary.com/publications/tragic-partition-of-bengal |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''India’s Nationality Problem and Ruling Classes''

He also edited The Historic Turning Point: A Liberation Anthology (in two volumes) and wrote several books in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], such as Bharater Communist Party (Marxbadi) – Ekti Mulyayan and Phire Dekha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Historic Turning - Point A Liberation Anthology Volume I -Edited by: Suniti Kumar Ghosh |url=https://dhansiri.in/shop/books/politics-books-magazines/the-historic-turning-point-a-liberation-anthology-volume-i-edited-by-suniti-kumar-ghosh/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Dhansiri |language=en-US}}</ref> His last major work, [[Naxalbari uprising|Naxalbari]]: Before and After, Reminiscences and Appraisal, was published in 2009.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.amazon.in/Naxalbari-Mulyayan-Suniti-Kumar-Ghosh/dp/B07L31F7D7/ref=sr_1_3?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.gRp9lRyIJ1lVSoJtJHTPE2KuTorgit-6KSFywLSUd3cuHt9uUnb0NljaTB_tyaVa.u3yhClA0qFImPeYkkRoMJM_nmUXmc27M2mdC_VdNk4M&dib_tag=se&qid=1727201637&refinements=p_27%3ASuniti+Kumar+Ghosh&s=books&sr=1-3 |title=Naxalbari : Ekti Mulyayan}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
'''Suniti Kumar Ghosh''' continued his intellectual and revolutionary work until the age of 92. His unwavering revolutionary zeal and contributions to Marxist theory and practice remain a source of inspiration. He died in [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]] on 11 May 2014, at the age of 96.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian communist writers]]

Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)

2026-03-26T23:00:21Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{short description|Indian television drama series}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = PTKK Titlecard.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre =
| runtime = 45 min
| producer = [[Vikas Gupta (producer)|Vikas Gupta]]
| writer = [[Sanjeev K Jha]] <br> Koel Chaudhuri
| channel = [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]
| director = Hemant N MIshra
| num_seasons = 12
| num_episodes = 229
| starring = [[Surbhi Jyoti]] <br> [[Parth Samthaan]] <br> [[Meiyang Chang]] <br> [[Siddharth Gupta]] <br> [[Karan Kundrra]] <br> [[Rohit Suchanti]] <br> [[Namish Taneja]] <br> [[Anita Hassanandani]] <br> [[Meghan Jadhav]] <br> [[Richa Mukherjee]] <br> [[Avinash Mukherjee]] <br> [[Karmveer Choudhary]] <br> [[Shivangi Joshi]] <br/> [[Prince Narula]] <br>[[Kunal Jaisingh]]<br>[[Niyati Fatnani]] <br> [[Sumbul Touqeer]] <br> [[Jiya Shankar]] <br> [[Harsh Rajput]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company = Lost Boy Productions
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|05|23}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya''''' (International Title: '''''Love... What Have You Done?''''') is an Indian television drama series, which premiered on 23 May 2014 on [[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]. The second season of the show was launched in September 2014, the third season was launched on 21 November 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Zing-All-Geared-Up-To-Launch-Pyaar-Tune-Kya-Kiya-Season-3/articleshow/45215739.cms |title=Zing All Geared Up To Launch Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Season 3 |work=The Times of India |date=20 November 2014 |access-date=23 October 2015}}</ref> the fourth season was launched on 17 April 2015, the fifth season was launched on 17 July 2015, the sixth season was launched on 2 October 2015, the seventh season was launched on 12 February 2016, the eighth season was launched on 1 July 2016 and the ninth season was launched on 18 November 2016 and ended on 27 October 2017. Season 11 was launched on 24 October 2020 and season 12 on 15 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/viewership/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-returns-with-season-12-on-zing-210814|title='Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya' returns with season 12 on Zing|date=14 August 2021|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>

Season 1–4 were hosted by [[Surbhi Jyoti]], [[Parth Samthaan]] and [[Meiyang Chang]]. Season 5 was hosted by [[Smriti Kalra]], Season 6 by [[Karan Kundra]], Season 7 by [[Siddharth Gupta]] and [[Niti Taylor]], Season 8 was hosted by [[Arjit Taneja]], Abhishek Mallik and [[Shaleen Malhotra]] and Season 9 was hosted by [[Prince Narula]]. The title song of the series is sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]].

Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya released its spin off titled Pyaar Pehli Baar in 2018 and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] promoted the show.

==Plot==
Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya is a TV series, which presents different love stories inspired by the lives of Indian youth. The show narrates tragic love stories of youngsters and showcases how today's couples face various challenging situations, complications, complexities and confusion in order to understand the sentiment of love and the decisions they make in life. Each episode highlights the mistakes that youngsters make in their love life. It also has a social message in each episode.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Seasons !! Aired from !! Episodes
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 1 </div> || 23 May 2014 - 22 August 2014 || 14
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 2 </div> || 29 August 2014 - 14 November 2014|| 12
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 3 </div> || 21 November 2014 - 10 April 2015 || 21
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 4 </div> || 17 April 2015 - 10 July 2015 || 13
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 5 </div> || 17 July 2015 - 19 September 2015 || 11
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 6 </div> || 2 October 2015 - 29 January 2016 || 18
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 7 </div> || 12 February 2016 - 24 June 2016 || 20
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 8 </div> || 1 July 2016 - 11 November 2016 || 20
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 9 </div> || 18 November 2016 - 17 November 2017 || 52
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 10 Pyaar Pehli Baar</div> || 10 August 2018 - 2 November 2018 || 13
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 11 </div> || 24 October 2020 - 31 January 2021 || 15
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 12 </div> || 14 August 2021 - 20 November 2021 || 15
|-
| <div style="text-align: center;"> 13 </div> || 22 October 2022 - 14 January 2023 || 13
|}

==Cast==
===Narrators===
* [[Meiyang Chang]] (season 1–2)
* [[Surbhi Jyoti]] (season 2–3)
* [[Parth Samthaan]] (season 4–5)
* [[Smiriti Kalra|Smriti Kalra]] (season 4–5)
* [[Anita Hassanandani|Anita H Reddy]]
* [[Karan Kundrra]] (season 6)
* [[Niti Taylor]] as Vidhi (season 7)
* [[Siddharth Gupta]] as Akash/Sid (season 7)
* [[Abhishek Malik]] (season 8)
* [[Arjit Taneja]] (season 8)
* [[Shaleen Malhotra]] (season 8)
* [[Prince Narula]] (season 9)

===Episode cast===
* '''S01 E01''' [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Siddharth Rawat, [[Chetna Pande]] as Piyali and [[Parth Samthaan]] as Gaurav
* '''S01 E02''' [[Abigail Jain]] as Niti, [[Anshuman Malhotra]] as Ansh and [[Mrinal Dutt]] as Harsh
* '''S01 E03''' [[Charlie Chauhan]] as Maya, [[Shakti Arora]] as Avinash, [[Kajal Pisal]] as Priya and [[Baby Farida]] as Maya's Grandmother
* '''S01 E06''' [[Rohit Khandelwal]] as Chris
* '''S01 E07''' [[Meghan Jadhav]] As Shankar, [[Richa Mukherjee]] as Shivani and [[Suyyash Rai|Suyyash Kumar]] as Dhananjay
* '''S01 E09''' [[Sehban Azim]] as Karan and [[Puja Sharma]] as Simran
* '''S01 E10''' [[Shrishti Ganguly Rindani]] as Deepti and [[Lavin Gothi]] as Rohit
* '''S01 E11''' [[Priyal Gor]] as Zohra and [[Paras Arora]] as Sumer
* '''S01 E12''' [[Nikita Sharma]] as Koyal
* '''S01 E13''' [[Shravan Reddy]] as Rohan, [[Megha Gupta]] as Riddhima Sahni and [[Aashish Kaul]] as Rohan's Father
* '''S01 E14''' [[Namish Taneja]] as Sid and ([[Siddhi Karwa]]) as Alia
* '''S02 E01''' [[Neha Sargam]] as Priya and ([[Ankit Raizada]]) as Rahul
* '''S02 E02''' [[Adhish Khanna]] as Abhay and [[Fenil Umrigar]] as Rhea
* '''S02 E03''' [[Ahsaas Channa]] as Manisha and [[Harsh Mehta]] as Suraj
* '''S02 E05''' [[Karishma Sharma]] as Suheena, [[Yuvraj Thakur]] as Amar and [[Vikas Grover]] as Ranvijay
* '''S02 E12''' [[Aditya Singh Rajput]] as Vasu and [[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]] as Amruta
* '''S03 E04''' [[Harsh Rajput]] as Prashant
* '''S03 E06''' [[Ashita Zaveri]] as Komal and [[Zaan Khan]] as Rohan
* '''S03 E12''' [[Shilpa Saklani]] as Aparna
* '''S04 E02''' [[Sheena Lakhani]]
* '''S04 E03''' [[Harsh Rajput]] as Raghav
* '''S04 E04''' [[Krissann Barretto]] as Raima
* '''S04 E13''' [[Kanchi Singh]] as Veebha and [[Rohit Suchanti]] as Dhruv
* '''S05 E06''' [[Samridh Bawa]] as Manjot
* '''S05 E08''' [[Rohit Suchanti]] as Vikram
* '''S06 E05''' [[Mahima Makwana]] as Mandira
* '''S06 E06''' [[Ashish Dixit]] as Sanjay Mishra
* '''S06 E07''' [[Akash Gill]] as Mahir and [[Aashish Kaul]] as Mahir's Father
* '''S06 E08''' [[Amit Tandon]] as Professor Akash
* '''S06 E09''' [[Kanwar Dhillon]] as Lucky
* '''S06 E14''' [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] as Suraj
* '''S06 E19''' [[Rohit Khandelwal]] as Sreedhar
* '''S07 E02''' [[Paras Chhabra]] as Aryaman
* '''S07 E04''' [[Aneri Vajani]] as Arushi
* '''S07 E09''' [[Chitrashi Rawat]] as Rhea and [[Avinash Mukherjee]] as Ayush
* '''S07 E11''' [[Shivangi Joshi]] as Jyothi and [[Shagun Pandey]] as Raju
* '''S07 E14''' [[Mohsin Khan (Indian actor)|Mohsin Khan]] as Girish
* '''S07 E16''' Subha Rajput as Aashna and [[Rohit Suchanti]] as Abhay
* '''S08 E04''' [[Priyank Sharma]] as Shaan
* '''S08 E06''' [[Mansi Srivastava]] as Suhana
* '''S08 E17''' Utkarsh Gupta as Jaideep
* '''S08''' [[Roop Durgapal]] as Sharmishtha
* '''S08''' [[Poorti Arya]]
* '''S09 E17''' Alice Kaushik as Meera
* '''S09 E01''' [[Niyati Fatnani]] as Shazia
* '''S09 E02''' [[Parveen Kaur (Indian actress)|Parveen Kaur]] as Harpreet
* '''S09 E04''' [[Aparna Mishra]] as Sahiba and [[Shagun Pandey]] as Mirzya
* '''S09 E05''' [[Nikhil Khurana]]
* '''S09 E09''' [[Rohit Suchanti]] as Rajveer
* '''S09 E10''' [[Priyank Sharma]] as Surjit
* '''S09 E27''' [[Vishal Bhardwaj (actor)]] and [[Radhika Bangia]] as Ruhi
* '''S09 E31''' Ankit Modgil as Atul Mishra, Anjali Priya as Sargam and [[Sumbul Touqeer]] as Silky
* '''S09 E41''' [[Avinash Mishra]] as Kabir and [[Jiya Shankar]] as Nancy
* '''S09 E43''' Priyanka Verma as Biker Girl Disha
* '''S10 E06''' Sandesh Gour as Vishwa and [[Ketki Kadam]] as Vaidehi
* '''S11 E02''' [[Eisha Singh]] as Preet
* '''S11 E10''' [[Raquib Arshad]] as Satvik
* '''S11 E14''' [[Shagun Pandey]] as Sudhish
* '''S13 E01''' [[Sohil Singh Jhuti]] as Neil
* Ritwika Gupta as Amisha
* [[Megha Gupta]] as Professor
* Pooja Sharma as Simran
* [[Randeep Rai]] as Mohit
* Manali (in an episodic role)
* Nikki Sharma as Niharika (in an episodic role)
* [[Sonam Lamba]] as Suman
* [[Kunal Jaisingh]]
* Trishal Kumar
* [[Avinash Mukherjee]]
* [[Puru Chibber]] as Chandu
* [[Shakti Arora]]
* [[Neha Saxena (TV actress)|Neha Saxena]]
* Anshuman Malhotra
* [[Bharati Kumar]]
* [[Ankit Modgil]]
* [[Ahsaas Channa]]
* Ruby Kakar
* [[Harshad Arora]]
* [[Kanan Malhotra]]
* [[Kiran Srinivas]]
* [[Kinshuk Vaidya]]
* [[Sheena Bajaj (actor)|Sheena Bajaj]]
* Buneet Kapoor as Krishav
* Sanaya Pithawalia
* Ashish Chanchlani

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4499570}}
* {{IMDb title|7398688}}

[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian teen drama television series]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]

Fakir Ram Tamta

2026-03-26T03:22:11Z

Nishant taliyan: new new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Fakir Ram Tamta''' (born 1963)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He is an MLA from [[Gangolihat Assembly constituency]] in [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Kalyan |date=2022-01-22 |title=Uttarakhand elections: BJP drops 10 sitting MLAs in first list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-elections-bjp-drops-10-sitting-mlas-in-first-list-101642704092115.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> He won as an MLA in the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangolihat, Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Fakeer Ram with 29149 defeats INC's Khajan Chandra Guddu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gangolihat-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923004-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tamta is from [[Gangolihat]], Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. He is the son of Dharam Ram.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Fakeer Ram(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GANGOLIHAT (SC)(PITHORAGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=40 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> His eldest son Jagadish Tamta runs a puncture repair shop and his younger son Birendra Ram is a carpenter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Uttarakhand BJP MLA's sons run puncture shop, carpentry; simplicity at its best |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/gangolihat-mla-fakir-ram-tamta-son-heals-punctures/na20220317155812800 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> Before he was elected as an MLA, Fakir Ram was also a carpenter.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Tamta won from Gangolihat Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 32,296 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Khajan Chand 'Guddu' of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 10,053 votes. According to analysts, his victory was attributed to the rebellion of Former [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] two term MLA and veteran leader [[Narayan Ram Arya]], who had subsequently switched over to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] after he was denied a ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Gangolihat Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Fakeer Ram of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/gangolihat-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4854107.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=BJP creates history by retaining power, wins 47 seats with Cong taking just 19 {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/bjp-creates-history-by-retaining-power-wins-47-seats-with-cong-taking-just-19/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamta, Fakir Ram}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Pithoragarh district]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Namitha

2026-03-25T11:01:45Z

Nishant taliyan: expand layout to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Namitha
| image = Namitha 3.jpg
| caption = Namitha in 2007
| alt =
| birth_name = Namitha Mukesh Vankawala
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|05|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | model | politician}}
| yearsactive = 2001{{dash}}2021
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage| Veerendra Chowdary|2017}}
| children = 2
| website =
| height =
}}
'''Namitha Vankawala''' (born 10 May 1981<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/south-cinema/happy-birthday-namitha-10-times-south-actress-namitha-stole-our-hearts-2135829.html |title=Happy Birthday Namitha: 10 Times South Actress Namitha Stole Our Hearts |access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512175413/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/south-cinema/happy-birthday-namitha-10-times-south-actress-namitha-stole-our-hearts-2135829.html |url-status=live }}</ref>) is a state executive member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namita Vankawala: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Namita-Vankawala |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218062204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Namita-Vankawala |url-status=live }}</ref> She started her career initially as an actress and model who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] cinema along with a few films in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=J |first=Shanmughasundaram |date=4 July 2020 |title=Tamil Nadu: Actor Namitha appointed as BJP state executive member |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-actor-namitha-appointed-as-bjp-state-executive-member/articleshow/76783157.cms |access-date=1 August 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704163520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-actor-namitha-appointed-as-bjp-state-executive-member/articleshow/76783157.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Starting her career as a beauty pageant contestant, Namitha was crowned Miss Surat during the year of 1998 at the age of 17. She went on to participate in the 2001 Miss India pageant and ended up as the third runner-up, while [[Celina Jaitley]] was crowned Miss India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/Namitha-was-crowned-Miss-Surat-in-1998/articleshow/22137575.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902052626/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-29/did-you-know-/41580353_1_namitha-miss-india-gujarat |url-status=live |archive-date=2 September 2013 |title=Namitha was crowned Miss Surat in 1998 |date=29 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 May 2014}}</ref> The publicity she garnered during the competition prompted her to move to [[Mumbai]] and subsequently she did a number of TV commercials such as Himani cream and hand soap, [[Arun Ice Creams]], Manikchand Gutka, and Nile Herbal Shampoo early in her career. Unable to make a breakthrough into the Hindi film industry, she enrolled in an English Literature course and then considered returning to Surat but chose to later accept an invitation to audition for a Telugu film. After being selected, she consequently made her acting debut in [[Sreenu Vaitla]]'s coming-of-age romantic film, ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' (2002). Her next film, [[Saran (director)|Saran]]'s big budget action film ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]'' (2002) opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], garnered her further attention and her portrayal of a Marwardi girl won critical acclaim. She had also briefly given herself the stagename of "Bhairavi" for the film, but later reverted to her original name.<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_bhairavi.html Telugu Cinema Etc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024184021/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/inter_bhairavi.html |date=24 October 2017 }}. Idlebrain.com (16 September 2002). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/namithasexypic.html |title=Telugu cinema article – Namita photo – stolen from Namitha's desktop |website=idlebrain.com |date=20 March 2000 |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925132345/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/namithasexypic.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the mid-2000s, she quickly became popular in Tamil language films with her mature look and tall frame prompting film makers to cast her opposite ageing actors such as [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]], [[Sundar C]] and [[Sarathkumar]].<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/namitha2008.html Namitha interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film and Tamil film actress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001192456/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/namitha2008.html |date=1 October 2017 }}. Idlebrain.com (30 July 2008). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> She appeared in a series of commercial action films opposite such actors, including roles in ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' (2005), ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' (2005) and ''[[Aanai]]'' (2005). Likewise, she was regularly cast in comedy films with senior actors too, making appearances in [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]'s ''[[Engal Anna]]'' (2004) and six of [[Sakthi Chidambaram]]'s comedy dramas. During the period, she appeared in her first Hindi film ''[[Love Ke Chakkar Mein]]'', worked on a Kannda film titled ''Namitha I Love You'' and shot for an English film, ''Maya'', which was later released in 2008 as ''Kamasutra Nights''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/namitha-stars-in-english-movie/article18460394.ece |title=Namitha stars in English movie |date=14 August 2006 |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201145756/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/namitha-stars-in-english-movie/article18460394.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, she had the opportunity to work with two leading actors from Tamil cinema, respectively appearing with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the [[A. R. Rahman]]-musical ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' (2007) and [[Ajith Kumar]] in [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s gangster film ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'' (2007). By the end of the period, Namitha had developed a "cult following" in Tamil Nadu as a result of her glamorous appearances in films, with the media regularly looking to feature her in reports and Behindwoods.com labelled her "omnipotent and omnipresent".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-04/29-09-06-namitha.html |title=Tamil movies : Namitha the omnipotent and the omnipresent |website=behindwoods.com |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183414/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-04/29-09-06-namitha.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/21/stories/2005102116730200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526143646/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/21/stories/2005102116730200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Namitha goes to 'Subway' for meal |date=21 October 2005}}</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-05/namitha-dirty-picture-30-06-12.html I Will Do It For A Lesser Payment, Says Namitha – Namitha – Dirty Picture – Tamil Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910032257/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-12-05/namitha-dirty-picture-30-06-12.html |date=10 September 2017 }}. Behindwoods.com (30 June 2012). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref>

However, by the turn of the decade, Namitha's popularity began to decline after several of her films failed to perform well and the South Indian film industry moved away from casting women in outright glamorous roles, a character that Namitha had become famed for performing. Film makers were also reluctant to cast Namitha opposite young male actors, as the older generation began to stop appearing in leading roles.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Why-Namitha-wont-act-in-Tamil-films/articleshow/8461690.cms Why Namitha won't act in Tamil films? | Movie News ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113085244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Why-Namitha-wont-act-in-Tamil-films/articleshow/8461690.cms |date=13 November 2017 }}. ''Times of India'' (20 May 2011). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> She was relegated to increasingly smaller roles and guest appearances, while the big-budget horror film, ''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' (2009), where she played the title role performed poorly at the box office.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review/20091019.htm Review: Jaganmohini is a half-baked remake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183241/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review/20091019.htm |date=13 September 2017 }}. Rediff.com (19 October 2009). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> She briefly prioritized her work in Kannada films in the early 2010s, while several of her films endured production delays including ''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]'' (2016). After several years without any film releases, she announced plans of making a comeback in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/Tamil/news/Namitha-keen-about-her-comeback-and-entering-politics/ |title=Actress Namitha To Make Her Comeback Soon |date=3 September 2015 |publisher=silverscreen.in |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906005734/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/namitha-keen-about-her-comeback-and-entering-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2017, Namitha appeared on the Tamil reality television show, ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil (Season 1)|Bigg Boss]]'' hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]]. During her stint in the show, she was widely criticised for her harsh treatment of actress [[Oviya]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ex-bigg-boss-contestant-namitha-hits-back-at-oviya/articleshow/59941386.cms Ex- Bigg Boss contestant Namitha hits back at Oviya | Tamil Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923083031/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ex-bigg-boss-contestant-namitha-hits-back-at-oviya/articleshow/59941386.cms |date=23 September 2017 }}. ''Times of India'' (6 August 2017). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> She also seen in the Horror movies such as ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' (2019) and ''Miya'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/Sep/14/namitha-plays-a-witch-in-pottu-1656819.html|title = Namitha plays a witch in Pottu| date=14 September 2017 }}</ref> In 2021, she make an appearance in TV serial ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' and then on the comedy show ''Kanni Theevu Ullasa Ulagam 2.0'' entertain the audience as a special guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/namitha-announces-pregnancy-pens-a-note-on-motherhood/6183b5f757242|title = Namitha announces pregnancy; pens a note on motherhood}}</ref>

==In the media==
At the height of her success in 2008, Namitha's devotee built her a temple near [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She became the second actress after [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] in the state to be immortalised in such a fashion by her fan following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/43660/ill-stick-my-sexy-image.html |title=I'll stick to my sexy image: Namitha |date=28 December 2009 |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=13 September 2017 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717012912/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/43660/ill-stick-my-sexy-image.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-thrilled-I-have-a-templeNamitha/articleshow/3202389.cms I'm thrilled I have a temple:Namitha | Hindi Movie News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923074503/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Im-thrilled-I-have-a-templeNamitha/articleshow/3202389.cms |date=23 September 2017 }}. ''Times of India'' (7 July 2008). Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref> In October 2010, there was an attempt to kidnap her by a fan at [[Trichy]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bijoy |last=Bharathan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Namithas-die-hard-fan/articleshow/6815205.cms |title=Namitha's die-hard fan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 October 2010 |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005032241/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Namithas-die-hard-fan/articleshow/6815205.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She has been an advocate of safe driving and in June 2012, she and Tamil actor Bharat promoted awareness of safe driving.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120611191830/http://www.sify.com/movies/Namitha-Bharath-want-you-to-be-safe-on-the-road-imagegallery-kollywood-mghnm9ejfig.html?html=5 Namitha, Bharath want you to be safe on the road!]. Sify.com. Retrieved 1 January 2019.</ref>

==Politics==
Namitha joined [[AIADMK]] on 24 April 2016 in the presence of party general secretary and Tamil Nadu chief minister [[J Jayalalithaa]] in Trichy.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-election-actor-namitha-joins-jayalalithaas-aiadmk/articleshow/51958082.cms| title= Tamil Nadu election:Actress Namitha joins Jayalalithaa's AIADMK| publisher= [[Times of India]]| work= R Gokul| date= 24 April 2016| access-date= 27 November 2022| archive-date= 28 August 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160828151720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-election-Actor-Namitha-joins-Jayalalithaas-AIADMK/articleshow/51958082.cms| url-status= live}}</ref> In 2019, Namitha along with actor [[Radha Ravi]] joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the presence of party's national president [[Jagat Prakash Nadda|J. P. Nadda]] in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=J |first1=Shanmughasundarm |title=Actor Radha Ravi, Namitha join BJP in JP Nadda's presence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-radha-ravi-namitha-join-bjp-in-jp-naddas-presence/articleshow/72311137.cms |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212230540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/actor-radha-ravi-namitha-join-bjp-in-jp-naddas-presence/articleshow/72311137.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2020, after 8 months of joining the BJP, Namitha was appointed as one of the state executive member of the BJP in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Namitha married businessman Veerendra Chowdary in Tirupathi in November 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/namitha-gets-married-to-her-boyfriend-veerandra-in-tirupati/articleshow/61779275.cms |title=Namitha gets married to her boyfriend Veerandra in Tirupati |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2017 |archive-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125162210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/namitha-gets-married-to-her-boyfriend-veerandra-in-tirupati/articleshow/61779275.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple announced their pregnancy via Namitha's Instagram on her 41st birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=Namitha is pregnant, feels elated - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/namitha-is-pregnant-feels-elated-telugu-news-314556 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511122334/https://www.indiaglitz.com/namitha-is-pregnant-feels-elated-telugu-news-314556 |url-status=live }}</ref> She delivered twin sons in August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=Actress Namitha announces birth of twin boys, shares video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/20/actress-tamil-telugu-namitha-twin-boys-birth-announcement.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116050440/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/08/20/actress-tamil-telugu-namitha-twin-boys-birth-announcement.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2002
! scope="row" | ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]''
| Nandu
| rowspan="4"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Debut film
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html |title=Movie review – Sontham |website=Idlebrain. |access-date=4 January 2019 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041122/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Gemeni (film)|Gemeni]]''
| Manisha Natwarlal
|credited as Bhairavi
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/17/stories/2002091701360200.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180314072539/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/09/17/stories/2002091701360200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2018 |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Show with a difference}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]''
| Preethi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okarajuokarani.html|title =Movie review - Oka Raju Oka Rani}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]''
| Sasirekha
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/oka-radha-iddaru-krishnula-pelli/movieshow/61316929.cms|title =Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli|newspaper =The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Engal Anna]]''
| Gowri
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| Tamil Debut
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/engal-anna-review-tamil-movie-7027|title =Engal Anna Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aithe Enti]]''
| Anjali Sharma
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aithe-enti/telugu/aithe-enti-movie-reviews-1030-2.html|title =Aithe Enti Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Maha Nadigan]]''
| Aishwarya
| rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maha-nadigan-tamil-movie-review-7243.html|title =Maha Nadigan Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]''
| Anjali
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2005
! scope="row" | ''[[Englishkaran]]''
| Maheshwari
| Extended Cameo
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/englishkaran-review-tamil-movie-7577|title =Englishkaran Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]''
| Uma
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nayakudu-2005-review-telugu-movie-7636|title =Nayakudu Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]''
| Deivanayaki
| rowspan="4"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]''
| Mynaa
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aanai]]''
| Ramya
|
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2006
! scope="row" | ''[[Kovai Brothers]]''
| Sania
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kovai-brothers-review-hindi-movie-8116|title =Kovai Brothers Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Love Ke Chakkar Mein]]''
| Neha V. Batra
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| Hindi Debut
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaparadiso.co.uk/rentals/love-ke-chakkar-mein-45384.html|title=Love: Ke Chakkar Mein (2006)}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pachchak Kuthira]]''
| Poovu
| rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thagapansamy]]''
| Swapna
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thagapansamy-tamil-movie-7713|title=Thagapansamy}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
| Anjali
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nee-venunda-chellam-review-tamil-movie-7848|title=Nee Venunda Chellam Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Neelakanta (film)|Neelakanta]]''
| Ganga
| [[Kannada]]
| Kannada Debut
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/neelakanta-review-kannada-movie-review-8949|title=Neelakanta Review}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Viyabari]]''
| Namitha
| rowspan="5"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vyapari-tamil-movie-review-8604|title=Vyapari Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Naan Avanillai (2007 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
| Monika Prasad
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-06/naan-avanillai-movie-review.html|title=Naan Avanillai Movie Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
| Dhanalakshmi
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-articles/movies-07/azhagiya-tamil-magan-review.html|title=Azhagiya Tamil Magan}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''
| C. J.
| Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-1/billa-review.html|title=Billa Movie Review}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Sandai]]''
| Seemakal Chinnakilli
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-1/sandai-review.html|title=Sandai Movie Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Kamasutra Nights''
| Aunt Maya
| [[English language|English]]
| English Debut
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatismymovie.com/item?item=0846033|title=Kamasutra Nights (2008)}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]''
| Salangai
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-1/pandi-review.html|title=Pandi - Movie Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]''
| Janaki
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan="6"|2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Perumal (film)|Perumal]]''
| Saroja
|rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/perumal.html|title=Perumal Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Thee (2009 film)|Thee]]''
| Ruchi Devi
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thee/movie-review/4203987.cms|title=THEE MOVIE REVIEW|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[1977 (film)|1977]]''
| Chandini
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/1977.html|title=1977 Movie Review}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]''
| Lisa
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/billa/movie-review/4359200.cms|title=Billa|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Indira Vizha]]''
| Kamini
| rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/indira-vizha.html|title=INDIRA VIZHA MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]''
| Jaganmohini
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/19/south-tamil-movie-review.htm|title=Jaganmohini is a half-baked remake}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Black Stallion (film)|Black Stallion]]''
| Laura Fernandez
| [[Malayalam]]
| Malayalam Debut
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Azhagaana Ponnuthan]]''
| Jennifer
| rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
| Anitha
| Cameo
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/may/10/south-tamil-movie-review-guru-sishyan.htm|title=Stay away from Guru Sishyan}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]''
| Mahima
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/S/Simha/Simha_Review2.html|title=Simha}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Hoo (film)|Hoo]]''
| Anju
| [[Kannada]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/04/south-kannada-movie-review-hoo.htm|title=Simha}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Ilaignan]]''
| Sena
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/ilaignan-movie-review.html|title=ILAIGNAN MOVIE REVIEW}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Namitha I Love You]]''
| Sunanda
| rowspan="2"|[[Kannada]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/namitha-i-love-you-review-kannada-movie-12729|title=Namitha I Love You Review}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Benki Birugali (2013 film)|Benki Birugali]]''
| Mona
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]''
| Durga
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-15 |title=Namitha & Kiran in thriller movie 'Ilamai Oonjal' |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/namitha-kiran-in-thriller-movie-ilamai-oonjal/ |website=Kollywood Today |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221753/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/namitha-kiran-in-thriller-movie-ilamai-oonjal/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Pulimurugan]]''
| Julie
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/pulimurugan-mohanlal-movie-review-malayalam-vyshak.html|title='Pulimurugan' movie review: hide, crouch and roar goes Mohanlal}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]''
| Bhrameshwari
| rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
|2020
! scope="row" | ''Miya''
| Miya
|
|
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2007-2015
|''Maanada Mayilada''
|Main Judge
|Dance Reality Show
|-
|2017
|''[[Bigg Boss Tamil (season 1)]]''
|Contestant
|Evicted Day 28<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-how-oviya-helen-became-the-premiere-seasons-most-sensational-contestant-3884305.html |title=Bigg Boss Tamil: How Oviya Helen became the premiere season's most sensational contestant |work=Firstpost |access-date=21 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100221/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-how-oviya-helen-became-the-premiere-seasons-most-sensational-contestant-3884305.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|''Dance Jodi Dance 3.0''
|Judge
|Dance Show
|-
|2021
|''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (2021 TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
|Herself
|Guest Appearance
|-
|2021
|''Kanni Theevu Ullasa Ulagam 2.0''
|Herself
|Guest Appearance
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Namitha}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1532511|name=Namitha}}
* {{Instagram | id= namita.official| name= Namitha}}
* {{Facebook | id= NamithaOffl| name= Namitha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

Akhil P. Dharmajan

2026-03-25T07:12:00Z

Nishant taliyan: Made Entry

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Akhil P. Dharmajan
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1993}}
| birth_place = [[Pathirappally]] in [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Novelist
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Ram c/o Anandhi''
| spouse =
| children =
| awards = [[Yuva Puraskar]] (2025)
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Akhil P. Dharmajan''' is a writer from Kerala, India. His book ''[[Ram c/o Anandhi]]'' won the [[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]] in 2025.

== Biography ==
Akhil was born in 1993 in Pathirapalli, Alappuzha district, to K. V. Dharmajan and Maheshwari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://dcbookstore.com/authors/akhil-p-dharmajan|title=അഖിൽ പി. ധർമ്മജൻ |publisher=[[DC Books]]}}</ref> He studied at Alappuzha S.D.V. School, Pathirapalli V.V.S.D. LP. School-U.P. School, Mary Immaculate High School Poonkavu, and Holy Family H.S.S. Kattoor.<ref name=":0" /> He has a diploma in mechanical engineering and filmmaking.<ref name=":0" />

==Literary contribution==
Akhil started writing novel at the age of eighteen.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=കഥയ്ക്ക് വേണ്ടി ചെന്നൈയിൽ പോയി കഥാപാത്രമായി ജീവിച്ചു : അഖിൽ പി ധർമജൻ എന്ന എഴുത്തുകാരന്റെ കഥ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2021/01/20/talk-with-writer-akhil-p-dharmajan.html |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=കഥയ്ക്ക് വേണ്ടി ചെന്നൈയിൽ പോയി കഥാപാത്രമായി ജീവിച്ചു : അഖിൽ പി ധർമജൻ എന്ന എഴുത്തുകാരന്റെ കഥ |language=ml}}</ref> He gained attention among Malayalam readers on social media with the release of his first book, ''Ouija board''.<ref name=":2" /> The release of ''Ouija board'' was held at a crematorium.<ref name=":2" />

The second book, ''Mercury Island'', was released at [[Pathiramanal]] island in Alappuzha.<ref name=":2" /> The first two books were self-published.<ref name=":2" />

In the case of his first book, ''Ouija board'', he self-published it because the publishers he had commissioned to print it cheated him. Since he was in financial difficulty, he first printed it by giving money collected by his friends to a publisher. Although they say that they printed a thousand copies, they did not give Akhil the author's copy or any remuneration for it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=തലച്ചുമടായി കൊണ്ട് നടന്നും എന്റെ പുസ്തകം ഞാൻ വിൽക്കും: അഖിൽ പി. ധർമ്മജൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/interviews/2018/10/09/akhil-dharmajan-new-book-mercury-island-controversy.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref> Following this, he started a publishing venture called Katha and published the book he had written.<ref name=":3" />

Akhil is a Malayalam-language writer. His works include the novel Ram C/O Anandhi, published by DC Books. Set in the city of Chennai, it was released at the Chennai Railway Station during Covid 19 period.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=പ്രണയം നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ടാല്‍ പിന്നെ അവര്‍ വെറും മനുഷ്യരാണ്: അഖില്‍ പി ധര്‍മ്മജന്‍ {{!}} അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/in-depth/prime/2025/02/14/writer-akhil-p-dharmajan-talks-about-love-and-his-own-views-on-love |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=ReporterNews |language=ml}}</ref> This book has been very popular on social media in Kerala and among Kerala teenagers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=പുരസ്കാര നിറവിൽ റാം കെയർ ഓഫ് ആനന്ദി; അഖിൽ പി ധർമ്മജന് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി യുവ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/topnews/kerala/2025/06/18/kendra-sahitya-akademi-youth-award-for-akhil-p-dharmajan |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=ReporterNews |language=ml}}</ref> The novel's plot revolves around the lives of Ram and Anandhi, their jokes, moments of love, and their separation.<ref name=":1" /> Some parts of this novel have been included in the revised syllabus of the B.A. Malayalam course of [[University of Calicut|Calicut]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|M.G.]] Universities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-30 |title=അബ്ബാസിന്റെ നീറുന്ന അനുഭവങ്ങൾ, റാം C/O ആനന്ദിയും പെണ്ണപ്പനും സർവകലാശാലാ പാഠപുസ്തകത്തിൽ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/features/mohammed-abbas-adhi-and-akhil-p-dharmajan-popular-books-excerpts-inculded-in-university-syllabus-1.9682575 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Ram C/o Anandhi is also translated to English by Haritha C.K.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sheila |date=2025-06-13 |title=If life were a film {{!}} Review of Ram C/o Anandhi by Akhil P. Dharmajan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/book-review-ram-co-anandhi-malayalam-novel-akhil-p-dharmajan-translator-haritha-ck/article69496897.ece |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

His fourth novel ''Rathri 12 nu Sesham'' (meaning: After 12 at Night), released in May 2025, was released at midnight at a Public Crematorium.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=വെബ് |date=2025-05-07 |title=അർധരാത്രിയിൽ പൊതു ശ്മശാനത്തിൽ പ്രകാശനം; റാം c/o ആനന്ദിക്ക് ശേഷം പുതിയ നോവലുമായി അഖിൽ പി. ധർമ്മജൻ {{!}} Akhil P Dharmajan with a new novel after Ram c/o Anandi {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/akhil-p-dharmajan-with-a-new-novel-after-ram-co-anandi-1406256 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

Akhil is also the co-scriptwriter (with Jude) for the film ''[[2018 (film)|2018]]'', directed by [[Jude Anthany Joseph]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ചന്ദ്ര |first=അനു |date=2022-12-14 |title='2018'നായി ഒന്നര ഏക്കറിൽ ടാങ്ക് കെട്ടി -എഴുത്തുകാരൻ അഖിൽ പി. ധർമ്മജൻ സംസാരിക്കുന്നു... {{!}} akhil p dharmajan interview {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/entertainment/filmy-talk/akhil-p-dharmajan-interview-1106968 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*[[Sahitya Akademi]] [[Yuva Puraskar]] in 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dharmajan, Akhil P.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Karan Patel

2026-03-25T02:52:30Z

Nishant taliyan: improved article

{{short description|Indian actor and host (born 1983)}}
{{for|the Indian cricketer|Karan Patel (cricketer)}}
{{pp-pc1|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Patel
| image = Karan Patel at ITA Awards 2015.jpg
| alt = Karan Patel
| caption = Karan Patel at [[ITA Awards]] 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|11|23|df=yes}}<ref name="india.com">Mulla, Zainab. [http://www.india.com/showbiz/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-actor-karan-patels-birthday-ankita-divyanka-anita-and-others-part-of-the-mega-celebration-728336/ Yeh Hai Mohabbatein actor Karan Patel's birthday: Ankita, Divyanka, Anita and others part of the mega celebration!]. [[Indiacom|India.com]]. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actor]]| [[Television presenter|host]]}}
| years_active = 2003{{En dash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''<br/>''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''<br/>''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''<br/>''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ankita Bhargava Patel]]|2015}}<ref name="marriage"/><ref name="marriage 2"/>
| children = 1<ref name="baby"/>
}}

'''Karan Patel''' (born 23 November 1983) is an Indian actor and host on [[Television in India|Hindi television]].<ref name="india.com"/> Patel performed the main lead Raman Bhalla in the [[soap opera]] ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' and played the role of Rishabh Bajaj in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2]]''.<ref name=":8">{{cite web|date=14 July 2013|title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6: Karan Patel to enter the show as wild card|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/karan-patel-praises-jhalak-dikhla-jaa-for-pushing-people-s-limits_139024.html|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> He also participated in the reality shows ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 3]]'', ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]'', ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]'' and ''The 50''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-23 |title=Nach Baliye: TV couples who parted ways after participating together on the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nach-baliye-tv-couples-who-parted-ways-after-participating-together-on-the-show/photostory/69912543.cms |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Patel is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] who was born in [[Kolkata]] on 23 November 1983.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhwjzj0CZqs&t=42 |quote = How you are going to celebrate Navratri, being a Gujarati? |title = U Me Aur Tv With "Karan Patel's" Interview On Navratri |date = 21 September 2017 |publisher = E24 |website = YouTube }}</ref><ref name="india.com"/> His father's name is Rashesh Patel.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Stars-gathered-at-Karans-bday-bash/articleshow/2572431.cms |title = Stars gathered at Karan's b'day bash |newspaper = [[The Times of India]] |date = 27 November 2007 }}</ref> He has also attended [[Shiamak Davar]]'s dance classes.<ref name=dance>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/karan-patel-smilie-suri-marzi-pestonji-have-dance-connect/ Karan Patel, Smilie Suri, Marzi Pestonji have dance connect]. ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]''. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</ref>

== Career ==
Patel starred in the [[Star Plus]] series [[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|''Kasturi'']], where he played Robbie Sabarwal, his first lead role. Previously, he played a number of roles in [[Balaji Telefilms]]. His first role was in ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' where he played Vigyat. He has also worked in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' and ''[[Kasamh Se]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-15 |title=Karan Patel confirmed as the 'First Contestant' of ‘The 50’ upcoming reality show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-patel-confirmed-as-the-first-contestant-of-the-50-upcoming-reality-show/articleshow/126544729.cms |access-date=2026-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2008 he debuted as host by anchoring a new show ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Confession-time-for-Karan-Patel/articleshow/2686499.cms Confession time for Karan] ''Times Of India.'' 10 January 2008 Retrieved 18 October 2016</ref> In 2013, he participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 July 2013|title=Four wild card entries in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/four-wild-card-entries-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa/story-wNi9HZj2lFNfb1ckg527ML.html|access-date=1 August 2013|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He played the role of Raman Bhalla in [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]] From 2013 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-hai-mohabbatein-to-go-off-air-on-december-20-yeh-hai-chahatein-launch-date-1112489/amp|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein to go off air, Yeh Hai Chahatein gets its launch date|work=[[ABP News]]}}</ref> He quit the show in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title = Confirmed! Karan Patel quits Yeh Hain Mohabbatein for Khaton Ke Khiladi 10 |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/confirmed-karan-patel-quits-yeh-hain-mohabbatein-for-khaton-ke-khiladi-10-1571499-2019-07-20 |access-date = 20 July 2019 |newspaper = [[India Today]] }}</ref> But re entered in November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/karan-patel-is-back-on-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-6106305/lite|title=Karan Patel set to return to Yeh Hai Mohabbatein|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=6 November 2019 }}</ref> His role as Raman Kumar Omprakash Bhalla with his co-star [[Divyanka Tripathi|Divyanka T Dahiya]] earned him [[Zee Gold Awards]] for Best Actor (Popular) three years in a row (2014–16), the [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy Award]] 2015 for Best Romantic Actor (Male), and the [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role]]. In 2020 he participated in [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]].<ref name="Khatron Ke Khiladi 10">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khatron-ke-khiladi-10-karan-patel-to-karishma-tanna-heres-the-confirmed-list-of-celebrities/etphotostory/70343359.cms|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 10: Karan Patel to Karishma Tanna, here's the confirmed list of celebrities|work=[[Times of India]]|date=23 July 2019 }}</ref> The same year he played the role of Rishabh Bajaj in [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]] Where he replaced [[Karan Singh Grover]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-karan-patel-shares-first-look-as-mr-bajaj-adds-colour-to-the-character/story-ZqqaQwPaYrBaFtm6vyGpCO_amp.html|title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2: Karan Patel shares first look as Mr Bajaj, adds colour to the character|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role!!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2010
| ''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|City of Gold]]''
| Naru||
|
|-
|2013
| ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| Jamal||Bhaskar's bodyguard
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Break ke baad|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sab-tv-to-give-away-awards/967803/4|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[Phamous]]''
| Goli||Local goon and Radhe's friend
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Raktanchal|Raktanchal 2]]''
|ACP Himanshu Patnaik
|Mumbai Police ACP
|
|-
|2023
|''Darran Chhoo''
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki]]'' || Vigyat
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2005–2006 || ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagi Kay]]'' || Karan
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karan Patel Was in the Original Kasautii Zindagii Kay Too, Watch Video 1 day ago|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karan-patel-was-in-the-original-kasautii-zindagii-kay-too-watch-video-2708489.html|website=CNN-NEWS18|date=9 July 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Kesar]]'' || Ryan
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' || Kanishk
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=I share a comfort level with Ekta Kapoor: Karan Patel|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/i-share-a-comfort-level-with-ekta-kapoor-karan-patel-113120201279_1.html|website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' || Rohit Ranvijay Chopra
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2006–2007 || ''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]'' || Vivan Kapoor
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|2007–2009 || ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' || Robbie Sabarwal
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2007 || ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''
| Host
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2"|2012
| ''[[Survivor India]]''
| Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]'' || Yug Saxena
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 6|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
|Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":8"/>
|-
| 2013–2019 || ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' || Raman Kumar Bhalla
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-patel-confirms-quitting-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-thanks-ekta-kapoor-for-giving-him-raman-bhalla/articleshow/70296117.cms|title=Karan Patel confirms quitting Yeh Hai Mohabbatein; thanks Ekta Kapoor for giving him Raman Bhalla|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''Box Cricket League 1'' || Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Gumrah – End Of Innocence]]'' || rowspan="2" | Host
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 8|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'' || rowspan="2" | Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[I Don't Watch TV (web series)|I Don't Watch TV]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 2 '' || Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-

| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 8]]'' || rowspan="8" | Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 11|Bigg Boss 11]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || ''MTV Troll Police''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''Dus Ka Dum''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''Sabse Smart Kaun''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 12|Bigg Boss 12]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ace of Space 1|MTV Ace Of Space 1]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''Kitchen Champion 5''
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yeh Hai Mohabbatein's father-daughter duo Karan Patel and Aditi Bhatia to be seen in Khatra Khatra Khatra – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-hai-mohabbateins-father-daughter-duo-karan-patel-and-aditi-bhatia-to-be-seen-in-khatra-khatra-khatra/articleshow/68910604.cms|access-date=16 June 2020|website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
|Guest
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| Raman Kumar Bhalla (Guest)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karan Patel and Divyanka Tripathi to be seen in Yeh Hai Chahatein|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/karan-patel-and-divyanka-tripathi-to-be-seen-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-1620915-2019-11-20|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2020 || ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''
|Contestant
|<ref name="Khatron Ke Khiladi 1" >{{Cite web|date=18 February 2020|title=Karan Patel Becomes Highest Paid Contestant on Khatron Ke Khiladi 10|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karan-patel-becomes-highest-paid-contestant-on-khatron-ke-khiladi-10-2505435.html|access-date=16 June 2020|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series) |Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Rishabh Bajaj
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/karan-patel-is-the-new-mr-bajaj-in-kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-honour-to-take-it-ahead-from-where-ronit-roy-karan-singh-grover-left/story-4PHw84L4aTxL8eMQLlNNHN_amp.html|title=Karan Patel is the new Mr Bajaj in Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2: Honour to take it ahead from where Ronit Roy Karan Singh Grover left|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=25 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2021
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| rowspan="3" | Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|
|-
|2026
|''[[The 50]]''
|Contestant
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Awards==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Show
! Result
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| GR8! Onscreen Couple of the Year<br /><small>(With [[Divyanka Tripathi]])</small>
| rowspan="12"|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Couple<br /><small>(With [[Divyanka Tripathi]])</small>
|{{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
| [[Zee Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor (Popular)]]
|{{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
| rowspan= "2" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards for Best Actor Drama|Best Actor (Jury)]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
| Best Romantic Actor (Male)
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":3">{{cite magazine|title=ITA Awards 2015: Karan Patel bags Best Romantic Actor trophy; list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/whats-hot/story/ita-awards-2015-karan-patel-anita-hassanandani-yeh-hai-mohabbatein-radhika-madan-meri-aashiqui-tumse-hi-win-big-261571-2015-09-07|magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Lead Role
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":4">{{cite news|title=Indian Telly Awards 2015: Karan Patel, Kapil Sharma winners -|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indian-Telly-Awards-2015-Karan-Patel-Kapil-Sharma-winners/articleshow/49977970.cms|url-status=dead|access-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317141832/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indian-Telly-Awards-2015-Karan-Patel-Kapil-Sharma-winners/articleshow/49977970.cms|archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Jodi<br /><small>(With [[Divyanka Tripathi]])</small>
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title = Indian Telly Awards 2015: Karan Patel, Sriti Jha, Kapil Sharma winners |work = [[The Indian Express]] |date = 30 November 2015 |access-date = 31 March 2016 |url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2015-karan-patel-sriti-jhan-kapil-sharma-winners/ }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Gold Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor (Popular)]]
|{{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|-
|2016
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":2">{{cite magazine|title=Gold Awards 2016: Arjun Bijlani, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Mouni Roy win top honours; full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/gold-awards-2016-arjun-bijlani-devoleena-bhattacharjee-mouni-roy-full-list-of-winners-lifetv-13451-2016-06-10|magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Best Actor in a Lead Role
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|[[Gold Awards]]
| Most Celebrated Actor (Male)
|{{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Karan Patel and Ankita Karan Patel at Ganesha puja event.jpg|thumbnail|Karan Patel with his wife [[Ankita Bhargava Patel]]]]
Patel married [[Ankita Bhargava Patel]] on 3 May 2015 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="marriage">{{cite web|url=https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/wedding-story-tv-actors-karan-patel-ankita-bhargava-123108899.html|title=The Wedding Story Of TV Actors Karan Patel And Ankita Bhargava|website=Yahoo! News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620113846/https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/wedding-story-tv-actors-karan-patel-ankita-bhargava-123108899.html|archive-date=20 June 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="marriage 2">Trivedi, Tanvi. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Karan-Patel-and-Ankita-Bhargavas-star-studded-wedding/articleshow/47148207.cms Karan Patel and Ankita Bhargava's star-studded wedding]. ''[[The Times of India]]''. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</ref> Their first child was born on 14 December 2019.<ref name="baby">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karan-patel-ankita-bhargava-welcome-baby-girl-2424393.html|title=Karan Patel, Ankita Bhargava Welcome Baby Girl|website=News18|date=14 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="baby 2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/karan-patel-and-ankita-bhargava-welcome-baby-girl-1628288-2019-12-14|title=Karan Patel and Ankita Bhargava welcome baby girl|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=15 December 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|karan-patel}}
* {{IMDb name|2817004}}
{{Subject bar
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|commons-search =
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|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Shows for Karan Patel
| list =
{{Nach Baliye}}
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}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Karan Patel
| list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actor}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actor}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Karan}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

List of Air India Express destinations

2026-03-23T19:32:11Z

Nishant taliyan: done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, [[Air India Express]] serves 61 destinations — 43 in [[India]] and 18 international destinations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Air India Express |url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Air India Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DH1">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/companies/air-india-express-adds-agartala-to-its-network-as-its-46th-destination-3121788|title=Air India Express adds Agartala to its network as its 46th destination |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 July 2024|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

The state with the most destinations is [[Kerala]] & [[Maharashtra]] with 4 each, followed by [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]] followed by with 3 destinations each, followed by [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Goa]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Karnataka]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]] with 2 destinations each.

The country with the most International destinations is [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] with 5, followed by [[Saudi Arabia]] with 3 destinations.

