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Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T14:59:06Z

Nisha Lakra:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{other uses|Basirhat (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Basirhat Dakshin
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Basirhat Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Basirhat Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = Surajit Mitra
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| constituency_no = 124
| established = 1951
| electors = 212,872
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the only urbanizated assembly constituency of [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency]] with 55 percent of urban voters because of the presence of [[Basirhat|Basirhat Greater Municipal Area]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], 124 Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Basirhat]] municipality, [[Basirhat I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and [[Taki (India)|Taki]] municipality.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 15 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency is part of 18. [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2011 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Narayan Mukherjee
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
|2014^
|[[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Dipendu Biswas]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Trinamool Congress]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Saptarshi Banerjee]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Surajit Mitra
|}
*^ denotes by-election
^ By-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basirhat Dakshin}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Surajit Mitra|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Sourya Banerjee|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ayenul Arefin|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babu Gazi|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Hiranmoy Mondal|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Amirul Gazi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=IND|candidate=Jishudeep Majumder|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basirhat Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Saptarshi Banerjee]]
|votes = 1,15,873
|percentage = 49.15
|change = {{increase}}8.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tarak Nath Ghosh
|votes = 91,405
|percentage = 38.77
|change = {{increase}}9.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Amit Majumdar
|votes = 23,089
|percentage = 9.79
|change = {{decrease}}16.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,689
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{decrease}}0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Debashis Sarkar
|votes = 1,470
|percentage = 0.62
|change = {{increase}}0.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bain
|votes = 1,347
|percentage = 0.57
|change = {{increase}}0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,468
|percentage = 10.38
|change = {{decrease}}0.72
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,35,737
|percentage = 85.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Basirhat Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dipendu Biswas]]
|votes = 88,085
|percentage = 40.65
|change = +11.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Samik Bhattacharya
|votes = 64,027
|percentage = 29.55
|change = +25.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asit Majumdar
|votes = 57,035
|percentage = 26.32
|change = -37.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,949
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Debabrata Biswas
|votes = 1,462
|percentage = 0.67
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dilip Bairagi
|votes = 1,133
|percentage = 0.52
|change = -1.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bain
|votes = 1,081
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Barun Das
|votes = 964
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Tasirul Mondal
|votes = 903
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,058
|percentage = 11.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,16,639
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 by-election===
A bye-election was held on 13 September 2014 following the death of the sitting MLA, Narayan Mukherjee.<ref name=vidhansabha2014by>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main1/current/ByeElecResult2014_WestBengal.pdf|title = 124 Basirhat Dakshin Constituency| work= Bye election 2014|publisher= Election Commission of India | access-date = 23 September 2014}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=West Bengal state assembly bye-election, 2014: Basirhat Dakshin constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2014by/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Samik Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 71,002
|percentage = 37.43
|change = +33.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Dipendu Biswas]]
|votes = 69,416
|percentage = 36.59
|change = +7.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mrinal Chakraborty
|votes = 24,884
|percentage = 13.12
|change = -22.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Asit Majumdar
|votes = 21,958
|percentage = 11.58
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Bain
|votes = 2,431
|percentage = 1.28
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,586
|percentage = 0.84
|change = -5.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,89,694
|percentage = 80.43
|change = -6.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +22.09
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Narayan Mukherjee of CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival Narayan Goswami of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Basirhat Dakshin constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170156/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=124 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 May 2012 |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Basirhat Dakshin |publisher=Empowering India |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = '''Narayan Mukherjee'''
|votes = 66,924
|percentage = 35.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Narayan Goswami
|votes = 54,514
|percentage = 29.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Asit Majumdar
|votes = 52,484
|percentage = 28.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hajarilal Sarkar
|votes = 7,282
|percentage = 3.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Amitosh Kumar Mondal
|votes = 3,572
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Hafijul Mistri
|votes = 1,391
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 12,410
|percentage = 6.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 186,157
|percentage = 87.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
}}
{{Election box end}}
As per 2011 census total population of Basirhat Dakshin is 335130,Hindu 183256,Muslim 151180,Other 694.Hindu 54.682%,Muslim 45.111%,Other 0.207%.

===1977-2006 Basirhat===
During the period Narayan Mukherjee of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won seven elections in a row from 95 Basirhat assembly constituency, defeating his nearest rivals Asit Majumdar of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Souren Sen of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Asit Majumdar of Congress in 1996, Dilip Mazumdar of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and Debi Prasad Nanda of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp95.htm |title =95 - Basirhat Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 October 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972 Basirhat===
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Lalit Kumar Ghosh of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> A.B.Bandopadhyay of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Bijesh Chandra Sen of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> Profulla Nath Banerjee of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref> and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 8 September 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Basirhat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Deewaniyat

2026-05-04T03:51:19Z

Nisha Lakra: put up a data - done

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
| creator =
| developer =
| screenplay = Mallika Dutt, Sidra Iqbal
| story = Vishal Watwani, Renu Gianani, Bijal Joshi Watwani
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Kritika Singh Yadav]]
* [[Vijayendra Kumeria]]
* [[Navneet Malik]]
}}
| writer = Rajesh Chawla
| director =
| creative_director = Siddhartha Vankar
| producer = {{ubl|Pradeep Kumar|Rajesh Ram Singh|Pia Bajpiee|Shaika Parween}}
| company = Cockcrow Entertainment Shaika Films
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 22–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 79
| opentheme = ''Deewaniyat''
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|11|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|29|df=y}}
| network = [[Star Plus]]
| narrated =
| related = ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''
}}
'''''Deewaniyat''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[Romance film|romance]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] series that aired from 11 November 2024 to 29 January 2025 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=4 November 2024 |title=Deewaniyat: Makers drop intriguing promo of the Star Plus Show; Vijayendra Kumeria marks his return to television as an 'arrogant brat'|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/deewaniyat-makers-drop-intriguing-promo-star-plus-show-vijayendra-kumeria-marks-return-television-arrogant-brat/|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=14 November 2024 |title=The Deewaniyat team joyfully watches their first show episode together, sharing their excitement|website=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/tv-news/the-deewaniyat-team-joyfully-watches-their-first-show-episode-together-sharing-their-excitement-video-115305060|access-date=14 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and is produced by Cockrow Entertainment and Shaika Films. The series stars [[Kritika Singh Yadav]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=7 November 2024 |title=Kritika Singh Yadav on Deewaniyat: I relate to the character of Mannat as she is strong-headed and respects and loves her family|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kritika-singh-yadav-on-deewaniyat-i-relate-to-the-character-of-mannat-as-she-is-strong-headed-and-respects-and-loves-her-family/articleshow/115058734.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Vijayendra Kumeria]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=13 November 2024 |title=Vijayendra Kumeria REACTS To 'Channel Ka Ladla' Tag: Main Akshay Kumar Ki Tarah... - Exclusive|website=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/vijayendra-kumeria-reacts-to-channel-ka-ladla-tag-main-akshay-kumar-ki-tarah-exclusive-article-115254512|access-date=13 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Navneet Malik]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=18 November 2024 |title=Navneet Malik explains his reasons for joining 'Deewaniyat'|website=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/entertainment/tv/interviews/navneet-malik-explains-his-reasons-for-joining-deewaniyat-video-115393494|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> in the lead roles. It is the second official [[Hindi language|Hindi]] remake of [[Star Vijay]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] series ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave]]''. It was replaced by ''Pocket Mein Aasman'' in its timeslot.

==Premise==
The story focuses on the lives of Jeet and Mannat caught in a blossoming love story amidst an intense feud between their families. Will their love win over the hatred of their families?<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=5 November 2024 |title=Deewaniyat promo: Jeet and Mannat's family rivalry takes a toll on their relationship|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/deewaniyat-promo-jeet-and-mannats-family-rivalry-takes-a-toll-on-their-relationship/articleshow/114981075.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
*Kritika Singh Yadav as Mannat "Manu" Malik Chaudhary:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=7 November 2024|title=Kritika Singh Yadav, aka Mannat from Star Plus Show Deewaniyat, Shares Insights About Her Character|website=Hind Ekta Times |url=https://www.hindektatimes.com/115060/|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Gita and Ranvijay's eldest daughter; Falak and Leher's sister; Jeet's love interest turned ex-fiancée; Dev's wife (2024–2025)
*[[Vijayendra Kumeria]] as Dev Chaudhary:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=30 October 2024 |title=Vijayendra Kumeria shares about his new look in Deewaniyat; says 'I have lost weight, got a cool hairstyle, brought some swag in the acting|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vijayendra-kumeria-shares-about-his-new-look-in-deewaniyat-says-i-have-lost-weight-got-a-cool-hairstyle-brought-some-swag-in-the-acting/articleshow/114780626.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Sakshi and Jaideep's younger son; Jeet and Aditi's brother; Babita's half-brother; Alisha's ex-boyfriend; Mannat's husband (2024–2025)
*[[Navneet Malik]] as Jeet Chaudhary: Sakshi and Jaideep's elder son; Dev and Aditi's brother; Babita's half brother; Mannat's love interest turned ex-fiance (2024)

===Recurring===
* [[Manek Bedi]] as Jaideep Chaudhary: Sakshi's husband; Babita, Jeet, Dev and Aditi's father (2024–2025)
* Gauri Tonk as Sakshi Chaudhary:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=11 November 2024|title=Exclusive- Gouri Tonnk on playing Sakshi in Deewaniyat: I have gained 6-7 kgs for the role|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-gouri-tonnk-on-playing-sakshi-in-deewaniyat-i-have-gained-6-7-kgs-for-the-role/articleshow/115180020.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Jaideep's second wife; Jeet, Dev and Aditi's mother (2024–2025)
* Raaj Sunger as Ranvijay Malik: Chandra's son; Gita's husband; Mannat, Falak and Leher's father (2024–2025)
* Bhawana Aneja as Gita Malik:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=7 November 2024|title=Exclusive - Bhawana Aneja on Deewaniyat: It feels like it was destined for me|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bhawana-aneja-on-deewaniyat-it-feels-like-it-was-destined-for-me/articleshow/115028646.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Ranvijay's wife; Mannat, Falak and Leher's mother (2024–2025)
* [[Vahbbiz Dorabjee]] / [[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Babita Chaudhary:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=15 November 2024|title=Vahbiz Dorabjee Sheds Light On Taking A Negative Role In Her New Show Deewaniyat|website=[[News18]]|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/vahbiz-dorabjee-sheds-light-on-taking-a-negative-role-in-her-new-show-deewaniyat-9121815.html|access-date=15 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Jaideep's daughter; Sakshi's step-daughter; Jeet, Dev and Aditi's half-sister; Mayank's wife (2024–2025) / (2025)
* Harsimran Oberoi as Falak Malik: Gita and Ranvijay's second daughter; Mannat and Leher's sister (2024–2025)
* Aanchal Soni as Leher Malik: Gita and Ranvijay's youngest daughter; Mannat and Falak's sister (2024–2025)
* Riddhi Singh as Aditi Chaudhary: Sakshi and Jaideep's daughter; Jeet and Dev's sister; Babita's half-sister (2024–2025)
* Kaushal Kapoor as Mr. Chaudhary: Jaideep's father; Babita, Jeet, Dev and Aditi's grandfather (2024–2025)
* Nikhat Khan as Chandra Malik:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=9 November 2024|title=Aamir Khan's Sister Nikhat Khan To Make Her TV Debut With THIS Show|website=[[Times Now]]|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/aamir-khans-sister-nikhat-khan-to-make-her-tv-debut-with-this-show-article-114690783|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Ranvijay's mother; Mannat, Falak and Leher's grandmother (2024–2025)
* Reva Kaurase as Alisha Ahlawat:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=5 November 2024|title=Exclusive- Reva Kaurase joins the upcoming show Deewaniyat as the Glamorous Alisha, says 'I believe the audience will love the journey'|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-reva-kaurase-joins-the-upcoming-show-deewaniyat-as-the-glamorous-alisha-says-i-believe-the-audience-will-love-the-journey/articleshow/114983176.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Dev's ex-girlfriend and obsessive lover (2024–2025)
* [[Ayush Anand]] as Rudra Hooda:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=9 November 2024|title=Aayush Anand on playing the antagonist in Deewaniyat: I don't look at a character as negative; I'm always drawn to the grey shades|website=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aayush-anand-on-playing-the-antagonist-in-deewaniyat-i-dont-look-at-a-character-as-negative-im-always-drawn-to-the-grey-shades/articleshow/115112669.cms|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Rani's son; Mannat's obsessive lover (2024–2025)
* [[Sheetal Maulik]] as Rani Hooda:<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=20 August 2024|title=EXCLUSIVE: Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin's Sheetal Maulik gets on board for Vijayendra Kumeria- Kritika Yadav's show Deewaniyat|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-ghum-hai-kisikey-pyaar-meiins-ayush-anand-and-sheetal-maulik-get-on-board-for-vijayendra-kumeria-kritika-yadavs-show-deewaniyat-1340862|access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Rudra's mother (2024–2025)
* Karan Chaudhary as Mayank: Babita's husband (2024–2025)
* Jitendra Bohara as Satpal: Dev's best friend (2024–2025)
* Pratiksha Singh Vishen as Tanu: Mannat's best friend (2024–2025)
* Ankit Gulati as Soham: Dev's best friend (2024–2025)
* Snehal Borkar as Aliya (2024–2025)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/deewaniyat/1271339291 ''Deewaniyat''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

Extended Tamil script

2026-05-02T05:37:26Z

Nisha Lakra: put up entry

'''Extended-Tamil script''' or '''Tamil–Grantha script''' ([[portmanteau]]: '''GranTamizh''') refers to a script used to write the [[Tamil language]] before the 20th century [[Tanittamil Iyakkam|Tamil purist movement]].<ref name="Kailasapathy1979">{{Cite journal |last=Kailasapathy |first=K. |date=1979 |title=The Tamil Purist Movement: A Re-Evaluation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516775 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=23–51 |doi=10.2307/3516775 |jstor=3516775 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tamil-Grantha is a mixed-script: a combination of the conservative-Tamil script that independently evolved from pre-Pallava script, combined with consonants imported from a later-stage evolved [[Grantha script]] (from [[Pallava script#Consonants|Pallava-Grantha]]) to write non-Tamil consonants.<ref>{{Harvnb|Meenakshisundaran|1965|pp=145–146}}</ref> Some scholars posit that the origin of Tamil-Grantha is unclear: the script could also be a direct descendant of the Pallava-Grantha script which extensively developed during the [[Middle Tamil]] period to write Middle-Tamil.<ref>{{Harvnb|Mahadevan|2003|pp=208–213}}</ref>

The [[Modern Tamil script]] is a subset of Tamil-Grantha alphabet, retaining only the 18 consonants taken from [[Tolkāppiyam]]-based [[Old Tamil]] which generally was written using [[Vatteluttu#Letters|Vatteluttu script]]. Tamil-Grantha has 36 consonants, hence covering all [[Indic script|Indic consonants]] like [[Malayalam script]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Extended Tamil font|url=http://www.virtualvinodh.com/projects/agastya|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref> However, the Modern-Tamil standard allowed [[Tamil script#Grantha consonants used in Tamil|a few additional consonants]] from Grantha into its alphabet: ஜ (ja), ஷ (ṣa), ஸ (sa), ஹ (ha). But their usage is discouraged by Tamil purists and recommend{{clarify|date=December 2023}} to [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilate]] the sounds to approximate pure-Tamil phonology, respectively: ச (ca), ச (ca), ச (ca), க (ka). Another letter ஶ was also allowed in 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=The two ways to represent Tamil Shri |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18054-tamil-shri.txt |website=Unicode |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> exclusively to write ஶ்ரீ ([[śrī]]); however purists enforce the usage of திரு ([[Tamil honorifics#Thiru/Thirumathi|tiru]]) over ஶ்ரீ.

In terms of utility, the major difference between Modern-Tamil and Tamil-Grantha is that the former is a [[Phonemic orthography|phonemic script]] (where [[voiced consonants]] are treated as [[allophones]] of the [[voiceless consonants]], and no [[aspirated consonants]]), and the latter is a fully-[[phonetic script]]. Hence, if one were to write only pure-Tamil-derived words in their text, it is enough (and minimally efficient) to use the Modern-Tamil script. However, if one were to include non-South-Dravidian words in their text, using the pure-Tamil script can cause errors in pronunciations since the phonemic-transcription rules of Tamil Grammar does not apply to such vocabularies. So depending on the domain of text (and number of loan words), writers used either the minimal-Tamil script or extended-Tamil script. To write or transliterate [[Sanskrit]] texts, the full Grantha script was used instead of Tamil-Grantha.

== History ==

The [[Tanittamil Iyakkam|Independent Tamil Movement]] of the colonial era purged Grantha characters from use (calling "[[Grantha script|Grantha]]" an Aryan "pollution" of Tamil) and with support from [[Dravidian parties]], mandated to exclusively use the reformed minimal-Tamil script.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ramaswamy|1997}}</ref> They also successfully "cleaned" Tamil textbooks by replacing [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] vocabulary with pure-Tamil words, especially Sanskritic/Prakritic words that entered via Middle-Tamil; hence making Grantha characters almost useless in modern formal-Tamil.<ref name="Krishnamurti 2003 p=480">{{Harvnb|Krishnamurti|2003|p=480}}</ref> According to Kailasapathy, this was a part of Dravidian nationalism and amounted to regional ethnic chauvinism.<ref name="Kailasapathy1979" />

Although the predominant amount of classical Tamil literature is written in [[Middle Tamil]], Tamil purists regard only [[Old Tamil]] as the authentic source for [[Tamil grammar]] and literature. Based on vocabulary, Tamil is classified into two registers: செந்தமிழ் (centamiḻ) meaning 'good' (or 'pure') Tamil and கொடுந்தமிழ் (koṭuntamiḻ) meaning 'horrible' (or 'corrupt') Tamil. Purists classify Middle Tamil as belonging to the latter class, thereby enabling the Dravidian movement to call Tamil-Grantha as impure.

Hence in the present day, only a few religious texts have the inclination to choose Tamil-Grantha; all other domains have adapted to Modern-Tamil.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== Digital usage ==

Since Modern-Tamil [[unicode]] does not support all the missing consonants from Extended-Tamil, generally it is not possible to digitally encode it easily. It is possible to use fonts like ''Lopamudra'' and ''Agastya'' on top of Malayalam text to render it like Extended-Tamil. Or one can also use modified fonts that support rendering [[Grantha Unicode]].

There were proposals to reunify Grantha into Modern-[[Tamil Unicode]];<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shriramana |year= 2010a |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10256r-extended-tamil.pdf |title=Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shriramana |year=2010b |url=http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10379--extended-tamil.pdf |title=Follow-up to Extended Tamil proposal L2/10-256R}}</ref> however, the proposal triggered discontent by some.<ref>{{cite web |last=Eraiyarasan |first=B. |year=2011 |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11055-tamil-grantha.pdf |title=Dr. B.Eraiyarasan's comments on Tamil Unicode And Grantham proposals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2020-03-06 |title=Attempts to Pollute Tamil Unicode with Grantha Characters |url=http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html |access-date=2024-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306030655/http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html |archive-date=2020-03-06 |work=Tamil Tribune |first=Thanjai |last=Nalankilli}}</ref> Considering the sensitivity involved and rejection<ref>{{cite letter |first=M. |last=Karunanidhi |recipient=Thiru A. Raja |date=2010-11-06 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10464-tamil-nadu.pdf |subject=Vedic, Sanskrit and Grantha encoding in Unicode}}</ref> of the proposal by the Tamil Nadu government, it was determined by the Indian government that the two scripts should not be unified, except numerals<ref>{{cite web |author=Government of India |date=2010-10-18 |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10409-grantha-meeting-sum.pdf |title=Unicode Standard for Grantha Script}}</ref> and a separate Unicode block was allocated to Grantha.

=== Computing resources ===

* [http://aksharamukha.appspot.com/converter ''AksharaMukha''] - To convert Indic/Roman text to Extended-Tamil
* [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/projects/agastya ''Agastya & Lopamudra''] - Download Tamil-Grantha Fonts

==Non-Indic consonants==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
Tamil script can also be extended with {{lang|ta|ஃ}} ({{lang|ta|ஆய்த எழுத்து}}, {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|āyda eḻuttu}}, equivalent to [[nuqta]]) to represent phonemes of foreign languages, especially used to write [[Islamic]] and [[Christian]] texts.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Adapted-Tamil !! [[Latin]] !! [[Perso-Arabic]] !! [[Devanagari]]
|-
| ஃஜ || za || ز || ज़
|-
| ஃக || qa || ق || क़
|-
| ஃப || fa || ف || फ़
|-
| ஃவ || wa || و<ref group=n>Pronounced as /v/ or /w/ based on context of letter</ref> || व़
|-
| ஃஷ || zha<ref group=n>Not to be confused with Tamil {{lang|ta|ழ}} ( {{IPA|ta|ɻ|}} / {{Transliteration|ta|ISO|ḻ}} )</ref> || ژ || झ़
|-
| ஃஸ || Sa or 9 || ص || स़
|-
| ஃக்ஹ || kha || خ || ख़
|-
| ஃஹ || Ha or 7 || ح || ह़
|-
| ஃத || Ta or 6 || ط || त़
|}

==See also==
* [[Simplified Tamil script]]
* [[Tamil 99]]
* [[:ta:தமிழ் 99|தமிழ் 99]]
* [[InScript]]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brahmic_keyboard_layouts Brahmic keyboard layouts]
* [[Keyboard layout]]
* [[Tamil (Unicode block)]]
* [[Tamil blogosphere]]
* [[Tamil All Character Encoding]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |year=2003 |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |isbn=978-0-521-77111-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |author-link=Iravatham Mahadevan |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D |series=Harvard Oriental Series |volume=62 |year=2003 |place=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01227-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Meenakshisundaran |first=T.P. |title=A History of Tamil Language |publisher=Deccan College |place=Poona |year=1965}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathy |year=1997 |title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5199n9v7/ |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-585-10600-7}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

Khartari, Bihar

2026-05-01T23:00:41Z

Nisha Lakra: Adding Some Pg W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khartari
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|40|21|N|85|03|07|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Champaran district|East Champaran]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chiraia
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 23.78
| elevation_m = 69
| population_total = 38978
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 845415
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 06252
| registration_plate = BR-05
}}'''Khartari''' is a village in Chiraia Block, [[East Champaran district|East Champaran District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located near the border with [[Nepal]], about 14 kilometres east of the district capital [[Motihari]], and 3 kilometres southwest of the block capital Chiraia. In 2011, its population is 38,978.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Khartari is situated to the north of [[Burhi Gandak River]]. It is bounded by Mishrauliya to the north, Katkuian to the east, Tharghatwa to the south, and Sopgarha to the west. It covers an area of 2378 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Khartari village in Chiraia tahsil, Purba Champaran, Bihar |url=https://villagemap.net/bihar/purba-champaran/chiraia/khartari-01040217892/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=villagemap.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Khartari has a total of 8,183 households. Out of the 38,978 residents, 20,632 are male and 18,346 are female. The total literacy rate is 35.17%, with 8,801 of the male population and 4,909 of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in East Champaran district]]

Siege of Kalat (1839)

2026-05-01T22:28:32Z

Nisha Lakra: adding first stub initial version...

{{Short description|Battle of the First Anglo-Afghan War}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Khelat
| partof = the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]
| image = Gate_of_Kelat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Outer wall of Kalat city
| date = 13 November 1839
| place = [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], [[Pakistan]]
| result = British victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = {{plain list|
{{flagdeco|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}} [[British Empire]] {{flagdeco|East India Company}} [[East India Company]]
}}
| combatant2 = [[File:FlagofKalat.svg|23px]] [[Khanate of Kalat]]
| commander1 = [[Thomas Willshire]] [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]]
| commander2 = [[Mehrab Khan II of Kalat|Mehrab Khan]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 1,166
| strength2 = 2,000
| casualties1 = 31 killed 107 wounded
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox First Anglo-Afghan War}}

The '''siege of Kalat''' was a military campaign against the [[Khanate of Kalat]] led by the [[British Empire|British]] during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]].

The fortress of [[Kalat, Pakistan|Khelat]], held by a [[Baluch people|Baluch]]i tribal chief, threatened communications with India through the [[Bolan Pass]]. The unfriendly Baluchi tribes had harassed and attacked British convoys and killed officers and camp followers alike during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. As retaliation, the Bombay Column stormed the fortress on 13 November 1839 on its way back to [[India]].

==Battle honour==
The honour was awarded vide GOGG dated 15 February 1840 and Bombay Government Order No 474 of 1841 and the spelling changed from 'Kelat' vide Gazette of India No 1079 of 1910. A non-[[Repugnant battle honours of the Indian Army|repugnant]] honour, it was awarded to the following units:
* 4th Bengal Irregular Cavalry (now [[1st Duke of York's Own Skinner's Horse|1st Horse]])
* Bombay Sappers & Miners (now the [[Bombay Engineer Group]])
* [[31st Bengal Infantry]] - later 1st Battalion, the [[Rajput Regiment]], now the 4th Battalion, the [[Brigade of Guards]])

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khelat 1839}}
[[Category:Battle honours of the British Army]]
[[Category:Battle honours of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military of British India]]
[[Category:Battle honours of the Bombay Engineer Group]]
[[Category:History of the Bombay Engineer Group]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]

{{BritishIndia-mil-stub}}
{{siege-stub}}

Chengalath Valiya Kunhirama Menon

2026-04-30T00:47:04Z

Nisha Lakra: put up bio

{{Short description|Newspaper editor}}
{{About|Chengalathu Valiya Kunhirama Menon, the founder of Kerala Pathrika|his nephew and writer known by the pen name M. R. K. C.|Chengalath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon}}
{{Given name hatnote|Kunhirama Menon|Chengalath|lang=Malayali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Chengalath Kunhirama Menon
| image = Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 1857
| death_date = 1935
| occupation = Journalist
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Chengalath Kunhirama Menon''' (1857–1935) was the founder/editor of [[Kerala Pathrika]]—first and earliest Malayalam newspaper published from [[Kozhikode]], Calicut [[Kerala]] during 1885.<ref name="travelandculture">{{cite web|url=http://travelandculture.expertscolumn.com/role-journalists-and-writers-freedom-movement-kerala|title=The Role Of Journalists And Writers In Freedom Movement In Kerala|publisher=Travel and culture}}</ref> Menon is often referred to as '''Chengalathu Valiya Kunhirama Menon'''; the appellation ''Valiya'' (big or senior) is used to distinguish him from his nephew and well-known story writer [[Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon|Chengalathu Cheriya Kunhirama Menon]] popularly known with reversed initials M. R. K. C.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Many Branched Tree: Perspectives of Indian Literary Tradition |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4tlAAAAMAAJ |page=221 |date=1991 |publisher=Ajanta|isbn=9788120203341 }}</ref>

Kunhirama Menon was one of the first five graduates of erstwhile [[Malabar District|Malabar]], completing his bachelor's degree at the Maharajah's College [[Trivandrum]], in Kerala. He represented Malabar and attended the first [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885. He also met Bipin Pal, who suggested that Menon start a newspaper from Kerala, supporting the National movement. Financial help to start a newspaper was provided by Appu Nedungadi and Kannambra Valiya Unni Nair. Menon also attended the 1890 editor's conference in England with Kasturiranga Iyengar of ''The Hindu''. The editor placed emphasis on promoting nationalistic feelings and opposing the autocratic functioning of the government. Kunhirama was highly impressed with the working of Amrita Bazar Pathrika of Calcutta newspaper. It is said this was the first congress newspaper in Malayalam.<ref name="keralamediaacademy">{{cite web|url=http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/content/kunjirama-menon-chenkulath|title=Kunjirama Menon, Chenkulath|publisher=Kerala Media Academy|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101200044/http://archive.keralamediaacademy.org/content/kunjirama-menon-chenkulath|url-status=dead}}</ref>
''[[Kerala Pathrika]]'' was published for a long time. After a short interruption in 1930 the paper resumed publication in 1938. Later this newspaper continued publication from Cochin in 1947.

Menon was conferred the title of Rao Sahib by the Governor General of India as a personal distinction.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/KERALA-PATHRIKA-PVT-LTD/U22121KL1981PTC003375 Kerala Pathrika Pvt Ltd]
* [http://www.kozhikode.com/media.htm Media and Communication]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Chengalathu Kunhirama}}
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{India-journalist-stub}}

Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)

2026-04-26T20:43:30Z

Nisha Lakra: creating initial details nd citations

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian student organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = MSF (Kerala)
| logo =
| image = Msf_flag.jpg
| formation = 15 October {{Start date and age|1958||}}
| founding_location = [[Alappuzha]] [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Saleem |first=Nishad K. |date=18 September 2013 |title=P K Firos MS F State Conference 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za1RyQ6-IKc |website=YouTube}}</ref>
| affiliations = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = P. K Navas
| leader_title2 = General Secretary
| leader_name2 = CK Najaf
| leader_title3 = Treasurer
| leader_name3 = Ashar Perumukk
| type = Students Political organization
| purpose =
| headquarters = League House [[Kozhikode]]
| language =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|https://msfkerala.org/}}
}}

[[File:Msf Great Students Rally at calicut.jpg|thumb|right|A march by Muslim Students Federation at Calicut (2019)|260x260px]]
[[File:MSF STATE CAMPUS CONFERENCE 2011 APJ ABDUL KALAM.jpg|thumb|Former President of the India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] inaugurats the M S F State Campus Conference in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. U. |first=Favas |date=21 May 2015 |title=P K Firos and A P J Abdul Kalam in M S F Conference |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rRzfRKwkNk |website=YouTube}}</ref>|260x260px]]

The '''Muslim Students Federation''' (abbreviated as '''the''' '''MSF'''), in [[Kerala]], is the student wing of [[Indian Union Muslim League]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2021 |title=M S F Leaders Denigrated Us, Alleges Muslim League's Girl Students' Wing |work=Malayala Manorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/08/14/muslim-students-federation-blamed-for-sexist-misogynistic-remarks.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7V6CBgAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Reform in South Asia |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |date=2013-05-16 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-27667-3 |pages=154 |language=}}</ref> MSF in Kerala is currently headed by PK Navas (President), C. K Najaf<ref name=":0" /> (General Secretary), and Ashar Perumukk (Treasurer).

Muslim Students Federation is principally active in all state-run universities in Kerala and in affiliated colleges. It is the largest Muslim students organisation in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arafath |first=P. K. Yasser |date=2014 |title=Should Muslims Fear the Kiss? Body as Resistance in the Times of Hindutva |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481052 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=49 |issue=49 |pages=36 |jstor=24481052 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Indian Union Muslim League leaders [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]], Minister of Education in various [[Kerala|Kerala Governments]] and [[E. Ahamed]], Union Minister of State, [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], were associated with the Muslim Students Federation.<ref name=":02">Miller, E. Roland. "Mappila Muslim Culture" State University of New York Press, Albany (2015); p. 235–36</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Koodallur |first=Musthafa |date=1 February 2017 |title=Gujarat or Kashmir, Ahamed Never Minced his Words |work=Malayala Manorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/e-ahamed-died-profile-milestones-in-life-gujrat-kashmir-issues.html}}</ref>

The work being done by the Kerala State Committee of the Muslim Students Federation which is entering the age of 65 in the Kerala has been praised by all. The victory journey that msf movement is going on by leading the students' rights struggles, giving helping hands to the helpless students and leading the educational activities is a proud one.

== History ==
Local units of the Muslim Students Federation were active in Kerala in the 1930s. Malabar District M. S. F. was organised by Muslim League leader [[K. M. Seethi Sahib]] in 1942.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Althaf |first=K. M. |url=https://olivepublications.in/product/navothana-samskrithiyude-speaker-seethisahib/ |title=Navothana Samskrithiyude 'Speaker': Seethi Sahib |publisher=Olive Publications |year=2015 |location=Kozhikode}}</ref>

Kerala unit of the M. S .F. was formed at [[Alappuzha]] on 15 October 1958.<ref>{{cite web |last=Saleem |first=Nishad K. |date=18 September 2013 |title=P K Firos MS F State Conference 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za1RyQ6-IKc |website=YouTube}}</ref>
<ref name="Chandrika4">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2022 |title=പി. ശാദുലി: പ്രതിഭാധനനായ രാഷ്ട്രീയ നേതാവ് |work=Chandrika Daily |url=https://www.chandrikadaily.com/p-shaduli-a-talented-political-leader.html |language=ml |access-date=November 22, 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Mathrubhumi6">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=പി ശാദുലി സ്മാരക അവാർഡ് മീഡിയ വിഷൻ ചീഫ് എഡിറ്റർ എം.കെ അഷ്റഫിന് |work=Mathrubhumi News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iC0qRuBvBY |language=ml |access-date=November 22, 2025}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+Former office bearers
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Conference location !! President !! General secretary
|-
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| colspan="4" |'''[[British India]]'''
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1936 || [[Malabar District]] ||[[K. M. Seethi Sahib]]||[[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1942 || [[Calicut]] ||Ismail|| K. M. Seethi Sahib
|-
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| colspan="4" |'''Modern [[Kerala]]'''
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1958 || [[Alappuzha|Alleppey]] || [[E. Ahamed]] ||C. M. Kutty
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1971 || rowspan="6" | [[Calicut]] || [[C. Mammutty]] ||[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1976–1978 || P. Shaduli Sahib<ref name="Chandrika4" /> ||
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1979 || [[Adv. Habeeb Rahman]] ||[[K.M. Koyamu]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1990||[[C. Mammutty]]|| [[M. K. Muneer]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1992 || [[T. V. Ibrahim]] || [[TT ismail]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 1996 || P. M. Sadikali || C. K. Subair
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2004 || [[Malappuram]] || M. A. Samad|| P. K. Firos
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2010 || [[Calicut]] ||[[Firos (politician)|P.K Firos]]|| T. P. Asharafali
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2012 || [[Trivandrum]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2012 |title=M S F State Meet from Tomorrow |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2012/sep/14/msf-state-meet-from-tomorrow-406050.html}}</ref>||T. P. Asharafali|| P. G. Muhammed
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2017 || [[Kannur]] ||Mishab Keezhariyur|| M. P. Navas
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2020 || [[Calicut]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2019 |title='Be Ready for Civil Disobedience Movement' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/22/be-ready-for-civil-disobedience-movement-2079396.html}}</ref>|| PK Navas ||Latheef Thurayoor
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
| 2021 || rowspan="2"| [[Malappuram]] ||PK Navas|| Abid Arangadan<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=13 January 2021 |title=Disciplinary Action Against M S F Leader |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/disciplinary-action-against-msf-leader/article38267308.ece}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|'''2022'''
|'''PK Navas'''
|'''C. K. Najaf'''
|}

== MSF State Office bearers ==
{| class=" wikitable"
|+Current office bearers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/09/12/iuml-haritha-state-committee-president-ayesha-banu.html |title=IUML appoints new state committee for Haritha, Ayesha Banu to be new president }}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Name !! Designation
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|PK Navas || President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|CK Najaf|| General Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Ashar Perumukku|| Treasure
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Sharafudheen Pilakkal || Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|KT Raoof || Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Faris Fookottoor || Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Shajeer Iqbal || Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Bilal Rasheed|| Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Adv Althaf Subair|| Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Firos Pallath|| Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Anas ethirthod|| Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| PH Ayisha Banu|| Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Swahib Muhammad|| Vice President
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| V.M Rashad|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| PA Javad|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Al resin|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Adv. Munawwar Sadath|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Irshad mogral|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Noufal Kulappada|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Shakir Parayil || Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Rumaisa Rafeeq|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Adv.K Thohani|| Secretary
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|}
==Students’ Union in University of Calicut ==
{| class=" wikitable"
|+Current office bearers<ref>{{Cite web |title=KSU-MSF combine retains Calicut University students’ union |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ksu-msf-combine-retains-calicut-university-students-union/article69859420.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The hindu |language=en}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Name !! Designation !! Organization !! College
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|P.K. Shifana || Chairperson || [[Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)|MSF]] || KKTM Government College
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Sufiyan Villan|| General Secretary || [[Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)|MSF]]|| [[Farook College]]

|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|A.C. Muhammed Irfan || Vice-chairman|| [[Muslim Students Federation (Kerala unit)|MSF]]||[[Farook College]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|}

==See also==
*[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
*[[Muslim Youth League]]
*[[Haritha (Girl's wing of MSF)|msf Haritha]]
*[[UDSF]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Union Muslim League}}

[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Student wings of conservative parties]]
[[Category:Youth wings of conservative parties]]

Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)

2026-04-23T06:11:05Z

Nisha Lakra: adding.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Kumar Mishra
| office = [[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
| term_start = 17 May 2004
| term_end = 18 May 2009
| predecessor = [[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
| successor = [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|07|07}}
| birth_place = [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Kasili, District Deoria]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2024-)}}
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1982-2024)}}
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 06 May 1996
| term_end1 = 26 May 2004
| constituency1 = [[Varanasi Graduates constituency|Varanasi Graduates]]
| successor1 = [[Kedar Nath Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Kedar Nath Singh]]
| spouse = Smt.Madhu Mishra (m.1983)
| children = 2 (sons)
| alma_mater = [[Master of Arts|M.A]], [[PhD]] [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
}}
'''Rajesh Kumar Mishra''' is an Indian politician Previously he served Member in [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi Lok Sabha]], and a former member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] from [[Varanasi Graduates constituency|Varanasi Graduates]].