==List==
Here is a list of all the airports from which Air India Express operates flights.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Air India Express Destinations.png|thumb|center|800px|Air India Express passenger destinations]]
[[File:Air India Express passenger destinations in India.png|thumb|center|500px|Air India passenger destinations in India]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Country (state)
! City
! Airport
! Notes
! class="unsortable" |Refs
|-
|Bahrain||[[Manama]]||[[Bahrain International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017">{{cite web|url=http://airindiaexpress.in/images/Summer%20Time%20Table%202017.pdf|title=Summer timetable 2017: 26th March 2017 to 28th October 2017|website=[[Air India Express]]|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918100230/http://airindiaexpress.in/images/Summer%20Time%20Table%202017.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Bangladesh||[[Dhaka]]||[[Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Air India Express launches direct flights to Dhaka from Chennai and Kolkata |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-express-launches-direct-flights-to-dhaka-from-chennai-and-kolkata/articleshow/112160539.cms |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]])
|[[Port Blair|Sri Vijaya Puram (Port Blair)]]||[[Veer Savarkar International Airport]]|| align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-express-to-commence-kolkata-port-blair-service-in-dec-2024-1287768|title=Air India Express to commence Kolkata-Port Blair service in Dec-2024|work=CAPA|accessdate=24 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Andhra Pradesh]])
|[[Vijayawada]]||[[Vijayawada Airport|Vijayawada International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Visakhapatnam]]||[[Visakhapatnam International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2 February 2024 |title=New International Air Connections Opening From Vizag |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/new-international-air-connections-opening-from-vizag-880761 |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Assam]])
|[[Guwahati]]||[[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/11/24/air-india-express-add-new-routes-from-bhubaneshwar/|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dibrugarh]]||[[Dibrugarh Airport]]|| align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/air-india-express-continues-rapid-expansion-introduces-phuket-and-dibrugarh-to-its-netw|title=APN news|accessdate=31 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Bihar]])
|[[Patna]]||[[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]]|| align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://x.com/airindiax/status/1861682402109858301?s=61|title=Introducing direct daily flights between Hyderabad and Patna on January 15. |work=Air India Express|accessdate=26 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Chandigarh]])
|[[Chandigarh]]||[[Shaheed Bhagat Singh International Airport]]||||align=center|
|-
|India ([[Delhi]])
|[[Delhi]]||[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/Air-India-Express-to-Spread-Wings-Adds-Delhi-in-its-Network/2016/02/04/article3261065.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205091628/http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/Air-India-Express-to-Spread-Wings-Adds-Delhi-in-its-Network/2016/02/04/article3261065.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2016|title=Air India Express to Spread Wings, Adds Delhi in its Network|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 February 2016|access-date=4 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Goa]])
|[[Dabolim]]||[[Dabolim Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/air-india-express-announces-28-weekly-direct-flights-connecting-bengaluru-goa-and-kolkata/articleshow/110746391.cms|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|[[North Goa]]||[[Manohar International Airport]]|| align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250317-ixns25dom|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Gujarat]])
|[[Surat]]||[[Surat Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXtable">{{cite web|url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ix0903.htm|title=Air India Express|website=Timetableimages.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])
|[[Jammu]]||[[Jammu Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/10/26/air-india-express-jammu-sri-vijaya-puram-flights/|title=Jammu expansion}}</ref>
|-
|[[Srinagar]]||[[Srinagar Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://centreforaviation.com/news/air-india-express-to-commence-hyderabad-srinagar-service-in-oct-2024-1275699|title=Air India Express Telangana expansion}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Jharkhand]])
|[[Ranchi]]||[[Birsa Munda Airport]]|| align=center | || align=center |<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Karnataka]])
|[[Bangaluru|Bengaluru]]||[[Kempegowda International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/indore/news/air-india-express-from-indore-to-mumbai-and-bangalore-131698187.html|title= Air India Express will operate new flights from Indore to Mumbai-Bengaluru in winter schedule|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=17 August 2023|access-date=18 August 2023|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mangaluru]]||[[Mangaluru International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Kerala]])
|[[Kannur]]||[[Kannur International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/12/11/2018/Newest-Indian-airport-in-Kannur-will-have-4-weekly-Doha-services-by-Air-India-Express-from-December|title=Newest Indian airport in Kannur will have 4 weekly Doha services by Air India Express from December|publisher=The Peninsula Qatar|date=12 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kochi]]||[[Cochin International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Kozhikode]]||[[Calicut International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/airlines/air-india-express-ix|title=Air India Express airline profile|website=Centreforaviation.com|access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]||[[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|India ([[Madhya Pradesh]])
|[[Gwalior]]||[[Gwalior Airport|Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Airport]]|| align="center" | ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://munsifdaily.com/air-india-express-expands-services-by-45/|title=Air India Express Telangana expansion}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indore]]||[[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="Aex">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1619367037457031168|title=Air India Express to start flights to Dubai from Goa and Indore|work=JetArena|accessdate=28 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Maharashtra]])
|rowspan="2"|[[Mumbai]]||[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Navi Mumbai International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/11/22/air-india-express-launching-navi-mumbai-flights/|title=Air India Express launches flights from Mumbai's 2nd airport}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nagpur]]||[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2025/10/01/nagpur-to-get-three-more-flights-in-december/|title=Air India Express to resume flights from Nagpur}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pune]]||[[Pune Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/air-india-express-introduces-daily-chennai-pune-service-beginning-november-1-2024/cid1728385679.htm|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Manipur]])
|[[Imphal]]||[[Bir Tikendrajit International Airport]]|| align="center" | || align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/11/24/air-india-express-add-new-routes-from-bhubaneshwar/|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Nagaland]])
|[[Dimapur]]||[[Dimapur Airport]]|| align=center | ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.informalnewz.com/new-flight-service-air-india-express-will-start-new-flights-to-these-cities-check-date-and-route/?amp=1|title=Introducing direct daily flights between Guwhati and Dimapur on January 1st}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Odisha]])
|[[Bhubaneswar|Bhubhaneshwar]]||[[Biju Patnaik Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/11/24/air-india-express-add-new-routes-from-bhubaneshwar/|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Punjab, India|Punjab]])
|[[Amritsar]]||[[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]]|| align="center" | || align="center" |<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[Rajasthan]])
|[[Jaipur]]||[[Jaipur International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Jodhpur]]||[[Jodhpur Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/10/07/air-india-express-new-flights-to-7-destinations/|title=Air India launches new destinations to Rajasthan}}</ref>
|-
|[[Udaipur]]||[[Maharana Pratap Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/10/07/air-india-express-new-flights-to-7-destinations/|title=Air India launches new destinations to Rajasthan}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|India ([[Tamil Nadu]])
|[[Chennai]]||[[Chennai International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Madurai]]||[[Madurai Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/air-india-makes-a-strong-comeback-to-madurai-with-new-direct-flights-to-new-delhi-and-chennai-starting-december-offering-enhanced-connectivity-and-more-travel-options-for-passengers/|title=Air India Express resumes flights to Madurai}}</ref>
|-

|[[Tiruchirappalli]]||[[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref>{{cite web |title=Trichy AIX Base Station |url=https://twitter.com/FlyWithIX/status/1452880633013833735 |website=Twitter |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026120346/https://twitter.com/FlyWithIX/status/1452880633013833735 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |language=en |date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|India ([[Telangana]])
|[[Hyderabad]]||[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXtable" />
|-
|India ([[Tripura]])
|[[Agartala]]||[[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]]|| align="center" | || align="center" |<ref name="DH1" />
|-
|rowspan="4"|India ([[Uttar Pradesh]])
|[[Ayodhya]]||[[Maharishi Valmiki International Airport]]|| align="center" | || align=center|<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/air-india-express-to-operate-its-inaugural-flight-to-ayodhya-on-dec-30/ar-AA1lN4Ud?apiversion=v2&noservercache=1&domshim=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1&batchservertelemetry=1&noservertelemetry=1|title=Air India Express domestic expansion}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ghaziabad]]||[[Hindon Airport]]||{{Terminated|Ends 27 March 2026}} || align=center|<ref>{{cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2026/03/23/air-india-express-to-end-its-flight-operations-from-this-airport/|title=Air India Express ends flights to Ghaziabad}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lucknow]]||[[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Varanasi]]||[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|rowspan=2"|India ([[West Bengal]])
|[[Bagdogra]]||[[Bagdogra Airport]]|| align="center" | || align="center" |<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/airlines-aviation-air-india-express-expands-services-in-west-bengal-increases-weekly-flights-by-37-this-winter-3666644/|title=West Bengal expansion}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kolkata]]||[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]||{{airline hub}}|| align="center" |<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" /><ref name="businessworld1">{{cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Air-India-Express-To-Start-Kolkata-Singapore-and-Delhi-Tehran-Service/26-10-2016-107478/ |title=Air India Express To Start Kolkata Singapore and Delhi Tehran Service - BW Businessworld |website=Businessworld.in |date= |access-date=2016-10-29}}</ref>
|-
|Kuwait||[[Kuwait City]]||[[Kuwait International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|Malaysia||[[Kuala Lumpur]]||[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|Nepal||[[Kathmandu]]||[[Tribhuvan International Airport]]||align=center| || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250414-ixns25blrktm|title=Air India Express new International route}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|Oman||[[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]||[[Muscat International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Salalah]]||[[Salalah Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|Qatar||[[Doha]]||[[Hamad International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |Saudi Arabia||[[Dammam]]||[[King Fahd International Airport]]||{{Airline hub}} ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Jeddah]]||[[King Abdulaziz International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|
|-
|[[Riyadh]]||[[King Khalid International Airport]]|| align="center" | || align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/09/10/air-india-express-inaugurates-thiruvananthapuram-riyadh-flights/|title=Air India Express international expansion}}</ref>
|-
|Singapore||[[Singapore]]||[[Changi International Airport]]||||align=center|
|-
|Sri Lanka||[[Colombo]]||[[Bandaranaike International Airport]]||{{Terminated}}||align=center|
|-
|rowspan="2"|Thailand||[[Bangkok]]||[[Suvarnabhumi Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center| <ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Saurabh|title=Air India Express to link Bangkok with Surat and Pune|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/air-india-express-to-link-bangkok-with-surat-and-pune/articleshow/115737275.cms|website=The Times of India|date=27 November 2024|access-date=27 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Phuket]]||[[Phuket International Airport]]|| align=center| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2024/12/31/air-india-express-hyderabad-phuket-flights/|title=Air India Express Starts Phuket services from Hyderabad|accessdate=31 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5"|United Arab Emirates||[[Abu Dhabi]]||[[Zayed International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Al Ain]]||[[Al Ain International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Dubai]]||[[Dubai International Airport]]||{{Airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Ras Al Khaimah]]||[[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport]]||align=center| ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|-
|[[Sharjah]]||[[Sharjah International Airport]]||{{Airline hub}} ||align=center|<ref name="AIXTTSum2017" />
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Air India destinations|Air India destinations]]
*[[List of Alliance Air destinations|Alliance Air destinations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Air India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Air India Express Destinations}}
[[Category:Lists of airline destinations]]

Sukumar Hansda

2026-03-17T20:40:48Z

Nishant taliyan: content fix

{{Short description|Indian politician (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukumar Hansda
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1956/1957
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Kolkata]]
| death_date = 29 October 2020 (aged 63)
| death_place =
| office = [[Deputy Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 28 December 2018
| 2blankname = Speaker
| 2namedata = [[Biman Banerjee]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| predecessor = [[Haider Aziz Safwi]]
| term_end = 29 October 2020
| constituency =
| successor =[[Asish Banerjee]]
| governor = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]<br>[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| office2 = Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly
| term_start2 = 13 May 2011
| term_end2 = 29 October 2020
| constituency2 = [[Jhargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| predecessor2 = [[Amar Basu]]
| successor2 =
| governor2 = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Sukumar Hansda''' (1956/1957 – 29 October 2020) was an Indian [[politician]] who served as Minister for Paschimanchal Unnayan Affairs in the [[Government of West Bengal]]. He was also a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Jhargram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]] constituency in the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525085921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html Mamata allots portfolios, keeps key ministries]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/election-news/story/20090601-all-the-didis-men-739813-2009-05-21 All the Didi's men]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|title=Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet|accessdate=22 May 2011|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005213008/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|archivedate=5 October 2011}}</ref> He also served as the Deputy Speaker of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

Sukumar Hansda died of prostate cancer, aged 63, on 29 October 2020, at a private hospital in [[Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-deputy-speaker-sukumar-hansda-dies-of-cancer/articleshow/78927499.cms|title=West Bengal deputy speaker Sukumar Hansda dies of cancer|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 October 2020 }}</ref> and tested positive for [[COVID-19]].<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/west-bengal/sukumar-hansda-tmc-mla-and-bengal-assembly-dy-speaker-passes-away-2320917.html Sukumar Hansda, TMC MLA and Bengal assembly Dy Speaker, passes away]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukumar Hansda(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- JHARGRAM(PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1226 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansda, Sukumar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Jhargram district]]
[[Category:Deaths from prostate cancer in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Saurav Vishnu

2026-03-15T04:21:10Z

Nishant taliyan: Added Info

{{Short description|Indian film-maker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saurav Vishnu
| image = Saurav vishnu.jpg
| birth_place = [[Jharkhand]], India
| known_for = [[Tailing Pond (2021 Film)]]
| occupation = Director<br/> Producer<br/> Documentary film maker
| alma_mater = [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. Johns University]], <br/> [[New York City|New York]]<br>[[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur|NIT Jamshedpur]]
| years active = 2015−present
}}

'''Saurav Vishnu''' is an Indian director and producer,<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANSLive|title=Filming fission reaction like tragedies in Jadugora|url=https://ianslive.in/news/filming_fission_reaction_like_tragedies_in_jadugora-827886/NATION/1|access-date=2021-12-27|website=IANS Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Among Bollywood-backed Indian short films, a documentary on Jadugora eyes spot in Oscars shortlist|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/among-bollywood-backed-indian-short-films-a-documentary-on-jadugora-eyes-spot-in-oscars-shortlist-7174434/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> known for his works on films like [[Tailing Pond (2021 Film)|Tailing Pond]] and Guilty Not Guilty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=पुरस्कार विजेता शॉर्ट फिल्म 'टेलिंग पॉन्‍ड' को डॉक्यूमेंट्री सीरीज में बनाया जाएगा|url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/filmi-duniya/award-winning-short-film-tailing-pond-to-be-made-into-a-documentary-series/186069/|access-date=2021-12-27|website=www.navodayatimes.in|language=hindi}}</ref> Tailing pond qualified for consideration for the [[93rd Academy Awards]] in the Documentary – Short category.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 January 2021 |title=Documentary short film 'Tailing Pond' tracing the impact of uranium mining in Jadugora in consideration for 93rd Academy Awards |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/documentary-short-film-tailing-pond-tracing-the-impact-of-uranium-mining-in-jadugora-in-consideration-for-93rd-academy-awards-121012800792_1.html |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=Award-winning short film Tailing Pond to be made into documentary series|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/award-winning-short-film-tailing-pond-to-be-made-into-documentary-series-1503024197.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Saurav Vishnu was born in Jharkhand, India, and moved from [[Jamshedpur]], India to New York City in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=film detail – NYIFF – New York Indian Film Festival|url=https://www.nyiff.us/film-detail/|access-date=2021-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> A graduate of engineering, Saurav Vishnu pursued an MBA in finance and risk management at St. John's University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AWARD-Winning Short Film 'Tailing Pond' Announces WORLDWIDE TV PREMIERE|url=https://www.apnnews.com/award-winning-short-film-tailing-pond-announces-worldwide-tv-premiere/|access-date=2021-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> A graduate of engineering from [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur|NIT Jamshedpur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jharkhad Election 2024: झारखंड को मिला पहला अरबपति कैंडिडेट, जमशेदपुर पूर्वी से कोल्हान के सबसे धनी उम्मीदवार सौरभ विष्णु का नॉमिनेशन |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/jharkhand-election-2024-jamshedpur-east-sourabh-vishnu-first-billionaire-candidate/articleshow/114609395.cms |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-26 |title=Jamshedpur News : जमशेदपुर पूर्वी से निर्दलीय सौरभ विष्णु कोल्हान के सबसे धनी प्रत्याशी, दंपती के पास 100 करोड़ से अधिक की संपत्ति |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/jamshedpur-news-independent-saurabh-vishnu-kolhans |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Political career ===
Saurav Vishnu is also a politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamshedpur News: टाटा व जादूगोड़ा पर बन रही फिल्म का ट्रेलर हुआ रिलीज, फिल्म डायरेक्टर सौरभ विष्णु लड़ेंगे लोकसभा चुनाव - Trailer of film being made on Tata and Jaduguda released film director Saurabh Vishnu will contest Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-trailer-of-film-being-made-on-tata-and-jaduguda-released-film-director-saurabh-vishnu-will-contest-lok-sabha-elections-23655998.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He was a candidate for a member of parliament in May 2025 from East Singhbhum. Jamshedpur constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता सौरव विष्णु ने की लोक सभा चुनाव लड़ने की घोषणा |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-social-activist-saurav-vishnu-announced-to-contest-lok-sabha-elections-9340772.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurav Vishnu |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/lok-sabha/jharkhand/saurav-vishnu-s27led2008p009e2024c025/ |access-date=October 14, 2025 |website=www.news18.com}}</ref> Later, he also contested as a member of the legislative assembly in November 2025 from Jamshedpur East.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-11-12 |title=Jamshedpur east saurabh vishnu : जमशेदपुर पूर्वी मे निर्दलीय सौरभ विष्णु ने लगाया दम, किया जनता से ये वादा |url=https://sharpbharat.com/information/jamshedpur-east-saurabh-vishnu-2/468846/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Sharp Bharat |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-24 |title=सैकड़ों समर्थकों के साथ आज युवा और चर्चित नेता सौरव विष्णु ने किया जमशेदपुर पूर्वी से किया नामांकन, कहा, "उद्देश्य स्पष्ट है—विकास, आत्मनिर्भरता, और बेहतर भविष्य का निर्माण" |url=https://mashalnews.org/topics/election/along-with-hundreds-of-supporters-young-and-popular-leader-saurav-vishnu-filed-nomination-from-jamshedpur-east-today-said-the-objective-is-clear-development-self-reliance-and-building-a-bett/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Mashal News - मशाल न्यूज़ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-05-01 |title=Jamshedpur News:निर्दलीय प्रत्याशी सौरभ विष्णु ने किया आज नामांकन दाखिल |url=https://biharjharkhandnewsnetwork.com/jamshedpur-news-independent-candidate-saurabh-vishnu-filed-nomination-today/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Bihar Jharkhand News Network |language=en-US}}</ref> Saurav Vishnu was named Jharkhand's first billionaire candidate, with an approximate worth of over 100 [[crore]] rupees, in comparison to all the nomination paper filed by each candidates, in [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand legislative assembly]] elections.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He was Independent candidate in both elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-27 |title=Congress misleading public on 86 Basti Lease Issue: Saurav Vishnu |url=https://avenuemail.in/congress-misleading-public-on-86-basti-lease-issue-saurav-vishnu/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> His campaign was focused on education, health, and employment issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-10-23 |title=Independent candidate Saurav Vishnu to file nomination for Jamshedpur East |url=https://townpost.net/2024/10/24/independent-candidate-saurav-vishnu-to-file-nomination-for-jamshedpur-east/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Town Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Filmmaking ===
Jadugora was Saurav's first filmmaking project, as his father, Ashok Kumar Tiwary, was posted as the officer-in-charge of Jadugora police station twice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saurav Vishnu's Tailing Pond puts the spotlight on the ill-effects of uranium mining in Jharkhand|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2021/nov/19/saurav-vishnus-tailing-pond-puts-the-spotlight-on-the-ill-effects-of-uranium-mining-in-jharkhand-37145.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.indulgexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> The film took 5 years to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Tailing Pond: The Story of Jadugora|url=https://indiacurrents.com/tailing-pond-the-story-of-jadugora/|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Best Indian American Magazine {{!}} San Jose CA {{!}} India Currents|language=en-US}}</ref> A non for profit [[501(c)(3)]] organization was formed in 2017 to raise funds for the Jadugora communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AWARD-Winning Short Film 'Tailing Pond' Announces WORLDWIDE TV PREMIERE|url=https://www.apnnews.com/award-winning-short-film-tailing-pond-announces-worldwide-tv-premiere/|access-date=2022-01-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

The documentary exposes the plight of the tribal families in the small town of [[Jadugora]] because of the tailing ponds containing mildly radioactive, unguarded waste. As per the reports "47% of women in Jadugora have reported miscarriages, disruptions in menstrual cycles, and other fertility issues. Further, 51% of the children are afflicted with limb deformities and skeletal distortions, right at birth".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title='Tailing Pond' is Just the First Step in Saurav Vishnu's Quest to Unveil the Horrors of Uranium Contamination in an East Indian Village |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/tailing-pond-is-just-the-first-step-in-saurav-vishnus-quest-to-unveil-the-horrors-of-uranium-contamination-in-an-east-indian-village/ |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US}}</ref>

This is contrary to claims made by [[Uranium Corporation of India|UCIL]] regarding their investments in healthcare, ecology, and environmental protection, in their annual report for the session 2019-20 that also recorded income of Rs 2,420 crores/$310 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report of UCIL |url=https://ucil.gov.in/report.html |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=ucil.gov.in}}</ref> The documentary shows the abysmal healthcare facilities, and how the only medical centre remains closed for most part of the year.

Per Vishnu, subsequent documentary films would delve deeper into the issue of tailing ponds. (UCIL has acquired new pieces of land to construct new tailing ponds).<ref name=":0" />

In February 2024, Saurav released trailers for his two upcoming documentary feature films. The first film, ‘Nine months in Chatikocha,’ is the second movie in the Tailing Pond six-part documentary series.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-17 |title=Cynthia Nixon, Saurav Vishnu Team for ‘Tailing Pond’ Documentary Series, Short Film to Bow on ShortsTV (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/cynthia-nixon-saurav-vishnu-tailing-pond-shortstv-1235114076/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Nine months in Chatikocha,’ is about trials and tribulations of villagers in Chatikocha, Jaduguda whose land and houses were taken over by UCIL.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-18 |title=Jamshedpur's Sourav Vishnu documenting problems hidden under layers of assurances |url=https://avenuemail.in/jamshedpurs-sourav-vishnu-documenting-problems-hidden-under-layers-of-assurances/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> The film depicts the pain of the people living in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamshedpur News: टाटा व जादूगोड़ा पर बन रही फिल्म का ट्रेलर हुआ रिलीज, फिल्म डायरेक्टर सौरभ विष्णु लड़ेंगे लोकसभा चुनाव - Trailer of film being made on Tata and Jaduguda released film director Saurabh Vishnu will contest Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-trailer-of-film-being-made-on-tata-and-jaduguda-released-film-director-saurabh-vishnu-will-contest-lok-sabha-elections-23655998.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The second upcoming [[documentary film]], tentatively entitled ‘Tata,’ is about civic rights of citizens in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.<ref name=":0" />
==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Writer !! Director !! Producer
|-
|| 2018
|| ''Guilty Not Guilty''
||
|
| {{Yes}}
|-
|| 2021
|| ''[[Tailing Pond (film)|Tailing Pond]]''
||
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|TBA
|''Nine months in Chatikocha''<ref name=":0" />
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|TBA
|''Tata''<ref name=":0" />
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|TBA
|''One''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|}

== Social Work ==
Saurav is also a social activist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=लाल बाबा फाउंड्री की लंबी और संयमपूर्ण लड़ाई होगी : सौरव विष्णु |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-court-ruling-sparks-legal-battle-over-warehouse-demolition-near-lal-baba-foundry-201727785255677.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> He has filed a case against the industrial Conglomerate [[Tata Group]], aka [[Tata Steel]], against converting Jamshedpur into an [[industrial town]], which will deny citizens of Jamshedpur third voting rights to choose a mayor for their municipality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-14 |title=HC to wait for SC decision on industrial town status for JSR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/hc-to-wait-for-sc-decision-on-industrial-town-status-for-jsr/articleshow/113336689.cms |access-date=2025-10-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-13 |title=Supreme Court decision pending on Jamshedpur’s Industrial Town status |url=https://avenuemail.in/supreme-court-decision-pending-on-jamshedpurs-industrial-town-status/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-07 |title=जमशेदपुर को इंडस्ट्रियल टाउन बनाए जाने पर हाईकोर्ट ने जताई आपत्ति, मांगा जवाब |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-jharkhand-high-court-questions-notification-for-jamshedpur-industrial-town-201725709502865.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-06 |title=High Court scrutinizes Industrial Town notification for Jamshedpur |url=https://avenuemail.in/high-court-scrutinizes-industrial-town-notification-for-jamshedpur/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> This issue has long been debated at both the state and national levels and opens up discussion around self-government and good governance. Critics debate over corporate control of a large population in Jamshedpur as deterioration of the three-layered democratic system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Aniek |date=2018-07-25 |title=Battle for the soul of Jamshedpur |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/IsgoZlK5gM5igqdaTSKRpN/Battle-for-the-soul-of-Jamshedpur.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Saurav also worked on the compensation of victims of [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur|MGM Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता सौरभ विष्णु ने एमजीएम अस्पताल दुर्घटना मामले में हाई कोर्ट के मुख्य न्यायाधीश को लिखा पत्र |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-justice-for-victims-activist-appeals-to-jharkhand-high-court-over-mgm-medical-hospital-roof-collapse-201753942463770.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Jamshedpur social worker protest - उपायुक्त कार्यालय पर सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता सौरभ विष्णु का प्रदर्शन, एमजीएम हादसे में मृतक के परिजनों को मुआवजा देने और मृत्यु प्रमाण पत्र बनाने की मांग, देखिए - video |url=https://sharpbharat.com/information/jamshedpur-social-worker-protest-in-dc-office/522389/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Sharp Bharat |language=hi-IN}}</ref> He worked for open spaces for citizens,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Jamshedpur news. गोपाल मैदान में डीसी ऑफिस बनाने का सौरभ विष्णु ने किया विरोध |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur/opposition-to-building-dc-office-in-gopal-maidan |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref> tree plantation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=मानगो-साकची फ्लाईओवर के नीचे फायर हाइड्रेंट लगाने की मांग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-demand-for-water-hydrants-under-mango-sakchi-flyover-for-emergency-use-201742384928293.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> and for retired employees of Tata Steel.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-26 |title=Tata steel registered relations : टाटा स्टील के सेवानिवृत कर्मचारियों के रजिस्टर्ड बच्चों से मिले लोकसभा प्रत्याशी सौरभ विष्णु, साथ देने का किया वादा |url=https://sharpbharat.com/company-trade-union/tata-steel-registered-relations/416418/ |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Sharp Bharat |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7724339}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu, Saurav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bengali Muslims

2026-03-09T22:04:46Z

Nishant taliyan: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Ethno-linguistic and religious population in Bangladesh and India}}
{{For|the people of Bangladesh, who are overwhelmingly Bengali Muslims|Bangladeshis|Islam in Bangladesh}}
{{redirect|Islam in Bengal}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengali Muslims
| native_name = বাঙালি মুসলমান
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Sholakia Eidgah Maidan 03.jpg
| image_upright = 1.25
| caption = Bengali Muslim men performing [[Eid prayer]] at [[Sholakia]] [[Eidgah]] in [[Bangladesh]]
| langs = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> [[Classical Arabic|Arabic]] (liturgical)
| pop = 210 million (2024 est.)
| populace =
| region1 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop1 = ~160,000,000 (2024 est.){{efn|2022 census & 2024 World Bank Report<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethnic population in 2022 census |url=https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708004426/https://sid.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/sid.portal.gov.bd/publications/01ad1ffe_cfef_4811_af97_594b6c64d7c3/PHC_Preliminary_Report_(English)_August_2022.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="unpop">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BD|title=Population, total – Bangladesh|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>{{Efn|The number of [[Bangladeshis]] worldwide exceeds 190 million. Nearly 15 million Bangladeshis live outside Bangladesh and are not included during national census counts.<ref name="BangladeshiMigrants">{{Cite web |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BangladeshMigrationSnapshot">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh — Migration Snapshot Report 2024 {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/bangladesh-migration-snapshot-report-2024 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref> Considering the total number of Bengalis to be around 270–280 million, Bangladeshis constitute approximately 67–70% of the global Bengali population.|name=Bangladeshis}}}}
| ref1 =
| region2 = {{flag|India}} (West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura)
| pop2 = 35,000,000 (2011)
| ref2 = <ref name="PopWestBengal" /><ref name="PopAssam" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/politics/not-cows-to-be-milked-muslims-in-bengal-kerala-assam-are-now-assertive-want-recognition/635205/ | title='Not cows to be milked' — Muslims in Bengal, Kerala, Assam are now assertive, want recognition | work=ThePrint | date=7 April 2021 | access-date=26 March 2023 | archive-date=26 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326074534/https://theprint.in/politics/not-cows-to-be-milked-muslims-in-bengal-kerala-assam-are-now-assertive-want-recognition/635205/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Abhik |title=Museum To Display 'Miya' Culture In Assam Sealed, CM Says Only 'Lungi' Belongs To Them |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/museum-to-display-miya-culture-in-assam-sealed-cm-says-only-lungi-belongs-to-them-news-232546 |magazine=Outlook |date=26 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura | title=Explained: Why religious fault lines are emerging in Tripura | work=scroll.in | access-date=26 March 2023 | archive-date=11 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111172246/https://scroll.in/article/1008662/explained-why-religious-fault-lines-are-emerging-in-tripura | url-status=live }}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop4 = 2,000,000 (2021)
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan|title=Stateless and helpless: The plight of ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan|publisher=Al Jazeera|quote=Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan – an estimated two million – are the most discriminated ethnic community|date=29 September 2021|access-date=16 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163339/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/stateless-ethnic-bengalis-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop3 = 2,200,000
| ref3 = <ref>{{Cite news|url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/bengali-speaking-muslims-languish-in-pakistan/articleshow/71792488.cms|title = Bengali-speaking Muslims languish in Pakistan|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Chaudhury|first1 = Dipanjan Roy|quote = There are around three million Bengalis in Pakistan|access-date = 23 January 2022|archive-date = 13 February 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220213085703/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/bengali-speaking-muslims-languish-in-pakistan/articleshow/71792488.cms|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf |title=Microsoft Word — Cover_Kapiszewski.doc |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509115833/https://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Arab/P02_Kapiszewski.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop5 = 700,000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-migration-united-arab-emirates-challenges-and-responses|title=Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses|publisher=Migration Information Source|date=18 September 2013|access-date=14 December 2013|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628081959/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-migration-united-arab-emirates-challenges-and-responses|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Great Britain}}
| pop6 = 596,189
| ref6 = {{efn|Figure only includes Muslims who reported their ethnicity as "Bangladeshi" in the 2021 census of England & Wales, combined with Scotland 2011 census figure (3,053)}}<ref name=religion21>{{cite web |title=Ethnic group by religion – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM031/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/217f1401-dab4-43d3-aa77-6c9382220c0c#summary |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=ons.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>Scotland's Census 2021
Ethnic Group and Religion Update (2021). Scotland's Census.</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Oman}}
| pop7 = 130,000
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20071210/845201.html |title=Oman lifts bar on recruitment of Bangladeshi workers |website=News.webindia123.com |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222003856/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20071210/845201.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region8 = {{flag|Qatar}}
| pop8 = 550,000
| ref8 = <ref>{{cite web |last=Snoj |first=Jure |url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar |title=Population of Qatar by nationality |website=Bqdoha.com |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222095738/http://www.bqdoha.com/2013/12/population-qatar |archive-date=22 December 2013 }}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop9 = 600,000<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC">{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116181808/https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231|archive-date=16 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
| region10 = Others
| pop10 = ~7 Million<ref name="BangladeshiMigrants">{{Cite web |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BangladeshMigrationSnapshot">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh — Migration Snapshot Report 2024 {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/bangladesh-migration-snapshot-report-2024 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref>
| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br />with a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] & [[Ahmadiyyah]] minority
| related_groups = [[Bengali people]], [[Bangladeshis]]
}}
{{Islam}}
{{Bengalis}}

'''Bengali Muslims''' ({{langx|bn|বাঙালি মুসলমান}}; {{IPA|bn|baŋali musɔlman|pron}})<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sarkar |first=Benoy Kumar |author-link=Benoy Kumar Sarkar |title=Bengali Culture as a System of Mutual Acculturations  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBcxAQAAMAAJ |date=April 1941 |magazine=Calcutta Review |volume=LXXIX |issue=1 |page=10}} [''Mussalman'' also used in this work.]</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=A. K. |title=The Independence of East Bengal: A Historical Process |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LT5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=A.K. Choudhury}} [''Mussalman'' also used in this work.]</ref> are adherents of [[Islam]] who ethnically, linguistically and genealogically identify as [[Bengalis]]. Comprising over 70% of the global Bengali population, they are the second-largest ethnic group among Muslims after [[Arab Muslims|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard Eaton |editor=Barbara D. Metcalf |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8 |page=275 |chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |year=2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bengali Muslims make up the majority of [[Bangladesh]]'s citizens, and are the largest religious minority in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="aj23Dec2016">{{cite news |last1=Andre |first1=Aletta |last2=Kumar |first2=Abhimanyu |title=Protest poetry: Assam's Bengali Muslims take a stand |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |access-date=26 January 2017 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=23 December 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060836/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/protest-poetry-assam-bengali-muslims-stand-161219094434005.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

They speak or identify the [[Bengali language]] as their [[mother tongue]]. The majority of Bengali Muslims are [[Sunnis]] who follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence.

Due to its extensive trade contacts, Bengal has had a Muslim presence in the region since the early 8th century CE, but conquest of the Bengal region by the Delhi Sultanate brought Muslim rule to Bengal. The governors of the region soon broke away to form a Bengal Sultanate, which was a supreme power of the medieval Islamic East.<ref name="books.google.com.bd">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of ... |author=Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq |page=30 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9781317587460 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092434/https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref> European traders identified the Bengal Sultanate as "the richest country to trade with".<ref>{{cite book |author=Nanda, J. N |title=Bengal: the unique state |publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals, and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> The Sultans of Bengal promoted the development of Bengali as a language and the writing of Islamic literature in Bengali, paving the way for the development of a distinct Bengali Muslim culture, while many intellectuals and scholars from throughout the Muslim world migrated to Bengal.<ref name="banglalang" /><ref name=":1" />

Although Islamic culture had long developed in Bengal, it was after the Mughal Conquest of Bengal in the early 17th century and their subsequent attempt to expand cultivation in the still-forested eastern part of Bengal that a majority of Bengal would develop an Islamic identity. Mughal revenue policies encouraged Muslim adventurers to organise the development of agricultural societies among indigenous peoples with weak ties to Hinduism, who increasingly blended aspects of Islamic cosmology with folk religious worldviews and practices. Thus the majority of the rural population of central, northern and eastern Bengal would develop an Islamic identity, and the majority of Bengali Muslims today descend from these indigenous peoples.<ref name=":0" /> This expansion of cultivation also led to tremendous economic growth, and the increasingly-independent Bengal Subah would be one of the wealthiest regions in the world. Bengal viceroy [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] assumed the imperial throne. Mughal Bengal became increasingly independent under the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyoxDAAAQBAJ|title=Transitions – History and Civics – 8|first=Shiladitya|last=Ghosh|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|via=Google Books|isbn=9789325993969}}</ref>

After the East India Company conquered Bengal from the Mughals in the 18th century, they implemented the Permanent Settlement, which led to the creation of a new class of mostly upper-caste Hindu Zamindars, while putting additional burdens on the peasants, who were largely Muslims. Inspired by increasingly available travel to Arabia, religious revivalists such as Titumir and Haji Shariatullah urged an abandonment of perceived non-Islamic folk practices among the lower class Bengali Muslims, and later organised them in agitations against the zamindars and the East India Company.<ref name=":0" />

In Bengal, the British Government organised the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|1905 Partition of Bengal]], which created a new Muslim-dominated province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], although this would be reversed in 1911.<ref name=":3" /> Starting in the early 20th century, British efforts to bring what they considered 'waste' land under cultivation resulted in the large-scale immigration of Bengali Muslim peasants to [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]] and [[Arakan]] in what would become Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tonkin |first=Derek |title=Migration from Bengal to Arakan during British Rule 1826–1948 |url=https://www.toaep.org/purlResolver.php?collection=ops&psid=10-tonkin |series=Occasional Paper Series |publisher=Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher}}</ref> Increasingly in the early 20th century, tensions between Bengali Muslims and Hindus, particularly Bengali Muslim resentment of landowning Hindus, resulted in widespread support among Bengali Muslims for a separate Pakistan, which near Partition resulted in widespread communal violence.<ref name=":4" /> After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, they comprised the demographic majority of Pakistan until the independence of [[East Pakistan]] (historic [[East Bengal]]) as Bangladesh in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]].

==Identity==
A [[Bengalis|Bengali]] is a person of ethnic and linguistic heritage from the [[Bengal]] region in South Asia speaking the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] [[Bengali language]]. [[Islam]] arrived in the first millennium and influenced the native [[Bengali culture]]. The influx of Persian, Turkic, [[Arab]] and [[Mughal people|Mughal]] settlers contributed further diversity to the cultural development of the region.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |first=Richard Maxwell |last=Eaton |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780520205079 |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111746/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |url-status=live}}</ref> The Muslim population in Bengal further rose with the agricultural and administrative reforms during the Mughal period, particularly in eastern Bengal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad Mohar |title=History of the Muslims of Bengal, Vol 1 |year=1988 |publisher=Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University |isbn=9840690248 |pages=683, 404 |edition=2 |url=http://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/NEWLIGHT-MUSLIM-BENGAL.pdf |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716042530/http://www.bmri.org.uk/book_reviews/NEWLIGHT-MUSLIM-BENGAL.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nfb13May2005" /> Today, most Bengali Muslims live in the modern country of Bangladesh, the world's fourth largest Muslim-majority country, along with the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam.<ref name="aj23Dec2016" />

The majority of Bengali Muslims are [[Sunni]]s who follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence. There are also minorities of [[Shia]]s and [[Ahmadiya]]s, as well as people who identify as [[non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]] (or "just a Muslim").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|History of Bengal}}

===Early contacts===
Rice-cultivating communities existed in Bengal since the second millennium BCE. The region was home to a large agriculturalist population, marginally influenced by [[Dharmic religions]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&q=rise+of+islam+and+the+bengal+frontier |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |author=Richard Maxwell Eaton |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9780520205079 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&q=rise+of+islam+and+the+bengal+frontier |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Buddhism]] influenced the region in the first millennium. The Bengali language developed from [[Apabhramsa]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Magadhi Prakrit]] between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single Indo-Aryan branch with [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Oriya language|Oriya]], before the languages became distinct.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |title=Bengali language |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304125807/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |url-status=live }}</ref>

Centuries prior to the advent of Islam into the region, Bengal was a major center of Buddhism on the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="Sen, Sailendra Nath. 1999">{{Cite book |last=Sen, Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=81-224-1198-3 |edition=Second |location=New Delhi |oclc=133102415}}</ref> The area was under the rule of the Buddhist [[Pala Empire]] for several centuries until its collapse and subsequent conquest by the Hindu [[Sena Empire]] in the 1170s.<ref name="Sen, Sailendra Nath. 1999" /> This was an era of significant Buddhist-Brahmin religious conflict as they represented diametrically opposite camps in the Dharmic tradition with the Buddhist focus on equality threatening the Brahmin caste-based power structure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Francesca |date=12 May 2015 |title=The 1,000-year-old manuscript and the stories it tells |url=https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/news/1000-year-old-manuscript-and-stories-it-tells |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002327/https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/news/1000-year-old-manuscript-and-stories-it-tells |archive-date=8 December 2019 |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=University of Cambridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 July 2018 |title=Monumental Absence: The Destruction of Ancient Buddhist Sites |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153810/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites |archive-date=9 July 2018 |access-date=8 December 2019 |magazine=The Caravan}}</ref> In the preceding centuries Buddhism underwent a slow decline as Hindu kingdom gradually enveloped Buddhists states in the area and began of process of "de-Buddification" manifested by the reframing of Buddhist figures as Hindu avatars and the reincorporation of resistant Buddhist subjects into lower castes in society. As the Pala Empire's base of power was in Northern and Eastern Bengal, it is likely that these were areas with large Buddhist majorities which were likely heavily subjugated the Sena Empire.

Historical evidences suggest the early Muslim traders and merchants visited Bengal while traversing the [[Silk Road]] in the first millennium.<ref name="Reza & Ahmed, 2018">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ahmed |editor1-first=Iftekhar |editor2-last=Reza |editor2-first=Mohammad Habib |last1=Reza |first1=Mohammad Habib |last2=Ahmed |first2=Iftekhar |year=2018 |title=Re-Imagining Bengal:Architecture, Built Environment and Cultural Heritage |chapter=Re-imagining Bengal: Critical thoughts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iytAEACAAJ |language=en |location=Gaziabad |publisher=Copal Publishing |isbn=9789383419647 |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0iytAEACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> One of the earliest mosques in South Asia is under excavation in northern Bangladesh, indicating the presence of Muslims in the area around the lifetime of [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2012/08/201281852948844588.html |title=Ancient mosque unearthed in Bangladesh |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=18 August 2012 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321160639/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2012/08/201281852948844588.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Starting in the 9th century, Muslim merchants increased trade with Bengali seaports.<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite Banglapedia |article=Arabs, The}}</ref> Islam first appeared in Bengal during Pala rule, as a result of increased trade between Bengal and the Arab [[Abbasid Caliphate]].<ref name="kumar">{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |year=2003 |title=Essays on Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=199 |isbn=978-81-7141-682-0}}</ref> Coins of the Abbasid Caliphate have been discovered in many parts of the region.<ref name="banglapedia2">{{cite Banglapedia |article=Coins}}</ref> The people of [[Samatata]], in southeastern Bengal, during the 10th-century were of various religious backgrounds. During this time, Arab geographer [[Al-Masudi]], who authored ''[[The Meadows of Gold]]'', travelled to the region and noticed a Muslim community of inhabitants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Les Prairies d'or [Murūj al-dhahab] |author=[[Al-Masudi]], trans. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille |language=fr |editor=Pellat, Charles |location=Paris |publisher=Société asiatique |year=1962 |chapter=1:155}}</ref>

In addition to trade, Islam was also being introduced to the people of Bengal through the migration of Sufi missionaries prior to conquest. The earliest known Sufi missionaries were Syed Shah Surkhul Antia and his students, most notably [[Shah Sultan Rumi]], in the 11th century. Rumi settled in present-day [[Netrokona District|Netrokona, Mymensingh]] where he influenced the local ruler and population to embrace Islam.

===Early Islamic kingdoms===
[[File:Shait Gumbad Mosque (28116770771).jpg|thumb|alt=Exterior of a low mosque with many domes and entrances|The [[Mosque City of Bagerhat]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
While Bengal was under the [[Hindu]] [[Sena Empire]], subsequent Muslim conquests helped spread Islam throughout the region.<ref name=islambanglaped>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Abdul Karim|article=Islam, Bengal}}</ref> [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]], a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] Muslim general, defeated king [[Lakshman Sen]] in 1206 CE and annexed large parts of Bengal to the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Khalji also mounted an [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|invasion of Tibet]]. Following this initial conquest, an influx of missionaries arrived in Bengal and many Bengalis began to adopt Islam as their way of life. [[Sultan Balkhi]] and [[Shah Makhdum Rupos]] settled in the present-day [[Rajshahi Division]] in northern Bengal, preaching to the communities there. A community of 13 Muslim families headed by [[Ghazi Burhanuddin|Burhanuddin]] also existed in the northeastern Hindu city of [[Sylhet|Srihatta (Sylhet)]], claiming their descendants to have arrived from [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Qurashi, Ishfaq|script-title=bn:শাহজালাল(রঃ) এবং শাহদাউদ কুরায়শী(রঃ)|year=2012|language=bn|trans-title=Shah Jalal and Shah Dawud Qurayshi|chapter=বুরহান উদ্দিন ও নূরউদ্দিন প্রসঙ্গ|trans-chapter=Burhan Uddin and Nooruddin}}</ref> By 1303, hundreds of Sufi preachers led by [[Shah Jalal]] aided the Muslim rulers in Bengal to [[Conquest of Sylhet|conquer Sylhet]], turning the town into Jalal's headquarters for religious activities. Following the conquest, Jalal disseminated his followers across different parts of Bengal to spread Islam, and became a household name among Bengali Muslims.

===Sultanate of Bengal===
[[File:Sharafnama of Nizami, Bengal.jpg|thumb|A manuscript painting from the Bengal Sultanate depicting [[Alexander the Great]] in [[Nizami Ganjavi]]'s ''[[Iskandarnameh of Nizami|Iskandarnama]]''. The manuscript was produced during the reign of Sultan Nusrat Shah.]]
[[File:Faridpur PatrailMoshjid MG 2977.jpg|thumb|[[Pathrail Mosque]]]] [[File:ছোট সোনা মসজিদ 5.jpg|thumb|[[Choto Sona Mosque]]]]
[[File:Adina Mosque at Malda district of West Bengal 07.jpg|thumb|Ruins of [[Adina Mosque|Adina]], once the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[File:Tribute Giraffe with Attendant.jpg|thumb|The giraffe gifted by the Sultan of Bengal to China's emperor being presented by a Bengali envoy on 20 September 1414]]
[[File:Codice Casanatense Bengalis.jpg|thumb|"People of the Kingdom of [[Bengal]], gentiles, called [[Bengalis]]", 16th-century Portuguese illustration]]
The establishment of a single united [[Bengal Sultanate]] in 1352 by [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]] finally gave rise to a ''"Bengali"'' socio-linguistic identity.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Iliyas Shah |author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin}}</ref> The [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] acknowledged [[Ulama|Muslim scholarship]], and this transcended ethnic background. [[Usman Serajuddin]], also known as ''Akhi Siraj Bengali'', was a native of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] in western Bengal and became the Sultanate's court scholar during Ilyas Shah's reign.<ref>{{cite book |author=[['Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]] |title=Akhbarul Akhyar}}</ref><ref>{{cite Banglapedia |article=Shaikh Akhi Sirajuddin Usman (R) |author=Abdul Karim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia |year=2000 |author=Hanif, N |publisher=Prabhat Kumar Sharma, for Sarup & Sons |page=35}}</ref> Alongside Persian and Arabic, the sovereign Sunni Muslim nation-state also enabled the language of the Bengali people to gain patronage and support, contrary to previous states which exclusively favoured [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]] and [[Farsi|Persian]].<ref name=banglalang>"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref><ref name=jol>{{cite journal |url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344 |title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal |first=AKM Golam |last=Rabbani |date=7 November 2017 |journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=151–166 |access-date=7 November 2017 |via=banglajol.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The converted Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] funded the construction of Islamic seminaries as far as [[Mecca]] and [[Madina]] in the Middle East. The people of [[Arabia]] came to know these institutions as [[Banjaliyah Madrasah|al-Madaris al-Bangaliyyah]] (''Bengali madrasas'').

The Bengal Sultanate was a melting pot of Muslim political, mercantile and military elites. During the 14th century, Islamic kingdoms stretched from [[Muslim Spain]] in the west to Bengal in the east. Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]]'s diary is one of the best known accounts of the prelude to the Bengal Sultanate.<ref name="DunnIbn-Baṭṭūṭa2005">{{cite book |author1=Ross E. Dunn |author2=Muḥammad Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Baṭṭūṭa |date=2005 |title=The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century |publisher=University of California Press |pages=253 |isbn=978-0-520-24385-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092409/https://books.google.com/books?id=h7IwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ibn Battuta visited Bengal during the reign of Sultan [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]], a rebel governor of the Delhi Sultanate who established a city state in [[Sonargaon]]. At the time, Bengal was divided into the three city states of Sonargaon, [[Satgaon]] and [[Gauda (city)|Lakhnauti]]. In 1352, the three city states were united by Ilyas Shah into a single, unitary, independent Bengal Sultanate. The creation of the Bengal Sultanate sparked several [[Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War|Bengal-Delhi Wars]], which resulted in Delhi recognizing Bengal's independence. The [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty]] consolidated Bengali statehood, the economy and diplomatic relations. A network of Mint Towns - provincial capitals which produced the Sultan's sovereign currency called the ''[[History of the taka|taka]]'' - was established across Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns |title=Mint Towns |website=Banglapedia |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030928/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Mint_Towns |url-status=live}}</ref> The Bengali state followed the Persian model of statecraft. Muslims from other parts of the world were imported for military, bureaucratic and household services.<ref name="Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030929/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |url-status=live}}</ref> These immigrants included Turks from upper India who were originally recruited in Central Asia; as well as Abyssinians imported via East Africa into the Bengali port of Chittagong.<ref name="Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"/> A highly commercialized and monetized economy evolved. [[Islamic architecture]] was introduced on a major scale. A huge mosque called the [[Adina Mosque]] was built following the design of the [[Great Mosque of Damascus]]. A distinct Bengali Muslim architectural style developed, with [[terracotta]] and [[stone]] buildings showing a fusion of Persian and Bengali elements.<ref>Perween Hasan; Oleg Grabar (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. Bloomsbury Academic. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-381-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880 |title=Royalty, aesthetics and the story of mosques |work=The Daily Star |date=17 May 2008 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030930/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-36880 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mosques included two categories, including multi-domed rectangular structures and single-domed square structures. A distinct style of Bengali ''[[mihrab]]s'', ''[[minbar]]s'', terracotta [[arabesque]], and ''[[do-chala]]'' roofs developed; this influence also spread to other regions.

The Bengal Sultanate was ruled by five dynastic periods, with each period have a particular ethnic identity. The Ilyas Shahi dynasty was of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origins. It was replaced by the Bengali-origin dynasty of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] and [[Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah]] for a few decades before being restored

[[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] was born as Jadu, the son of Hindu King [[Raja Ganesha]]. He later ruled most of Bengal as a converted Muslim. He maintained a good rapport with non-Muslims in his kingdom. According to an interpretation of a Sanskrit [[Śloka|sloka]] by D. C. Bhattacharya, Jalaluddin appointed Rajyadhar, a Hindu, as the commander of his army. He gained support of [[Muslim]] scholars – ''[[Ulama]]'' and the ''[[Sheikh]]s''. He reconstructed and repaired the mosques and other religious architectures destroyed by Raja Ganesha.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/209/mode/1up |title=The Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1980 |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |edition=3rd |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |location=Bombay |pages=206, 210 |oclc=664485 |orig-year=First published 1960}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Taher |first=MA |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah |access-date=29 November 2020 |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707023341/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 1490s, a series of [[Habesha people|Abyssinian]] generals took turns in becoming the Sultan of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/african-rulers-of-india-that-part-of-our-history-we-choose-to-forget/#:~:text=The%20Bengal%20Sultanate%20was%20established,army%20of%20the%20Bengal%20Sultans.|title=African rulers of India: That part of our history we choose to forget|work=The Indian Express|date=23 January 2022|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728090645/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/african-rulers-of-india-that-part-of-our-history-we-choose-to-forget/#:~:text=The%20Bengal%20Sultanate%20was%20established,army%20of%20the%20Bengal%20Sultans.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/882764/the-forgotten-history-of-the-african-slaves-who-were-brought-to-the-deccan-and-rose-to-great-power|title=The forgotten history of the African slaves who were brought to the Deccan and rose to great power|work=Scroll.in|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030929/https://scroll.in/article/882764/the-forgotten-history-of-the-african-slaves-who-were-brought-to-the-deccan-and-rose-to-great-power|url-status=live}}</ref> They were succeeded by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty]] which was of [[Arab]] origin. They were in turn replaced by the [[Pashtun]] rulers of the [[Sur Empire|Suri dynasty]], who first acted as regional governors before restoring Bengali independence. The last dynasty, the [[Karrani dynasty]], was also of Pashtun origin. The sultanate period saw a flourishing of Islamic scholarship and the development of [[Bengali literature]]. Scholars, writers and poets of sultanate-era Bengal included [[Usman Serajuddin]], [[Alaul Haq]], [[Nur Qutb Alam|Sheikh Nur Qutb Alam]], [[Alaol]], [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]], [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]], [[Syed Sultan]], Qadi Ruknu'd-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad bin Muhammad al-'Amidi, Abu Tawwama, [[Ibrahim Danishmand|Syed Ibrahim Danishmand]], Syed Arif Billah Muhammad Kamel and Syed Muhammad Yusuf among others. Bengal's tradition of [[Persian literature|Persian prose]] was acknowledged by [[Hafez]]. The ''[[Dobhashi]]'' tradition saw [[Bengali language|Bengali]] transliteration of [[Arabic]] and Persian words in Bengali texts to illustrate Islamic epics and stories.

During the independent sultanate period, Bengal forged strong diplomatic relations with empires outside the subcontinent. The most notable of these relationships was with [[Ming China]] and its emperor [[Yongle]]. At least a dozen embassies were exchanged between China and Bengal.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097194580400700101 |doi=10.1177/097194580400700101 |title=The Giraffe of Bengal: A Medieval Encounter in Ming China |year=2004 |last1=Church |first1=Sally K. |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=7 |pages=1–37 |s2cid=161549135 |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109100228/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097194580400700101 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Sultan of Bengal even gifted an East African giraffe to the Emperor of China as a tribute to China-Bengal relations. The Chinese Muslim admiral [[Zheng He]] visited Bengal as an envoy of the Emperor of China. Bengali ships transported the embassies of [[Aceh Sultanate|Sumatra]], [[Bruneian Empire|Brunei]] and [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] to the port of [[Guangzhou|Canton]]. China and the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler of [[Herat]] mediated an end to the [[Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War]]. The Sultan of Bengal also acknowledged the nominal authority of the [[Abbasid]] caliph in [[Cairo]]. [[Portuguese India]] was the first European state entity to establish relations with the Bengal Sultanate. The Bengal Sultan permitted the opening of the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]].

====Conquests and vassal states====
Soon after its creation, the Bengal Sultanate sent the first Muslim army into [[Nepal]]. Its forces reached as far as [[Varanasi]] while pursuing a retreating Delhi Sultan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah|title=Iliyas Shah|website=Banglapedia|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106060514/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iliyas_Shah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Tabori, Paul (1957). "Bridge, Bastion, or Gate". Bengali Literary Review. 3–5: 9–20.</ref>

[[Arakan]] was the most volatile neighbor of the Bengal Sultanate. In 1428, the forces of Bengal restored [[Min Saw Mun]] as the king of Arakan after he fled to the court of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah. According to traditional Arakanese history, Arakan became a tributary state of Bengal and its kings adopted Muslim titles to fashion themselves after Bengali Sultans.<ref name="Chowdhury2004">{{cite book | author = Mohammed Ali Chowdhury | date = 2004 | title = Bengal-Arakan Relations, 1430-1666 A.D. | publisher = Firma K.L.M. | pages = | isbn = 9788171021185 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ | access-date = 5 January 2022 | archive-date = 4 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404212649/https://books.google.com/books?id=rohuAAAAMAAJ | url-status = live }}</ref> Arakan later shrugged off Bengali hegemony and restored full independence. It later invaded southeastern Bengal several times, sometimes with success and sometimes unsuccessfully. Arakan continued to mint its coins following the model of Bengali tanka for 300 years, even after the dissolution of the Bengal Sultanate. A total of 16 Arakanese kings used Muslim titles.<ref name="Chowdhury2004"/> Arakan forcefully deported thousands of Bengali Muslims and Hindus during its invasions and collusion with the Portuguese. Deportees included the poet [[Alaol]]. As a result, the Bengali minority in Arakan developed a distinct Arakanese identity and became influential elites in Arakanese society. Arakanese Muslims, known today as [[Rohingya people]], trace their ancestry to the period of Bengali influence in Arakan.

The Bengal Sultanate also counted Tripura as a vassal state. Bengal restored the throne of Tripura by helping [[Ratna Manikya I]] to assume the throne.<ref name="Eaton1996p64">{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64 64–] |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato/page/64 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mukherjee |first=Rila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |publisher=Primus Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |pages=34– |quote=The ''Sri Rajmala'' indicates that the periodic invasions of Tripura by the Bengal sultans were part of the same strategy [to control the sub-Himalayan routes from the south-eastern delta]. Mines of coarse gold were found in Tripura. |author-link=Rila Mukherjee |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092412/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA34 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B.Tauris |page=16 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah] reduced the kingdoms of ... Tripura in the east to vassalage."}}</ref> The Bengal Sultanate controlled [[Odisha]] at various points since the reign of [[Ilyas Shah]].<ref>Perween Hasan (2007). Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh. I.B.Tauris. p. 13. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-381-0}}. [Ilyas Shah] extended his domain in every direction by defeating the local Hindu rajas (kings)—in the south to Jajnagar (Orissa).</ref> During the reign of [[Alauddin Hussain Shah]], Bengal became an expanding regional empire. Under Hussain Shah, Bengali territory covered Arakan, Assam, Tripura, Orissa, Bihar and Jaunpur.<ref>David Lewis (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45. {{ISBN|978-1-139-50257-3}}.</ref><ref name="Hasan2007p16-17">{{cite book |author=Perween Hasan |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |pages=16–17 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote="[Husayn Shah pushed] its western frontier past Bihar up to Saran in Jaunpur ... when Sultan Husayn Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur fled to Bengal after being defeated in battle by Sultan Sikandar Lodhi of Delhi, the latter attacked Bengal in pursuit of the Jaunpur ruler. Unable to make any gains, Sikandar Lodhi returned home after concluding a peace treaty with the Bengal sultan." |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092411/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Hussain Shah minted coins with the proclamation "conqueror of Kamrupa, Kamata, Jajnagar and Orissa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Kamatapura|title=Kamata-Kamatapura|website=Banglapedia|access-date=5 January 2022|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105030938/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kamata-Kamatapura|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pratapgarh Kingdom]] came under Bengali [[suzerainty]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |script-title=bn:শ্রীহট্রের ইতিবৃত্ত: উত্তরাংশ |title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho |wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/৪৮৪ |wslanguage=bn |last=Choudhury |first=Achyut Charan |author-link=Achyut Charan Choudhury |year=1917 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Katha |page=484}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Motahar |first1=Hosne Ara |editor-last1=Ahmed |editor-first1=Sharif Uddin |chapter=Museum Establishment and Heritage Preservation: Sylhet Perspective |title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |year=1999 |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=984-31-0478-1 |pages=714–715}}</ref> The Hindu kingdom of [[Chandradwip]] was annexed by the Hussain Shahi dynasty.<ref name="Hasan1987">{{cite book |author=Sayed Mahmudul Hasan |title=Muslim monuments of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vdtAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Islamic Foundation Bangladesh |year=1987 |edition=2nd |access-date=5 January 2022 |oclc=21044013 |page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Population Census of Bangladesh, 1974: District census report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |year=1979 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=cE7C3wpNgX4C |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1498, the Hussain Shahi dynasty dispatched an army under [[Shah Ismail Ghazi]] to conquer the [[Kamata Kingdom]]. The Bengal forces overthrew the [[Khen dynasty]]. Bengali control of Assam extended into the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] and up to [[Hajo]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/217/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |page=217}}</ref> The invasions of the Bengal Sultanate into Assam provided the basis for the formation of Assamese Muslims.

====Maritime trade====
[[File:Maritime links of the Sultanate of Bengal.png|thumb|Maritime links of the Bengal Sultanate]]
Bengali ships dominated the [[Bay of Bengal]] and were the largest ships in the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] oceans. A royal vessel from Bengal could accommodate three tribute missions- from Bengal, Brunei and Sumatra- and was evidently the only vessel capable of such a task. European travelers like [[Ludovico di Varthema]], [[Duarte Barbosa]] and [[Tomé Pires]] wrote about the presence of a large number of wealthy Bengali merchants and shipowners in Malacca.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor1-link=Tapan Raychaudhuri |editor2=Irfan Habib |editor2-link=Irfan Habib |year=1982 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India |volume=I |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=130 |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9}}</ref> The trade between Bengal and the [[Maldives]], based on rice and [[shell currency|cowry shells]], was probably done on Arab-style [[baghlah]] ships.

The Chinese Muslim envoy [[Ma Huan]] wrote about a flourishing shipbuilding industry and Bengal's significant seaborne trade. The [[muslin trade in Bengal]], the production of silk and the development of several other crafts were indicated in Ma Huan's list of items exported from Bengal to China. Bengali shipping co-existed with Chinese shipping until the latter withdrew from the Indian Ocean in the mid-15th-century. Bengali port cities like [[Chittagong]] and [[Satgaon]] were possibly [[entrepot]]s for importing and re-exporting goods to China.<ref name="Mukherjee2011">{{cite book |author=Rila Mukherjee |year=2011 |title=Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |publisher=Primus Books |page=30 |isbn=978-93-80607-20-7 |quote="some of them [items exported from Bengal to China] were probably re-exports. The Bengal ports possibly functioned as entrepots in Western routes in the trade with China." |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xeqhnYtrKcC&pg=PA30 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mughal period===
The [[Mughal Empire]] eventually controlled the region under its [[Bengal Subah]] viceregal province. The [[Mughal Emperor]]s considered Bengal their most prized province. [[Emperor Akbar]] redeveloped the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Shoaib Daniyal |url=http://scroll.in/article/720351/bengali-new-year-how-akbar-invented-the-modern-bengali-calendar |title=Bengali New Year: how Akbar invented the modern Bengali calendar |work=Scroll.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426190803/https://scroll.in/article/720351/bengali-new-year-how-akbar-invented-the-modern-bengali-calendar |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 16th-century, many ''[[Ulama]]'' of the Bengali Muslim intelligentsia migrated to other parts of the subcontinent as teachers and instructors of [[Ilm (Arabic)|Islamic knowledge]] such as Sheikh Ali Sher Bengali to [[Ahmedabad]], Usman Bengali to [[Sambhal]] and Yusuf Bengali to [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Culture of Bengal: Through the Ages: Some Aspects|pages=210–215|year=1988|publisher=[[University of Burdwan]]|author=Chattopadhyay, Bhaskar}}</ref>

The process of Islamization of eastern Bengal, now Bangladesh, is not fully understood due to limited documentation from the 1200s to 1600s, the period during which Islamization is believed to have occurred.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Al-Ahsan |first=Abdullah |year=1994 |title=Spread of Islam in Pre-Mughal Bengal |s2cid=55737704 |journal=Intellectual Discourse |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=41–45}}</ref> There are numerous theories about how Islam spread in region; however, the overwhelming evidence is strongly suggestive of a gradual transition of the local population from Buddhism, Hinduism and other indigenous religions to Islam starting in the thirteenth century facilitated by Sufi missionaries (such as Shah Jalal in Sylhet for example) and later by Mughal agricultural reforms centered around Sufi missions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9;brand=ucpress |year=1993 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=7 December 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203546/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view%3FdocId%3Dft067n99v9;brand%3Ducpress |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Pir Gazi and his tiger in Sundarbans.jpg|thumb|A scene from the Gazi scrolls ([[Patachitra|Gazir Pat]]). Pir Gazi was a Sufi preacher. Sufi-led villages were centers of Islamic conversion during the Mughal period.]]
The factors facilitating conversion to Islam from Buddhism, Hinduism and indigenous religions, again is not fully understood. Lack of primary sources from that era have resulted in various hypotheses.<ref name=":2" /> Generally modern prevailing hypotheses about the early stages of Islamification of East Bengal focus on Sufi missionaries capitalizing on disaffected Buddhists and other indigenous groups following the initial conquest of the area by the Brahmin and Kshatriya dominated Sena Empire followed a few decades later by the arrival of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]] of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 1200s and the later agrarian reforms of the Mughal Empire in the 1500s.<ref name="Rahman2019">{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=Mahmadur |year=2019 |title=The Dawn of Islam in Eastern Bengal |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/65022 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |pages=8–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208002317/https://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/65022 |archive-date=8 December 2019}}</ref>

A few decades following the Sena Conquest of the region, the Sena, themselves, were conquered by Bakhtiyar Khalji opening up the region to a greater influx of Sufi missionaries. This hypothesis would explain why the Islam spread faster in East Bengal than West Bengal.<ref name="Rahman2019" /> Essentially, East Bengal had a large Buddhist population compared to West Bengal.<ref name="Rahman2019" /> The conquest of the area by Hindu kingdoms lead to the subjugation of Buddhists in the region. With the Turkic conquest, came the arrival of Sufi missionaries who were more successful at converting the largely disaffected Buddhist East Bengal versus the largely Hindu regions of West Bengal.<ref name="Rahman2019" />

A few centuries later the [[agrarian reform]]s of the Mughal Empire accelerated conversion and population growth across Bangladesh by creating a system of farming villages centered around Sufi missions.<ref name="Richard Eaton 276">{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=276|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bea-bd.org/site/images/pdf/015.pdf|title=Agrarian Relations in Bengal: Ancient to British Period|last=Alam|first=Muhammad Nur|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008203616/http://bea-bd.org/site/images/pdf/015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mughals granted landless peasants land around these missions in order to accelerate development of the fertile Ganges plain. The lead to greater concentrations of people in the area with more opportunities for Sufi missionaries to preach Islam.<ref name="Richard Eaton 276" /><ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |url-status=live }}</ref> The projects were most evident in the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]] region of East Bengal, the most fertile part of the delta.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |author=Richard Maxwell Eaton |year=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9780520205079 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111746/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although the timeline is still debated, a popular theory posed by historian Richard Eaton poses that the Islamization of northern and eastern Bengal occurred in earnest after the Mughal conquest. At the time of the Mughal conquest of Bengal, most of East and North Bengal was still covered by dense forests and inhabited by indigenous communities who were marginally influenced by Dharmic religions and practiced shifting cultivation. The Hindu descendants of these indigenous communities are today called [[Namasudra]]s and [[Poundra (caste)|Poundras]] in central and eastern Bengal, and [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshis]] in north Bengal.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> The Ganga River had just shifted to its present course along the Padma River channel, opening up these jungles for economic and agricultural development. To exploit this newfound opportunity, the Mughals made large numbers of land grants to individuals to develop the land. Although some of these pioneers were Hindu, the vast majority were Muslims. These pioneers would go into the forests and organise the indigenous inhabitants to clear the land and practice wet rice cultivation. Thus the economic centre of Bengal shifted from the drier western part to the more fertile east, and East Bengal became the economic engine of the province.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

Since most of these pioneers were Muslim, who often were subcontracted by Hindu merchants, the communities they formed developed around village mosques and the indigenous communities became more and more influenced by Islam.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> And often after the deaths of these pioneers, they were revered as ''pirs'' and their shrines became associated with mystical powers. Moreover Islamic literature which told Islamic stories in settings reminiscent of East Bengal made it easier for the locals to identify with Islamic figures. Thus gradually indigenous communities slowly began to identify more and more with Islamic culture, but blended it with their original folk culture to a great extent as very few literate Muslims were giving them instruction on Islamic practice. Thus the majority of East Bengal began to identify as Muslims, and their spiritual culture became a mixture of Islamic and indigenous folk traditions which was very distinct from the Islam practiced by the aristocracy. However the southwestern, northern and eastern eges of Bhati were still largely ruled by Hindu kings, and so a significant fraction of the indigenous population here became more influenced by Hindu ideals and developed into a variety of caste groups.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

According to historian Richard M. Eaton, Islam became the religion of the [[plough]] in the [[Bengal delta]].<ref name="books.google.com.bd" /> Islam's emergence in the region was intimately tied with agriculture.<ref name="Richard Eaton 276" /> The delta was the most fertile region in the empire. Mughal development projects cleared forests and established thousands of Sufi-led villages, which became industrious farming and crafting communities.

This made East Bengal a thriving [[melting pot]] with strong trade and cultural networks. It was the most prosperous part of the subcontinent.<ref name="star"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=bengal+most+fertile+salma+farooqi&pg=PA366 |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |author=Farooqui Salma Ahmed |page=366 |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=9788131732021 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Comprehensive_History_of_Medieval_Indi/sxhAtCflwOMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=bengal+most+fertile+salma+farooqi&pg=PA366&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> East Bengal became the center of the Muslim population in the eastern subcontinent and corresponds to modern-day Bangladesh.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

According to the 1881 Census of Bengal, Muslims constituted a bare majority of the population of Bengal proper (50.2 percent compared with the Hindus at 48.5 percent). However, in the eastern part of Bengal, Muslims were thick on the ground. The proportions of Muslims in Rajshahi, Dhaka and Chittagong divisions were 63.2, 63.6 and 67.9 percent respectively. The debate draws on the writings of some late nineteenth-century authors, but in its current form was initially formulated in 1963 by M.A. Rahim. Rahim suggested that a significant proportion of Bengal's Muslims were not Hindu converts but were descendants of 'aristocratic' immigrants from various parts of the Muslim world. Specifically, he estimated that in 1770, of about 10.6 million Muslims in Bengal, 3.3 million (about 30 percent) had 'foreign blood'.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400802192952?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=csas20|doi = 10.1080/00856400802192952|title = Hindu–Muslim separateness in Bengal: A review of some historical issues from a contemporary Bangladesh Muslim standpoint|year = 2008|last1 = Hossain|first1 = Akhand Akhtar|journal = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|volume = 31|issue = 2|pages = 364–382|s2cid = 144040355|access-date = 6 April 2021|archive-date = 31 March 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220331080518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400802192952?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=csas20|url-status = live|url-access = subscription}}</ref> In the late 1980s Richard Eaton, in a book and a series of papers, raised awkward questions about the social liberation theory of conversion from Hinduism to Islam that have yet to be fully addressed, further endorsing Rahim's argument.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232823424 |doi=10.1080/00856400802192952|title=Hindu–Muslim separateness in Bengal: A review of some historical issues from a contemporary Bangladesh Muslim standpoint |year=2008 |last1=Hossain |first1=Akhand Akhtar |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=364–382 |s2cid=144040355 }}</ref> In the late 19th century, when the first census was conducted on [[Bengal region]] in the year of (1872), it was found that the number of Hindus are at (18m) and Muslims at (17.5m) were almost the same.<ref name="thedailystar.net">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/bengali-muslims-and-their-identity-fusion-confusion-2072357|title=Bengali Muslims and their identity: From fusion to confusion|work=The Daily Star|date=5 April 2021|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625170643/https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/bengali-muslims-and-their-identity-fusion-confusion-2072357|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 1872 Census, only 1.52% or say 2.66 lakhs of the Bengali Muslim population claimed foreign ancestry.<ref name="thedailystar.net"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Rafiuddin |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1981 |title=The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=2nd |page=17 |sbn=19-562203-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Reece |date=June 2008 |title=Searching for the greatest Bengali: The BBC and shifting identity categories in South Asia |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reecej/Jones%202008%20National%20Identities.pdf |journal=National Identities |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=149–165 |doi=10.1080/14608940801997218 |bibcode=2008NatId..10..149J |s2cid=145390085 |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630154609/https://www2.hawaii.edu/~reecej/Jones%202008%20National%20Identities.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===British colonial period===
{{See also|East India Company|Nawabs of Bengal|Bengal Renaissance}}
[[File:Auguste Borget's oil on canvas painting 'An Indian Mosque on the Hooghly River near Calcutta', 1846.jpg|thumb|A mosque on the banks of the [[Hooghly River]] near [[Kolkata]].]]
[[File:Bengal PMs.png|thumb|The [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Ministers of British Bengal]] were from the Muslim community of the [[Bengal Presidency]]]]
The Bengal region was [[Bengal Presidency|annexed]] by the [[East India Company]] (EIC) in 1757. In the following decades, Bengalis led numerous revolts against [[Company rule in India|Company rule]]. In the early 19th century, [[Titumir]] led a peasant uprising against the East India Company. Meanwhile, the Bengali Muslim [[Haji Shariatullah]] led the [[Faraizi movement]], which advocated [[Islamic revivalism]].<ref name="bp-faraizi">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muin-ud-Din Ahmed |year=2012 |chapter=Faraizi Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Faraizi_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150629/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Faraizi_Movement |url-status=live }}</ref> The Faraizis sought to create a [[caliphate]] and cleanse the region's Muslim society of what they deemed "un-Islamic practices". They were successful in galvanising the Bengali peasantry against the EIC. However, the movement experienced a crackdown after the suppression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |year=2009 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA226 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=226– |isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8}}</ref> and lost impetus after the death of Haji Shariatullah's son [[Dudu Miyan]].<ref name="bp-faraizi" />

After 1870, Muslims began a seeking British-style education in increasingly larger numbers. Under the leadership of [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] the promotion the English language among [[Indian Muslims|Muslims of India]] also influenced Bengali Muslim society.<ref name="nfb13May2005">{{cite news |last1=Mukhapadhay |first1=Keshab |date=13 May 2005 |title=An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif |url=http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |url-status=dead |work=News from Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080757/http://www.bangladesh-web.com/view.php?hidRecord=44486 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> Social and cultural leaders among Bengali Muslims during this period included [[Munshi Mohammad Meherullah]], who countered Christian missionaries,<ref>{{cite news |last=Kabir |first=Nurul |date=1 September 2013 |title=Colonialism, politics of language and partition of Bengal PART XV |url=http://old-archives.newagebd.net/special.php?spid=31&id=153 |url-status=dead |work=New Age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506092343/http://old-archives.newagebd.net/special.php?spid=31&id=153 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> writers [[Ismail Hossain Siraji]] and [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]]; and feminists [[Nawab Faizunnesa]] and [[Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain]].

====Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905-1912)====
A precursor to the modern state of Bangladesh was the province of [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]] in [[British India]]. The province was created on 16 October 1905 by the [[Viceroy of India]] [[Lord Curzon]]. The province covered present-day Bangladesh, [[northeastern India]] and a part of West Bengal. It had a [[Bengali Muslim]] majority. [[Dacca]], the former Mughal capital of Bengal, was declared by the British as the capital of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The province was established through the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|first partition of Bengal]]. The British government cited administrative reasons for the creation of the new province. It promised increased investment in education and the economy of the new province. The partition galvanized [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]] and led to the formation of the [[All India Muslim League]] in Dacca in 1906. It also stoked anti-Muslim sentiment and anti-British sentiment among Hindus. Growing opposition from the [[Indian National Congress]], which accused the British of a [[divide and rule]] policy, caused the British government to reconsider the new provincial geography. During the [[Delhi Durbar]] in 1911, King [[George V]] announced that provinces would once again be reorganized. The first partition of Bengal was annulled; while Calcutta lost its status as the imperial capital of India. The imperial capital was shifted to New Delhi; while Calcutta became the capital of a reunited, albeit smaller, Bengal province. Assam was made a separate province. Orissa and Bihar were also separated from Bengal. As a compensation for Dacca, the British government established a [[University of Dhaka|university]] for the city in 1921.

During the short lifespan of the province, school enrollment increased by 20%. New subjects were introduced into the college curriculum, including Persian, Sanskrit, mathematics, history and algebra. All towns became connected by an inter-district road network. The population of the capital city Dacca rose by 21% between 1906 and 1911.<ref name=":3">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam|title=Eastern Bengal and Assam|encyclopedia=[[Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh]]|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107060825/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British promoted the settlement of Muslim cultivators from densely populated East Bengal to farm untilled lands in Assam and other places. Therefore large numbers of Bengali Muslims from Mymensingh, Pabna and Rangpur districts were incentivized to come to lower Assam where there was cheap land available.<ref name="zaman">{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Shahiuz Zaman |year=2006 |title=Identity Issue, Foreigner's Deportation Movement and Erstwhile East Bengal (Present Bangladesh) Origin People of Assam |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher=Indian History Congress |volume=67 |issue=2006–2007 |pages=624–639 |jstor=44147982}}</ref>

===1947 Partition and Bangladesh===
{{See also|Partition of Bengal (1947)|Bengali Language Movement|History of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Awami League leaders after the 1970 Pakistani General Election.webp|thumb|Awami League leaders [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Tajuddin Ahmad]], [[Syed Nazrul Islam]] and others in 1970]]
An important moment in the history of Bengali [[self-determination]] was the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 1940, which was promoted by politician [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]. The resolution initially called for the creation of a [[sovereign state]] in the "Eastern Zone" of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news |author= |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2009/03/24/69098.html |title=Do we know anything about Lahore Resolution? |publisher=Al Arabiya |date=24 March 2009 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230104/http://www.alarabiya.net/views/2009/03/24/69098.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> However, its text was later changed by the top leadership of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]. The Prime Minister of Bengal [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] proposed an independent, undivided, sovereign "Free State of Bengal" in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |title=Why did British prime minister Attlee think Bengal was going to be an independent country in 1947? |work=scroll.in |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517102749/https://scroll.in/article/907754/why-did-british-prime-minister-attlee-think-bengal-was-going-to-be-an-independent-country-in-1947 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite calls from liberal Bengali Muslim League leaders for an independent [[United Bengal]], the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] moved forward with the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947. The [[Radcliffe Line]] made [[East Bengal]] a part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. It was later renamed as [[East Pakistan]], with [[Dhaka]] as its capital.

The [[East Pakistan Awami Muslim League]] was formed in Dhaka in 1949.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molla |first1=Gyasuddin |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |title=Political Parties in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA216 |publisher=Praeger |page=216 |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8 |access-date=11 March 2023 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311153448/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA216 |url-status=live }}</ref> The organisation's name was later secularised as the [[Awami League]] in 1955 with the support o [[Maulana Bhasani]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |year=2012 |chapter=Bangladesh Awami League |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Awami_League |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034056/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Awami_League |url-status=live }}</ref> The party was supported by the Bengali [[bourgeoisie]], agriculturalists, the middle class, and the [[intelligentsia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Molla |first1=Gyasuddin |editor1-last=Mitra |editor1-first=Subrata K. |editor2-last=Enskat |editor2-first=Mike |editor3-last=Spiess |editor3-first=Clement |year=2004 |chapter=The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party |title=Political Parties in South Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA217 |publisher=Praeger |page=217 |isbn=978-0-275-96832-8 |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sir [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], [[Mohammad Ali of Bogra]], and [[H. S. Suhrawardy]], all of whom were Bengali Muslims, each served as Pakistan's prime minister during the 1950s; however, all three were deposed by the military-industrial complex in West Pakistan. The [[Bengali language movement]] in 1952 received strong support from Islamic groups, including the [[Tamaddun Majlish]]. [[Bengali nationalism]] increased in East Pakistan during the 1960s, particularly with the [[Six point movement]] for autonomy. The rise of pro-democracy and pro-independence movements in East Pakistan, with [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] as the principal leader, led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971.

Bangladesh was founded as a secular Muslim majority nation.<ref name="Baxter2018">{{cite book |author=Craig Baxter |author-link=Craig Baxter |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |year=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-98176-0 |page=70}}</ref> In 1977, however, President [[Ziaur Rahman]], trying to consolidate his power under martial law, removed secularism from the constitution and replaced it with "a commitment to the values of Islam."<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=David |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |year=2011 |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=75, 83 |isbn=978-0-521-71377-1 |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112820/https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] reaffirmed secular principles in the constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |title=Bangladesh |website=U.S. State Department |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323231455/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171752.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Science and technology==
[[File:বায়তুর রউফ মসজিদ.jpg|thumb|The award-winning modernist [[Bait Ur Rouf Mosque]]]]
Historical Islamic kingdoms that existed in Bengal employed several clever technologies in numerous areas such as architecture, agriculture, civil engineering, water management, etc. The creation of canals and reservoirs was a common practice for the sultanate. New methods of irrigation were pioneered by the Sufis. Bengali mosque architecture featured terracotta, stone, wood and bamboo, with curved roofs, corner towers and multiple domes. During the Bengal Sultanate, a distinct regional style flourished which featured no minarets, but had richly designed [[mihrab]]s and [[minbar]]s as niches.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Perween Hasan |author2=Oleg Grabar |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0}}</ref>

Islamic Bengal had a long history of textile weaving, including export of [[muslin]] during the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, the weaving of [[Jamdani]] is classified by [[UNESCO]] as an [[intangible cultural heritage]].<ref name=britannica-muslin>{{citation |title=Muslin |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504222807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399430/muslin |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fairchild-Dictionary-Textiles>{{citation |title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |year=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-60901-535-0 |pages=404– |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092905/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTYfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern science was begun in Bengal during the period of British colonial rule. Railways were introduced in 1862, making Bengal one of the earliest regions in the world to have a rail network.<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |title=History |website=Bangladesh Railway |access-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115201005/http://www.railway.gov.bd/history.asp |archive-date=15 November 2007 }}</ref> For the general population, opportunities for formal science education remained limited. The colonial government and the Bengali elite established several institutes for science education. The [[Nawabs of Dhaka]] established Ahsanullah School of Engineering which later became the [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]].<ref name="about_BUET">{{cite web|url=http://www.buet.ac.bd/?page_id=2|title=About BUET|website=BUET|access-date=15 September 2016|archive-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929021510/http://www.buet.ac.bd/?page_id=2|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Qazi Azizul Haque]] pioneered [[Henry Classification System|fingerprint classification]].

In the second half of the 20th century, the Bengali Muslim American [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] became one of the most important structural engineers in the world, helping design the world's tallest buildings.<ref name="ebKhan">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316259/Fazlur-R-Khan |title=Fazlur R. Khan (American engineer) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> Another Bengali Muslim German-American, [[Jawed Karim]], was the co-founder of YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm |title=Surprise! There's a third YouTube co-founder |access-date=22 July 2017 |work=USA Today |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805161152/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-10-11-youtube-karim_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, the modernist Bait-ur-Rouf Mosque, inspired by the Bengal Sultanate-style of buildings, won the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/3/china-denmark-projects-among-architecture-award-wi/|title=China, Denmark projects among architecture award winners|work=The Washington Times|language=en-US|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215092531/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/3/china-denmark-projects-among-architecture-award-wi/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Islam in Bangladesh|Ahmadiyya in Bangladesh|Shia Islam in Bangladesh|Islam in West Bengal|Islam in Assam|Bangladeshi diaspora}}
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Areas of the [[Hanafi]] school are shaded in light green]]
[[File:East Bengal religion map.jpg|thumb|East Bengal's Muslim majority areas highlighted in green on a religious demography map of British India, 1909]]
Bengali Muslims constitute the world's second-largest Muslim ethnicity (after the Arab world) and the largest Muslim community in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfi.org/articles2/articles_2751_2800/Understanding%20the%20Bengal%20Muslims.HTM |title=Understanding the Bengal Muslims Interpretative Essays Hardcover |website=Irfi.org |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=27 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327205419/http://www.irfi.org/articles2/articles_2751_2800/Understanding%20the%20Bengal%20Muslims.HTM |url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 153{{nbsp}}million Bengali Muslims live in [[Bangladesh]] as of 2020, where Islam commands the demographic majority.<ref name="pew">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|title=Religions in Bangladesh {{pipe}} PEW-GRF|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409172932/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bangladesh/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=16&affiliations_year=2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian state of [[West Bengal]] is home to an estimated 23-24 million Bengali Muslims as per 2021 estimation, rest 6-7 million Muslims are Urdu and Surjapuri speaking Muslims.<ref name="PopWestBengal">{{bulletedlist|{{Cite magazine |date=19 April 2021|first=Jayanta|last=Ghosal|title=Decoding the Muslim vote in West Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/decoding-the-muslim-vote-in-west-bengal-1792723-2021-04-19|access-date=22 January 2022|magazine=India Today|language=en}}|{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal|title=West Bengal Population 2021|access-date=4 May 2021|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502112611/https://www.indiacensus.net/states/west-bengal|url-status=live}}|{{Cite web|last=hajarduar|date=22 October 2013|title=The curious case of the Surjapuri people|url=https://alalodulal.org/2013/10/22/the-curious-case-of-the-surjapuri-people/|access-date=22 January 2022|website=আলাল ও দুলাল {{!}} Alal O Dulal|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122132658/https://alalodulal.org/2013/10/22/the-curious-case-of-the-surjapuri-people/|url-status=live}}}}</ref> Two districts in West Bengal{{snd}}[[Murshidabad]] and [[Malda district|Maldah]] have a Muslim majority and [[North Dinajpur]] has a plurality.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title=Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721165614/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian state of [[Assam]] has over 9{{nbsp}}million Bengali Muslims out of 13 million Muslim population in Assam.<ref name="PopAssam">{{bulletedlist|{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=10 February 2020 |title=Assam plans survey to identify indigenous Muslim population |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 April 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416195642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam-plans-survey-to-identify-indigenous-muslim-population/article30780667.ece |url-status=live }}|{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Myithili |date=12 February 2020 |title=BJP wants to segregate Assamese Muslims from Bangladeshi Muslims, but some ask how |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp |work=ThePrint |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227034321/https://theprint.in/india/bjp-wants-to-segregate-assamese-muslims-from-bangladeshi-muslims-but-some-ask-how/363736/?amp |url-status=live }}}}</ref> Nine out of thirty-three districts in Assam have a Muslim majority.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-muslims-plan-mini-nrc/article34292248.ece|title=Assamese Muslims plan 'mini NRC'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 April 2021|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420102353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assamese-muslims-plan-mini-nrc/article34292248.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2012|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|title=Muslim majority districts in Assam up|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 August 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Muslim-majority-districts-in-Assam-up/articleshow/48682463.cms|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/|title=Assam Muslim growth is higher in districts away from border|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223192413/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-muslim-growth-is-higher-in-districts-away-from-border/|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live|work=The Indian Express|date=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html|title=Census 2011 data rekindles 'demographic invasion' fear in Assam|access-date=23 December 2015|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104231940/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/census-2011-data-rekindles-demographic-invasion-fear-in-assam/story-oZUhBaXPNupGBmGQirjV0I.html|archive-date=4 January 2016|url-status=live|date=26 August 2015}}</ref> [[Tripura]], a north-eastern state of India has around 3.8 lakh Bengali Muslim population, or say 9% as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59047517|title = Tripura: Anti-Muslim violence flares up in Indian state|work = BBC News|date = 28 October 2021|access-date = 4 November 2021|archive-date = 3 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211103183713/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59047517|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Rohingya]] community in western [[Myanmar]] have significant Bengali Muslim heritage.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=woblBsJsmZQC|title=The History of Myanmar|first1=William J.|last1=Topich|first2=Keith A.|last2=Leitich|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313357244}}</ref>

A large Bengali Muslim [[Bangladeshi diaspora|diaspora]] is found in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]], which are home to several million expatriate workers from South Asia. A more well-established diaspora also resides in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and [[Pakistan]]. The first Bengali Muslim settlers in the United States were ship jumpers who settled in [[Harlem]], New York and [[Baltimore]], Maryland in the 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dizikes |first1=Peter |title=The hidden history of Bengali Harlem |url=https://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107 |website=MIT News Office |date=7 January 2013 |publisher=MIT |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510120612/http://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{See also|Culture of Bangladesh|Culture of Bengal|Islamic culture}}
[[File:Ostad Alauddin Khan at Karjon Hall 1955.png|thumb|[[Ustad Alauddin Khan]] (centre), one of the greatest maestros of South Asian classical music, performing with his ensemble at [[Curzon Hall]] in Dhaka, 1955]]
[[File:Lalon shah majar's.jpg|thumb|[[Mausoleum of Lalon Shah]], a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] [[Baul]] poet inspired by [[Sufism]]]]

===Surnames===
{{Main|Bengali Muslim Surname}}

Surnames in Bengali Muslim society reflect the region's cosmopolitan history. They are mainly of [[Arabic]] and [[Farsi|Persian]] origin, with a minority of Bengali surnames.

====Art====
{{see also|Art of Bangladesh}}
[[File:Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli,_Narayanganj_113.jpg|thumb|[[Jamdani]] weaving]]

Zainul Abedin, who's better known as '''Shilpacharya''' (Master of Art) was a prominent painter. His famine sketches of the 1940s are his most remarkable works of all time.

The unique trend of [[Rickshaw painting of Bangladesh|rickshaw art]] started from major cities of Bangladesh like [[Rajshahi]] and [[Dhaka]] and took its own style in each district. [[Chittagong]] being a more pious city than Dhaka mostly had floral or scenery art whereas [[Cumilla]] has plain rickshaws with beautiful blue and green hoods, on which are sewn an appliqué of a minaret or floral design enshrining the word "[[Allah]]" which means "God" in Arabic. Rickshaw and rickshaw painting of Bangladesh are listed as '[[Intangible cultural heritage|intangible heritage]]' by UNESCO. As a people's craft, of Bengal cloth architecture has seen transformation in the past decade for open-air public functions such as melas and religious gatherings like ''urs'' and ''waz-mahfil'' and [[Eidgah]]s for Eid prayers.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Art_and_Crafts |title=Art and Crafts |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The [[Patua]] of Bangladesh are a unique community, in that their traditional occupation is the painting which is known as [[Patachitra]] and modelling of Hindu idols, yet many of them are Muslims. Gazir Pata (scroll of [[Gazi Pir]]) is the most famous scroll painting made by Bengali [[Patua]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Gazir_Pat |title=Gazir Pat |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

The weaving industry of Bengal has prospered with the help of the Muslims natives. The Bengali origin [[Jamdani]] is believed to be a fusion of the ancient cloth-making techniques of Bengal with the muslins produced by Bengali Muslims of Dhaka since the 14th century. Jamdani is the most expensive product of traditional Bengali looms since it requires the most lengthy and dedicated work. The traditional art of weaving jamdani was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] in 2013<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299805/jamdani |title=jamdani |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2013-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/jamdani-recognised-as-intangible-cultural-heritage-by-unesco/ |title=Jamdani recognised as intangible cultural heritage by Unesco |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2013-12-04}}</ref><ref name="Jamdani">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00879 |title=Traditional art of Jamdani weaving |publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector |access-date=2013-12-04}}</ref> and Bangladesh received [[geographical indication]] (GI) status for Jamdani Sari in 2016.

[[Sheikh Zainuddin]] was a prominent Bengali Muslim artist in the 18th century during the colonial period. His works were inspired by the style of Mughal courts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zainuddin,_Sheikh|title=Zainuddin, Sheikh|website=Banglapedia|language=en|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124543/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Zainuddin,_Sheikh|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Architecture===
An indigenous style of Islamic architecture flourished in Bengal during the medieval Sultanate period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Perween |year=2007 |title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=34 |isbn=978-1-84511-381-0 |quote=The Sultanate mosques ... all had in common a remarkable uniformity of design ... features familiar from the Islamic architecture of the central Islamic lands and north India reappear here; others are totally new.}}</ref> Traditional Bengali Islamic architecture includes elements like brick, [[Terracotta|floral terracotta]] and [[stone]] craftsmanship. Mosques with multiple domes are proliferated in the region. Bengali Islamic architecture emerged as a synthesis of Bengali, Persian, Byzantine, and Mughal elements.

The [[Indo-Saracenic]] style influenced Islamic architecture in South Asia during the British Raj. Notable examples of this style is [[Curzon Hall]] and [[High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|High Court Building]] in Dhaka.

[[East Pakistan]] was the center of the Bengali modernist movement started by [[Muzharul Islam]]. Many renowned global architects worked in the region during the 1960s, which are still prevalent in modern-day [[Architecture of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]].

===Sufism===
{{See also|Sufism in Bangladesh}}
[[File:Ektara 2.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Ektara - An instrument used by Baul singers]]
[[Sufi]] spiritual traditions are central to the Bengali Muslim way of life. The most common Sufi ritual is the [[Dhikr]], the practice of repeating the names of God after prayers. Sufi teachings regard the [[Muhammad]] as the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A3880C |title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |website=Abc-Clio.com |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072701/http://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A3880C |url-status=live }}</ref> Sufism is regarded as the individual internalization and intensification of the Islamic faith and practice. The Sufis played a vital role in developing Bengali Muslim society during the medieval period. Historic Sufi missionaries are regarded as [[saint]]s, including [[Shah Jalal]], [[Khan Jahan Ali]], [[Shah Amanat]], [[Shah Makhdum Rupos]] and Khwaja Enayetpuri. Their [[mausoleum]]s are focal points for charity, religious congregations, and festivities.

'''Baul''' is a Bengali mendicant folk sect influenced by concepts of [[Sufism]]. Baul songs may be sung at Baul akhdas or in the open air. At akhdas, songs are sung in the style of ''hamd'' (song in praise of God), ''ghazal'' or ''nat'' (song in praise of the [[Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)|Prophet Muhammad]]). Baul singers often play instruments such as ''ektara'', ''dugdugi'', ''khamak'', ''dholak'', ''sarinda'', and ''dotara'''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baul |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Baul |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Banglapedia |language=en}}</ref>

====Syncretism====
As part of the [[Conversion to Islam|conversion]] process, a [[Syncretism#Religious syncretism|syncretic version]] of mystical Sufi Islam was historically prevalent in medieval and early modern Bengal. The Islamic concept of [[tawhid]] was diluted into the veneration of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Hindu folk deities]], who were now regarded as [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banu|first1=U.A.B. Razia Akter|title=Islam in Bangladesh|year=1992|publisher=BRILL|location=New York|isbn=90-04-09497-0|pages=34–35|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&q=%22Islam+Prochar+Samity%22&pg=PA51|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707093406/https://books.google.com/books?id=XyzqATEDPSgC&q=%22Islam+Prochar+Samity%22&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Folk deities such as [[Shitala]] (goddess of [[smallpox]]) and [[Oladevi]] (goddess of [[cholera]]) were worshipped as pirs among the poorer sections of Muslim society. These practices have almost entirely died out with the spread of Islamic revivalism throughout regions where Bengali Muslims live.<ref name=":0"/>

===Language===
[[File:Shaheed Minar on 21st February.jpg|alt=Abstract outdoor monument, reminiscent of a prison|thumb|[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] (Martyr Monument), at the [[University of Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, commemorates those who were killed on 21 February 1952 Bengali [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]] demonstration.]]
Bengali Muslims maintain their indigenous language with its native [[Bengali alphabet|script]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Milam |first=William B. |date=4 July 2014 |title=The tangled web of history |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/07/03/the-tangled-web-of-history |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707093407/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/07/03/the-tangled-web-of-history |url-status=live }}</ref> This tradition is similar to that of Central Asian and [[Chinese Muslims]].

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] evolved as the most easterly branch of the [[Indo-European languages]].{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} The [[Bengal Sultanate]] promoted the literary development of Bengali over Sanskrit, apparently to solidify their political legitimacy among the local populace. Bengali was the primary vernacular language of the Sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|1993|p=67}} Bengali borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. Under the Mughal Empire, considerable autonomy was enjoyed in the Bengali literary sphere.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Versteegh |first1=C. H. M. |last2=Versteegh |first2=Kees |title=The Arabic Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA237 |year=2001 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |page=237 |isbn=978-0-7486-1436-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |title=BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |access-date=30 July 2015 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103102347/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal |url-status=live }}</ref> The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was a key part of East Pakistan's nationalist movement. It is commemorated annually by UNESCO as [[International Mother Language Day]] on 21 February.

===Literature===
[[File:Kazi nazrul islam with Setar.jpg|thumb|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], the national poet of Bangladesh]]
While proto-Bengali emerged during the pre-Islamic period, the Bengali literary tradition crystallised during the Islamic period. As Persian and Arabic were prestige languages, they significantly influenced [[vernacular]] Bengali literature. The first efforts to popularise Bengali among Muslim writers was by the Sufi poet [[Nur Qutb Alam]].<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |website=Blogs.edgehill.ac.uk |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Nur Qutb Alam |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nur_Qutb_Alam |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718014603/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nur_Qutb_Alam |url-status=live}}</ref> The poet established the ''Rikhta'' tradition which saw poems written in half Persian and half colloquial Bengali. The invocation tradition saw Bengali Muslim poets re-adapting Indian epics by replacing invocations of Hindu gods and goddesses with figures of Islam. The romantic tradition was pioneered by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]], whose work on ''[[Yusuf and Zulaikha]]'' was widely popular among the people of Bengal.<ref name="Rizvi1965">{{cite journal |last1=Rizvi |first1=S.N.H. |title=East Pakistan District Gazetteers |journal=Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department |year=1965 |issue=1 |page=353 |url=http://dl.nlb.gov.bd/greenstone/collect/admin-books/index/assoc/HASHe169/d1b0804f.dir/EAST%20PAKISTAN%20DISTRICT%20GAZETTEER%20CHITTAGONG%20-%20page%201.pdf |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155623/http://dl.nlb.gov.bd/greenstone/collect/admin-books/index/assoc/HASHe169/d1b0804f.dir/EAST%20PAKISTAN%20DISTRICT%20GAZETTEER%20CHITTAGONG%20-%20page%201.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Other notable romantic works included ''Layla Madjunn'' by Bahram Khan and ''Hanifa Kayrapari'' by Sabirid Khan.<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk"/> The ''[[Dobhashi]]'' tradition features the use of Arabic and Persian vocabulary in Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim contexts.<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk"/> Medieval Bengali Muslim writers produced [[epic poetry]] and elegies, such as ''Rasul Vijay'' of Shah Barid, ''Nabibangsha'' of [[Syed Sultan]], ''Janganama'' of [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]] and ''Maktul Hussain'' of Mohammad Khan. [[Cosmology]] was a popular subject among Sufi writers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Sufi Literature |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911195841/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 17th century, Bengali Muslim writers such as such as [[Alaol]] found refuge in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] where he produced his epic, ''Padmavati''.<ref name="Rizvi1965" />

Bengal was also a major center of [[Persian literature]]. Several newspapers and thousands of books, documents and manuscripts were published in Persian for 600 years. The Persian poet [[Hafez]] dedicated an ode to the literature of Bengal while corresponding with [[Sultan]] Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Billah |first=Abu Musa Mohammad Arif |year=2012 |chapter=Persian |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=29 August 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911055911/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Persian |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first Bengali Muslim novelist was [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] in the 19th century. The highly acclaimed poetry of Kazi Nazrul Islam espoused spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Nazrul also wrote Bengali [[ghazal]]s. [[Begum Rokeya]] was a pioneering Bengali female writer who published [[Sultana's Dream]], one of the earliest examples of [[feminist science fiction]]. The Muslim Literary Society of Bengal was founded by free-thinking and progressive teachers of Dacca University under the chairmanship of Dr.{{nbsp}}[[Muhammad Shahidullah]] on 19 January 1926. The [[Freedom of Intellect Movement]] was championed by the society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huq |first=Khondkar Serajul |year=2012 |chapter=Muslim Sahitya-Samaj |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |access-date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203131546/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj |url-status=live }}</ref> When Bengal was partitioned in 1947, a distinct literary culture evolved in East Pakistan and modern Bangladesh. [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]] was regarded as the country's poet laureate. [[Jasimuddin]] became noted for poems and songs reflecting life in rural Bengal and was given the title "''Polli Kobi''". [[Al Mahmud]] was considered one of the greatest [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poets to have emerged in the 20th century.<ref name="thedailystar1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-193948|title=Al Mahmud turns 75|date=13 July 2011|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216035441/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-193948|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Humayun Ahmed]] promoted the Bangladeshi field of [[magical realism]]. [[Akhtaruzzaman Elias]] was noted for his works set in Old Dhaka. [[Tahmima Anam]] has been a noted writer of [[Bangladeshi English literature]].

====Literary societies====
* [[Kendriyo Muslim Sahitya Sangsad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kendriyo_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad|title=Kendriyo Muslim Sahitya Sangsad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=31 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092833/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kendriyo_Muslim_Sahitya_Sangsad|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Muslim Sahitya-Samaj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj|title=Muslim Sahitya-Samaj|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203131546/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muslim_Sahitya-Samaj|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Samiti|title=Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203114337/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Samiti|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bangiya Sahitya Bisayini Mussalman Samiti]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Sahitya_Bisayini_Mussalman_Samiti|title=Bangiya Sahitya Bisayini Mussalman Samiti|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153250/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Sahitya_Bisayini_Mussalman_Samiti|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Mohammedan Literary Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammedan_Literary_Society|title=Mohammedan Literary Society|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134942/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mohammedan_Literary_Society|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Purba_Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad|title=Purba Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630052748/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Purba_Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad]], 1952<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad,_1952|title=Pakistan Sahitya Sangsad, 1952|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129104615/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pakistan_Sahitya_Sangsad,_1952|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uttar Banga Sahitya Sammilani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Uttar_Banga_Sahitya_Sammilani|title=Uttar Banga Sahitya Sammilani|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070639/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Uttar_Banga_Sahitya_Sammilani|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Rangapur Sahitya Parisad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rangapur_Sahitya_Parisad|title=Rangapur Sahitya Parisad|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070641/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rangapur_Sahitya_Parisad|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Literary magazines ====
* [[Begum (magazine)|Begum]]
* Mussalman Sahitya Patrika<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Patrika|title=Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Patrika|website=Banglapedia|access-date=12 January 2020|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153426/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangiya_Mussalman_Sahitya_Patrika|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Saogat]]

===Music===
[[File:হাসন রাজা (ঊর্ধাংশ).jpg|thumb|[[Hason Raja]] was a mystic Muslim poet whose songs are widely popular in the region]]
A notable feature of Bengali Muslim music is the syncretic [[Baul]] tradition. The leading iconic practitioner of Baul tradition was [[Fakir Lalon Shah]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Urban|first1=Hugh B.|title=Songs of ecstasy tantric and devotional songs from colonial Bengal|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-513901-3|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivG6mAEACAAJ|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707093407/https://books.google.com/books?id=ivG6mAEACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Baul music is included in the [[UNESCO]] [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].

[[Nazrul Sangeet]] is the collection of 4,000 songs and [[ghazal]]s written by Kazi Nazrul Islam.

[[Indian classical music|South Asian classical music]] is widely prevalent in the region. [[Alauddin Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], and [[Gul Mohammad Khan]] were notable Bengali Muslim exponents of classical music.

In the field of modern music [[Runa Laila]] became widely acclaimed for her musical talents across South Asia.<ref name=Sharma>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=Beyond borders Runa Laila |url=http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/beyond-borders-runa-laila-1479.html |website=Filmfare.com |publisher=Times Internet Limited |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306200531/http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/beyond-borders-runa-laila-1479.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{see also|Bangladeshi cuisine|Bengali Cuisine|Mughlai Cuisine}}
[[File:Bangladeshi_cuisine.png|thumb|Iconic [[List of Bangladeshi dishes|Bengali dishes]] from Bangladesh. [[Shorshe Ilish]], Kacchi [[Biryani]] and [[Pitha]]]]
The Mughal influence in Bengali Cuisine led to an increase in the use of milk and sugar in sweet dishes like [[Rasmalai]] of [[Cumilla]], [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]] of [[Shatkhira]], Malai [[Chomchom]] of [[Tangail]], [[Mishti Doi]] of [[Bogra]], Muktagachhar monda, [[Roshkodom]] of [[Rajshahi]] and [[Chhanamukhi]] of [[Brahmanbaria]]. Uses of Cream ([[Malai]]), Mutton, chicken and ghee and spices like cardamon and saffron has increased due to the heavy Mughal influence.

[[Dhaka]], the capital of [[Bengal Subah|Mughal Bengal]] and present day capital of Bangladesh, has been the epitome of Perso-Bengali and Arab-Bengali cuisines. Within [[Bengali cuisine]], Muslim dishes include the serving of meat curries, [[pilaf|pulao]] rice, various [[biryani]] preparations, and dry and dairy-based desserts alongside traditional fish and vegetables. [[Bakarkhani]] breads from Dhaka were once immensely popular in the imperial court of the Mughal Empire. Other major breads consumed today include [[naan]] and [[paratha]]. In present-day Bangladesh the Mughal-influenced foods are immensely popular such as Shuti Kabab, [[Kala bhuna]], [[Korma]], Rôst, [[Mughlai Paratha]], Jali Kabab, [[Shami Kabab]], [[Akhni]], Tehari, [[Tandoori Chicken|Tanduri Chicken]], [[Kofta]], Firni and [[Samosa|Shingara]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/food/mughlai-cuisine-how-16th-century-empire-food-found-its-way-our-tables-293797?amp | title=Mughlai cuisine: How 16th century empire food found its way to our tables | date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>
Different types of Bengali [[biryani]] and [[pilaf]] include the ''Kachi'' ([[mutton]]), ''Illish pulao'' ([[hilsa]]), ''Tehari'' (beef), and ''Murg Pulao'' (chicken). ''[[Mezban]]'' is a renowned spicy beef curry from Chittagong. Regional varieties include delicacies like [[Bakarkhani]], [[Shahi jilapi]], [[Haji biryani]], [[Borhani]] of [[Dhaka]], [[Kala bhuna]], [[Gosht]], [[Durus kura]], [[Nakshi Pitha]] of [[Chittagong]] and [[Akhni]], [[Duck Bamboo Curry]], [[Hutki shira]] of [[Sylhet]]. [[Halwa]], [[Falooda]], [[Kulfi]], [[pitha]]s, [[Curd (India)|yogurt]] (such as [[Curd of Bogra]] and [[Mishti Doi]]), and [[shemai]] are typical Muslim desserts in [[Bengali cuisine]]. In the Bengali majority country of Bangladesh, people prefers to eat more spicy food rather than sweet comparing to West Bengal. Iconic Bengali dishes like [[Shorshe Ilish]], [[Kala bhuna]], [[Bhurta]], [[Shutki Shira]], [[Chingri Malaikari]], [[Machher Jhol]], Machher Paturi and Kacchi [[Biryani]] has their origins in Bangladesh. [[List of Bangladeshi dishes|Bengali dishes]] like [[Shemai]], [[Chotpoti]], [[Handesh]], Nunbora and [[Pitha]]s are part of the [[Festivals of Bangladesh|Bengali celebration]] of [[Eid Al Fitr]]. [[Bangladeshi cuisine]] is a great example of Muslim culture of [[Bengali cuisine]] as meat is more common among [[Bangladeshis]].