== Political career ==
He served as a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] from [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].He also served as Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] as a [[Indian National Congress|INC]] from [[Varanasi Graduates constituency|Varanasi Graduates]] for two consecutive terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of 14th Lok Sabha.|url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=14 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He was also a candidate for [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] in the seat of [[Varanasi Cantonment Assembly constituency|Varansi Cantonment]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Congress MP Rajesh Kumar Mishra from Varanasi joins BJP |url=http://www.uniindia.com/former-congress-mp-rajesh-kumar-mishra-from-varanasi-joins-bjp/india/news/3155888.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |agency=[[United News Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Mishra: Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/:state_slug:/_CANDIDATENAME_-CONS_NAME-candidate-s24a390c03/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Kumar Mishra Election Result |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh-election-result/candidates/rajesh-kumar-mishra-candidate-s24a390c03/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=www.cnbctv18.com}}</ref> He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=Fresh setback for Congress as former Varanasi MP Rajesh Kumar Mishra joins BJP |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/fresh-setback-for-congress-as-former-varanasi-mp-rajesh-kumar-mishra-joins-bjp-in-delhi-11709634311309.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=[[Livemint|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Former Congress MP from Varanasi Rajesh Mishra joins BJP">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Former Congress MP from Varanasi Rajesh Mishra joins BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/prominent-congress-leader-from-uttar-pradesh-rajesh-mishra-joins-bjp/article67916861.ece |access-date=30 September 2024 |date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930165812/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/prominent-congress-leader-from-uttar-pradesh-rajesh-mishra-joins-bjp/article67916861.ece |archive-date=30 September 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 7 July 1965, in [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]], and married Madhu Mishra in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Profile of Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4066&lastls=14 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{improve categories|date=October 2022}}

{{UttarPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Bindu Madhav Pathak

2026-04-21T12:00:44Z

Nisha Lakra: put up new post - done

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bindu Madhav Pathak
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|04|09}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2004|02|04|1935|04|09}}
| death_place = [[Hubli]], [[Karnataka]], India
| children = 3
| occupation = {{flat list|
* musician
* teacher
* author
* musicologist
}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flat list|
*[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]
*[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]
}}
| instrument = {{flat list|
*[[Rudra veena]]
*[[Sitar]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Bindu Madhav Pathak''' ({{langx|sa|बिन्दु माधव् पाथक्}}, {{IPA|sa|bɪndʊ maːdʱɐ paːtʰɐk|IPA}}) was an exponent of [[rudra veena]] and [[Sitar]]. He played Khayal style (Kirana type) of music on [[Rudra veena|been]]. He was an 'A' grade artist of [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]]. Some of his famous students are [[Hindraj Divekar]], Shrikant Pathak, Ramchandra V Hegde and [[Jyoti Hegde]]. He was a recipient of several awards and titles, including the Karnataka Kala Tilak Award, Sri Kanak Purandhar Prashasti, Arya Bhata Award, and "Vidyaparipoorna" title.<ref name="hinduobit">{{cite news|title=Bindu Madhav Pathak|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601940300.htm|date=6 February 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605123456/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/06/stories/2004020601940300.htm |archive-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> Pathak retired as the Head of the Department of Music of Karnatak University. He died at 68 on 4 February 2004.

==Early life==
Pathak was the son of a veteran [[rudra veena]] player Pt. Datto Pant Pathak and hailed from [[Hubli]], [[Karnataka]]. He obtained his early training from his father and later from Rajab Ali Khan of [[Dewas]]. He became an accomplished artist at a very young age of 17.<ref name="bmpbio1">{{cite web|title=More Rudra Veena Masters|url=http://oriental-traditional-music.blogspot.in/2012/11/more-rudra-veena-masters-shrikant.html|accessdate=2014-06-01}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Pathak died on 4 February 2004. He was survived by his wife, two sons, and a daughter.<ref name="hinduobit"/>

==Career==
Major accomplishments of Pathak include:<ref name="bmpbio1-2">{{cite book|title=Rudra Veena: An Ancient String Musical Instrument|page=42|isbn=9788171415816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRmXx21YVkAC&q=bindu+madhav+pathak&pg=PA42|accessdate=2014-06-01|last1=Divekar|first1=Hindraj|last2=Tribhuwan|first2=Robin D.|year=2001}}</ref>

===Educational qualifications===
* M.A. – Music
* M.A. – English
* M.A. – Hindi
* C.C. – French
* Ph.D. – Music

===Awards===
* He was awarded by the Karnataka State Nrutya Academy, Bangalore, with a title "Karnataka Kala Tilak".
* He is also a recipient of the Sri Kanak Purandhar Prashasti, a top most and prestigious award given by the government of Karnataka.
* He has also got the "Arya Bhat Award", with the title "Sangeet Vidya Prapurna".

===Publications===
* Book – ''Bharatiya Sangeeta Charitre'' (Kannada), published by [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]]
* Book – ''Dr. Puttaraj Gawai'', published by Sangeet Natya Academy, Bangalore

===Research articles and papers===
He has published several articles and research papers on music, in English, Hindi and [[Kannada language|Kannada]] magazines

===Positions held===
* Head of the Dept. of Music, in M.M. Arts and Science college, Sirsi (1963–1980)
* Musicologist and Research guide in music and Chairman of Post Graduate school of Music in [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]] ( 1981–1995)
* Member – Karnataka State Sangeet Nrutya, Music Syllabus Committee (Kala Academy, Panjim, Goa), Board of Studies in music (Karnatak university), Academic Council (Karnatak university), Indian Music Congress (West Bengal), Indian Musicological Society (Baroda), Director – Regional Centre of Research and Development (Karnataka State Sangeet Natya Academy, Hubli)
* Guide in Music, Dept. of Culture, Ministry of Education and Culture, Government of India, New Delhi
* Guide for Ph.D in the Dept. of Music, [[Karnatak University]], [[Dharwad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Bindu Madhav}}
[[Category:Rudra veena players]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:People from Hubli]]
[[Category:Musicians from Karnataka]]

Kings United

2026-04-19T16:11:22Z

Nisha Lakra: Adding New Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|Dance group from India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kings United India
| style = {{hlist|[[Hip-hop dance|Hip-hop]]|[[Vogue (dance)|voguing]]|[[popping]]|[[dancehall]]|[[lyrical hip hop]]}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| website ={{URL|www.kingsunitedindia.com/}}
| known_for =
| notable_works = *[[World of Dance (TV series)|''World of Dance'']]
*[[World Hip Hop Dance Championship]]
}}
'''The Kings''' is an Indian hip-hop dance group from [[Vasai]], a city in [[Maharashtra]]. They won [[NBC|NBC'S]] [[World of Dance (TV series)|''World of Dance'']] and came third at [[World Hip Hop Dance Championship]]. Emmy awards nominee Suresh Mukund, is the [[Choreography|choreographer]] and [[Artistic director|director]] of the group.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nalasopara-dance-group-creates-history-stands-3rd-in-world-hip-hop-championship-2113098|title=Nalasopara dance group creates history, stands 3rd in World Hip Hop Championship|last=Fazal|first=Imran|date=August 11, 2015|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2015/08/19/abcd-2-in-real-life-mumbai-team-wins-at-world-hip-hop-competition|title=ABCD 2 in Real Life: Mumbai Team Wins at World Hip Hop Competition|date=August 19, 2015|website=The Quint}}</ref>

==Kings United==
In 2015, they became the first Indian group to win a medal at the [[World Hip Hop Dance Championship]] held in [[San Diego|San Diego, California]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nalasopara-dance-group-creates-history-stands-3rd-in-world-hip-hop-championship-2113098|title=Nalasopara dance group creates history, stands 3rd in World Hip Hop Championship|last=Fazal|first=Imran|date=2015-08-11|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> They gained worldwide fame after they won Season 3 of [[NBC|NBC's]] [[World of Dance (TV series)|''World of Dance'']] in 2019 in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/indian-bolly-hop-dance-crew-the-kings-win-world-of-dance-reality-show-take-home-rs-6-9-crore-prize/story-mDx6jMbcFzT7Kyr39pgw9M.html|title=Indian Bolly-hop dance crew The Kings win World of Dance reality show, take home Rs 6.9 crore prize|date=2019-05-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

==History==
In 2009, Suresh Mukund and Vernon Monterio formed a hip hop dance group by the name of 'Fictitious Dance Group' which participated in various Indian dance shows and competitions.

In 2009, the group won the popular dance show [[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|''Boogie Woogie'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhiphop.com/?p=2127|title=FICTITIOUS WIN S.I.E.S. BATTLE}}</ref> The group went on to win [[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega|''Entertainment Ke liye Kuch Bhi Karega'']] in 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/Nalasopara-Dancing/articleshow/15941738.cms|title=Nalasopara Dancing|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> and later the same year they were ranked third in Season 2 of ''[[India's Got Talent]]''.

Choosing to re-enter the competition the following year, the group changed its name to the SNV Group named after members Suresh Mukund and Vernon Monteiro and this time won Season 3 of ''India's Got Talent'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/suresh-and-vernon-group-wins-india-s-got-talent-3/story-gjpplYXav2wvmsKEpi8YjM.html|title=Suresh and Vernon Group wins India's Got Talent 3|date=2011-10-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

In 2012, the SNV Group travelled to [[Las Vegas]] and entered the [[World Hip Hop Dance Championship]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/these-desi-b-boys-will-make-some-noise/173183|title=These desi B-boys will make some noise|date=2012-07-19|website=Mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> where they made it to the finals and finished in 8th place, a first for an Indian group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mumbai-boys-at-World-Hip-hop-Championship/articleshow/15374632.cms|title=Mumbai boys at World Hip-hop Championship - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/what-happens-in-vegas/article3527935.ece|title=What happens in Vegas|last=Jaisingh|first=Shreshta|date=2012-06-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Their hardships in funding their trip and their remarkable achievement in the competition were documented in the 2015 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[ABCD 2]]'' which was directed by choreographer [[Remo D'Souza]] and starred prominent actors like [[Varun Dhawan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Varun-Dhawans-character-in-ABCD2-based-on-the-life-of-Indias-Got-Talent-winner-Suresh-Mukund/articleshow/43167641.cms|title=Varun Dhawan's character in ABCD2 based on the life of India's Got Talent winner Suresh Mukund - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/abcd-2-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-remo-ddouza-dance-group-257781-2015-06-16|title=ABCD 2: The dance group that inspired Varun Dhawan-Shraddha Kapoor's film|author=Suhani Singh |date=June 16, 2015 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/abcd-2-review-varun-dhawan-shraddha-kapoor-remo-dsouza-prabhudheva-film-review-258455-2015-06-19|title=ABCD 2 review: A true story turned into a humdrum affair|author=Suhani Singh |date=June 22, 2015 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> Suresh is played by [[Varun Dhawan]] and Vernon is played by Sushant Pujari.

After the release of the film, Mukund and Vernon parted ways due to creative differences and the group split with Vernon starting his own dance crew called "V Company" who subsequently won [[Dance Plus (season 1)|Season-1 of Dance Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Choreographer-Vernon-to-organise-a-dance-league-championship/articleshow/52238328.cms|title=Choreographer Vernon to organise a dance league championship - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

Mukund then founded "Kings United India" with some of his old team members and a few new additions.

=== 2015: World Hip Hop Dance Championship ===
In 2015, Mukund made a last minute decision to put together a dance crew to re-enter the World Hip Hop Dance Championship in [[San Diego]]. Actor Varun Dhawan arranged for [[Pond's]] to partially fund the group and pitched in with his own money to help out. Kings United came in third and won the [[Bronze medal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/fictitious-dance-group-world-hip-hop-championships-varun-dhawan-abcd2-hip-hop-dance-competitions/story/1/5609.html|title=How Kings United won Bronze at the World Hip Hop Championships|website=DailyO}}</ref>

=== 2016: Dance Academy ===
On January 3, 2016, they opened their own dance academy, "Kings United: Kingdom Of Art" in Vasai, Mumbai.<ref name="theweek.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2019/05/25/how-kings-united-conquered-the-world-of-dance.html|title=How Kings United conquered the 'World of Dance'|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allevents.in/vasai/grand-opening-kings-united-kingdom-of-art/1546727115648836|title=GRAND OPENING - Kings United Kingdom of Art|website=allevents.in}}</ref> The academy was inaugurated by choreographer [[Remo D'Souza]] and actor [[Varun Dhawan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://danceserve.com/seven-facts-about-kings-united-that-will-blow-your-mind/|title=Seven Facts About Kings United That Will Blow Your Mind|last=BylineDanceserve|date=2019-02-21|website=Danceserve|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28|archive-date=2019-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828132435/https://danceserve.com/seven-facts-about-kings-united-that-will-blow-your-mind/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2017, Kings United competed in the Indian dance reality show ''[[Dance Champions]]'' aired on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/jiyo-re-baahubalis-performance-on-dance-champion-is-breaking-the-internet-watch-2056846.html|title='Jiyo Re Baahubali' act on 'Dance Champion' is breaking the internet- Watch|date=2017-11-14|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

=== 2019: ''World of Dance'' and upcoming projects ===
On May 6, 2019, Kings United won the American dance reality show [[World of Dance (season 3)|''World of Dance Season 3'']] with a perfect score of 100 in the grand finale, where they danced [[Vishal Dadlani]]'s ''[[Bajirao Mastani|Malhari]]'' from the 2015 Indian Historical Musical ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'', thus winning a prize money of [[United States dollar|US$]]1 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/suresh-mukund-the-kings-united-world-of-dance-journey-5723714/|title=Suresh Mukund: The journey of Kings United has been full of struggles|date=2019-05-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-kings-world-of-dance-suresh-mukund-5717194/|title=Suresh Mukund on The Kings win at World of Dance: We wanted India to shine through our performances|date=2019-05-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> In a 2019 interview with a [[YouTube]] channel, Mukund said that 80% of the winnings would be shared among the team members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhG0hGRkSJM|title=Man Behind THE KINGS - Suresh Mukund - World Of Dance Champion 2019 - Exclusive Interview|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Mukund has been nominated for an [[Emmy Award]] in the Outstanding Choreography for Variety or Reality Program category for the Kings' performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/mumbai-choreographer-suresh-mukund-nominated-emmy/|title=Mumbai Choreographer Suresh Mukund Nominated For an Emmy -|date=2019-07-19|website=Rolling Stone India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/suresh-mukund-emmy-nominated-choreographer-set-for-hollywood|title=Hollywood Calling for Emmy-Nominated Choreographer Suresh Mukund|date=2019-07-23|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

The crew is planning a world tour and conducting international dance workshops. After their win, Mukund also mentioned that the Kings United would no longer participate in competitions.<ref name="theweek.in"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/indian-crew-the-kings-to-stop-competing-after-world-of-dance-win-1518606-2019-05-06|title=Indian crew The Kings to stop competing after World of Dance win|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28|agency=Ist}}</ref> There have been reports of a possible show with [[Jennifer Lopez]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/likely-jlo-tour-emmys-and-finding-homes-the-kings-dreams-after-world-of-dance-win-119050800386_1.html|title=Likely JLo tour, Emmys and finding homes: The Kings' dreams after 'World of Dance' win|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-05-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

Mukund and his team will be judging India's first online dance competition by imd1. The competition is called ''Dance Is Life - DIL2019''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianshowbiz.com/?p=189968|title=imd1 (I Am The 1), launches India's biggest dance competition on a digital platform, 'Dance Is Life, 2019' (DIL2019) in collaboration with the World of Dance winner 'Kings United'.|website=Indian Showbiz}}</ref>

==Achievements and appearances==
{| class=wikitable style="width: 100%;"
! '''Year'''
! '''Competitions'''
! '''Awards'''
|-
|'''2009'''
|'''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie (Sony)]]'''
|Winners
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''2010'''
|'''[[Entertainment Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega]]'''
|Winners
|-
|'''[[India's Got Talent (season 2)|India's Got Talent 2]]'''
|Contestants
|-
|'''2011'''
|'''[[India's Got Talent (season 3)|India's Got Talent 3]]'''
|Winner vs SNV
|-
|'''2012'''
|'''[[World Hip Hop Dance Championship]]'''
|Top 8
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''2015'''
|'''[[World Hip Hop Dance Championship]]'''
|Bronze Medal
|-
|'''[[ABCD: Any Body Can Dance 2]]'''
|Biopic on Kings
|-
|'''2017'''
|'''[[Dance Champions]]'''
|Ultimate 10
|-
| rowspan=5| '''2019'''
|'''[[World of Dance (season 3)|World Of Dance 3]]'''
|Winners
|-
|'''[[Emmy awards]]'''
|(Suresh Mukund) Nominated
|-
|'''Dance Is Life'''
| Online Judge
|
|-
|'''[[Dance Plus (season 5)|Dance Plus 5]]'''
|(Suresh) Captain and Guest
|-
|'''[[Valiyaperunnal]]'''
|Choreography
|-
|rowspan=2|'''2021'''
|'''World Choreography Awards'''
|(Suresh Mukund) Wins
|-
|'''[[Dance Deewane|Dance Deewane (Season 3)]]'''
|Guests and special performance '''[[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]''' Special
|-
|}

== External links ==

* [https://www.kingsunitedindia.com/ Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTtAOWmLr0e-EOTsx-gYDzA/featured Kings United] on [[YouTube]]
*{{Instagram|kings_united_india}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2009 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian dance groups]]
[[Category:Indian hip-hop groups]]

Amravati Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T09:26:29Z

Nisha Lakra:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amravati
| constituency_no = 38
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 38-Amravati.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]]
| established = 1962
| district = [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =374,727
}}
'''Amravati Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] and one of the eight which are located in the [[Amravati district]].

It is a part of the [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. [[Badnera (Vidhan Sabha)|Badnera]], [[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]], [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur (SC)]], [[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat (ST)]] and [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 38 Amravati Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Amravati Tehsil (Part), Amravati (M.Corp.) – Ward No. 1 to 5, 19 to 31, 41 to 56 and 62 to 71 of the district.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |accessdate = 2015-05-11 }}</ref>

In 2019 Sulbha Sanjay Khodke defeated incumbent [[Sunil Deshmukh]]
To become MLA.
[[Indian National Congress]] is the most successful party in this constituency

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Wamanrao Gopalrao Joshi & Babulal Kashiprasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Joshi Maltibai Wamanrao
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Umerlalji Mathuradas Kedia
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. N. Nawathe
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dattatraya Nagorao Metkar
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Surendra Chatrapal Bhuyar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || [[Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Jagdish Motilal Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sunil Deshmukh|Dr. Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Rajendra Singh Shekhawat|Rajendra alias Raosaheb Shekhawat]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Sunil Deshmukh|Dr. Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Sulbha Khodke]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Amaravati">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Amaravati |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1338.htm |access-date=4 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204070133/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1338.htm |archive-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sulbha Khodke]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,087 |percentage = 28.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,674 |percentage = 25.50% |change = {{decrease}}22.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alim Patel Mo. Waheed |party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes = 54,591 |percentage = 25.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Motilal Gupta |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,067 |percentage = 15.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahul Liladhar Meshram |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,048 |percentage = 1.42% |change = {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pappu Alias Mangesh Madhukar Patil |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,545 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 856 |percentage = 0.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,413 |percentage = 2.52% |change = {{decrease}}8.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,258 |percentage = 57.44% |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 214,402}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 374,727 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sulbha Khodke]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 82,581 |percentage = 48.36% |change = {{increase}}17.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,313 |percentage = 37.66% |change = {{decrease}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Alim Patel Mo. Waheed |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 17,103 |percentage = 10.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,944 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohhammad Ejaj Mohammad Yunus |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,790 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Moin Mufeez Deshmukh |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{decrease}}6.43 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,268 |percentage = 10.70% |change = {{decrease}}11.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 172,918 |percentage = 50.01% |change = {{decrease}}6.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,779}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 345,746 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Deshmukh|Dr. Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,033 |percentage = 52.43% |change = {{increase}}41.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajendra Singh Shekhawat|Rajendra alias Raosaheb Shekhawat]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,961 |percentage = 30.55% |change = {{decrease}}13.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akhtar Mirza Naim Baig |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 11,585 |percentage = 7.23% |change = {{increase}}6.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradeep Vishnupant Bajad |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 8,256 |percentage = 5.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aashrafi Mohammed Imran Mohammed Yakub |party = Indian Union Muslim League |votes = 2,244 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kharkar Ganesh Bapurao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,030 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,027 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,072 |percentage = 21.88% |change = {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,836 |percentage = 56.57% |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,270}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,094 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajendra Singh Shekhawat]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,331 |percentage = 43.76% |change = {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 55,717 |percentage = 39.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradeep Balwantrao Shingore |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,024 |percentage = 11.43% |change = {{decrease}}21.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sameer Ratnakar Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,104 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Raheman Abdul Majid |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,712 |percentage = 1.22% |change = {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,614 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{decrease}}17.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,347 |percentage = 52.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,140}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,822 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Deshmukh|Dr. Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 81,698 |percentage = 55.05% |change = {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Motilal Gupta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,435 |percentage = 33.31% |change = {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yahakha Babakha Pathan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,414 |percentage = 5.00% |change = {{increase}}4.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nitin Nagorao Mohod |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,335 |percentage = 3.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haridas Ankush Sirsath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Sudhir Hiraman Tayde |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,115 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,263 |percentage = 21.74% |change = {{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,451 |percentage = 55.48% |change = {{decrease}}2.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,396}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 267,557 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunil Deshmukh|Dr. Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,270 |percentage = 43.73% |change = {{increase}}31.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Motilal Gupta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,400 |percentage = 36.19% |change = {{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Mahadeorao Ingole |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 25,063 |percentage = 19.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,870 |percentage = 7.54% |change = {{decrease}}25.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,666 |percentage = 57.52% |change = {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,974}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,868 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Motilal Gupta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,845 |percentage = 47.82% |change = {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujaffar Ahmad Mo. Yusuf |party = Independent politician |votes = 22,509 |percentage = 14.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat|Rajendra alias Raosaheb Shekhawat]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,150 |percentage = 12.08% |change = {{decrease}}16.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Mahadeorao Ingole |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,995 |percentage = 9.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Bapurao Kharkar |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 6,408 |percentage = 4.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulana Mo. Safdar Mo. Yusuf |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,135 |percentage = 2.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Ramchandra Sawalakhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,091 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Mahadeorao Gaigole |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,116 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,336 |percentage = 32.83% |change = {{increase}}29.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,005 |percentage = 66.11% |change = {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,255}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,916 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagdish Motilal Gupta |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,319 |percentage = 32.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pushpatai Vijay Bonde |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,133 |percentage = 28.52% |change = {{decrease}}25.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramkishor Mangilal Somani |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,240 |percentage = 23.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Bharao Wankhade |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 10,101 |percentage = 9.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saikh Mohamad Ali |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bijaybhau Gawande |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,127 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anna Vaidya |party = Indian People's Front |votes = 789 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,186 |percentage = 3.83% |change = {{decrease}}27.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,310 |percentage = 57.56% |change = {{increase}}6.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,173}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,641 |ref = |change = {{increase}}40.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,330 |percentage = 54.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrabha Alias Chandraprabha Narendra Boke |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 15,612 |percentage = 22.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohmad Safdar Mohmad Yusuf |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,378 |percentage = 17.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mehbubkhan Ajijkhan Shadar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheike Gunwant Champat |party = Independent politician |votes = 668 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Raibhan Grodeswar |party = Independent politician |votes = 508 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,718 |percentage = 31.55% |change = {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,739 |percentage = 51.19% |change = {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,843}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,241 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.28 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Surendra Chatrapal Bhuyar|party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,712 |percentage = 55.79% |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Ramchandra Sawalakhe|party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 14,155 |percentage = 26.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maltibai Wamanrao Joshi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,821 |percentage = 16.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimrao Sitaram Nitanwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 391 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,557 |percentage = 29.21% |change = {{increase}}5.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,859 |percentage = 43.60% |change = {{decrease}}22.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,261}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,540 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Surendra Chatrapal Bhuyar|party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 38,507 |percentage = 50.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munirkhan Usmankhan |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,296 |percentage = 26.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umarlalji Mathuradasji Kedia |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,843 |percentage = 16.88% |change = {{decrease}}68.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolhatkar Vasnatrao Ramkrishnarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,837 |percentage = 3.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,211 |percentage = 23.93% |change = {{decrease}}51.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,466 |percentage = 66.44% |change = {{increase}}14.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,098}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,603 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.13 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}34.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatraya Nagorao Metkar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,157 |percentage = 85.11% |change = {{increase}}41.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satappa Shioappa Kolhe |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,505 |percentage = 9.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devidas Laxmanrao Kaware |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 2,227 |percentage = 4.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pralhad Pandurang Dhanke |party = Independent politician |votes = 470 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,652 |percentage = 75.79% |change = {{increase}}73.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,438 |percentage = 52.20% |change = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,359}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,700 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}41.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Nawathe |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,634 |percentage = 43.87% |change = {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. D. Karanjikar |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 20,663 |percentage = 41.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. V. Khedkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,147 |percentage = 12.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Dohle |party = Independent politician |votes = 662 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 971 |percentage = 1.97% |change = {{decrease}}11.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,220 |percentage = 59.64% |change = {{decrease}}10.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,312}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,558 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Umerlalji Mathuradas Kedia |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,838 |percentage = 52.21% |change = {{decrease}}22.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal Dattatraya Kaloti |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,878 |percentage = 39.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devidas Vishwanath Khedkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,791 |percentage = 5.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shriram Shaligram Malviya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,960 |percentage = 13.05% |change = {{decrease}}41.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,842 |percentage = 70.60% |change = {{increase}}22.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,321}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,098 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}22.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Maltibai Wamanrao Joshi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,376 |percentage = 75.14% |change = {{increase}}23.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Usha Namdeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,248 |percentage = 20.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramnath Ramgopal |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,154 |percentage = 3.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,128 |percentage = 54.16% |change = {{increase}}49.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,778 |percentage = 47.84% |change = {{decrease}}53.94 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,778}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,247 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}31.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}46.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Amravati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wamanrao Gopalrao Joshi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,338 |percentage = 28.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babulal Kashiprasad |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,598 |percentage = 23.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Nanduji Patil |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 9,166 |percentage = 9.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramratan Sheocharan Pande |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 8,423 |percentage = 9.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalchandra Krishnarao Diwanji |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 8,189 |percentage = 8.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devidas Vishvanath Khedekar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,382 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Akatrao Gayakwad |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,285 |percentage = 4.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vaikunthanath Gopinath Mishra |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,912 |percentage = 4.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,740 |percentage = 5.11% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,745 |percentage = 101.78% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,745}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,126 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Amravati]]
*[[Achalpur]]
*[[Sunil Deshmukh]]
*[[Amravati district]]
*[[Badnera]]

==Notes==
<references/>

{{coord|20|55|54.99|N|77|45|55.05|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Amravati]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Amravati district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

F. R. D. Thakor

2026-04-19T07:52:24Z

Nisha Lakra: put up a info - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = F. R. D. Thakor
| birth_name =
| caption = Portrait of F. R. D. Thakor
| image = FRD-thakor.gif
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|09|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ghodasar]], [[Bombay state|Bombay]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| constituency1 = Kaira (now [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda]])
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = Mahagujarat Janata Parishad<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 2020">{{cite web | title=Members : Lok Sabha | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=2020-02-25 | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=77&lsno=2 | access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>
| other_party =
| spouse = Rani Saheb Jayendrakunverba
| children = 9
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Fatehsinhji Ratansinhji Dabhi Thakor (koli)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lobo|first=Lancy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1DBuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Thakors of North Gujarat: A Caste in the Village and the Region|date=1995|publisher=Hindustan Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7075-035-2|language=en}}</ref>''' (stylized as '''F. R. D. Thakor''') was an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament]] elected during the [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd General elections]] of India held in 1957. He represented in modern-day [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda parliamentary constituency]] from 1957 to 1962.<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 1909">{{cite web | title=Members Bioprofile | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=1909-09-05 | url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1171.htm | access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

==Life and background ==
Dabhi was born on 5 September 1909 and raised in [[Ghodasar]] area of [[Bombay state]] and in modern-day [[Mumbai]]. He received his education from Scott College, Sadra and diploma in [[Electronic engineering]] from ''Technical and Commercial Radio College'', [[London]].<ref name="ENTRANCEINDIA">{{cite web | title=Shri Fatehsinhji Ratansinhji Dabhi Thakor political profile | website=ENTRANCEINDIA | url=https://entranceindia.com/tag/shri-fatehsinhji-ratansinhji-dabhi-thakor-political-profile/ | language=ms | access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref><ref name="भारत की संसद, लोकसभा">{{cite web | title=सदस्य : लोकसभा | website=भारत की संसद, लोकसभा | url=http://loksabhahindiph.nic.in/members/partyardetail.aspx?party_code=77&lsno=2 | language=mr | access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

==Career==
Dabhi was the 2nd class magistrate of former Ghodasar state from 1930 to 1943 when India was under the [[British raj|British rule]]. He was then elected member of [[constituent assembly]] on behalf of all non-[[Salute state]]s of India, and resigned the assembly office before the term ended. After [[Independence Day (India)|Independence of India]], he contested [[2nd Lok Sabha]] elections in 1957 and served as the member of parliament till 1962.<ref name="भारत की संसद, लोकसभा"/>

==Personal life==
Dabhi was deeply attached to [[radio]] and [[Automotive engineering|automobile engineering]], and a fan of [[Big-game hunting]]. He was primarily interested in [[Astrology]] and medicines. On 24 April 1931, Dabhi married to Rani Saheb Jayendrakunverba with whom he had six daughters and three sons.<ref name="ENTRANCEINDIA2018">{{cite web | title=Shri Fatehsinhji Ratansinhji Dabhi Thakor MP biodata Kaira | website=ENTRANCEINDIA | date=2018-12-24 | url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/shri-fatehsinhji-ratansinhji-dabhi-thakor-member-of-parliament-mp-from-kaira-bombay-biodata/ | access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref>

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakor, F. R. D.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]

Majorganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:31Z

Nisha Lakra: creating initial pg v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = '''Majorganj''' 
| type = SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
|established = 1962
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Majorganj Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
It was part of [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 12. Sheohar | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Majorganj Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ram Swaroop Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramvruksh Ram
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Surendra Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramvruksh Ram
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Gauri Shankar Nagdansh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Surendra Ram
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Gauri Shankar Nagdansh
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dinkar Ram]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp69.htm |title =69 - Majorganj (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Majorganj (community development block)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|26|43|47|N|85|29|16|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Kurla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:32Z

Nisha Lakra: Adding Some Article First Draft...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kurla
| constituency_no = 174
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 174-Kurla.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 1955
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Mangesh Kudalkar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors = 292,275
}}
'''Kurla Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India. This constituency presently, after delimitation of Legislative Assembly constituencies in 2008, is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Kurla (constituency number 174) is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/> The number of electorates in 2009 was 284,951 (male 161,459, female 123,492).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archivedate=2011-04-09 }}</ref>