===Festivals===
{{Main|Public holidays in Bangladesh|Festivals in Bangladesh}}

[[File:জাতীয় ঈদগাহ ময়দান.jpg|thumb|right|National [[Eidgah]] of Bangladesh decorated in the occasion of [[Islamic holidays|Eid]]]]

According to a famous Bengali proverb, there are thirteen festivals in twelve months ({{Langx|bn|বারো মাসে তেরো পার্বণ|translit=Bārō māsē tērō pārbaṇa}}).
[[Eid-ul-Fitr]] at the end of [[Ramadan]] is the largest religious festival among Bengali Muslims. The festival of sacrifice takes place during [[Eid-al-Adha]], with cows and goats as the main sacrificial animals. [[Muharram]] and [[Mawlid|Muhammad's birthday]] are national holidays in Bangladesh. During Muharram, Bengali Muslims enjoys the [[Jari gan]] and [[Lathi Khela]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Muharram |title=Muharram |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> The biggest Jashne Julus happens in [[Chittagong]].<ref>50th "Jashne Julus" to be held in Ctg tomorrow - The Daily Star https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/50th-jashne-julus-be-held-ctg-tomorrow-3138246?amp</ref>
After [[Mawlid|Milad]] [[mehfil]], Bengali Muslims distribute sweets such as [[Pantua]], [[Chomchom]], kalojam, Moa, Naru and [[Roshogolla]]. Other festivals like [[Shab-e-Barat]] feature prayers and exchange of [[List of Bangladeshi sweets and desserts|Bengali sweets]] such as [[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]], [[Barfi]] and [[Halwa]] and many other festivities especially by [[Dhakaiyas]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shab-e-Barat and Old Dhaka foods |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/shab-e-barat-and-old-dhaka-foods-90946 |work=The Daily Star |date=1 June 2015}}</ref> [[Pohela Boishakh]] is the biggest celebration in [[Bangladesh]] which was founded by the Bengali Muslim [[Mahifarash]] community in [[Old Dhaka]]. The day marked by [[Mangal Shobhajatra]], [[Boishakhi Mela]], Borshoboron celebration by [[Chhayanaut]] in Ramna Batamul and tradition meals like [[Panta Bhat|Panta Ilish]] and [[Bhurta]]. [[Dhaka]] has this kite festival called [[Shakrain]]. Other festivals like [[Pohela Falgun]], [[Nouka Baich]], [[Barsha Utsab|Borsha Mongol]], [[Haal Khata]], [[Nabanna]], [[Rabindra Jayanti]] and [[Nazrul Jayanti]] are celebrated with great care.

====Bishwa Ijtema====
The [[Bishwa Ijtema]], organised annually in Bangladesh, is the second-largest Islamic congregation after the [[Hajj]]. It was founded by the orthodox [[Sunni]] [[Tablighi Jamaat]] movement in 1954.

==Leadership==
[[File:Bayt al Mukarram.jpg|thumb|[[Baitul Mukarram]], the national mosque of Bangladesh and the headquarters of the nation's [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|Islamic Foundation]]]]
There is no single governing body for the Bengali Muslim community, nor a single authority with responsibility for religious doctrine. However, the semi-autonomous [[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh|Islamic Foundation]], a government institution, plays an important role in Islamic affairs in Bangladesh, including setting festival dates and matters related to [[zakat]]. The general Bengali Muslim clergy remains deeply orthodox and conservative. Members of the clergy include [[Mawlānā]]s, [[Imams]], [[Ulama]]s, and [[Muftis]].

The clergy of the Bengali Muslim [[Shia]] minority have been based in the old quarter of Dhaka since the 18th century.

==Notable individuals==
{{See also|List of Bangladeshis|List of Bengalis}}
[[File:Muhammad Yunus 2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhammad Yunus]], winner of the 2006 [[Nobel Peace Prize]]]]
[[Muhammad Yunus]] is the first Bengali Muslim Nobel laureate who was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for founding the [[Grameen Bank]] and pioneering the concepts of [[microcredit]] and [[microfinance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006 |date=13 October 2006 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=13 October 2006 |archive-date=19 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019130920/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/press.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Begum Rokeya]] was one of the world's first Muslim feminists. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] was renowned as the ''Rebel Poet'' of British India and the National Poet of Bangladesh. [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was the first [[President of Bangladesh]]. On 14 April, the final day, which was also the [[Pohela Boishakh]], the BBC announced [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], as the ''Greatest Bengali of All Time'' voted by Bengalis worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-04-14 |title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |access-date=2017-12-14}}</ref> [[Iskander Mirza]] was the first president of the [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]. [[Khwaja Salimullah]] was one of the founders of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] was the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal|Prime Minister of undivided Bengal]], [[Chief Minister of East Bengal]], [[Interior Minister of Pakistan]]. [[Rushanara Ali]] was the amongst the first Muslim [[Member of parliament|MPs]] in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]. [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]] was a prominent American Bengali Muslim engineer who brought in spectacular changes in design of modern skyscraper construction.<ref name="ebKhan" /> [[Jawed Karim]] is one of the co-founders of YouTube. [[Sal Khan]] is a co-founder of [[Khan Academy]]. [[Humayun Rashid Choudhury]] served as [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]]. [[M. A. G. Osmani]] was a [[four star general]] who founded the Bangladesh Armed Forces. [[Altamas Kabir]] was the [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Altamas Kabir to become CJI on Sept 29 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/altamas-kabir-to-become-cji-on-sept-29/story-YLPrM76n3bQ4VcQ2T4zRwO.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515075627/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/altamas-kabir-to-become-cji-on-sept-29/story-YLPrM76n3bQ4VcQ2T4zRwO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nafisa Ali]] are prominent Bengali Muslims who act in [[Indian cinema]]. [[Alaol]] was a medieval Bengali Muslim poet who worked in the royal court of Arakan.<ref name="Rizvi1965" /> [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] served as the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. [[Begum Sufia Kamal]] was a leading Bengali Muslim feminist, poet, and civil society leader. [[Zainul Abedin]] was the pioneer of modern [[Bangladeshi art]]. [[Muzharul Islam]] was the grand master of South Asian modernist terracotta architecture.

==See also==
* [[Culture of Bengal]]

'''Other Bengali religious groups'''
* [[Bengali Hindus]]
* [[Bengali Buddhists]]
* [[Bengali Christians]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citation===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first=Rafiuddin |last=Ahmed|title=The Bengal Muslims, 1871–1906: a quest for identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43QwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563919-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Rafiuddin |last=Ahmed|title=Understanding the Bengal Muslims: interpretative essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ZuAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565520-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Ashoke Kumar |last=Chakraborty|title=Bengali Muslim literati and the development of Muslim community in Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4JuAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study|isbn=9788179860120}}
* {{cite book|first=Pradip Kumar |last=Lahiri|title=Bengali Muslim thought, 1818–1947: its liberal and rational trends|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCVuAAAAMAAJ|year= 1991|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-067-4}}
* {{cite book|first=Mohammad |last=Shah|title=In search of an identity: Bengali Muslims, 1880–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=978-81-7074-184-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

{{refend}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Muhajir communities}}

[[Category:Bengali Muslims| ]]
[[Category:Bengali people|*]]
[[Category:Islam in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Islam in India by location]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Bengali diaspora]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]

Dharmaprabhu

2026-03-07T05:49:05Z

Nishant taliyan: updated details

{{short description|Film by Muthukumaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dharmaprabhu poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Muthukumaran
| producer = P Ranganathan
| writer = Muthukumaran
| starring = [[Yogi Babu]]<br />[[Radha Ravi]]<br />[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]<br />[[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]]<br />[[Ramesh Thilak]]<br />[[Rajendran]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Muthuswami]]
| editing = San Lokesh
| studio = Sri Vaari Films
| released = {{Film date|2019|06|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Dharmaprabhu''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by Muthukumaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogen to play the lead in Dharmaprabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-to-play-the-lead-in-dharmaprabhu/articleshow/66498651.cms |access-date=2018-12-19 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Yogi Babu]] plays the lead role in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogen to play the lead in fantasy comedy, Dharma Prabhu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/nov/02/yogi-babu-to-play-the-lead-in-fantasy-comedy-dharma-prabhu-8593.html |access-date=2018-12-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> and supporting roles are done by [[Radha Ravi]], [[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and [[Rajendran]] among others. [[Justin Prabhakaran]] composed the music for the film, editing was done by San Lokesh, and cinematography was by Mahesh Muthuswamy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-02 |title=Yogi Babu's Dharmaprabhu first look poster |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/yogi-babus-dharmaprabhu-first-look-poster.html |access-date=2018-12-19 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Plot==
In the world beyond the earth & in the deep void of space, the God of Death, Yeman Sr. ([[Radha Ravi]]) plans on retiring after his long reign in the Yemalogam. On one side, after hearing of this, Yeman's [[Chitragupta]] ([[Ramesh Thilak]]) is scheming to be the next Yeman. But, to his disappointment, Yeman Sr. makes his son ([[Yogi Babu]]) the next Yeman, in accordance of his lineage.

Yeman Sr.'s son, is shown to be a 5th grader, who is mostly a comedian in his class & doesn't care at all about studies. When the news is passed to him that he is to be his father, Yeman Sr's successor, he argues with his parents, his father Yeman Sr. & his mother Ayyo, about him not wanting to become Yeman. However, his parents convinces him & so, for his parents' sake, he is crowned as the king of the, which enrages Chitragupta, as his dreams have now become vain.

Because of his desire for the throne, he tries to dethrone Yeman Jr. by all means possible. After many attempts, Chitragupta makes Yeman Jr. make a mistake by saving a young girl from a lorry accident & preventing the death of a corrupt caste politician Kumaradasan. [[Shiva]] Peruman ([[Rajendran]]) is exasperated because of Yeman Jr.'s actions & he swallows his father, Yeman Sr. & announces to Yeman Jr. that he has 7 days to reform his mistakes & to kill Kumaradasan, or else, Shiva will destroy the Yemalogam.

Even with Yeman Jr.'s 1+1 plan, given to him by 4 distinguished men, will he be able to rectify his past mistakes, kill the politician madman & save the entire Yemalogam, forms the crux of the story?

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Yogi Babu]] as [[Yamantaka|Dharma Prabhu]]
* [[Radha Ravi]] as [[Yama]]n
* [[Sam Jones (Tamil actor)|Sam Jones]] as Bala
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as [[Chitragupta]]
* [[Rajendran]] as [[Shiva]]
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Ayyo
* [[Meghna Naidu]] cameo appearance
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Kumaradasan the Politician
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Minister
* [[Bosskey]] as "Kho" Rangasamy
* Shanmugam Muthusamy as Yama Guru
* [[Supergood Subramani]]
* P. V. Chandramouli
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Cameo appearance
* [[Janani Iyer|Janani]] as Vaishnavi, Politician Kumaradasan's daughter
{{colend}}

== Production ==
This film shooting was held in a fictional place due to the cast and the story. Yaman stays in place called Yamaloka, so the art works were done mostly in a fictional way.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dharma Prabhu Full Cast and Crew - Yogi Babu {{!}} Sulekha Movies |url=http://movies.sulekha.com/tamil-movie-dharma-prabhu-cast-crew |access-date=2018-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618065441/http://creative.sulekha.com/ |archive-date=18 June 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> The first look poster of Dharmaprabhu was released on 2 November, where Yogi Babu stands as Yaman with the weapon [[Gada (mace)|Gada]]. The film shooting was a short time of period and the movie features was released soon. The film was shot in [[Chennai]] and the songs were composed abroad. One of the first look poster reminds one of [[Thambi Ramaiah|Thambi Ramiah]]’s directorial film [[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Prabhu Movie (2019) {{!}} Cast {{!}} Songs {{!}} Teaser {{!}} Trailer {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Tamil Cinema News / Kollywood news in 2018 {{!}} Pinterest {{!}} Cinema, Movies and Teaser |url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/689332286692577663/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618065434/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/689332286692577663/ |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=2018-12-19 |website=Pinterest |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by Justin Prabhakaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Prabhu Song Download {{!}} Dharma Prabhu MP3 Song Download Free Online: Songs - Hungama.com |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/dharma-prabhu/47954464/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Prabhu Songs Download: Dharma Prabhu MP3 Tamil Songs Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/dharma-prabhu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618065311/https://gaana.com/album/dharma-prabhu |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=16 May 2020}}</ref>
*"Oorar Unna" - Tm Selvakumar
*"Usurula Ethayo" - Yogi Sekar, Aishwarya Ravichandran
*"Katta Karuppa" - Acs Ravichandran, Ranina Reddy

==Reception==
''Times of India'' wrote "The plot had enough scope for making it a wholesome entertainer, but one needs to watch the movie to know how it has been badly wasted."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmaprabhu Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Dharmaprabhu by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dharmaprabhu/movie-review/69988744.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Cinema Express'' wrote "Dharma Prabhu quite needlessly takes on the mantle of messaging. It appears even narakalokam isn’t immune to the rampant disease of posturing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharma Prabhu Movie Review: This partly funny comedy about Yama turns into a preachy bore- Cinema express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/jun/28/dharma-prabhu-movie-review-this-partly-funny-comedy-about-yama-turns-into-a-preachy-bore-12609.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618065406/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/jun/28/dharma-prabhu-movie-review-this-partly-funny-comedy-about-yama-turns-into-a-preachy-bore-12609.html |archive-date=18 June 2024 |access-date=16 May 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "Apart from Imsai Arasan 23am Pulikecei, none of the Tamil fantasy comedies have clicked in Tamil mainly because of shoddy writing and execution. Leading comedy actor Yogi Babu’s Dharmaprabhu in which he plays the lead title role is another addition to the genre, which disappoints."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmaprabhu review: Lacks grandeur and creativity |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dharmaprabhu-review-lacks-grandeur-and-creativity-review-tamil-tg2qqzbajiidi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629005958/http://www.sify.com/movies/dharmaprabhu-review-lacks-grandeur-and-creativity-review-tamil-tg2qqzbajiidi.html |archive-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:2010s adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bahadur Shah I

2026-03-06T19:48:53Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{short description|Mughal emperor from 1707 to 1712}}
{{For|other people with similar names|Bahadur Shah (disambiguation)|Shah Alam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bahadur Shah I<br/> بهادر شاه
| title = [[Padishah]]<br />[[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]<br>[[Baghatur|Bahadur]]
| image = Shah Alam Bahadur.jpg
| caption = Bahadur Shah I {{circa|1691}}
| succession = [[Mughal emperor]]
| reign = 19 June 1707 – {{Nowrap|27 February 1712}}
| coronation = 15 June 1707
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam Shāh]]
| successor = [[Jahandar Shah|Jahāndār Shāh]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nur-un-Nissa Begum]]|1659|1701|end= {{Abbr|died|death}}}}
| spouse-type = Consort
| spouses = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Nizam Bai]]|1660|1692|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}<ref name="irv">{{Cite book|title=Later Mughals|last1=Irvine|first1=William|year=1991|orig-year=First published 1922|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|access-date=15 December 2021|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318225245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&pg=PA141|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Chattar Bai<ref name="irv" />
|Mihr Parwar<ref name="irv" />
|Amat-ul-Habib<ref name="irv" />}}
| spouses-type = Wives
| issue = {{Ubl|[[Jahandar Shah]]|Azz-ud-Din Mirza|[[Azim-us-Shan]]|[[Rafi-ush-Shan]]|Daulat Afza Mirza|[[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]]|Humayun Mirza|Dahr Afruz Banu Begum|Rafi-ul-Qadar}}
| full name = Abul-Nasir Sayid Qutub-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam Shah Alam Bahadur Shah Badshah
| regnal name = Shah Alam I<br />Bahadur Shah I
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| posthumous name = "Khuld Manzil" ({{lit|Departed to Paradise}})
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Aurangzeb|Alamgir I]]
| mother = [[Nawab Bai]]
| signature = Genealogical seal of Shah Alam I, 1121 A.H. (ca.1710 C.E.).png
| birth_name = Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1643|10|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shahi Qila, Burhanpur]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1712|2|27|1643|10|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Subah of Lahore]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| burial_date = 15 May 1712
| burial_place = [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]], [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| signature_type = Seal
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}{{efn|From 1707, he developed tafzili tendencies}}
}}

'''Bahadur Shah I''' (Muhammad Mu'azzam; 14 October 1643 – 27 February 1712) or '''Shah Alam I''', was the eighth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1707 to 1712. He was the second son of the sixth Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who he conspired to overthrow in his youth. He was also the governor of the imperial provinces of [[Agra]], [[Kabul]] and [[Lahore]] and had to face revolts of [[Rajput]]s and [[Sikhs]].

After Aurangzeb's death, [[Muhammad Azam Shah]], his third son by his chief consort [[Dilras Banu Begum]] declared himself successor, but was shortly defeated in one of the largest battles of India, the [[Battle of Jajau]] and overthrown by Bahadur Shah. During the reign of Bahadur Shah, the [[Rajput]] kingdoms of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Amer, India|Amber]] were annexed again after they had declared independence a few years prior.

Bahadur Shah also sparked an Islamic controversy in the ''[[khutba]]'' by inserting the declaration of [[Ali]] as ''[[wasi]]''. His reign was disturbed by several rebellions, the [[Sikhs]] under the leadership of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], Rajputs under [[Durgadas Rathore]] and a Mughal prince and Bahadur Shah's half-brother [[Kam Bakhsh]] but all of them were successfully quelled.

== Early life ==
[[File:Shah Alam Bahadur (Bahadur Shah I 1707-1712).jpg|200px|thumb|right|alt=Full-figure painting of a young Bahadur Shah|Prince Mu'azzam in his youth]]
Bahadur Shah was born as Muhammad Mu'azzam on 14 October 1643 in [[Burhanpur]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Nagendra Kumar |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |title=Bahadur Shah (1643 — 1712) |year=2001 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |volume=II |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-232-3 |page=35}}</ref> He was the second oldest son of prince [[Aurangzeb|Muhi al-Din Muhammad]], later Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, by his [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pothwari]] wife [[Nawab Bai]], who belonged to the [[Jarral|Jarral tribe]], after his older brother [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]], who died in prison. {{sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=303}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Manik |first=M. Mazammil Hussain |title=A Case Study of Rajouri District in J&K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQxyT4gjdmQC&dq=jarral+pahari&pg=PA46 |magazine=Epilogue |volume=3 |issue=11 |date=November 2009 |page=46 |access-date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023000636/https://books.google.com/books?id=cQxyT4gjdmQC&dq=jarral+pahari&pg=PA46 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Manucci|1907|p=54}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=2}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1912|p=61}}{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=136}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rajouri.nic.in/history/#:~:text=The%20renowned%20Rajas%20of%20this,Raja%20Izzat%20Ullah%20Khan%20(1762 | title=History | Rajouri, Government of Jammu and Kashmir | India | access-date=24 May 2023 | archive-date=23 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623055833/https://rajouri.nic.in/history/#:~:text=The%20renowned%20Rajas%20of%20this,Raja%20Izzat%20Ullah%20Khan%20(1762 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Shah Jahan's reign ===
During his grandfather's reign, [[Shah Jahan]], Mu'azzam was appointed vizer of Lahore from 1653 to 1659.{{sfn|Irvine|p=2|1922}} In 1663, he replaced [[Shaista Khan]] as the governor of Deccan in 1663. Shivaji raided the outskirts of Mughal Deccan's capital [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] while the indolent Mu'azzam did little to prevent it. Enraged at this, Aurangzeb sent his most able commander Raja [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] to defeat [[Shivaji]] and here the historic [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] was signed.{{sfn|Richards|p=209|2001}}

=== Aurangzeb's reign ===
[[File:Emperor Awrangzib Receives Prince Mu'azzam (CBL In 34.7).jpg|thumb|Emperor Aurangzeb Receives Prince Mu'azzam. [[Chester Beatty Library]]]]

After Raja Jai Singh I [[Battle of Purandar|defeated]] Shivaji at [[Purandar Fort|Purandar]], Mu'azzam was given charge of the Deccan in May 1667 and was assisted by Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]].{{sfn|Kulkarni|p=336|1979}}

In 1670, Mu'azzam organised an insurgency to overthrow Aurangzeb and proclaim himself the Mughal emperor. This plan may have been hatched at the instigation of the [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]], and Mu'azzam's own inclinations and sincerity are difficult to gauge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=http://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich |title=Shivaji and his times |date=1920 |publisher=London, New York, Longmans, Green and co. |others=University of California Libraries |pages=192}}</ref> Aurangzeb learned of the plot and sent Mu'azzam's mother, [[Begum Nawab Bai]], to dissuade him from rebellion. Mu'azzam returned to the Mughal court, where he spent the next several years under Aurangzeb's supervision. However, Mu'azzam again nearly revolted in 1680 over Aurangzeb's scorched earth policy during his suppression of Rajput rebellions. Once again, Aurangzeb dissuaded Mu'azzam with gentleness and watched him with greater vigilance.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=305|2012}}

For the next seven years, from 1681 to 1687, historian Munis Faruqui describes Mu'azzam as a "grudgingly obedient son".{{sfn|Faruqui|p=305|2012}}

==== Rebellion against Aurangzeb ====
In 1681, Mu'azzam was sent back by Aurangzeb to the Deccan to cut off the retreat of his rebellious half-brother [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar]]. According to Faruqui, Mu'azzam deliberately failed in his mission. In 1683, after being ordered by Aurangzeb to march to the [[Konkan]] region to prevent the still rebellious Muhammad Akbar from fleeing the country, but again Mu'azzam failed to achieve the assigned goal.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=305|2012}} In 1687, Aurangzeb ordered Mu'azzam to march against the sultanate of [[Golconda]]. Within weeks, the emperor's spies intercepted treasonous messages exchanged between Mu'azzam and [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Abul Hasan]], the ruler of Golconda.{{sfn|Irvine|p=3|1922}} This was something which could not be mistaken for incompetence; it was clearly treason.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=306|2012}} Aurangzeb imprisoned Mu'azzam and his sons, executed his closest followers,{{sfn|Faruqui|p=307|2012}} ordered his harem "shipped off to faraway Delhi", and dispersed his staff.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=285|2012}} Aurangzeb forbade Mu'azzam to cut his nails or hair for six months, gave orders depriving him of "good food, or cold water." He was not to meet anybody without his father's prior consent.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=307|2012}}

==== Rehabilitation ====
Around 1694, Aurangzeb rehabilitated Mu'azzam and allowed him "to rebuild his household", rehiring some of his officials.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=285|2012}} Aurangzeb continued to spy on his son, appointing his men to Mu'azzam's household, sending informants to his [[harem]] and choosing his representatives at the imperial court.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=286|2012}} Mu'azzam and his sons were transferred from the Deccan to north India, and were forbidden to lead military expeditions in the Deccan for the rest of Aurangzeb's reign.{{sfn|Faruqui|p=307|2012}} In 1695, Aurangzeb sent Mu'azzam to the [[Punjab]] to fight the chieftains and subdue a rebellion by the Sikh [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. Although the commander imposed "heavy taxation" on the ''rajas'', he thought it necessary to leave the Sikhs undisturbed in their fortified city of [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] and refused to wage war against them out of "genuine respect" for their religion.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=55}} That year Mu'azzam was appointed governor of [[Agra|Akbarabad]], and in 1696 he was transferred to [[Lahore]]. After the death of Amin Khan, the governor of [[Kabul]], he assumed that position in 1699, holding it until his father's death in 1707.{{sfn|Irvine|p=4|1922}}

== Emperorship ==
[[File:Bahadur Shah I and his Consort.png|thumb|Bahadur Shah I and his Consort]]

=== War of succession ===
{{Main|Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)}}
[[File:Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I, struck in Burhanpur Mint.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I, struck in Burhanpur Mint.]]
Aurangzeb died in 1707, without appointing a crown prince or a designated successor. Mu'azzam was governor of Kabul and his younger half-brothers [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh]] and [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] were the governors of the Deccan and [[Gujarat]] respectively. All three sons intended to win the crown, and Kam Bakhsh began minting coins in his name. Mu'azzam defeated Azam Shah at the [[Battle of Jajau]] in June 1707.{{sfn|Puri|p=198|2003}} Azam Shah and his son Ali Tabar would be killed in the battle.{{sfn|Irvine|p=57|1922}} Mu'azzam ascended the Mughal throne at age 64 on 19 June 1707, with the title of Bahadur Shah I.{{sfn|Puri|p=199|2003}} He then marched to the Deccan and defeated and killed Kam Bakhsh in a battle near Hyderabad in January 1708.{{sfn|Irvine|1922|p=61}}

=== Kam Bakhsh's uprising ===
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, marched with his soldiers to [[Bijapur]] in March 1707. On the news of Aurangzeb's death spread through the city, the city's governor, Sayyid Niyaz Khan surrendered the [[Bijapur Fort]] to him without a fight. Ascending the throne of Bijapur, Kam Bakhsh made Ahsan Khan, who served in the army as the ''[[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|bakshi]]'' (general of the armed forces), and made his advisor Taqarrub Khan as chief minister{{sfn|Irvine|p=50|1922}} and gave himself the title of Padshah Kam Bakhsh-i-Dinpanah (Emperor Kam Bakhsh, Protector of Faith). He then conquered [[Kalaburagi|Kulbarga]] and Wakinkhera.{{sfn|Irvine|p=51|1922}}[[File:A portrait of Prince Kam Baksh, son of Aurangzeb.JPG|thumbnail|alt=Ink drawing of Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, nearly identical to painting above|[[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Kam Bakhsh]] established his rule in [[Bijapur]].]]A rivalry soon broke out between Taqarrub Khan and Ahsan Khan. Ahsan Khan had developed a marketplace in Bijapur where, without permission from Kam Bakhsh, he did not tax the shops. Taqarrub Khan reported it to Kam Bakhsh, who ordered the practise stopped.{{sfn|Irvine|p=51|1922}} In May 1707, Kam Bakhsh sent Ahsan Khan to conquer the states of [[Golkonda]] and [[Hyderabad]]. Although the king of Golconda refused to surrender, [[Subahdar]] of [[Hyderabad Subah|Hyderabad]], [[Rustam Dil Khan]] did so.{{sfn|Irvine|p=52|1922}}

Taqarrub Khan made a conspiracy to eliminate Ahsan Khan, alleging that meetings of Ahsan Khan, Saif Khan (Kam Bakhsh's archery teacher), Arsan Khan, Ahmad Khan, Nasir Khan and Rustam Dil Khan (all of them Kam Bakhsh's former teachers and members of the then court) to discuss public business were a conspiracy to assassinate Kam Bakhsh "while on his way to the Friday prayer at the great mosque".{{sfn|Irvine|p=53|1922}} After informing Kam Bakhsh of the matter, he invited Rustam Dil Khan for dinner; arrested him en route. Rustam Dil Khan was killed by being crushed under the feet of an elephant. Saif Khan's hands were amputated, and Arshad Khan's tongue was cut off.{{sfn|Irvine|p=55|1922}} Ahsan Khan ignored warnings by close friends that Kam Bakhsh would arrest him, and would be imprisoned and his properties seized.{{sfn|Irvine|p=55|1922}} In April 1708, Bahadur Shah sent an envoy Maktabar Khan to Kam Bakhsh's court. When Taqarrub Khan told Kam Bakhsh that Maktabar Khan intended to dethrone him,{{sfn|Irvine|p=56|1922}} Kam Bakhsh invited the envoy and his entourage to a feast and executed them.{{sfn|Irvine|p=57|1922}}

==== March to the Deccan ====
In May 1708, Bahadur Shah wrote a letter to Kam Bakhsh in which he warned his brother against proclaiming himself an independent sovereign and began a journey to the [[Tomb of Aurangzeb]] to pay his respects to his father.{{sfn|Irvine|p=57|1922}} Kam Bakhsh thanked him in a letter, "without either explaining or justifying [his actions]".{{sfn|Irvine|p=58|1922}}

Bahadur Shah reached Hyderabad on 28 June 1708, where he learned that Kam Bakhsh had attacked Machhlibandar to seize over three million rupees' worth of treasure hidden in its fort. The ''subahdar'' of the province, Jan Sipar Khan, refused to hand over the money.{{sfn|Irvine|p=58|1922}} Enraged, Kam Bakhsh confiscated his properties and ordered the recruitment of four thousand soldiers for the attack.{{sfn|Irvine|p=59|1922}} In July, the garrison at the [[Gulbarga Fort|Gulbarga]] declared their independence and garrison leader Daler Khan Bijapuri "reported his desertion from Kam Bakhsh". On 5 November 1708 Bahadur Shah's camp reached [[Bidar]], {{convert|67|mi}} north of Hyderabad. Historian [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]] wrote that as his "camp drew nearer desertions from Kam Bakhsh became more and more frequent". On 1 November, Kam Bakhsh captured Pam Naik's (''[[zamindar]]'', the landlord of Wakinkhera) holdings after Naik abandoned his army.{{sfn|Irvine|p=59|1922}}

According to Irvine, more soldiers Kam Bakhsh deserted as the emperor's group neared. When Kam Bakhsh's general told him that his failure to pay his soldiers was the reason for their desertion, he replied: "What need have I of enlisting them? My trust is in God, and whatever is best will happen."{{sfn|Irvine|p=60|1922}}

Thinking that Kam Bakhsh might flee to [[Safavid Iran|Persia]], Bahadur Shah ordered his prime minister [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung]] to negotiate with [[Thomas Pitt]], the governor of the [[Madras Presidency]], to pay him 200,000 rupees for Kam Bakhsh's capture. On 20 December, Kam Bakhsh was reported to have a cavalry of 2,500 and an infantry of 5,000.{{sfn|Irvine|p=60|1922}}

==== Defeat and death of Kam Bakhsh ====
On 20 December 1708, Bahadur Shah marched towards Talab-i-Mir Jumla, on the outskirts of Hyderabad, with "three hundred camels, [and] twenty thousand rockets" for war with Kam Baksh. His son [[Jahandar Shah]], was made the commander of the [[Vanguard|advance guard]], but later replaced [[Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar|Khan Zaman]]. Bahadur Shah reached Hyderabad on 12 January 1709, and prepared his troops. Although Kam Bakhsh had little money and few soldiers left, the royal astrologer had predicted that he would "miraculously" win the battle.{{sfn|Irvine|p=61|1922}}

At sunrise the following day, the Mughal army charged towards Kam Bakhsh. His 15,000 troops were divided into two bodies: one led by Mumin Khan, assisted by [[Rafi-ush-Shan]] and Jahan Shah, and the second under Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung. Two hours later Kam Bakhsh's camp was surrounded, and Zulfiqar Khan impatiently attacked him with his "small force".{{sfn|Irvine|p=62|1922}}

With his soldiers outnumbered and unable to resist the attack, Kam Bakhsh joined the battle and shot two [[quiver]]s of arrows at his opponents. According to Irvine, when he was "weakened by loss of blood", Bahadur Shah took him and his son Bariqullah prisoner. A dispute arose between Mumin Khan and Zulfikar Khan Nusrat Jung over who had captured them, with Rafi-us-Shan ruling in favour of the latter.{{sfn|Irvine|p=63|1922}} Kam Bakhsh was brought by [[Litter (vehicle)|palanquin]] to the emperor's camp, where he died the next morning.{{sfn|Irvine|p=64|1922}}

=== {{anchor|Raid to Rajputana}}Annexations ===
==== {{anchor|Annexation of Amber}}Amber ====
[[File:TombSalimChisti.jpg|thumbnail|alt=Low, white building with a few people outside|On his march to Amber, Shah visited the [[tomb of Salim Chishti]].]]
After ascending the throne, Bahadur Shah made plans to annex Rajput kingdoms who declared independence after Aurangzeb's death. On 10 November, he began his march to [[Kingdom of Amber]] in [[Rajputana]]. He visited the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]] on 21 November. In the meantime, Bahadur Shah's aide Mihrab Khan was ordered to take possession of Jodhpur.{{sfn|Irvine|p=46|1922}} Bahadur Shah reached Amber on 20 January 1708. Though the monarch of the kingdom was [[Sawai Jai Singh]], his brother Bijai Singh resented his rule. Bahadur Shah ruled that because of the dispute, the region would become part of the Mughal empire and the city was renamed as Islamabad. Jai Singh's goods and properties were confiscated on the pretext that he supported Bahadur Shah's brother Azam Shah during the succession war.{{sfn|Irvine|p=46|1922}} Bijai Singh was made the governor of Amber on 30 April 1708. Bahadur Shah gave him the title of ''Mirza Rajah'', and he received gifts valued at 100,000 rupees. Amber passed into Mughal hands without a war.{{sfn|Irvine|p=47|1922}}

==== {{anchor|Annexation of Jodhpur}}Jodhpur ====
[[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]], the leader of the [[Rathore dynasty]], was the [[Maharaja]] of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] during Aurangzeb's reign. During the war of succession after Shah Jahan, he had backed Aurangzeb's older brother [[Dara Shikoh]]. After Dara Shikoh's defeat and execution by Aurangzeb, Jaswant Singh was pardoned and appointed the governor of Kabul. He died on 18 December 1678, with no male children but two pregnant wives.

After the birth of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] to Rani Jadav Jaskumvar, Aurangzeb ordered he be brought to Delhi along with Jaswant Singh's widows. Aurangzeb intended to directly annex Marwar into the Mughal empire. The [[Rajput]] general [[Durgadas Rathore]], who had ambitions of retaking Jodhpur from the Mughals, fought a war to prevent Aurangzeb getting hold of Ajit Singh; he tore through Delhi with his men and successfully escorted the Prince and the widows to Jodhpur.{{sfn|Irvine|p=44|1922}} After Aurangzeb's death, during Azam Shah's brief reign, Ajit Singh marched to Jodhpur and took it from Mughal rule.{{sfn|Irvine|p=45|1922}}

In Amber, Bahadur Shah announced his intention to march to Jodhpur when Mihrab Khan defeated Ajit Singh at Mairtha, and he reached the town on 21 February 1708. His men were sent to bring Ajit Singh to the city for an interview, where Ajit Singh received "special robes of honour" and a jewelled scarf.{{sfn|Irvine|p=48|1922}} Bahadur Shah then headed towards [[Ajmer]] and reached the city on 24 March, where he visited the [[Muinuddin Chishti|Dargah Sharif]].{{sfn|Irvine|p=49|1922}}

==== Udaipur ====
The [[Kingdom of Mewar]], under [[Maharana]] [[Amar Singh I]], had submitted to Mughal rule in 1615, during [[Jahangir|Jahangir's]] reign. However, the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodias]] declared their independence after Aurangzeb's death in 1707.{{sfn|Irvine|p=48|1922}}

While in Jodhpur, Bahadur Shah got the news that the ''Maharana'' [[Amar Singh II]] had fled [[Udaipur]] to hide in the hills. His messengers gave him the message that Amar Singh got "afraid" by the happenings in Amber and Jodhpur and thought that his kingdom would also be annexed by the Mughals once again.{{sfn|Irvine|p=49|1922}} According to the ''Bahadur Shah Nama'' chronicle, because of this incident the emperor called Amar Singh an "unbeliever".{{sfn|Irvine|p=49|1922}} Bahadur Shah waged war against the king until Muhammad Kam Bakhsh's insurgency diverted him southward.{{sfn|Irvine|p=49|1922}}

===Rajput Rebellion===
{{Main|Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)}}
While the emperor was on his way to [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to punish Muhammad Kam Bakhsh, the three Rajput [[Raja]]'s of Amber, Udaipur and Jodhpur made a joint resistance to the Mughals. The Rajputs first expelled the Mughal commandants of Jodhpur and [[Hindaun]]-[[Bayana]] and recovered Amber by a night attack. They next killed Sayyid Hussain Khan Barha, the commandant of [[Mewat]] and many other officers (September, 1708).{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}} The emperor, then in the Deccan had to patch up a truce by restoring Ajit Singh and Jai Singh to the Mughal service.{{sfn|Haig|p=322|1971}}

==={{anchor|Sikh Rebellion}}Sikh rebellion===
[[File:The Emperor Bahadur Shah Mounted on an elephant. End of 17cent. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|alt=Bahadur Shah, distinguished by a halo, with two other men on an elephant|Bahadur Shah on a Sikh expedition]]

Guru Gobind Singh began negotiations with Aurangzeb in 1705 and left for the Deccan in 1706 to meet him in person when he agreed to concilation. However, Aurangzeb died before he could reach him and Guru Singh decided to meet Bahadur Shah instead. The guru arrived at Agra in July 1707 and was honored by the emperor. Guru Gobind Singh accompanied Bahadur Shah when he left for a campaign in Rajasthan in November 1707 and stayed with the imperial camp for ten months, before accompanying him to Deccan in hopes that he would soon attend to the matters of Punjab. Guru Gobind Singh however died in October 1708 while the emperor was travelling to Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=28|title=Bahadur Shah and Guru Gobind Singh|year=1966|page=194|author=J. S. Grewal}}</ref> He had left for [[Nanded]] a few months before his death, apparently having grown disillusioned with Bahadur Shah, and told [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Bahadur]] to prepare the ''[[Khalsa]]'' for a revolt.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708): Master of the White Hawk|chapter=Failure of Negotiations with Bahadur Shah (1707–8)|year=2019|pages=199–223|author=J. S. Grewal|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199494941}}</ref>

Bahadur Shah, upon hearing of the uprising led by Banda Bahadur in [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] only a year after [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s death, left the Deccan for the north. The Sikhs started moving cautiously towards Delhi and entered the ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]]'' in [[Khanda, Sonipat|Khanda]] where they started preparation for a military campaign. They stormed [[Sonipat]] and [[Samana, Punjab|Samana]] in November 1709 and defeated the ''[[faujdar]]'' in the [[Battle of Sonipat]] and [[Battle of Samana]] whilst sacking the town. Before taking [[Sirhind]] in the [[Battle of Chappar Chiri]], Banda Bahadur captured [[Shahabad Markanda|Shahabad]], [[Sadhaura]] and [[Banur]]. Before Bahadur Shah's arrival in December, Banda Bahadur had captured the ''sarkar'' of Sirhind, several ''[[parganas]]'' of the ''sarkar'' of [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]], and had invaded the ''sarkar'' of [[Saharanpur]].{{sfn|Grewal|pp=82–83|1998}}

After the victory at Sirhind, the Sikhs turned towards the [[Doab#Ganges-Yamuna Doab|Gangetic Doab]]. With trouble arising in a pargana of [[Deoband]] and Sikh converts complaining of imprisonment and persecution by the ''faujdar'' [[Jalal Khan Orakzai|Jalal Khan]], Banda Bahadur marched on Saharanpur on the way to [[Jalalabad, Muzaffarnagar|Jalalabad]]. The ''faujdar'' of Saharanpur, Ali Hamid Khan, fled to Delhi while the Sikhs defeated the defenders and reduced the town. They next attacked [[Behat]] whose ''[[Pirzada]]s'' were notorious for anti-Hindu acts, especially slaughtering cows. The town was sacked and the Pirzadas killed. The Sikhs then marched to Jalalabad and Banda asked [[Jalal Khan Orakzai]] to surrender and release the Sikh prisoners, but the ''faujdar'' refused. They came to [[Nanauta]] on 21 July 1710 and defeated the local Sheikhzadas, who had put up a gallant defence but ultimately submitted to Banda Bahadur's superior forces.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxxuAAAAMAAJ&q=nanauta+sikhs |title=Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty |page=12 |author=Surjit Singh Gandhi |date=1980 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023000634/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxxuAAAAMAAJ&q=nanauta+sikhs |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sikhs then [[Siege of Jalalabad (1710)|besieged]] Jalalabad but withdrew to [[Bist Doab|Jalandhar Doab]] due to the flooding in the Krishna River.{{sfn|Singh|p=9|1991}}{{sfn|Singh|Singh|pp=86–88|1999}}

The [[Sikhs]] tried to oust the [[Mughals]] from the regions of [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] and [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]. They called on Shamas Khan, the ''Faujdar'' of Jalandhar, to effect reforms and hand over the treasury. Shamas Khan pretended submission and later started attacking them. He appealed to Muslims in name of religion and declared a ''[[jihad]]'' against the Sikhs. The Sikhs, being outnumbered, withdrew to [[Rahon]] and captured its fort after defeating the Mughals in the [[Battle of Rahon (1710)|Battle of Rahon]] on 12 October 1710. At Amritsar, about 8,000 Sikhs assembled and captured [[Majha]] and Riarki of central Punjab. They also attacked Lahore, where the ''[[mullah]]s'' declared a jihad against them with the governor not confronting the Sikhs. The ''[[ghazis]]'' were defeated by the Sikhs.{{sfn|Singh|p=9|1991}}{{sfn|Singh|Singh|pp=86–88|1999}}
[[File:Bahadur Shah I with is four Sons.jpg|alt=Bahadur Shah I with his four sons clockwise: Azim -ush - Shan, Jahandar Shah, Jahan Shah and Rafi- Ush - Shan|thumb|Bahadur Shah I with his four sons clockwise: [[Azim-ush-Shan]], [[Jahandar Shah]], [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] and [[Rafi-ush-Shan]].]]
Sikhs used their newly established power to remove Mughal officials and replace them with Sikhs.{{sfn|Singh|p=9|1991}} Banda made his capital at [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh]], where he established a [[Mint (coin)|mint]].{{sfn|Grewal|p=83|1998}} He abolished the mughal zamindari system and gave the cultivators [[Self-ownership|proprietorship]] of their own land.{{sfn|Jawandha|p=81|2010}}

==== {{anchor|Efforts made to Supress Sikh Rebellion}}Efforts at suppression ====
Bahadur Shah signed peace treaties with Ajit Singh of [[Jodhpur]], and Man Singh of Amber before turning to fight Banda Bahadur. He also ordered the [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Asaf-ud-Daula]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2023|reason=He was born in 1726 and could not have been asked by the emperor to accompany him}}, provincial governor Khan-i-Durrani, [[Moradabad]] ''faujdar'' Muhammad Amin Khan Chin, Delhi ''subahdar'' Asad Khan and [[Jammu]] ''faujdar'' Wazid Khan to accompany him into battle.

Bahadur Shah left Ajmer for the Punjab on 17 June 1710, mobilising groups opposed to Banda Bahadur on the way.{{sfn|Singh|p=58|2003}} When he learned about Bahadur Shah's plans, Banda Bahadur unsuccessfully appealed to Ajit Singh and Man Singh for help.{{sfn|Singh|p=58|2003}} In the meantime, Bahadur Shah had reoccupied [[Sonipat]], [[Kaithal]] and [[Panipat]] en route. In October, his commander ''Khanzada'' [[Nawab Feroz Khan]] wrote to him that he had "chopped three hundred heads of rebels"; Khan sent them to the emperor, who displayed them mounted on spears.{{sfn|Singh|p=59|2003}}

On 1 November 1710 the emperor reached the city of [[Karnal]], where Mughal cartographer Rustam Dil Khan gave him a map of [[Thanesar]] and Sirhind. Six days later, a small group of Sikhs were defeated at Mewati and Banswal.{{sfn|Singh|p=59|2003}} The city of Sirhind fell to the Mughals on 7 December; its besieger, general [[Muhammad Amin Khan Turani]], gave the emperor a golden key ring commemorating the victory. After failing to recapture [[Sadaura]], Bahadur Shah marched towards Lohgarh, where Banda Bahadur was staying. On 30 November he attacked the Lohgarh fort, capturing three guns, [[matchlock]]s and three trenches from the rebels. With little ammunition left, Banda Bahadur and a "few hundred of his followers fled".{{sfn|Singh|p=60|2003}} His follower, Gulab Singh (who was "dressed like" Bahadur), entered the fight and was killed.{{sfn|Singh|p=60|2003}} The emperor issued orders to the rulers of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and [[Srinagar]] that if Bahadur tried to enter their province, he should be "sent to the Emperor".{{sfn|Singh|p=61|2003}}

Suspecting that Banda Bahadur was allied with Bhup Prakash, the king of [[Sirmur State|Nahan]], the emperor had Bhup Prakash imprisoned in January 1711; his mother begged in vain for his release. After she sent him captured followers of Bahadur, he ordered that "ornaments worth 100,000 rupees should be manufactured" for her, and Prakash was released a month later.{{sfn|Singh|p=61|2003}} Shukan Khan Bahadur and Himmet Diler Khan were sent to Lahore to end Banda Bahadur's rebellion, and their unsuccessful attempt was reinforced by a garrison of five thousand soldiers. Bahadur Shah also pressed Rustam Dil Khan and Muhammad Amin Khan to join them.{{sfn|Singh|p=62|2003}}

Banda Bahadur was staying in Alhalab, {{convert|7|mi}} from Lahore. When Mughal workers came to repair a bridge in the village, his followers [[Disinformation|disinformed]] them that he was preparing to attack Delhi via Ajmer. Banda Bahadur received soldiers from village ruler Ram Chand for his march against the Mughals, and besieged [[Fatehabad, Punjab|Fatehabad]] in April 1711. After learning from messenger Rustan Jung that he had crossed the [[Ravi River]], the emperor attacked with [[artillery]] led by Isa Khan.{{sfn|Singh|p=63|2003}} In the July battle, Banda Bahadur was defeated and fled to the Jammu hills. Forces led by [[Isa Khan Main]] and Muhammad Amin Khan followed but failed to capture him. The emperor issued an [[edict]] to the ''zamindar''s (landlord) of Jammu to take the Sikh captive if possible.{{sfn|Singh|p=64|2003}}

Banda Bahadur was attacked by Muhammad Amin Khan at the river [[Sutlej|Satluj]], escaping to the [[Garhwal Himalaya|Garhwal]] hills. Finding him "invincible", the emperor went to Ajit Singh and Jai Singh for help. In October 1711, a joint Mughal-Rajput force marched towards Sadaura. Bahadur escaped the ensuing siege, this time taking refuge at [[Kullu|Kulu]] in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]].{{sfn|Singh|p=66|2003}}

=== ''Khutba'' controversy ===
After ascending the throne, emperor Bahadur Shah converted to [[Shia Islam]] and altered the public prayer (or ''khutba'') for the monarch said every Friday by giving the title ''[[wasi]]'' to [[Ali]], the fourth caliph and the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shi'a Imam]]. Because of this, the citizens of Lahore resented reciting the ''khutba''.{{sfn|Irvine|p=130|1922}}

To solve the problem, Bahadur Shah went to Lahore in September 1711 and had discussions with Haji Yar Muhammad, Muhammad Murad and "other well-known men". At their meeting, he read "books of authority" to justify using the word ''wasi''. He had a heated argument with Yar Muhammad, saying that martyrdom by a king was the only thing he wanted. Yar Muhammad (supported by the emperor's son, [[Azim-ush-Shan]]) recruited troops against Shah, but no war was fought.{{sfn|Irvine|p=130|1922}} He held the ''khatib'' (chief reciter) at the [[Badshahi Mosque]] responsible for the matter, and had him arrested. On 2 October, although the army was deployed at the mosque, the old ''khutba'' (which did not call Ali "''wasi''") was read.{{sfn|Irvine|p=131|1922}}

== Death ==
[[File:Moti Masjid, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|250 px|right|alt=Large, white mausoleum|Moti Masjid, Shah's burial place|thumb]]
According to historian William Irvine, the emperor was in Lahore in January 1712 when his "health failed". On 24 February he made his final public appearance,{{sfn|Irvine|p=133|1922}} and died during the night of 27–28 February; according to Mughal noble [[Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar|Kamwar Khan]], of "enlargement of the spleen". On 11 April, his body was sent to Delhi under the supervision of his widow Mihr-Parwar and [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Chin Qilich Khan]]. He was buried on 15 May in the courtyard of the [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]] (Pearl Mosque) in [[Mehrauli]], which he built near the ''[[dargah]]'' of [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]].{{sfn|Irvine|p=135|1922}}

He was succeeded by his son [[Jahandar Shah]] who ruled until 1713.{{sfn|Irvine|p=158|1922}}

== {{anchor|Coinage}}Coins ==
Emperor Bahadur Shah issued gold, silver and copper coins, although his predecessors' coins were also used to pay government officials and in commerce. Copper coins from Aurangzeb's reign were re-minted with his name.{{sfn|Irvine|p=141|1922}} Unlike the other Mughal emperors, his coins did not use his name in a [[couplet]]; poet Danishmand Khan composed two lines for the coins, but they were not approved.{{sfn|Irvine|p=140|1922}}

<gallery style="text-align:center">
File:Azimabad.jpg|alt=Both sides of a silver coin|Silver rupee from [[Azimabad]] (Patna), 1708
File:SA1 Surat.jpg|alt=Both sides of an irregularly-round copper coin|Copper ''[[paisa]]'' from [[Surat]]
File:Rupee coin of Shah Alam I, 1120 A.H., Shahjahanabad.jpg|alt=Both sides of a silver coin|Silver rupee from [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]] (Old Delhi), 1708
</gallery>

== Personal life ==

=== {{anchor|Full name and lineage}}Name, title and lineage ===
[[File:The Lineage Of Shah Alam I.jpg|thumb|509x509px|The Lineage Of Shah Alam I; represents all his descendants whether from written traditions or verbal traditions.<ref>{{harvnb|Faruqui|2012|p=xi}}: "Represents Bahadur Shah I's sons including Azim Us Shan, Jahandar Shah, Rafi Us Shan, Muiz Ud Din, and his fourth son Jahan Shah."</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=January 2024|reason=Faruqui supports only 4 of the 7 pictured children of Shah Alam I (aka Bahadur Shah I), and only 5 of the 14 boxes below them.}}]]
His full name, including his titles, was "Abul-nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Shah Alam Bahadur Shah Badshah". After his death, contemporary historians began calling him "Khuld-Manzil" (Departed to Paradise).{{sfn|Irvine|p=135|1922}} He was the only [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] to have the title [[Sayyid]], used by descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. According to William Irvine, his maternal grandfather was Raja Tajuddin Khan Jarral (whose daughter, [[Nawab Bai Ji|Nawab Bai]], married Aurangzeb).

=== {{anchor|Issue}}Children ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Born !! Died !! Mother !! Children
|-
| [[Jahandar Shah]] || 1661 || 1713 || [[Nizam Bai]] || [[Alamgir II]], Izz-ud-din, Azz-ud-din
|-
| Azz-ud-din || 1664 || Infancy || [[Nizam Bai]] || None
|-
| [[Azim-ush-Shan]] || 1665 || 1712 || Daughter of Rup Singh Rathore of [[Kishangarh]] || Muhammad Karim, [[Farrukhsiyar]], Humayun Bakht, Ruh-ul-Quds, Ahsan-ullah
|-
| Daulat-Afza || 1670 || 1689 || Daughter of Rup Singh Rathore of [[Kishangarh]] || None
|-
| [[Rafi-ush-Shan]] || 1671 || 1712 || [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum]] || [[Shah Jahan II]], [[Rafi ud-Darajat]], [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Muhammad Ibrahim]]
|-
| [[Jahan Shah (Mughal prince)|Jahan Shah]] || 1674 || 1730 || - || Farkhunda Akhtar, [[Muhammad Shah]]
|-
| Muhammad Humayun || 1678 || Infancy || - || None
|-
| Dahr Afruz Banu Begum || 1663 || 1703 || - ||
None
|}
Source: Irvine, pp. 143–144{{sfn|Irvine|p=143|1922}}{{sfn|Irvine|p=144|1922}}

== Depictions ==
{{Gallery
| title = Depictions of Bahadur Shah I
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| captionstyle =
| File:
| alt1 =
|
| File:Bahadur Shah I with sons.jpg
| alt2 =
| Emperor Bahadur Shah I with his sons
| File:Bahadur Shah I enthroned.jpg
| alt3 =
| Bahadur Shah enthroned outdoors
| File:Bahadur Shah I Coronation.jpg
| alt4 =
| Bahadur Shah I, post coronation painting featuring Mughal symbols
| File:Bahadur Shah I elderly.jpg
| alt5 =
| An elderly Bahadur Shah I
}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah I'''
|2= 2. [[Aurangzeb|Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor]]{{sfn|Lal|p=xi|1989}}
|3= 3. [[Nawab Bai|Nawab Bai Begum]]{{sfn|Lal|p=xi|1989}}
|4= 4. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]{{sfn|Sarker|p=187|2007}}
|5= 5. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]{{sfn|Sarker|p=187|2007}}
|6= 6. Taj-ud-din Khan, [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]]{{sfn|Massy|p=396|1890}}
|7=
|8= 8. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]]{{sfn|Mehta|p=418|1984}}
|9= 9. [[Jagat Gosain]]{{sfn|Mehta|p=418|1984}}
|10= 10. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]{{sfn|Thackeray|Findling|p=254|2012}}
|11= 11. Diwanji Begum{{sfn|Thackeray|Findling|p=254|2012}}
|12= 12. Sarmast Khan, [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]]
|13=
|14=
|15= }}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation|title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719|year=2012|url=https://archive.org/details/ThePrincesOfMughalEmpirePdf|first=Munis D.|last=Faruqui|isbn=978-1-107-02217-1|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{citation|first=J. S.|last=Grewal|author-link=J. S. Grewal|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|volume=II.3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1998|orig-year=First published 1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|edition=revised|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA82|access-date=26 April 2018|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207082014/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
* {{citation|first=Wolseley|last=Haig|author-link=Wolseley Haig|title=The Cambridge History of India|volume=4|publisher=Chand & Co.|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/CambridgeHistoryOfIndiaVol.4TheMughulPeriod/page/n353}}
* {{citation|title=Later Mughals|url=https://archive.org/details/latermughals01irviuoft|author-link=William Irvine (historian)|first=William|last=Irvine|editor-last=Sarkar|editor-first=Jadunath|editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar|volume=I|year=1922|publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons}}
* {{citation|first=Nahar|last=Jawandha|title=Glimpses of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQeKTUXphPMC|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789380213255|page=81|access-date=21 September 2020|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207081930/https://books.google.com/books?id=DQeKTUXphPMC|url-status=live}}
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{{Refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Mughal dynasty]]|}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mughal Emperor]]|before=[[Aurangzeb]]|after=[[Jahandar Shah]]|years=1707–1712}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur Shah 01}}
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1643 births]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:People from Burhanpur]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Rebels from the Mughal Empire]]

Jibanananda Das

2026-03-06T03:28:13Z

Nishant taliyan: small edit

{{Short description|Indian poet (1899–1954)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Primary sources|date=January 2026}}
{{Fanpov|date=January 2026}}
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{{Infobox writer 
| name = Jibanananda Das
| image = Jibanananda Das (1899–1954).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jibanananda Das
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Jibanananda Das
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1899|02|17}}
| birth_place = [[Backergunge District|Bakerganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1954|10|22|1899|2|18}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet, writer, and professor
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = [[British Indian]] (1899–1947)<br />Indian (1947–1954)
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Brajamohan College]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]
| period =
| genre = Poetry, novels, short stories, criticism
| subject =
| movement = [[Bengali poetry#Modern Bengali poetry|Bengali Modernism]]
| notableworks = ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'', ''[[Rupasi Bangla]]'', ''[[Akashlina]]'', ''[[Banalata Sen]]'', ''[[Campe (poem)|Campe]]'', ''[[Bodh (poem)|Bodh]]''
| spouse = Labanyaprabha Das (née Gupta)
| partner =
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Kusumkumari Das]] (mother)
| awards = Nikhil Banga Rabindra Sahitya Sammelan Award (1952)<br />[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1955)
| signature = Jibanananda Das signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Jibanananda Das'''{{efn|{{IPA|bn|'dʒibonˌanondoː daʃ}}}} (17 February 1899 – 22 October 1954)<ref name="s">{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Sengupta |editor1-first=Subodh Chandra |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Anjali |year=1988 |orig-year=First published 1976 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |trans-title=Jibanananda Das |script-encyclopedia=bn:সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান |encyclopedia=Saṃsada bāṅāli caritābhidhāna |trans-encyclopedia=Parliament Bengali Biographical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/Samsad-Bangali-Charitabhidhan-Ed2/page/১৭৯/mode/1up |language=bn |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |page=179}}</ref> was an Indian poet, writer, novelist and essayist who wrote in the [[Bengali language]]. Often referred to as the ''Rupashi Banglar Kabi'' ({{lit|'Poet of Beautiful Bengal'}}),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/pachmisheli/article/1154181/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF |title=Banglar Mukh Ami Dekhiyachi |date=23 April 2017 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |access-date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Transcom Group |language=bn |script-title=bn:বাংলার মুখ আমি দেখিয়াছি |trans-title=I've Seen the Face of Bengal}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> he is regarded as one of the most prominent Bengali poets after [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], although he received limited recognition during his lifetime.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Hajar Bacharer Bangali Sangskriti |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |publisher=Abasar |year=2016 |isbn=978-984-415-190-1 |location=Dhaka |pages=316 |language=bn |script-title=bn:হাজার বছরের বাঙালি সংস্কৃতি |trans-title=Bengali Culture across the Millennia |chapter=Bangla Bhasha o Sahitya |script-chapter=bn:বাংলা ভাষা ও সাহিত্য |trans-chapter=Bengali Language and Literature |author-link=Ghulam Murshid}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/703870 |title=Barishale Jibanananda Mela |date=6 December 2015 |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607123213/http://www.prothomalo.com/entertainment/article/703870 |archive-date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Transcom Group |location=Dhaka |language=bn |script-title=bn:বরিশালে জীবনানন্দ মেলা |trans-title=Jibanananda Fair in Barishal |quote=বাংলা সাহিত্যে রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও নজরুল ইসলামের পর শ্রেষ্ঠ কবি জীবনানন্দ দাশ। নতুন প্রজন্ম জীবনানন্দ দাশকে ভুলতে বসেছে। জীবনানন্দের প্রকৃতি প্রেম ও দর্শন নতুন প্রজন্মের মধ্যে ছড়িয়ে দিতে হবে। ... বলেন রবীন্দ্র ভারতী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সাবেক উপাচার্য পবিত্র সরকার। Jibanananda Das is the greatest poet after Rabindranath and Nazrul Islam. The young generation is forgetful of Jibanananda. We should promulgate his love and view of nature among the new generations. ... said Pabitra Sarkar, the ex-VC of Rabindra Bharati University.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alokitobangladesh.com/online/details/14964 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশের কবিতার সংখ্যা কত? |website=Alokita Bangladesh |language=bn |access-date=7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Jibanananda Das |last=Salekeen |first=Seraj |publisher=Kathaprokash |year=2018 |series=Jibani Granthamal [Biography Series] |location=Dhaka |pages=7 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |language=bn |quote=আমৃত্যু নির্জন, অথচ মৃত্যুপরবর্তী কিছুকালের মধ্যে সমকালীন বাংলা কবিতার অন্যতম জনপ্রিয় কবিতে পরিণত হন জীবনানন্দ দাশ। Despite being desolate till death, Jibanananda Das became one of the popular poets of contemporary Bengali poems immediately after his death.}}</ref>

Born in [[Barisal]] to a [[Bengali Hindu]] family, Das studied English literature at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]], and earned a master's degree from [[Calcutta University]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=[[Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh]] |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=2nd |location=Dhaka |chapter=Das, Jibanananda |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Das,_Jibanananda}}</ref> He experienced persistent difficulty securing stable employment and faced financial hardship throughout his life. He taught at several colleges but never granted tenure. Following the partition of India, he permanently settled in Kolkata. Das died on 22 October 1954, eight days after being struck by a [[tramcar|tram]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jibanananda Das |last=Salekeen |first=Seraj |publisher=Kathaprokash |year=2018 |series=Jibani Granthamal [Biography Series] |location=Dhaka |pages=80 |script-title=bn:জীবনানন্দ দাশ |language=bn}}</ref> Witnesses had later reported that the tram had sounded its whistle, but Das did not stop and was hit. Some accounts have speculated that the incident may have been a suicide.<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Jibanananda Daser Prakashita-Aprakashita KabitaSamagra |date=1998 |publisher=Abasar |isbn=984-446-008-5 |editor1-last=Syed |editor1-first=Abdul Mannan |editor1-link=Abdul Mannan Syed |location=Dhaka |page=618 |language=bn |chapter=Parishishta}}</ref>

Das was relatively unrecognised during his lifetime. Although he wrote profusely, he published little of his work, partly due to his introverted nature. Much of his writing remained unpublished,<ref name=":3" /> and only seven volumes of his poetry appeared during his lifetime.<ref name=":2" /> After his death, it was discovered that, in addition to poetry, Das had written 21 novels and 108 short stories. His notable works include ''[[Ruposhi Bangla]]'', ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'', ''Mahaprithibi'', and ''Shreshtha Kavita''.<ref name=":3" /> His early poetry reflects the influence of Kazi Nazrul Islam,<ref name=":3" /> but by the latter half of the 20th century, his own work had become a major influence on the development of modern Bengali verse.<ref>{{cite book |last=Das Gupta |first=Chidananda |year=1972 |title=Jibanananda Das |series=Makers of Indian Literature |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=13 |oclc=313728800 |quote=For the younger generation of Bengali poets today, he [Das] has practically come to take the place of [[Tagore]]. His influence on them is all-pervading.}}</ref>

Das received the Rabindra-Memorial Award for ''Banalata Sen'' in 1953 at the All Bengal Rabindra Literature Convention.<ref name=":3" /> His collection ''Shrestha Kavita'' won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Bengali|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1955.<ref name=":3" /> A film inspired by his short story Jamrultola, titled 'Sunder Jibon' and directed by Sandeep Chattopadhyay ([[Chatterjee]]), was produced by [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Sundar Jeebon {{!}} National Award winning short film {{!}} A diploma film@SRFTI |date=20 June 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_9ta3y1j8A |language=en |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Chatterjee |first=Sandeep |title=Sundar Jeebon |date=3 May 2002 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9046130/ |type=Short |others=Debolina Addhya, Ardhendu Banerjee, Santanu Bose, Sharmistha Chakravarty |publisher=Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute |access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film]] at the [[50th National Film Awards]], with [[Santanu Bose|Shantanu Bose]] in the lead role.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Jibanananda Das Old.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Young Jibanananda Das]]
Das was born in 1899 in [[Barisal]], a district town in the [[British Raj]], into a Bengali [[Baidya]] family. His ancestors originated from the [[Bikrampur]] region (now [[Munshiganj District|Mushiganj]]) of the [[Dhaka Division]], from the now-extinct village of Gaupara in the kumarvog area of the [[Louhajang Upazila]] on the banks of the river [[Padma]].<ref name="Das,_P._2003_1">{{harvnb|Das, P.|2003|p=1}}</ref> Das' grandfather Sarbānanda Dāśagupta was the first to settle permanently in Barisal. He was an early exponent of the reformist [[Brahmo Samaj]] movement in Barisal and was highly regarded in town for his philanthropy. He erased the ''-gupta'' suffix from the family name, regarding it as a symbol of [[Vedic period|Vedic]] [[Brahmin]] excess, thus rendering the surname to ''Das''.<ref name="Das,_P._2003_2">{{harvnb|Das, P.|2003|p=2}}</ref> Jibanananda's father Satyānanda Dāś (1863–1942) was a schoolmaster, essayist, magazine publisher, and
founder-editor of ''Brôhmobadi'', a journal of the Brahmo Samaj dedicated to the exploration of social issues.<ref name="Das,_P._2003_6">{{harvnb|Das, P.|2003|p=6}}</ref>

Jibanananda's mother [[Kusumkumari Das|Kusumakumārī Dāś]] (1875–1948) was a poet who wrote a famous poem called ''Adôrsho Chhēlē'' ("The Ideal Boy") whose refrain is well known to Bengalis to this day: ''Āmādēr dēshey hobey shei chhēlē kobey / Kothae nā boṛo hoye kajey boro hobey.'' (''The child who achieves not in words but in deeds, when will this land know such a one?''){{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

Jibanananda was the eldest son of his parents, and was called by the nickname Milu. A younger brother Aśōkānanda Dāś was born in 1901 and a sister called Sucharita in 1915. Jibananda fell violently ill in his childhood, and his parents feared for his life. Fervently desiring to restore his health, Kusumkumari took her ailing child on pilgrimage to [[Lucknow]], [[Agra]] and [[Giridih]]. They were accompanied on these journeys by their uncle Chandranāth.

In January 1908, Jibanananda, by now eight years old, was admitted to the first grade in ''Brojomohon School''. The delay was due to his father's opposition to admitting children into school at too early an age. Jibanananda's childhood education was therefore limited to his mother's tutelage.

His school life passed by relatively uneventfully. In 1915 he successfully completed his [[matriculation]] examination from Brajamohan College, obtaining a first division in the process. He repeated the feat two years later when he passed the intermediate exams from [[Brajamohan College]]. Evidently an accomplished student, he left his home at rural Barisal to join [[University of Calcutta]].

=== Life in Calcutta: first phase ===
Jibanananda enrolled in [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]. He studied [[English literature]] and graduated with a BA (Honours) Degree in 1919. That same year, his first poem appeared in print in the [[Boishakh]] issue of ''Brahmobadi'' journal. Fittingly, the poem was called ''Borsho-abahon'' (''Arrival of the New Year''). This poem was published anonymously, with only the honorific Sri in the byline. However, the annual index in the year-end issue of the magazine revealed his full name: "Sri Jibanananda Das Gupta, BA".

In 1921, he completed the MA degree in English from University of Calcutta, obtaining a second class. He was also studying law. At this time, he lived in the Hardinge student quarters next to the university. Just before his exams, he fell ill with [[bacillary dysentery]], which affected his preparation for the examination.

The following year, he started his teaching career. He joined the English department of [[City College, Calcutta]] as a tutor. By this time, he had left Hardinge and was boarding at Harrison Road. He gave up his law studies. It is thought that he also lived in a house in Bechu Chatterjee Street for some time with his brother Ashokanananda, who had come there from Barisal for his MSc studies.
[[File:Adobe Scan 08-Jul-2022 (1) 2.jpg|thumb|Signet Edition of Mahaprithibi]]

=== Travels and travails ===
His literary career began to improve. When [[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbondhu Chittaranjan Das]] died in June 1925, Jibanananda wrote a poem called 'Deshbandhu' Prayan'e' ("On the Death of the Friend of the nation") which was published in ''Bangabani'' magazine. This poem would later take its place in the collection called ''Jhara Palok'' (1927). On reading it, poet [[Kalidas Roy]] said that he had thought the poem was the work of a mature, accomplished poet hiding behind a pseudonym. {{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Jibanananda's earliest printed [[prose]] work was also published in 1925. This was an obituary entitled "Kalimohan Das'er Sraddha-bashorey," which appeared in serialised form in ''Brahmobadi'' magazine. His poetry began to be widely published in various literary journals and [[little magazine movement|little magazines]] in Calcutta, Dhaka and elsewhere. These included ''[[Kallol]]'', perhaps the most famous literary magazine of the era, ''Kalikalam'' (Pen and Ink), ''Progoti'' (Progress) (co-edited by [[Buddhadeb Bose]]) and others. At this time, he occasionally used the surname Dasgupta as opposed to Das.

In 1927, he published ''Jhara Palok'' (Fallen Feathers), his first collection of poems. A few months later, Jibanananda was fired from his job at the City College. The college had been struck by student unrest surrounding a religious festival, and enrolment seriously suffered as a consequence. Still in his late 20s, Jibanananda was the youngest member of the faculty and therefore regarded as the most dispensable. In the literary circle of Calcutta, he also came under serial attack. One of the most serious literary critics of that time, [[Sajanikanta Das]], began to write aggressive critiques of his poetry in the review pages of ''Shanibarer Chithi'' (the Saturday Letter) magazine.

With nothing to keep him in [[Calcutta]], Jibanananda left for the small town of [[Bagerhat]] in the far south, there to resume his teaching career at [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat|Bagerhat P. C. College]]. But after about three months he returned to the big city, now in dire financial straits. To make ends meet, he gave private tuition to students while applying for full-time positions in academia. In December 1929, he moved to Delhi to take up a teaching post at [[Ramjas College]]; again this lasted no more than a few months. Back in Barisal, his family had been making arrangements for his marriage. Once Jibanananda went to Barisal, he failed to go back to Delhi – and, consequently, lost the job.

In May 1930, he married Labanyaprabha Sen, a girl whose ancestors came from [[Bagerhat]]. His marriage was solemnized at the Brahmo Samaj Mandir which was attended by leading literary lights of the day such as [[Ajit Kumar Dutta]] and [[Buddhadeb Bose]]. A daughter called Manjusree was born to the couple in February of the following year.
[[File:কবিতা ভবন থেকে প্রকাশিত বনলতা সেনের প্রথম সংস্করণ.jpg|thumb|First Edition of Banalata Sen published from Kavita Bhavan of [[Buddhadev Bose]]]]
Around this time, he wrote one of his most controversial poems. "[[Campe (poem)|Camp'e]]" (At the Camp) was printed in [[Sudhindranath Dutta|Sudhindranath Dutta's]] ''Parichay'' magazine and immediately caused a firestorm in the literary circle of Calcutta. The poem's ostensible subject is a deer hunt on a moonlit night. Many accused Jibanananda of promoting indecency and [[incest]] through this poem.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} More and more, he turned now, in secrecy, to fiction. He wrote a number of short novels and short stories during this period of unemployment, strife and frustration.

In 1934 he wrote the series of sonnets that would form the basis of the collection called ''[[Rupasi Bangla]]''. These poems were not discovered during his lifetime, and were only published in 1957, three years after his death.

=== Back in Barisal ===
In 1935, Jibanananda, by now familiar with professional disappointment and poverty, returned to his ''alma mater'' Brajamohan College, which was then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. He joined as a lecturer in the English department. In Calcutta, [[Buddhadeb Bose]], [[Premendra Mitra]] and [[Samar Sen (poet)|Samar Sen]] were starting a brand new poetry magazine called ''Kobita''. Jibanananda's work featured in the very first issue of the magazine, a poem called ''Mrittu'r'' Aagey (''Before Death''). Upon reading the magazine, [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] wrote a lengthy letter to Bose and especially commended the Das poem: "Jibanananda Das' vivid, colourful poem has given me great pleasure." It was in the second issue of ''Kobita'' ([[Poush]] 1342 issue, Dec 1934/Jan 1935) that Jibanananda published his now-legendary "[[Banalata Sen]]". Today, this 18-line poem is among the most famous poems in the language.

The following year, his second volume of poetry ''[[Dhusar Pandulipi]]'' was published. Jibanananda was by now well settled in Barisal. A son Samarananda was born in November 1936. His impact in the world of [[Bengali literature]] continued to increase. In 1938, Tagore compiled a poetry anthology entitled ''Bangla Kabya Parichay'' (''Introduction to Bengali Poetry'') and included an abridged version of ''Mrityu'r Aagey'', the same poem that had moved him three years ago. Another important anthology came out in 1939, edited by Abu Sayeed Ayub and Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay; Jibanananda was represented with four poems: ''Pakhira'' (The Birds), ''Shakun'' (The Vulture), ''Banalata Sen'', and ''Nagna Nirjan Haat'' (Naked Lonely Hand).

In 1942, the same year that his father died, his third volume of poetry ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'' was published under the aegis of Kobita Bhavan and Buddhadeb Bose. A ground-breaking modernist poet in his own right, Bose was a steadfast champion of Jibanananda's poetry, providing him with numerous platforms for publication. 1944 saw the publication of ''Maha Prithibi'', Jibanananda's 4th collection of poems. The [[Second World War]] had a profound impact on Jibanananda's poetic vision. The following year, Jibanananda provided his own translations of several of his poems for an English anthology to be published under the title ''Modern Bengali Poems''. Oddly enough, the editor Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya considered these translations to be sub-standard, and instead commissioned [[Martin Kirkman]] to translate four of Jibanananda's poems for the book.

=== Life in Calcutta: final phase ===
The aftermath of the war saw heightened demands for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]. Muslim politicians led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] wanted an independent homeland for the Muslims of the subcontinent. Bengal was uniquely vulnerable to partition: its western half was majority-Hindu, its eastern half majority-Muslim. Yet adherents of both religions spoke the same language, came from the same ethnic stock, and lived in close proximity to each other in town and village. Jibanananda had emphasized the need for communal harmony at an early stage. In his very first book ''Jhora Palok'', he had included a poem called ''Hindu Musalman''.
However, events in real life belied his beliefs. In his poem 1946-47 he deplored the loss of life in communal riots. In the summer of 1946, he travelled to Calcutta from Barisal on three months' paid leave. He stayed at his brother Ashokananda's place through the bloody riots that swept the city. Violence broke out in Noakhali and Tippera districts later in the autumn. Just before partition in August 1947, Jibanananda quit his job at Brajamohan College and said goodbye to his beloved Barisal. He and his family were among the 10 million refugees who took part in the largest cross-border migration in history. For a while he worked for a magazine called ''Swaraj'' as its Sunday magazine editor. However, he was fired from the job after a few months.

In 1948, he completed two of his novels, ''Mallyaban'' and ''Shutirtho'', neither of which were discovered during his life. ''Shaat'ti Tarar Timir'' (Darkness of Seven Stars), his 5th anthology of poems, was published in December 1948. The same month, his mother Kusumkumari Das died in Calcutta.

By now, he was well established in the Calcutta literary world. He was appointed to the editorial board of yet another new literary magazine ''Dondo'' (''Conflict''). However, in a reprise of his early career, he was sacked from his job at [[Kharagpur College]] in February 1951. In 1952, Signet Press published an expanded edition of ''Banalata Sen''. The book received widespread acclaim and won the Book of the Year award from the All-Bengal Tagore Literary Conference. Later that year, the poet found another job at ''Barisha College'' (now known as [[Vivekananda College, Thakurpukur]]). This job too he lost within a few months. He applied afresh to Diamond Harbour Fakirchand College, but eventually declined it, owing to travel difficulties. Instead he was obliged to take up a post at Howrah Girl's College (now known as [[Bijoy Krishna Girls' College]]), a constituent affiliated undergraduate college of the University of Calcutta. As the head of the English department, he was entitled to a 50-taka monthly bonus on top of his salary.

By the last year of his life, Jibanananda was acclaimed as one of the best poets of the post-Tagore era. He was constantly in demand at literary conferences, poetry readings, radio recitals etc. In May 1954, he was published a volume titled 'Best Poems' (''Sreshttho Kobita''). His ''Best Poems'' won the Indian [[Sahitya Akademi]] Award in 1955.

=== Love and marriage ===
Young Jibanananda fell in love with Shovona, daughter of his uncle Atulananda Das, who lived in the neighbourhood. He dedicated his first anthology of poems to Shovona without mentioning her name explicitly. He did not try to marry her since marriage between cousin was not socially acceptable.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} She has been referred to as Y in his literary notes.

Jibananda married [[Labanyaprabha Das]] (née Gupta) in 1930. Labanyaprabha was the daughter of Rohini Kumar Gupta and Sarojubala Gupta. Her paternal uncle was Amritalal Gupta, a renowned Acharya of the Brahmo Samaj in Dhaka. He was the author of "Cheleder Katha" and "Punyabati Nari".{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

=== Death ===

Jibanananda was in a road accident on 14 October 1954. He was hit by a tram while crossing a road near Calcutta's [[Deshapriya Park]], while on his evening walk. Seriously injured, he was taken to [[Shambhunath Pundit Hospital]], where he died eight days later on 22 October 1954, aged 55. He left behind his wife, Labanyaprabha Das, a son and a daughter.

His body was cremated the following day at Keoratola crematorium.<ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Prabhatkumar |year=2003 |title=Jibanananda Das |edition=2nd |location=Calcutta |publisher=Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi |ref={{harvid|Das, P.|2003}}}}</ref> It has been alleged in some biographical accounts that his accident was actually an attempt at suicide.<ref>''আধুনিক বাঙলা কবিতা'' [Modern Bengali Poetry], ed. [[Humayun Azad]], {{oclc|60264629}}.</ref>

He was widely mourned in literary circles, with obituaries in almost all the main newspapers appreciating his poetry. Poet Sanjay Bhattacharya wrote the news of the death and sent it to different newspapers. On 1 November 1954, ''The Times of India'' wrote that "The premature death after an accident of Mr. Jibanananda Das removes from the field of Bengali literature a poet, who, though never in the limelight of publicity and prosperity, made a significant contribution to modern Bengali poetry by his prose-poems and free-verse ... A poet of nature with a serious awareness of the life around him, Jibanananda Das was known not so much for the social content of his poetry as for his bold imagination and the concreteness of his image."{{cn|date=January 2026}}

== Poetics ==
Jibanananda Das started writing and publishing in his early 20s. During his lifetime he published only 269 poems in different journals and magazines, of which 162 were collected in seven anthologies, from ''Jhara Palak'' to ''Bela Obela Kalbela''.<ref>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), ''I have seen the Bengal's face – Poems from Jibanananda Das'', Creative Workshop, Chittagong (A collection of forty poems by Jibanananda Das, rendered into English by different translators).</ref> Many of his poems have been published posthumously at the initiative of his brother Asokananda Das, sister Sucharita Das and nephew Amitananda Das, and the efforts of Dr. Bhumendra Guha, who over the decades copied them from scattered manuscripts. By 2008, the total count of Jibananda's known poems stood at almost 800. In addition, numerous novels and short stories were discovered and published about the same time.<ref name="blt">''Beyond Land and Time'', ed. [[Faizul Latif Chowdhury]] and Golam Mustafa, 2008, Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka</ref>
[[File:জীবনানন্দ দাশের লেখা ঝরা পালক কাব্যগ্রন্থের প্রথম সংস্করণ.jpg|thumb|Jibananda's first book 'Jhara Palak']]
Jibanananda scholar [[Clinton B. Seely]] has termed Jibanananda Das as "Bengal's most cherished poet since [[Rabindranath Tagore]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Seely |first=Clinton B. |author-link=Clinton B. Seely |year=1990 |title=A Poet Apart: A Literary Biography of the Bengali Poet Jibanananda Das (1899–1954) |location=Newark |publisher=[[University of Delaware Press]] |page=9 |isbn=9788186438138}}</ref> He was known as a [[surrealist poetry|surrealist poet]] for his spontaneous, frenzied overflow of subconscious mind in poetry and especially in diction.<ref>[https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-269709 Jibanananda Das, the foremost figure of surrealism. The Daily Star, Feb 20, 2013]</ref>

== Major works ==


=== Poetry ===
* ''Jhôra Palok'' (''Fallen Feathers''), 1927.
* ''[[Dhusar Pandulipi]]'' (''Grey Manuscript''), 1936.
* ''[[Banalata Sen (book)|Banalata Sen]]'', 1942.
* ''Môhaprithibi'' (''Great Universe''), 1944.
[[File:Adobe Scan 08-Jul-2022 (1) 1.jpg|thumb|First Edition of Mahaprithibi]]
* ''Shaat-ti Tarar Timir'', (''Darkness of Seven Stars''), 1948.
* ''Shreshtho Kobita'', (''Best Poems''), 1954: Navana, Calcutta.
* ''[[Ruposhi Bangla]]'' (''Bengal, the Beautiful''), written in 1934, published posthumously in 1957.
* ''Bela Obela Kalbela'' (''Times, Bad Times, End Times''), 1961, published posthumously but the manuscript was prepared during lifetime.
* ''Sudorshona''(''The beautiful''), published posthumously in 1973: Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.
* ''Alo Prithibi'' (''The World of Light''), published posthumously in 1981: Granthalaya Private Ltd., Calcutta.
* ''Manobihangam'' (''The Bird that is my Heart''), published posthumously in 1979: Bengal Publishers Private Ltd. Calcutta.
* ''Oprkashitô Ekanno'' (''Unpublished Fifty-one''), published posthumously in 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
* ''Krishna Dasami'', Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka. published posthumously in 2015.
* ''Surya Osuryaloke'', Suchoyoni, Dhaka. published posthumously in 2021.

== Major collected texts ==
* Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1993, Bharbi, 13/1 Bankim Chatterjje Street, Kolkata-73.
* Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Gatidhara, 38/2-KA Bangla Bazaar, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh.
* Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Jibanananda Das Uttorparba (1954–1965), 2000, Pustak Bipani, Calcutta.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1990), ''Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô'', (tr: ''Complete non-fictional prose works of Jibanananda Das''), First edition : Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), ''Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô'', (tr: ''Complete non-fictional prose works of Jibanananda Das''), Second edition : Mowla Brothers, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, F. L. (ed) : Oprokashito 51 (tr. Unpublished fifty one poems of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.
* Shahriar, Abu Hasan : Jibanananda Das-er Gronthito-Ogronthito Kabita Samagra, 2004, Agaami Prokashoni, Dhaka.

== Books on Jibanananda ==
* (1965) 'Ekti Nakkhatro Ase', Ambuj Basu, Mousumi.
* (1970) 'Kobi Jibanananda Das', Sanjay Bhattacharya, Varbi.
* (1971) 'Jibanananda (ek khando)', Gopal Chandra Roy, Sahittya Sadan;
* 'Manus Jibanananda', Labanya Das, Bengal Publishers;
* 'Jibanananda Smriti', Debkumar Basu edited, Karuna Prokasani.
* (1972) 'Suddhatamo Kobi', Abdul Mannan Saiyad, Knowledge Home, Dhaka; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shaymapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokasan.
* (1973) 'Jibanananda das', edited by Birendra Bhattacharya, Onnisto.
* (1975) 'Kobi Jibanananda', Suddhaswatto Basu, Sankha Prokasan.
* (1976) 'Jibanishilpi Jibanananda Das', Asadujjan, Bangladesh Book Corporation, Dhaka.
* (1979) 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shyamapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokashan.
* (1980) 'Rupasi Banglar Dui Kobi', Purnendu Patri, Ananda Publishers Ltd.
* (1983) 'Kacher Manus Jibanananda', Ajit Ghose, Bijoy Krishna Girls' College Cheap Store;'Rabindranath Najrul Jibanananda ebong aekjon Probasi Bangali', Kalyan Kumar Basu, Biswagaen;'Adhunikata, Jibanananda o Porabastob', Tapodhir Bhattacharya and Swapna Bhattacharya, Nobark;'Jibananander Chetona Jagot', Pradumno Mitra, Sahityshri;'Jibanananda Das:Jiboniponji o Granthoponji', Provat Kumar Das, Hardo;'Prosongo:Jibanananda', Shibaji Bandopadhaya, Ayon.
* (1984) 'Jibanananda', Amalendu Basu, Banishilpo,;'Uttor Probesh', Susnato Jana;'Jibanananda', edited by Abdul Manna Sayad, Charitra, Dhaka;'Jibanananda Prasongiki', Sandip Datta, Hardo,
* (1985) 'Ami sei Purohit', Sucheta Mitra, A.Mukherji and Co;'Probondhokar Jibananada', Subrata Rudro, Nath Publishing;'Jibanananda Jiggasa', edited by Tarun Mukhopadhaya, pustok Biponi.
* (2003) 'Jibananda : Kabitar Mukhamukhi', Narayan Haldar.
* (2005) 'Amar Jibanananda', Dr. Himabanta Bondopadhyay, Bangiya Sahitya Samsad.
* (2008) 'Essays on Jibanananda Das', edited by Chowdhury F. L., Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.
* (2009) 'Etodin Kothay Chilen', [[Anisul Hoque]].
* (2014) 'Jibananander Andhokaare', Rajib Sinha, Ubudash, Kolkata-12.
* '''Ekjon Komolalebu''' (Reincarnation as an Orange: The Story of Jibanananda), [[Shahaduz Zaman|Sahaduzzaman]]

== Awards ==
The [[Kolkata Poetry Confluence]], in collaboration with [[Bhasha Samsad]], has instituted the [[Jibanananda Das Award]] for poetry translation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theantonymmag.com/kolkata-poetry-confluence-multilingual-poetry-translation-competition/ |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence – Multilingual Poetry Translation Awards |date=19 February 2022 |publisher=Antonym Magazine |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> Jibanananda Das awards for translation were given away in ten different languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kolkatapoetryconfluence.org/announcements/ |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence – Translation Awards Announcement |publisher=Kolkota Poetry Confluence |access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

A literary award named ''Jibanananda Puroshkar'', also known as the [[Jibanananda Prize]], has been instituted in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/festival-for-distributing-jibanananda-prize-45167 |title=Festival for distributing Jibanananda Prize |author=Sushanta Ghosh |publisher=The Daily Star |date=12 October 2014 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> It confers annual awards to the best works of poetry and prose by Bangladeshi authors.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/english/entertainment/news/bd/74373.details |title=Jewel Mazhar and Abdul Mannan get Jibanananda Puroshkar |publisher=Bangla News |date=18 February 2019 |access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

=== Biography ===
* Bhattacharya, Bitoshoke (2001), ''Jibanananda'', Banishilpo Publishers, Kolkata.
* Banerjee, Deviprarad (1986), ''Jibanananda Das – Bikaash Protishthaar Itirbitta'' (tr: ''A chronicle of development and achievements of Jibanananda Das''), Bharat Book Agency, Calcutta.
* Seely, Clinton B. : 'A Poet Apart' (A comprehensive literary biography of Jibanananda Das), 1990, Associated University Press Ltd, USA
* Ray, Gopal (1971), ''Jibanananda'', Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.
* Das, Prabhatkumar (2003), ''Jibanananda Das'' (2nd edition), Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi, Calcutta.
* Dassarma, Pradip (2009), ''Nil Hawar Samudre: a [[biographical novel]] on Jibanananda Das'', Pratibhash Publishers, Kolkata

=== Literary analysis ===
* Bose, Ambuj (1965), ''Ekti Nakshetra Ashe'' (tr. ''A star arrives''), Mausumi, Calcutta.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1994), ''Jibanananda Das'er "Aat bochor aager ekdin"'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), ''Jibanananda Das'er "Godhuli-shondhi'r Nritto"'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1999), ''Jibanananda Das'er "Mrityur Aage'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1999), ''Jibanananda Bibechona'', Anya Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (2000), ''Proshôngo Jibanananda'', Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.
* Chowdhury, Pranab (editor) (2001), ''Jibanananda Niye Probôndho'' (tr: ''Essays on Jibanananda''), Jatiyo Grontho Prokashon, Dhaka
* Das, Prabhatkumar (1999), ''Jibanananda Das'', Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi, Kolkata.
* Dutta, Birendra (2005), ''Jibanananda: Kobi Gôlpokar'' (tr: ''Jibanananda: Poet and Short Story Writer''), Pustok Biponi, Kolkata .
* Gupta, Dr. Kshetra (2000), ''Jibanananda: Kobitar Shorir'', Shahitto Prokash, Kolkata.
* Mukhopadhyay, Kamal (editor) (1999), ''Jibanananda Onnikhon'', Shilindhro Prokashon, Kolkata
* Roychoudhury, Samir (editor) (2001), Postmodern Bangla Poetry, Haowa#49 Publishers, Kolkata.
* Rudro, Subrata (1985), ''Probôndhokar Jibanananda'' (tr: ''Jibanananda the Essayist''), Nath Publishing, Kolkata
* Roychoudhury, Malay (2002), ''Postmodern Jibanananda'', Graffiti Publishers, Kolkata.
* Shahriar, Abu Hasan (editor) (2003), ''Jibanananda Das: Mullayon o Patthodhhar'' (tr: ''Jibanananda Das: Assessment and Critical Readings''), Shahitto Bikash, Dhaka
* Syed, Abdul Mannan (editor) and Hasnat, Abul (editor) (2001), ''Jibanananda Das: Jônmo-shôtobarshik Sharok-grontho'', Ôboshôr Prokashona Shôngstha, Dhaka.
* Sinha, Rajib (2014),'Jibananander Andhokaare', Ubudash, Kolkata-12.{{ISBN|978-93-82982-10-4}}
* Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (2022), ''Jibanananda Patrabali'' (letters of Jibanananda Das), Pathak Samabesh, Dhaka.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource|Author:Jibanananda Das|Jibanananda Das}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Banglapedia}}
* {{LCAuth|n81082067}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{Amazon author page}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Jibanananda Das}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Jibanananda}}
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Swarnakumari Devi

2026-02-28T22:04:04Z

Nishant taliyan: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian poet and composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| embed =
| name = Swarnakumari Devi
| image = Swarnakumari_Devi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt = Portrait of Swarnakumari Devi
| caption = Swarnakumari Devi
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Swarnakumari Tagore
| birth_date = 1855 or 1856
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 1932 (age 76–77)
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, editor, social worker
| citizenship = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = ''Bharati'' (journal)<br />''Dipnirban'' (novel)<br />''Basanta Utsav'' (opera)<br />''Kahake'' (novel)<br />Science essays
| spouse = {{marriage|Janakinath Ghosal|1869}}
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]] (niece), [[Dwijendranath Tagore|Dwijendranath]], [[Satyendranath Tagore|Satyendranath]], [[Hemendranath Tagore|Hemendranath]], [[Jyotirindranath Tagore|Jyotirindranath]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (siblings) +9 others
| awards =
| years_active =
| family = [[Tagore family]]
}}

'''Swarnakumari Devi''' (1855 or 1856 – 1932), also known as '''Swarnakumari Tagore''', '''Swarnakumari Ghosal''', '''Svarṇakumārī Debī''' and '''Srimati Svarna Kumari Devi''',<ref name="WorldCat">{{cite web |title=Svarṇakumārī Debī |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no99-010895/ |website=Worldcat |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] writer, editor, essayist, poet, novelist, playwright, composer, and social worker.<ref name="Chaudhuri 2013" />

[[File:Svarna Kumari Devi.jpg|thumb|Sketch of Devi c. 1909]]

==Biography==
Swarnakumari was born as the tenth child{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} to [[Debendranath Tagore]] and Sarada Devi into the [[Tagore family]] of Jorasanko, [[Kolkata]] in 1855<ref name="Mandal 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Madhumati |title=Promotion of Science in Late 19th C. Bengal: Swarnakumari Devi's Contribution |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2005–2006 |volume=66 |pages=1209–1213 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145933 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=[[Indian History Congress]]|jstor=44145933 }}</ref><ref name="Gupta">{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Uma Das |title=Family and Times |url=https://scotstagore.org/family-and-times/ |website=The Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> or 1856.<ref name="WorldCat"/><ref name="Chaudhuri 2013" /> She was the elder sister of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Mandal 2005"/> Her short story ''Mutiny'' describes her experience being born just prior to the [[Sepoy Rebellion]] of 1857.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}

Swarnakumari and her sisters did not attend school, but were tutored privately in Sanskrit and English and had the educational benefit of being raised in the Calcutta mansion that was home to the Tagore family.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} At age 13, she married Janakinath Ghosal, a deputy magistrate.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} Their children were Hiranmoyee Devi, Sir Jyotsnanath Ghosal (married to Sukriti Devi, daughter of [[Nripendra Narayan|Maharaja Nripendra Narayan]] and [[Suniti Devi]]) and [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]].

In 1886, she established the first women's organization in Bengal, ''Sakhi-Samiti'', to help impoverished women.<ref name="Mandal 2005" />{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}} She also founded the Ladies' Theosophical Society in Calcutta.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}}

She participated in sessions of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1889 and 1890.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}} Swarnakumari and [[Kadambini Ganguly]] were the first women delegates to the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Mandal 2005" />

===Literary career===
Swarnakumari was a writer and editor for the literary monthly ''Bharati'' for more than 30 years, after the journal was established by her older brother [[Dwijendranath Tagore|Dijendranath Tagore]] in 1877 or 1878.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}<ref name="Mandal 2005" /><ref name="Kundu 2022">{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Ankita |title=Swarnakumari Devi: The Forgotten Author And Activist Of The Tagore Family |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/05/16/swarnakumari-devi-the-forgotten-author-and-activist-of-the-tagore-family/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Feminism in India |date=May 16, 2022}}</ref> Her work in ''Bharati'' is considered to be among her major achievements.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}
{{Quote box
|quote = "Some of the terms she coined include 'upachchhaya' (penambra), 'parnitaru' (fern), 'mohishnu' (sensitive), 'balakhilya' (pigmy), 'tristar' (triambic), 'biswakash' (universe), 'suryabimba' (solarspot), 'abaraha' (hypnotism)"
|source=- Madhumati Mandal, ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'' (2005-2006)<ref name="Mandal 2005" />
|width = 30%
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Swarnakumari is the author of 25 books<ref name="Kundu 2022"/> and a wide range of essays.<ref name="Mondal 2017">{{cite book |last1=Mondal |first1=Madhumita |editor1-last=Raha |editor1-first=Bipasha |editor2-last=Chattopadhyay |editor2-first=Subhayu |title=Mapping the Path to Maturity |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351034142 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351034142-8/swarnakumari-devi-madhumita-mondal |access-date=29 September 2022 |chapter=Swarnakumari Devi: A Trend Setter in Colonial Bengal|doi=10.4324/9781351034142-8 }}</ref> 17 of her 24 essays on science were published in the journal ''Bharati'' between 1880 and 1889,<ref name="Chaudhuri 2013" /> and she expanded the Bengali language by creating new scientific terminology, as well as by incorporating terms created by [[Rajendralal Mitra]], [[Madhusudan Gupta]], [[Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar]] and [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]].<ref name="Mandal 2005" />{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}} Her science essays were written for lay readers, to help facilitate understanding of the concepts and to help promote science education.<ref name="Chaudhuri 2013" /><ref name="Mandal 2005" /> In 1882, a collection of her science essays, titled ''Prithivi'', was published.<ref name="Chaudhuri 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sutapa |title=Sutapa Chaudhuri: Scientific Essays of Swarnakumari Devi |journal=[[Muse India]] |date=September 2013 |issue=51|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>

According to [[Anurupa Debi|Anurupa Devi]], "Many women had written poems and stories before her, but these were looked upon patronizingly. She was the first writer to show up the strengths of women's writing and raise women's creations to a position of respect."{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=235}} Swarnakumari achieved contemporary popularity as a novelist, but many of her works have not been reprinted.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=235-236}}

Her novel ''Dipnirban'' (The Snuffing Out of the Light) was first published anonymously in 1870, but it was eventually understood that the author was a "young Hindu lady", according to a notice in the ''[[Hindoo Patriot|Hindu Patriot]]''.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} The ''[[Calcutta Review]]'' wrote, "We have no hesitation in pronouncing this book to be by far the best that has yet been written by a Bengali lady, and we should no more hesitate to call it one of the ablest in the whole literature of Bengal."{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} In 1879, she published what is believed to be the first Opera written in Bengali, ''Basanta Utsav'' (Spring Festival).{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}} In her poem ''Likhitechi'' (Writing, Day and Night), she expresses frustration at the challenges related to establishing her own career as a writer.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}}

Swarnakumari also wrote more than three hundred songs.<ref>শিল্পকলায় ঠাকুরবাড়ির গান, ২৩ নভেম্বর ২০১৬, নিজস্ব প্রতিবেদক, প্রথম আলো।</ref>

==Selected works==

'''Novels'''
* Dipnirban (The Snuffing Out of the Light), 1870{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}<ref name="Kundu 2022"/>
* Mibar Raj, 1877
* Chinna Mukul (A Picked Flower), 1879{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}<ref name="Kundu 2022"/>
* Mālati, 1881
* Hughlir Imam Badi 1887
* Vidroha (Revolt), 1890{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}
* Snehalata ba Palita (tr. as: The Uprooted Vine), (two volumes) 1892 and 1893,{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}<ref name="Kundu 2022"/> Oxford University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|9780195665024}}
* Phulermala (tr. as: The fatal Garland), 1894<ref name="Hubel 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Hubel |first1=Teresa |title=A Mutiny of Silence: Swarnakumari Devi's Sati |journal=Ariel: A Review of International English Literature |date=2011 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=167–190 |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=englishpub |access-date=29 September 2022 |issn=0004-1327}}</ref>
* Kahake (To Whom?; tr. as: The Unfinished Song), 1898,{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}<ref name="Kundu 2022"/> Oxford University Press, 2008 {{ISBN|9780195696356}}
* Bichitra, 1920
* Swapnabani, 1921
* Milanrati, 1925
* Phuler Mala

'''Short stories'''
* ''Short stories'', 1919<ref name="Hubel 2011"/>

'''Plays'''
* Koney Badal (Evening Dust Clouds / Time for Seeing the Bride), 1906{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}
* Pak Chakra (Wheel of Fortune), 1911{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}
* Rajkanya
* Divyakamal

== Honors and awards ==
She received the Jagattarini gold medal in 1927 from the [[University of Calcutta]] and was the first woman to win this award.<ref name="Mandal 2005"/> She was the president of the Vangiya Sahitya Sammelan (Vangiya literary conference) in 1929.<ref name="Kundu 2022" />

==Death and legacy==
She died in 1932 in Kolkata. She has been recognized by the [[Indian History Congress]] as one of the first women from [[Bengal]] to achieve success as a writer and for her efforts to encourage scientific education, including among women.<ref name="Mandal 2005"/>

==Family tree==
{{main|Tagore_family#Family_tree}}

== See also ==
* [[Tagore family]]
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (alphabetical)]]

== References ==
''Citations''
{{Reflist}}

''Sources''
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&pg=PA235 |title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century |year=1991 |last1=Lalita |first1=Ke |last2= Tharu |first2=Susie J |publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York |isbn=9781558610279}}

==Further reading==
* Caṭṭopādhyāẏa, Mīnā. ''Svarṇakumārī Debī'', Anubhāba, Kalakātā, 2000. {{OCLC|44128118}}
* Majumadāra, Samareśa. ''Svarṇakumārī Debīra galpa'', Ratnabalī: Prāptisthāna, Pustaka Bipaṇi, Kalakātā, 2004. {{OCLC|56599568}}
* Ghose, Sudakshina. ''Swarnakumari Devi''. Translated into English by Tapati Chowdhurie, [[Sahitya Akademi]], Kolkata, 2008.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swarnakumari, Devi}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Poets from British India]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]
[[Category:Essayists from British India]]
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]
[[Category:Novelists from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:Bengali women poets]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]

Search warrant

2026-02-27T03:23:16Z

Nishant taliyan: fixed lead based on references

{{short description|Type of court order}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}
{{globalize|date=January 2015}}
}}

A '''search warrant''' is a [[court order]] that a [[magistrate]] or [[judge]] issues to authorize [[Police|law enforcement]] officers to conduct a [[Search and seizure|search]] of a person, location, or vehicle for evidence of a crime and to confiscate any evidence they find. In most countries, a search warrant cannot be issued in aid of civil process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=search warrant |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/search_warrant |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref>

Jurisdictions that respect the [[rule of law]] and a right to privacy constrain police powers, and typically require search [[warrant (law)|warrant]]s or an equivalent procedure for searches police conducted in the course of a criminal investigation. The laws usually make an exception for [[hot pursuit]]: a police officer following a criminal who has fled the scene of a crime has the right to enter a property where the criminal has sought shelter. The necessity for a search warrant and its abilities vary from country to country. In certain authoritarian nations, police officers may be allowed to search individuals and property without having to obtain permission or provide justification for their actions.

==United Kingdom==
In [[England and Wales]], a local [[Magistrate#United Kingdom|magistrate]] issues search warrants, which require that a [[constable]] provide evidence that supports the warrant application.

Under Section 18(5)a of the [[Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984]], a constable can conduct a search immediately without an inspector's authorisation. This subsection allows a constable to search the home of a suspect under arrest in their presence before they take the suspect to a police station (or other custody location). Under Section 32 of the act, a constable who arrests a person who is on their own property or has just left their premises, may immediately search both the suspect and the immediate area.

In [[Scotland]], a country operating on the distinct legal system of [[Scots law]] compared to England and Wales, the restrictions governing the use and execution of search warrants are set out under Part XIII of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995. Search warrants must be signed by a [[Sheriff (Scotland)|Sheriff]] after a petition from police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/46/section/296|title=Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995|website=legislation.gov.uk|publisher=National Archives}}</ref>

Gas company officials may enter a home to inspect, repair, or replace [[gas meter]]s by obtaining a warrant.<ref>{{cite news|author=Farin|title=Breaking and metering|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/watchdog/2010/04/breaking_and_metering.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503214031/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/watchdog/2010/04/breaking_and_metering.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 3, 2010|access-date=27 October 2012|newspaper=BBC Watchdog|date=29 April 2010|quote=British Gas are legally entitled to enter anyone's home if the householder hasn't paid the bill and won't let them in, but they need a warrant from a magistrate, who must be satisfied the information British Gas shows them is correct. In most cases, British Gas also must have issued a prior warning.}}</ref>{{dl|date=December 2024}}

==Canada==
To get a warrant, police must present a judge with an ITO (information to obtain) form that contains reasonable and probable grounds to believe an offence has been or is being committed and that the authorization sought will afford evidence of that offence. This hearing is {{Lang|ln|ex parte}}, meaning only the crown is present. This fact obliges the police to include any known facts that hurt their application.<ref>R. v. Araujo, [2000] 2 SCR 992, [http://canlii.ca/t/5231 2000 SCC 65 (CanLII)], at para. 46.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Faloney|first1=Bernard|title=Rules of Evidence|url=http://freelegalhelp.ca/evidence.html#toWarrants|website=freelegalhelp.ca|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>

After a search the occupants receive a copy of the warrant and may receive a copy of the ITO through crown disclosure<ref>{{cite web|last1=Faloney|first1=Bernard|title=Criminal Procedure|url=http://freelegalhelp.ca/procedure.html|website=freelegalhelp.ca|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> if the occupant(s) are charged. There are numerous warrant procedures in the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]. Some have specific requirements such as being served during daytime or having a named supervising officer present in the case of a home search.<ref>R. v. Genest, [1989] 1 SCR 59, [http://canlii.ca/t/1ft8 1989 CanLII 109 (SCC)].</ref> If these requirements are not met by the police the evidence found may become inadmissible against the accused at trial.<ref>[http://freelegalhelp.ca/evidence.html#toWarrants Canada search warrant & ITO requirements]</ref>

==United States==
[[File:Request for Search Warrant - NARA - 285161.tif|thumb|right|220px|Request for a search warrant dated December 11, 1905]]

Under the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution]], most police searches require a search warrant based on [[probable cause]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Probable Cause |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/probable_cause |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> The absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement (whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest) normally requires a warrant for police entry in an individual's home.<ref name=":0" /> The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the [[Legal burden of proof|quantum of proof]] required for a later criminal conviction, which requires [[Reasonable doubt|proof beyond a reasonable doubt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of Proof |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/burden_of_proof |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref>

Under the Fourth Amendment, search warrants must be reasonable and particular.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Particularity Requirement |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/amendment-4/particularity-requirement |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |language=en}}</ref> This means that a search warrant must reasonably identify the items to be searched for and the place where law enforcement officials are authorized to search for those items. Unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies, the search of other buildings or areas of a building, persons or vehicles, or the search for additional items that do not reasonably fall under the original warrant, will normally require additional search warrants.

To obtain a search warrant, an officer must prove to a [[United States magistrate judge|magistrate]] or [[United States judge|judge]] that probable cause exists for the proposed search, based upon direct information (i.e., the officer's personal observation) or other reliable information. An application for a search warrant will often rely upon [[Hearsay in United States law|hearsay information]], such as information obtained from a confidential [[informant]], as long as probable cause exists based on the [[totality of the circumstances]]. Police can seize both property and persons under a search warrant.