Kurla is part of the [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]], [[Chandivali Assembly constituency|Chandivali]], [[Kalina Assembly constituency|Kalina]], [[Vandre West Assembly constituency|Vandre West]] and [[Vandre East Assembly constituency|Vandre East]] in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Magar Anjanabai Narhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Anjanabai Narhar Magar
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. R. Naravane
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Khan Shamsul Haq || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Dutta Samant]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Celine D. Silva || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Mayekar Ramakant Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Chavan Shantaram Sitaram
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Milind Anna Kamble]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=3 | [[Mangesh Kudalkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kurla">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kurla |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13174.htm |access-date=29 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229074849/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13174.htm |archive-date=29 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mangesh Kudalkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 72,763 |percentage = 47.04% |change={{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravina Manish Morajkar |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 68,576 |percentage = 44.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Asma Shaikh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 3,945 |percentage = 2.55% |change={{decrease}}12.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pradeep Sampat Waghmare |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,197 |percentage = 2.07% |change={{decrease}}6.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swapnil Rajendra Jawalgekar |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,005 |percentage = 1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,594 |percentage = 1.03% |change={{decrease}}2.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Jyotsna Bhanudas Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 982 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,187 |percentage = 2.71% |change= {{decrease}}14.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,292 |percentage = 53.47% |change= {{increase}}9.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 154,698}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 292,275|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mangesh Kudalkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 55,049 |percentage = 46.29% |change={{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Milind Anna Kamble]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 34,036 |percentage = 28.62% |change={{increase}}17.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Ratnakar Dynanu Davare |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 17,349 |percentage = 14.59% |change={{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasaheb Anandarao Avchare |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 9,771 |percentage = 8.22% |change={{increase}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 4,521 |percentage = 3.80% |change={{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitin Gangaram Bhosale |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,979 |percentage = 1.66% |change={{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Ankush Shinde |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes = 729 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,013 |percentage = 17.67% |change= {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,456 |percentage = 44.92% |change= {{decrease}}2.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,913}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,813|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}14.97 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mangesh Kudalkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,580 |percentage = 31.32% |change={{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Baburao Kamble |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,901 |percentage = 21.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Gopichand Barve |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 25,741 |percentage = 19.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Milind (Anna) Kamble |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 14,194 |percentage = 10.69% |change={{decrease}}23.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bramhanand Govind Shinde (B.G.) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 12,855 |percentage = 9.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Snehal Sudhir Jadhav |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,529 |percentage = 4.16% |change={{decrease}}23.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. K. Jadhav |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,877 |percentage = 1.41% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,679 |percentage = 9.55% |change= {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,966 |percentage = 46.12% |change= {{increase}}3.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,761}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,484|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Milind Anna Kamble]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,891 |percentage = 34.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mangesh Kudalkar]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,920 |percentage = 28.81% |change={{decrease}}6.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 33,967 |percentage = 28.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avinash Mahatekar |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 5,016 |percentage = 4.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Rajesh Laxman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,132 |percentage = 1.76% |change={{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gazi Sadodin Zahir Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,000 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Kondiba Prabhale |party=Independent politician |votes = 933 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,971 |percentage = 5.75% |change= {{decrease}}13.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,201 |percentage = 42.53% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 121,198}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,951|ref = |change= {{decrease}}42.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 119,612 |percentage = 55.36% |change={{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattaram Gujar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 77,119 |percentage = 35.69% |change={{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak More |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,571 |percentage = 2.58% |change={{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandan Chittaranjan Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,549 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahsanulla Khan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 3,173 |percentage = 1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeep Prabhakar Yeole |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,342 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vivek Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,655 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,493 |percentage = 19.67% |change= {{increase}}7.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 216,067 |percentage = 43.35% |change= {{decrease}}1.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,065}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 498,470|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 87,066 |percentage = 45.55% |change={{increase}}23.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram Sitaram Chauhan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,045 |percentage = 33.51% |change={{decrease}}12.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Vishnu Nalavade |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 32,225 |percentage = 16.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gupta Shivnath Kalika |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,379 |percentage = 1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wahul Vilas Karbhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,386 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,021 |percentage = 12.04% |change= {{decrease}}12.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,135 |percentage = 44.91% |change= {{decrease}}10.37 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,128}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 425,610|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Shantaram Sitaram |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 104,332 |percentage = 46.26% |change={{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maske Dayanand Jagannath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,010 |percentage = 22.17% |change={{decrease}}15.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadav Shyamnarain |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 36,849 |percentage = 16.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ishaq Bhai Sarguro |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,645 |percentage = 3.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varghese Chacko |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,150 |percentage = 3.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Imran Khan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,703 |percentage = 1.64% |change={{decrease}}18.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. N. Alee |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,523 |percentage = 1.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 54,322 |percentage = 24.08% |change= {{increase}}20.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 229,272 |percentage = 56.19% |change= {{increase}}2.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 225,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 408,053|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Mayekar Ramakant Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 64,794 |percentage = 40.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Celine D. Silva |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 59,543 |percentage = 37.23% |change={{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chittaranjan Sharma |party=Janata Dal |votes = 32,248 |percentage = 20.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sherkhan K. A. |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,404 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,251 |percentage = 3.28% |change= {{decrease}}18.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,888 |percentage = 53.92% |change= {{increase}}7.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,928}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 300,263|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Celine D. Silva |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,472 |percentage = 38.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Shantaram Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,222 |percentage = 17.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shiwaji Nalawade |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 14,136 |percentage = 13.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baliram Savant |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,937 |percentage = 11.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Bari Farooqui |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,513 |percentage = 8.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abul Wafa Laddan |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,834 |percentage = 5.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Subhan Bharti |party=Lokdal |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,250 |percentage = 21.86% |change= {{increase}}11.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,814 |percentage = 46.57% |change= {{increase}}4.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 106,376}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,486|ref = |change= {{increase}}37.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dutta Samant]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,410 |percentage = 42.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Celine D. Silva |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,383 |percentage = 32.37% |change={{increase}}16.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shamsul Haq Khan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,518 |percentage = 13.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. C. Narayan |party=Janata Party |votes = 4,722 |percentage = 6.83% |change={{decrease}}29.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheshrao Dongre |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,760 |percentage = 3.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,027 |percentage = 10.16% |change= {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,018 |percentage = 41.49% |change= {{decrease}}23.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,145}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,776|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Shamsul Haq |party=Janata Party |votes = 33,800 |percentage = 36.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dutta Samant]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,617 |percentage = 25.32% |change={{decrease}}33.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Sudhir |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 19,379 |percentage = 20.78% |change={{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. A. Sherkhan |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,624 |percentage = 15.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirat Kudev Vithal Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,484 |percentage = 1.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,183 |percentage = 10.92% |change= {{decrease}}34.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,113 |percentage = 65.44% |change= {{increase}}5.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,261}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,340|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}22.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,220 |percentage = 58.82% |change={{increase}}28.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Leeladhar Balaji Dake |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 11,842 |percentage = 13.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Krishnarao Ragho |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 11,523 |percentage = 13.23% |change={{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sohansingh Kohali |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 11,424 |percentage = 13.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhav Girjaji More |party=Independent politician |votes = 876 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,378 |percentage = 45.22% |change= {{increase}}35.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,125 |percentage = 60.24% |change= {{decrease}}3.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,077}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,955|ref = |change= {{increase}}52.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}28.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=T. R. Naravane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,301 |percentage = 30.29% |change={{decrease}}15.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. R. Gangurde |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 12,184 |percentage = 20.17% |change={{decrease}}12.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. S. Khanolkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,449 |percentage = 15.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. B. Surve |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,399 |percentage = 13.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. A. Buchayya |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,539 |percentage = 7.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. P. Nikumbh |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,812 |percentage = 6.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. S. Bright Mahind |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,322 |percentage = 3.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,117 |percentage = 10.12% |change= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,156 |percentage = 65.98% |change= {{increase}}3.03 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,418}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,233|ref = |change= {{decrease}}23.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Anjanabai Narhar Magar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,153 |percentage = 45.66% |change={{decrease}}6.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoharlal Mangalsain Marwah |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 24,656 |percentage = 32.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalchandra Anaji Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,149 |percentage = 8.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vajidayarkhan Hadiyarkhan Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,386 |percentage = 7.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Govindrao Baburao Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,253 |percentage = 4.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramji Shivnarayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,198 |percentage = 1.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,497 |percentage = 12.70% |change= {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,235 |percentage = 61.83% |change= {{decrease}}7.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,795}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,537|ref = |change= {{increase}}65.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kurla<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Magar Anjanabai Narhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,409 |percentage = 51.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sule Vasantrao Vishwanath |party=Independent politician |votes = 21,214 |percentage = 41.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagaiokar Sadashiv Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,055 |percentage = 4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mangoli Gousmohiuddin Hussainsa |party=Independent politician |votes = 838 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ansari Hidayatulla Ruhullah |party=Independent politician |votes = 310 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,195 |percentage = 10.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,826 |percentage = 66.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,826}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,573|ref = |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kurla]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.073|72.882|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Mindiyum Paranjum

2026-04-14T20:33:50Z

Nisha Lakra:

{{Short description|Malayalam feature film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mindiyum Paranjum poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arun Bose]]
| writer = [[Arun Bose]] [[Mridul George]]
| producer = [[Salim Ahamed]]
| starring = [[Unni Mukundan]] [[Aparna Balamurali]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/Jul/27/first-look-of-unni-mukundan-and-aparna-balamural-film-mindiyum-paranjum-out-33134.html | title=First look of Unni Mukundan and Aparna Balamural film Mindiyum Paranjum out | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=27 July 2022 }}</ref>
| music = [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]
| studio = Allens Media
| distributor = Jaguar Studios
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 102 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2025 |title=''Mindiyum Paranjum'' (PG) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/mindiyum-paranjum-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta4nta2 |access-date=24 December 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Mindiyum Paranjum''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Arun Bose]] and produced by [[Salim Ahamed]] under the studio Allens Media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unni Mukundan and Aparna Balamurali play the leads in Luca director Arun Bose's romantic film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/unni-mukundan-and-aparna-balamurali-play-the-leads-in-luca-director-arun-boses-romantic-film/9526c5ce69455 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The film is co-written by [[Mridul George]] starring [[Unni Mukundan]] and [[Aparna Balamurali]] in lead roles. [[Madhu Ambat]] is the cinematographer and [[Sooraj S. Kurup]] the music director. The film received U Certificate and premiered at Indian Film Festival, Alberta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-07-21 |title=Mindiyum Paranjum picked at Indian film festival, Alberta |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Jul/21/mindiyum-paranjum-picked-at-indian-film-festival-alberta-2596872.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India Film Festival of Alberta (IFFA) will start its 9th edition in Edmonton on September 1 to 3 |url=https://indiafilmfestival.ca/2023/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IIFA-2023-Press-Statement.pdf | publisher=India Film Festival of Alberta|accessdate=22 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-23 |title=Unni Mukundan - Aparna Balamurali starrer 'Mindiyum Paranjum' censored with a clean 'U' certificate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-aparna-balamurali-starrer-mindiyum-paranjum-censored-with-a-clean-u-certificate/articleshow/96444310.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film is an independent adaptation of [[O. Henry]]'s 1905 short story ''[[The Gift of the Magi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Mindiyum Paranjum on OTT: Did Unni Mukundan's Sanal and Aparna Balamurali's Leena reunite in the end amid torrential rains?|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/mindiyum-paranjum-on-ott-did-unni-mukundan-sanal-aparna-balamurali-leena-reunite-in-the-end/77814999c6391|access-date=2026-02-12 |work=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Amidst a symphony of raindrops, Sanal (Unni Mukundan) leaves from Cochin Airport, traversing the mystical, rugged landscapes of Idukki to embrace his lifelong cherished dream with Leena (Aparna Balamurali). As they travel along the winding roads, a tapestry of memories comes flooding in—joyful, sorrowful, tender, and enduring, woven with threads of love and longing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്ക് |first=സമകാലിക മലയാളം |date=2022-08-03 |title=വിഷയം 'ആണും പെണ്ണും' തന്നെ, ലൂക്കയിൽ നിന്നും വ്യത്യസ്തമാണ്; മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും സിനിമയെക്കുറിച്ച് സംവിധായകൻ |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/chalachithram-film/2022/Aug/03/director-arun-bose-about-his-movie-mindiyum-paranjum-155623.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-07-29 |title=Unni Mukundan and Aparna Balamurali in romantic film Mindiyum Paranjum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/unni-mukundan-and-aparna-balamurali-in-romantic-film-mindiyum-paranjum/articleshow/93201132.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Unni Mukundan, Aparna Balamurali's Mindiyum Paranjum is a mature love story: Arun Bose |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-unni-mukundan-aparna-balamuralis-mindiyum-paranjum-is-a-mature-love-story-arun-bose/e8a2f150f9171 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Unni Mukundan]] as Sanal
* [[Aparna Balamurali]] as Leena Varghese
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Varghese
* [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Basil
* [[Mala Parvathi]] as Sanal's Mother
* [[Sohan Seenulal]] as Manoj
* RJ Vijitha as Shyni
* Sanju Madhu as Saju
* Geethi Sangeethi as Chinnamma
* RJ Murugan as Broker Shaji
* Shiva Hariharan as Kannan
* Noufal Rahman as Shabin
* Prasanth Murali as Taxi driver Biju
* Athira Suresh as Sheeja
* Sherly Adimali as Peramma

== Production ==
Mindiyum Paranjum is the third [[feature film]] directorial of filmmaker Arun Bose<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title='മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും' : മെച്യുർ റൊമാൻസ് ചിത്രവുമായി ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദൻ - അപർണ ബാലമുരളി ജോഡി |url=https://keralaonlinenews.com/entertainment/Mindiyum-paranjum-Unni-Mukundan-Aparna-Balamurali/cid9512445.htm |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=keralaonlinenews.com |language=ml}}</ref> and second writing collaboration between Mridul George and Arun Bose after [[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും, ലൂക്കയ്ക്ക് ശേഷം പുതിയ ചിത്രവുമായി അരുൺ ബോസ്, ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദനും അപർണ ബാലമുരളിയും പ്രധാന വേഷത്തിൽ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=869589&u=nbw-movie |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref> Production is controlled by Alex E Kurian while Gayathri Kishore handled the costumes department, the art director is [[Anees Nadodi]], [[Madhu Ambat]] is the cinematographer and [[Sooraj S. Kurup]] composed the songs.

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack for Mindiyum Paranjum was composed by [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]. Songs were released by [[Sony Music]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-24 |title=Mindiyum Paranjum Movie Song : ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദന്റെ മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും ഉടൻ തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്; ഗാനങ്ങൾ പുറത്തുവിട്ടു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/mindiyum-paranjum-movie-songs-album-out-now-unni-mukundan-aparana-balamurali-starrer-to-hit-theaters-soon-128097 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Sung By
!Written By
!Duration
|-
|Neeye Nenjil<ref>{{Citation |title=Neeye Nenjil (Full Song) - Mindiyum Paranjum (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |date=2023-02-24 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/neeye-nenjil/MzkEXx1Kflg |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Mridula Warrier]], [[Sooraj S. Kurup|Sooraj S Kurup]]
| rowspan="3" |Sujesh Hari
|3:20
|-
|Manalu Parunnori
|[[Shahabaz Aman]]
|2:45
|-
|Ithale<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-24 |title=Check out these magical songs from Unni Mukundan and Aparna Balamurali's 'Mindiyum Paranjum' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/check-out-these-magical-songs-from-unni-mukundan-and-aparna-balamuralis-mindiyum-paranjum/articleshow/98201553.cms |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Aparna Balamurali]]
|3:11
|}

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
The shooting of the film was completed in 2022 but no release date was confirmed till December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=3 most-awaited films of Unni Mukundan to release in 2025 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/web-stories/3-most-awaited-films-of-unni-mukundan-to-release-in-2025/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=OTTplay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=honey |title='മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും' അപര്‍ണ ബാലമുരളിയും ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദനും, ചിത്രം പ്രദര്‍ശനത്തിന് തയ്യാറായി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/aparna-balamurali-unni-mukundan-film-mindiyum-paranjum-censored-u-rn777s |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=മിണ്ടിയും പറഞ്ഞും ഉണ്ണി മുകുന്ദനും അപര്‍ണാ ബാലമുരളിയും; ക്ലീന്‍ യു സര്‍ട്ടിഫിക്കര്‌റ് നേടിയ ചിത്രം ഉടന്‍ തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്,mindiyum paranjum got u certificateMalayali Life {{!}} The Largest Malayalam Online Lifestyle Portal |url=https://www.malayalilife.com/cinema/mindiyum-paranjum-got-u-certificate-23819.html#google_vignette |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=malayalilife.com |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 25 December 2025<ref>{{cite news |date=6 December 2025 |title=Unni Mukundan-Aparna Balamurali's Mindiyum Paranjum finally gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Dec/06/unni-mukundan-aparna-balamuralis-mindiyum-paranjum-finally-gets-release-date |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=The Cinema Express}}</ref>

===Home Media===
The digital streaming rights of the film is acquired by [[Sun NXT]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-06 |title=‘Mindiyum Paranjum’ OTT release: When and where to watch the Unni Mukundan-Aparna Balamurali starrer online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mindiyum-paranjum-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-the-unni-mukundan-aparna-balamurali-starrer-online/articleshow/127972811.cms |access-date=2026-03-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Amazon Prime]] and is streaming now in both. In MENA countries the film is now streaming in StarzPlay

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
The film received positive reviews from critics as well as the audience. The Hollywood Reporter India said that the Aparna Balamurali and Unni Mukundan's Long-Distance Relationship Drama is a Thing of Joy.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mindiyum Paranjum' Movie Review: Aparna Balamurali and Unni Mukundan's Long-Distance Relationship Drama is a Thing of Joy |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/mindiyum-paranjum-movie-review-aparna-balamurali-and-unni-mukundans-long-distance-romance-is-a-thing-of-joy-in-intimate-drama |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> Anjana George from Time Of India gave 3.5/5 rating for the movie and said that Mindiyum Paranjum is a delicate, emotionally resonant film that stays with you long after it ends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindiyum Paranjum Movie Review: A film that leaves a lingering sense of intimacy and resilience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/mindiyum-paranjum/movie-review/126193341.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

===Viewership===
Within a week of its digital release, the film set a record by achieving fastest 50 million streaming minutes on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mindiyum Paranjum on OTT: Unni Mukundan-Aparna Balamurali film clocks 50 million streaming minutes online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mindiyum-paranjum-on-ott-unni-mukundan-aparna-balamurali-film-clocks-50-million-streaming-minutes-online/c78811f75c509 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title|tt21379570}}

[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]

Belgaum II Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:53:55Z

Nisha Lakra: new a stub v1.

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{other_uses|Belagavi Assembly constituency (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Belgaum II
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Belgaum II Assembly constituency''' was one of the Vidhana Sabha seats in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|state assembly of Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency]], which is adjacent to [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Samaji Nagendra Omana || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Nagendra Omanna Samaji || {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nagendra Omanna Samaji |party=Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |votes = 18,505 |percentage = 51.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrappa Lingapa Pattanshetti |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,592 |percentage = 48.74% |change={{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 913 |percentage = 2.53% |change= {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,251 |percentage = 71.77% |change= {{increase}}1.89 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,097}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,297|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Belgaum II<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Samaji Nagendra Omana |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,446 |percentage = 52.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shiyangoud Babagoud |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,549 |percentage = 47.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,897 |percentage = 5.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,995 |percentage = 69.88% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,995}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,214|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|15.774589|74.644923|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

K. Praveen Nayak

2026-04-09T23:55:30Z

Nisha Lakra: Adding The Pg Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Praveen Nayak
| image =
| birth_name = Praveen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|4|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| occupation = Film director, film producer, screenwriter, photographer
| years_active= 1978–present
}}

'''K. Praveen Nayak''' (born 1962) is an Indian film director, in the [[Kannada film industry]].<ref name=Praveen7 />

==Personal life==
K. Praveen Nayak was born in 1962 to K. Krishna Nayak and K. Radha Nayak in Mangalore, Karnataka, India.<ref name=Praveen7>{{cite news |title= Praveen Nayak Biography |url= http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/praveen-nayak/biography.html |publisher= filmibeat.com |accessdate= 16 January 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Praveen started his career in photography, but moved to directing soon thereafter, directing many Kannada movies.<ref name="shankara">{{cite news |date=30 April 2013 |title=Praveen Nayak to direct Kitty in Shankra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Praveen-Nayak-to-direct-Kitty-in-Shankra/articleshow/19802188.cms |accessdate=15 January 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> More recently he has also directed a short film entitled ''Twitter Loka''.<ref name=twitterloka>{{cite news |title= A short satire film on Twitter |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/twitter-loka-is-a-short-film-on-twitter/article8625670.ece |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 20 May 2016 |accessdate= 15 January 2017}}</ref>

===Books===
K. Praveen Nayak, was close aid of the actor [[Dr. Rajkumar]] has written book on the legend "''Rajkumar: Ondu beLaku''"<ref name=praveen1>{{cite book |last=Nayak |first=Praveen K. |date= 2011|title= ರಾಜ್ ಕುಮಾರ್: ಒಂದು ಬೆಳಕು|trans-title= Rajkumar: A Light |language= Kannada|url= https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/rajkumar-ondu-belaku-praveen-nayak-1234567114253 |location= Bangalore, India|publisher= Zoom 2 Publication |pages= 1000|author-link= K. Praveen Nayak}}</ref><ref name=praveen4 /><ref name=praveen5>{{cite news |title= The human side of a lofty icon |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/The-human-side-of-a-lofty-icon/article14678882.ece |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 11 April 2011 |accessdate= 15 January 2017}}</ref> He also published a condensed version of the book as "''Rajkumar: Ondu beLaku''"<ref name=praveen2>{{cite book |last=Nayak |first=Praveen K. |date= 2013|title= ರಾಜ್ ಕುಮಾರ್: ಒಂದು ಬೆಳಕು|trans-title= Rajkumar: A Light |language= Kannada|url= https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/rajkumar-ondu-belaku-4718681# |location= Bangalore, India|publisher= Zoom 2 Publication |pages= 270|author-link= K. Praveen Nayak}}</ref> Praveen has also penned another book in English on the veteran actor "''Rajkumar: A Journey with the legend''".<ref name=shankara /><ref name=praveen4>{{cite news |title= 80 works, and there's more to him |url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/80-works-and-theres-more-to-him/article8504223.ece |work= [[The Hindu]] |date= 21 April 2016 |accessdate= 15 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=praveen3>{{cite book |last=Nayak |first=Praveen K. |date= 2013|title= Rajkumar: A Journey with the legend|url= https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/rajkumar-journey-legend-praveen-nayak-1234567174407# |location= Bangalore, India|publisher= Zoom 2 Publication |pages= 200|author-link= K. Praveen Nayak}}</ref><ref name=praveen6>{{cite news |title= BOOK ON DR RAJ IN KANNADA AND ENGLISH BY PRAVEEN NAYAK |url= http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=2797&ptype=News&title=BOOK%20ON%20DR%20RAJ%20IN%20KANNADA%20AND%20ENGLISH%20BY%20PRAVEEN%20NAYAK |publisher= chitratara.com |date= 13 April 2011 |accessdate= 16 January 2017}}</ref>

===Television===
Praveen was an anchor for [[Doordarshan]]. He has also directed a popular serial ''Shri Ramakrishna Parahamsa'' telecasted in [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=award1 /> In this serial, Praveen also acted as [[Ramakrishna]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film
!Director!! Actor
!Notes
|-
|1993 ||''[[Aakasmika]]''
| {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
|1994 || ''[[Shhh! (film)|Shhh!]]''
| {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
|1999 || ''[[Z (1999 film)|Z]]''
|{{Yes}}|| {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2001 || ''[[Hoo Anthiya Uhoo Anthiya]]''
|{{Yes}}|| {{Yes}}
|<ref name="twitterloka" /><ref name="award1" />
|-
|2003 || ''Meese Chiguridaaga''
|{{Yes}}|| {{Yes}}
|<ref name="shankara2">{{cite news |date=30 April 2013 |title=PRAVEEN NAYAK TO DIRECT SHANKRA |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/2844-praveen-nayak-to-direct-shankra.html |accessdate=15 January 2017 |publisher=chitraloka.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="meesechi_1">{{cite news |title=Meese Chiguridaga – teenage love story film |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_meesechiguridaga.asp |accessdate=15 January 2017 |publisher=viggy.com}}</ref>
|-
|2004 || ''[[Bisi Bisi]]''
| {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2006 || ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]''
| {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|
|-
|2016
|''Twitter Loka''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Short film<ref name="twitterloka" />
|}

==Awards==
Karnataka State Award: Best Book for ''ರಾಜ್ ಕುಮಾರ್: ಒಂದು ಬೆಳಕು'' (Rajkumar: Ondu beLaku), 2012<ref name=award1>{{cite news |title= It is Praveen Shankra |url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/it-is-praveen-shankra-kannada-news-104802.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170119020845/http://www.indiaglitz.com/it-is-praveen-shankra-kannada-news-104802.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 19 January 2017 |work= indiaglitz.com |date= 17 March 2014 |accessdate= 15 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Blogspot|kpraveennayak|Official page}}
* {{IMDb name | id= nm8713530 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, K. Praveen}}
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Khiladi (franchise)

2026-04-03T23:21:51Z

Nisha Lakra: Adding Basic Data From Scratch

{{short description|Bollywood media franchise}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = ''Khiladi''
| image =
| image caption =
| creator = [[Abbas–Mustan]] [[Akshay Kumar]]
| origin = ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992)
| books =
| novels =
| comics =
| magazines =
| strips =
| films = {{ubl|''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992)|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994)|''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995)|''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996)|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]'' (1997)|''[[International Khiladi]]'' (1999)|''[[Khiladi 420]]'' (2000)|''[[Khiladi 786]]'' (2012)}}
| tv = ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
| plays =
| musicals =
| games =
| rpgs =
| vgs =
| radio =
| soundtracks =
| music =
| toys =
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khiladi film series
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = {{ubl|
|[[Abbas–Mustan]]
|Sameer Malkan
|[[Umesh Mehra]] (3 films)
|[[David Dhawan]]
|[[Neeraj Vora]]
|[[Ashish R Mohan]]
}}
| producer = [[Ganesh Jain]] [[Keshu Ramsay]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]]
| studio = Venus Movies DMS Movies Hari Om Entertainment
| distributor = United Seven Combines [[Eros International]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = 
}}

'''''Khiladi''''' is an Indian [[media franchise]] created by [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Abbas–Mustan]], consisting of a [[Bollywood]] [[action film]] series and an Indian [[stunt]] [[television series]] starring Akshay Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trending/netizens-school-akshay-kumar-for-joining-vimal-pan-masala-ad-as-he-earlier-dissed-usage-of-such-products-386325 | title=Netizens school Akshay Kumar for joining Vimal pan masala ad as he earlier dissed usage of such products | access-date=29 April 2022 | archive-date=29 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429232544/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trending/netizens-school-akshay-kumar-for-joining-vimal-pan-masala-ad-as-he-earlier-dissed-usage-of-such-products-386325 | url-status=live }}</ref> Other than starring Akshay Kumar and the word "Khiladi" ("Stager" or literally "Player" in [[Hindi]]) in the title, the films and television series have little in common, with the producers, directors and stories being different.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maru |first1=Vibha |title=Tuesday Trivia: When Ajay Devgn replaced Akshay Kumar in his debut film Phool Aur Kaante |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tuesday-trivia-when-ajay-devgn-replaced-akshay-kumar-in-his-debut-film-phool-aur-kante-1717434-2020-09-01 |website=India Today |date=September 2020 |access-date=1 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501123531/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tuesday-trivia-when-ajay-devgn-replaced-akshay-kumar-in-his-debut-film-phool-aur-kante-1717434-2020-09-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Khiladi'' film series was notable for its action scenes and [[stunt]] sequences performed by Akshay Kumar, including some of [[Indian cinema]]'s most dangerous stunts, drawing comparisons to [[Hong Kong action cinema]]'s [[Jackie Chan]].

''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992), directed by Abbas–Mustan, was the first in a series of films which had Akshay Kumar in the title role and gave him his first breakthrough role. It was followed by ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994), ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995), ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996), ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]'' (1997), ''[[International Khiladi]]'' (1999), ''[[Khiladi 420]]'' (2000), and ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' (2012) all featuring Kumar in the lead role. In 2008, Kumar launched a television show ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]'', which revolves around performing stunts.

==Films==
The series consists of eight films, starting from ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' in 1992. The latest installment in the series is ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' released in 2012. The films are not linked to each other in any way other than Akshay Kumar playing the leading role in each of them. The series primarily belongs to the action and thriller genre but also had elements of romantic comedy like ''[[Mr and Mrs Khiladi]]'' (1997) and the latest installment ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' (2012) which is an [[action comedy]].

The first two films were produced by [[Champak Jain]] and [[Keshu Ramsay]] produced the next five films in the series. The latest installment was produced by [[Himesh Reshammiya]]. [[Umesh Mehra]] is the only director who worked on three films in the series and the other films had varied directors.

===List===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Film
!Release date
!Verdict
!Director(s)
|-
|''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
|5 June 1992
|HIT
|[[Abbas–Mustan]]
|-
|''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
|23 September 1994
|HIT
|Sameer Malkan
|-
|''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]''
|June 9, 1995
|HIT
|[[Umesh Mehra]]
|-
|''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
|14 June 1996
|SUPER HIT
|[[Umesh Mehra]]
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]''
|9 October 1997
|SEMI HIT
|[[David Dhawan]]
|-
|''[[International Khiladi]]''
|26 March 1999
|BELOW AVERAGE
|[[Umesh Mehra]]
|-
|''[[Khiladi 420]]''
|29 December 2000
|DISASTER
|[[Neeraj Vora]]
|-
|''[[Khiladi 786]]''
|7 December 2012
|SEMI HIT
|[[Ashish R Mohan]]
|-
|}

==Plot==
===Khiladi (1992)===
{{Main|Khiladi (1992 film)}}
Raj Malhotra ([[Akshay Kumar]]), Boney ([[Deepak Tijori]]), Sheetal Nath (Sabeeha) and Neelam Choudhary ([[Ayesha Jhulka]]) are four pranksters in their college. Raj is younger brother of Inspector Suresh Malhotra ([[Shakti Kapoor]]), Boney probably has no relatives, Sheetal is the daughter of minister Kailash Nath ([[Prem Chopra]]) while Neelam is rich heiress with her uncle ([[Anant Mahadevan]]) as her only living relative. Raj and Neelam are romantically involved.

Raj bets habitually and has not lost yet, but when he bets that he can extort money from Kailash, the remaining gang is sceptical. As per the bet, they make Kailash believe that Sheetal is kidnapped, while in reality they have housed themselves in a cottage outside Bombay belonging to Pillai ([[Johnny Lever]]). But when Sheetal is murdered mysteriously, the investigation is given to Suresh. Raj, Boney and Neelam try to clean their trail.

The group suspects that the avoidance of three fatal accidents may be more than just macabre coincidences, unaware that the problem is much bigger and sinister than they can ever imagine.

===Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994)===
{{Main|Main Khiladi Tu Anari}}

One of the most respected inspectors, Arjun Joglekar (Mukesh Khanna) is killed by drug dealer and gangster Goli (Shakti Kapoor). Mona (Shilpa Shetty), a cabaret singer and Goli's mistress, agrees to testify against Goli and is placed into witness protection by Inspector Karan (Akshay Kumar), Arjun's younger brother, who aims to fight any injustice and avenge his brother's murder. When Goli finds out about Mona's forthcoming testimonial which would expose his real identity, he tracks her down and kills her.

Deepak Kumar (Saif Ali Khan), who is the most romantic actor around, is frustrated with his roles and being type-caste as a [[romantic hero]]. He would like to do something different and bring some change and excitement to his dull and boring existence. To change his monotonous life, he gets drunk and drives around. He is arrested by the police, and brought to his rowdy producer. This is where he meets Karan and is very impressed with his assertiveness, courage, and honesty; Deepak would like to study his behavior so that he can use this as a background for his next movie.

Karan meets Basanti who looks identical to Mona. He promises to let Deepak hang around him if Deepak can get Basanti to act as Mona. Deepak trains Basanti and presents the new "Mona" to Karan. Karan places Basanti at the Moonlight Hotel as an amnesiac Mona, where she can report on Goli's criminal activities. That's how they uncover Goli eventually. While Karan and Mona fall in love with each other, Deepak falls in love with Karan's sister, Shivangi.

===Sabse Bada Khiladi (1995)===
{{Main|Sabse Bada Khiladi}}

Lallu (Akshay Kumar) is an orphan who was separated from his parents and his brother as a child and has been brought up by foster parents. He travels to Bombay to look for a job and starts working as a loyal servant for rich businessman Jamna Das (Avtar Gill). One day he discovers Jamna Das's daughter Sunita (Mamta Kulkarni) drunk in a nightclub and takes her home. Jamna Das realises how loyal Lallu is and how he never took advantage of Sunita in her drunken state decides they shall marry. Sunita immediately refuses as she is in love with Amit (Mohnish Behl). When Jamna Das suddenly dies of a heart attack, his will and testament reveals that Sunita must marry Lallu or she will not be entitled to any of his wealth and estate. Seeing no other option she marries Lallu but decides to have him killed with the help of Amit so that she can inherit all of her father's wealth. Sunita and Amit succeed in their plan to kill Lallu by poisoning him, putting him into a car, and crashing it to make it look like an accident. His death is considered suspicious, and the case is assigned to Inspector Vijay Kumar (also Akshay Kumar), who is a lookalike of the supposedly deceased Lallu.

===Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi (1996)===
{{Main|Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi}}

A criminal don, Maya (Rekha), hosts illegal wrestling matches in Canada ([[Toronto]]) and has the full support of the local Police Commissioner. Ajay Malhotra has relocated to Canada and has started his own orchestra with the help of some of his friends.

His brother, Akshay (Akshay Kumar), decides to visit him on hearing that he wants to marry his beloved in Canada; on the airplane he meets Priya (Raveena Tandon), and both fall in love. Once in the Russia, Akshay finds out that the police have a warrant for the arrest of Ajay and want to question him. Akshay's attempts to locate Ajay lands him with Maya, who happens to be Priya's sister. Apparently Maya is holding Ajay and will only release him after he hands over incriminating documents. Akshay soon wins Maya's confidence by rescuing her from attempts on her life made by King Don (Gulshan Grover), and Maya begins to like him and trust him. Akshay then proposes to her, to which Maya agrees, much to the disappointment of Priya.

Soon Akshay kills Maya's men when they get to know of his true identity. He also organises a fake kidnap drama with Ajay's friends, who kidnap him and demand that Maya come to meet them with Ajay. By now Maya realizes that Akshay is Ajay's brother and Priya actually loves Akshay. At the end, Maya commits suicide, and before dying she hands over her sister Priya to Akshay.

===Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi (1997)===
{{Main|Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi}}

When his astrologer uncle (Satish Kaushik) predicts a favorable future for Raja (Akshay Kumar), he decides to do nothing until the prediction comes true. When he meets Shalu (Juhi Chawla) the daughter of a millionaire (Kader Khan) he decides his predicted future has arrived. However his lazy lifestyle does not meet with his future father-in-law's standards, and he insists that Raja does some hard work for a change

===International Khiladi (1999)===
{{Main|International Khiladi}}

News Reporter Payal (Twinkle Khanna) and her camera-man have been assigned the task of interviewing the world's highest ranking criminal don, Rahul aka Devraj (Akshay Kumar), which they accept. In the process, Payal and Devraj fall in love with each other, much to the opposition of Bismillah (Mukesh Khanna), Devraj's guardian on one hand; and Police Inspector Amit (Rajat Bedi), and Payal's brother Ravi (Vivek Shaq) on the other. The result is that Ravi is killed; Devraj takes the blame, and is arrested. Payal testifies against him, and Devraj is sentenced to be hanged. When Bismillah finds about this plot tracks them down but Amit so as to save him and Payal kills him. But Devraj escapes from custody, and begins to plot vengeance against his enemies, including Payal, as well as the real killer of Ravi. As the story unfolds, it is revealed that Amit was the one who killed Ravi and joined Thakral to frame Devraj for it. But Amit later betrays Thakral and kills him. He then takes Payal on a flight where Devraj tracks him down and kills him. The story ends with Payal and Devraj's marriage.

===Khiladi 420 (2000)===
{{Main|Khiladi 420}}

Shyam Prasad Bhardwaj (Alok Nath) is a multi-millionaire industrialist, and his business is spread worldwide. He has a daughter, Ritu (Mahima Chaudhry), who is of marriageable age. He hires Dev Kumar (Akshay Kumar) to work for him, and is impressed with the way Dev handles himself. Shyam would like Ritu and Dev to get married. But days after the engagement, Shyam finds that Dev is a con man after his money, since he has taken debt from a criminal (Gulshan Grover).

Dev kills Shyam to bury the secret but Ritu's younger sister Riya sees this. The girl goes into a deep shock and since Dev is constantly watching her the secret cannot come out. Dev plans to kill her as well but Ritu gets an inkling of the truth somehow. Dev tries to kill Ritu on the night of their honeymoon, but Ritu manages to kill him. An afraid Ritu decides to hide Dev's body.

After hiding Dev's body, Ritu comes home. She gets the shock of her life to see Dev alive – and without a scratch on his body. Dev behaves as if nothing happened. Everyone in the home believes him to be Dev. Finally, when she is alone with him, Ritu confronts this new Dev. He tells that he is indeed Dev's twin brother Anand.

Anand explains that Dev had crooked ways, something which Dev disliked. The brothers separated. Dev called Anand just a week ago to tell that he has mended his ways and will soon marry. Dev came there meet Ritu. Dev had given all the information about Ritu and her family to Anand. That night, Anand came to meet Dev just after Ritu had killed him. Anand saw all the mess and realized that something had gone wrong.

But when he saw his ID, he realized that Anand was posing as Anand here. Now Dev was probably dead, for which he is grateful to Ritu as Anand might have had a plan to kill him along with her. Ritu and Anand kept this a secret. However, Inspector Rahul, an old friend of Ritu, became suspicious. Besides, Dev's girlfriend, whom Anand does not recognize, thinks that Dev has dumped her. Dev's another enemy is a criminal (Mukesh Rishi) who is also a rival of his money lender.

Ritu slowly starts falling for Anand, but Anand doesn't reciprocate the feelings. Anand has to live a double life – in front of the bad guys, he is Anand while in front of Ritu's family he is Dev. Rahul becomes suspicious that Ritu and Dev conspired to kill Shyam. To save Ritu, Dev takes the blame on his shoulders.

Meanwhile, when both the criminals try to get even with Dev, Rahul realizes that he has not seen a clear picture. Anand tells him the true story, which he reluctantly believes. As he cannot see an innocent man die, Rahul proposes that Dev can live only if Anand's dead body is found.

Anand escapes from custody as per Rahul's plans and retrieves his brother's body from the place where Ritu hid it. He wants the people to believe that the bad twin died in an accident after the escape while he is the good person. Dev's rivals unite and try to kill Anand. Dev's girlfriend dies in the melee after learning the truth. Anand succeeds in killing the villain. When Dev's body is found, the court closes the case. Anand is exonerated and reunited with Ritu.

===Khiladi 786 (2012)===
{{Main|Khiladi 786}}

Born to an owner of a marriage bureau Champak Lal ([[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]), Mansukh ([[Himesh Reshammiya]]) has been a complete failure ever since he has grown up and tried to help his father in their family business. All the alliances he had tried to get done have resulted in separation even before the marriage took place. One fine day Champak Lal gets fed-up of Mansukh and throws him out of the house. Helpless, he goes to his friend Jeevan ([[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]), who owns a coffin shop. Mansukh tells the whole story to Jeevan while drinking alcohol. Irritated with the drinking, Jeevan snatches and throws the bottle, which ends up breaking the glass of a windshield of a car.