The issue of federal search warrants is determined under [[Title 18 of the United States Code]]. The law has been restated and extended under Rule 41 of the [[Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 41. Search and Seizure|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcrmp/rule_41|website=Legal Information Institute|date=30 November 2011 |publisher=Cornell Law School|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Federal search warrants may be prepared on Form AO 93, Search and Seizure Warrant.<ref>[http://www.uscourts.gov/forms/AO093.pdf AO 93 (Rev. 12/09) Search and Seizure Warrant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407223833/http://www.uscourts.gov/forms/AO093.pdf |date=2010-04-07 }}. Uscourts.gov.</ref> Although the laws are broadly similar, each state has its own laws and rules of procedure governing the issuance of warrants.

Search warrants are normally available to the public. On the other hand, they may be [[sealed search warrant|sealed]] if they contain sensitive information.<ref>[https://multimedia.journalism.berkeley.edu/tutorials/police-records/ Paul Grabowicz, "Tutorial: Police Records" UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism – Advanced Media Institute, 2014]</ref>

===Exceptions===
{{main|Warrantless searches in the United States}}

Certain searches do not require a search warrant. For example,

* '''Consent''': a warrant is not required when a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search.
* '''[[Hot pursuit]]''' of a [[felony|felon]] (to prevent a felon's escape or ability to harm others);
* '''Imminent [[Spoliation of evidence|destruction of evidence]]''': where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained;
* '''Emergency searches''': such as when someone is heard screaming, yelling, or calling for help inside a dwelling; or
*'''Search incident to arrest''' (to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically).<ref>[{{SCOTUS URL|oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/02-811.pdf}} ''Groh v. Ramirez'', 540 U.S. 551, 564–65 (2004)]</ref>
* '''Public safety''': a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger.
* [[plain view doctrine|'''Plain view''']]''':''' evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers, from a lawful vantage point (with similar exceptions that include plain smell, where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity).

In a plain view case, the officer is legitimately on the premises, his observation is from a legitimate vantage point, and it is immediately obvious that the evidence is contraband. The plain view rule applies, for example, when the officer has pulled the suspect over for a seat belt violation and sees a syringe on the passenger seat.<ref name="Findlaw1">{{cite web|title=Fourth Amendment: Annotation Four|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment04/04.html|work=Annotations to the Fourth Amendment|publisher=FindLaw|access-date=29 April 2013}}</ref>

====Protective sweep====
If the subject is arrested in a home or vehicle, police may perform a protective search to make sure that there are no weapons within the vicinity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Joseph|first1=Paul R.|title=The Protective Sweep Doctrine: Protecting Arresting Officers from Attack by Persons Other Than the Arrestee|journal=Catholic University Law Review|date=1983|volume=33|page=95|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cathu33&div=9&id=&page=|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> For example, they may search for weapons in the room where they arrested the subject of a warrant, and conduct a "protective sweep" of the premises if they reasonably suspect that other individuals may be hiding.

====Rental properties and hotel rooms====
With rented property, a [[landlord]] may refuse to allow law enforcement to search a tenant's apartment without a search warrant, and police must obtain a warrant under the same guidelines as if the tenant were the owner of the property.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Landlords, Tenants, and Police Civil Liability|journal=AELE Monthly Law Journal|date=June 2009|volume=101|issue=6|page=101|url=http://www.aele.org/law/2009all06/2009-06MLJ101.pdf|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>

People who are occupying rooms at hotels or motels have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their rooms. However, a warrantless search may be possible if the hotel guest has property in their room a considerable period of time after the scheduled check-out time.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Jason C.|title=Do Not Disturb: Fourth Amendment Expectations of Privacy in Hotel Rooms|journal=Seton Hall Circuit Review|date=2010|volume=7|page=269|url=http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&context=circuit_review|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>

====Motor vehicle exception====
As first established by ''[[Carroll v. United States]]'' (1925), police are allowed to [[automobile exception|search a vehicle without a search warrant]] when they have probable cause to believe that evidence or [[contraband]] is located in a vehicle.<ref>Regini, L. A. (July 1999). "The Motor Vehicle Exception: When and Where to Search." ''[[FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin]]''. 68, 27–33.</ref><ref>Hendrie, E. (August 2005). "[https://www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/2005/august2005/august05leb.htm#page22 The Motor Vehicle Exception]." ''FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin'', 74.</ref> When police arrest an individual shortly after the individual has exited a vehicle, the police may conduct a full search of the suspect's person, any area within that person's immediate reach, and the passenger compartment of the recently occupied vehicle for weapons or any other contraband. However, ''[[Arizona v. Gant]]'' (2009) limits such searches to circumstances where the arrested person could have accessed the vehicle, or when the vehicle could contain evidence of the crime the person is arrested for.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona v. Gant, 556 US 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009)|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16930540025490515536|website=Google Scholar|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> As per ''[[Collins v. Virginia]]'' (2018), the exception does not apply when the vehicle is within the home or [[curtilage]] of the home of its owner.

====Border search exception====
{{main|Border search exception}}
Under [[Border search exception|The Border Search Exception]] custom and immigration officers are not required to have a warrant or [[probable cause]] to conduct [[Search and seizure|searches and seizures]] at [[Borders of the United States|international borders]] and their functional equivalents.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coletta|first1=Christine A.|title=Laptop searches at the United States borders and the border search exception to the fourth amendment|journal=Boston College Law Review|date=2007|volume=48|page=971}}</ref>

This doctrine is not actually an exception to the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]], but rather to the Amendment's requirement for a warrant or probable cause. Balanced against the sovereign's interests at the border are the Fourth Amendment rights of entrants. Not only is the expectation of privacy less at the border than in the interior, the Fourth Amendment balance between the interests of the Government and the privacy right of the individual is also struck much more favorably to the Government at the border. This balance at international borders means that routine searches are "reasonable" there, and therefore do not violate the [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourth Amendment]]'s [[proscription]] against "unreasonable searches and seizures".

===Delayed notice===
A [[sneak and peek warrant|sneak and peek search warrant]] (officially called a delayed notice warrant and also a covert entry search warrant or a surreptitious entry search warrant) is a search warrant authorizing the law enforcement officers executing it to effect physical entry into private premises without the owner's or the occupant's permission or knowledge and to clandestinely search the premises.

===Gag orders===
In California, the [[California Electronic Communications Privacy Act]] mandates that in certain cases concerning electronic search warrants that the court issue [[gag order]]s "[...] prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought [...]".<ref>See the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act, Sec. 1, codified at {{cite web|title=California Penal Code, Sec. 1546.2.|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=1546.2.|website=California Legislative Information|publisher=California State Legislature|access-date=11 September 2017}} ("(b)(1) When a warrant is sought or electronic information is obtained in an emergency under Section 1546.1, the government entity may submit a request supported by a sworn affidavit for an order delaying notification and prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought. The court shall issue the order [....]")</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Arrest warrant]]
*[[National Security Letter]]
*[[No-knock warrant]], to enter a property without occupant notification
*[[Parallel construction]] – the untruthful description of the origins of evidence, to avoid laws about search or otherwise
*[[Police]]
*[[SWAT]] - SWAT Teams can raid homes with a search warrant
*[[Reverse search warrant]]
*[[Sneak and peek warrant]], to clandestinely look inside a property
*[[Search and seizure]]
*[[Sugar bowl (legal maxim)]]
*[[Writ of Assistance]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes and references ==
{{reflist}}

{{Criminal procedure}}
{{Privacy}}
{{Portal bar|Law}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Search Warrant}}
[[Category:Warrants]]
[[Category:Court orders]]
[[Category:Law enforcement terminology]]
[[Category:Searches and seizures]]

Sthanika Brahmin

2026-02-26T05:27:45Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Short description|Oldest Tulu Brāhmins primarily from the coastal Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|popplace=[[India]]n states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]], [[Seemandhra]], [[Telangana]], [[Tamilnadu]],
|langs=[[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
|rels={{plainlist|
*[[Hinduism]]
*[[Sampradaya]]:Vaidika [[Smarthas]]
*[[Veda]] Shakha: [[Rigveda|Rigvedi]]
*[[Sootra]]: [[Ashwalayana Sutra]]
}}}}
'''Sthānika Brāhmins''' belong to [[Hindu]] [[Tuluva Brahmins|Tuluva]] [[Smartha]] [[Brahmin]] group.

They are the oldest Tulu Brāhmins<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RrG1AAAAIAAJ Karnataka State Gazetteer Volume 1, 1973, Dakshina Kannada District Chapter 3 - People]</ref> primarily from the coastal Karnataka ([[Kanara]]) also known as Parasurama Kshetra. They are the main Prathistapanacharyas/Founders of all ancient temples of tulunadu.

They are one of the oldest brahmins of South India and are referred to in many ancient historical epigraphical inscriptions as; Buddhivantha, Sthaneekam, Sthanapanthulu, Sthanadhikari, Sthanatthar, Sthalatthar, Sthanapadiyan, Thaniker, Sthanikar, Sthānādhipathi, Sthānādhyaksha, Naga brahmins, Nager brahmins, Nagoji brahmins, [[Tuluva brahmins]]. Sthānika Brahmins of south canara are referred to as Subrahmanya Sthānika Tulu Brāhmins as Lord [[Subrahmanya]] is their kuladevata and Kukke subramanya temple was their main center until the 16th century.<ref name="Karnataka 1800">[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSthanikaBrahmins STHANIKAS - Their Socio-religious and Economic Role in Karnataka (A. D. 1215-1800) - Dr. K. G. Vasanthamadhava]</ref>

Sthānika Brāhmins are followers of Advaita Philosophy and practice the Panchayatana form of worship. They are disciples of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sri Sringeri Jagadguru Samsthanam]] from the time of Sri [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name="Karnataka 1800"/>

== Caste ==
Sthānika Brahmins are a sect of [[Hindu]] [[vedic]] [[Smartha]] [[Brahmins]].

==Etymology==

The word Sthānika is a [[sanskrit]] word and has meanings such as 'Fixed worshiper', 'Chief priest of a temple',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7sDAAAAMAAJ&q=sthanika Economic Conditions in Karnataka, A.D. 973-A.D. 1336, p216]</ref> 'chief tantri', 'Tantraagami', 'melu shanthiyavanu','Sarva shastra paramgata', 'Manager or Administrator of temple', 'One who holds managerial position', 'Governor of a place', 'Tax collector', 'People of local place', etc. Sthānika Brahmins acquired their name owing to their managerial positions, and also as 'Chief priest of a temples' ,"Tantris", Temple administrators, tax collectors etc.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Tulunadu Tulu Nadu - Samajika Chariteyalli ondu samshodhanatmaka Vivechane]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSthanikaBrahmins_201501 Sthanika Brahmanaru by I. K. Shrinivasa Rao, School Book company - 1957]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/TulunadinaItihasadalliSthanikaBrahmanaru_201501 Tulunadina Itihasadalli Sthanika Brahmanaru]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSthankas History of Sthanika Brahmins by Sri C. S. Rao]</ref>

== History ==

During the first quarter of the eighteenth century A.D., the Sthanikas in Tulu speaking region of coastal Karnataka lost their reputed position because of the acute Saiva-Vaisnava (Madhva shivalli cult) rivalry,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GAS8TN50bJcC&q=sthanika Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today, Ramesh Bairy TS, 2010, p.163] {{ISBN|978-0415585767}}</ref> the changed political set up, the British revenue policies and as they joined their hands in freedom fights supporting the local rulers of that time.

In 1836 [[Dewan Lakshminarayya]] a Sthanika brahmin started the first Non-cooperation movement in south canara and prepared a plan to revolt against the British rule with the help of the king of Kodagu. It was called the Rebellion of kalyanaswamy (kalyanappana kaatukaayi).Till 1845, the administration & chief priesthood of all temples was with Sthanika Brahmins and had an influence over large section of the people. The [[Sthānika Tuḷu Brāhmins|Sthanika Brahmins]] who were at the helm of affairs in anti-British movement, were sacked from their traditional posts and their hereditary trusteeship of the temple was also cancelled. A large number of people from the community also have been hanged to death by British and the community became economically poor.<ref>[https://sthanikatulubrahmins.com/history/ History of Sthanika Brahmanas]</ref><ref>[https://sthanikatulubrahminsdotcom.wordpress.com/articles/ The Land with A Rich Past, R P Sambasadaslva Reddy, dated 02 –July-1996, Deccan Herald News paper]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&q=the+rebellion+of+kalyan&pg=PA165 South Kanara, By N. Shyam Bhat, Chapter 7: Rebellian of Kalyanaswami]</ref>

Today sthanikas being well educated and economically well positioned joining their hands establishing unity among the different subsects of [[Tuluva Brahmins]] and continue to be disciples of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BbvWAAAAMAAJ&q=sthanika+brahmana Tattvāloka, Volume 25, Publisher: Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Educational Trust, 2002, p 134]</ref>

[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|right|thumb|Followers of [[Adi Shankara]] |248x248px]]

== Language and food ==
The Sthanika Brahmins' mother tongue is "Tulu", "Sanskrit" and "Kannada". They speak a different dialect of Tulu called [[Brahmin]] [[Tulu language|Tulu]], whose history and linguistic development originate with this community. Sthanika brahmins are purely vegetarians.

==Domestic culture==
'''Attire'''

Traditionally, they wore a simple cloth around the waist called a Mundu, also called as veshti, in domestic settings. When they had to travel, they wore two sets of cloth in addition known as a vasthram.

Sthanika brahmins wore their traditional hair tufts (kuṭumi or śikhā or jhuttu or chundu) on the back of the crown.

== Gotra and pravara ==
The following [[gotras]] and [[pravaras]] are found in the community.<ref>Ahnika Darpanam — Dr. N.V Upadhyaya</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gotra !! Pravara
|-
| [[Vishwamitra|Vishwāmitra]] || Vaishwāmitra — Devarāta — Oudala
|-
| [[Vishwamitra|Vishwāmitra]] || Vaishwāmitra — Mādhucchandasa- Dhānanjaya
|-
| [[Kashyapa|Kāshyapa]] || Kāshyapa — Avatsāra — Naidhruva
|-
| [[Vasista]] || Vāsista — Indrapramada — Bharadwasu
|-
| [[Angiras (sage)|Āngirasa]] || Āngirasa — Āmbarisha — Youvanāshwa
|-
| [[Bharadwaj]]a || Angirasa - Bhāraspatya - Bhāradwaja
|-
| [[Bhargava|Bhārgava]] || Bhargava - Chyavana - Apnavaan
|-
| [[Atri]] || Ātreya - Archanānasa - Shyāvashwa
|}

==See also==
*[[List of teachers of Advaita Vedanta]]
*[[Tuluva Brahmins]]
*[[Shri Subramanya Sabha]]

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://sthanika.info Akhila Bharatha Sthanika Brahmana Sabha (ABSBS)]
*[https://archive.org/details/TheSthanikasAndTheirHistoricalImportance The Sthanikas And Their Historical Importance]
*[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfSthanikaBrahmins_201501 Sthanika Brahmanaru - I. K. Shrinivasa Rao]
*[http://www.sringeri.net Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharada Peetham, Sringeri ]
*[http://www.sankaracharya.org Adi Sankaracharya and Advaita Vedanta Library]
*[https://www.tattvaloka.com "Tatvāloka" an international English monthly magazine of Hindu religion]
*https://archive.org/details/TheLandWithRichPast
*https://archive.org/details/KukkeSriSubrahmanyaKshetra
*https://www.sthanikasamaavesha.com/

[[Category:Tulu Brahmins]]
[[Category:Brahmin communities of Karnataka]]

Antonette de Calangute

2026-02-24T05:43:10Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Short description|Indian theatre actress (1963–2014)}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=since early 2023/24 versions; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] including promotional tone, [[WP:AIVOCAB]] in close succession etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Antonette de Calangute
| image = Antonette de Calangute (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pereira at Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]] in 2012
| birth_name = Antonetta Souza
| other_names = Antoneta de Souza
| birth_date = {{birth date|1963|3|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calangute, Goa]], India
| burial_place = Our Lady of Merces Church cemetery, [[Colva, Goa]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2014|3|6|1963|3|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dona Paula]], Goa, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| awards = [[Dalgado Konknni Akademi|DKA]]'s "Dalgado Cultural Award" (2012)
| years_active = 1979–2011
| spouse = {{marriage|Bonny Pereira|1984}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Santiago Pereira]] (father-in-law)
}}

'''Antonette Pereira''' (born '''Antonetta Souza'''; 6 March 1963 – 6 March 2014), known professionally as '''Antonette de Calangute''', was an Indian theatre actress, and singer who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. A versatile performer, she is best known for her portrayal of [[tragic character]]s in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Antonette Pereira, originally named Antonetta Souza (later Antoneta de Souza), was born on 6 March 1963, in the town of [[Calangute]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sousa Pereira |first=George Roque |date=1963 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030120953/https://goaonline.gov.in/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> She is the daughter of Trindade Souza (later Trindade de Souza) and Matildes Lobo (later Maria Lobo). Pereira has a sister who resides in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
In the theatrical season of 1978–79, Pereira marked her entry into the world of ''[[tiatr]]''. Her debut performance took place in the production titled ''Sangati'' (Companion), written and directed by Vitorino Pereira,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A peep into Antonette de Calangute's stage career |url=https://www.thegoan.net//a-peep-into-antonette-de-calangutes-stage-career/1553.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105022/https://www.thegoan.net//a-peep-into-antonette-de-calangutes-stage-career/1553.html |url-status=live }}</ref> who would later become her brother-in-law. It was during the rehearsals and performances of this ''tiatr'' that Pereira fortuitously encountered Bonifacio "Bonny" Pereira, a fellow member of Vitorino's [[Theatrical troupe|theatrical ensemble]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tiatr's versatile couple |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/tiatr%E2%80%99s-versatile-couple/2581.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105025/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/tiatr%E2%80%99s-versatile-couple/2581.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vitorino, in need of two talented female artistes for his production, bestowed one of the roles upon Pereira. Hailing from the locale of [[Calangute]], Pereira had already established herself as a seasoned stage performer, having previously showcased her acting prowess in shows curated by Danny de Ribandar. Bonded by their shared geographical roots, Bonny frequently accompanied Pereira to the rehearsals via public transportation. Together, they embarked on a journey, collaborating on the performance of ''Sangati''. The depth of their connection steadily grew over the course of five years, culminating in the sacred union of marriage in 1984, as they solemnized their commitment to one another through the sacrament of Holy Matrimony.<ref name=":2" />

Pereira highlighted the benefits of working as a couple, noting that it allows for joint travel and reduces reliance on others. This eliminates the need for the director to personally transport or arrange transportation for the couple, as they can handle their own logistics. Additionally, Pereira mentioned the emotional support that comes from sharing the highs and lows of their professional journey with a spouse who is also a member of the same troupe.<ref name=":2" />

[[Konkani language|Konkani]] actress [[Ophelia (actress)|Ophelia]] expressed her admiration for Pereira's portrayal of a [[tragic character|tragic role]] in the Konkani play ''Maim Tuzo Put Hanv'' (Mother, I'm your Son) during a performance in [[Mumbai]]. The compliment brought great joy to Pereira. Interestingly, Ophelia had previously confided in Joe Rose, the vice president of TAG ([[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]), stating that Pereira was the only artist among them who could perform tragic roles as effectively as she could. This statement was disclosed by Ophelia during a "Meet the Artiste" event.<ref name=":0" />

Pereira achieved recognition for her performance as a [[centenarian]] in the ''tiatr'' production titled ''100 Vorsam'' (100 Years), written by Menino de Bandar. Her portrayal of the elderly character garnered widespread acclaim, earning praise from audiences across various show venues. The scene in which Pereira conveyed the essence of a centenarian through her walk from the hall to the dining room elicited a resounding applause from spectators. Moreover, her poignant depiction of a mother at the mercy of her children in the ''tiatr Dha Lak'' (Ten Lakhs), also penned by Menino de Bandar, garnered immense appreciation from fans and resulted in her being honored at 25 different performance locations.<ref name=":0" />

Pereira's artistic talents extended beyond the stage, as she lent her voice to numerous Konkani [[audio album]]s and made appearances in various VCD films. Collaborating with her husband Bonny, she produced their own audio album titled "Sukhnnim". As a professional artist, Pereira embarked on international assignments, showcasing her skills in regions such as the [[Middle East]] and Europe.<ref name=":0" />

Her final appearance took place in Menino de Bandar's ''tiatr'' production ''Munis Kiteak Visorta?''. Since joining Menino's troupe in 2005, Pereira contributed to approximately 12–16 productions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Top tiatrist Antonette no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Margao/top-tiatrist-antonette-no-more/62632 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105016/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Margao/top-tiatrist-antonette-no-more/62632 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to receiving accolades for her portrayal of an elderly woman in ''100 Vorsam'', Pereira's role as a mother in ''Dha Lakh'', earned her 26 awards from appreciative audiences. Unfortunately, Pereira fell ill during rehearsals for the ''tiatr'' ''Kristanv'' (Christian) in 2012.<ref name=":4" /> Despite personally sewing her costumes, she was unable to participate in the final show.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2014-03-07 |title=Tiatr actor Antonette de Calangute no more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-actor-antonette-de-calangute-no-more/articleshow/31564102.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224105015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tiatr-actor-antonette-de-calangute-no-more/articleshow/31564102.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 15 December 1984, Pereira married Bonifacio Tertuliano Martinho "Bonny" Pereira, a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor and singer originating from Cotombi, [[Quepem]]. He was nine years senior to her. The wedding ceremony took place at the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes in Utorda, Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Godinho |first=Camilo |date=2 January 1985 |title=Marriage Register |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/IaUDiJbR40nHCEz55AetaQ1_NcKLip_YzaIbQBv8lXwQM90ZOtbJqiLYbWubbMkJmZ1e1o4ziqkRbupepp9nGtJX7vkpYweZ3SFHkF2RAFqvIPp4M3VznREgb8OniOZ9f3sMele3UHgfen6bOqWl9-hYe1y-KULQbjpM73EKv9U/IaU3c/7vkdb |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> The couple went on to have two sons named Clifton and Collin.<ref name=":0" />

===2012 health setback===
In 2012,<ref name=":4" /> tragedy befell Pereira during a rehearsal for the ''[[tiatr]]'' production titled ''Kristav'', where she was working with Menino de Bandar's troupe. Suddenly, Pereira fell seriously ill, and medical professionals determined that she was suffering from [[Chronic kidney disease|advanced renal failure]], a condition that had irreversibly damaged both of her [[kidneys]]. As a result, Pereira's health rapidly deteriorated, leaving her frail and dependent on costly and continuous medical care.<ref name=":1" /> By October 2012, her only hope for survival rested on finding a suitable kidney donor for a transplant.<ref name=":0" />

In a show of solidarity, the ''tiatr'' community, particularly the directors and playwrights with whom Pereira had collaborated for numerous years, joined forces to organize special performances of their respective ''tiatrs''. The goal was twofold: to contribute financially towards Pereira's medical treatment and to foster optimism for her eventual recovery. Meanwhile, Pereira's fans fervently prayed for her well-being and eagerly awaited her triumphant return to the stage. Unfortunately, despite these concerted efforts, Pereira's search for a suitable [[Kidney transplantation|kidney donor from a deceased individual]], for which she had registered at a hospital in [[Hyderabad]], proved to be an arduous and fruitless endeavor.<ref name=":1" />

==Awards and nominations==
[[File:Antonette de Calangute alongwith Prince Jacob.jpg|thumb|Pereira standing next to [[Prince Jacob]] at the 'Meet the Artiste' event, 2012]]
Pereira is a recipient of the [[Kala Academy]] award.<ref name=":3" /> Her contributions to [[Konkani people|Konkani]] culture were recognized with the Dalgado Cultural award in 2012, which honored her lifetime achievements. Pereira's performances in various ''[[tiatrs]]'' have earned her widespread praise and admiration. Her role in the tiatr ''100 Vorsam'' garnered significant recognition,<ref name=":3" /> including a second prize in the acting category for female performers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=de Sa |first=Victor |date=2010 |title=TAG'S Tiatr Festival 2009 - Award Presentation Ceremony |url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108220025/https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/ |archive-date=2023-11-08 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Her portrayal in the ''tiatr Dha Lakh'', directed by Menino de Bandar, was highly acclaimed.<ref name=":3" />

In 2012, Pereira was felicitated for her significant contributions to [[Goan]] ''tiatr''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-22 |title=Six artistes felicitated for yeoman contribution to Goan tiatr |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/six-artistes-felicitated-for-yeoman-contribution-to-goan-tiatr/articleshow/12817020.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925223744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/six-artistes-felicitated-for-yeoman-contribution-to-goan-tiatr/articleshow/12817020.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She was also nominated for the 2003 Gulab Awards in the Best Actress category for her performance in the ''tiatr Maim Tuzo Put Hanv'' (Mother, I'm your Son).<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2004 |title=GULAB Awards 2003 / Gulab Puroskar 2003 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211143146/http://www.gulabonline.com:80/html/homepage.htm |archive-url=https://goanet.goanet.narkive.com/JVtZyIcN/gulab-awards-2003-gulab-puroskar-2003 |archive-date=26 November 2004 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=GULAB}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Antonette de Calangute laid to rest.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Pereira's funeral at her residence in [[Colva, Goa]], India.]]
On 4 March 2014, Pereira was admitted to Manipal Hospital in [[Dona Paula]] due to her deteriorating medical condition. The following day, she was transferred to the [[Intensive Care Unit]] (ICU). She died at approximately 2:40 am on her birthday.<ref name=":3" /> Her funeral ceremony took place on 9 March 2014, following a Eucharist celebration held at 3:30 pm at Our Lady of Merces Church in [[Colva]].<ref name=":1" />

===Reactions===
[[Prince Jacob]], the president of the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]], acknowledged Pereira as a dedicated and prolific actor who selflessly served the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. He noted the coincidence of her dying on her birthday and described her as a distinguished presence both on and off the stage, using the term ''sobit sundori'' ({{translation|fair beauty}}) to define her. Despite her illness, the ''[[tiatr]]'' community united to provide financial support for her treatment, but unfortunately, her destiny took a different course.<ref name=":1" />

Jessie Dias, a veteran tragedienne from [[Anjuna]], expressed deep sorrow over Pereira's untimely demise. She had shared the stage with Pereira in the ''tiatr Maim Dukhi, Sasumaim Sukhi'' by [[Star of Curtorim]] (Xeza Pai). Jessie reminisced about their time together during 1978–79 when Pereira frequently stayed at her residence after late-night performances. Jessie had visited Pereira a few days prior to her death and assured her of her support through prayers. She described Pereira as someone who bravely endured her illness.<ref name=":1" />

[[Tomazinho Cardozo]], the editor of ''Amcho Avaz'' and a director who cast Pereira in four of his plays, recognized her as a talented artist, particularly adept in [[Tragic character|tragic roles]]. He admired her ability to effortlessly portray challenging characters and praised her natural beauty as a valuable asset. He mourned the loss of such a young and gifted performer.<ref name=":1" />

Daniel F de Souza, a renowned [[Konkani language|Konkani]] writer, shared his recollections of Pereira, describing her as a warm-hearted and affectionate individual. He highlighted her versatility as an artist and her ability to enhance the Konkani stage with her innate beauty. He emphasized her simplicity, which endeared her to others, and lamented the significant loss suffered by the Konkani stage due to her untimely demise. Pereira had been an integral part of [[Roseferns]]' troupe for 13 consecutive years, making her debut with his troupe in the ''tiatr Sot Tem Sot'' (Truth is Truth). De Souza remembered her as a talented artist who diligently fulfilled her responsibilities. Her illness caused her considerable suffering, and her death represents a profound loss to the Konkani stage.<ref name=":1" />

Menino de Bandar, while extending his condolences, remarked that the Konkani stage had lost an exceptional actor. Pereira had performed in 16 tiatrs directed by him over the years.<ref name=":3" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1978–1979
|''Sangati''
|Female artiste
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|1991
|''Sot Tem Sot''
|
|
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2003
|''Maim Tuzo Put Hanv''
|Tragic character
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=King of Centuries creates another century |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/King-of-Centuries-creates-another-century/193133 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|''100 Vorsam''
|Centenarian
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Church Feast Celebrated with Pomp & Gaiety – Our Lady of Remedios Church |url=https://www.remedioschurchnerulgoa.org/2009/10/hello-world/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Maim Dukhi, Sasumaim Sukhi''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-02-25 |title=Tiatr artistes of yesteryears to be remembered – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/02/25/magazines/buzz/tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-to-be-remembered/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Dha Lakh''
|Mother
|
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2011
|''Munis Kiteak Visorta''?
|
|Final production
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almeida |first=Gaspar |date=10 July 2011 |title=Updating News on the Tiatr Fraternity of Goa |url=http://welcometoindia.com/vidfeeder_view.php?id=dbuTOUb4-YM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711103735/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/index.html |archive-date=11 July 2011 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Goa World}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''Kristanv''
|
|Not completed
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-16 |title=3rd Popular Tiatr Festival |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/16_m |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Select discography==
===Albums===
*''Sukhnnim''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calangute, Antonette de}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]

St Thomas School, Kalyan

2026-02-21T09:21:31Z

Nishant taliyan: Added A Post

{{unreferenced|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St Thomas School, Kalyan East
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| location = [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| established = 2000
| opened =
| type = Christian [[Roman Catholic]]
| district =
| grades =
| superintendent = Administrator.Fr Soji Pezhathinkal
| principal = Sr.Anjali Maria
| language = English
}}

'''St Thomas School''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] school located in [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] east, [[India]]. It was established by the Diocese of Kalyan in 2000. It teaches in the pattern of SSC BOARD.

== School ==
The school has four floors. Each floor has separate wash rooms and toilets. The school educates 1700 students at morning time and 1100 students at evening time.
The school has a [[computer]] lab, [[science]] laboratory, audio-visual rooms and a playground. This school has a Principal said to be Sister of school, Manager said to be Father of school.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Sports ==
The school has a well sports facility for cricket, football, handball, volleyball, basketball, badminton, table tennis and dodge ball. This school started its sports competitions for the year 2009. So to make easy this school divided some students in house colours blue, red, yellow, green. Every year competitions are held.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Programs ==
This school organises annual day, cultural week competitions, independence and republic day, sports day and many more occasions.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Catholic schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Schools in Thane district]]
[[Category:Education in Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dahej Bhavnagar railway sea link bridge

2026-02-19T09:46:23Z

Nishant taliyan: new a stub

{{Short description|Bridge in Gujarat, India}}
{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
The '''Dahej Bhavnagar railway sea link bridge''' is a planned [[Railway bridge|bridge]] in [[Gujarat, India]].

==Background==
In 2004, the original idea of building a railway bridge between [[Dahej Port|Dahej]] and [[Ghogha]] in Gujarat was first proposed to [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Ministry]] by [[Mechanical engineering|mechanical engineer]] [http://in.linkedin.com/in/vikramzaveri Vikram Zaveri]. Details of the project were published in a Gujarati newspaper ''[[Janmabhoomi (Gujarati newspaper)|Janmabhoomi]]'' on 2 August 2004.<ref name="Dahej">{{cite web |last1=Zaveri |first1=Vikram |title=Dahej Bhavnagar railway sea link bridge: How original idea was proposed |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391913844 |website=www.researchgate.net |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> In 2009, ferry service was approved by the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat State Government]] on the same location and was inaugurated by [[Narendra Modi|PM Modi]] in 2017.<ref>{{citation|title=What is ro-ro ferry service that PM Narendra Modi inaugurated at Ghogha?|date=22 October 2017|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/what-is-ro-ro-ferry-service-that-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurated-at-ghogha/1/1072694.html|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

The 2004 proposal for the railway bridge was sent again to PM Modi in 2017, who forwarded it to S. C. Jain of Executive Director Works, Railway Bhavan. His response was posted on [https://Pgportal.gov.in pgportal.gov.in] on 23 April 2018.<ref name="Dahej" />

On 26 February 2025, [https://x.com/RailDuniya/status/1894773126644559890 Ravi Varma (@RailDuniya on X)] and on 13 March 2025 "[https://mantavyanews.com/railway-sea-link-project-between-dahej-bhavnagar-approved-now-distance-can-be-covered-in-3-hours/2025/ Mantavya News]", "[https://deshgujarat.com/2025/03/13/railways-plan-40-km-dahej-bhavnagar-rail-sea-link-connecting-saurashtra-to-south-gujarat/ DeshGujarat]" and others announced that Railway Ministry has approved 1 Cr. (INR 10 million) for Final Location Survey (FLS) of 40 km Dahej Bhavnagar railway Sea Link project, and 23.1 Crs. (INR 231 million) for FLS of three related coastal line projects (924 Km).<ref name="Dahej" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Railway board approves final location survey for Dahej-Bhavnagar sea-link rail |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/gujarat/news/dahej-bhavnagar-sea-link-railway-project-fls-dpr-approved-134642730.html |website=Bhaskar English |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref> These two survey projects appear in Western Railway Document > Latest Status of Project & Survey 2025.<ref name="WR">{{cite web |title=Western Railway > Latest Status of Project & Survey 2025 |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,263,296,302 |access-date=30 May 2025 |pages=34 & 35}}</ref> FLS-Target date of completion. Sea Link Project: March 31, 2026. Coastal line Projects: December 31, 2026.

==Status of Final Location Survey (FLS)==
Survey and Construction, Western Railway, CAO (C) CCG’s letter No. E-office 662242 dated 02.08.2025 sent to Railway Board for dropping of this survey.<ref name="WR"/>

59 FLS for Sea link between Dahej - Bhavnagar (40 Km)

As per terms of reference of Civil Engineering, the work cannot be done within this sanctioned cost. Out of 40 km, about 30 km is in Bay of Khambhat, requiring special survey under sea. Through market survey & discussion, actual cost to prepare
estimate for survey work is being assessed. Budgetary quotation collected. Proposal being processed for revised cost of survey involving Rs 11 crores against present sanctioned cost of Rs 1 crore.

60 FLS for Coastal Lines of Dahej-Jambusar-Kathana- Khammbhat, Dholera- Bhavnagar, Bhavnagar- Mahuva-Pipavav & Pipavav- Chhara-Somnath- Saradia- Porbandar-Dwarka- Okha (924 Km)

FLS Tender under invitation.

==Location and Length of the bridge==
[[File:Dahej Bhavnagar map.png|thumb|Location of proposed Dahej Bhavnagar railway sea link bridge]]

If the proposed sea link bridge is built along a straight line connecting Dahej and Bhavnagar port, then the length of the bridge over the waters of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]] will be about 30.8 Km, and if it is built along a straight line connecting Dahej and Ghogha, then the length of the bridge over the waters will be about 26.1 Km.<ref name="Dahej" />

==Other Comparable Structures==
• The [[New Pamban Bridge]] in Tamil Nadu, India, spanning 2.07 km, is currently the world's longest railway bridge over the sea.
• [[Donghai Bridge]] in China is counted among the longest cross-sea bridges. Total length 32.5 km.
• [[Mumbai Trans Harbour Link]] (Atal Setu) expressway bridge, the longest over the sea bridge in India. 18.2 km.
• The [[Channel Tunnel]] (50.46 km), UK - France, has the longest continuous underwater portion of any railway tunnel, at 37.9 km.
• The [[Seikan Tunnel]] in Japan is the longest railway tunnel (53.85 km.) with an under-sea section of 23.3 km. Connects the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.

===TBM Tunnel under Brahmaputra===
On February 14, 2026, Govt. of India, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA), cleared Rs 18,662 crore underwater road-rail tunnel under Brahmaputra river in Assam. Twin Tube TBM Tunnel with Railway in one of the tubes, length 15.79 km. Total project length 33.77 km. [https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2227981&reg=3&lang=1 (PIB press release)]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]
[[Category:Bridges in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Proposed bridges in India]]

{{Coord missing|Gujarat}}

Gurbandha

2026-02-18T17:59:34Z

Nishant taliyan: new a post

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gurbandha
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.3376|N|86.5456|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1312
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832302
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 66.81%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Baharagora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baharagora]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
''' Gurbandha''' (also written as Gurbanda) is a village in the [[Gurbandha block|Gurbandha]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=350| height=420| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page)<br/>M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|35|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=Gurbandha (R)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Gurbandha is located at {{coord|22.3376|N|86.5456|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map "forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Gurabanda.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 18 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The headquarters of Gurabandha CD block is located at Gurabandha village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 108: Map of Gurabandha CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gurbandha had a total population of 1,312, of which 658 (50%) were males and 654 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 158. The total number of literate persons in Gurbandha was 771 (66.81% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 364178, Pages 242-243: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Gurbandha block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
Government High School Gurabanda is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1973. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. The school has a library with 621 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20181103501/upg-govt-h-s-gurabanda.html | title = UPG Govt H.S. Gurabnda| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

E. V. R. Nagammai

2026-02-07T18:58:22Z

Nishant taliyan: new new pg

{{short description|Indian women's rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Annai E. V. R. Nagammai
| birth_date = 1885
| death_date = 11 May 1933 [[Erode]]
| birth_place = Thathampatti, Salem, [[Madras Presidency]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Social activist and women's rights activist
}}
'''Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy Nagammai''' (1885 – 11 May 1933) was an Indian social activist and women's rights activist. She was known for her participation in the [[Temperance movement in India]] and the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]. She was the first wife of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] who headed the [[Self-Respect Movement]].

== Early life ==
Nagammai was born in 1885 to Rangasamy and Ponnuthai in Thathampatti, Salem, [[Madras Presidency]]. She had no formal education. She was the cousin of Ramasamy and married him at the age of thirteen in 1898.<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/124760-nagammai-actively-supported-her-husband-periyar-in-public-activities-nagammai-memories.html |title=பின் நின்று அல்ல; பெரியார் உடனே போராட்டத்தில் பயணித்த நாகம்மையார் |date=11 May 2018 |work=Vikatan |language=Tamil}}</ref> The couple had a daughter who died when she was five months old.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/who-periyar-ev-ramasamy-dravidian-movement-stalwart-led-anti-hindi-agitation-after-quitting-763014|title=Who is Periyar EV Ramasamy? Dravidian movement stalwart led anti-Hindi agitation after quitting Congress|first=Arkadev|last=Ghoshal|date=7 March 2018|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>

== Activities ==
In 1919, Ramasamy joined the [[Indian National Congress]]. Nagammai actively supported his political career. When [[Mahatma Gandhi]] called for the Temperance movement, she organised the women to picket the [[Palm wine|toddy]] shops in [[Erode]].<ref name="Gopalakrishnan1991">{{cite book|first=M. D.|last=Gopalakrishnan|title=Periyar: father of the Tamil race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MShuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 December 2018|year=1991|publisher=Emerald|page=9}}</ref> As the movement turned violent in some parts of the country, the Congress leaders requested Gandhi to stop the agitations. Gandhi replied that the matter was "not in his hands, but in the hands of two women at Erode", referring to Nagammai and her sister in law, Kannamal.<ref name="vikatan" />

As [[untouchability]] prevailed in the [[Travancore]] region, low caste people were prohibited from entering the temple and the streets around it.<ref name="auto"/> Congress started the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]], a protest to allow access for all to the prohibited places. Nagammai and Ramasamy joined the protest on 14 April 1924. She led the women during the protests and was arrested in May 1924.<ref name="Grey2016">{{cite book|first=Mary|last=Grey|title=A Cry for Dignity: Religion, Violence and the Struggle of Dalit Women in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122|date=16 June 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-47840-1|pages=122–}}</ref>

When Ramasamy started the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in 1925. Nagammai encouraged women to participate in the movement. She conducted several [[Women in Hinduism|widow remarriages]] and [[Self-Respect Movement#Self-Respect marriages|Self-Respect marriages]].<ref name="vikatan" /> She was the editor of ''[[Kudi Arasu]]'' magazine when Ramasamy went on tour to [[Europe]].<ref name="vikatan" />

== Legacy ==
Nagammai died on 11 May 1933 in Erode.<ref name="vikatan" /> There are several schools in [[Tamil Nadu]] named after her. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] introduced Periyar EVR Nagammai Free Education scheme to fund free higher education for girls in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?cat=14&id=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173433/http://kalvimalar.dinamalar.com/news-details.asp?cat=14&id=9|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2018|title=Periyar EVR Nagammai Free Education scheme - Kalvimalar - News|website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]]
[[Category:Activists from British India]]

Jungle Mahals

2026-02-07T13:32:57Z

Nishant taliyan: typo fix

{{Short description|British Raj areas in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Jungle Mahals
|common_name =Jungle Mahals
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Districts of British India|District]]
|capital = [[Chhatna]]{{cn|date=January 2025}}
|era =
|year_start = 1805
|date_start =
|event_start= Established
|year_end = 1833
|date_end =
|event_end= Bifurcation
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
| stat_area2 = 18103
| stat_pop2 = 1304740
| stat_year2 = 1822<ref>{{cite book|title=Report of the Population Estimates of India (1820-1030) - Census 1961 |year=1963 |publisher=Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs Office of the Registrar General, India |page=71 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31861/download/35042/53474_1961_REP.pdf}}</ref>
|p1 = Birbhum district
|p2 = Burdwan district
|p3 = Midnapore district
|s1 = South-West Frontier Agency
|flag_p1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|flag_p2 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|flag_p3 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|image_flag = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Jungle Mahals''' ({{literally}} [[jungle]] estates)<ref name="BFA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.54596.LATEST!7.forest%20tenures%20in%20west%20bengal.pdf |title=Forest Tenures in the Jungle Mahals of South West Bengal |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810045940/https://www.uea.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.54596.LATEST!7.forest%20tenures%20in%20west%20bengal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> was a district formed by [[British possessions]] and some independent chiefdoms lying between [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Bankura district|Burdwan]], [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]]<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Midnapore |volume=18 |page=419}}</ref> and the hilly country of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] in what is now the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=omalley>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21-41, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref> The district was located in the area known as the [[Jungle Terry]].<ref>Browne, James (1788). ''India tracts: containing a description of the Jungle Terry districts, their revenues, trade, and government: with a plan for the improvement of them. Also an history of the origin and progress of the Sicks''</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Chuar Rebellion}}
[[File:Birbhoom and Bissunpour (1776 map by James Rennell).jpg|thumb|The Jungle Mahals area as depicted on a 1776 map by [[James Rennell]].]]
The Chuar Rebellion was a series of uprisings by the tribal communities in the Jungle Mahals region against the oppressive policies of the British [[East India Company]]. The British referred to the rebels as "Chuars," meaning "barbaric," due to their resistance to land revenue collection. The rebellion spread across Midnapore, Bishnupur, and Manbhum district, peaking in 1798-1799. In response to the unrest, the British reorganized the region, establishing the Jungle Mahals district and implementing stricter administrative control. The legacy of the rebellion influenced the socio-political identity of the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adivasi resistance in the Jungle Mahals 1767-1799 |url=https://www.wbnsou.ac.in/openjournals/Issue/1st-Issue/January2020/Amrita-final.pdf |website=www.wbnsou.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Adivasi Resistance in Jungle Mahal: A Case Study of Chuar Rebellion |url=http://joais.in/Journal/JAIS-Aug%202021%20Article%201%20A.pdf |website=joais.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=गुहा |first1=Abhijit Guha अभिजीत |title=An early freedom struggle that is still not free of the ‘Chuar’ label |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/07/an-early-freedom-struggle-that-is-still-not-free-of-the-chuar-label/ |website=Forward Press |date=10 July 2018}}</ref>{{Sfn|Das|1984}}

==History==
===Established===
The vagueness of the jurisdiction caused inconvenience. In 1805, the new district of Jungle Mahals was created by a regulation (Regulation XVIII of 1805), comprising areas from Birbhum (the 1787 British district incorporating [[Bishnupur Kingdom|Bishnupur]]), Burdwan, and Midnapore, and placed under the jurisdiction of a new Magistrate.<ref name="BFA"/>

According to [[L. S. S. O'Malley|L.S.S. O'Malley]], the district that was formed consisted of 23 parganas and Mahals.<ref name="BFA"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" |Jungle Mahals District<ref name="BFA"/>{{Sfn|Das|1973|p=5}}<br/>1805–1833
|-
!District transferred
from Birbhum
!District transferred
from Burdwan
!District transferred
from Midnapore
|-
|Panchet
|Senpahari
|Chhatna
|-
|Bagmundy
|Shergarh
|Barabhum
|-
|Jhalda
|Bishnupur
|Manbhum
|-
|Jharia
|Balsye
|Supur
|-
|Patkum
|
|Ambikanagar
|-
|Unknown
|
|Simlapal
|-
|Unknown
|
|Bhalaidiha
|-
|Unknown
|
|
|-
|Unknown
|
|
|-
|Unknown
|
|
|}

===Jungle Mahal Uprising===
{{Main|Ganga Narayan Hungama}}
In 1832–33, the Jungle Mahal Uprising, also known as the Ganga Narayan Hungama, was led by [[Ganga Narayan]] in the Manbhum and Jungle Mahal areas of the erstwhile Midnapore district, Bengal, by Bhumij tribals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jungle Mahal Uprising, 1832-33 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2825279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112034842/https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2825279 |archive-date=2024-01-12 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sashi Bhusan |title=Civil Disturbances During the British Rule in India (1765 - 1857) |pages=101 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/civil-disturbances-during-british-rule-india-1765-1857 |language=en}}</ref>

===Disestablished===
By Regulation XIII of 1833, the district of Jungle Mahals was broken up, and a new administrative unit known as the [[South-West Frontier Agency]] was formed.{{sfn|Das|1984|p=90}}<ref name="Auto1" /> The estates of Senpahari, Shergarh and [[Bishnupur Estate|Bishnupur]] were transferred to [[Burdwan District]] and the remainder constituted the [[Manbhum District]].<ref name=omalley/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |{{Center|South-West Frontier Agency<ref name="Auto1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Rajiv For |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.98808/2015.98808.Indias-Struggle-For-Freedom-Vol-3_djvu.txt |title=Indias Struggle For Freedom Vol. 3 |date=1985}}</ref>{{sfn|Das|1984}}}}
|-
| colspan="2" |{{Center|'''Estates transferred'''<br />'''from Jungle Mahals'''}}
|-
|[[Burdwan District]]
|[[Manbhum District]]
|-
|Senpahari
|[[Dhalbhum]]
|-
|Shergarh
|Chhatna
|-
|Bishnupur
|Barabhum
|-
|
|Manbhum
|-
|
|Supur
|-
|
|Ambikanagar
|-
|
|Simlapal
|-
|
|Bhalaidiha
|-
|
|Balsye
|-
|
|Panchet
|-
|
|Bagmundy
|-
|
|Jhalda
|-
|
|Jharia
|-
|
|Patkum
|-
|
|Other estates
|}

==Statehood Demand==
In 2021, [[Saumitra Khan]], Lok Sabha [[BJP]] MP demanded the creation of Junglemahal state consisting of [[Purulia district|Purulia]], [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]], parts of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purbo Medinipur]], [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] and along with some other areas. He claimed that the Junglemahal area is least developed and the demands of employment and development for locals could be met only if it gets statehood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/nation/2021/jun/21/bengal-bjp-mp-seeks-separate-junglemahal-state-party-distances-itself-from-demand-2319495.html|title=Bengal BJP MP seeks separate Junglemahal state, party distances itself from demand|newspaper=NewIndianExpress|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

The West Bengal state [[BJP]] unit, however, distanced itself from the Junglemahal statehood demand.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bjp-mp-seeks-separate-junglemahal-state-party-distances-itself-from-demand-7369524/lite/|title=BJP MP seeks separate Junglemahal state, party distances itself from demand|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> A Trinamool Congress leader filed a complaint against Saumitra Khan for demanding statehood for Junglemahal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tmc-leader-lodges-complaint-against-bjp-mps-for-demanding-separate-statehood-2469908%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Trinamool Leader Lodges Complaint Against BJP MPs For Demanding Separate Statehood|newspaper=NDTV|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chhota Nagpur Division]]
*[[Jungle Terry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Das |first=Binod S. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98385 |title=Civil Rebellion In The Frontier Bengal (1760-1805) |date=1973 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |oclc=1105009}}
* {{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Binod Sankar |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751-1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC&q=lal+singh+satarkhani+chuar+barabhum&pg=PA86 |language=en}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=V1o_PRCLOeMC&dq=jungle+mahals&pg=PA17 The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats: An Ecological Theme in Hindu Medicine]
{{Historical districts of India}}
{{coord|23|20|N|86|22|E|display=title|region:IN_type:dist}}

[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Districts of British India]]
[[Category:1805 establishments in British India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Biju Pappan

2026-02-06T16:49:41Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{{like resume|date=August 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Biju Pappan
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Biju Pappan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|3|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kannanmoola, [[Kerala]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 1993 – present
| spouse = Sheeba
}}
'''Biju Pappan''' (born 9 March 1969), is a Malayalam actor. His career began with movies and television serials in the '90s. Pappan gained fame by portraying antagonistic characters in various movies, including ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' and ''[[Kaiyoppu|Kayyoppu]]'', which were financial successes.<ref name="bookmy">{{cite web |title=Biju Pappan |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/biju-pappan/20236 |publisher=bookmyshow.com}}</ref> He has appeared in over forty-five films.

== Early life (1969-90) ==
{{BLP sources section |date= October 2015}}

Biju Pappan was born in Kannanmoola, Thiruvananthapuram district, to Late M. P. Padmanabhan, a former Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation, and M. S. Kumari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=My father built all parks in capital city, but name for new mayor; have not been able to change name from crematorium alone |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=844710&u= |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> He attended the St. Marys school and later enrolled in the junior technical School Nedumangadu. Later, Pappan attended [[Sree Narayana Polytechnic College|Sree Narayana Polytechnic]] in [[Kottiyam]] for his diploma in Civil Engineering.

He was elected as the General Secretary, cine arts club secretary and sports general secretary of the college. He was an inter-poly champion in all throwing events. During the college days, he was closely associated with cultural events that inspired him to enter the world of art and movies.

== Personal life ==

Marriage and family: Biju Pappan married Sheeba on 15 January 1998 and had two sons, Karthik MB and Krishna MB.

Father: Late Comrade M. P. Padmanabhan, belongs to Mudumbil family, was the legendary councilor for 35 years till his death, who was the five time Mayor of Thiruvananthapuram city in different years. He is considered as one of the pioneer communist leaders in Kerala; he actively participated in theater arts along with Mr. Madhu, a legendary Malayalam actor.

Mother: M. S. Kumari.

Brother: M. P. Saju, a known politician and advocate.

Brother: M. P. Baiju, Businessman, stationed at Middle east.

Sister: Siji

== Early years (1993-2012) ==

Biju Pappan's first film was ''Samooham'' (1993) by Sathyan Anthikkad, a successful film maker. His breakthrough in television serials happened when his characters in ''Valsalyam'', ''Thaali'', ''Vava'', ''Kavyanjali'' and ''Sthree Oru Santwanam'' were widely addressed among Malayalam channel viewers as popular hit episodes.