The person driving the car was Indu Tendulkar ([[Asin|Asin Thottumkal]]), a brat, hot-headed girl who usually takes her wannabe husbands on a 'long drive', where she drives very rashly and crazily to drive away those guys. This was a similar case – Indu was taking Raj on a 'long drive' when the bottle broke her windshield which caused the car to crash into the tree. Raj, who is terrified, runs away. Indu points the gun at Mansukh and Jeevan, when some goons arrive. The goons tell Indu to get back home, before they ask Mansukh and Jeevan who they were and what they did for a living. The goons smile when they get to know that Mansukh is a marriage bureau.

The goons take them to the house of Tatya Tukaram Tendulkar, abbreviated as 'TTT' or 'TT' ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]), an infamous don against who the police could never find proof. TT gives Mansukh the ultimatum of getting Indu married within ten days, or they would lose their lives. On going back to Jeevan's shop, Jeevan starts panicking, while Mansukh calmly counts the advance payment that they just got. On Jeevan asking if there was any man who would be ready to marry Indu, Mansukh says that there is, and his name was 'Bahattar Singh'.

Bahattar, which literally means '72', was police officer in a small village of Punjab called 'Taasi'. He was strong, swift and agile enough to beat up an entire gang of smugglers alone. He always helped people, which earned him the title 'Khiladi'; On his hand the number '786' was inscribed, which means that he is blessed by Allah or God, thus earning him the name 'Khiladi 786'. But there was one problem in his life – no girl was ever ready to marry him, even though his father Sattar '70' Singh ([[Raj Babbar]]), and his uncle Ikhattar '71' Singh ([[Mukesh Rishi]]) never lost hope. They had a Canadian and a Chinese wife respectively, while their mother (Bahattar's paternal grandmother) was African. Both of them were also police officers. Ikhattar's son was Chauhattar '74' Singh, because Tihattar '73' Singh, Bahattar's younger brother, got lost in a fair as a young child.

So when Mansukh knocks on the door with an alliance for Bahattar, everyone jumps in joy. But when Sattar asks Mansukh the family background of Indu, he says that her brother TT was in the police just like them, in hesitation. But the truth was that Bahattar's family was not in the police either – they just used to behave as if they were by wearing uniforms given by Jugnu Singh ([[Shubham Singh]]), a family friend. So when they heard that TT was in the police, they were in panic as well. But they stay quiet, for the sake of Bahattar's wedding.

Bahattar and his family set out for Mumbai, the place where TT lived. Meanwhile, Mansukh is preparing TT to act as a police officer, and TT is ready to do that, because he wanted a crime-free family for Indu, and he didn't know that eve Bahattar's family were actually conmen. Indu was not happy on the arrival of Bahattar, but Bahattar mistakes it as if she overjoyed to see him. Indu, wanting to take him on a 'long drive', asks him to go out for the same. But Bahattar is calm even though she drives crazily. Instead, Indu gets terrified when Bahattar starts driving, as he drives worse than her.

To make her happy, Bahattar takes her to a disco. But there she reveals to him that she has a boyfriend, Azad Reddy ([[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]]), who was in jail. A heartbroken Bahattar promises Indu to get Azad out of jail to make her happy. On doing so, Bahattar tells Indu that he is not a police officer, and Indu tells the same about TT. While Bahattar and Indu are talking. Azad shows attitude towards Indu, for which Indu realizes his character and chooses Bahattar over Azad.

On the wedding day, according to the Hindu tradition, the couple is supposed to take seven rounds around a fire to complete the wedding. But after only six rounds, Azad kidnaps Indu from the ceremony to take revenge. Bahattar and TT fight their way through Azad's goons and rescue Indu. Just as they are about to take the seventh round, a police officer arrives, who turns out to be none other than Tihattar Singh ([[Akshay Kumar]]). The family reunites and Indu and Bahattar get married. Champak Lal also arrives there to bless his son, who just completed his first wedding. The film ends with Bahattar and Indu celebrating their wedding with the song 'Hookah Bar'.

==Principal cast==
This table lists the main characters who appear in the Khiladi Franchise.
<blockquote class="toccolours" style="text-align:justify; width:95%; float:center; padding:5px 6px 6px; display:table;">
{{center|'''List indicator'''}}
*A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
</blockquote>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Actor/Actress
! colspan="8" |Film
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995)
! width:10%;"|''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996)
! width:10%;"|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]'' (1997)
! width:10%;"|''[[International Khiladi]]'' (1999)
! width:10%;"|''[[Khiladi 420]]'' (2000)
! width:10%;"|''[[Khiladi 786]]'' (2012)
|-
! [[Akshay Kumar]]
|Raj Malhotra
|Karan Joglekar
|Inspector Vijay Kumar / Lallu
|Akshay Malhotra
|Rajant "Raja" Kapoor / Mr. Khiladi
|Rahul / Devraj
|Dev Kumar Malhotra / Anand Kumar Malhotra
|Bahattar Singh / Tehattar Singh
|-
![[Johnny Lever]]
|Anna Pillai
|Dhansukh
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|bandaged patient
|Focus
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Bhalerao Kambli
|-
![[Shakti Kapoor]]
| Suresh Malhotra
| Goli
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Ayesha Jhulka]]
| Neelam Choudhary
| colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Deepak Tijori]]
|Boney
| colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
!Sabeeha
| Sheetal Nath
| colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Prem Chopra]]
| Kailash Nath
| colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
! [[Anant Mahadevan]]
| Neelam's uncle
| Himself
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Saif Ali Khan]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
| Deepak Kumar
| colspan="6" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
![[Shilpa Shetty]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Mona / Basanti
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Rageshwari]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Shivangi
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
! [[Mukesh Khanna]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
| Arjun Joglekar
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Bismillah
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Kader Khan]]
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Ram Lal / Commissioner
|colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Badri Prasad
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Gulshan Grover]]
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Inspector K.Kada
|King Don
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Thakral
|Bhai
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Mamta Kulkarni]]
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Sunita Das
| colspan=5 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Mohnish Behl]]
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Amit Singh Choudhury
| colspan=5 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Avtar Gill]]
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Jamna Das
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
| Defence Lawyer
|colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]]
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
| Amar Singh Choudhary
| colspan=5 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Raveena Tandon]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|herself (cameo)
| style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Priya
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Rekha]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Madam Maya
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Inder Kumar]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Ajay Malhotra
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Brian Lee (wrestler)|Brian Lee]]
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|The Undertaker
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Juhi Chawla]]
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Shalu Prasad
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Paresh Rawal]]
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Pratap Prasad
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Himani Shivpuri]]
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
| Raja's mother
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Satish Kaushik]]
| colspan=4 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Chanda Mama
| colspan=3 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Twinkle Khanna]]
| colspan=5 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Payal
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
! [[Rajat Bedi]]
| colspan=5 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Amit
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Vivek Shauq]]
| colspan=5 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Ravi
| colspan=2 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Mahima Chaudhry]]
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Ritu Bhardwaj
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Antara Mali]]
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Monica D'Souza
|style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|-
![[Mukesh Rishi]]
| colspan=6 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Bhai
|Ikhatar Singh
|-
![[Asin]]
| colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Indu Tendulkar
|-
![[Mithun Chakraborty]]
| colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Tatya Tukaram Tendulkar
|-
![[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Mansukh Desai
|-
![[Raj Babbar]]
|colspan=7 style="background:#D3D3D3;"|
|Sattar Singh
|-
|}

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="90%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="8" | Film
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995)
! width:10%;"|''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996)
! width:10%;"|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]'' (1997)
! width:10%;"|''[[International Khiladi]]'' (1999)
! width:10%;"|''[[Khiladi 420]]'' (2000)
! width:10%;"|''[[Khiladi 786]]'' (2012)
|-
! Director
|[[Abbas–Mustan]]
|Sameer Malkan
| colspan="2" |[[Umesh Mehra]]
|[[David Dhawan]]
|Umesh Mehra
|[[Neeraj Vora]]
|[[Ashish R Mohan]]
|-
! Producer(s)
|Girish Jain [[Champak Jain]]
|[[Champak Jain]]
| colspan="5" |[[Keshu Ramsay]]
|[[Twinkle Khanna]] Himesh Reshammiya Sunil Lulla
|-
! Screenplay
|Naeem-Ejaz Aadesh K. Arjun
|rowspan=2| [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
|Umesh Mehra [[Ved Prakash Sharma]]
|Umesh Mehra Anand S. Vardhan
|Rumi Jaffery
|rowspan=2| [[Ved Prakash Sharma]]
|rowspan=2|[[Uttam Gada]]
|Kushal Ved Bakshi
|-
! Story
|S. Khan
|Ved Prakash Sharma
|Umesh Mehra
|[[P. Kalaimani]]
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
! Cinematography
|Thomas Xavier
|Akram Khan
|S. Pappu
|Peter Pereira
|K.S. Prakash Rao
|S. Pappu
|Monu Gupta
|[[Attar Singh Saini]]
|-
! Editor
|Hussain A. Burmawala
|Suresh Chaturvedi
|colspan=2| Kamal Saigal
| A. Muthu
|Kamal Saigal
|Mohammed Ashfaque
|Bunty Nagi
|-
! Composer(s)
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|rowspan=2| [[Anu Malik]]
|[[Rajesh Roshan]]
|Anu Malik
|rowspan=2| Anu Malik
|rowspan=2| [[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
|Sanjeev-Darshan
|rowspan=2| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
! Background Score
|Ramesh Iyer Pradeep Lad
| colspan="2" |[[Raju Singh]]
|[[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
|-
|}

==Soundtrack==
===Khiladi===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Length
|-
| 1
| "Wada Raha Sanam"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 06:02
|-
| 2
| "Khud Ko Kya Samajhti Hai"
| Abhijeet, [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| 06:35
|-
| 3
| "Hoke Mann Aaj Magan"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], Abhijeet, Udit Narayan
| 05:07
|-
| 4
| "Kya Khabar Thi Jaana"
| Asha Bhosle, Abhijeet
| 05:00
|-
| 5
| "Dekha Teri Mast"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Kumar Sanu]]
| 05:48
|-
| 6
| "Tu Shama Main Parwana Tera"
| Abhijeet, [[Alisha Chinai]]
| 07:20
|}

===Main Khiladi Tu Anari===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
!#!!Song !! Singer(s)!! Notes
|-
| 1
| "Chura Ke Dil Mera"
| [[Kumar Sanu]] & [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Picturised on [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]]
|-
| 2
| "Zara Zara"
| Kumar Sanu & Alka Yagnik
| Picturised on [[Saif Ali Khan]] & [[Rageshwari]]
|-
| 3
| "Zuban Khamosh"
| Kumar Sanu & Alka Yagnik
| Picturised on Akshay Kumar and Shilpa Shetty
|-
| 4
| "Lakhon Haseen"
| [[Asha Bhosle]] & [[Kumar Sanu]]
| Not included in the film.
|-
| 5
| "Hoton Pe Tera Naam"
| [[Pankaj Udhas]]
|
|-
| 6
| "Dil Ka Darwaza"
| Alka Yagnik
| Picturised on Shilpa Shetty
|-
| 7
| "My Adorable Darling"
| [[Anu Malik]] & [[Alisha Chinai]]
| Picturised on Saif Ali Khan & [[Raveena Tandon]]
|-
| 8
| "Main Khiladi Tu Anari"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Udit Narayan]] & Anu Malik
| Picturised on Akshay Kumar & Saif Ali Khan
|}

===Sabse Bada Khiladi===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)

|-
| Bholi Bhali Ladki
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| Har Dil Main Hai Rab Bastaa
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| Mukaala Mukaabla
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| Zehar Hain Ke Pyar Hain Tera Chumma
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| Bharo Maang Meri Bharo
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], Jyoti
|}

===Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi===
The film soundtrack contains 7 songs composed by [[Anu Malik]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Singer(s)
|-
|''Tu Kaun Hai Tera Naam Kya''
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|''Aaj Meri Zindagi''
|Babul Supriyo, [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|''In The Night No Control''
|Sumitra
|-
|''Itna Mujhe Pata Hai''
|[[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|''Maa Sherawaliye''
|[[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|''Mera Baba Shahi Fakir''
|Bali Brahmabhatt
|-
|''Tu Waaqif Nahi Meri Deewangi Se''
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|}

===Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1
| "Akela Hai Mr. Khiladi"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 06:24
|-
| 2
| "Mujhe Hero Ban Jaane De"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|
|-
| 3
| "Jumme Ke Jumme"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| 07:11
|-
| 4
| "Jab Naukri Milegi"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|
|-
| 5
| "Samosa Mein Aaloo"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
| 05:26
|-
| 6
| "Hum Total Fida Tumpeh"
| [[Anu Malik]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| 06:56
|-
| 7
| "Tu Kya Bangala Banaayega"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|}

===International Khiladi===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Length

|-
| 1
| "Lutiya Gaya"
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Jaspinder Narula]]
| 04:24
|-
| 2
| "Saiyan Saiyan"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| 03:30
|-
| 3
| "International Khiladi"
| Sonu Nigam
| 04:11
|-
| 4
| "Halka Halka Dard Hai"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Alka Yagnik
| 05:07
|-
| 5
| "Kudi Kanwari"
| Alka Yagnik, [[Roop Kumar Rathod]], [[Johnny Lever]], Bela Sulakhe
| 06:31
|-
| 6
| "Yaar Maine Ek Sapna Dekha"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
| 05:20
|-
| 7
| "Chookar Mere Man Ko"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| 06:06
|}

===Khiladi 420===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| Batiyan Bujado
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| Dheere Dheere Sanam
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
| Dil Le Le Dil De De
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| Jagte Hain Hum
| [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| Kaisa Yeh Pyar Hai
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|}

===Khiladi 786===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Lonely
| extra1 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| length1 = 04:09
| title2 = Balma
| extra2 = [[Mynampati Sreeram Chandra]] & [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics2 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| length2 = 03:49
| title3 = Long Drive
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]]
| lyrics3 = Sameer
| length3 = 04:29
| title4 = Sari Sari Raat
| extra4 = Himesh Reshammiya
| lyrics4 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length4 = 05:31
| title5 = Hookah Bar
| extra5 = Himesh Reshammiya, Vineet Singh & Aman Trikha
| lyrics5 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length5 = 04:15
| title6 = Khiladi (Title Track)
| extra6 = Vineet Singh, Aman Trikha, Yashraj Kapil, Alam Gir Khan & Rajdeep Chatterjee
| lyrics6 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length6 = 04:15
| title7 = Tu Hoor Pari
| extra7 = [[Javed Ali]], Shreya Ghoshal, Chandrakala Singh & [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| lyrics7 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length7 = 05:25
| title8 = Lonely (Remix)
| extra8 = Himesh Reshammiya, Honey Singh, [[Hamsika Iyer]]
| lyrics8 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length8 = 04:02
| title9 = Hookah Bar (Remix)
| extra9 = Himesh Reshammiya, Vineet Singh & Aman Trikha
| lyrics9 = Himesh Reshammiya
| length9 = 03:23
| title10 = Long Drive (Bhangra Mix)
| extra10 = Mika Singh
| lyrics10 = Sameer
| length10 = 03:14
| title11 = Balma (Remix)
| extra11 = Mynampati Sreeram Chandra & Shreya Ghoshal
| lyrics11 = Sameer
| length11 = 04:31
| title12 = Khiladi (Remix)
| extra12 = Vineet Singh, Aman Trikha, Yashraj Kapil, Alam Gir Khan & Rajdeep Chatterjee
| lyrics12 = Shabbir Ahmed
| length12 = 04:05
}}Khiladi vs Khiladi (2023)
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hookah Bar 2.O
| length1 = 4:21
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| music1 = Tanishk Bagchi
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Dev Negi]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Ikka]]
| title2 = Khiladi (Title Track)
| length2 = 3:09
| lyrics2 = [[Sameer]]
| music2 = Himesh Reshammiya
| extra2 = [[Daler Mehndi]]
| title3 = Kathak To Bhangra
| length3 = 4:17
| lyrics3 = Sameer
| music3 = Himesh Reshammiya
| extra3 = [[Harrdy Sandhu]], Neha Kakkar
| title4 = Long Drive
| length4 = 3:24
| lyrics4 = Tanishk Bagchi
| music4 = Tanishk Bagchi
| extra4 = [[Darshan Raval]], [[Prakriti Kakar]]
| title5 = Aao Rama
| length5 = 3:21
| lyrics5 = Tanishk Bagchi
| music5 = Tanishk Bagchi
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Lisa Mishra]]
| title6 = Jagnu Ki
| length6 = 3:42
| lyrics6 = Himesh Reshammiya
| music6 = Himesh Reshammiya
| extra6 = [[Jass Manak]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| title7 = Derenara
| length7 = 4:00
| lyrics7 = Deepika Dutta Kalita
| music7 = Tanishk Bagchi
| extra7 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Tanishk Bagchi, [[Vibha Saraf]]
}}

==Stunts==
Akshay Kumar has performed numerous risky [[stunts]] in these films. Kumar, who has a background in [[martial arts]], is famed for performing his own stunts in his films, and is also an avid [[extreme sports]] enthusiast. His stunts in the film series have drawn comparisons to [[Jackie Chan]].<ref name="timesnow">{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar Birthday: 5 crazy stunts by the Khiladi of Bollywood that will blow your mind |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/akshay-kumar-birthday-5-crazy-stunts-by-the-khiladi-of-bollywood-that-will-blow-your-mind-watch-video-bollywood-news/282088 |accessdate=12 March 2019 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=9 September 2018 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125223130/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/akshay-kumar-birthday-5-crazy-stunts-by-the-khiladi-of-bollywood-that-will-blow-your-mind-watch-video-bollywood-news/282088 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sabse Bada Khiladi===
In ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'', Akshay converted an airbase into his action playground during the climax of Sabse Bada Khiladi. Towards the end of the film, which involves car chases and fight scenes, Kumar performs various other stunts. During the finale, he is seen being chased by a car, dodging bullets, jumping off buildings, and climbing wall.

===Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi===
''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' boasts of countless jaw dropping stunts – Akshay vs Undertaker fights (Kumar even broke his back while lifting 'The Phenom' during the pre-climax setting at the temple); Street Fight sequence which had Akshay playing with his favorite 'Flying Kicks' Roof blowing climax where Akshay jumps from a bridge and gets crushed under an over craft . But the best is this martial art sequence where Akshay does a full split and kills Dang.

===Khiladi 420===
In ''[[Khiladi 420]]'', Akshay Kumar performed some of his most dangerous stunts during a scene in the film. During one scene, in Kumar's own words: "I had to catch this running plane and climb it. People are scared of sitting inside a plane, and like a stupid man I am standing on top of a plane. And then I'm supposed to jump from that plane, after it is a thousand feet up in the air, onto a hot air balloon. I did it in one shot."<ref>Stacey Yount, [http://bollyspice.com/view.php/969-akshay-kumar-on-filmi-things.html Akshay Kumar on Filmi things] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409054822/http://bollyspice.com/view.php/969-akshay-kumar-on-filmi-things.html |date= 9 April 2009 }}, BollySpice, 2 March 2008</ref> The stunt has been compared to Jackie Chan,<ref name="timesnow"/> who performed a similar hot air balloon stunt in ''[[Armour of God (film)|Armour of God]]'' (1986).

Towards the end of the film, which involves car chases and fight scenes, Kumar performs various other stunts. During the finale, he is seen being chased by a car, dodging bullets, jumping off buildings, and climbing walls.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar's Top 5 Stunts|publisher=[[DesiHits]]|url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/akshay-kumar-s-top-5-stunts-20100616|accessdate=2011-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230148/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/akshay-kumar-s-top-5-stunts-20100616|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Khiladi 786===
Akshay performed a dangerous stunt where he jumped from a balcony of a bungalow of about 45 feet without any cables, wires or body-doubles. The only thing to soften his jump were some mattresses and card-boxes. The action sequences of the film have been provided by Jal Singh Nijjar. He showed his daredevil nature by ditching the safety measures and expertly diving onto the surrounding boxes and mattresses placed below. Risky yet spontaneous Akshay said his experience was 'Thrilling with lots of fun'.

==Commercial performance==
===Box office===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Worldwide gross revenue
! Adjusted gross revenue ({{Estimation}})
!Domestic footfalls ({{Estimation}} ticket sales)
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
| 1992
| {{sort|03.75|}} {{INR|link=yes}}3.75{{nbsp}}[[crore]] ({{US$|{{#expr:37.5/25.918 round 2}} million|long=no}})
| {{sort|064.43|}} {{INRConvert|64.43|c}}
|{{Nowrap|{{#expr:37.5/8.45 round 1}} million}}+
| <ref>{{cite web |date=August 2017 |title=Akshay Kumar Hits, Flops, Blockbusters : Box Office Analysis |url=http://www.talkingmoviez.com/akshay-kumar-hits-flops-blockbusters-box-office-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023741/http://www.talkingmoviez.com/akshay-kumar-hits-flops-blockbusters-box-office-analysis/ |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=TalkingMoviez }}</ref><ref name="currency">{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2000&locations=IN&start=1992 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=16 February 2019 |archive-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142417/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2000&locations=IN&start=1992 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|1993 inflation rate of 17.18 times: ''[[Darr]]''{{'}}s domestic [[Net income|nett]] of {{INR}}10.73 crore in 1993 equivalent to {{INR}}184.37 crore in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Darr|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3320|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=18 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163411/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3320|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{Efn|See {{Section link|Box office|Average ticket price}}.}}
|-
| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
| 1994
| {{INR}}13.84{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:138.4/31.374 round 2}} million|long=no}})
| {{INRConvert|180.47|c}}
|11.092 million
| <ref name="anari">{{cite web|title=Main Khiladi Tu Anari|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3074|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=28 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128155227/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3074|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="currency"/>{{efn|Inflation rate of 13.04 times: {{INR}}7.88{{nbsp}}crore domestic nett equivalent to {{INR}}102.73{{nbsp}}crore in 2016.<ref name="anari"/>}}
|-
| ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]''
| 1995
| {{INR}}16.06{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:160.6/32.427 round 1}} million|long=no}})
| {{INRConvert|188.22|c}}
|11.897 million
| <ref name="sabse">{{cite web|title=Sabse Bada Khiladi|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2988|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124102330/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2988|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="currency"/>{{efn|Inflation rate of 11.72 times: {{INR}}9.4{{nbsp}}crore domestic nett equivalent to {{INR}}110.19{{nbsp}}crore in 2016.<ref name="sabse"/>}}
|-
| ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
| 1996
| {{INR}}25.16{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:251.6/35.433 round 2}} million|long=no}})
| {{INRConvert|259.9|c}}
|16.042 million
| <ref name="Khiladiyon">{{cite web|title=Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2793|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121212552/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2793|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="currency"/>{{efn|Inflation rate of 10.33 times: {{INR}}14.39{{nbsp}}crore domestic nett equivalent to {{INR}}148.58{{nbsp}}crore in 2016.<ref name="Khiladiyon"/>}}
|-
| ''[[Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi]]''
| 1997
| {{INR}}16.75{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:167.5/36.313 round 2}} million|long=no}})
| {{INRConvert|141.04|c}}
|8.515 million
| <ref name="Mrs">{{cite web|title=Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2641|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211173645/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2641|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="currency"/>{{efn|Inflation rate of 8.42 times: {{INR}}9.37{{nbsp}}crore domestic nett equivalent to {{INR}}78.87{{nbsp}}crore in 2016.<ref name="Mrs"/>}}
|-
| ''[[International Khiladi]]''
| 1999
| {{INR}}16.19{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:161.9/43.055 round 1}} million|long=no}})
| {{INRConvert|125.31|c}}
|7.419 million
| <ref name="International">{{cite web|title=International Khiladi|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2444|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129123624/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2444|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="currency"/>{{efn|Inflation rate of 7.74 times: {{INR}}8.88{{nbsp}}crore domestic nett equivalent to {{INR}}68.71{{nbsp}}crore in 2016.<ref name="International"/>}}
|-
| ''[[Khiladi 420]]''
| 2000
| {{INR}}10.2{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:102/44.94 round 1}} million|long=no}})
| {{sort|067.22|}} {{INRConvert|67.22|c}}
|4.095 million
| <ref name="Khiladi420">{{cite web|title=Khiladi 420|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=748|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129130007/http://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=748|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="currency"/>{{efn|Inflation rate of 6.59 times: {{INR}}5.76{{nbsp}}crore domestic nett equivalent to {{INR}}37.93{{nbsp}}crore in 2016.<ref name="Khiladi420"/>}}
|-
| ''[[Khiladi 786]]''
| 2012
| {{INR}}97.05{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{To USD|970.5|IND|year=2012}} million|long=no}})
| {{INRConvert|155|c}}
|9.432 million
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Khiladi 786|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1199|website=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=23 November 2017|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222958/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1199|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|{{INRConvert|97.05|c|year=2012}}.}}
|-
! Total
!
! {{INR}}{{#expr:3.75+13.84+16.06+25.16+16.75+16.19+10.2+97.05}}{{nbsp}}crore ({{US$|{{#expr:46.83}} million|long=no}})
! {{INRConvert|{{#expr:64.43+180.47+188.22+259.9+141.04+125.31+67.22+155}}|c}}
!72.892 million+
!
|}

;Notes
{{Notelist}}

===Soundtrack albums===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | Soundtrack album
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Sales
! scope="col" | Source
|-
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''
| 1992
| 3,000,000
| <ref>{{cite journal|title=Business Today|journal=Business Today|date=1993|volume=2|issue=9–16|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr4SAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Living Media India Ltd.|language=en|quote=''Khiladi'' has sold over 30 lakh copies.}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
| 1994
| {{formatnum:{{#expr:(3200000+3500000)/2}}|}}
| <ref name="indiatoday94">{{cite news |title=Bollywood hinges on Hindi film music industry, fans soak up wacky new sounds |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19941115-bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds-809899-1994-10-31 |accessdate=17 July 2013 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 November 1994 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210235428/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19941115-bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds-809899-1994-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]''
| 1996
| 2,000,000
| <ref name="boi90s">{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1990-1999 (Figures in Units)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=2 January 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5|archivedate=2 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! Total
!
! {{formatnum:{{#expr:3000000+3350000+2000000}}|}}
!
|}

==Television series==
{{Main|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi is an Indian stunt/dare reality game show based on Fear Factor. The series was first launched as Fear Factor India on Sony TV in 2006; however, the channel discontinued the series after one season. The channel gave up its rights to Colors and the series was relaunched as Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi on 21 July 2008.

Each season of the show has been hosted by popular Bollywood stars. The first two seasons were hosted by [[Akshay Kumar]]. He was replaced by former Miss World and actress [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the third season due to scheduling conflicts. However, Akshay Kumar was hired again for the fourth season. For season 5, film director [[Rohit Shetty]] replaced Akshay Kumar as his wife Twinkle's delivery was due around the same time. For season 7, film actor [[Arjun Kapoor]] replaced Rohit Shetty.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | Seasons
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 1)|1]] (2008)
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 2)|2]] (2009)
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 3)|3]] (2010)
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 4)|4]] (2011)
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 5)|5]] (2014)
! scope="col" style="width:7%;" | [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 6)|6]] (2015)
! [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7|7]] (2016)
! [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8|8]] (2017)
! [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9|9]] (2019)
! [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10|10]] (2020)
![[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi – Made in India|Made in India]] (2020)
! [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11|11]] (2021)
|-
! scope="row" | Host
| colspan="2" |[[Akshay Kumar]]
| [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| [[Akshay Kumar]]
| colspan="2"| [[Rohit Shetty]]
| [[Arjun Kapoor]]
| colspan="5" |[[Rohit Shetty]]
|-
! scope="row" | Winner
| [[Nethra Raghuraman]]
| [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]
| [[Aarti Chhabria]]
| [[Rajneesh Duggal]]
| [[Aashish Chaudhary]]
| [[Sidharth Shukla]]
| [[Shantanu Maheshwari]]
| [[Punit Pathak]]
|[[Karishma Tanna]]
|[[Nia Sharma]]
|[[Arjun Bijlani]]
|-
! scope="row" | Runner-up
| [[Urvashi Sharma]]
| [[Jesse Randhawa]]
| [[Ritwik Bhattacharya]]
| [[Mauli Dave]]
| [[Gurmeet Choudhary]]
| [[Meiyang Chang]]
| [[Sana Saeed]]
| [[Hina Khan]]
| [[Aditya Narayan]]
<onlyinclude>
|[[Karan Patel]]
|[[Karan Wahi]]
|[[Divyanka Tripathi]]
|}
</onlyinclude>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Khiladi series}}

[[Category:Action film franchises]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]

Indian Women's League 2

2026-03-29T21:02:14Z

Nisha Lakra: New New Details From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian Women's professional football league}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Indian Women's League 2
| logo = Indian Women's League 2.svg
| logo_size =
| country = India
| organiser = [[All India Football Federation|All India Football Federation (AIFF)]]
| confed = [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2023}}
| first = [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
| teams = 14
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League]]
| relegation = [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
| levels = [[Indian football league system|2]]
| domestic cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] (1st title)
| most_champs = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]] (1 title each)
| tv = AIFF ([[YouTube]])
| website = [https://indianfootballleague.in/ indianfootballleague.in]
| current = [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2]]
}}

The '''Indian Women's League 2''' (abbreviated as '''IWL 2''') is the second-tier professional [[women's association football|women's]] [[women's football in India|football league]] in the [[Indian football league system]].<ref name="iwl2">{{Cite web |title=AIFF League Committee recommends promotion-relegation system for IWL |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-recommends-promotion-relegation-system-for-iwl |website=www.the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119140403/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-recommends-promotion-relegation-system-for-iwl |url-status=live }}</ref> The competition was established in 2023, with its first season starting in 2024. It was launched as India’s first national second-tier professional women’s football league, positioned below the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AIFF League committee announce I-League direct entry bidders and revamped league structure for IWL |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-indian-football-aiff-league-committee-meeting |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Khel Now |language=English |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613201503/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-indian-football-aiff-league-committee-meeting |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Football: Five bids received for direct entry into I-League 2023-24 season |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/football-five-bids-received-for-direct-entry-into-i-league-2023-24-season-123061300897_1.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614212249/https://www.business-standard.com/sports/football-news/football-five-bids-received-for-direct-entry-into-i-league-2023-24-season-123061300897_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="aiff">{{Cite web |title=AIFF League Committee meeting chaired online by Lalnghinglova Hmar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meeting-chaired-online-by-lalnghinglova-hmar |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216165348/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meeting-chaired-online-by-lalnghinglova-hmar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF officials hold discussions with Hero I-League, Hero IWL clubs |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-officials-hold-discussions-with-hero-i-league-hero-iwl-clubs |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=23 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723145818/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-officials-hold-discussions-with-hero-i-league-hero-iwl-clubs |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The league was launched by [[All India Football Federation]] as India's first national women's second tier professional football league.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name="aiff"/> In January 2024, the League Committee confirmed the introduction of the system of promotion and relegation of the clubs involving the IWL and IWL 2, effective from the 2024–25 season.<ref name="iwl2"/>

==Format==
The inaugural season constituted of 24 clubs which qualified through state leagues as well as being nominated by the Member State Associations. The Group stage consisted of the clubs which will be divided into five groups of three each and each club playing their opponents in their respective group once in a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with the winners of every group proceeding to the Final Round. The Final Round will constitute of a single-leg round-robin format, with the top two teams gaining promotion to the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF League Committee meets over IWL 2 details |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meets-over-iwl-2-details |website=www.the-aiff.com |publisher=AIFF |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=18 May 2025 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427122723/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-league-committee-meets-over-iwl-2-details |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IWL 2: Tuem look to make a mark on debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/iwl-2-tuem-look-to-make-a-mark-on-debut/articleshow/108717580.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 March 2024 }}</ref>

==Media coverage==
The matches are broadcast by [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]], SportsKPI on their official [[YouTube]] channels.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Period
! TV telecast
! Online streaming
|-
| 2023–present
|
| [[YouTube]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Women’s League (IWL) & IWL 2|url=https://theawayend.co/indian-womens-league/|access-date=2 October 2025|website=The Away End}}</ref>
|}

==Clubs==
{{see|2025–26 Indian Women's League 2}}
{{location map+|India3|float=right|width=350|alt=Locations of the IWL 2 teams [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Group A [[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] Group B [[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] Group C|caption=Locations of the IWL 2 clubs [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Group A [[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] Group B [[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] Group C|places=


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=20.287967 |long=85.823808 |label_size=90 |label=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] |position=bottom}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=19.0760 |long=72.8777 |label_size=90 |mark=Red pog.svg |label={{nowrap|[[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]}} |position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=23.33|long=77.8 |label_size=90 |mark=Red pog.svg |label={{nowrap|DFA Raisen}} |position=top}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.5275 |long=77.0441 |label_size=90 |mark=Black pog.svg |label='''{{nowrap|New Delhi}}''' |position=bottom}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=15.00 |long=85.50 |label_size=90 |label='''{{nowrap|[[New Delhi]] clubs:}}''' [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] Juba Sangha {{nowrap|[[File:Green pog.svg|8px]] [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]}} |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=18.672|long=78.094|mark=Green pog.svg |label_size=90|label={{nowrap|DKR}}|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=11.06194|long=76.0271|mark=Green pog.svg |label_size=90|label={{nowrap|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]}}|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=18.5204 |long=73.8567 |label_size=80 |mark=Green pog.svg |label={{nowrap|[[Krida Prabodhini FC|Krida Prabodhini]]}} |position=bottom}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.83|long=93.43|mark=Green pog.svg |label_size=90|label={{nowrap|KASA Girls}}|position=left}}


{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label_size=90 |mark=Yellow pog.svg |label={{nowrap|[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]]}} |position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=21.2514|long=81.6296|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label_size=80 |label={{nowrap|MGM Ambush}}|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=24.8074|long=93.9384|mark=Yellow pog.svg|label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|Imphal}}|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.9716 |long=77.5946 |label_size=90 |mark=Black pog.svg |label='''{{nowrap|Bengaluru}}''' |position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=10.00 |long=85.50 |label_size=90 |label='''{{nowrap|[[Bengaluru]] clubs:}}''' [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Roots FC|Roots]] {{nowrap|[[File:Yellow pog.svg|8px]] [[Kemp FC|Kemp]]}} |position=right}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Club
! City
! State/Region
|-
! colspan="3"|Group A
|-
| [[Roots FC|Roots]] (host)
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| [[Odisha FC (women)|Odisha]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Odisha]]
|-
| [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| DFA Raisen
| [[Raisen]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| Juba Sangha FC
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Group B
|-
| [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] (host)
| [[Malappuram]]
| [[Kerala]]
|-
| KASA Girls FC
| [[Diphu]]
| [[Assam]]
|-
| [[HOPS FC|HOPS]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
|-
| [[Krida Prabodhini FC|Krida Prabodhini]]
| [[Pune]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
|-
| DKR Football Academy
| [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
|-
! colspan="3"|Group C
|-
| [[Kemp FC|Kemp]] (host)
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
|-
| MGM Ambush FC
| [[Raipur]]
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
| FC Imphal
| [[Imphal]]
| [[Manipur]]
|-
| [[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
|}

==All time clubs==

===All time clubs to play in the IWL 2===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Club !! Location !! No. of seasons !! First {{Abbr|app|appearance}} !! Last {{Abbr|app|appearance}} !! Best finish
|-
|AIPL FC
|[[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|5th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|CASA Barwani SC
|[[Barwani]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|align=center |2
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|5th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|Celtic Queens FC
|[[Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|4th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|City Bahadurgarh FC
|[[Bahadurgarh]], [[Haryana]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|4th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
|[[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]]
|align=center |2
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|'''Champions''' ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|[[Indian Arrows]]
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|Runners-up ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC (women)|Inter Kashi]]
|[[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|4th in group stage ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|Khad FC
|[[Una, Himachal Pradesh|Una]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|4th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[Krida Prabodhini FC|Krida Prabodhini]]
|[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|align=center |3
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|''[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]''
|4th in final round ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|[[Liberty Ladies FC|Liberty Ladies]]
|[[Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|4th in group stage ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|MGM Ambush
|[[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|align=center |2
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|''[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]''
|4th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]], [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]])
|-
|[[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]]
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|align=center |3
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|''[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]''
|3rd in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|[[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]
|[[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|Runners-up ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|5th in group stage ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|[[Pudhuvai Unicorns FC|Pudhuvai Unicorns]]
|[[Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|align=center |2
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|4th in final round ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[Roots FC|Roots]]
|[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|align=center |2
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|''[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]''
|5th in final round ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|[[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]]
|[[Sanquelim]], [[Goa]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|3rd in final round ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|SAI Kokrajhar
|[[Kokrajhar]], [[Assam]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|4th in group stage ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[Government of Gujarat|Sports Authority of Gujarat]]
|[[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]]
|align=center |2
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|6th in final round ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|'''Champions''' ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]]
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|align=center |2
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|''[[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2|2025–26]]''
|3rd in group stage ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|-
|FC Tuem
|[[Pernem]], [[Goa]]
|align=center |2
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|5th in final round ([[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]])
|-
|[[Tungabhadra FC|Tungabhadra]]
|[[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|align=center |1
| colspan=2 align=center |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|2nd in group stage ([[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]])
|}

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;font-size:90%;float:center"
|+ '''IWL 2 results'''
!width="75" | Season
!width="125" style="background:gold"| Champions
!width="125" style="background:silver"|Runner-up
!width="125" style="background:#c96"|Third place
|-
| align="center" |[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
| [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]]
| [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]
| [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
|-
| align="center" |[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
| [[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
| [[Indian Arrows]]
| [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa FA]]
|}

==Records==

===Top scorers by season===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Season
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Shruti Kumari
|[[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
|10
|-
|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lhingdeikim Kipgen]]
|[[Garhwal United FC|Garhwal United]]
|12
|}

==See also==
*[[Football in India]]
*[[Women's football in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://i-league.org/fixtures-page/iwl-2/ IWL 2] at i-league.org

{{Indian Women's League 2}}
{{Football in India}}
{{AFC women's second leagues}}

[[Category:Indian Women's League 2| ]]
[[Category:Women's football leagues in India|2]]
[[Category:Women's second-level association football leagues in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:All India Football Federation competitions|Women's League 2]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2023]]

Ranjit Sinha

2026-03-29T04:29:50Z

Nisha Lakra: done

{{Short description|Indian law enforcement official (1953–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = Central Bureau of Investigation
| order = Director of the
| term_start = {{start date|2012|12|03|df=y}}
| term_end = {{end date|2014|12|02|df=y}}
| predecessor = [[A P Singh]]
| successor = [[Anil Sinha]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1953|03|27|df=y}}<ref name=ir>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=1&id=0,1,304,366,533,1038,1040 | title=BIO-DATA OF SHRI RANJIT SINHA, DIRECTOR GENERAL/RPF | work=Indian Railways | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bihar]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|4|16|1953|03|27|df=y}}
| awards = Indian Police Medal of Meritorious Service President Police Medal for Distinguished Service DG's commendation discs in CRPF and ITBP Force.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-cadre-ips-officer-ranjit-sinha-appointed-as-new-cbi-chief/306845-3.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128060029/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-cadre-ips-officer-ranjit-sinha-appointed-as-new-cbi-chief/306845-3.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 November 2012 | title=Bihar cadre IPS officer Ranjit Sinha appointed as new CBI chief | work=[[CNN]] | date=22 November 2012 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]<ref name=ir/> [[Indian Institute of Public Administration]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/senior-ips-officer-ranjit-sinha-is-the-next-cbi-director-122257-2012-11-21 | title=Senior IPS officer Ranjit Sinha is the next CBI Director | work=[[India Today]] | date=22 November 2012 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| service = {{flag|India}}
| service_years = 1974–2014
| batch = 1974
}}
}}

'''Ranjit Sinha''' (27 March 1953 – 16 April 2021) was an Indian [[Indian Police Service|police]] officer<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ex-cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-passes-away/articleshow/82095875.cms | title=Ex-CBI Director Ranjit Sinha passes away | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=16 April 2021 | accessdate=16 April 2021}}</ref> and was the former [[Director general of police|director]] of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI). He was the [[Director General of Police|director general of police]] of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) and the director general of the [[Railway Protection Force]] before joining as the CBI director in December 2012 for a two-year tenure. He has also served in senior positions in the CBI in Patna and Delhi.

Sinha had also worked in [[Central Reserve Police Force]] as IG (Operations) in Srinagar and IG (Personnel) in Delhi. He had earlier held positions in CBI including the post of joint director and deputy inspector general. He has been associated with the investigations of a number of sensitive and important cases of national and international ramifications. He was selected based on the procedure laid down by CVC Act 2003 and had a tenure of two years. He was selected by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (India)|Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].

In addition to his main responsibility of administering the CBI, Sinha also coordinated between different anti-corruption bureaus, the Income Tax Department, and the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC) in fighting corruption. When his appointment was announced, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] questioned the manner in which Sinha was appointed to head the Central Bureau of Investigation by the [[Indian National Congress]]-led government.

==Early life==
Sinha was born on 27 March 1953 in Jamshedpur in a [[Kayastha]] family to Madhuri and N.S. Sinha.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} He was one among four children with the eldest sister Sarojini Sinha married to 1968 batch [[Indian Revenue Service|Indian Revenue Service (IRS)]] officer P. K. Sinha.<ref name="ir" />{{Additional citation needed|date=April 2021}} He trained to be a geologist receiving a Master's in Science degree in Geology from the [[Patna University]] and later received a Master's Diploma in Public Administration.He has two brothers - Anand Sinha who worked as a senior management official with Tata Steel and the youngest Anjani Sinha.<ref name="ir" /> He joined the Bihar cadre of the [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) when he was 21 years old.<ref name=express>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lalu-case-rap-only-bump-in-40yr-career-of-new-cbi-chief/1035603/ | title=Lalu case rap only bump in 40-yr career of new CBI chief | work=[[The Indian Express]] | date=24 November 2012 | access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Sinha started his career with the police forces in [[Ranchi]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]] and [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]] districts of Bihar where he became the superintendent of police.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In this position, he dealt with communal strife, law and order issues and crime related to international border.<ref name=rediff>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/ranjit-sinha-gears-up-for-second-stint-in-cbi/20121130.htm | title=Ranjit Sinha gears up for second stint in CBI | work=Rediff | date=30 November 2012 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> He was also involved in counter terror operations as the Inspector General (Operations) in the Kashmir Valley when the bus service between India and Pakistan was started in 2005,<ref name=rediff/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4416625.stm | title=Reporters' log: Kashmir bus | work=[[BBC News]] | date=7 April 2005 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> and the additional director-general of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|Indo-Tibetan Border Force]].<ref name=ht>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Ranjit-Sinha-to-take-over-ITBP-chief/Article1-740196.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111023344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Ranjit-Sinha-to-take-over-ITBP-chief/Article1-740196.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 November 2013 | title=Ranjit Sinha to take over ITBP chief | work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | date=31 August 2011 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> He worked as the director general of the [[Railway Protection Force]] from 14 November 2008 to 19 May 2011,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cbi-writes-to-railway-board-against-retired-rpf-officer-786089.html | title=CBI writes to Railway Board against retired RPF officer | work=[[First Post (India)]] | date=15 May 2013 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> where he set up commando units,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071954340500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723081055/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071954340500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 July 2009 | title=RPF to raise three commando battalions | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=19 July 2009 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/security/rpf/Files/law/orders/STANDING%20ORDER%20NO%20107.pdf | title=Standing Order No. 107| work=Indian Railways | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56317 | title=Mamata Banerjee announces a new award to RPF personnel for serving with human face | work=PIB | date=21 December 2009 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref> bomb disposal squads, quick reaction teams to protect railway stations from terror strikes after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref name="bs">{{cite news|date=30 November 2012|title=Newsmaker: Ranjit Sinha|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-ranjit-sinha-112113000050_1.html|access-date=16 May 2013|work=[[Business Standard]]|last1=Varma |first1=Gyan }}</ref> After having served as the heads of the [[Railway Protection Force]] and the [[ITBP]], he was selected as the director of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]] in November 2012.<ref name=rediff/> He had earlier served in the CBI for 11 years before being appointed its director.<ref name=ht/>

Sinha was awarded the [[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]] for Meritorious Service in 1991 and the [[President's Police Medal]] for Distinguished Service in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2021|title=Ex-CBI director Sinha dies a day after testing Covid-19 positive|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-passes-away-in-delhi-101618550893977.html|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

===Appointment as CBI chief===
The prime minister of India chose Ranjit Sinha as the CBI chief over Sharad Sinha, the director, [[National Investigation Agency]] and Atul, director general, [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh]] who were recommended by the CVC as he was senior to the other two.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} However, the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] objected to his appointment, protesting that the Government had not followed the collegium system that it had approved and that was part of the [[Jan Lokpal Bill|Lokpal Bill]] which was waiting to be passed by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bjp-objects-to-sinha-being-new-cbi-chief/article4126469.ece | title=BJP objects to Sinha being new CBI chief | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=23 November 2012 | access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/row-over-cbi-director-s-appointment-bjp-writes-to-prime-minister-296306 | title=Row over CBI director's appointment; BJP writes to Prime Minister | work=[[NDTV]] | date=23 November 2012 | access-date=14 May 2013 | author=Sanyal, Prasad}}</ref> The director general of [[Delhi Police]], Neeraj Kumar, who had brilliantly cracked important cases during his 9 years in the CBI, went to court against the non inclusion of his name in the panel prepared by the CVC, but later withdrew his case.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/news/35409067_1_cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-ips-officer | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331114032/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-28/news/35409067_1_cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-ips-officer | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 March 2014 | title=Ram Jethmalani drags in Arun Jaitley into top cops CAT fight | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=28 November 2012 | access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/india/35318536_1_cbi-inspector-s-c-sinha-uttar-pradesh-atul | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828202905/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/india/35318536_1_cbi-inspector-s-c-sinha-uttar-pradesh-atul | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 August 2013 | title=ITBP DG Ranjit Sinha to be new CBI chief | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=23 November 2012 | access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>

==Controversies and allegations==
===The Fodder Scam case===
In 1996, as a DIG in the CBI under the Joint Director (East), UN Biswas, he was accused of scuttling the investigation to help protect the accused, [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] in the [[Fodder Scam]] case. UN Biswas was the chief investigator into the case, whose progress was being monitored by the [[Patna High Court]], and was asked by the court to file a report on the case. The original harsh report by Biswas was swapped with a toned down one authored by Sinha by the then Director CBI, Joginder Singh and submitted to the court. When the court asked why the submitted report did not carry details of the original charges, Biswas admitted before the court that the report had been changed by the CBI Director and that the original report was more damaging. The court indicted the CBI and ordered that Sinha be removed from the case. Later, Sinha, Biswas and other CBI officers apologized to the Privilege Committee Council of the Bihar Legislative Assembly, which decided to drop privilege proceedings against them for lodging a complaint against them to the High Court. Earlier, his father-in-law as the Director General Vigilance was accused of scuttling initial investigations into the [[Fodder Scam]] but the accusations could not be substantiated. Sinha was then posted to Bihar Bhawan in New Delhi against a specially created post by Lalu Yadav.<ref name=express/><ref name=deccan>{{cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/294048/director-almost-exonerated-lalu.html | title=New director almost exonerated Lalu | publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] | work=Nov 23, 2012 | date=24 November 2012 | access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web|title=Sinha's fodder probe questioned|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/sinhas-fodder-probe-questioned|access-date=14 May 2013|work=4 May 2013|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113062503/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/sinhas-fodder-probe-questioned|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="niti">{{cite web | url=http://www.niticentral.com/2013/04/27/a-cbi-directors-shady-past-71152.html | title=A CBI Director's shady past | date=27 April 2013 | access-date=14 May 2013 | author=Dutta, Priyadarshi | archive-date=1 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601134202/http://www.niticentral.com/2013/04/27/a-cbi-directors-shady-past-71152.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tehelka">{{cite web | url=http://tehelka.com/enough-fodder-on-sinhas-past/ | title=Enough fodder on Sinha's past | work=[[Tehelka]] | date=30 November 2012 | access-date=14 May 2013 | archive-date=13 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513062906/http://tehelka.com/enough-fodder-on-sinhas-past/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-accidental-hero-or-insecure-careerist-743937.html | title=CBI director Ranjit Sinha: Accidental hero or insecure careerist? | work=[[First Post (India)]] | date=1 May 2013 | access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/cbi-blasted-for-scuttling-fodder-scam-probe-196100501120_1.html | title=Cbi Blasted For Scuttling Fodder Scam Probe | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=5 October 1996 | access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Brahmachary2004">{{cite book|author=K.C. Brahmachary|title=We And Our Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfdtUUnVQLQC&pg=PA84|access-date=14 May 2013|year=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-916-4|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cbi-chief-served-showcause-in-fodder-scam-197032901100_1.html | title=Cbi Chief Served Showcause In Fodder Scam | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=29 March 1997 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Modi-urges-removal-of-tainted-police-officers/articleshow/1887595037.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-07-21/patna/27249098_1_fodder-scam-cbi-officer-laloo | url-status=live | archive-date=29 June 2013 | title=Modi urges removal of 'tainted' police officers | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 July 2001 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19970607/15850253.html | title=Privilege move against CBI in fodder scam dropped | work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |location=India | date=7 June 1997 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref>

After taking over as the CBI Director, he transferred out four crucial officers investigating the Fodder Scam after obtaining consent of the Jharkhand High Court, but the orders were later cancelled by the Supreme Court of India following filing of a PIL.<ref name=guardian/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-stays-transfer-of-scam-probe-officers/1110294/ | title=SC stays transfer of scam probe officers | work=[[Indian Express]] | date=2 May 2013 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref>

===Problems with Mamata Banerjee===
As the head of the Railway Protection Force (RPF), Sinha objected to [[Mamata Banerjee]] continuing to be provided protection by the RPF commandos, even after she quit as the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Railway minister]] and became the [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]. Banerjee did not take to these objections kindly and got Sinha replaced as the RPF head in May 2011. He was posted in September 2011 as the director general of the ITBP.<ref name=rediff/>

He admitted to the controversy, stating:

{{centered pull quote|First of all I completed my tenure in the RPF on 19 May 2011 and Mamata Banerjee became West Bengal chief minister on 20 May 2011. So I remained in the RPF till Mamata Banerjee was the railway minister. But I had my share of problems. Mamata wanted Bangla to be one of the languages for the exam for recruitment the RPF constables. She didn’t like when I said according to rules only Hindi and English are recognised languages for the exam. Besides, she employed RPF guards for her security during election campaign in West Bengal. I was ticked by the MHA as it was not part of the RPF mandate. I showed the temerity to tell her that also.<ref name=HT15May/>}}

===Coalgate Draft Report controversy===
April 2013, on the behest of the [[Supreme Court of India]], as the CBI director, he submitted an affidavit stating that the draft investigative report on the [[Indian coal allocation scam]] was vetted by the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law minister]] [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]] before it was submitted to the court.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shared-coal-status-report-with-law-minister-cbi-chief-tells-sc/1108326/|title=Coal-Gate: Affidavit filed in the Supreme Court by CBI Director|date=26 April 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> There was widespread outrage in India on this issue as it undermined the autonomy of the CBI. Observing this the Supreme Court scathingly criticized the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government, for its meddling with the report, and the CBI, for behaving like a ''caged parrot that speaks in its master's voice''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-has-become-a-caged-parrot-with-many-masters-says-supreme-court-162209-2013-05-07 |title=CBI has become a caged parrot with many masters. What a sordid story, says Supreme Court : India, News - India Today |date=8 May 2013 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref> Sinha has confirmed the comments of the Supreme Court as being correct.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/whatever-sc-says-is-correct-cbi-chief/article4698712.ece |title=Whatever SC says is correct: CBI chief |work=The Hindu |date=5 May 2013 |access-date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/india/35569650_1_ranjit-sinha-cbi-director-senior-ips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033948/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-03/india/35569650_1_ranjit-sinha-cbi-director-senior-ips |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Ranjit Sinha takes over as CBI director |date=3 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/india/35318536_1_cbi-inspector-s-c-sinha-uttar-pradesh-atul |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828202905/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-23/india/35318536_1_cbi-inspector-s-c-sinha-uttar-pradesh-atul |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2013 |title=ITBP DG Ranjit Sinha to be new CBI chief |date=23 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cbi.nic.in/pressreleases/pr_2012-12-03-1.php |title=Central Bureau Of Investigation |publisher=Cbi.nic.in |access-date=22 April 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210215933/http://cbi.nic.in/pressreleases/pr_2012-12-03-1.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ranjit-sinha-s-statement-on-taking-over-as-the-new-cbi-director-300437 |title=Ranjit Sinha's statement on taking over as the new CBI Director |publisher=NDTV.com |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/ranjit-sinha-senior-ips-officer-took-over-as-cbi-director-1354610290-1 |title=Ranjit Sinha, Senior IPS Officer Took Over As CBI Director |date=4 December 2012 |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |access-date=22 April 2013}}</ref>

As a fallout, [[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]] was sacked as the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]. On 6 May 2013, the Supreme Court asked the government to bring a law before 10 July 2013 to "insulate the CBI from external influence and intrusion". Hurriedly, the government set up a Group of Ministers (GoM) under the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]] to work on the details for implementing the court's order. Sinha appreciated the court's order and stated that he had become a "catalyst of sorts" in making CBI autonomous.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/676529824/cbi-chief-ranjit-sinha-welcomes-moves-to-free-agency-from-extern.html|title=CBI Chief Ranjit Sinha welcomes moves to free agency from external influence|access-date=16 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Autonomy-must-come-with-a-rider-Ranjit-Sinha/Article1-1060660.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629105218/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Autonomy-must-come-with-a-rider-Ranjit-Sinha/Article1-1060660.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2013 | title=Autonomy must come with a rider: Ranjit Sinha | work=[[The Hindustan Times]] | date=15 May 2013 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref> He also said that ''it is a lifetime opportunity'' for him to try to improve the working of the CBI.<ref name="HT15May">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Talks-of-autonomy-a-lifetime-opportunity-for-CBI-Ranjit-Sinha/Article1-1060603.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629111444/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Talks-of-autonomy-a-lifetime-opportunity-for-CBI-Ranjit-Sinha/Article1-1060603.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2013 | title=Things have turned worse in 39 years of my service | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=15 May 2013 | access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>

===The Rail bribery case===
In 2013, the CBI busted a [[Railway bribery scam|cash-for-posts scandal]] in the Indian Railways that led to the resignation of [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323744604578474810700867592 | title=India Railway Minister Resigns | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=10 May 2013 | access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> However, it was also reported that Sinha had held a grudge against Mahesh Kumar, and ordered his phone to be tapped that led to the case being busted.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/mahesh-kumar-complained-about-ranjit-sinha | title=Mahesh Kumar complained about Ranjit Sinha | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=11 May 2013 | access-date=14 May 2013 | archive-date=3 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024516/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/mahesh-kumar-complained-about-ranjit-sinha | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/collateral-clean-up | title=Collateral Clean-Up | work=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)]] | date=18 May 2013 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref>

Sinha appreciated the work by his sleuths stating that they just had the slightest of leads and were able to crack the case.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/cbi-ranjit-sinha-five-government-entities-coalgate-railgraft-supreme-court-162428-2013-05-10 | title=CBI chief Ranjit Sinha's roadmap to unshackle agency from five govt entities | work=[[India Today]] | date=10 May 2013 | access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref> Later, Sinha declared that there was no evidence linking the minister to the scam,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/rail-bribe-case-no-evidence-against-bansal-yet-says-cbi-chief-783451.html | title=Rail bribe case: No evidence against Bansal yet, says CBI chief | work=[[First Post (India)]] | date=15 May 2013 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/railway-bribery-case-cbi-director-claims-no-evidence-against-pawan-bansal-419065-2013-05-14 | title=No evidence against Pawan Bansal in Railway bribery case: CBI | work=[[Headlines Today]] | date=15 May 2013 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref> which was protested against by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-objects-to-cbi-chief-ranjit-sinhas-clean-chit-to-p-k-bansal/articleshow/20088146.cms | title=BJP objects to CBI chief Ranjit Sinha's clean chit to P K Bansal | date=16 May 2013 | work=[[The Economic Times]] | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref> Sinha ordered a fresh review of all high-level appointments and high-value contracts during the tenures of railway ministers from Mamata Banerjee to Pawan Kumar Bansal.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news/39256035_1_railway-ministry-cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-rpf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703221114/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news/39256035_1_railway-ministry-cbi-director-ranjit-sinha-rpf | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 July 2014 | title=Scrutinising all major appointments in the railway ministry: CBI Director | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=14 May 2013 | access-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>

The railway police association accused Sinha of having a grudge against all railway officials who had complained against him to the [[Central Vigilance Commission]] regarding his corrupt ways when he was the director general of the Railway Protection Force. This was however, refuted by the CBI.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/india/39309289_1_ranjit-sinha-cbi-director-railway-minister | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608220714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-16/india/39309289_1_ranjit-sinha-cbi-director-railway-minister | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 June 2013 | title=CBI chief Ranjit Sinha under fire for 'acting out of vendetta' | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=16 May 2013 | access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref>

Talking about the charges by the railway police association, he has defended himself by stating:

{{centered pull quote|I had taken on vested interest in the RPF. They came up with a booklet leveling all sorts of allegations against me but the union home ministry didn’t find anything against me. I raised objections on retired officials serving in the association. One of my subordinates also became part of the problem and circulated lots of rubbish about me.<ref name=HT15May/>}}

===Political links===
He was seen to be close to [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] supremo, who kept the post of the director general of the [[Railway Protection Force]] unfilled for three months till Sinha was appointed to the post.<ref name=express/> He also accepted that he was friends with Yadav, stating that Lalu was his boss both in the state of Bihar and the Indian Railways and hence, they have good interpersonal relations.<ref name="HT15May" /> He defended himself stating:

{{centered pull quote|I had asked the CBI headquarter to post me outside of Patna. Being a Bihar cadre officer I didn’t want to get associated with fodder scam probe. But nobody listened to me. It was very confusing time. The centre was weak and Lalu was a powerful regional satrap. Bihar was totally divided on the caste lines. I was made a villain by my powerful enemies in the state despite the monitoring bench of the Patna high court not even once making an adverse remark against me. I still believe things went little overboard during the investigation in the fodder scam due to some seniors who assiduously cultivated larger than life image.<ref name=HT15May/>}}

== Personal life and death==
Sinha was married to Reena, daughter of IPS officer, Gajendra Narain. He had one daughter and one son;<ref name="deccan" /><ref name="guardian" /> his daughter is married to Awanish Sharan, an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]] officer, Chhattisgarh cadre, and his son is in Delhi after pursuing law in the Netherlands.<ref name="bs" />

Sinha died on 16 April 2021 in Delhi, at the age of 68. He had previously been diagnosed with [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ranjit Sinha, Former CBI Chief, Dies At 68. He Was Covid Positive|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ranjit-sinha-former-cbi-chief-dies-at-68-2414850|access-date=17 April 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/ranjit-sinha-indias-police-enforcer-in-the-dock-over-alleged-corruption-9732489.html "Ranjit Sinha: India's police enforcer in the dock over alleged corruption"] by ''[[The Independent]]'' (London) newspaper

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Ranjit}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:Directors of the Central Bureau of Investigation]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]

Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901

2026-03-25T21:02:04Z

Nisha Lakra:

{{short description|Constitution of India}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901
| legislature =
| image =
| imagesize =
| image_upright =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to amend the law relating to the exemption from tolls of persons and property belonging to the Army or Air Force<ref name="India Code 1901"/>
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2335/1/A1901-02.pdf Act No. 2 of 1901]
| territorial_extent =
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 22 February 1901
| date_passed =
| enacted_by2 =
| date_enacted2 =
| date_passed2 =
| date_assented =
| royal_assent =
| date_signed =
| signed_by =
| date_commenced = 1 April 1901
| date_effective =
| date_of_expiry =
| date_repealed =
| administered_by =
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| conf_committee_passed =
| committee_report =
| bill2 =
| bill_citation2 =
| bill_date2 =
| introduced_by2 =
| 1st_reading2 =
| 2nd_reading2 =
| 3rd_reading2 =
| conf_committee_passed2 =
| committee_report2 =
| date_conf_committee =
| white_paper =
| amends =
| repeals =
| amended_by =
| repealed_by =
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force amended
}}

The '''Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/salute-or-give-standing-ovation-to-defence-personnel-nhai-tells-toll-plaza-staff/305525|title=Salute Or Give Standing Ovation To Defence Personnel, NHAI Tells Toll Plaza Staff}}</ref> is a [[Law of India|Law]] enacted by the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] to deal with exemption of [[Toll road|toll charges]] where applicable for regular armed forces including all family members of [[Indian Armed Forces]] extending from [[Indian Army]] to [[Central Armed Police Forces]]. In the wake of new legislation and policy formulation, the [[Act of Parliament|act]] was later revised by the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]] to disassociate the exemptions for family members from the provision of section 3 and 4 and those only "on duty" would be entitled for the exemption and does not pertain to the retired personnel.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/toll-staff-soldiers-salute-1106110-2017-12-13 |title = Salute the soldiers, government orders toll plaza staff in the country}}</ref><ref name="India Code 1901">{{cite journal | title=Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901 | website=India Code | date=1901-02-22 | url=https://indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2335?view_type=browse&sam_handle=123456789/1362 | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

==Purpose==
#The purpose of Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901, extends to the entire territories and states administered by India.<ref name="Indian Kanoon5">{{cite web | title=Section 1 in The Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/88849609/ | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
#As stated in the revised [[Act of Parliament|Act]], there will be exemption available when traveling in personal vehicles, even used for official purposes like discharging an armed official for duty.<ref name="Thakur 2014">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Bhartesh Singh | title=Veterans rue withdrawal of toll tax exemption to serving army personnel | website=Hindustan Times | date=2014-08-14 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/veterans-rue-withdrawal-of-toll-tax-exemption-to-serving-army-personnel/story-A31kC9WktwLdnNGcMcm96M.html | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
#All regular or in-service officers (except retired personnels) ranking from juniors to seniors whether they belong to [[Indian Navy|Navy]], [[Indian Air Force|Air force]], or [[Indian Army|land-based branch]] are liable to exempt for all tolls".<ref name="www.indianarmy.nic.in 2020">{{cite web | title=The Official Home Page of the Indian Army | website=www.indianarmy.nic.in | date=2020-02-04 | url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithSixPara.aspx?MnId=7d84QWrAZPfwiGhzgvzq+Q==&ParentID=Ev9JZObW2Msm898iAPHvhw== | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref name="India Code">{{cite web | title=India Code: Section Details | website=India Code | url=https://indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_28_38_00019_190102_1523339562372&sectionId=34918&sectionno=3&orderno=3 | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

==Penalty==
Any person whether they are road and transport officials or belonging to their respective branches of [[Road tax]], if demands toll exempted in provisions of section 3 or section 4 "shall be punishable with fine which may extend to fifty rupees".<ref name="Indian Kanoon8">{{cite web | title=Section 5 in The Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/23908050/ | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_28_38_00019_190102_1523339562372&sectionId=34920&sectionno=5&orderno=5|title=India code details}}</ref>

==Compensation==
If compensation claims are made by any owner, company, [[Indian Railways|railways administration]] or local authority for any loss alleged to have been incurred to the operation of this Act, the claim shall be submitted to the central government.<ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite web | title=Section 6 in The Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/55995334/ | access-date=2020-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1901-02.pdf|title=the indian tolls (army and air force) act, 1901}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901}}
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Toll (fee)]]

Singodara

2026-03-21T04:38:26Z

Nisha Lakra: adding a data v1...

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singodara
| native_name =
| settlement_type = village
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_water_percent = 31.00%

| area_total_ha = 480
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1400
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = UTC+5.30
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332311<ref>{{cite web |title=Singodara BO |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/rajasthan/sikar/singodra-bo |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Village Code
| area_code = 01674600
| website = {{URL|sikar.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.62|N|75.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Sex Ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/947 [[Male|♂]]/[[Woman|♀]]
}}

'''Singodara''' is a village in the [[Laxmangarh]] [[tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Sikar district]] of [[India]]n state [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shifting Landscapes The Making and Remaking of Village Commons in India |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Shifting_Landscapes/-UmFAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Singodara&dq=Singodara&printsec=frontcover |accessdate=8 June 2006}}</ref>

==Population==

Singodara is a census village in Sikar district in Rajasthan. As per Census-2011 data, Singodara village has a total population of 1400<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Singodara village Population, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=111&subdistrict=552&town_village=81357&geo_level=4&format=csv |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205142640/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=111&subdistrict=552&town_village=81357&geo_level=4&format=csv |archive-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> and total administration of over 265 houses.(Out of which 716 are males while 684 are females).<ref>{{cite web |title=Singodara Population - Sikar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81357-singodara-rajasthan.html |accessdate=8 June 2022}}</ref>Singodara has 184 children, of which 97 are boys and 87 are girls. Scheduled castes number 311 (22.21%) for males 608 (43.43%) and females 297 (21.21%).

==Singodara Gram Panchayat==
As per the Constitution of India and Panchayati Raj Act, Singodara village is administered by Sarpanch (village head) Mahesh Kumar Dheva (2015 to 2020), (2020 to present) who is the representative of the village.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm |title=Gram Panchayats of Rajasthan|website=Panchayat Raj|access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508061345/http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
===Villages in Singodara Gram Panchayat===
* [[Basni, Laxmangarh| Basni]]
* [[Peepli, Laxmangarh| Peepli]]
* Singodara
* [[Singodari]]

==Literacy==
Singodara village has higher literacy rate than Rajasthan. As per Census 2011 report, Singodara village had literacy rate of 71.30% compared to 66.11% of Rajasthan. Male literacy in Singodara is 85.46% while female literacy rate is 56.62%.

'''Singodara has following educational facilities:'''

* 1 Education Facility
* 1 Primary School
* 1 Upper Primary School<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/sikar/govt-sr-sec-school/36972/govt-sr-sec-school-singodra-laxmangarh-sikar-08130210502 |title=GOVT. SR. SEC. SCHOOL, SINGODRA (LAXMANGARH) SIKAR|last= Web Team|first=Zee Rajasthan |access-date=30 April 2022|archive-date=16 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716055122/https://rajasthanlink.com/VanuDetails/sikar/govt-sr-sec-school/36972/govt-sr-sec-school-singodra-laxmangarh-sikar-08130210502}}</ref>
* 3 Colleges in nearby limits
* 1 33 kV Grid Station <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/sikar/sikar-rural-olympic-games-launched-minister-rawat-and-pcc-chief-dotasara-attended/1325959 |title=Sikar: ग्रामीण ओलंपिक खेलों का शुभारंभ, मंत्री रावत और PCC चीफ डोटासरा हुए शामिल|last= Web Team|first=Zee Rajasthan |access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911143604/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/sikar/sikar-rural-olympic-games-launched-minister-rawat-and-pcc-chief-dotasara-attended/1325959}}</ref>

==Nearest Villages==
* Singodari - 1 km
* [[Basni, Laxmangarh| Basni]] - 2 km
* Pipli - 3 km
* Dholas - 3 km
* Antaroli - 3 km
* Bairas - 4 km
* Manasi - 4 km
* Fadanpura - 5 km

== See also ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Alakhpura Bogan]]
* [[Balaran, Sikar|Balaran]]
* [[Bau Dham]]
* [[Bhoodha Ka Bas]]
* [[Bhuma]]
* [[Beedasar]]
* [[Bidsar]]
* [[Birodi Bari]]
* [[Birodi Chhoti, India|Birodi Chhoti]]
* [[Churimiyan]]
* [[Jhadhewa, Sikar|Jhadhewa]]
* [[Khuri Bari]]
* [[Khuri Chhoti]]
* [[Roru]]
* [[Sankhu, Sikar|Sankhu]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.google.de/maps/place/Basni,+Rajasthan+332311/@27.8662222,75.0441692,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x391354a4325d5809:0x84ed24c6ba200ce!8m2!3d27.8665185!4d75.0538136!16s%2Fg%2F1tdp3fcd?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDcxMy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google map view of Basni]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130613000740/http://www.rajsec.rajasthan.gov.in/Sarpanch.pdf Details of sarpanch in Sikar district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005161012/http://sikar.nic.in/ Official web page of Sikar district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104173701/http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm List of all villages of Rajasthan with their panchayat samiti]

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

University Grants Commission Consortium for Academic and Research Ethics

2026-03-20T21:54:17Z

Nisha Lakra: adding some entry nd citations...

{{Short description|Defunct bibliographic database}}
The '''University Grants Commission Consortium for Academic and Research Ethics''' ('''UGC-CARE''') was created by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] to maintain a database of quality academic journals.