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Samooham]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''[[Indian Military Intelligence]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Simhavalan Menon]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Boxer'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry]]'' || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Guru (1997 film)|Guru]]'' || Raghuraman's friend||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005 || ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' || Sundaran ||
|-
|| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Mattancherry Sivankutty ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2006 || ''[[Mahasamudram]]'' || Mathews ||
|-
|| ''[[Pothan Vava]]'' || Philipose ||
|-
|| ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' || Shanmughan ||
|-
|| ''[[Pathaaka]]'' || C.I. Suresh ||
|-
|| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' || C.I. Sarath ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2007 || ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' || Krishnan Nambiar ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaiyoppu]]'' || SI Nadar ||
|-
|| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Unni ||
|-
|| ''Janmam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chotta Mumbai]]'' || S.I. Hameed ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2008 || ''[[Sound of Boot]]'' || George Abraham ||
|-
|| ''[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Ayudham]]'' || S.I. Vikraman ||
|-
|| ''[[Madampi]]'' || S.I. Vincent ||
|-
|| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Mukundan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[I. G. – Inspector General|I G]]'' || Mujeeb ||
|-
|| ''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]'' || Satheeshan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2010 || ''[[Pramani]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Yugapurushan]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || S.I. Mahendran ||
|-
|| ''College Days'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2011 || ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]] '' || DGP Sethumadhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Collector (2011 film)|Collector]]'' || Soman ||
|-
|| ''[[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2012 || ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || Ubaid Mohammed ||
|-
|| ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || Jamal ||
|-
|| ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Sukumaran Menon||
|-
|| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || Jayaraj ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Mr Fraud'' || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kasaba (2016 film)|Kasaba]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Puthan Panam]]'' || Ganeshan ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Chanakyatanthram'' || Devarajan ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Pattabhiraman (film)|Pattabhiraman]]''|| Aadhikeshavan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2022 || ''[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]]''|| Edathala Baby ||
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]'' || C.I Vijaykumar||
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]'' || Sashankan || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Ali's character poster from Kaapa out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/dec/13/asif-alis-character-poster-from-kaapa-out-37662.html |access-date=2023-02-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Corona Papers]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shane Nigam, Shine Tom Chacko team up for Priyadarshan's 'Corona Papers' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/27/shane-nigam-shine-tom-chacko-priyadarshan-corona-papers-pooja-function.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Njan Kandatha Sare]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-08 |title=Indrajith Sukumaran-starrer Njan Kandatha Sare gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/08/indrajith-sukumaran-starrer-njan-kandatha-sare-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Mr & Mrs Bachelor]]'' || SI Madhu Babu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-14 |title=Mr & Mrs Bachelor teaser: Indrajith and Anaswara's film promises to be road trip comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/14/mr-mrs-bachelor-teaser-indrajith-and-anaswaras-film-promises-to-be-road-trip-comedy |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalamkaval]]'' || SP Thomas Abraham IPS ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-12-06 |title=Kalamkaval becomes Mammootty's second-biggest opening film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/06/kalamkaval-becomes-mammoottys-second-biggest-opening-film |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3154208|name=Biju Pappan }}
* {{official website|http://bijupappan.com/}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Biju%20Pappan&limit=11 Biju Pappan at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pappan, Biju}}
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Chaleya

2026-02-05T04:17:51Z

Nishant taliyan: new new post

{{Short description|2023 song by Arijit Singh, Shilpa Rao and Anirudh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Chaleya
| type = single
| cover = Chaleya album cover.jpg
| caption = Song cover
| artist = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shilpa Rao]]
| album = [[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]
| language = [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]]
| released = 14 August 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| studio = {{ubl|
* [[Anirudh Ravichander|Albuquerque Records]], [[Chennai]]
* Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]
}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Classical music|Western classical]]|[[soft rock]]}}
| length = 3:20
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyricist = [[Kumaar]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| tracks = # "[[Zinda Banda]]"
# "'''Chaleya'''"
# "[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]"
# "Aararaari Raaro"
# "Jawan Title Track"
# "Faraatta"
# "Chaleya (Arabic Version)"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=VAdGW7QDJiU|title="Chaleya"}}
}}
}}

"'''Chaleya'''" is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song, composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]] and sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Shilpa Rao]], for the [[Jawan (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2023 Indian film ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''. It was released on 14 August 2023 as the second single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

The song was also released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as "Hayyoda" and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "Chalona".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-king-of-romance-nayanthara-hayyoda-chalona-8891518/|title=Jawan song Chaleya: Shah Rukh Khan is back as the king of romance with Nayanthara. Watch|date=14 August 2023|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926145732/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-king-of-romance-nayanthara-hayyoda-chalona-8891518/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the song was dubbed and released in Arabic version. Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. The hook step in the film, performed by the lead actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]] became widely popular and a pop-cultural phenomenon. The track also topped the national charts, in all music and video platforms.

"Chaleya" experienced large amounts of commercial success. The song debuted at number one on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] and on [[Billboard Global 200|''Billboard'' Global 200]] chart. Khan revealed the song as "his favourite from the album".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/chaleya-from-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-as-king-of-romance-wins-hearts-with-nayanthara-in-romantic-song-2023-08-14-886600|title=Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan as king of romance wins hearts with Nayanthara in romantic song Chaleya|first1=Ridhi|last1=Suri|date=14 August 2023|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153740/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/music/chaleya-from-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-as-king-of-romance-wins-hearts-with-nayanthara-in-romantic-song-2023-08-14-886600|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Composition ==
{{Quote box
| quote = "The song is one of the most refreshing things I had heard in a long, long time. When you hear the song you will understand that there is this newness to it and I prepared before getting into the studio and It was a very short 20-minute recording with Anirudh. Like I said, he is one a great positive energy to be in the room when you are recording something."

- In an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', singer [[Shilpa Rao]] on recording the track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171223/shilpa-rao-on-oh-my-baby-in-guntur-kaaram-and-kaaavaala-experience.html|title=Anirudh is a great positive energy in the room: Shilpa Rao|first=Reshmi|last=AR|date=17 December 2023|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153426/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171223/shilpa-rao-on-oh-my-baby-in-guntur-kaaram-and-kaaavaala-experience.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 40%
}}

[[Anirudh Ravichander]] composed the song after he recording "Zinda Banda".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/Aug/14/jawans-new-song-chaleya-out-shah-rukh-khanshowers-lovefor-nayanthara-46556.html|title=Jawan's new song 'Chaleya' out, Shah Rukh Khan showers love for Nayanthara|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=14 August 2023|website=Cinema Express|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818063207/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/aug/14/jawans-new-song-chaleya-out-shah-rukh-khanshowers-lovefor-nayanthara-46556.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chaleya-craze-shah-rukh-khans-note-to-composer-anirudh-you-can-do-magic-4392075|title=Chaleya Craze - Shah Rukh Khan's Note To Composer Anirudh: "You Can Do Magic"|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153818/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/chaleya-craze-shah-rukh-khans-note-to-composer-anirudh-you-can-do-magic-4392075|url-status=live}}</ref> Recording took place in March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-jawan-nayanthara-atlee-shilpa-rao-chaleya-song-exclusive-8546598.html|title=EXCLUSIVE: Shilpa Rao Got Call From SRK's Manager For Jawan Song Chaleya, 'It Was A Big...'|date=23 August 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153814/https://www.news18.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-jawan-nayanthara-atlee-shilpa-rao-chaleya-song-exclusive-8546598.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shilpa Rao]] recorded the song in 20 minutes at [[Anirudh Ravichander|Albuquerque Records]], [[Chennai]] after a [[jam session]] with Anirudh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Oct/05/beyond-bollywood-shilpa-rao-opens-upon-her-musical-career-beyond-the-mainstream-53916.html|title=EXCL: Shilpa Rao opens up on her musical career beyond Bollywood|first=Prattusa|last=Mallik|date=5 October 2023|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153409/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Oct/05/beyond-bollywood-shilpa-rao-opens-upon-her-musical-career-beyond-the-mainstream-53916.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rao revealed that [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s manager Pooja Dadlani approached her to sing this track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shilpa-rao-on-jawan-song-chaleya-big-compliment-that-srk-wanted-2425256-2023-08-23|title=Shilpa Rao on 'Jawan' song 'Chaleya': 'Big compliment that SRK wanted...'|date=23 August 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226071901/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shilpa-rao-on-jawan-song-chaleya-big-compliment-that-srk-wanted-2425256-2023-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan's frequent collaborator [[Arijit Singh]] also recorded the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/from-chaleya-to-manwa-laage-arijit-singh-popular-tracks-picturised-on-shah-rukh-khan-2024-04-25-927869|title=From Chaleya to Manwa Laage: Arijit Singh's popular tracks picturised on Shah Rukh Khan|date=25 April 2024|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522044019/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/from-chaleya-to-manwa-laage-arijit-singh-popular-tracks-picturised-on-shah-rukh-khan-2024-04-25-927869|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kumaar]] worked on the lyrics for the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-nayantharas-romance-is-so-fresh-watch-101691989183545.html |title=Jawan song Chaleya: Shah Rukh Khan, Nayanthara's romance is so fresh | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902091818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-nayantharas-romance-is-so-fresh-watch-101691989183545.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anirudh himself sang the Tamil version, titled "Hayyoda" along with Priya Mali with lyrics by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-arijit-singh-shilpa-rao-anirudh-ravichander-jawan-hayyoda-chalona-3055785|title=Chaleya: Shah Rukh Khan-Nayanthara's charming chemistry in Arijit Singh, Shilpa Rao, Anirudh's Jawan song impresses fans|website=DNA India|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153858/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-arijit-singh-shilpa-rao-anirudh-ravichander-jawan-hayyoda-chalona-3055785|url-status=live}}</ref> The Telugu version "Chalona" was sung by Adithya RK and Priya Mali with the lyrics penned by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/chalona-song-from-jawan-out-now-and-shah-rukh-and-nayanthara-pair-looks-refreshing-110277|title=షారుఖ్ తెలుగు ట్వీట్ - 'ఛలోనా' పాటలో నయన్‌‌తో రొమాన్స్, ఇదిగో సాంగ్ వీడియో!|first=A. B. P.|last=Desam|date=14 August 2023|website=telugu.abplive.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922162308/https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/chalona-song-from-jawan-out-now-and-shah-rukh-and-nayanthara-pair-looks-refreshing-110277|url-status=live}}</ref> The song is Khan's first romantic track from a film after four years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-atlee-8535327.html|title=Jawan Song Chaleya: SRK Reminds Everyone He's King of Romance With Nayanthara in Atlee Film|date=14 August 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153939/https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-nayanthara-atlee-8535327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan described it as romantic, sweet, and gentle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chaleya-from-jawan-out-shah-rukh-khan-returns-as-the-king-of-romance-with-nayanthara-atlee-2420706-2023-08-14|title='Chaleya' from 'Jawan' out! SRK returns as the King of Romance with Nayanthara|date=14 August 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814070058/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chaleya-from-jawan-out-shah-rukh-khan-returns-as-the-king-of-romance-with-nayanthara-atlee-2420706-2023-08-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The music video featuring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Nayanthara]], was shot across [[Mumbai]] and [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link]] in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan snapped in Mumbai shooting for Jawan's song with Farah Khan; See Pic |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-snapped-in-mumbai-shooting-for-jawans-song-with-farah-khan-see-pic-1216379 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419053701/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/shah-rukh-khan-snapped-in-mumbai-shooting-for-jawans-song-with-farah-khan-see-pic-1216379 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref> It was choreographed by [[Farah Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jawan's Chaleya sees Shah Rukh Khan and Nayanthara dancing in a dreamy setting |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/jawans-chaleya-sees-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-dancing-in-a-dreamy-setting-60506.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926144228/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/jawans-chaleya-sees-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-dancing-in-a-dreamy-setting-60506.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |title=Jawan song Chaleya: Shah Rukh Khan is back as the king of romance with Nayanthara. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-king-of-romance-nayanthara-hayyoda-chalona-8891518/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926145732/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-king-of-romance-nayanthara-hayyoda-chalona-8891518/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
The teaser of the track was released on 13 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/shah-rukh-khan-announces-chaleya-song-from-jawan|title=Shah Rukh Khan announces Chaleya song from Jawan|first=Team|last=FC|date=14 August 2023|website=www.filmcompanion.in|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153434/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/shah-rukh-khan-announces-chaleya-song-from-jawan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-song-chaleya-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-dances-his-way-into-nayanthara-s-heart-4294158|title=Jawan Song Chaleya Teaser: Shah Rukh Khan Dances His Way Into Nayanthara's Heart|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815073614/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-song-chaleya-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-dances-his-way-into-nayanthara-s-heart-4294158|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single "Chaleya" was released on 14 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/srk-nayanthara-bring-the-magic-of-love-with-chaleya-2667792/|title=SRK, Nayanthara bring the magic of love with 'Chaleya'|first=Indo-Asian News|last=Service|date=15 August 2023|website=The Siasat Daily|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816174212/https://www.siasat.com/srk-nayanthara-bring-the-magic-of-love-with-chaleya-2667792/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-share-palpable-chemistry-in-the-romantic-number-news-310578|title='Jawan' Song 'Chaleya': Shah Rukh Khan And Nayanthara Share Palpable Chemistry In The Romantic Number|date=14 August 2023|website=Outlook India|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919230732/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-share-palpable-chemistry-in-the-romantic-number-news-310578|url-status=live}}</ref> The Arabic version of the song was released at an event held at the [[Burj Khalifa]] on 31 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/video/along-with-launching-arabic-version-of-chaleya-song-shah-rukh-khan-unveils-trailer-of-jawan-on-burj-khalifa/1850091|title=Shah Rukh Khan ने बुर्ज खलीफा पर देखा Jawan का ट्रेलर, Chaleya की अरबी धुन पर थिरके फैंस|website=Zee News|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901032659/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/video/along-with-launching-arabic-version-of-chaleya-song-shah-rukh-khan-unveils-trailer-of-jawan-on-burj-khalifa/1850091|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Meera Venugopal of ''[[Radio Mirchi]]'' wrote "Breaking the high-tempo momentum is 'Chaleya', a love ballad that takes you on a roller-coaster ride of emotions. Arijit Singh and Shilpa Rao's voices shine here, touching the high and low notes with magic. The lyrics are all about love and enchantment, making it the perfect backdrop for a romantic evening."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jawan-music-review/103453725|title=Jawan Music Review: Anirudh Ravichander makes a smashing Bollywood debut with Shah Rukh Khans film|website=mirchi.in|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926164119/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jawan-music-review/103453725|url-status=live}}</ref> Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Taking a break from the high-momentum vibe, 'Chaleya' is a perfect song for an enchanting evening."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-bollywood-debut-film-jawan-atlee-shah-rukh-khan-2433148-2023-09-08|title=How Anirudh's Bollywood debut with 'Jawan' proves his prowess as a musician|date=8 September 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923220303/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-bollywood-debut-film-jawan-atlee-shah-rukh-khan-2433148-2023-09-08|url-status=live}}</ref>

Analysing the song, ''[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]]'' wrote "melody carries the enchanting vocals of Arijit Singh and Shilpa Rao, a perfect harmony that tugs at heartstrings. The choreography, deftly handled by the renowned Farah Khan, adds an extra layer of appeal to the song's visual allure. Penned by Kumaar, the lyrics embody the essence of romance, encapsulating the chemistry between SRK and Nayanthara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/chaleya-song-from-jawan-srk-and-nayanthara-are-sight-for-sore-eyes-in-romantic-ballad-from-atlees-actioner/na20230814120503767767733|title=Chaleya song from Jawan: SRK and Nayanthara are sight for sore eyes in romantic ballad from Atlee's actioner|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=14 August 2023|website=ETV Bharat News|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153428/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/chaleya-song-from-jawan-srk-and-nayanthara-are-sight-for-sore-eyes-in-romantic-ballad-from-atlees-actioner/na20230814120503767767733|url-status=live}}</ref> Soumyabrata Gupta of ''[[Times Now]]'' vocalists and wrote "crafted by the musical virtuoso Anirudh, Chaleya showcases the emotive crooning talents of Arijit Singh and Shilpa Rao. The track revives the enduring enchantment of the partnership between Shah Rukh Khan and Arijit Singh, a duo celebrated for delivering some of the most profound and amorous melodies."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-drops-chaleya-song-from-jawan-fans-say-king-khan-is-back-article-102720484|title=Shah Rukh Khan Drops Chaleya Song From Jawan, Fans Say 'King Khan Is Back'|date=14 August 2023|website=Times Now|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815081052/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-drops-chaleya-song-from-jawan-fans-say-king-khan-is-back-article-102720484|url-status=live}}</ref>

Praising the choreography, Saikat Chakraborty of ''[[The Telegraph India]]'' stated, "choreographed by Farah Khan, Chaleya is a combination of Shah Rukh’s signature style and Nayanthata’s grace and elegance as both of them groove to the tune in vibrant clothes. The dance is a mix of salsa and Bollywood freestyle, capturing the romantic lyrics penned by Kumaar."<ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khans-chemistry-with-nayanthara-makes-the-heart-skip-a-beat/cid/1958961</ref> Sukanya Saha of ''[[Dainik Jagran|English Jagran]]'' praised the chemistry of lead pair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/jawans-chaleya-song-out-we-bet-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-scorching-chemistry-will-spellbind-you-red-chillies-gauri-khan-atlee-deepika-padukone-10093600|title=Jawan's Chaleya Song Out: We Bet Shah Rukh Khan And Nayanthara's Scorching Chemistry Will Spellbind You|date=14 August 2023|website=English Jagran|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814115317/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/jawans-chaleya-song-out-we-bet-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayanthara-scorching-chemistry-will-spellbind-you-red-chillies-gauri-khan-atlee-deepika-padukone-10093600|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Within 24 hours of its release, the song crossed over 35 million views on [[YouTube]], becoming one of the most-viewed Indian song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-song-from-jawaan-rakes-in-35-million-views-in-all-languages-director-atlee-reacts-13000992.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Chaleya' song from 'Jawaan' rakes in 35 million views in all languages, director Atlee reacts|date=15 August 2023|website=Firstpost|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816132407/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-song-from-jawaan-rakes-in-35-million-views-in-all-languages-director-atlee-reacts-13000992.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/srk-film-jawan-song-chaleya-has-35-million-views-on-youtube-across-hindi-tamil-and-telugu-languages-1623184|title=Jawan Song 'Chaleya' Gets 35 Million Views On YouTube Across Hindi, Tamil and Telugu Languages|date=15 August 2023|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152907/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/srk-film-jawan-song-chaleya-has-35-million-views-on-youtube-across-hindi-tamil-and-telugu-languages-1623184|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon its release, the song started trending on internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shah-rukh-khan-romances-nayanthara-in-new-song-chaleya-from-jawan-twitter-cant-keep-calm/articleshow/102719885.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan romances Nayanthara in new song 'Chaleya' from 'Jawan', Twitter can't keep calm|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 August 2023|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829220526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shah-rukh-khan-romances-nayanthara-in-new-song-chaleya-from-jawan-twitter-cant-keep-calm/articleshow/102719885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/shilpa-rao-is-in-love-with-bengali-rendition-of-srk-nayanthara-jawan-song-chaleya-seen-it-yet-2433717-2023-09-10|title=Shilpa Rao is in love with Bengali rendition of SRK's 'Chaleya'. Seen it yet?|date=10 September 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153858/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/shilpa-rao-is-in-love-with-bengali-rendition-of-srk-nayanthara-jawan-song-chaleya-seen-it-yet-2433717-2023-09-10|url-status=live}}</ref> The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/man-dances-to-srk-s-chaleya-from-jawan-in-theatre-video-goes-viral-101695183693077.html |title=Man dances to SRK's Chaleya from Jawan in theatre, video goes viral | Trending - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109202109/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/man-dances-to-srk-s-chaleya-from-jawan-in-theatre-video-goes-viral-101695183693077.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/viral/move-over-everyone-this-mumbai-cop-is-the-winner-of-the-chaleya-trend-8595142.html|title=Move Over Everyone, This Mumbai Cop Is The Winner Of The Chaleya Trend|date=28 September 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153432/https://www.news18.com/viral/move-over-everyone-this-mumbai-cop-is-the-winner-of-the-chaleya-trend-8595142.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The hook step performed by [[Shah Rukh Khan]], went viral on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/viral/chaleya-to-heeriye-7-trending-songs-for-instagram-reels-in-india/photostory/103834961.cms|title=Chaleya To Heeriye: 7 Trending Songs For Instagram Reels In India|website=www.timesnownews.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152937/https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/viral/chaleya-to-heeriye-7-trending-songs-for-instagram-reels-in-india/photostory/103834961.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/this-is-amazing-srk-reacts-to-viral-video-of-duo-dancing-to-chaleya-on-brooklyn-bridge-in-new-york-101695538417631.html |title='This is amazing': SRK on viral video of duo dancing to Chaleya in New York | Trending - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116010136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/this-is-amazing-srk-reacts-to-viral-video-of-duo-dancing-to-chaleya-on-brooklyn-bridge-in-new-york-101695538417631.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It became the most-streamed song on [[Spotify]] in a single day, as it was played over 2.4 million times on 13 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-14 |title='Chaleya' from 'Jawan' hits a sweet note on Spotify India, clocks 2.4 mn streams to become most-played song in a single day on music platform |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chaleya-from-jawan-hits-a-sweet-note-on-spotify-india-clocks-2-4-mn-streams-to-become-most-played-song-in-a-single-day-on-music-platform/articleshow/103656314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-26 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926162327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/chaleya-from-jawan-hits-a-sweet-note-on-spotify-india-clocks-2-4-mn-streams-to-become-most-played-song-in-a-single-day-on-music-platform/articleshow/103656314.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Jawan song 'Chaleya' breaks record for most streams in a single day on Spotify India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-breaks-record-for-most-streams-in-a-single-day-on-spotify-india-8939356/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926165707/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-song-chaleya-breaks-record-for-most-streams-in-a-single-day-on-spotify-india-8939356/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After few weeks of its release, the song trended 18th position on Spotify Global Daily chart, highest for an Indian song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/has-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-from-jawan-overtaken-international-hits-on-spotify-8576956.html|title=Has Shah Rukh Khan's Chaleya From Jawan Overtaken International Hits On Spotify?|date=14 September 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153433/https://www.news18.com/movies/has-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-from-jawan-overtaken-international-hits-on-spotify-8576956.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2023, it emerged as the most streamed track on Spotify.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/top-instagram-reels-in-india-for-october-2023-khalasi-chaleya-and-more/5186767110782|title=Top Instagram reels in India for October 2023: Khalasi, Chaleya and more|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201220808/https://www.ottplay.com/news/top-instagram-reels-in-india-for-october-2023-khalasi-chaleya-and-more/5186767110782|url-status=live}}</ref> "Chaleya" was the most played song on [[Navtarang (Fiji)|Navtarang]] radio in the year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Chaleya---Number-1-song-on-Navtarang-for-2023-xfr485/|title=Chaleya - Number 1 song on Navtarang for 2023|website=www.fijivillage.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231230808/https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Chaleya---Number-1-song-on-Navtarang-for-2023-xfr485/|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was the top track of 2023 in India on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shilpa-raos-song-chaleya-from-srks-jawan-becomes-the-top-track-of-2023-on-this-music-platform-8683961.html|title=Shilpa Rao's Song Chaleya From SRK's Jawan Becomes The Top Track Of 2023 On THIS Music Platform|date=30 November 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209083301/https://www.news18.com/movies/shilpa-raos-song-chaleya-from-srks-jawan-becomes-the-top-track-of-2023-on-this-music-platform-8683961.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dutch singer [[Emma Heesters]] performed a cover of the song which was released on 30 September 2023, with lyrics translated to [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/viral/shah-rukh-khan-reacts-to-dutch-singer-emma-heesterss-version-of-chaleya-8601765.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan Reacts To Dutch Singer Emma Heesters' Version Of Chaleya|date=3 October 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153437/https://www.news18.com/viral/shah-rukh-khan-reacts-to-dutch-singer-emma-heesterss-version-of-chaleya-8601765.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Likewise, there were many cover versions created and released by various artistes including the languages the song is not originally produced.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/srk-thanks-singer-for-her-awesome-english-cover-of-chaleya-101696654363799.html |title=SRK thanks singer for her 'awesome' English cover of Chaleya | Trending - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128073559/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/srk-thanks-singer-for-her-awesome-english-cover-of-chaleya-101696654363799.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/groom/antara-nandys-full-hair-braid-hairstyle-and-ukulele-rendition-of-chaleya-from-jawan/cid/1977463</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khans-fans-perform-chaleya-instrumental-version-ahead-of-jawan-trailer-launch-on-burj-khalifa-watch/articleshow/103236124.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan's fans perform Chaleya instrumental version ahead of Jawan trailer screening on Burj Khalifa - WATCH|newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 August 2023|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130030722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khans-fans-perform-chaleya-instrumental-version-ahead-of-jawan-trailer-launch-on-burj-khalifa-watch/articleshow/103236124.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> South Korean singer [[Kim Woo-jin]] said that he love the song a lot.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/ht-interview-kim-woojin-telling-his-own-story-in-i-like-the-way-and-being-a-fan-of-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-101716899055059.html |title=HT Interview | Kim Woojin: Telling his own story in I Like the Way and being a fan of Shah Rukh Khan's Chaleya - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702122755/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/ht-interview-kim-woojin-telling-his-own-story-in-i-like-the-way-and-being-a-fan-of-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-101716899055059.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ranbir Kapoor]] revealed "Chaleya" as one of his favourite track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoors-top-5-songs-include-jawans-chaleya-and-baby-shark-itna-sunn-raha-hu-main-8631956.html|title=Ranbir Kapoor's Top 5 Songs Include Jawan's Chaleya And Baby Shark: 'Itna Sunn Raha Hu Main..'|date=24 October 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152909/https://www.news18.com/movies/ranbir-kapoors-top-5-songs-include-jawans-chaleya-and-baby-shark-itna-sunn-raha-hu-main-8631956.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Virat Kohli]] performed the dance step during an ongoing match in [[2023 Cricket World Cup]], after scoring his 49th [[One Day International|ODI]] century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/virat-kohli-sings-and-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-during-india-vs-sa-world-cup-match-atlee-reacts-101699199423504.html |title=Virat Kohli sings and grooves to Shah Rukh Khan's Chaleya during India vs SA | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152911/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/virat-kohli-sings-and-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-during-india-vs-sa-world-cup-match-atlee-reacts-101699199423504.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-keerthy-suresh-and-priya-atlee-grooved-together-to-atlees-song-chaleya-from-jawan-watch/articleshow/109352195.cms|title=When Keerthy Suresh and Priya Atlee grooved together to Atlee's song 'Chaleya' from 'Jawan' - WATCH|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 April 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523215155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-keerthy-suresh-and-priya-atlee-grooved-together-to-atlees-song-chaleya-from-jawan-watch/articleshow/109352195.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kim Woo-jin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/korean-wave/story/video-k-pop-idol-kim-woo-jin-sways-to-shah-rukh-khan-song-chaleya-amid-cheers-2453419-2023-10-25|title=Video: K-pop Idol Kim Woo-jin sways to Shah Rukh Khan song 'Chaleya' amid cheers|date=25 October 2023|website=India Today|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106062500/https://www.indiatoday.in/korean-wave/story/video-k-pop-idol-kim-woo-jin-sways-to-shah-rukh-khan-song-chaleya-amid-cheers-2453419-2023-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref> South Korean boy band [[Ampers&One]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/video/1060359/watch-members-of-new-k-pop-boy-group-ampers-one-cover-chaleya-song-jawan|title=Watch: Members of new K-Pop boy group Ampers&One cover 'Chaleya' song from 'Jawan'|author=Scroll Staff|date=11 December 2023|website=Scroll.in|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152910/https://scroll.in/video/1060359/watch-members-of-new-k-pop-boy-group-ampers-one-cover-chaleya-song-jawan|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rihanna]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rihanna-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-as-isha-ambani-radhika-merchant-orry-join-in-watch-9211108/|title=Rihanna grooves to Shah Rukh Khan's Chaleya as Isha Ambani, Radhika Merchant, Orry join in. Watch|date=13 March 2024|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153948/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rihanna-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-as-isha-ambani-radhika-merchant-orry-join-in-watch-9211108/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hania Aamir]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/pakistani-actor-hania-aamir-dances-to-jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-101695542844723.html |title=Pakistani actor Hania Aamir grooves to Chaleya as Shah Rukh dances behind her - Hindustan Times |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207202011/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/pakistani-actor-hania-aamir-dances-to-jawan-song-chaleya-shah-rukh-khan-101695542844723.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[V (singer)|V]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/viral/bts-v-aka-kim-taehyung-channels-his-inner-shah-rukh-khan-dancing-to-chaleya-song-viral-video-10127267|title=BTS V Aka Kim Taehyung Channels His Inner Shah Rukh Khan Dancing To Chaleya Song | Watch Viral Video|date=15 January 2024|website=English Jagran|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152920/https://english.jagran.com/viral/bts-v-aka-kim-taehyung-channels-his-inner-shah-rukh-khan-dancing-to-chaleya-song-viral-video-10127267|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Soumitrisha Kundu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jawan-fever-pradhan-actress-soumitrisha-makes-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya/93cb7abaf8851|title=Jawan fever: Pradhan actress Soumitrisha makes video of Shah Rukh Khan's Chaleya|website=OTTPlay|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153935/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jawan-fever-pradhan-actress-soumitrisha-makes-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya/93cb7abaf8851|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jimin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-bts-jimin-and-j-hope-shake-a-leg-on-jawans-chaleya-song-win-hearts-13131022.html|title=Watch: BTS' Jimin and J-Hope shake a leg on Jawan's Chaleya song, win hearts|date=16 September 2023|website=Firstpost|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920084843/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-bts-jimin-and-j-hope-shake-a-leg-on-jawans-chaleya-song-win-hearts-13131022.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[J-Hope]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/bts-jimin-and-j-hope-video-grooving-to-jawan-s-track-chaleya-goes-viral-watch-2023-09-14-892751|title=BTS' Jimin and J-Hope video grooving to Jawan's track Chaleya goes viral | Watch|date=14 September 2023|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204023923/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/bts-jimin-and-j-hope-video-grooving-to-jawan-s-track-chaleya-goes-viral-watch-2023-09-14-892751|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sachin Tendulkar|Sara Tendulkar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/sara-tendulkars-dance-video-goes-viral-diva-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-from-jawan/videoshow/106694251.cms|title=Sara Tendulkar Dance Video: Sara Tendulkar's dance video goes viral; diva grooves to Shah Rukh Khan's 'Chaleya' from 'Jawan' | Etimes - Times of India Videos|website=The Times of India|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204214440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/sara-tendulkars-dance-video-goes-viral-diva-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-from-jawan/videoshow/106694251.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Alaya F]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/alaya-f-grooves-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-jawan-check/|title=Alaya F grooves to Shah Rukh Khan's 'Chaleya' from Jawan; check out! : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 September 2023|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203105353/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/alaya-f-grooves-shah-rukh-khans-chaleya-jawan-check/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shwetha Srivatsav]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/just-awesome-internet-reacts-to-shwetha-srivastavas-moves-to-chaleya-song-8610842.html|title='Just Awesome': Internet Reacts To Shwetha Srivastava's Moves To Chaleya Song|date=10 October 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016015018/https://www.news18.com/movies/just-awesome-internet-reacts-to-shwetha-srivastavas-moves-to-chaleya-song-8610842.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and several others have recreated the hook-step.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/jawan-ayushi-tiwari-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayantharas-song-chaleya/articleshow/103574131.cms|title='Jawan': Ayushi Tiwari grooves to Shah Rukh Khan and Nayanthara's song 'Chaleya'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 September 2023|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902154049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/jawan-ayushi-tiwari-grooves-to-shah-rukh-khan-and-nayantharas-song-chaleya/articleshow/103574131.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Live performances ==
Anirudh has performed the song during the success event of the film in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-srk-deepika-padukone-dance-to-chaleya-latter-gives-standing-ovation-to-anirudh-raja-kumari-8579012.html|title=Jawan: SRK, Deepika Padukone Dance To Chaleya, Latter Gives Standing Ovation To Anirudh, Raja Kumari|date=15 September 2023|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926070427/https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-srk-deepika-padukone-dance-to-chaleya-latter-gives-standing-ovation-to-anirudh-raja-kumari-8579012.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2023/sep/16/anirudh-ravichander-sings-as-srk-deepika-padukone-groove-tochaleya-at-jawans-success-bash-53292.html|title=Anirudh Ravichander sings as SRK, Deepika Padukone groove to Chaleya at Jawan's success bash|first=Team|last=Indulge|date=16 September 2023|website=Indulgexpress|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902152913/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2023/sep/16/anirudh-ravichander-sings-as-srk-deepika-padukone-groove-tochaleya-at-jawans-success-bash-53292.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arijit Singh]] has performed the song during the [[India]]–[[Pakistan]] [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] match at [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/watch-arijit-singh-s-high-voltage-performance-of-chaleya-for-ind-vs-pak-match-audience-croons-with-him-2023-10-14-897828|title=Watch: Arijit Singh's high voltage performance of Chaleya for Ind vs Pak match, audience croons with him|date=14 October 2023|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224000109/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/watch-arijit-singh-s-high-voltage-performance-of-chaleya-for-ind-vs-pak-match-audience-croons-with-him-2023-10-14-897828|url-status=live}}</ref> He has performed the song at a concert in [[Pune]], in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/arijit-singh-pune-concert-30000-fans-sing-jawan-song-chaleya-after-singer-couldnt-complete-23340743|title=Arijit Singh Pune Concert: 30,000 fans sing 'Jawan' song 'Chaleya' after singer couldn't complete|date=20 March 2024|website=Mid-day|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=4 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404010524/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/arijit-singh-pune-concert-30000-fans-sing-jawan-song-chaleya-after-singer-couldnt-complete-23340743|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shilpa Rao]] has performed the song at a concert in [[Mysore]], in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/shilpa-rao-sings-chaleya-from-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-jawan-alongside-30000-people/104573188|title=Shilpa Rao sings 'Chaleya' at concert; gets joined by 30,000 people! Deets inside|website=mirchi.in|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=2 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902153948/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/shilpa-rao-sings-chaleya-from-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-jawan-alongside-30000-people/104573188|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, programmer, keyboard
* [[Kumaar]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* [[Arijit Singh]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Shilpa Rao]]{{spaced ndash}}vocal
* [[Farah Khan]]{{spaced ndash}} Choreographer
* Vinay Sridhar{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Srinivasan M{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Luca Pretolesi{{spaced ndash}} mastering engineer
* Velavan B{{spaced ndash}} music cordinator
* Shashank Vijay{{spaced ndash}} rhythm
* Harish Ram L H{{spaced ndash}} music editor
{{div col end}}

== Chart performance ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Chart
!Song
!Peak position
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard Global 200]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')
|"Chaleya"
|72
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/|title=Billboard Global 200: Week Of September 30, 2023|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927093900/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/|date=September 27, 2023|archive-date=September 27, 2023|access-date=September 27, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="2" |[[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')
|"Chaleya"
|1
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-11-02/|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=2 November 2023|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104135436/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-11-02/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Hayyoda"
|7
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-08-25|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=25 August 2023|access-date=6 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906104021/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-08-25/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[MENA]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])
|"Chaleya"
|8
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=This Week's Official MENA Chart Top 20: from 15/09/2023 to 21/09/2023|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926162705/https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|date=September 15, 2023|archive-date=September 26, 2023|access-date=September 26, 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"; rowspan="1"| [[UAE]] ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]])
|"Chaleya"
|1
|<ref name="MENA">{{cite web|url=https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|title=This Week's Official UAE Chart Top 20: from 15/09/2023 to 21/09/2023|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928141834/https://www.theofficialmenachart.com/weeklychart|date=September 28, 2023|archive-date=September 28, 2023|access-date=September 28, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shilpa Rao]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations|title=List of Nominations for 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 | Filmfare.com|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115192540/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/nominations|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[IReel Awards]]
| 9 March 2024
| Best Singer (Female)
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/shilpa-rao-wins-best-singer-female-for-beshram-rang-chaleya-at-news18-showsha-reel-awards-8811658.html|title=Shilpa Rao Wins Best Singer (Female) For 'Beshram Rang' & 'Chaleya' At News18 Showsha Reel Awards|website=News18|access-date=2 September 2024|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522001617/https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/shilpa-rao-wins-best-singer-female-for-beshram-rang-chaleya-at-news18-showsha-reel-awards-8811658.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shilpa Rao]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=IIFA 2024 full list of nominations: Ranbir Kapoor, Ranveer get Best Actor nods; Deepika Padukone, Alia Bhatt for Actress|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2024-full-list-of-nominations-ranbir-kapoor-ranveer-get-best-actor-nods-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-for-actress-101724042812828-amp.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=19 August 2024|access-date=19 August 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=3 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903153523/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2024-full-list-of-nominations-ranbir-kapoor-ranveer-get-best-actor-nods-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-for-actress-101724042812828-amp.html}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Film Awards]]
| [[71st National Film Awards|1 August 2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shilpa Rao]]
|{{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards: Shah Rukh Khan and Rani Mukerji receive their first ever National Award after over 3 decades in the industry |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/71st-national-film-awards-shah-rukh-khan-rani-mukerji-receive-first-national-award-after-over-3-decades-in-bollywood-10163798/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=VAdGW7QDJiU|title="Chaleya"}}

{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{T-Series}}
{{Arijit Singh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Arijit Singh songs]]
[[Category:Shilpa Rao songs]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kumaar]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Jawan (film)]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in India]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

Madipur metro station

2026-01-18T22:08:55Z

Nishant taliyan: improved information for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]]<br />Madipur
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Green}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Madipur metro station (Delhi).jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Green|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[Side platform]]|Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}}|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2010|4|2|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 4,942 /day<br />153,195/ Month average
| pass_year = Jan 2015
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Green|left=Paschim Vihar East|right=Shivaji Park}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Green Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Green}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Madipur''' is a station on the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]] and is located in the [[West Delhi]] [[Districts of Delhi|district]] of [[Delhi]]. It is an elevated station and was inaugurated on 2 April 2010.<ref name="Green1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Metro-s-Green-Line-opened/Article1-526172.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122515/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Metro-s-Green-Line-opened/Article1-526172.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=Metro's Green Line opened|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2 April 2010|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="Green2">{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Delhi-Metro-to-add-fifth-line-tomorrow/articleshow/5751009.cms|title=Delhi Metro to add fifth line tomorrow|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=1 April 2010|access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> It is named after Madipur village which is a big village of people from [[Yadav]] community.

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Green}}>'''Platform 2'''<br/>'''Eastbound'''</span>
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=main}} / {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|R|type=branch}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shivaji Park}}</small>
|-
|<span style=color:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Green}}>'''Platform 1'''<br/>'''Westbound'''</span>
|<span style=color:white></span>Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Green|L}}<br><small>'''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Paschim Vihar East}}</small>
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|<small>[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}</small>
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Facilities==
List of available One artpiece shop

==See also==
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 |df=dmy}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|green line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2010]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Delhi-railstation-stub}}

Bernard Moras

2026-01-18T01:06:48Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{short description|20th and 21st-century Indian Catholic bishop}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Archbishop Emeritus
| name = Bernard Moras
| honorific-suffix = Archbishop
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| archdiocese = Bangalore
| diocese =
| see = Bangalore
| appointed = 22 July 2004
| term_start = 17 September 2004
| term_end = 19 March 2018
| predecessor = [[Ignatius Paul Pinto]]
| successor = [[Peter Machado]]
| other_post =

| ordination = 6 December 1967
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 25 February 1997
| consecrated_by = cardinal [[Simon Ignatius Pimenta]]
| cardinal =
| rank =

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|8|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kuppepadavu]], [[Mangaluru]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| church = Roman Catholic
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Bishop of Belgaum (1996–2004)|Apostolic Administrator of Bellary (2006–2008)|Archbishop of Bangalore (2004-2018) |Apostolic Administrator of Mysore (2023-2025)}}
| motto = {{unbulleted list|In thee we hope–Mary our Mother}}
| coat_of_arms =
| nationality =
}}
{{Infobox bishopstyles |
name=Bernard Moras |
dipstyle=[[The Most Reverend]] |
offstyle=[[Your Grace]] |
relstyle=[[Monsignor]] |
deathstyle=not applicable |}}
'''Bernard Blasius Moras''' (born 10 August 1941) is an Indian [[prelate]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and is the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archbishop Emeritus of the Archdiocese of Bangalore]].
== Early life ==
Born in [[Kuppepadavu]], [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]],

== Priesthood ==

Moras was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] on 6 December 1967. During his priestly ministry, he was very involved with [[health care]].

== Episcopate ==
On 30 November 1996, Moras was appointed [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Belgaum|Belgaum]] by [[Pope John Paul II]]. He was consecrated on 25 February 1997 by Cardinal [[Simon Pimenta]], with Bishops [[Aloysius Paul D'Souza|Aloysius D'Souza]] and [[Ignatius Pinto]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]]. Moras chose as his episcopal [[motto]]: "In Thee We Hope–[[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] Our Mother."

Moras was later named [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archbishop of Bangalore]] on 22 July 2004, being installed on 17 September. The installation was attended by three [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] and by all the priests of Bangalore diocese.

[[Pope Benedict XVI]] bestowed the [[pallium]], a [[wool]]en garment reserved to [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan archbishops]], upon Moras on 29 June 2005.

Moras condemned [[Dan Brown]]'s novel ''[[The Da Vinci Code]]'' as "vicious" and "diabolic".<ref>Catholic Online. [http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=19870 Catholic bishops, groups warn of ‘Da Vinci Code’ assault on beliefs, see it as teaching moment] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124230/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=19870 |date=29 September 2007 }} 17 May 2006</ref> He called all Christians to boycott the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film version]], which he requested of the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Indian film board]] to be banned from the country.

Moras also chairs the Pastoral Commission for Health of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] and is the Ecclesiastical Advisor to the [[Catholic Health Association of India]].

Moras takes part in the documentary ''[[The Indian Priest]]'' about Indian missionary priest Raphael Curian from 2015.

Following the suspension of Bishop [[Kannikadass William Antony]], Moras was appointed Apostolic Administrator of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mysore|Diocese of Mysore]] on 7 January 2023 by [[Pope Francis]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=T R Sathish |title=Apostolic administrator for Diocese of Mysore takes charge |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mysuru/apostolic-administrator-for-diocese-of-mysore-takes-charge-1178817.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=8 January 2023 |language=en |date=7 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmorasbb.html Catholic-Hierarchy]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071229085824/http://www.bangalorearchdiocese.com/archbishopofbang.asp Archdiocese of Bangalore]
*[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=1232 Interview with AsiaNews]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ignatius Paul Pinto]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archbishop of Bangalore]]|years=2004–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moras, Bernard Blasius}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Bangalore]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]

{{India-RC-archbishop-stub}}

Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017

2026-01-01T17:07:43Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 21 July
| to_date = 6 September 2017
| team1_captain = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] <small>(Tests)</small><ref name="DC-RH" group="n">Dinesh Chandimal was appointed captain of the Sri Lankan Test side prior to the start of the series. However, he missed the first Test due to pneumonia, with Rangana Herath captaining the side for the match.</ref><br>[[Upul Tharanga]] <small>(ODIs and T20I)<ref name="UP-CK" group="n">Upul Tharanga was suspended for the 3rd and 4th ODIs, due to bowling a slow over-rate in the 2nd ODI. Chamara Kapugedera captained the side for the 3rd ODI, but was ruled out of the series with a back injury, with Lasith Malinga being given the captaincy for the 4th ODI.</ref></small>
| team2_captain = [[Virat Kohli]]
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 3
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (285)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (358)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Nuwan Pradeep]] (6)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (17)
| player_of_test_series = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 5
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Angelo Mathews]] (192)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (330)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Akila Dananjaya]] (9)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (15)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Dilshan Munaweera]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (82)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Isuru Udana]] (1)<br>[[Lasith Malinga]] (1)<br>[[Seekkuge Prasanna]] (1)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (3)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
}}

The [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]] toured Sri Lanka between July and September 2017 to play three [[Test cricket|Test matches]], five [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and a [[Twenty20 International]] match.<ref name="Fixtures">{{cite web |url=http://icc-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/media/about_docs/547c2a4d42a86-Copy%20of%20Copy%20of%20FTP%202015%20to%202019%20as%20at%20Nov%202014.pdf |title=Future Tours Programme |access-date=16 January 2016 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/95661/india-cricket-team-2017-in-sri-lanka-play-3-tests-5-odis-1-t20i-sri-lanka-bcci-slc-cricket-news |title=India to play 3 Tests, 5 ODIs and 1 T20I in Sri Lanka |access-date=7 July 2017 |work=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref><ref name="tour">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1109613.html |title=India's next away Test in Galle on July 26 |access-date=7 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Ahead of the Test series, the teams played a two-day warm-up match in Colombo.<ref name="warm">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1110096.html |title=Pandya earns Test call-up, Rahul back |access-date=9 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref name="WisInd">{{cite web |url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-press-releases/india/india-team-for-the-test-series-against-sri-lanka/260417 |title=India team for the Test series against Sri Lanka |access-date=9 July 2017 |work=Wisden India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713122452/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-press-releases/india/india-team-for-the-test-series-against-sri-lanka/260417 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Cbuzz">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-schedule/series/2597/india-tour-of-sri-lanka-2017 |title=India tour of Sri Lanka, 2017 |access-date=10 July 2017 |work=Cricket Buzz}}</ref>

[[Dinesh Chandimal]] was appointed the new Test [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of Sri Lanka following Sri Lanka's ODI defeat to [[Zimbabwean cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017|Zimbabwe earlier in the month]].<ref name="Chandimal">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1110586.html |title=Chandimal to lead SL in Tests, Tharanga in shorter formats |access-date=12 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> However, before the first Test, Chandimal contracted [[pneumonia]], ruling him out of the match.<ref name="pneumonia">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1112142.html |title=Chandimal ruled out of Galle Test |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Rangana Herath]] was later confirmed as captain of the side for the first Test.<ref name="Herath">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/rangana-herath-to-captain-after-dinesh-chandimal-ruled-out-india-tests-hospital-pneumonia-sri-lanka/2017-07-21 |title=Herath to skipper SL against India |access-date=21 July 2017 |work=Cricket Australia}}</ref> Chandimal returned to the squad as captain for the second Test.<ref name="SL2ndTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1114219.html |title=Lahiru Thirimanne returns for SSC Test |access-date=1 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> India won the Test series 3–0. It was India's first [[whitewash (sport)|whitewash]] away from home in a series of three Tests or more.<ref name="white">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20338636/a-rare-clean-sweep-away-home |title=A rare clean sweep away from home |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> It was also the first time they had won three Tests in an away series since beating [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] 3–1 [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 1967–68|in 1967–68]].<ref name="NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1116551.html |title=Ashwin, Shami lead three-day rout as India complete whitewash |access-date=14 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

The second ODI of the series in [[Pallekele]] was Sri Lanka's 800th ODI match.<ref name="SL800">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1117557.html |title=Onus on youngsters to lift Sri Lanka out of the pits |access-date=24 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> India won the first three ODIs, therefore winning the series. It was their eighth consecutive ODI series win against Sri Lanka.<ref name="3rdODI">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20477495/|title=India's eighth consecutive bilateral ODI series win against SL |date=27 August 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=27 August 2017 }}</ref> This defeat, along with previous defeats against Zimbabwe and Bangladesh, prompted the Sri Lanka selection committee to resign.<ref name="resign">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/1118286.html |title=Sri Lanka selectors resign after defeats to India |date=29 August 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 August 2017}}</ref> India went on to win the ODI series 5–0; this was the first time Sri Lanka had suffered a whitewash at home in ODIs.<ref name="ODI5-0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1119227.html |title=Bhuvneshwar, Kohli lead India to 5-0 sweep |date=3 September 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 September 2017}}</ref> India won the one-off T20I match by 7 wickets,<ref name="T207wkts">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1119634.html |title=Kohli, Pandey lead the way as India complete 9-0 sweep |date=6 September 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref> thus completing a 9-0 clean sweep against Sri Lanka in all three formats of international cricket in a bilateral series.<ref name="nine">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/report/1109610/|title=Kohli, Pandey lead the way as India complete 9-0 sweep |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 October 2017}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
!{{cr|SL}}<ref name="SL1stTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.srilankacricket.lk/news/sri-lanka-announces-squad-for-first-test-against-india |title=Sri Lanka announces squad for first Test against India |access-date=23 July 2017 |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171603/http://www.srilankacricket.lk/news/sri-lanka-announces-squad-for-first-test-against-india |archive-date=1 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SL2ndTest"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1110096.html |title=Pandya in squad for SL Tests, Rahul back |access-date=9 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
!{{cr|SL}}<ref name="SLODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1116681.html |title=Thisara, Siriwardana return to ODI squad |access-date=15 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndLOI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1116496.html |title=Yuvraj dropped; Ashwin, Jadeja rested for Sri Lanka ODIs |access-date=13 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
!{{cr|SL}}<ref name="SLT20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20575373/jeffrey-vandersay-dasun-shanaka-revised-sri-lanka-t20-squad |title=Vandersay, Shanaka in revised Sri Lanka T20 squad |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name = "IndLOI"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rangana Herath]]
* [[Upul Tharanga]]
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Asela Gunaratne]]
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]
* [[Danushka Gunathilaka]]
* [[Dilruwan Perera]]
* [[Suranga Lakmal]]
* [[Lahiru Kumara]]
* [[Vishwa Fernando]]
* [[Malinda Pushpakumara]]
* [[Nuwan Pradeep]]
* [[Lakshan Sandakan]]
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
* [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
* [[Lahiru Gamage]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Abhinav Mukund]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* <s>[[Murali Vijay]]</s>
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Upul Tharanga]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Dushmantha Chameera]]
* [[Dinesh Chandimal]]
* [[Akila Dananjaya]]
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Vishwa Fernando]]
* [[Danushka Gunathilaka]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Chamara Kapugedera]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Kusal Mendis]]
* [[Dilshan Munaweera]]
* [[Thisara Perera]]
* [[Malinda Pushpakumara]]
* [[Lakshan Sandakan]]
* [[Milinda Siriwardana]]
* [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Upul Tharanga]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Akila Dananjaya]]
* [[Niroshan Dickwella]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Suranga Lakmal]]
* [[Lasith Malinga]]
* [[Angelo Mathews]]
* [[Dilshan Munaweera]]
* [[Thisara Perera]]
* [[Seekkuge Prasanna]]
* [[Vikum Sanjaya]]
* [[Dasun Shanaka]]
* [[Milinda Siriwardana]]
* [[Isuru Udana]]
* [[Jeffrey Vandersay]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kedar Jadhav]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|}

[[Murali Vijay]] was ruled out of India's Test squad before the series began with a wrist injury and was replaced by [[Shikhar Dhawan]].<ref name="MVijay">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1111605.html |title=Dhawan to replace injured Vijay for Sri Lanka |access-date=17 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Asela Gunaratne]] fractured his thumb on the first morning of the first Test and was ruled out of Sri Lanka's squad for the remaining matches.<ref name="Gunaratne">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1112637.html |title=Gunaratne out of India series |access-date=26 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] and [[Lakshan Sandakan]] were added to Sri Lanka's squad for the second Test.<ref name="SL2ndTest"/> India's [[Ravindra Jadeja]] was suspended for the third Test after throwing the ball "in a dangerous manner" during the second match, therefore accumulating enough demerit points to get a suspension.<ref name="Jadeja-Throw">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1115565.html |title=Jadeja suspended for Pallekele Test |access-date=6 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Axar Patel]] was added to the squad as his replacement.<ref name="Axar">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1115847.html |title=Axar Patel called in as Jadeja replacement |access-date=9 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Sri Lanka's [[Rangana Herath]] was rested for the third Test at Pallekele after pulling up from the second Test with a stiff back.<ref name="back">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20279746/rangana-herath-rested-pallekele-test |title=Herath to be rested for Pallekele Test |access-date=6 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> For the third Test, [[Dushmantha Chameera]] and [[Lahiru Gamage]] were added to Sri Lanka's squad, while [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] was dropped.<ref name="SL3rd">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1115935.html |title=SL pick Chameera, Gamage for third India Test |access-date=10 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

For the ODI series, [[Yuvraj Singh]] was dropped from India's squad after failing to clear yo-yo test. [[Dinesh Chandimal]] and [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] were added to Sri Lanka's squad ahead of the third match.<ref name="ODI3rdSL">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1117723.html |title=SL bring back Chandimal, Thirimanne as cover |access-date=25 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> They were added as cover for [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] and [[Upul Tharanga]].<ref name="ODI3rdSL"/> Tharanga was suspended for the third and fourth ODIs, for a slow over-rate in the second match. [[Chamara Kapugedera]] captained the side for the third ODI,<ref name="ODI3rdSL"/> but sustained a back injury and was ruled of the remaining matches. [[Lasith Malinga]] was given the captaincy for the fourth ODI.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20493053/chamara-kapugedera-ruled-series-lasith-malinga-lead|title=Kapugedera ruled out of series; Malinga to lead|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> In the third ODI, Dinesh Chandimal suffered a hairline fracture to his right thumb and was ruled out of the rest of the series.<ref name="thumb">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1117982.html |title=Chandimal fractures thumb, ruled out of India series |access-date=28 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Dilshan Munaweera]] was added to Sri Lanka's squad ahead of the fourth ODI.<ref name="4thODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1118531.html |title=Series lost, Sri Lanka chase assured World-Cup spot |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