In a letter dated 11 February 2025, the UGC announced that it would stop maintaining the UGC-CARE journal list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=Public notice on discontinuation of UGC CARE listing of journals and development of suggestive parameters for peer-reviewed journals |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/9678711_PUBLIC-NOTICE-CARE.pdf |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=UGC}}</ref>

==History==
The UGC-CARE was first mooted in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harigovind |first=Abhinaya |date=2025-02-13 |title=Why UGC is scrapping its list of quality journals, what is the new 'decentralised' system |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/decentralised-approach-ugc-care-journal-listing-system-9832679/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-02-11 |title=UGC CARE dissolution: Suggestive parameters for choosing journals released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/ugc-care-dissolution-suggestive-parameters-for-choosing-journals-released/article69206510.ece |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and the journal list was introduced on 14 June 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title=Public notice on academic integrity |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/pdfnews/6315352_UGC-Public-Notice-CARE.pdf |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=UGC}}</ref> as a replacement for the earlier UGC Approved List of Journals, which had faced criticism for including predatory and low-quality journals. The new list was developed in collaboration with [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] (SPPU), which conducted a study and discovered that more than 88% of the journals in the previous UGC-approved list were predatory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=2019-09-18 |title=UGC says publishing paper in de-recognised journals will affect promotion & appointment |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/ugc-says-publishing-paper-in-de-recognised-journals-will-affect-promotion-appointment/293108/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

The UGC-CARE List is divided into two groups:

* UGC-CARE List – Group I: Journals found qualified through UGC’s prescribed methodology. These journals are regularly reviewed by experts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar Mohanty |first=Basant |date=20 January 2025 |title=Quality alarm as UGC scraps journal list, global standing of Indian universities to be affected |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/university-grants-commission-scraps-journal-list-global-standing-of-indian-universities-to-be-affected/cid/2078454 |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
* UGC-CARE List – Group II: Journals indexed in globally recognized databases such as [[Scopus]] and [[Web of Science]]. These journals are automatically included in the UGC-CARE List.<ref name=":0" />

=== Indexing of journals ===
Journals included in the UGC-CARE List were required to meet specific quality criteria, including peer review, ethical publishing standards, and transparency. Researchers and institutions can recommend journals for inclusion through the UGC-CARE website, and each submission were subjected to rigorous evaluation process.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Chandan |date=2019-06-28 |title=Pune: UGC lists credible journals to boost research quality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/ugc-lists-credible-journals-to-boost-research-quality/articleshow/69833341.cms |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

When UGC-CARE was introduced, only research papers in approved/listed journals counted for faculty promotions and appointments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=2019-09-18 |title=UGC says publishing paper in de-recognised journals will affect promotion & appointment |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/ugc-says-publishing-paper-in-de-recognised-journals-will-affect-promotion-appointment/293108/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reasons for closure ==

=== Infiltration of ''substandard journals'' ===
A major issue was the frequent changes in the UGC-CARE list, with journals being added and removed regularly, making its reliability uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MS |first=Aadhitya |date=2019-11-01 |title=Research scholars upset at UGC's quarterly updation of approved journals list |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/Nov/01/research-scholars-upset-at-ugcs-quarterly-updation-of-approved-journals-list-2055644.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Many researchers published in UGC-CARE Group I journals, only to later discover that their journal had been removed, making their publications ineligible for academic evaluation. This highlighted the presence of low-quality or predatory journals within the UGC-CARE system.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Solomon |first=Paul Wilson & R. Vijay |date=2025-02-12 |title=UGC-CARE list scrapped: A move towards autonomy or a risky gamble? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/ugc-care-list-scrapped-a-move-towards-autonomy-or-a-risky-gamble/article69210502.ece |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Rise of ''cloned journals'' ===
The print journals listed in the UGC-CARE were widely cloned digitally by various dubious entities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Sarfaraz |date=2020-07-03 |title=UGC lists 24 clone journals, teachers taken for a ride |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ugc-lists-24-clone-journals-teachers-taken-for-a-ride/articleshow/76758598.cms |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> These digital clones are widespread, and many researchers unknowingly submit their work to them, often to meet PhD requirements or secure promotions. Despite UGC’s efforts to regulate them, faculty members continue to publish in clone journals without verifying their authenticity. Some knowingly submit papers, especially in language-specific journals, where foreign language journals are often cloned in multiple languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barthwal |first=Prashant |title=How UGC CARE is Not Exactly About Care for Academic Research |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/how-ugc-care-is-not-exactly-about-care-for-academic-research-5789677.html |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[India Research Watch]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Partha |last2=Kumar Halder |first2=Bikash |date=June 2022 |title=A Study on UGC-CARE Journals of Library and Information Science |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13883&context=libphilprac |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice |issn=1522-0222 |via=Digital Commons @ [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Nagarka |first1=Shubhada |last2=Thakur |first2=Archana |last3=Mane |first3=Monali |last4=Nagare |first4=Prajakta |date=13 February 2023 |title=Indian languages, print journals and the UGC-CARE project |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/gkmc-11-2022-0266/full/html |journal=Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=411–426 |doi=10.1108/GKMC-11-2022-0266 |issn=2514-9342|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite news |last=Nagarkar |first=Shubhada |date=31 August 2023 |title=What the UGC-CARE initiative tells us about Humanities and Social Science publishing in Indian languages |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2023/08/31/what-the-ugc-care-initiative-tells-us-about-humanities-and-social-science-publishing-in-indian-languages/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=LSE Blog |publisher=[[London School of Economics]]}}

==External links==
* [https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/Apps1/Home/Index Official UGC-CARE list website]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250211140549/https://ugccare.unipune.ac.in/apps1/home/index Archived]
{{authoritycontrol}}

[[Category:Higher education in India]]
[[Category:Bibliographic databases and indexes]]

Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

2026-03-19T05:50:19Z

Nisha Lakra: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{Distinguish|Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014}}
{{good article}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
| legislature =
| image =
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt = Emblem of India
| long_title = An Act to provide for protection of rights of transgender persons and their welfare and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.
| citation = Act No. 40 of 2019 [http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf]
| territorial_extent = [[Republic of India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_passed = 5 August 2019
| date_passed2 = 26 November 2019
| date_assented = 5 December 2019
| date_signed = 5 December 2019
| date_commenced = 10 January 2020 [http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215301.pdf]
| bill = The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019
| bill_citation = Bill No. 169 of 2019
[http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/The%20Transgender%20Persons%20%28Protection%20of%20Rights%29%20Bill%2C%202019%20Bill%20Text.pdf]
| bill_date = 19 July 2019
| introduced_by = Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment
| 1st_reading = 5 August 2019
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report = [http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/SCR-%20Transgender%20Bill.pdf 43rd Report by Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment, July 2017]
| amendments =
| repeals =
| related = [http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Transgender%20persons%20bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2018] [http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Transgender_Persons_Bill%2C_2016_1.pdf The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016] [[Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014|The Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014]]
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = In force

}}

The '''Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019''' is an [[Act (law)|act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] for protection of rights of [[Transgender|transgender people]], their welfare, and other related matters.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-96386-6 |title=Transgender India: Understanding Third Gender Identities and Experiences |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-030-96385-9 |editor-last=Vakoch |editor-first=Douglas A. |editor-link=Douglas Vakoch |location=Cham, Switzerland|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-96386-6 |s2cid=213383859 }}</ref> The act was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the Indian Parliament, on 19 July 2019 by the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]], [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]], in light of the lapse of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2018 (Bill No. 210-C of 2016). The 2019 act and the immediately preceding 2018 bill, were both preceded by a 2016 version. They were met with protests and criticism by some transgender people, lawyers, and activists in India. The 2016 bill was sent to a [[Standing committee (India)|standing committee]] which submitted its report in July 2017. Following this, the Lok Sabha tabled and passed a newer version of the bill in December 2018. However, it did not incorporate many of the committee's recommendations. Although members of the opposition criticised the 2019 act and assured activists that they would not vote in favour of it, it was passed by the Lok Sabha on 5 August 2019 and by the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the Parliament, on 26 November 2019. The [[President of India|president]] assented to it on 5 December 2019, upon which the act was published in the ''[[Gazette of India]]''. It has been in effect since 10 January 2020 following a notification of the same in the ''Gazette'' on the same day.

Following protests by the [[LGBT|queer community]] against the 2016 and 2018 bills, the 2019 act has done away with some of the severely criticised provisions of the 2018 bill, such as the criminalisation of begging and the establishment of a district screening committee to process applications for issuance of transgender person certificates. However, it fails to incorporate yet other principles in line with the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judgment in ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'' (''NALSA v. UOI'') in 2014, such as the right of transgender people to declare their self-perceived gender identity without undergoing [[sex reassignment surgery]], and [[Reservation in India|reservations]] in jobs and educational institutions. The act has also been criticised for imposing less punishment for crimes against transgender people compared with punishment for crimes against [[cisgender|cisgender people]]. On 27 January 2020, the Supreme Court issued a notice to the central government in a petition challenging the constitutionality of the act.

In January 2014, while judicial pronouncement in the ''NALSA'' petition was pending, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment published an Expert Committee Report on issues relating to transgender people, after consultations with transgender people. [[Tiruchi Siva]], of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party, had introduced the [[Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014|Rights of Transgender Persons Bill]] in 2014, in the Rajya Sabha, which was passed by the house in 2015. It stayed pending in the Lok Sabha, during which the 2016 bill was tabled, and lapsed following the dissolution of the house prior to the [[Indian general elections, 2019|2019 general elections]]. Parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] had promised in their respective electoral manifestoes for the 2019 elections to, respectively, withdraw the 2018 bill — while introducing a new one consulting members of the queer community — and pass one based on the 2014 bill.

==History and background==
[[File:Hijra and companions in Eastern Bengal.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Hijras in eastern Bengal, ''circa'' 1860]]
{{LGBT rights}}
On 15 April 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] delivered its judgment in ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'' (''NALSA v. UOI''), in which it recognised the rights of transgender people in India and laid down a series of measures for securing transgender people's rights by mandating the prohibition of discrimination, recommending the creation of welfare policies, and [[Reservation in India|reservations]] for transgender people in educational institutions and jobs.<ref name="th1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-recognises-transgenders-as-third-gender/article5914572.ece | title=Supreme Court recognises transgenders as third gender | date=15 April 2014 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Venkatesan, J. | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614152049/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-recognises-transgenders-as-third-gender/article5914572.ece | archive-date=14 June 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> The judgment upheld the right of a transgender person to self-perceived gender identity, guaranteed by the [[Constitution of India]], in the absence of [[sex reassignment surgery]].<ref name="th2">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-promise-falls-short/article23505892.ece | title=A promise falls short | date=12 April 2018 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Kothari, Jayna}}</ref> The 2014 judicial mandate was affirmed by the judgments of the Supreme Court in ''[[Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors.|Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and anr. v. Union of India and ors.]]'' (2017) and ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'' (2018).<ref name="th3">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-supreme-court-trans-formed/article24949441.ece | title=The Supreme Court trans-formed | date=15 September 2018 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Kothari, Jayna}}</ref> The judgment in ''NALSA v. UOI'' also noted the presence of transgender people in India throughout its history, and made reference to the [[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra, kinnar, and jogta]] communities, spread across the country and elsewhere in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=National Legal Services Authority versus Union of India and others | journal=Supreme Court Cases | year=2014 | volume=5 | pages=438}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27031180 | title=India court recognises transgender people as third gender | date=15 April 2014 | agency=BBC | access-date=17 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811110426/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-27031180 | archive-date=11 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

While the decision in the ''NALSA'' petition was still pending, an Expert Committee Report on issues relating to transgender people was published in January 2014,<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Binder2.pdf| title=Report of the Expert Committee on the Issues relating to Transgender Persons | publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment | date=21 January 2014 | access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> after consultations by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with transgender people in August 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/rights-wrongs/article21339721.ece | title=Rights & wrongs — on Transgender Persons Bill | date=9 December 2017 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625123619/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/rights-wrongs/article21339721.ece | archive-date=25 June 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/expert-panel-wants-transgender-declared-third-gender/article5781874.ece | title=Expert panel wants transgender declared third gender | date=24 March 2014 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Dhar, Aarti | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224013224/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/expert-panel-wants-transgender-declared-third-gender/article5781874.ece | archive-date=24 December 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> In this context, [[Tiruchi Siva]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party introduced a [[private member's bill]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], namely the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 (Bill No. 49 of 2014).<ref name ="transpvt">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-passes-private-bill-on-transgenders/article7138056.ece | title=RS passes Bill on transgender rights | date=24 April 2015 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Gandhi and, Ramachandran | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510072419/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-passes-private-bill-on-transgenders/article7138056.ece | archive-date=10 May 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Transgender_Bill,_2015_-_PMB_passed_in_RS_2.pdf | title=The Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 | publisher=Rajya Sabha | date=24 April 2015 | access-date=7 July 2020 | archive-date=7 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707190934/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Transgender_Bill,_2015_-_PMB_passed_in_RS_2.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

The government had initially asked Siva to withdraw the bill due to there being "some anomalies" in the text; however, the opposition had a majority in the house and the bill was unanimously passed by the Rajya Sabha on 24 April 2015.<ref name="transpvt" /> The bill was welcomed by queer rights activists in India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/turning-point-in-transgender-rights/article7139875.ece | title="Turning point in transgender rights" | date=25 April 2015 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Srinivasan, Meera | location=Chennai}}</ref> However, some transgender people noted their absence from the entire process and called for their recommendations to be sought.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/activists-oppose-bill-on-transgender-rights/article7993938.ece | title=Activists oppose Bill on transgender rights | date=16 December 2015 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=Bengaluru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/cant-erase-hijra-culture-transgender-persons-bill-1581247-2019-08-16 | title="We can't erase our hijra culture" | date=16 August 2019 | work=India Today | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Sinha, Chinki | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816153625/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/cant-erase-hijra-culture-transgender-persons-bill-1581247-2019-08-16 | archive-date=16 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 was the first private member's bill to be passed by the Rajya Sabha in thirty-six years<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajya-Sabha-passes-first-private-members-bill-in-36-years-on-transgenders-rights/articleshow/47039967.cms | title=Rajya Sabha passes first private member's bill in 36 years, on transgenders' rights | date=25 April 2015 | work=Times of India | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831081935/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajya-Sabha-passes-first-private-members-bill-in-36-years-on-transgenders-rights/articleshow/47039967.cms | archive-date=31 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> and by the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] as a whole in forty-five years.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-private-member-bill-transgenders-rights-250096-2015-04-24 | title=Rajya Sabha passes transgenders rights bill, first private member proposal in 46 years | date=24 April 2015 | work=India Today | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817114840/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-private-member-bill-transgenders-rights-250096-2015-04-24 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Between 1947 and 2015, only sixteen private member's bills were passed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Just-14-private-members-bills-passed-by-Parliament-till-date-the-last-was-in-1970/articleshow/47046338.cms | title=Just 14 private member's bill passed by Parliament till date; the last was in 1970 | date=25 April 2015 | work=Times of India | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907004217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Just-14-private-members-bills-passed-by-Parliament-till-date-the-last-was-in-1970/articleshow/47046338.cms | archive-date=7 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2014 bill underwent significant changes when the government drafted its own version of the bill, omitting provisions in the 2014 bill.<ref name = "2015bill">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-transgender-persons-bill-2016/article21226710.ece | title=All you need to know about the Transgender Persons Bill, 2016 | date=30 November 2017 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Abraham, Rohan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507193832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-transgender-persons-bill-2016/article21226710.ece | archive-date=7 May 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> After recommendations were received from transgender people, the bill was sent to the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]].<ref name = "2015bill"/> It came to be known as the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bill-ensures-family-life-for-transgender-children/articleshow/50374808.cms | title=Bill ensures family life for transgender children | date=30 December 2015 | work=Times of India | access-date=19 August 2019 | author=Ghildiyal, Subodh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901033429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bill-ensures-family-life-for-transgender-children/articleshow/50374808.cms | archive-date=1 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Later, on 26 February 2016, the bill was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] for debate by [[Baijayant Panda]] of the [[Biju Janata Dal]] party.<ref name="bjd">{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-takes-up-bill-to-end-transgender-discrimination-1281768 | title=Lok Sabha Takes Up Bill To End Transgender Discrimination | date=27 February 2016 | agency=NDTV | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=PTI | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817124856/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-takes-up-bill-to-end-transgender-discrimination-1281768 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> He argued that the bill would help extend constitutional rights and end discrimination against transgender people, allowing them to live a life of dignity.<ref name="bjd"/> The bill was discussed in the Lok Sabha on 29 April 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/live-today-in-parliament-april-29-2016/article8536287.ece | title=Lok Sabha discusses transgender rights | date=29 April 2016 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> Siva stated that he will not be withdrawing the 2014 bill.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/906587/how-parliament-came-to-have-two-bills-on-transgender-persons-rights-and-why-neither-may-pass | title=How Parliament came to have two Bills on transgender persons' rights (and why neither may pass) | date=24 December 2018 | work=Scroll | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Lalwani, Vijayta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817103306/https://scroll.in/article/906587/how-parliament-came-to-have-two-bills-on-transgender-persons-rights-and-why-neither-may-pass | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

While the 2014 bill passed by the Rajya Sabha was still pending,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajya-sabha-member-wants-to-modify-national-anthem/article28100859.ece | title=Rajya Sabha member wants to modify National Anthem | date=21 June 2019 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> the government tabled the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016 (Bill No. 210 of 2016), on 2 August 2016, following the reconstitution of the Lok Sabha after the [[Indian general elections, 2014|2014 general elections]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-is-dead-for-now-5582573/ | title=Explained: Why the Citizenship Amendment Bill is dead, for now | date=13 February 2019 | work=Indian Express | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817130024/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-the-citizenship-amendment-bill-is-dead-for-now-5582573/ | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The 2016 bill had various provisions which were reportedly regressive and inferior to those in the 2014 bill.<ref name="scroll">{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/906205/this-is-a-black-day-activists-criticise-transgender-persons-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha | title='This is a black day': Activists criticise Transgender Persons Bill passed in Lok Sabha | date=19 December 2018 | work=Scroll | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Lalwani, Vijayta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817103231/https://scroll.in/article/906205/this-is-a-black-day-activists-criticise-transgender-persons-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jyotiratnam" /> The bill was met with criticism and protests from Indian transgender people and was referred to the [[Standing committee (India)|standing committee]], which submitted its report in July 2018.<ref name="jyotiratnam" /> The Lok Sabha tabled and passed a newer version of the bill with twenty-seven amendments on 17 December 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://ptinews.com/news/10250267_Lok-Sabha-passes-Transgender-bill.html | title=Lok Sabha passes Transgender bill | date=17 December 2018 | agency=PRI | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817092137/http://ptinews.com/news/10250267_Lok-Sabha-passes-Transgender-bill.html | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bittuh1">{{cite news|author=Kondaiah, Karthik Bittu|date=15 June 2019|title=The Transgender Persons Bill misses key demands of the community|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-transgender-persons-bill-misses-key-demands-of-the-community/story-0c6VV1GvYuV4xqYL06zw8N.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817053704/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-transgender-persons-bill-misses-key-demands-of-the-community/story-0c6VV1GvYuV4xqYL06zw8N.html|archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> The bill was once again met with severe criticism and protests across India, as it overlooked the recommendations made by the standing committee and the suggestions that had been offered by transgender people.<ref name="revised">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/colleges-join-hands-to-protest-against-transgender-bill-2018/article25844976.ece | title=Colleges join hands to protest against Transgender Bill 2018 | date=28 December 2018 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Karangutkar, Suyash | location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/rights-revised/article25783926.ece | title=Rights, revised: on the Transgender Persons Bill, 2018 | date=20 December 2018 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> The 2018 bill lapsed due to the [[Dissolution of parliament#India|dissolution of the Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|date=5 June 2019|title=Transgender rights Bill to be reintroduced|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=New Delhi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/transgender-rights-bill-to-be-reintroduced/article27474400.ece|access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> With the house's dissolution, the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 that was still pending before the Lok Sabha also lapsed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/article/906587/how-parliament-came-to-have-two-bills-on-transgender-persons-rights-and-why-neither-may-pass | title=How Parliament came to have two Bills on transgender persons' rights (and why neither may pass) | work=Scroll | date=24 December 2018 | access-date=7 July 2020 | author=Lalwani, Vijayta}}</ref>

Following the reconstitution of the Lok Sabha after the [[Indian general elections, 2019|2019 general elections]], the bill was reintroduced on 19 July 2019 by the Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment, [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]].<ref name="leaflet1">{{cite news | url=https://theleaflet.in/transgender-bill-introduced-in-the-lok-sabha/ | title=Transgender Bill introduced in the Lok Sabha | date=24 July 2019 | work=The Leaflet | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Sirohi, Nishant | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817092851/https://theleaflet.in/transgender-bill-introduced-in-the-lok-sabha/ | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Before this the bill had been approved by the [[Cabinet of India|union cabinet]] on 10 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-transgender-bill/article28355950.ece | title=Cabinet approves transgender bill | work=The Hindu Business Line | date=10 July 2019 | publisher=Press Trust of India | access-date=18 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311161745/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cabinet-approves-transgender-bill/article28355950.ece | archive-date=11 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was passed by a [[voice vote]] in the Lok Sabha on 5 August 2019, amidst commotion in the house following the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|revocation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir's special status]] by the Parliament on the same day.<ref name="passedaugust">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/transgender-persons-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha/article28822000.ece | title=Transgender Persons bill passed in Lok Sabha | date=5 August 2019 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=PTI | location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-opposition-parties-protest-in-lok-sabha-seek-presence-of-prime-minister-on-kashmir-decisions/articleshow/70536012.cms | title=Congress opposition parties protest in Lok Sabha seek presence of Prime Minister on Kashmir decision | date=5 August 2019 | work=Times of India | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808023548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-opposition-parties-protest-in-lok-sabha-seek-presence-of-prime-minister-on-kashmir-decisions/articleshow/70536012.cms | archive-date=8 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha by Thawarchand Gehlot on 20 November 2019, upon which it was passed without any amendments on 26 November 2019 following a motion to refer it to a [[select committee (parliamentary system)|select committee]] that failed by 77 noes against 55 ayes.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-passes-bill-to-protect-rights-of-transgenders/article30087790.ece |title=Parliament passes Bill to protect rights of transgenders |work=26 November 2019 |access-date=17 April 2020 |publisher=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130183741/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-passes-bill-to-protect-rights-of-transgenders/article30087790.ece |archive-date=30 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name ="jaya2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amid-opposition-trans-community-rajya-sabha-passes-transgender-persons-bill-112971 |title=Amid opposition from trans community, Rajya Sabha passes Transgender Persons Bill |date=26 November 2019 |work=The News Minute |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414175331/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amid-opposition-trans-community-rajya-sabha-passes-transgender-persons-bill-112971 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/rajya-sabha-passes-criticised-transgender-rights-bill |title=Rajya Sabha Passes Controversial Transgender Rights Bill |date=26 November 2019 |work=The Wire |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128190253/https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/rajya-sabha-passes-criticised-transgender-rights-bill |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill received [[Lawmaking procedure in India#President's approval|presidential assent]] on 5 December 2019, following which the Ministry of Law and Justice published it in the ''Gazette of India'' as Act No. 40 of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf |title=The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 [No. 40 of 2019] |date=5 December 2019 |website=socialjustice.nic.in |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412014303/http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/TG%20bill%20gazette.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= "despite">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/despite-massive-protests-trans-bill-gets-president-s-assent-becomes-law-113643 |title=Despite massive protests, Trans Bill gets President's assent, becomes law |date=7 December 2019 |work=The News Minute |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304050316/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/despite-massive-protests-trans-bill-gets-president-s-assent-becomes-law-113643 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The act came has been in effect since 10 January 2020 after a notification of the same in the ''Gazette'' by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2020|title=Notification, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215301.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111034026/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/215301.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2020|access-date=17 April 2020|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|postscript=. {{lang|hi|सी.जी.-डी.एल.-अ.-10012020-215301}}.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Damini |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/transgender-persons-act-comes-into-effect/article30545336.ece |title=Transgender Persons Act comes into effect |date=11 January 2020 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229091631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/transgender-persons-act-comes-into-effect/article30545336.ece |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Statutory provisions==
The 2018 bill criminalised begging, which many transgender people in India, such as the hijras and jogtas, engage in as a ritual-custom, while some rely on it for livelihood.<ref name="billreaction1" /> It had also mandated applications be made to the [[District magistrate (India)|district magistrate]] for screening through a district screening committee before the issuance of transgender person certificates.<ref name="billreaction1"/><ref name="indiatoday2017" /> The screening committee was to be composed of five people including a chief medical officer, district social welfare officer, psychologist/psychiatrist, and a representative of transgender people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/transgender-persons-protection-rights-bill-2016 | title=The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2016 | publisher=PRS Legislative Research | access-date=19 August 2019 | author=PRS India | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819031027/http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/transgender-persons-protection-rights-bill-2016 | archive-date=19 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/against-the-mandate-for-inclusion/article25791080.ece | title=Against the mandate for inclusion: the Transgender Persons Bill 2018 | date=21 December 2018 | work=The Hindu | access-date=19 August 2019 | author=Banerjie, Ajita}}</ref> The 2018 bill had also not provided for mandatory reservations for transgender people and mandated lower punishment for crimes against transgender people, as compared to punishment for crimes against cisgender people under the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name ="jyotiratnam"/><ref name="bittuh1"/> It also ensured a family-life for transgender children, by prohibiting their separation from their family, without taking into account harassment and discrimination they may face within their family as a result of which they may voluntarily choose to be separated and to reside instead with other transgender people.<ref name = "herald"/><ref name = "economic"/> A transgender child, as per the provisions, can be separated from their family only by a court order.<ref name = "revised"/> Similar to the 2019 statute, the 2018 bill also required one to undergo sex reassignment surgery to be legally recognised as a man or a woman in official documents.<ref name ="frontline">{{Cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article25957990.ece |title=Stiff opposition to transgender persons Bill |last1=Venkatesan |first1=V. |date=10 January 2019 |work=Frontline |access-date=20 September 2019 |last2=Kaur |first2=Tanveer}}</ref> The 2019 act does away with only a few of the criticised provisions of the 2018 bill, such as the district screening committee and the criminalisation of begging.<ref name="reuters1"/>

The statutory provisions of the 2019 act prohibit discrimination against transgender people.<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-lgbt-lawmaking/india-introduces-new-trans-rights-bill-in-parliament-after-backlash-idUSKCN1UE28S | title=India introduces new trans rights bill in parliament after backlash | date=19 July 2019 | work=Reuters | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Banerji, Annie | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817074604/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-lgbt-lawmaking/india-introduces-new-trans-rights-bill-in-parliament-after-backlash-idUSKCN1UE28S | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Similar to the 2018 bill, the 2019 act includes [[intersex|intersex people]], hijras, jogtas, and [[kinnar]]s within its definition of transgender people,<ref name ="frontline"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/govt-making-rules-for-us-without-us-transgenders/article29104679.ece | title=Govt. making rules for us without us: transgenders | date=16 August 2019 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Aggarwal, Aarushi | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815231759/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/govt-making-rules-for-us-without-us-transgenders/article29104679.ece | archive-date=15 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> as well as [[trans-men]], [[trans-women]], and [[genderqueers]], though these latter terms are undefined.<ref name ="frontline"/><ref name="tribune1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/bringing-transgenders-into-mainstream/807918.html |title=Bringing transgenders into mainstream |last=Quraishi |first=S. Y. |date=26 July 2019 |work=The Tribune |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817104013/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/bringing-transgenders-into-mainstream/807918.html |archive-date=17 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both the 2019 act as well as the 2018 bill describe a transgender person as someone whose gender does not match with the gender assigned to them at birth.<ref name ="frontline"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/The%20Transgender%20Persons%20%28Protection%20of%20Rights%29%20Bill%2C%202019%20Bill%20Text.pdf |title=The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill (No. 169), 2019 |work=PRS Legislative Research |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828040140/http://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/The%20Transgender%20Persons%20(Protection%20of%20Rights)%20Bill,%202019%20Bill%20Text.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Under the provisions of the 2019 act, a transgender person can apply to the district magistrate for a transgender person certificate which will give them the right to change the name on their birth certificate and have all documents updated accordingly.<ref>{{cite news|author=Gandhi|first1=Dhruva|last2=Ghia|first2=Unnati|date=5 August 2019|title=Transgender Rights Bill: A Stunted Understanding of Gender and Equality|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/transgender-rights-bill-a-stunted-understanding-of-gender-and-equality|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802165656/https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/transgender-rights-bill-a-stunted-understanding-of-gender-and-equality|archive-date=2 August 2019}}</ref> However, similar to the 2018 bill provisions, a transgender person can be identified as male or female only after applying for a revised certificate to the district magistrate, post sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="newsminute1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-transgender-persons-bill-2018-public-health-nightmare-community-94206 | title=Why Transgender Persons Bill 2018 is a healthcare nightmare for the community | date=30 December 2018 | work=The News Minute | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Karpagam, Sylvia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817074604/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/why-transgender-persons-bill-2018-public-health-nightmare-community-94206 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2019 act also protects transgender children and provides for states and institutions to come up with adequate policies to ensure the welfare of transgender people.<ref name="dh">{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bill-to-protect-rights-of-transgenders-passed-in-ls-752193.html | title=Bill to protect rights of transgenders passed in LS | date=5 August 2019 | work=Deccan Herald | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Kumar, Prakash | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817095008/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bill-to-protect-rights-of-transgenders-passed-in-ls-752193.html | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name = "economic">{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/transgender-rights-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-may-be-taken-up-next-week/articleshow/70301454.cms | title=Transgender Rights Bill introduced in Lok Sabha, may be taken up next week | date=20 July 2019 | work=Economic Times | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Sharma, Nidhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817094010/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/transgender-rights-bill-introduced-in-lok-sabha-may-be-taken-up-next-week/articleshow/70301454.cms | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Similar to the provisions of the 2018 bill, under the provisions of the 2019 act a transgender child can be separated from their family by a court order.<ref name = "revised"/> However, unlike the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014 neither the 2018 bill nor the 2019 act provide for reservations for transgender people in educational institutions and jobs.<ref name="leaflet1"/> The 2014 bill had provided for two per-cent reservations in educational institutions and public employment.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-law-that-defeats-its-purpose/article25854190.ece | title=A law that defeats its purpose | date=29 December 2018 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Kothari, Jayna}}</ref> Similar to the 2018 bill, the 2019 act provides for punishment for crimes against transgender people, which stands as an imprisonment for a term not less than six months but which may extend to two years and a fine.<ref name ="jyotiratnam"/><ref name ="tribune1"/> The 2019 act, as well as the 2018 bill, also provide for the creation of a [[National Council for Transgender Persons]].<ref name = "passedaugust"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-prohibit-discrimination-against-transgenders-2779179 | title=Lok Sabha passes bill to prohibit discrimination against transgenders | date=5 August 2019 | agency=DNA | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=ANI | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806145618/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-prohibit-discrimination-against-transgenders-2779179 | archive-date=6 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 18 April 2020, the government published Draft Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 in exercise of its powers under the 2019 statute, seeking comments and suggestions on the same from the public.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2020 |title=Modi govt releasing draft rules on Transgender Persons Act in lockdown a blow to community |author = Singh, Prashant | author2 = Shankar, Gopi | work=The Print |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/modi-govt-releasing-draft-rules-transgender-persons-act-lockdown-a-blow/414331/ |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

==Criticism and reactions==
[[File:Protest against Transgender Bill in Mumbai, India.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Protests against the 2018 bill in [[Mumbai]], in December 2018]]
The 2018 bill passed by the Lok Sabha was widely criticised by transgender people, activists, students, and lawyers.<ref name="gautamh1">{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-rajya-sabha-must-amend-the-transgender-persons-bill/story-WEyPFztPVABpfaQyDYBt5I.html | title=The Rajya Sabha must amend the Transgender Persons Bill | date=5 January 2019 | work=Hindustan Times | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Bhatia, Gautam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817073521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-rajya-sabha-must-amend-the-transgender-persons-bill/story-WEyPFztPVABpfaQyDYBt5I.html | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Transgender people protested in various cities in India calling the provisions regressive and in violation of the Supreme Court's 2014 judgment in ''NALSA v. UOI''.<ref name="bittuh1"/><ref name="jyotiratnam">{{cite news|author=Jyoti, and Ratnam|date=19 December 2018|title=Transgender bill criminalises community, say activists; seek its overhaul|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=New Delhi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/transgender-bill-criminalises-community-say-activists-seek-its-overhaul/story-U6hfkKpilq6bxsDAd2WvJI.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817072656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/transgender-bill-criminalises-community-say-activists-seek-its-overhaul/story-U6hfkKpilq6bxsDAd2WvJI.html|archive-date=17 August 2019}}</ref> The criminalisation of begging under the 2018 bill was to affect transgender people in India, such as hijras and jogtas, who engage in begging as a ritual-custom while some rely on it for livelihood.<ref name ="indiatoday2017">{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lgbtq-community-protests-against-transgender-persons-bill-1110328-2017-12-17 | title=LGBTQ community protests against Transgender Persons Bill | date=17 December 2017 | work=India Today | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Hasan, Ilma | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817092306/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lgbtq-community-protests-against-transgender-persons-bill-1110328-2017-12-17 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="billreaction1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/trans-activists-up-the-ante-to-challenge-bill/article25945066.ece | title=Trans activists up the ante, to challenge Bill | date=9 January 2019 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Ravi, Sidharth | location=New Delhi}}</ref> It was alleged by critics that the provision establishing the district screening committees left gaps for incompetence and prejudice.<ref name ="herald">{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/transgender-bill-remove-709703.html | title=Transgender Bill: remove drawbacks | date=24 December 2018 | work=Deccan Herald | access-date=19 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819030729/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/second-edit/transgender-bill-remove-709703.html | archive-date=19 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that even if the provision of a district screening committee existed to prevent imposters from seeking benefits of government welfare schemes, such an arrangement cannot be made at the expense of transgender people's right to self-determination.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/transgender-rights-should-not-depend-on-a-screening/story-c1oqqLOTEzSAfyBoV0fWWN.html | title=Transgender rights should not depend on a screening | date=19 February 2018 | work=Hindustan Times | access-date=19 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819030729/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/transgender-rights-should-not-depend-on-a-screening/story-c1oqqLOTEzSAfyBoV0fWWN.html | archive-date=19 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The definition of transgender people under the 2018 bill, retained by the 2019 act, was reported by ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' to be different than how transgender identity is understood internationally.<ref name ="frontline"/>