==Tour match==
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 21–22 July 2017
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL|name=Sri Lanka Board President's XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 187 (55.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] 74 (97)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/14 (6.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 312/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (68 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[KL Rahul]] 54 (58)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vishwa Fernando]] 2/37 (10 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1112066.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Colombo Cricket Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Deepal Gunawardene]] (SL) and [[Nilan De Silva]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Board President's XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26–30 July 2017<ref name="4days" group="n">While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the first and second Test reached a result within four days, while the third Test ended in three days.</ref>
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 600 (133.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 190 (168)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nuwan Pradeep]] 6/132 (31 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 291 (78.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dilruwan Perera]] 92[[not out|*]] (132)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/67 (22.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 240/3[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (53 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 103[[not out|*]] (136)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] 1/16 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 245 (76.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 97 (208)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 3/65 (27 overs)

| result = India won by 304 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109602.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind) and [[Danushka Gunathilaka]] (SL) both made their Test debuts.
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) played his 50th Test.<ref name="Ashwin50">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/r-ashwin-set-to-break-another-record-in-50th-test-for-india-vs-sri-lanka-4767447/|title=R Ashwin plays in his 50th Test |website=The Indian Express |access-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Nuwan Pradeep]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref name="Pradeep5wkt">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/report/1109602/day/2/Sri-Lanka-vs-India-1st-Test-India-in-Sri-Lanka-Test-Series |title=Pradeep takes five, but India surpass 500 |access-date=27 July 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* This was India's biggest away win and Sri Lanka's biggest defeat in terms of runs in Tests.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's biggest away win, SL's biggest defeat|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1113157.html|access-date=29 July 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–7 August 2017<ref name="4days" group="n"/>
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 622/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (158 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 133 (232)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rangana Herath]] 4/154 (41 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 183 (49.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Niroshan Dickwella]] 51 (48)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/69 (16.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 386 (116.5 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 141 (307)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 5/152 (39 overs)

| result = India won by an innings and 53 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109603.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Malinda Pushpakumara]] (SL) made his Test debut.
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind) played his 50th Test.<ref name="Pujara50th">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1114727.html |title=Rahul set for return as India aim to close out series |access-date=2 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) became the fastest left-arm bowler to reach 150 wickets in terms of number of Tests played (32).<ref name="Jadeja150">{{cite news|title=Jadeja beats Johnson, Ashwin betters Hadlee|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20253860/|access-date=5 August 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* This was the first time that India had beaten Sri Lanka by a margin of an innings in Sri Lanka.<ref name="innings">{{cite news|title=India's first innings win in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20264558/india-first-innings-win-sri-lanka|access-date=5 August 2017|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 12–16 August 2017<ref name="4days" group="n"/>
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 487 (122.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 119 (123)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lakshan Sandakan]] 5/132 (35.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 135 (37.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dinesh Chandimal]] 48 (87)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 4/40 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 181 (74.3 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Niroshan Dickwella]] 41 (52)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/68 (28.3 overs)

| result = India won by an innings and 171 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109604.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Pallekele]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Hardik Pandya]] became the fifth India player to score a maiden first-class [[Century (cricket)|century]] in a Test. He made 107 runs in the first [[Session (cricket)|session]] of day 2, the most by an India batsman in the session on any day of a Test, beating [[Virender Sehwag]]'s 99 in [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2006#Second Test|2006]].<ref name="3TPandya">{{cite web|title=Pandya's sprint before lunch|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20329375/|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>
* Hardik Pandya scored the most runs by an India player off an over in Tests (26).<ref name="3TPandya"/>
* [[Lakshan Sandakan]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref name="Sandakan5wkt">{{cite web|title=Pandya's maiden ton headlines 15-wicket day |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1116396.html |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 August 2017
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 216 (43.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Niroshan Dickwella]] 64 (74)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 3/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 220/1 (28.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 132[[not out|*]] (90)
| wickets2 =
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109605.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vishwa Fernando]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
* [[Lasith Malinga]] (SL) played his [[List of cricketers who have played 200 ODIs|200th ODI]].<ref name="Malinga200">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017/lasith-malinga-set-for-200th-odi-for-sri-lanka-2-short-of-300-wickets/story-zAA4uttyzNDQ3ge627dD4H.html |title=Lasith Malinga set for 200th ODI for Sri Lanka, 2 short of 300 wickets |access-date=20 August 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 August 2017
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 236/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Milinda Siriwardana]] 58 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 4/43 (10 overs)
| score2 = 231/7 (45.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 54 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Akila Dananjaya]] 6/54 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 3 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109606.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Pallekele]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Akila Dananjaya]] (SL)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the innings break set India a revised target of 231 runs from 47 overs.
| notes = This was Sri Lanka's 800th ODI.<ref name="SL800"/>
* [[Akila Dananjaya]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref name="2ndODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/report/1109606/Sri-Lanka-vs-India-2nd-ODI-India-in-Sri-Lanka-ODI-Series |title=Dhoni, Bhuvneshwar trump Dananjaya's 6 for 54 |access-date=24 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[MS Dhoni]] and [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]'s unbeaten 100-run [[List of India One Day International cricket records#Highest partnerships by wicket|partnership was the highest for the eighth wicket for India]] against any team in ODIs.<ref name="2ndODI"/>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 August 2017
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 217/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] 80 (105)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 5/27 (10 overs)
| score2 = 218/4 (45.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 124[[not out|*]] (145)
| wickets2 = [[Akila Dananjaya]] 2/38 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109607.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pallekele International Cricket Stadium]], [[Pallekele]]
| umpires = [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Chamara Kapugedera]] became the [[List of Sri Lanka national cricket captains#Men's One-Day International captains|20th captain of Sri Lanka]] in ODIs.<ref name="Kapugedera20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17891/preview/1109607/ |title=Sri Lanka, new leader in tow, look to keep series alive |access-date=27 August 2017 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (Ind) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref name="3rdODI"/>
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 August 2017
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 375/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 131 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 2/24 (6 overs)
| score2 = 207 (42.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 70 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] 2/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = India won by 168 runs
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109608.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dilshan Munaweera]], [[Malinda Pushpakumara]] (SL) and [[Shardul Thakur]] (Ind) all made their ODI debuts.
* [[Lasith Malinga]] became the [[List of Sri Lanka national cricket captains#Men's One-Day International captains|21st captain of Sri Lanka]] in ODIs.<ref name="4thODI"/>
* [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind) played in his 300th ODI and broke the record for most [[Not out|unbeaten]] innings in ODIs (73).<ref name="Dhoni300">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/464566 |title=India could test bench strength in fourth ODI |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref name="Dhoni73">{{cite web|title=Kohli and Rohit's flourishing partnership|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20518182|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
* Lasith Malinga took his 300th wicket in ODIs, the [[List of Sri Lanka One Day International cricket records#Most Career Wickets|fourth Sri Lanka player]] to do so.<ref name="Malinga300">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017/lasith-malinga-completes-300-odi-wickets-after-dismissing-virat-kohli/story-uJFvFSZdEffyXyTGMnH7JO.html |title=Lasith Malinga completes 300 ODI wickets after dismissing Virat Kohli |access-date=31 August 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* This was Sri Lanka's biggest defeat, in terms of runs, at home in an ODI.<ref name="SL168">{{cite web|title=Kohli, Rohit smash hundreds in crushing victory |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-india-2017/content/story/1118839.html |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 August 2017}}</ref>
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 September 2017
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 238 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] 67 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 5/42 (9.4 overs)
| score2 = 239/4 (46.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 110[[not out|*]] (116)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 1/29 (4.3 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109609.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind) became the first wicket-keeper to effect 100 [[stumped|stumpings]] in ODIs.<ref name="Dhoni-Stump">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-sri-lanka/india-v-sri-lanka-ms-dhoni-becomes-first-wicketkeeper-to-100-odi-stumpings/articleshow/60349872.cms |title=India v Sri Lanka: MS Dhoni becomes first wicketkeeper to 100 ODI stumpings |access-date=3 September 2017 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (Ind) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref name="ODI5-0"/>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli#One Day International centuries|30th century in ODIs]].<ref name="ODI5-0"/>
}}

==T20I series==
===Only T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 September 2017
| time = 19:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 170/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dilshan Munaweera]] 53 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/43 (4 overs)
| score2 = 174/3 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 82 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Seekkuge Prasanna]] 1/25 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/1109610.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Ranmore Martinesz]] (SL) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ashan Priyanjan]] (SL) made his T20I debut.
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) played in his 50th T20I.<ref name="Kohli50T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-vs-sri-lanka-2017/virat-kohli-led-india-aim-to-outclass-sri-lanka-in-lone-t20-end-tour-on-a-high/story-FJ4QE8rxIVIBtlWsP0c7xN.html |title=Virat Kohli-led India aim to outclass Sri Lanka in lone T20, end tour on a high |access-date=6 September 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1109590.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2017}}
{{International cricket tours of Sri Lanka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017}}
[[Category:2017 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2017 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]

Kaestlea

2025-12-16T03:53:57Z

Nishant taliyan: starting entry

{{Short description|Genus of lizards}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Side-spotted Ground Skink Scincella travancorica.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Kaestlea travancorica]]''
| taxon = Kaestlea
| authority = Eremchenko & [[Indraneil Das|Das]], 2004
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision = 5 sp., see text
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Kaestlea''''' is a [[genus]] of [[skink]]s.<ref>Eremchenko, Valery K., and Indraneil Das. "Kaestlea: a new genus of scincid lizards (Scincidae: Lygosominae) from the Western Ghats, south-western India." HAMADRYAD-MADRAS- 28 (2004): 43-50.</ref> These skinks are small, shiny, smooth-scaled species. They are [[diurnality|diurnal]], [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] and [[insectivorous]]. They lay [[egg]]s to reproduce. These skinks are identified by their distinct blue tail colour. They live in [[tropical rainforest]] and [[montane forest]] habitats. These secretive skinks silently move through thick leaf-litter on [[forest floor]]. They are all [[endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] mountains <ref>Ganesh, S. R., & GOWRI SHANKAR, P. (2009). Range extension of Kaestlea beddomeii (Boulenger, 1887)(in part)(Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae). Herpetological bulletin, (107), 12-15.</ref> and in some parts of [[Eastern Ghats]] ([[Shevaroys]]) <ref>Ganesh, S. R., & Arumugam, M. (2016). Species richness of montane herpetofauna of southern Eastern Ghats, India: a historical resume and a descriptive checklist. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 23(1).</ref> of [[South India]].

==Species==
The following 5 [[species]], listed alphabetically by [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], are recognized as being valid:<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB genus|genus=Kaestlea|accessdate=31 August 2018}}</ref>

*''[[Kaestlea beddomii]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1887)</small> - Beddome's ground skink
*''[[Kaestlea bilineata]]'' <small>(Gray, 1846)</small> - two-lined ground skink
*''[[Kaestlea laterimaculata]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1887)</small>
*''[[Kaestlea palnica]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1892)</small> - Palni Hills ground skink
*''[[Kaestlea travancorica]]'' <small>(Beddome, 1870)</small> - Travancore ground skink

''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Kaestlea''.

==References==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2271114}}

[[Category:Kaestlea| ]]
[[Category:Lizard genera]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Valery Konstantinovich Eremchenko]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Indraneil Das]]

{{Sphenomorphinae-stub}}

Panyam

2025-12-02T06:28:44Z

Nishant taliyan: starting new info

{{For|the Filipino rice pancake|Panyalam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panyam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.5167|N|78.3500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 218
| population_total = 14,565
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 518112
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panyam''' or '''Panem''' is a Town and Mandal Headquarter in Panyam Mandal, [[Nandyal district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] State. Panyam is a main town for the [[Panyam mandal]].<ref>[http://www.kurpanyambp.appr.gov.in/ Panyam Panchyat Raj]</ref>

==Geography==
Panyam is located at {{Coord|15.5167|N|78.3500|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 218 meters (718 feet).

Panyam is on '''NH-40.''' It is 15 km away from [[Nandyal]], 50 km from [[Kurnool]] and 30 km from [[Banganapalle|Banaganapalle]]

==Demographics==
The town is home to about 14562 people, among them 7291 (50%) are male and 7271 (50%) are female. 79% of the whole population are from general caste, 8% are from schedule caste and 13% are schedule tribes. Child (aged under 6 years) population of Panyam village is 12%, among them 51% are boys and 49% are girls. There are 3452 households in the village and an average 4 persons live in every family.

==History==
===Zaminadri estate===
{{See also|List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency}}
Panyam is one of the Zaminadri estates in [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cegr6zH9PFEC|author=Nicholas B. Dirks|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1993|page=359}}</ref>

===Horticulture===
Panyam is famous for its [[horticulture]] produce. It is one of the hubs for horticultural studies in [[Madras Presidency]] during the rule of [[British India]]. According to the Madras Presidency Department of Agriculture, P.V.Madhava Rao & Son's Nursery is the only nursery present in the Panyam during the [[British Raj]] times. [[British Raj|British]] officials were particularly impressed with the horticultural practices obtained in Messrs. P. V. Madhavarao and Sons gardens in Panyam and appreciated the proprietor and said that they learnt much from the proprietor of the garden. The proprietor of the garden Raja P. V. Madhava Rao used to teach the courses on horticulture techniques and at the end of the course, theoretical and practical examinations were conducted.<ref>{{cite book|title=Reports on the Work of the Agricultural Stations in the Madras Presidency for|author=Madras (Presidency) Department of Agriculture|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press|year=1950|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ornamental horticulture in India|author=Gurcharan Singh Randhawa|publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers|year=1973|page=137}}</ref> P. V. Madhava Rao's first son P. V. Krishna Rao was the first and his third son P. V. Ranganatha Rao was the second President of Panyam [[Panchayati raj]] who played a crucial role in the development of the village.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part 2; Part 5|publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Government (India)|year=1962|page=1416}}</ref>

Panyam is an important center for fruits such as [[mango]]s, [[Orange (fruit)|Orange]]s, [[Guava]], Wood- Apple and [[Sapota]] in [[Madras Presidency]] during the [[British India|British]] rule and even now it is an important hub for these fruits.<ref>{{cite book|title=Is it Indian?: India and Madras Presidency at a Glance|author=Māgaṇṭi Bāpinīḍu|publisher=Madras Industries Association|page=10}}</ref>

===Temples===
Panikeshwara Swamy temple, a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] is one of the oldest temples in Panyam. The origin of the temple dates back to [[Chalukya|Chalukya times]]. In a survey conducted in October 1973 they found that the temple is of the [[Western Chalukya architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1983|page=8}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of zamindari estates in Madras Presidency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=15.5167&lon=78.35&z=15&l=0&m=b Panyam on Wikimapia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html ]

[[Category:Villages in Nandyal district]]

Madhavaram (West)

2025-11-26T04:14:47Z

Nishant taliyan: Added a entry needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1502
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vijayawada]]
| website = {{URL|ap.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| native_name =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.908356375845223|N|80.69473987368173|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_type = Country|
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhavaram''', is a village in [[NTR district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 408<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=666670 Population finder]</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|1,502
|775
|727
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|177
|93
|84
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|5
|3
|2
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|423
|212
|211
|-
|Literates
|654
|378
|276
|-
|Illiterate
|848
|397
|451
|-
|Total Worker
|933
|470
|463
|-
|Main Worker
|901
|460
|441
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|50
|47
|3
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|833
|397
|436
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|18
|16
|2
|-
|Marginal Worker
|32
|10
|22
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|2
|2
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|25
|3
|22
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|5
|5
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|28
|7
|21
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|24
|3
|21
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|3
|3
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|4
|3
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|2
|2
|0
|-
|Non Worker
|569
|305
|264
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Life Sahi Hai

2025-11-18T05:44:00Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox television
| image = Life Sahi Hai.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Comedy]]
| creator = [[Tarun Jain]]
| writer =
| director =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]]| [[Suhail Nayyar]] |[[Tarun Jain]] | |Abhishek Saha}}
| music = [[Saurabh-Vaibhav]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-web-series-Life-Sahi-Hai-launches-its-title-theme-song/articleshow/52502895.cms?slideshow=49000975&slide=51600005#6|title=New web-series 'Life Sahi Hai' launches its title theme song |work=The Times of India|date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi<br>English
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Luv Ranjan]]<br>[[Ankur Garg]]
| location = [[Delhi]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 16 minutes
| company = [[Luv Films]]
| network =
| channel = [[YouTube]] (season 1) <br>
[[Zee5]] (season 2)
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|06|8|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|04|5|df=y}}
}}
'''''Life Sahi Hai''''' ({{translation|Life is right}}) is an Indian coming-of-age comedy series created by Tarun Jain. It is produced by Luv Ranjan and Ankur Garg under their production company, Luv Films. Several team members involved in the series had previously worked on the Pyaar Ka Punchnama franchise.

The first season of the show was released on YouTube in June 2016, and the second season premiered on ZEE5 in April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/trailer-review-life-sahi-hai-season-2| title=Trailer Review: Life Sahi Hai - Season 2| date=31 March 2018| access-date=2 May 2019| archive-date=2 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502180614/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/trailer-review-life-sahi-hai-season-2| url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
''Life Sahi Hai'' is a sitcom revolving around four men, who have moved to Delhi with the intention to live independently for the first time, and the trouble they encounter in pursuing this goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pyaar-ka-punchnama-2-boys-introduce-life-sahi-hai-cast-2806581/|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama 2 boys introduce Life Sahi Hai cast|date=18 May 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> Throughout the series, the main characters retain positive attitudes toward their situation, as exemplified by the statement 'Life Sahi Hai'.

== Cast ==
*[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] as Sahil Hooda
*Abhishek Saha as Siddharth Srivastava<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.missmalini.com/2016/06/10/first-episode-life-sahi-hai-everyones-loving/|title=The First Episode Of Life Sahi Hai Is Here And Everyone's Loving It!|date=10 June 2016|work=Missmalini.com|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Suhail Nayyar]] as Jasjit Singh<ref>{{cite news|title=Pyaar Ka Punchnama director Luv Ranjan to launch digital sitcom Life Sahi Hai|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/170516/pyaar-ka-punchnama-director-luv-ranjan-to-launch-digital-sitcom-life-sahi-hai.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=3 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tarun Jain]] as Amit Jain
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Sinha
* [[Gunjan Malhotra]] as Shruti Aggarwal
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]] as Jasjit's mother
* [[Meenakshi Sethi]] as Amit's mother
* [[Karishma Sharma]] as The Maid
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Maid agency owner
* Saloni Batra as Neha
* [[Poorti Arya]] as The Maid
* [[Rumana Molla]] as Divya

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The Maid
|DirectedBy = The Lazy Three
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|06|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = The Boss
|DirectedBy = Amit Kaur
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|06|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = The Valentine's Day
|DirectedBy = The Lazy Three
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|06|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Party
|DirectedBy = The Lazy Three
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|07|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = The Women
|DirectedBy = The Lazy Three
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2016|08|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

=== Season 2 ===
{{Episode table |EpisodeNumber = | EpisodeNumber2 = |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=|country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = The Roommate
|DirectedBy = Umesh Ghadge
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = The Rival
|DirectedBy = Umesh Ghadge
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = The Cricket Match
|DirectedBy = Umesh Ghadge
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = The Start Up
|DirectedBy = Umesh Ghadge
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = The Performance
|DirectedBy = Umesh Ghadge
|WrittenBy = [[Tarun Jain]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|04|05|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor =
}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*''[https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/life-sahi-hai-2/0-6-tvshow_2087557432 Life Sahi Hai]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|5830106}}

[[Category:2016 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:YouTube original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]

Hatli Jamula

2025-11-13T18:55:23Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hatli Jamula
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.110169|N|76.27606|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hatli Jamula''' is a village in [[Kangra District]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hatli Jamula|url=http://village.org.in/Hatli-Jamula|website=village.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kangra district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kangra district]]

Kunti kingdom

2025-11-01T13:48:51Z

Nishant taliyan: starting new stub

{{Short description|Kingdom in ancient India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{no footnotes|date=September 2013}}
{{original research|date=September 2013}}
{{more categories|date=September 2025}}}}

The '''Kunti kingdom''' was the kingdom of [[Kunti-Bhoja]], one of the prominent kings among the [[Bhoja tribe|Bhoja-Yadavas]].

[[Kunti]], the mother of [[Pandava]]s and the first wife of [[Kuru is a shivam style (kingdom)|Kuru]] king [[Pandu]], was the adopted daughter of Kuntibhoja. Her given name was Pritha and she was a sister of [[Vasudeva]], the father of [[Krishna in the Mahābhārata|Vasudeva Krishna]]. The Kunti kingdom was neighbour to the [[Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti kingdom]]. It was probably to the north of Avanti.

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== The 18 tribes which fled due to attacks from Jarasandha ===

*Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 14

''[[Jarasandha]] was a powerful Ancient Indian king who ruled [[Magadha kingdom|Magadha]].''

[[Bhoja tribe|The eighteen tribes of the Bhojas]], from fear of [[Jarasandha]], have all fled towards the west; so also have the [[Surasena kingdom|Surasenas]], the Bhadrakas, the Vodhas, the [[Salwa kingdom|Salwas]], the Patachchavas, the Susthalas, the Mukuttas, and the Kulindas, along with the Kuntis. And the king of the Salwayana tribe with their brethren and followers; and the southern [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchalas]] and the eastern [[Kosala kingdom|Kosalas]] have all fled to the country of the Kuntis. So also the [[Matsya kingdom|Matsyas]] and the Sannyastapadas, overcome with fear, leaving their dominions in the north, have fled into the southern country. And so all the Panchalas, alarmed at the power of [[Jarasandha]], have left their own kingdom and fled in all directions.

=== Kingdoms near Kuru Kingdom ===

''[[Pandavas]] thought about selecting one among these kingdoms to spend their 13th year of exile in anonymity, forced upon them by [[Duryodhana]].''

*Mahabharata, Book 4, Chapter 1

Surrounding the kingdom of the Kurus, are, many countries beautiful and abounding in corn, such as Panchala, Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, Malla, Salva, Yugandhara, Saurashtra, Avanti, and the spacious ''-Rashtra (kingdom).''

=== List of kingdoms in Bharata Varsha (ancient India) ===

*Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 9

''From the extract below, it seems there were two kingdoms with the name Kunti, one Kunti proper and the other Apara Kunti, which means a Kunti kingdom farther away.''

.......the [[Chedi kingdom|Chedis]], the [[Karusha]]s, the [[Bhoja]]s, the [[Sindhu]]s, the [[Pulindaka]]s, the [[Uttama]]s, the [[Dasharna]]s, the [[Mekala]]s, the [[Utkala kingdom|Utkalas]]; the [[Panchala]]s, the [[Kausija]]s, the [[Nikarprishtha]]s, [[Dhurandhara]]s; the Sodhas, the [[Madrabhujinga]]s, the [[Kasi kingdom|Kasi]]s, and the further-Kasis; the [[Jathera kingdom|Jathara]]s, the [[Kukura kingdom|Kukura]]s, the '''[[Kunti]]s''', the [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]]s, and the '''Apara-[[Kunti]]s'''; the [[Gomanta]]s, the [[Mandaka]]s, the [[Shanda]]s, the [[Vidarbha]]s, the [[Rupavahika]]s; the [[Aswaka]]s, the [[Pansurashtra]]s, the [[Goparashtra]]s, and the [[Karitya]]s; the [[Adhirjaya]]s,.....

=== Bhargava Rama's Annihilation of Khsatrias ===

*Mahabharata, Book 7, Chapter 68

The valiant son of Jamadagni, [[Bhargava Rama]], proceeding against the Kashmiras, the Daradas, the '''Kuntis''', the Kshudrakas, the Malavas, the Angas, the Vangas, the Kalingas, the Videhas, the Tamraliptakas, the Rakshovahas, the Vitahotras, the Trigartas, the Martikavatas, counting by thousand, slew them all by means of his whetted shafts.

=== Kurukshetra War ===

*Mahabharata, Book 8, Chapter 6

The '''Kuntis''' possessed of great prowess in battle, endued with great energy and great might, have been slain in fight by [[Bhishma]], with all their kinsmen and advisers.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883–1896.
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Yadava kingdoms]]

Kanbay

2025-10-05T15:06:23Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{short description|Former information technology services firm}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kanbay International, Inc.
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ was|KBAY}}
| fate = Acquired by [[Capgemini]]
| defunct = {{End date|2006}}
| logo = KANBAY logo.png
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1989}}
| industry = [[Information technology]]
| location = [[Chicago]]<br>[[Pune]]<br>[[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]]<br>[[Chennai]]
| key_people = [[Raymond Spencer]] ([[Board of directors|chairman]])
| num_employees = 6500 (2006)
| revenue = US$ 230.5 million
| homepage = {{url|http://www.kanbay.com}}
}}
'''Kanbay International, Inc.''' was an [[India]]n-based global [[information technology]] (IT) services firm with approximately 6900 associates worldwide that later created a second Headquarters in the United States. Founded in 1989, the organization offered [[management consulting]], [[Technology Integration|technology integration]], [[Software development|application development]], and [[outsourcing]] strategies. Kanbay is now a division of [[Capgemini]] under the name ''Financial Services Strategic Business Unit (FS-SBU)''.

== History ==
===Kanbay===
Kanbay was founded in 1989 by [[Raymond Spencer]] of [[Australia]], John Patterson of [[Canada]], and Dileep Nath of [[India]]. All three had worked together in the late 1980s at the Institute of Cultural Affairs, a nonprofit in [[Maharashtra]]. Spencer lived in Chicago at the time when Kanbay was established, and headquarters were placed there.<ref name="figured">{{cite news |last=David |first=Ruth |date=October 31, 2006 |title=Kanbay Founders Figured IT Out |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/31/dsouza-kanbay-capgemini-face-cx_rd_1031autofacescan03.html | work=[[Forbes]] |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> In September 1998, venture capital firm [[Safeguard Scientifics, Inc.]] acquired an interest in Kanbay, equating to roughly 25 percent.<ref name="philly-journal">{{cite news |author= |title=Safeguard grabbing a share of Kanbay |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/1998/08/31/daily9.html | work=[[Philadelphia Business Journal]] |location=[[Philadelphia]] |date=September 3, 1998 |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> Revenues for Kanbay in 1999 were $44.2 million.<ref name="ipo-nasdaq" /> In October 2000, Kanbay entered into the Australian market with the acquisition of Megatec, an Australian distributor.
<ref name="comp-ability">{{Citation |last=Forsyth |first=Angelina |date=March 17, 2001 |title=Kanbay builds up Indian capability |publisher=[[Computerworld]] |url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/94161/kanbay_builds_up_indian_capability/ |access-date=March 3, 2017 }}</ref> Megatec was a $15 million [[Melbourne, Australia]]-based ebusiness products and solutions firm.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} In the summer of 2001, Kanbay announced its [[ISO 9001]] certification.<ref name="ISO">{{cite news |author=DQW Bureau |title=Kanbay achieves BS EN ISO 9001 |url=https://www.dqweek.com/kanbay-achieves-bs-en-iso-9001/ | work=[[DQ Week]] |date=August 2, 2001 |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> By the end of 2003,<ref name="ipo-nasdaq" /> major clients included [[Household International]], [[HSBC Group]], Morgan Stanley, [[CitiBank|CitiFinancial]], [[Development Bank of Singapore]], [[ABN-AMRO]] and [[Sun Life Financial]].<ref name=accurum/> Revenues in 2003 were $107.2 million, with net income of $11.4 million.<ref name=ipo-nasdaq/>

===Kanbay International===
Kanbay International became a publicly traded company in July 2004, listing on the [[NASDAQ]] and raised $93 million<ref name=accurum/> under the symbol KBAY.<ref name=ipo-nasdaq/> In early 2005, the company acquired Accurum in New York, an IT services provider to the capital markets industry.<ref name=accurum>{{cite news |author= |title=Kanbay acquires offshore finance services company Accurum | work=[[Computer Business Review|CBR]] |date=March 6, 2005 }}</ref> In 2005 [[HSBC Holdings]] and [[Morgan Stanley]] accounted for around 60 percent of the $230.5 million in revenue the company earned.<ref name=ribeiro-john>{{cite news |last=John |first= Ribeiro|date=2005|title=Capgemini to acquire IT services firm Kanbay |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2659152/techology-business/capgemini-to-acquire-it-services-firm-kanbay.html | work=[[InfoWorld]] |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> In early 2006, Kanbay acquired Adjoined Consulting a professional services firm. In particular, Adjoined offered formal management consulting and added its ERP implementation capability to Kanbay.<ref name=kanbay-march>{{Citation |date=March 10, 2006 |title=Kanbay International Completes Transformational Acquisition of Adjoined Consulting |publisher=Kanbay |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/kanbay-international-completes-transformational-acquisition-of-adjoined-consulting-55317542.html |access-date=March 3, 2017 }}</ref>

===Capgemini division===
On October 27, 2006, [[Capgemini]] agreed to acquire Kanbay International for $1.25 billion. Capgemini India's CEO stated that the merger was intended to help Capgemini grow in India<ref name=bstandard-kanbay>{{cite news |date=October 27, 2006 |title=Capgemini acquires Kanbay for $1.25 bn |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/capgemini-acquires-kanbay-for-1-25-bn-106102701089_1.html | work=[[Business Standard]] |location=[[Mumbai]]/[[Paris]] |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> and boost its services delivery there. It was reported that the deal would close at the beginning of 2007, after final approval for shareholders and anti-trust clearance.<ref name=ribeiro-john/> Kanbay is now a division of Capgemini under the name FS-GBU (Financial Services Global Business Unit).<ref name=loomberg-kanbay/> {{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

==Facilities and employees==
In September 2001 Kanbay established an office in [[Tokyo]]. Kanbay inaugurated its technology center in [[Pune, India]] in October 2001.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} By 2004, Kanbay had regional offices located in eight countries, as well as delivery centers in Pune and Hyderabad, India.<ref name=ipo-nasdaq/> Kanbay also owned a 49.0% interest in SSS Holdings Corporation Limited (SSS) in England.<ref name=ipo-nasdaq/> By October 2006, Kanbay International remained headquartered in the United States<ref name=bstandard-kanbay/> in [[Rosemont, Illinois]],<ref name=ribeiro-john/> also reported as [[Chicago]].<ref name=figured/> It had around 6,900 staff, the majority of which were in India.<ref name=ribeiro-john/> as 5,000 of 7,000 employees worked in software development centers in Pune, [[Madras]], and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=figured/><ref name=loomberg-kanbay/>

==Software and services==
Focused on the financial services industry,
<ref name=ipo-nasdaq>{{Citation |date=July 22, 2004 |title=IPO Filing |publisher=[[Nasdaq]] |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/markets/ipos/filing.ashx?filingid=2894275 |access-date=March 3, 2017 }}</ref> as of 2001, ''Computerworld'' wrote that "Kanbay uses a global delivery network, called GlobalLink, to provide its clients access to resources worldwide, especially systems development and support skills."<ref name=comp-ability/>

Wrote ''Forbes'' in 2006, "Kanbay's clients include businesses in financial services, consumer and industrial products and the communications industry. The company provides management consulting, technology integration, and maintenance and outsourcing services."<ref name=figured/>

According to a ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]'' profile on the Indian division, "the company focuses in the areas of credit cards and payment systems, life insurance, health and property consultancy, banks, and other lending systems and securities. It provides software and services for banking and insurance, credit cards, and credit-related activities."<ref name=loomberg-kanbay>{{cite news |title=Company Overview of Kanbay Software (India) Private Limited |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=26399486 | work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date=March 3, 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Software industry in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.capgemini.com/ Capgemini.com] (parent company)

[[Category:Capgemini]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:2006 disestablishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:Computer companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Computer companies disestablished in 2006]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Chicago]]
[[Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct computer hardware companies]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1989]]
[[Category:Software companies disestablished in 2006]]

Diocese of Khunti

2025-08-24T09:02:35Z

Nishant taliyan: new new entry

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Khunti
|latin = Dioecesis Khuntiensis
|local = खूंटी के सूबा
|image = Khunti, Cathedral Saint-Michael.JPG
|country = {{flag|India}}
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of St Michael in [[Khunti]]
|cocathedral =
|established = 1 April 1995
|area_km2 = 3,765
|population = 872,569
|population_as_of = 2006
|catholics = 81,989
|catholics_percent= 9.4
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Binay Kandulna]]
|metro_archbishop = [[Telesphore Toppo]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Khunti''' ({{langx|la| Khuntien(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Khunti]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]] in [[India]].

==History==
* 1 April 1995: Established as Diocese of Khunti from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Ranchi

==Leadership==
* [[Bishop]]s of Khunti ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])
** Bishop [[Binay Kandulna]] (30 November 2012 – present)
** Bishop [[Stephen M. Tiru]] (1 April 1995 – 3 March 2012)

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/khun0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkhun.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{coord|23.0692|N|85.2793|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khunti}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1995]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Khunti district]]

{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

Malik Alam's Mosque

2025-08-15T16:48:21Z

Nishant taliyan: formatting fix

{{Short description|Former mosque in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{distinguish|Malik Isan's Mosque}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Malik Alam's Mosque
| infobox_width =
| image = Malik Alam's Mosque Ahmedabad 1866.jpg
| caption = The former mosque in 1866
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Ahmedabad
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[Ahmedabad]]
| location = Shah Alam area, [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0008954|72.5869734|region:IN-GR|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = {{ubl|[[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}|and [[dargah]]}}
| functional_status = '''Inactive''';<br/>{{small|(partial ruinous state)}}
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temple]]}}
| founded_by =
| funded_by = Malik Alam bin Kabir
| general_contractor =
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| year_completed = 1422
| construction_cost =
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| dome_quantity = 5
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| minaret_quantity = 2 {{small|(partially damaged)}}
| minaret_height =
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| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Malik Alam's Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-GJ-36 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
'''Malik Alam's Mosque''', also known as '''Peer Kamaal's Mosque''',<ref name="toi2011">{{cite news |title=PEARLS OF PAST: Need Some Elbow Room |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 November 2011 |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/pastissues2/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIA%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213193323/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/pastissues2/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIA/2011/11/25&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> is a former [[mosque]], now in partial ruins, in the Shah Alam area of [[Ahmedabad]], in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The structure is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date= |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>
[[File:Ahmedabhad. (12513229913).jpg|thumb|Mosque in 1855|left]]

== History ==
Malik Alam's Mosque was built in 1422 by one of Sultan [[Ahmed Shah I]]'s sons-in-law, Malik Alam bin Kabir, styled Vazir-ul-Mamalik.

== Architecture ==
Compared with the earlier buildings in the Ahmedabad, the mosque shows greater skill in fitting the niche and ornament of [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temple]] spires to the base of the [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] [[minaret]].<ref name=gg>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ&q=dastur+khan+mosque&pg=PA284 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=285–286 |year=1879}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="RaoBinani1954">{{cite book |author1=Rama Rao, T. V. |author2= Binani, G. D. |title=India at a glance: a comprehensive reference book on India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2b9NOnb8WigC |year=1954 |publisher=Orient Longmans |page=754}}</ref>

Archaeologist [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] wrote in 1900:<ref name=ais>{{cite book |author=Burgess, James |author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist) |title=Archaeological Survey of Western India |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002220u00026000.html |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1900 |volume=VII |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217041227/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000002220u00026000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<blockquote>''It will be seen that [the mosque] has five domes and the roof is supported by 72 pillars (counting those in the open sections of the façade on each side) together with 44 pilasters. The interior dimensions are 112 feet 7 inches by 31 feet 8 inches, and the end and back walls are 3 feet 3 inches thick, that in front being 5 feet 11 inches...the central dome is considerably the higher, but there is in the façade only one large pointed arch in the middle, on each side of the minarets. In the back wall were five marble mihrabs, two in each end, facing the open colonnades, and the central one facing the great arch… The minarets above the level of the façade had been shaken when the upper portions were thrown down, and together with a small canopy on four pillars that stood between the turrets, they were taken down by the Public Works Department about 1882.''|''Archaeological Survey of Western India, VII'' by [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]]</blockquote>

Both minarets were damaged in the [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]]. The mosque is threatened by encroachment and illegal construction.<ref name="toi2011"/>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1422]]
[[Category:Dargahs in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate mosques]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1420s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Mosque ruins in India]]

Pokhran missile incident

2025-06-13T01:30:24Z

Nishant taliyan: starting new pg

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time = 25 March 2023
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = 
| venue =
| location = [[Jaisalmer district]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type = Misfiring of missiles
| theme =
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| motive =
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| blank_label = 
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| notes =
}}

On 25 March 2023, the [[Indian Army]] misfired three [[surface-to-air missiles]] during an exercise in the [[Pokhran#Pokhran Nuclear Test Range|Pokhran]] ranges in the western [[Jaisalmer district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Three missiles misfired during Indian army exercise in Rajasthan: report |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1744141/three-missiles-misfired-during-indian-army-exercise-in-rajasthan-report |work=Dawn |date=25 March 2023}}</ref> The missiles were misfired due to a [[technology|technical]] [[glitch]] following which an investigation was initiated into the incident.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 missiles misfired during army exercise in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer, probe on |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/3-missiles-misfired-during-army-exercise-in-rajasthan-jaisalmer-2351242-2023-03-25 |work=India Today |date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-25 |archive-date=2023-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325122247/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/3-missiles-misfired-during-army-exercise-in-rajasthan-jaisalmer-2351242-2023-03-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the missiles fell in [[Ajaysar Village, Ajmer]]; however, there was no loss of life or property.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/three-pokhran-missiles-miss-target-fall-in-fields/articleshow/98983951.cms |title=3 missiles go off target, fall in Rajasthan fields |work=The Times of India |date=25 March 2023 |access-date=2023-03-25}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2022 India–Pakistan missile incident]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020s in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Indian military exercises]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:March 2023 in India]]

{{India-mil-stub}}

Mandala 8

2025-05-05T07:09:19Z

Nishant taliyan: update formatting based on references

{{Short description|Eighth book of the Rigveda}}
The '''eighth Mandala''' of the '''[[Rigveda]]''' has 103 hymns. Other than the "family books" (Mandalas 2–7, dated as an old part of the RV) and [[Mandala 1|RV 1]] and [[Mandala 10|RV 10]] (dated as the latest portion of hymns composed shortly before redaction of the Rigveda into [[shakha]]s), Mandala 8 cannot straightforwardly be dated as a whole relative to the other books, and its hymns may include both ancient and late specimens. Most hymns in this book are attributed to the kāṇva family. The hymns 8.49 to 8.59 are the apocryphal vālakhilya, the majority of them are devoted to [[Indra]]; these are accepted as a recent portion, properly already post-Rigvedic.

The hymns are dedicated to [[Indra]], [[Agni]], the [[Asvins]], the [[Maruts]], the [[Adityas]], [[Varuna]], [[Mitra-Varuna]], the [[Vishvadevas]], and [[Soma (drink)|Soma]]. 8.100 is dedicated to Indra and [[Vāc|Vak]] (Speech). Of the Valakhilya, six hymns are dedicated to Indra, and one each to the Asvins, the Vishvadevas and Indra-Varuna. 8.55 and 8.56 praise "Praskanva's Gift", the reward given to the [[rishi]] by Dasyave-vrka "the wolf of the Dasyus", a hero who in alliance with the [[Kanvas]] has won a victory over the [[Dasyu]]s.

According to some scholars, the 8th Mandala has the most striking similarity to the [[Avesta]].:<ref>Indo-Iranian Studies: I by J.C. Tavadia, Vishva Bharati, Santiniketan, 1950; Talageri, Shrikant. (2000) [[The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis]]</ref> it contains allusions to [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] flora and fauna,<ref>(RV 8.5; 8.46; 8.56)</ref> e.g. to camels (''{{IAST|úṣṭra-}}'' = [[Avestan]] ''uštra'' (cf. ''[[Zarathustra|Zaraθ-uštra]]''; RV 8.4.7, 8.5.37, 8.46.22, 8.46.31; elsewhere in the RV only in 1.138.2). The [[rigvedic rivers|river name]] ''Suvastu'' in 8.19.37 refers to the [[Swat River]] in [[Gāndhārī language|Gandhari]].

==List of incipits==
The dedication as given by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith|Griffith]] is in the square brackets.
<poem>
8.1 (621) [Indra.] {{IAST|mâ cid anyád ví śaṃsata}}
8.2 (622) [Indra.] {{IAST|idáṃ vaso sutám ándhaḥ}}
8.3 (623) [Indra.] {{IAST|píbā sutásya rasíno}}
8.4 (624) [Indra.] {{IAST|yád indra prâg ápāg údaṅ}}
8.5 (625) [Asvins.] {{IAST|dūrâd ihéva yát satî}}
8.6 (626) [Indra.] {{IAST|mahâṁ índro yá ójasā}}
8.7 (627) [Maruts.] {{IAST|prá yád vas triṣṭúbham íṣam}}
8.8 (628) [Asvins.] {{IAST|â no víśvābhir ūtíbhir}}
8.9 (629) [Asvins.] {{IAST|â nūnám aśvinā yuváṃ}}
8.10 (630) [Asvins.] {{IAST|yát sthó dīrgháprasadmani}}
8.11 (631) [Agni.] {{IAST|tvám agne vratapâ asi}}
8.12 (632) [Indra.] {{IAST|yá indra somapâtamo}}
8.13 (633) [Indra.] {{IAST|índraḥ sutéṣu sómeṣu}}
8.14 (634) [Indra.] {{IAST|yád indrāháṃ yáthā tuvám}}
8.15 (635) [Indra.] {{IAST|tám u abhí prá gāyata}}
8.16 (636) [Indra.] {{IAST|prá samrâjaṃ carṣaṇīnâm}}
8.17 (637) [Indra.] {{IAST|â yāhi suṣumâ hí ta}}
8.18 (638) [Adityas.] {{IAST|idáṃ ha nūnám eṣ~āṃ}}
8.19 (639) [Agni.] {{IAST|táṃ gūrdhayā súvarṇaraṃ}}
8.20 (640) [Maruts.] {{IAST|â gantā mâ riṣaṇyata}}
8.21 (641) [Indra.] {{IAST|vayám u tvâm apūrviya}}
8.22 (642) [Asvins.] {{IAST|~ó tyám ahva â rátham}}
8.23 (643) [Agni.] {{IAST|îḷiṣvā hí pratīvíyaṃ}}
8.24 (644) [Indra.] {{IAST|sákhāya â śiṣāmahi}}
8.25 (645) [Mitra-Varuna.] {{IAST|tâ vāṃ víśvasya gop~a}}
8.26 (646) [Asvins.] {{IAST|yuvór u ṣû ráthaṃ huve}}
8.27 (647) [Visvedevas.] {{IAST|agnír ukthé puróhito}}
8.28 (648) [Visvedevas.] {{IAST|yé triṃśáti tráyas paró}}
8.29 (649) [Visvedevas.] {{IAST|babhrúr éko víṣuṇaḥ sūnáro yúvā}}
8.30 (650) [Visvedevas.] {{IAST|nahí vo ásti arbhakó}}
8.31 (651) [Various Deities.] {{IAST|yó yájāti yájāta ít}}
8.32 (652) [Indra.] {{IAST|prá kṛtâni ṛjīṣíṇaḥ}}
8.33 (653) [Indra.] {{IAST|vayáṃ gha tvā sutâvanta}}
8.34 (654) [Indra.] {{IAST|â indra yāhi háribhir}}
8.35 (655) [Asvins.] {{IAST|agnínéndreṇa váruṇena víṣṇunā}}
8.36 (656) [Indra.] {{IAST|avitâsi sunvató vṛktábarhiṣaḥ}}
8.37 (657) [Indra.] {{IAST|prédám bráhma vṛtratûryeṣu āvitha}}
8.38 (658) [Indra-Angi.] {{IAST|yajñásya hí sthá ṛtvíjā}}
8.39 (659) [Agni.] {{IAST|agním astoṣi ṛgmíyam}}
8.40 (660) [Indra-Agni.] {{IAST|índrāgnī yuváṃ sú naḥ}}
8.41 (661) [Varuna.] {{IAST|asmâ ū ṣú prábhūtaye}}
8.42 (662) [Varuna.] {{IAST|ástabhnād dyâm ásuro viśvávedā}}
8.43 (663) [Agni.] {{IAST|imé víprasya vedháso}}
8.44 (664) [Agni.] {{IAST|samídhāgníṃ duvasyata}}
8.45 (665) [Indra.] {{IAST|â ghā yé agním indhaté}}
8.46 (666) [Indra.] {{IAST|tuvâvataḥ purūvaso}}
8.47 (667) [Adityas.] {{IAST|máhi vo mahatâm ávo}}
8.48 (668) [Soma.] {{IAST|svādór abhakṣi váyasaḥ sumedhâḥ}}
(vālakhilya)
8.60 (669) [Agni.] {{IAST|ágna â yāhi agníbhir}}
8.61 (670) [Indra.] {{IAST|ubháyaṃ śṛṇávac ca na}}
8.62 (671) [Indra.] {{IAST|prá ū asmā úpastutim}}
8.63 (672) [Indra.] {{IAST|sá pūrviyó mahân~āṃ}}
8.64 (673) [Indra.] {{IAST|út tvā mandantu stómāḥ}}
8.65 (674) [Indra.] {{IAST|yád indra prâg ápāg údaṅ}}
8.66 (675) [Indra.] {{IAST|tárobhir vo vidádvasum}}
8.67 (676) [Adityas.] {{IAST|tiyân nú kṣatríyāṁ áva}}
8.68 (677) [Indra.] {{IAST|â tvā ráthaṃ yáthotáye}}
8.69 (678) [Indra.] {{IAST|prá-pra vas triṣṭúbham íṣam}}
8.70 (679) [Indra.] {{IAST|yó râjā carṣaṇīn~âṃ}}
8.71 (680) [Agni.] {{IAST|tuváṃ no agne máhobhiḥ}}
8.72 (681) [Agni.] {{IAST|havíṣ kṛṇudhvam â gamad}}
8.73 (682) [Asvins.] {{IAST|úd īrāthām ṛtāyaté}}
8.74 (683) [Agni.] {{IAST|viśó-viśo vo átithiṃ}}
8.75 (684) [Agni.] {{IAST|yukṣvâ hí devahûtamāṁ}}
8.76 (685) [Indra.] {{IAST|imáṃ nú māyínaṃ huva}}
8.77 (686) [Indra.] {{IAST|jajñānó nú śatákratur}}
8.78 (687) [Indra.] {{IAST|puroḷâśaṃ no ándhasa}}
8.79 (688) [Soma.] {{IAST|ayáṃ kṛtnúr ágṛbhīto}}
8.80 (689) [Indra.] {{IAST|nahí anyám baḷâkaram}}
8.81 (690) [Indra.] {{IAST|â tû na indra kṣumántaṃ}}
8.82 (691) [Indra.] {{IAST|â prá drava parāváto}}
8.83 (692) [Visvedevas.] {{IAST|devânām íd ávo mahát}}
8.84 (693) [Agni.] {{IAST|práyiṣṭhaṃ vo átithiṃ}}
8.85 (694) [Asvins.] {{IAST|â me hávaṃ nāsatiyā}}
8.86 (695) [Asvins.] {{IAST|ubhâ hí dasrâ bhiṣájā mayobhúvā}}
8.87 (696) [Asvins.] {{IAST|dyumnî vāṃ stómo aśvinā}}
8.88 (697) [Indra.] {{IAST|táṃ vo dasmám ṛtīṣáhaṃ}}
8.89 (698) [Indra.] {{IAST|bṛhád índrāya gāyata}}
8.90 (699) [Indra.] {{IAST|â no víśvāsu háviya}}
8.91 (700) [Indra.] {{IAST|kaníyā vâr avāyatî}}
8.92 (701) [Indra.] {{IAST|p~ântam â vo ándhasa}}
8.93 (702) [Indra.] {{IAST|úd ghéd abhí śrutâmaghaṃ}}
8.94 (703) [Maruts.] {{IAST|gaúr dhayati marút~āṃ}}
8.95 (704) [Indra.] {{IAST|â tvā gíro rathîr iva}}
8.96 (705) [Indra.] {{IAST|asmâ uṣâsa âtiranta yâmam}}
8.97 (706) [Indra.] {{IAST|yâ indra bhúja âbharaḥ}}
8.98 (707) [Indra.] {{IAST|índrāya sâma gāyata}}
8.99 (708) [Indra.] {{IAST|tuvâm idâ hiyó náro}}
8.100 (709) [Indra. Vak.] {{IAST|ayáṃ ta emi tanúvā purástād}}
8.101 (710) [Various.] {{IAST|ŕdhag itthâ sá mártiyaḥ}}
8.102 (711) [Agni.] {{IAST|tuvám agne bṛhád váyo}}
8.103 (712) [Agni.] {{IAST|ádarśi gātuvíttamo}}
</poem>
Vālakhilya:
<poem>
8.49 (1018) [Indra.] {{IAST|abhí prá vaḥ surâdhasam}}
8.50 (1019) [Indra.] {{IAST|prá sú śrutáṃ surâdhasam}}
8.51 (1020) [Indra.] {{IAST|yáthā mánau sâṃvaraṇau}}
8.52 (1021) [Indra.] {{IAST|yáthā mánau vívasvati}}
8.53 (1022) [Indra.] {{IAST|upamáṃ tvā maghón~āṃ}}
8.54 (1023) [Indra.] {{IAST|etát ta indra vīríyaṃ}}
8.55 (1024) [Praskanva's Gift.] {{IAST|bhûrîd índrasya vīríyaṃ}}
8.56 (1025) [Praskanva's Gift.] {{IAST|práti te dasyave vṛka}}
8.57 (1026) [Asvins.] {{IAST|yuváṃ devā krátunā pūrviyéṇa}}
8.58 (1027) [Visvedevas.] {{IAST|yám ṛtvíjo bahudhâ kalpáyantaḥ}}
8.59 (1028) [Indra-Varuna.] {{IAST|imâni vām bhāgadhéyāni sisrata}}
</poem>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{wikisourcelang|sa|ऋग्वेदः मण्डल १|Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari}}
*{{wikisource-inline|The Rig Veda/Mandala 8}} – English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]

{{Rigveda}}

[[Category:Rigveda]]

Opucikwar

2025-04-27T20:29:01Z

Nishant taliyan:

{{Short description|Extinct language of the Andaman Islands, India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Pucikwar
| nativename = ''O-Puchikwar''
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; Straight Island.
| ethnicity = [[Pucikwar people]]
| extinct = between 1931 and 1951
| ref = <ref name="vanDriem2001"/>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Central Andamanese
| fam3 = Opucikwar–Okol
| iso3 = apq
| glotto = apuc1241
| glottorefname = Apucikwar
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#ff6e00|A-Pucikwar}}
}}

The '''Pucikwar language''', '''''O-Puchikwar''''', is an [[extinct language]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], [[India]], formerly spoken by the [[Pucikwar people]] on the south coast of [[Middle Andaman]], the northeast coast of [[South Andaman]], and on [[Baratang Island]]. It belonged to the [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese family]].

==History==
As the colonization and settlement process of the Andaman Islands intensified from the late 19th century and into the 20th century, the [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Great Andamanese]] groups were greatly reduced in number and became alienated from their traditional territories. The few surviving Great Andamanese soon lost the cultural and linguistic distinctions among them that were present at the onset of the 19th century, when at least ten distinct tribal and linguistic groups were recorded.
By the 1901 census, the Pucikwar were reduced to 50,<ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA75 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 75. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> but distinctions between tribal groups and subgroups had become considerably blurred (and some intermarriage had also occurred with Indian and [[Karen people|Karen (Burmese)]] settlers).
The Pucikwar tribe disappeared as a distinct group sometime after 1931.<ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Citation | title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language | author=George van Driem | date=2001 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=90-04-12062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC | quote=''... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...''}}</ref>

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Templ>Temple, Richard C. (1902). ''A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands''. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/>

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages.

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

==See also==
*[[Andamanese languages]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

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[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]

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