The 2018 bill and 2019 act have been met with protests by transgender people.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/dec/22/1k-trans-people-from-pondy-tn-protest-against-new-law-1914889.html | title=Over 1,000 transgenders from Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu protest against new law | date=22 December 2018 | work=New Indian Express | access-date=19 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819030732/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/dec/22/1k-trans-people-from-pondy-tn-protest-against-new-law-1914889.html | archive-date=19 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The day of their passing has been referred to some transgender people as a "black day" and as "gender justice murder day".<ref name= "despite"/><ref name = "scroll"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/aug/08/transgender-persons-bill-evokes-mixed-responses-2015785.html | title=Transgender Persons Bill evokes mixed responses | date=8 August 2019 | work=The New Indian Express | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Gowda, Varsha | location=Bengaluru | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817103657/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/aug/08/transgender-persons-bill-evokes-mixed-responses-2015785.html | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Others described them as "draconian and discriminatory".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bill-will-deprive-us-of-right-to-live-with-dignity-say-transgender-activists/article25837198.ece |title=Bill will deprive us of right to live with dignity, say transgender activists |last=Karangutkar |first=Suyash |date=27 December 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> After the 2018 bill was passed by the Lok Sabha in December, members of the opposition in the Rajya Sabha had stated they will not let the bill pass in its present form in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://scroll.in/latest/907430/transgender-persons-bill-opposition-mps-in-rajya-sabha-promise-not-to-pass-draft-law | title=Transgender Persons Bill: Opposition MPs in Rajya Sabha promise not to pass draft law | date=28 December 2018 | work=Scroll | access-date=17 August 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817103316/https://scroll.in/latest/907430/transgender-persons-bill-opposition-mps-in-rajya-sabha-promise-not-to-pass-draft-law | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Protestors alleged the 2018 bill institutionalises violence and decried what they saw as neglect of the recommendations made by the standing committee and by transgender people.<ref name="hubbali">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/withdraw-transgenders-bill-table-it-again-with-changes/article25875808.ece |title='Withdraw Transgenders Bill, table it again with changes' |date=1 January 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> Transgender people called the requirement of applications to be made to the district magistrate for issuance of transgender certificates, the lesser punishment for crimes against transgender people, and the absence of provisions on mandatory reservations for transgender people regressive to the judicial mandate of the Supreme Court in 2014 in ''NALSA v. UOI'', thereby violating their right to equality and other fundamental rights.<ref name="hubbali"/><ref name="newsminute2">{{cite news | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trans-bill-2019-passed-lok-sabha-why-trans-community-india-rejecting-it-106695 | title=Trans Bill 2019 passed in Lok Sabha: Why the trans community in India is rejecting it | date=5 August 2019 | work=The News Minute | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Dharmadhikari, Sanyukta | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817074728/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trans-bill-2019-passed-lok-sabha-why-trans-community-india-rejecting-it-106695 | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In the run-up to the 2019 general elections to the Lok Sabha, the [[Indian National Congress]] had promised in its electoral manifesto to withdraw the 2018 bill and introduce a new one, in consultation with members of the queer community.<ref name = "manifesto"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/elections-2019/congress-releases-poll-manifesto-promises-jobs-benefits-farmers-niti-aayog-1502742568.html | title=Congress manifesto promises 34 lakh jobs, farmer welfare, says will scrap NITI Aayog | date=2 April 2019 | work=The Statesman | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=SNS Web | location=New Delhi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817134723/https://www.thestatesman.com/elections-2019/congress-releases-poll-manifesto-promises-jobs-benefits-farmers-niti-aayog-1502742568.html | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] supported the passing of the 2014 bill in its electoral manifesto.<ref name = "manifesto">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/the-invisible-third-gender-voters/article26764806.ece | title=The invisible 'third gender' voters | date=8 April 2019 | work=The Hindu | access-date=17 August 2019 | author=Rosario, Kennith | location=Mumbai}}</ref> In April 2019, transgender rights activist [[Laxmi Narayan Tripathi]], met the then [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] National General Secretary, [[Ram Madhav]], asking the party to introduce a revised bill if it were to return to power.<ref name="laxmi">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/transgender-activist-meets-ram-madhav-seeks-revised-bill-if-bjp-is-returned-to-power/articleshow/68745108.cms | title=Transgender activist meets Ram Madhav, seeks revised bill if BJP is returned to power | work=Times of India | date=5 April 2019 | access-date=18 April 2020 | author=Pandit, Ambika | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920204451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/transgender-activist-meets-ram-madhav-seeks-revised-bill-if-bjp-is-returned-to-power/articleshow/68745108.cms | archive-date=20 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> Madhav assured her that he would address the concerns of the transgender community.<ref name="laxmi"/> Soon after news reported that the 2019 bill was approved by the union cabinet, transgender rights activists held a press conference in Delhi to address the issue.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/transgender-bill-cabinet-lok-sabha-activists | title=Trans Activists Demand Release of Full Text of Cabinet-Approved Transgender Bill | work=The Wire | date=17 July 2019 | access-date=18 April 2020 | author=Sharma, Raghavi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817091259/https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/transgender-bill-cabinet-lok-sabha-activists | archive-date=17 August 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 November 2019, two days before the bill was passed by the parliament, protests were staged by the queer community in New Delhi and [[Bengaluru]] as part of the [[Delhi Queer Pride Parade|Delhi queer pride parade]] and the [[Bengaluru Namma Pride March]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/namma-pride-march-rainbow-spreads-cheer-but-with-a-dash-of-black/articleshow/72216384.cms | title=Namma Pride March: Rainbow spread cheer, but with a dash of black | date=25 November 2019 | work=Times of India | access-date=17 April 2020 | author=Iyer, Swathy R | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129065826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/namma-pride-march-rainbow-spreads-cheer-but-with-a-dash-of-black/articleshow/72216384.cms | archive-date=29 November 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/delhi-marched-against-trans-bill-2019-on-pride-day-779641.html | title=Delhi marched against Trans Bill 2019 on Pride Day | date=25 November 2019 | work=Deccan Herald | access-date=17 April 2020 | author=Banerjee, Rohini | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123135718/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/delhi-marched-against-trans-bill-2019-on-pride-day-779641.html | archive-date=23 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jaya">{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Sushmita |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/12/04/784398783/india-just-passed-a-trans-rights-bill-why-are-trans-activists-protesting-it |title=India Just Passed A Trans Rights Bill. Why Are Trans Activists Protesting It? |date=4 December 2019 |work=National Public Radio |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303211742/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/12/04/784398783/india-just-passed-a-trans-rights-bill-why-are-trans-activists-protesting-it |archive-date=3 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The legislation also drew criticism from the [[All India Mahila Congress]] and opposition from parliamentarians including [[Jaya Bachchan]] and [[Sasmit Patra]], while [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]] and Tiruchi Siva also expressed their concerns before the house.<ref name="jaya2"/><ref name="jaya"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/a-bill-meant-to-protect-indias-transgender-community-instead-leaves-them-angry-and-aggrieved/2019/11/29/6c2c7b7e-116b-11ea-924c-b34d09bbc948_story.html | title=A bill meant to protect India's transgender community instead leaves them angry and aggrieved | date=30 November 2019 | newspaper=The Washington Post | access-date=17 April 2020 | author=Masih, Niha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302034520/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia-pacific/a-bill-meant-to-protect-indias-transgender-community-instead-leaves-them-angry-and-aggrieved/2019/11/29/6c2c7b7e-116b-11ea-924c-b34d09bbc948_story.html | archive-date=2 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> After the legislation was passed by the parliament, transgender people and activists protested against the legislation, organised meetings to address the situation, and urged the president not to sign and give his assent to the bill.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/protests-held-in-dadar-against-transgender-persons-bill-2019/articleshow/72309119.cms | title=Protests held in Dadar against Transgender Persons Bill 2019 | work=Mumbai Mirror | date=1 December 2019 | access-date=17 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201051151/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/protests-held-in-dadar-against-transgender-persons-bill-2019/articleshow/72309119.cms | archive-date=1 December 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="jaya"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Fatima |url=https://theprint.in/india/murder-of-gender-justice-activists-urge-president-kovind-not-to-sign-transgender-bill/327360/ |title='Murder of gender justice' — activists urge President Kovind not to sign transgender bill |date=27 November 2019 |work=The Print |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201121026/https://theprint.in/india/murder-of-gender-justice-activists-urge-president-kovind-not-to-sign-transgender-bill/327360/ |archive-date=1 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> There were also protests by the queer community against the act as part of the [[Queer Azaadi Mumbai|Mumbai pride parade]] in February 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/take-back-trans-act-mumbai-trans-community/1726557 | title=Take back Trans Act: Mumbai Trans community | work=Outlook India | date=5 February 2020 | agency=IANS | access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbai-pride-2020-thousands-stand-in-solidarity-with-queer-muslims-amid-caa-nrc-chaos-urge-govt-to-amend-draconian-transgender-act-7991111.html | title=Mumbai Pride 2020: Thousands stand in solidarity with queer Muslims amid CAA-NRC chaos, urge govt to amend 'draconian' Transgender Act | work=Firstpost | date=25 February 2020 | access-date=17 April 2020 | author=Manral, Avnisha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315122340/https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbai-pride-2020-thousands-stand-in-solidarity-with-queer-muslims-amid-caa-nrc-chaos-urge-govt-to-amend-draconian-transgender-act-7991111.html | archive-date=15 March 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The legislation has been criticised by [[Human Rights Watch]] and the [[International Commission of Jurists]].<ref name="jurists">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Neetu Chandra |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-bill-2019-11574774522034.html |title=Rajya Sabha passes Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019 |date=26 November 2019 |work=Live Mint |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128004011/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-passes-transgender-persons-protection-of-rights-bill-2019-11574774522034.html |archive-date=28 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hrw">{{cite news | url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/23/india-transgender-bill-raises-rights-concerns | title=India: Transgender Bill Raises Rights Concerns | date=23 July 2019 | publisher=Human Rights Watch | access-date=17 August 2019 | location=New York | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730050854/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/23/india-transgender-bill-raises-rights-concerns | archive-date=30 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 27 January 2020, the Supreme Court issued a notice requiring the central government to respond in a petition challenging the constitutionality of the 2019 legislation, filed by judge<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-13|title=After West Bengal and Maharashtra, Assam gets its first transgender judge|url=https://scroll.in/latest/886400/after-west-bengal-and-maharashtra-assam-gets-its-first-transgender-judge|access-date=2020-07-04|website=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and transgender rights activist Swati Bidhan Baruah.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-notice-to-centre-on-plea-against-transgender-act/story-HfBrPZBTFmusm9theecWoL.html | title=Supreme Court notice to Centre on plea against transgender act | work=Hindustan Times | date=28 January 2020 | access-date=17 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129045020/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-notice-to-centre-on-plea-against-transgender-act/story-HfBrPZBTFmusm9theecWoL.html | archive-date=29 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/supreme-court-notice-to-centre-on-plea-against-transgender-act-2019-798774.html | title=Supreme Court notice to Centre on plea against Transgender Act, 2019| work=Deccan Herald | date=27 January 2020 | author=Tripathi, Ashish | access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> On 12 June 2020, the Supreme Court issued notice to the government in another petition filed challenging the constitutionality of the statute, tagging it with the petition filed by Baruah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahajan |first=Shruti |date=13 June 2020 |title=Transgender Persons Act, 2019 violates the fundamental rights it seeks to protect: Another challenge mounted in Supreme Court |work=Bar and Bench |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/transgender-persons-act-2019-violates-the-fundamental-rights-another-challenge-in-sc |access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

The Act has been criticised for overlooking the demand of transgender community for reservations in the matter of appointment which was recommended in [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|NALSA]] judgment (2014) by [[Supreme Court of India|The Supreme Court of India]]. The Act also provides for punishment of up to two years for sexual abuse of transgender persons which is significantly less than the permission for sexual assault of women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Jelsyna |title=Towards a gender-inclusive future: Judicial developments recognising rights of the transgender community in India |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/towards-a-gender-inclusive-future-judicial-developments-recognising-the-rights-of-the-transgender-community-in-india-and-the-road-ahead |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |date=12 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[Human rights in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ws|[[s:Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019|Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019]]|ps=no}}

{{LGBT in India}}
{{Transgender topics}}

[[Category:Transgender rights in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Transgender law]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2019]]

Insaaf (1997 film)

2026-03-16T06:47:16Z

Nisha Lakra: fixed section further and added references

{{Short description|1997 film by Dayal Nihalani}}
{{About||the 1987 Vinod Khanna film|Insaaf (1987 film)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Insaaf
| image = Insaaf Film Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Dayal Nihalani
| producer = Jimmy Nirula
| writer = Dilip Shukla (dialogues)
| screenplay = Dilip Shukla
| story = Dayal Nihalani
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Shilpa Shetty]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Shankar Bardhan
| editing = Ashok Shrivastav
| studio = Manish Arts
| distributor = Time Magnetics Pvt.Ltd
| released = {{Film date|1997|5|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3.50 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2680|title=Insaaf – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}6.64 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Insaaf''''', also known as '''''Insaaf: The Final Justice''''', is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1997|1997]] Indian [[Bollywood]] [[action film]] directed and written by Dayal Nihalani and starring [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Paresh Rawal]]. It was released on 30 May 1997.

A witness to a murder is killed and honest police officer Vikram lays a trap to catch the killers by getting his girlfriend to pose as the witness. They do succeed, but also make a shocking discovery.

==Cast==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor/Actress
! Role
|-
|[[Akshay Kumar]]|| Inspector Vikram Singh Jain (Vicky)
|-
|[[Shilpa Shetty]]|| Divya
|-
|[[Paresh Rawal]]|| Chiman Bhai
|-
|[[Ranjeet]]|| Inspector Lokhande
|-
|[[Alok Nath]]|| Jagat Narayan, MP
|-
|[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]]|| Vilayti
|-
|[[Dinesh Hingoo]] || Parsi man in a friendly appearance
|-
|[[Achyut Potdar]]|| Anjali's father
|-
|[[Mohan Joshi]]|| Police Commissioner Satish Kulkarni
|-
|[[Rana Jung Bahadur]]|| Janardhan
|-
|[[Anjalika Mathur]]|| Aarti Singh, Vikram's sister
|-
|[[Anil Nagrath]]|| Shah
|-
|[[Indrani Banerjee]]|| Anjali
|}

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by Anand-Milind and songs were written by Sameer

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Bara Aana De ..."
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
|-
| 2
| "Taana Tandaana"
| Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet, [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
| 3
| "Ding a Dong Rapappo"
| [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Choir|Chorus]]
|-
| 4
| "Hum To Tanhai Sanam"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 5
| "Krishna Krishna"
| [[Alisha Chinai]]
|-
| 6
| "Meri Jaane Jaana"
| Parvez Gayatri
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{iMDb title|0251143|Insaaf}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 action drama films]]
[[Category:1997 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sandeep Chowta]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]

Janata Dal (Secular)

2026-03-16T06:18:30Z

Nisha Lakra: clean up

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = Janata Dal (Secular)
|party_logo =
|colorcode = {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|abbreviation = JD(S)
|president = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|founder = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|loksabha_leader = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|rajyasabha_leader = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|chairman = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|predecessor = [[Janata Dal]]
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|July 1999|df=y|p=y}}
| alliance = * '''National Alliance''' 
*[[National Democratic Alliance]] (2006–2007) (2024–present)
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
*[[United Progressive Alliance]] (National) (2004–2006), (2018–2019)
*[[AIADMK-led Alliance]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]) (2006)
*[[Left Democratic Front]] ([[Kerala]]) (2009–2026){{efn|2024–2026 (rebel group)}}}}
|colours = [[Green]] {{coloursample|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
|ideology = {{nowrap|[[Social democracy]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohli |first1=Deepti |title=Political determinants of centre-state transfers: An empirical analysis across Indian states |journal=Journal of Government and Economics |date=2024 |volume=16 |article-number=100130 |doi=10.1016/j.jge.2024.100130 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manjhi |first1=Ganesh |last2=Mehra |first2=Meeta Keswani |title=Political Transfer Cycles from the Centre to the states |journal=Ensayos sobre Política Económica |date=June 2018 |volume=36 |issue=86 |pages=207–241 |doi=10.32468/espe.8604 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=ecae4f7c-d46c-37cb-b4a9-1278f851c45b&groupId=252038|title=REGIONAL/STATE PARTIES IN INDIA AN ANNOTATED ALMANAC|website=www.kas.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internacionalsocialista.org/fileadmin/uploads/si/Documents/Congresses/Athens/SG_Report_XXIII_SI_Congress_Athens_2008aa.pdf|title=Global Solidarity: The courage to 'make a difference XXIII CONGRESS OF THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL ATHENS, GREECE, 30 JUNE - 2 JULY 2008|website=www.internacionalsocialista.org}}</ref>}}<ref name="auto"/>}} '''Factions:''' [[Kannadigas|Canarese nationalism]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://jds.ind.in/en/history.php|title=JANATA DAL (SECULAR)}}</ref>
|position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref name="auto"/>

|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|2|543|hex={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|18|224|hex={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
}}
|state2_seats_name = [[Karnataka Legislative Council]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|8|75|hex={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|headquarters = JP Bhavan, 19/1, Platform Road, [[Seshadripuram]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]-560020
|students = Student Janata Dal (Secular)
|youth = Yuva Janata Dal (Secular)
|women = Mahila Janata Dal (Secular)
|labour = Karmikara Janata Dal (Secular)
|peasants =
|no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|ppchairman = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|symbol = [[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|Janata Dal Election Symbol|150px]]
| flag = Janata Dal (Secular) flag (1).svg
|website = {{url|http://jds.ind.in/}}
}}

The '''Janata Dal (Secular)''' ({{translation|'''People's Party (Secular)'''}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''JD(S)''') is an [[India]]n [[political party]] recognised as a [[List of political parties in India#State (regional)|state party]] in the [[Indian states]] of [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It was founded by the former [[prime minister of India]] [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] in July 1999 as a breakaway faction from the [[Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991113/ipo13028.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201104233/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19991113/ipo13028.html|archive-date=1 February 2009|title=EC to hear Janata Dal symbol dispute|access-date=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990802/jd.html|title=The Nation:Janata Dal:Divided Gains (India Today article)|access-date=2007-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109210028/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990802/jd.html|archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
The Janata Dal (Secular), formed in 1999, had its origins in the [[Janata Party]], founded in 1977 as a coalition of several smaller parties that combined forces to oppose the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Janata-Dal-Secular|title=Janata Dal (Secular) | Indian Political Party, History & Ideology | Britannica|date=15 September 2025|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> In 1988 the Janata Party and other smaller parties merged to form the [[Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lokpriya.com/personalities/political/present/chandrashekhar.html|title=article on Chandrashekar|access-date=2007-09-30|archive-date=12 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212230334/http://www.lokpriya.com/personalities/political/present/chandrashekhar.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/17/stories/2006011700490300.html|title=Bouquet of ideologies - article in the Hindu|access-date=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0029548.html|title=Janata Dal|access-date=2007-09-30}}</ref> In 1996, Janata Dal reached its pinnacle when [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] became Prime Minister of India, heading the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] (UF) coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_gowda.htm|title=Profile of Deve Gowda on PMO website|access-date=2007-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010020723/http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_gowda.htm|archive-date=10 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date= |title=History – Janata Dal (Secular) |url=http://jds.ind.in/histor/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919160654/http://jds.ind.in/histor/ |archive-date=2021-09-19 |website=jds.ind.in}}</ref>

The Janata Dal split in 1999, when a faction led by Chief Minister [[J. H. Patel]] lent support to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] leading to the formation of Janata Dal (Secular) under [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[Siddaramaiah]]. The [[Sharad Yadav]] faction of the Janata Dal, the [[Lok Shakti]] and the Samata Party merged as the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janata.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=60|title=Janata.in|website=www.janata.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-23 |title=Janata Parivar's home base |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423006701900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103051657/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423006701900.htm |archive-date=2008-01-03 |website=www.frontlineonnet.com}}</ref> Even though the premise for the split was its opposition to allying with the [[National Democratic Alliance]], H. D. Deve Gowda stayed equally away from the [[Indian National Congress]] from the outset.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug26/head2.htm|title="Gowda rules out tieup with Congress " - Tribune India article|access-date=2007-09-30}}</ref>

The [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 Karnataka Assembly election]] witnessed the revival of the party's fortunes with JD(S) becoming part of the ruling coalition in the state.

Kumaraswamy was made as [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]] from 4 February 2006 to 9 October 2007.
On 27 September 2007, Kumaraswamy said that he would leave office on 3 October as part of a power-sharing agreement between the Janata Dal (Secular) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), despite the calls of some legislators in the JD(S) for him to remain in office for the time being, due to complications in arranging the transfer of power.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200709271901.htm "Kumaraswamy says he will quit on Oct. 3"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023351/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200709271901.htm |date=21 April 2008 }}, PTI (''The Hindu''), 27 September 2007.</ref> However, on 4 October 2007, he refused to transfer power to the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|author=M, Anil Kumar|date=17 October 2011|title=October effect haunts BS Yeddyurappa|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/october-effect-haunts-bs-yeddyurappa/articleshow/10382241.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019224154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/bangalore/30289329_1_bs-yeddyurappa-yeddyurappa-government-bjp-mlas|archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> Finally, on 8 October 2007, he tendered his resignation to Governor [[Rameshwar Thakur]], and the state was put under President's rule two days later.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 2007|title=Karnataka under President Rule|newspaper=Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/karnataka-under-president-rule/226455/0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413151858/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/karnataka-under-president-rule/226455/0|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> However, he reconciled later and decided to offer support to the BJP. BJP's [[B. S. Yeddyurappa]] was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka on 12 November 2007.
But, again refused to support BJP government over a disagreement on sharing of ministries which resulted in Yeddyurappa resignation as Chief Minister on 19 November 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Yeddyurappa-quits-rather-than-face-trust-vote/article14879014.ece|title=Yeddyurappa quits rather than face trust vote|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 November 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

After the untimely demise of Karnataka state JD(S) President Merajuddin Patel, he was elected unopposed as President of the state unit.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 May 2013|title=Kumaraswamy elected JDS Legislature party leader|newspaper=The Deccan Herald|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/333572/kumaraswamy-elected-jds-legislature-party.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144739/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/333572/kumaraswamy-elected-jds-legislature-party.html|archive-date=13 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], party gained Official Opposition (India) status, rather than ruling party BJP.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-13/news/56060781_1_party-president-karnataka-assembly-amarnath-shetty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122003224/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-13/news/56060781_1_party-president-karnataka-assembly-amarnath-shetty|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2015|title=H D Deve Gowda announces son as party president of Karnataka unit – The Economic Times}}</ref> Kumaraswamy is also known for accusing political rivals of [[political corruption|corruption]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/who-is-hd-kumaraswamy/articleshow/64176418.cms |title=Who is HD Kumaraswamy? |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 May 2018 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527214346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/who-is-hd-kumaraswamy/articleshow/64176418.cms |archive-date=27 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 October 2010|title=JDS Releases CD of BJP MLA Trying to 'Buy' Its MLA|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jds-releases-cd-of-bjp-mla-trying-to-buy-its-mla/698179|access-date=22 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032010/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/jds-releases-cd-of-bjp-mla-trying-to-buy-its-mla/698179|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=21 October 2010|title=Karnataka: JD-S releases CD of BJP bribery attempt|newspaper=[[Rediff.com]]|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/jds-releases-cd-of-bjp-bribery-attempt/20101021.htm9|access-date=22 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035247/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/jds-releases-cd-of-bjp-bribery-attempt/20101021.htm9|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri H.D. Kumaraswamy calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on May 28, 2018.jpg|thumb|Kumaraswamy met Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] after becoming Chief Minister in May 2018]]
In [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 elections in Karnataka]] state, JD(S) was the third-largest party but after a post-poll alliance with the [[Rahul Gandhi]] led Indian National Congress, kumaraswamy was sworn in as the Chief Minister for 2nd term on 23 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/live/2018/may/23/amid-opposition-show-of-strength-h-d-kumaraswamy-g-parameshwara-take-oath-as-karnataka-chief-minis-1818472.html |title=Amid Opposition show of strength, H D Kumaraswamy, G Parameshwara take oath as Karnataka Chief minis |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524151505/http://www.newindianexpress.com/live/2018/may/23/amid-opposition-show-of-strength-h-d-kumaraswamy-g-parameshwara-take-oath-as-karnataka-chief-minis-1818472.html |archive-date=24 May 2018 }}</ref>

In the 2019 parliament elections, Kumaraswamy son [[Nikhil Gowda]] contested in the [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)]] against an independent candidate [[Sumalatha]], wife of film actor Late [[Ambareesh]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/kumaraswamy-s-son-to-contest-from-mandya-1551723052519.html|title=Nikhil contests from mandya|website=www.livemint.com|date=4 March 2019|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Kumaraswamy took this contest as a prestige<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-flashpoint-mandya-sandalwod-star-sumalatha-and-karnataka-cms-son-nikhils-battle-for-prestige-news-328485|title=Karnataka CM considers Mandya a prestige|website=www.outlookindia.com|date=10 April 2019|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> and campaigned all across the constituency. In vain his son lost the election by a margin of 1,30,000 odd votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/may/23/mandya-election-result-sumalatha-heading-towards-victory-over-nikhil-gowda-1980854.html|title=JDS loses Mandy Lok sabha|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=23 May 2019|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref> Party's national president Devegowda also defeated in his new constiency [[Tumkuru]]. Then, PWD Minister H. D. Revanna's son Prajwell was only to manage to win in his family bastion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hd-kumaraswamy-breaks-down-mandya-rally-asks-why-people-rejected-his-son-nikhil-113050%3famp|title=Kumaraswamy breaks down in Mandya|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=27 November 2019|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408013955/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hd-kumaraswamy-breaks-down-mandya-rally-asks-why-people-rejected-his-son-nikhil-113050?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On the month of July 2019, JDS government lost its majority when 13 MLAs of Congress and 3 MLAs of his own party resigned to their MLA Posts. BSP MLA Mahesh N & 2 Independent MLAs withdrew their support for [[H.D.Kumaraswamy]] led coalition Government in Karnataka. On 23 July Kumaraswamy lost his majority in Karnataka floor test.
Kumaraswamy resigned to the Chief Minister post, by submitting his resignation letter to governor [[Vajubhai Vala]] on 23 July 2019. Then BJP was invited to form the government as the single largest party, by the governor and [[Yediyurappa|B. S.Yediyurappa]] took oath as the Chief Minister of Karnataka by succeeding him.

In the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 Karnataka Assembly Elections]], it was managed to win 19 seats of the contested 204 seats in the same elections.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka polls 2023: Kumaraswamy wins but son Nikhil loses |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/news/karnataka-polls-2023-kumaraswamy-wins-but-son-nikhil-loses/articleshow/100207246.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=See defeat and victory with equanimity: H D Kumaraswamy after JD(S) tallies only 19 seats in Karnataka polls |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/see-defeat-and-victory-with-equanimity-h-d-kumaraswamy-after-jds-tallies-only-19-seats-in-karnataka-polls/articleshow/100214371.cms |access-date=2023-05-24 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> It has a political presence mainly in Karnataka and is in decline. In September 2023, JD(S) joined the BJP controlled [[National Democratic Alliance]]. In [[Kerala]], the party had a small state unit which is part of the state government coalition, the [[Left Democratic Front]]. The state unit has refused to be part of the right wing NDA and are in rebellion against their national leadership for having joined hands with the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=BJP overall, Left in Kerala: JD(S) likely to lose state unit as banner of revolt is raised |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-left-kerala-jds-banner-revolt-raised-8953648/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 60 JD(S) office bearers to resign today over alliance with BJP; 30,000 estimated to leave in coming days |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/over-60-jds-office-bearers-to-resign-today-over-alliance-with-bjp-30000-estimated-to-leave-in-coming-days-2702774 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Prominent members ==


* [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], President of Janata Dal (Secular), Former Prime Minister of India and Former Chief minister of Karnataka
* [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], Union Minister of Heavy Industries of Government of India, Former Chief Minister of Karnataka and Karnataka State President of Janata Dal (Secular)
* [[H. D. Revanna]], former cabinet minister, present MLA, Karnataka (son of H. D. Deve Gowda).
* [[Nikhil Gowda]], state president, Yuva Janata Dal (Secular)
* [[B. M. Farooq]], current MLC of Karnataka Legislative Council, current national general secretary of Janata Dal (Secular)
* [[C. S. Puttaraju]], former minister for small irrigation resources, and former member of parliament, Lok Sabha from Mandya
* [[G. T. Devegowda]], former minister for higher education, and member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Chamundeshwari (Vidhana Sabha constituency
* [[Sharanagouda Kandakur]] is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is an MLA from Gurmitkal Assembly constituency in Yadgir district representing Janata Dal (Secular).
* Oommen Thalavady, former MLA Kuttanad, Kerala Legislative Assembly
* [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]], former chief minister of Karnataka<ref>[http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=91750n_tit=Bangarappa+Switches+Parties+Ninth+Time%2C+Joins+JD%28S%29 D A I J I W O R L D]. D A I J I W O R L D (2011-08-10). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.</ref>
* [[N. M. Joseph]], vice president of Janata Dal (Secular)
* [[D. Kupendra Reddy]], Former MP of Rajya Sabha<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kupendra-reddy-files-papers-as-jds-candidate-for-rs-polls/article6093755.ece|title=Kupendra Reddy files papers as JD(S) candidate for RS polls|date=2014-06-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/dkupendrareddy|title=D. Kupendra Reddy|date=2016-10-25|website=PRSIndia|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref>
* [[Mathew T. Thomas]], Kerala State president of Janata Dal (Secular) and former Kerala State minister
* [[Jose Thettayil]], vice president of Janata Dal (Secular), former minister Govt. of Kerala.
* [[Neelalohithadasan Nadar]], former Kerala State president of Janata Dal (Secular) (former minister Govt. of Kerala; former member of Parliament, Govt. of India)
* [[K. Krishnankutty]], current Kerala State minister for electricity department

== Electoral performance ==
=== Assembly election history in Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! +/-
! Voteshare (%)
! +/- ([[Percentage point|pp]])
! Outcome
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|203
|{{Composition bar|10|224|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{increase}} 10
|10.42
|{{increase}} 10.42
|Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|220
|{{Composition bar|58|224|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{increase}} 48
|20.77
|{{increase}} 10.35
|Government
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|219
|{{Composition bar|28|224|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 30
|18.96
|{{decrease}} 1.81
|rowspan="2"| Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|222
|{{Composition bar|40|224|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{increase}} 12
|20.09
|{{increase}} 1.13
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|199
|{{Composition bar|37|224|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|18.3
|{{decrease}} 1.79
|Government, later Opposition
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|209
|{{Composition bar|19|224|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 18
|13.29
|{{decrease}} 5.01
|Opposition
|}

{{Vertical bar chart|1999|10|2004|58|2008|28|2013|40|2018|37|2023|19|full_name=All time–JD(S) Karnataka Legislative Assembly seat count|type=demographic|color=green}}

=== Assembly election history in Kerala ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year || Assembly election || Seats contested || Seats won || Votes secured || Percentage of votes
|-
| 2001 || 11th Assembly || 12 || 3 || 546,917 ||3.48%
|-
|2006 || 12th Assembly || 7 || 5 || 353,111 || 2.27%
|-
|2011 || 13th Assembly || 5 || 4 ||264,631 || 1.52%
|-
|2016 || 14th Assembly || 5 || 3 || 293,274 || 1.5%
|-
|2021 || 15th Assembly || 4 || 2 || 265,789 || 1.28%
|-
|}

=== Lok Sabha election history ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" |Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | Seats contested
!style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | Overall votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | (%) of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | (+/-) in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};color:white" | Vote swing
|-
! colspan="10" |[[Lok Sabha]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|96
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|33,32,702
|0.91%
|{{Increase}} 1
|{{steady}} new
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|43
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|57,32,296
|1.47%
|{{Increase}} 2
|{{increase}} 0.56
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|
|
|{{Steady}}
|
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|
|
|{{decrease}} 1
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|
|
|{{decrease}} 1
|
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|
|{{Composition bar|2|543|{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}}}
|
|
|{{increase}} 1
|
|-
|}
{{Vertical bar chart|1999|1|2004|3|2009|3|2014|2|2019|1|2024|2|full_name=All time–JD(S) Lok Sabha seat count|type=demographic|color=green}}

==Legislative leaders==
===List of union cabinet ministers===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Portfolio
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Elected constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:JDS chief Kumaraswamy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1959)
|[[Ministry of Heavy Industries]]
|rowspan=2|9 June 2024
|rowspan=2|''Incumbent''
|rowspan=2|{{age in years and days|2024|06|09}}
|rowspan=2|[[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=2|[[Narendra Modi]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Ministry of Steel]]
|}

=== List of chief ministers ===
==== Chief Ministers of Karnataka ====
{{further|List of chief ministers of Karnataka}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Karnataka|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Ministry
|-
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:JDS chief Kumaraswamy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1959)
|3 February 2006
|8 October 2007
|rowspan=2|2 years, 308 days
|12th {{small|([[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]])}}
|[[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]]
|[[First Kumaraswamy ministry|Kumaraswamy I]]
|-
|23 May 2018
|23 July 2019
|[[15th Karnataka Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]])}}
|[[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
|[[Second Kumaraswamy ministry|Kumaraswamy II]]
|}

=== List of deputy chief ministers ===
==== Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka ====
{{further|List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Karnataka|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|[[Chief Minister of Karnataka|{{white|Chief Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#02865A;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Siddaramaiah at the function Akshaya Patra Foundation in Karnataka.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Siddaramaiah]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1947)
|28 May 2004
|5 August 2005
|1 year, 69 days
|rowspan=2|12th {{small|([[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]])}}
|[[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dharam Singh]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[M. P. Prakash]]''' (1940–2011)
|8 August 2005
|28 January 2006
|173 days
|[[Hoovina Hadagali Assembly constituency|Hoovina Hadagali]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[Samata Party]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Janata Dal (Secular)}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{Janata Parivar parties}}
{{National Democratic Alliance}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular)| ]]
[[Category:State political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political parties in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Janata Parivar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal]][[Category:Member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Wijay

2026-03-14T20:34:52Z

Nisha Lakra: adjust formatting based on references and added references

{{short description|Indonesian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Wijay விஜய்
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1982|12|29}}
| birth_place = [[Medan]], [[Indonesia]]
| height= {{height|m=1.66}}
| currentclub = [[PSMS Medan]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2002–2003
| years2 = 2003–2004
| years3 = 2005–2009
| years4 = 2009–2010
| years5 = 2010–2012
| years6 = 2012–2013
| years7 = 2014
| years8 = 2014–2015
| years9 = 2015
| years10 = 2016
| clubs1 = [[PSMS Medan]]
| clubs2 = [[Sriwijaya F.C.|Persijatim]]
| clubs3 = [[Sriwijaya FC|Sriwijaya]]
| clubs4 = [[Persebaya Surabaya]]
| clubs5 = [[Mitra Kukar F.C.|Mitra Kukar]]
| clubs6 = [[Persepar Palangkaraya]]
| clubs7 = [[Persita Tangerang]]
| clubs8 = [[Persika Karawang]]
| clubs9 = [[Persikad Depok]]
| clubs10 = [[Persika Karawang]]
| caps1 = 12
| caps2 = 15
| caps3 = 18
| caps4 = 20
| caps5 = 16
| caps6 = 17
| caps7 = 4
| caps8 = 7
| caps9 = 0
| caps10 = 12
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| goals3 = 1
| goals4 = 0
| goals5 = 1
| goals6 =
| goals7 = 0
| goals8 = 0
| goals9 = 0
| goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2005
| nationalteam1 = [[Indonesia national under-23 football team|Indonesia U-23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2008
| nationalteam2 = [[Indonesia national football team|Indonesia]]
| nationalcaps2 = 2
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| pcupdate = 22 April 2014
| ntupdate =
}}
'''Wijay''' or '''Vijay'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.profiledetail&type=detail&klub=44&id=415|title=Wijay|publisher=liga-indonesia.co.id|accessdate=20 July 2012|archive-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116122707/http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.profiledetail&type=detail&klub=44&id=415|url-status=dead}}</ref> ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta|விஜய்}}; born 29 December 1982, in [[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]]) is an Indonesian [[Association football|football]] [[midfielder]] of [[India]]n descent. Previously, he played for [[Persita Tangerang]] in the [[2014 Indonesia Super League]].

==Honours==

'''Sriwijaya'''
*[[Liga Indonesia Premier Division]]: [[2007–08 Liga Indonesia Premier Division|2007–08]]
*[[Piala Indonesia|Copa Indonesia]]: [[2007 Copa Indonesia|2007–08]], [[2008–09 Copa Indonesia|2008–09]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{NFT player|pid=30859}}
*{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/wijay-wijay/48499/|title=Wijay|publisher=soccerway.com|accessdate=20 July 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wijay, -}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Medan]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indonesian people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Indonesian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Indonesia men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indonesian Premier Division players]]
[[Category:Liga 1 (Indonesia) players]]
[[Category:Liga 2 (Indonesia) players]]
[[Category:PSMS Medan players]]
[[Category:Sriwijaya F.C. players]]
[[Category:Persebaya Surabaya players]]
[[Category:PS Mitra Kukar players]]
[[Category:Kalteng Putra F.C. players]]
[[Category:Persita Tangerang players]]
[[Category:Persika 1951 players]]
[[Category:Persikad Depok (1990) players]]

{{Indonesia-footy-midfielder-stub}}

MGR Nambi

2026-03-13T05:17:39Z

Nisha Lakra: creating a pg basic info

{{Short description|Film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = MGR Nambi
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kovilpatti]]
| education = MAA MPhill
| occupation = Director Actor Politician
| othername = R. Renjith Kumar Nambiraj
| yearsactive = 1981 - current
| spouse =
| children = 2
| parents =
}}

'''Nambirajan''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] film director who has worked on Tamil films. He made his directorial debut in the 1980s, before proceeding to make ''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]'' (1994) and ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1995).

==Career==
Being an admirer of [[M. G. Ramachandran]], Nambi worked as a volunteer for his political party and due to his interest towards films, he took the blessings of him and joined the film institute to learn acting and direction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-130|title=புரட்சிதலைவர் சொல்லே எனக்கு வேதம் |work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=8 July 2025|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|date=9 March 1986|page=4}}</ref> Initially under the name Ranjith Kumar, Nambirajan made several low-budget films in the 1980s. ''Udhayamagirathu'' (1981), ''[[Manjal Nila]]'' (1982), ''Kunguma Pottu'' (1982), ''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]'' (1984) and ''Ungalil Oruvan'' (1985) were made in quick succession.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/die-hard-mgr-fan-gears-up-tamil-news-40600.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318034929/https://www.indiaglitz.com/die-hard-mgr-fan-gears-up-tamil-news-40600.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2023|title=- Tamil News|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He changed his name to and Nambirajan made ''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]'' (1994) featuring [[Jayaram]] in the lead role, before working with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1995). A further film with [[Ajith Kumar]] during the period titled ''Muthu Pechi'', failed to materialise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFF4XGrgloA|title="I wish I knew Tamil better!" - Ajith | Thala Ajithkumar Interview | Sun TV Throwback|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> In the late 1990s, he launched two films where he was set to be director and actor, ''Getti Maellam'' alongside [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and then ''Rukkumani'' opposite Sri Kanya. Neither film was released, despite the former having an audio launch.

In 2009, NJ revealed that he had changed his name to MGR Nambi and was worked on producing and directing a new project titled ''Poruthiru'' for his new production house, MGR Studios. The name change was reportedly as a result of his close ties with actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]], who had advised Nambirajan to join the [[Adyar Film Institute]] as a teenager.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/earlier-nambirajan-now-mgr-nambi/|title = Earlier Nambirajan, now MGR Nambi|date = 7 August 2008}}</ref> He also started his own recording studio in [[Saligramam]] for films to complete post-production work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/july-09-02/m-g-r-nambi-11-07-09.html|title=Director MGR Nambi's new recording studio - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Movie News - Nambirajan Jayaram Vinitha Chandralekha Nila|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The shoot for ''Poruthiru'' developed through 2010 with newcomers in the lead role, but the film failed to get a theatrical release. Similarly another film titled ''Sudalai Mannan'', a tale on a revolutionary who fought against the British empire, failed to materialise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-02/poruthiru-nambirajan-10-07-10.html|title=Nambirajan - Tamil Movie News - Poruthiru's Malaysian connection - Nambirajan | Chandralekha | Nila | Ganja Karuppu | Ramesh Kanna - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> He then launched an audacious project titled ''Kaala Bhairavi'', a multilingual film reportedly with a budget of 100 crores, which was to feature foreign actors Robert Johnson and Alicia, along with [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]]. The film failed to develop post a grand launch event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/tale-of-a-city/article3020548.ece|title=Tale of a city|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 February 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-10-01/kala-bhairavi-nila-chandralekha-04-02-10.html|title=A 100-crore film - Tamil Movie News - MGR Nambi | Kala Bhairavi | Nila | Chandralekha - Behindwoods.com|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| 1981 || ''Udhayamagirathu'' ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Manjal Nila]]'' ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Kunguma Pottu'' ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]'' ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Ungalil Oruvan'' ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Kungamapottu'' ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]'' ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]''||
|-
|1997 || ''Maa Ayana Bangaram'' || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|-
|}

=== As Actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! Year
! Film
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|-
|2025 || ''[[Konjam Kadhal Konjam Modhal]]''||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nambi, MGR}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sadar North Baptist Association

2026-03-09T19:10:01Z

Nisha Lakra: formatting fix

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2009}}
[[File:SNBAsymbol.jpg|thumb|220px|The symbol of Sadar North Baptist Association]]
{{Baptist}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
|name=Sadar North Baptist Association
|orientation=[[Baptist]]
|leader_title=President
|leader_name=Dhaniram Debbarma
|headquarters=SNBA Office, Mission Compound, A.D. Nagar, [[Agartala]], Tripura
|founded_date=1989
|founded_place=Tripura, India
|congregations=191
}}

'''Sadar North Baptist Association (SNBA)''' is a [[Baptists|Baptist]] [[Christian denomination]] in [[Tripura]]. It is located within the [[West Tripura]] district of Tripura in India.

== History ==
SNBA started as a small circle within the Central Baptist Association of [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]] (TBCU). It later on evolved and developed into a full-fledged association of TBCU with many churches affiliated to it. Today there are around more than 150 churches and fellowships within Sadar North Baptist Association. Some of the pioneers of the Baptist's in Sadar North is Life Deacon Biralal Debbarma (one of the first three Christians in the [[Kokborok]] speaking community and the ex-President of SNBA) and the Late Rev. Rabindra Debbarma.

=== Birth ===
[[File:Birolal Debbarma.jpg|thumb|180px|Life Deacon Lt. Birolal Debbarma, (ex-President, SNBA).]]
Before its birth as a full association the SNBA was one of the four Pastoral Circles under the [[CBA TBCU|Central Baptist Association]]. As churches grew rapidly with more new believers everywhere in the state, the Annual Assembly Session of Tripura Baptist Christian Union which was held in Subhash Nagar ([[North Tripura]]) on 23–26 February 1989 passed resolution that the Circles (e.g., South, Udaipur, Saisawm Sazai, and Sadar North) be given the full status of Associations. And it was how the Sadar North Baptist Association was established as an Association in the month of February 1989.

The leaders of the newly born Association with the presence of Rev. Hnehliana, the then General Secretary of TBCU, met prayerfully on 25 March 1989 at [[Durga Chowdhury Baptist Church]] and formed the first Executive Committee of the Association on ad hoc basis. The first members selected for the executive committee were:
* President: Mr. Birolal Debbarma
* Secretary: Rev. Rabindra Debbarma
* Treasurer: Mr. Chandra Kanta Debbarma.

==Faith and doctrine==
SNBA is based on the principles of Baptist theology and doctrines and is strongly threaded and bounded by firm faith on [[Jesus Christ]], [[Holy Spirit]] and the one and only omnipotent [[Father God]].

== Organization ==
[[File:ES SNBA.jpg|thumb|180px|Rev. Dr. Chandra Kanta Debbarma, Former Executive Secretary, SNBA and Former General Secretary, TBCU.]]
[[File:SNBYF06 01.jpg|thumb|Choir group from [[Mandwi]] Baptist Circle presenting a song in the 19th Sadar North Baptist Youth Fellowship that was organised in [[Abhicharan Baptist Church]] on 13–15 January 2006.]]
SNBA has the highest strength of Kokborok speaking Baptist community in Tripura.

=== Office ===
The association is led by the Executive Secretary, Rev. Barendra Debbarma, and has its head-office in Baptist Mission Compound, Arundhutinagar, [[Agartala]].

The association is registered under the [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]] (TBCU). The association is located within the West Tripura district of Tripura state in India.

=== Baptist Pastoral Circles ===
SNBA has nine Pastoral Circles, namely:
* [[Mandwi]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Dakdu]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Champaknagar]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Abhicharan]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Jamilwng]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Khumulwng]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Hezamara]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Borkathal]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.
* [[Hatal]] Baptist Pastoral Circle

=== Sadar North Baptist Women's Society (SNBWS)===
*President: Mrs.Anjali Debbarma([[Agartala City Baptist Church]])
*Secretary: Mrs. Ajali Debbarma (Agartala City Baptist Church)

=== Sadar North Baptist Sikla Bodol (SNBSB)===
*President: Er. Sukumani Debbarma
*Secretary: Rev. Partha Sarathi Debbarma

=== Sunday School Committee ===
*Convener: Rev. Mangal Debabrma
*Member: Rev. Nilmani Debbarma
*Member: Ord. Evan. C. K. Chhoma.

== Affiliated organisations ==

=== Schools ===
The association runs four English Medium schools, namely:
* [[Yakhili Academy]] (in [[Khumulwng]])
* [[Tipprah Academy]] (in [[Barkathal]])
* [[Salka Academy]] (in [[Hezamara]])
* [[Pohor Academy]] (in [[Burakha]])

=== Hospital ===
The foundation for a new hospital under the association was laid on 30 September 2013 for which the construction is underway.

Sponsored by: '''Sadar North Baptist Women Society (SNBWS)'''

Location: Patni Village, Borokathal Baptist Pastoral Circle (around 20 km from Agartala city).

=== Institute of Community Transformation ===
Sponsored by [[Seva Bharat]] (Mission India)

Location: [[Madhab Baptist Church]], [[Mandwi]] Baptist Pastoral Circle.

==Statistics==

According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 23,500 members and 191 churches.<ref>Baptist World Alliance, [https://www.baptistworld.org/member-unions/ Members], baptistworld.org, USA, retrieved 5 May 2023</ref>

'''SNBA Census'''
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
!Description/Particulars|| 2001 || 2010 || 2025
|-
|Churches|| 84 || 129 || 185
|-
|Fellowships|| 5 || 7 || 3
|-
|Members|| 8,562 || 20,943 || 22,531
|-
|* Male members|| 4,411 || 11,203 ||
|-
|* Female members|| 4,151 || 9,740 ||
|-
|Minors|| 2,972 || 4,533 || 4,729
|-
|Government Employees|| 947 || 1,480 || 1,628
|-
|Christian Families|| 2,128 || 4,332 ||
|-
|Workers of SNBA|| 13 || 52 || 58
|-
|Pastors|| 8 || 10 || 38
|-
|Evangelists|| 4 || 27 || 19
|-
|Others|| 1 || 2 || 1
|-
|Deacons|| 77 || 183 || 341
|-
|Life Deacons|| 2 || 6 || 38
|-
|}

=== Missionaries ===
There are eight missionaries working in SNBA. Missionaries are mainly from four organisations:
* [[Baptist Church of Mizoram]]
* [[Evangelical Church of Maraland]]
* Jampui Sakhan Baptist Association
* [[Kailashahar Baptist Christian Association]]

== Affiliated churches ==
Some churches like [[Zion Baptist Church, Tripura|Zion Baptist Church]], [[Kisong Baptist Church]], [[Jangalia Baptist Church]], [[Abhicharan Baptist Church]], [[Bhuban Chontai Baptist Church]],[[Bagbari Baptist Church ]], and [[Khumulwng Baptist Church]], have huge strength of members whereas others like churches like [[Roktia Baptist Church]], and [[Rasu Baptist Church]], have less strength of members.

The affiliated churches with foundation date are listed below according to the Pastoral Circles:

=== Abhicharan Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Kisong (1973)
* Dofidar (1977)
* Rajghat (1977)
* Durga Choudhury Kami (1982)
* Abhicharan (1983)
{{col-break}}
* Wala Kami (1983)
* Lefunga (1987)
* Sadhiram (1988)
* Kainta Kwpra (1990)
* Habildar (1990)
{{col-break}}
* Twisa Kwthang (1992)
* Mokam (1993)
* Bokjur (2002)
* Twisa Kwchang (2006)
* Rojong (2006)
{{col-break}}
* Kumaribil (2006)
* Phota Kami (2007)
* Raikanai (2008)
* Raj Chantai (2010)
* Kanto Kwpra (2010)
* Maikhor (2012)
{{col-end}}

=== Borkathal Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Debra (1978)
* Bosong thansa (1980)
* Borkathal (1986)
* Doigola (1987)
* Belphang (1987)
{{col-break}}
* Bargachia (1988)
* Khwichang (1988)
* Patni (1989)
* Yacharai (1991)
* Tokmakari (1994)
{{col-break}}
* Hathai Kwchang (2005)
* Chakhuma (2006)
* Khampar (2007)
* Bag Kami (2008)
* Radhanagar (2008)
{{col-break}}
* Salka (2010)
* Dugurai
* Urua Kami (2012)
* Twibru
* Twiraja
{{col-end}}

=== Champaknagar Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Khamting (1971)
* Bhrigudas (1977)
* Joynagar (1988)
* Jangalia (1988)
* Goyacharan (1989)
* Kulang Thagu (2013)
{{col-break}}
* Sobhamani (1990)
* Sinai Kami (1991)
* Maharam Sardar (1993)
* Hamari (1993)
* Rasu (1994)
* Rangking
{{col-break}}
* Sarat Sardar (1995)
* Roktia (1997)
* Debra (1999)
* Lalit Mohan (1999)
* Chokhreng (2003)
* Borduar
{{col-break}}
* Waraitwisa (2004)
* Duranta (2005)
* Uakjara (2005)
* Chandra Sadhu (2006)
* Immanuel (2007)
{{col-break}}
* Mang Kanto (2008)
* Rabicharan Thakur (2010)
* Nareng (2010)
* Thastwi Hatai (2011)
* Sambhusadhu (2012)
{{col-end}}

=== Dakdu Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Binon Kwpra (1975)
* Bhuban Chantai (1979)
* Madhab (1980)
* Sonamoni Sipai (1983)
* New Testament (1984)
{{col-break}}
* Boidya Kwpra (1986)
* Ramchandra (1990)
* Sibram (1998)
* Sridam Kwpra (1999)
* Chamathwi (2007)
{{col-break}}
* Sikwrai Kwpra (2007)
* Badramisip (2008)
* Thang Kami (2008)
* Lamkwthar (2010)
* Burakha (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Aitorma (2011)
* Kha Kwtal (2014)
* Boirwng
{{col-end}}

=== Mwsandwikhor Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Mwsandwikhor (1994)
* Garing Kami (1994)
* Shankhola (1995)
* Doldoli (1998)
* Chandranath (2003)
{{col-break}}
* Hasing Auar (2005)
* Matia (2006)
* Bethlehem (2008)
* Twisa Kuphur (2009)
* Bargatha (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Ganthalwng
* Dagia
{{col-end}}

=== Jamilwng Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Bagbari (1978)
* Bhati Fatik Cherra (1987)
* Agartala City (1988)
* Singlwng (1990)
* Gangalwng (1993)
{{col-break}}
* Jamilwng (1995)
* Kami Kwtal (1997)
* Hamari (2003)
* [[Kha Kotor Baptist Church|Kha Kotor]] (2004)
* Sipai (2006)
{{col-break}}
* Khampar kami (2008)
* Pohor (2009)
* Gamsa Kwpra (2010)
* Naran Kami
* Thansa (2023){{col-end}}

=== Khumulwng Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Kalasati (1976)
* Dashram (1985)
* Joygobind (1986)
* Khutamura (1987)
{{col-break}}
* Khakchangma (1988)
* Chichima Awar (1988)
* Muichingor (1990)
* Chhoigoria (1990)
{{col-break}}
* Bardhaman Thakur (1997)
* Khumulwng (1998)
* Langma (2005)
* Dula Kwpra (2005)
{{col-break}}
* Khasrang (2006)
* Galili (2007)
* Chukhani yakhili (2008)
* Immanuel (2010)
{{col-break}}
* Konai
* Hamkrai
* Bahu Chandra
* Khabaksa
* Gangaram
* Larima
* Hebron
* Yapri Kwtal Baptist Fellowship
{{col-end}}

=== Mandwi Baptist Pastoral Circle ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* Thaiplok Phang (1977)
* Manikung (1978)
* Matham (1983)
* Mandwi (1986)
* Udai Kwpra (1987)
{{col-break}}
* Bishram (1989)
* Khengrai (1989)
* Sat Para (1996)
* Nepal Mura (1996)
* Naba Chandra (1997)
{{col-break}}
* Begram (1999)
* Lakhan Kwpra (2000)
* Bethel (2000)
* Baludum (2005)
{{col-break}}
* Hachwk Madhab (2007)
* Kanta Kobra (2009)
* Nolbogola (2009)
* Dondra (2015)
{{col-break}}
* Kherengbar (2010)
* Chhoigoria (2010)
* Chairgoria (2013)
* Emau (2013)
* Bokhiri (2013)
* Narayan kami (2016)
{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]
* [[Baptist World Alliance]]
* [[Christianity in Tripura]]
* Jampui Sakhan Baptist Association

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Debbarma, Sukhendu (1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vyfrzVvJNxUC ''Origin and Growth of Christianity in Tripura: With Special Reference to the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 1938–1988''], Indus Publishing, New Delhi. {{ISBN|81-7387-038-1}}
* Borok Baptist Convention, Rangchak Mukumu, 2010

==External links==
* [http://sadarnorth.org/ SadarNorth.Org], the Official ePortal of Sadar North Baptist Association
* [http://www.bwanet.org/ Baptist World Alliance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804195042/http://www.bwanet.org/default.aspx?pid=5 |date=4 August 2009 }}

{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:Tripura Baptist Christian Union]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Tripura]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1989]]
[[Category:Baptist denominations established in the 20th century]]

Harano Sur

2026-03-07T06:46:09Z

Nisha Lakra: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian Bengali language 50s Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Harano Sur
| image = Harano Sur.jpg
| producer = Uttam Kumar
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Ajoy Kar]]
| screenplay = Nripendrakrishna Chatterjee
| based_on = ''[[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harvest]]'' (1942 American film)
| starring = [[Suchitra Sen]] [[Uttam Kumar]] [[Utpal Dutt]] [[Pahari Sanyal]]
| studio = Alo Chaya Productions
| distributor = Chayabani Pvt Ltd
| music = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| cinematography = Ajoy Kar
| editing = Ardhendu Chatterjee
| released = {{Film date|1957|09|06|df=y}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| language = Bengali
| country = India
}}

'''''Harano Sur''''' ({{translation|The Lost Tune}}) is a 1957 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[romantic drama film]] by [[Ajoy Kar]], starring [[Suchitra Sen]] and [[Uttam Kumar]], with music by [[Hemant Kumar|Hemanta Mukherjee]], sung by [[Geeta Dutt]]. This is the first film that Uttam produced along with Ajoy Kar. The film is regarded as one of the finest examples<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harano Sur |url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/harano_sur.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226034929/http://www.upperstall.com/films/harano_sur.html |archive-date=2008-02-26 |access-date=2008-03-30 |website=Upperstall}}</ref> of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] of this early period.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiancinemas.com/News-21/Bengali+Films+in+the+history+books.html?newsid=52&linkid=21 | title = The Early Years of Bengali cinema | access-date = 9 October 2011 | archive-date = 2 May 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120502161922/http://www.indiancinemas.com/News-21/Bengali+Films+in+the+history+books.html?newsid=52&linkid=21 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The film is based on the 1942 American film ''[[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harvest]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=349–350 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Images: The beautiful Suchitra Sen in Aandhi, Deep Jwele Jaai and Harano Sur |url=https://www.firstpost.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/images-the-beautiful-suchitra-sen-in-aandhi-deep-jwele-jaai-and-harano-sur-1314291.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=24 April 2022 |date=17 January 2014}}</ref> The film became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest grossing Bengali film of 1957]].

== Synopsis ==
An [[Amnesia|amnesiac]] after a train accident, Alok Mukherjee (Uttam Kumar) is rescued after escaping from the asylum where he was admitted by Doctor Roma Banerjee (Suchitra Sen) who takes him to her father's (Pahadi Sanyal) country house in a village called [[Palampur, Himachal Pradesh|Palaspur]]. There, while treating him, she falls for him and he for her. They marry but a second accident makes him recall his life as a rich businessman in [[Calcutta]] and forget the memories spent with Roma. Roma follows him to Calcutta and meets him there, but he doesn't recognise her. He hires her as governess to his niece instead. Roma keeps trying to simulate Alok's memory but is looked at suspiciously by Lata, Alok's fiancée in Calcutta who thinks Roma is snatching Alok away from her and who complains to Alok's mother. The latter has Roma kicked out. Alok, realizing she is from Palaspur and that is where he got back his memory goes there and regains his memory of times spent with Roma there.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Harano Sur' (1957) – Ten Bengali films featuring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen that are a must watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/ten-bengali-films-featuring-uttam-kumar-and-suchitra-sen-that-are-a-must-watch/harano-sur-1957/photostory/63785107.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Uttam Kumar]] as Alok Mukherjee
*[[Suchitra Sen]] as Dr Roma Banerjee
*[[Pahadi Sanyal]] as Roma's father
*[[Chandrabati Devi]] as Alok mother
*[[Utpal Dutta]] as Dr Majumder
*[[Khagen Pathak]] as Station Master
*[[Shailen Mukherjee]] as Manager
*[[Haren Mukherjee]] as Dr. Haren Mukherjee
*[[Dipak Mukherjee]] as Mihir Bhattacharya
*[[Kajori Guha]] as Lata

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Harano Sur
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1957
| recorded = 1956
| venue =
| studio = Alo Chaya Productions Pvt Ltd
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 0:6:44
| label = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa
| producer = Uttam Kumar
| prev_title = [[Tasher Ghar]]
| prev_year = 1957
| next_title = [[Lukochuri]]
| next_year = 1958
}}

[[Hemanta Mukherjee]] composed the music of the film. All the lyrics were penned by [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Tumi Je Amar
| length1 = 3:08
| extra1 = [[Geeta Dutt]]
| title2 = Aaj Dujanar Duti Path
| length2 = 3:36
| extra2 = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]
| total_length = 6:44
}}

== Production ==
''Harano Sur'' was the first film produced by Uttam Kumar along with Ajoy Kar. Uttam decided to keep Bengali cinema to national level, so he came into film production under their banner Alochaya Production Pvt Ltd. The film was based on 1942 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominated film [[Random Harvest (film)|Random Harvest]] which itself based on the novel of same name written by [[James Hilton (novelist)|James Hilton]].

== Release & Reception ==
It was released in India on 6 September 1957 under the banner of Alochaya Production and distributed by Chayabani Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Once Upon a Cinema: Beyond the Trinity with Ajoy Kar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/once-upon-a-cinema-beyond-the-trinity-with-ajoy-kar-10875501.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

===Reviews===
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote ''The legendary Suchitra Sen and Uttam Kumar – that’s what this movie is all about. It’s simply their charisma, their chemistry, their presence which will captivate you throughout''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Harano Sur’ (1957) |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/ten-all-time-great-romantic-movies-in-bengali-cinema/harano-sur-1957/photostory/64061466.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film became [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|highest grossing Bengali film in 1957]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-06 |title=Once Upon a Cinema: Beyond the Trinity with Ajoy Kar |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/once-upon-a-cinema-beyond-the-trinity-with-ajoy-kar-10875501.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==Themes==
''Random Harvest'' had already been adapted before in Tamil in 1956 as ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' and starred [[Sivaji Ganesan|Sivaji Ganeshan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], which was later remade in Hindi as ''[[Amardeep (1958 film)|Amar Deep]]'' starring [[Dev Anand]] and [[Vyjayanthimala|Vyjainthimala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Amardeep+Harano+sur&pg=PT5 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[5th National Film Awards|1957]] – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Certificate of Merit for Third Best Feature Film in Bengali]]<ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf|title=5th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0050484|title=Harano Sur}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1957 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ajoy Kar]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of English films]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]
[[Category:Films about medical doctors]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Tower House (film)

2026-03-04T03:59:33Z

Nisha Lakra: added info

{{moresources|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tower House film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Nisar Ahmad Ansari
| producer = J.C. Malhotra
| writer =
| music = Ravi
| starring = [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]]
| cinematography = Keki Mistry
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1962}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross =
}}

'''''Tower House''''' is a 1962 Indian [[Hindi language]] [[thriller film]] produced by J.C. Malhotra and directed by Nisar Ahmad Ansari.

== Cast ==
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Suresh Kumar
* [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]] as Savita
* N.A.Ansari as Ranjeet
* S.N.Bannerji as Seth Durgadas
* Pratima Devi as Suresh's Mother
* Nilofer
* Rajan Kapoor
* [[Nazima]]
* Lotan
* Raj Rani
* Champak
* Shukla
* Madhu Mati
* [[Bhagwan Dada|Bhagwan]] as Ajay

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] and songs penned by [[Asad Bhopali]] and [[S. H. Bihari]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-03 |title=Composer Ravi had his best collaborations with Lata Mangeshkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/composer-ravi-had-his-best-collaborations-with-lata-mangeshkar/articleshow/98388372.cms |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Electrician-turned-music maker who used only Indian instruments for soulful melodies |url=https://www.orissapost.com/electrician-turned-music-maker-who-used-only-indian-instruments-for-soulful-melodies/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=[[OrissaPOST]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Music Borrowing and Copyright Law: A Genre-by-Genre Analysis |date=19 October 2023 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=9781509949397 |editor-last=Bonadio |editor-first=Enrico |pages=256 |editor-last2=Zhu |editor-first2=Chen Wei}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Khushnaseeb Hoon" (Duet)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
| "Main Khushnaseeb Hoon" (Solo)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Ae Mere Dil-E-Nadaan"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Mausam Hai Jawan"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Yeh Sitam Kya Hai"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
| "Zara Bachke"
| '''[[Asha Bhosle]]'''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0155286}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]

Kaliyoonjal

2026-03-03T21:16:29Z

Nisha Lakra: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaliyoonjal
| image = Kalliyoonjal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Anil Babu]]
| producer = Siyad Koker
| writer = Sathrughnan
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] [[Shobana]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| editing = P. C. Mohanan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1997|9|12}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''Kaliyoonjalu''' is a 1997 Malayalam [[Psychological drama|psychological drama film]] directed by [[Anil Babu]] starring [[Mammootty]], [[Dileep]], [[Shobana]], and [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]]. It was written by Shathrugnan and produced by Siyad Koker under the banner of Koker Films and was a commercial success. The film completed 50 days in Mymoon theatre, Eranakulam.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/raksha-bandhan-2020-ustaad-to-kaliyoonjal-five-best-brother-sister-duos-from-malayalam-movies/photostory/77330164.cms | title=Raksha Bandhan 2020: 'Ustaad' to 'Kaliyoonjal': Five best brother-sister duos from Malayalam movies | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
After the death of their parents, Nandagopal raises his sister, Ammu, who is suffering from [[epilepsy]]. She is a pampered child. Nandan agrees to marry Gouri on the condition that her brother Venu marries Ammu. The fact that Ammu has epilepsy is revealed only after Nandan and Gouri get married. Venu, who is in love with another girl, Radha, agrees to marry Ammu to save his sister's relationship. Nandan still remains concerned about his sister who is now living with Venu in his house. This disturbs a self-respecting Venu a lot and arguments ensue one after the other. A party is set on the day of Ammu's birthday both by Nandan (at his house) and by Venu (for his friends). Ammu refuses to wear the saree bought by her husband and wears the saree bought by Nandan. He leaves the place in a fury but later comes back knowing about Ammu's pregnancy. Everyone concerned about her health asks her to terminate the pregnancy, to which Ammu does not agree. Later, they have a baby. On another occasion, Venu feeling humiliated, leaves furiously on a motorcycle. Nandan goes to convince him, but Venu meets his death in a tragic accident. This infuriates even Ammu, let alone Venu's sister Gouri. Ammu, with her child, goes missing. Later, they find her at Rameshwaram where she is performing her husband's last rituals. Leaving the child with Nandan and Gouri, Ammu dies by suicide.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as Nandagopalan, Ammu's brother and Gauri's husband
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Venugopalan, Gauri's brother and Ammu's husband
*[[Shobana]] as Gauri Nandagopalan, Nandan's wife and Venu's sister
*[[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]] as Ammu Venugopalan (voice dubbed by Ambili), Nandan's sister and Venu's wife
**[[Manjima Mohan]] as Younger Ammu
*[[Karamana Janardanan Nair]] as Raghavan Maashu
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]]
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
*[[Praveena]] as Radha, Venu's ex love interest
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Paraman
*[[Meena Ganesh]] as Vellachi
*Maria

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[Kaithapram Damodaran]]
| all_music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]

| title1 = Akkuthikkuthaadaan
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chitra]]

| title2 = Jaga Vandana
| extra2 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]

| title3 = Kalyaanappallakkil Velippayyan
| extra3 = [[Bhavatharini]]

| title4 = Manavaatti
| extra4 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]]

| title5 = Manikuttikkurumbulla
| extra5 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]

| title6 = Oru Naalum Kelkatha
| extra6 = K. J. Yesudas

| title7 = Shaaradendu Paadi
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas, Ilaiyaraaja, Bhavatharini

| title8 = Shaaradendu Paadi
| extra8 = [[G. Venugopal]]

| title9 = Varna Vrindaavanam
| note9 = Female
| extra9 = Lekha R. Nair

| title10 = Varna Vrindaavanam
| note10 = Male
| extra10 = Ilaiyaraaja

}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246722|Kaliyoonjal}}

[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films based on Malayalam novels]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

VoxWeb

2026-03-03T00:41:48Z

Nisha Lakra: adding the data basic info

{{Short description|Indian social media app featuring voice-augmented photos}}
{{redirect|Voxie|e-learning company|Voxy}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}
{{promotional|date=April 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Voxweb
| company_type = [[Private Company|Private]]
| founded = 2015
| founder = [[Yash Mishra]]
| industry = [[Internet]]
| logo =
| type = [[Social Networking]] ([[Image Sharing]])
| website = {{URL|www.voxweb.rocks/|voxweb.rocks}}
}}

'''VoxWeb''' is a special purpose messaging and [[Social networking service|social networking application]] developed around speaking pictures or "voxies". In addition to mainstream online communication usage, users can augment their photos by adding a voice caption of up to 11 seconds in lieu of a text caption. A voice-augmented photo or a {{proper name|voxie}} is depicted as an image underlined by an orange line which speaks upon tapping the picture.

==History==
The application was designed by [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] graduate Yash Mishra<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-08/news/68865728_1_app-pics-investor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225070406/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-08/news/68865728_1_app-pics-investor|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 25, 2016|title=Social networking app VoxWeb raises $350,000 from unnamed investor|work=timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> and was rolled out on iOS and Android operating systems. VoxWeb's iOS and Android apps along with the backend for the communication platform were developed using $100,000 of money put in by company promoters. The first capital infusion took place in November 2015 when a group of individual investors invested $350,000 in the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/technology/2015/08/14/social-networking-app-voxweb-raises-100k-citruspay-co-founder-jitendra|title=Social networking app Voxweb raises $100K from CitrusPay co-founder Jitendra Gupta - VCCircle|work=vccircle.com|accessdate=15 April 2016|archive-date=26 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226102052/http://www.vccircle.com/news/technology/2015/08/14/social-networking-app-voxweb-raises-100k-citruspay-co-founder-jitendra|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Users and celebs have used speaking pictures to capture moments as voice augmented photographs are able to capture both atmosphere of the picture and the emotions of the photographer. The trend was amplified in January 2016 when Quantico star [[Priyanka Chopra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/english/Priyanka-Chopra-greets-fans-with-a-speaking-picture/articleshow/50492880.cms?from=mdr|title=Priyanka Chopra greets fans with a speaking picture|work=The Times of India|date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> used a {{proper name|voxie}} to thank her fans after winning the People's Choice Awards. Subsequently, many other celebrities, including [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Sunny Leone]] followed the suit and took to the platform to send speaking messages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-promotes-wazir-through-speaking-poster/|title=Amitabh Bachchan promotes 'Wazir' through 'Speaking Poster'|date=10 January 2016|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref>

==Product==
Speaking pictures, or {{proper name|Voxie}}s, allows users to add an 11-second voice clip to pictures,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/selfie-is-pass-voxie-new-trend-in-the-making/articleshow/50929225.cms|title=Selfie is passé, 'voxie' new trend in the making|work=The Economic Times|date=10 February 2016 |accessdate=15 April 2016}}</ref> and share it through various social platforms. In order to play the speaking picture, a user is required to download the VoxWeb app. It also has a social media portal called Life, where any user can access or upload speaking pictures. This app is available on both Android and iOS platforms for free. In June 2016, it introduced a feature called "P-mode" that allows users to listen to a message privately.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Photo software]]
[[Category:Image-sharing websites]]

Hindu denominations

2026-02-24T20:25:26Z

Nisha Lakra:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Hinduism_small}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Mcn|date=May 2025}}
'''Hindu denominations''', '''''[[sampradaya]]s''''', '''traditions''', '''movements''', and '''sects''' are traditions and sub-traditions within [[Hinduism]] centered on one or more gods or goddesses, such as [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Shakti]] and so on.<ref name=lancenelson/> The term ''sampradaya'' is used for branches with a particular founder-[[guru]] with a particular philosophy.{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=377, 398}}

Hinduism has no central doctrinal authority, and many practising Hindus do not claim to belong to any particular denomination or tradition.{{sfn|Werner|1994|p=73}} Four major traditions are, however, used in scholarly studies: ''[[Vaishnavism]]'', ''[[Shaivism]]'', ''[[Shaktism]]'' and ''[[Smartism]]''.<ref name=lancenelson>Lance Nelson (2007), An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies (Editors: Orlando O. Espín, James B. Nickoloff), Liturgical Press, {{ISBN|978-0814658567}}, pages 562–563</ref>{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=}}{{sfn|Tattwananda|n.d.|p=}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=113, 134, 155–161, 167–168}} These are sometimes referred to as the denominations of Hinduism, and they differ in the primary deity at the centre of each tradition.<ref name=sskumar>SS Kumar (2010), Bhakti — the Yoga of Love, LIT Verlag Münster, {{ISBN|978-3643501301}}, pp. 35–36.</ref>

A notable feature of Hindu denominations is that they do not deny other concepts of the divine or deity, and often celebrate the other as [[Henotheism|henotheistic]] equivalents.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Lundskow |title=The Sociology of Religion: A Substantive and Transdisciplinary Approach |url={{Google books|5AV1AwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008|publisher=Sage Publ. |isbn=978-1-4522-4518-8 |pages=252–253}}</ref> The denominations of Hinduism, states [[Julius J. Lipner|Lipner]], are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals practising more than one, and he suggests the term "Hindu polycentrism".{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=371–375}}

Although Hinduism contains many denominations and philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, [[Hindu cosmology|cosmology]], [[Hindu texts|shared textual resources]], [[Hindu pilgrimage sites|pilgrimage to sacred sites]] and the [[Hinduism#Questioning authority|questioning of authority]].{{sfn|Frazier|2011|pp=1–15}}

==Etymology==
The word ''[[Hindus|Hindu]]'' is an [[Endonym and exonym|exonym]]. This word ''Hindu'' is derived from the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Sanskrit]] word ''Sindhu'', which means "a large body of water", covering "river, ocean". It was used as the name of the [[Indus River]] and also referred to its tributaries. The actual term 'Hindu' first occurs, states Gavin Flood, as "a [[Persian language|Persian]] geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: ''Sindhu'')". Hindus are persons who regard themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of [[Hinduism]]. Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In the 18th century, European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of [[Indian religions]] collectively as ''Hindus'' until about mid 20th century. Hindus subscribe to a diversity of ideas on [[Spirituality#Hinduism|spirituality]] and traditions, but have no ecclesiastical order, no unquestionable religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet(s) nor any binding holy book; Hindus can choose to be [[Polytheism#Hinduism|polytheistic]], [[Pantheism#Traditional religions|pantheistic]], [[Monotheism#Hinduism|monotheistic]], [[Monism#Hinduism|monistic]], [[Agnosticism|agnostic]], [[Atheism|atheistic]] or [[Humanism|humanist]].{{sfn|Lipner|2009|p=8|loc=Quote: "(...) one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu."}}<ref>Lester Kurtz (ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, {{ISBN|978-0123695031}}, Academic Press, 2008.</ref><ref>MK Gandhi, [http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/essence_of_hinduism.pdf The Essence of Hinduism], Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3; According to Gandhi, "a man may not believe in God and still call himself a Hindu."</ref>

==Overview of Denominations==
Hinduism, as it is commonly known, can be subdivided into a number of major currents. Of the historical division into six [[darsanas]] (philosophies), two schools, [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], are currently the most prominent.<ref>{{cite book|title=Development and Religion: Theology and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIvHQc0-rwgC |author=Matthew Clarke|publisher=Edward Elgar |year=2011|page=28|isbn = 9780857930736}}</ref> Classified by primary deity or deities, four major Hinduism modern currents are [[Vaishnavism]] (Vishnu), [[Shaivism]] (Shiva), [[Shaktism]] (Shakti) and [[Smarta Tradition|Smartism]] (five deities treated as same).{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=}}{{sfn|Tattwananda|n.d.|p=}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=113, 154}} These deity-centered denominations feature a synthesis of various [[Hindu philosophy|philosophies]] such as Samkhya, Yoga and Vedanta, as well as shared spiritual concepts such as [[moksha]], [[dharma]], [[karma]], [[samsara]], ethical precepts such as [[ahimsa]], texts ([[Upanishad]]s, [[Puranas]], [[Mahabharata]], Agamas), ritual grammar and rites of passage.{{sfn|Frazier|2011|pp=1–15}}{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=17–18, 81–82, 183–201, 206–215, 330–331, 371–375}}

===Six generic types (McDaniel)===
McDaniel (2007) distinguishes six generic types of Hinduism, in an attempt to accommodate a variety of views on a rather complex subject:<ref>J. McDaniel ''Hinduism'', in John Corrigan, ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion'', (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 {{ISBN|0-19-517021-0}}</ref>
* [[Folk Hinduism]], based on local traditions and cults of local [[deities]] and extending back to prehistoric times, or at least prior to written [[Vedas]].
* [[Shrauta]] or "Vedic" Hinduism as practised by traditionalist [[brahmin]]s ([[Shrauta|Shrautin]]s).
* [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] Hinduism, including [[Advaita Vedanta]] ([[Smartism]]), based on the philosophical approach of the [[Upanishads]].
* [[Yoga|Yogic]] Hinduism, especially the sect based on the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]].
* [[Dharma|"Dharmic"]] Hinduism or "daily morality", based on [[Karma]] and upon societal norms such as [[Vivāha]] (Hindu marriage customs).
* [[Bhakti]] or devotionalist practices

===Sampradaya===
{{Main|Sampradaya}}

In [[Hinduism]], a ''sampradaya'' ([[IAST]] ''{{IAST|sampradāya}}''){{efn|Quoted in [[Otto von Böhtlingk|Böhtlingk]]'s [[Sanskrit]]-Sanskrit [[dictionary]], entry ''Sampradaya''.{{sfn|Apte|1965}}}} is a denomination.{{sfn|Lipner|2009|p=398}} These are teaching traditions with autonomous practices and monastic centers, with a guru lineage, with ideas developed and transmitted, redefined and reviewed by each successive generation of followers.{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=375–377, 397–398}} A particular [[guru]] lineage is called ''[[parampara]]''. By receiving [[Diksha|diksha (initiation)]] into the ''parampara'' of a living guru, one belongs to its proper ''sampradaya''.

==Number of adherents==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;text-align:center"
|+ Demographics of major traditions within Hinduism (World Religion Database, {{As of|2020}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! cyrus="col" | Tradition
! scope="col" | Followers
|-
| align="center" | [[Vaishnavism]]
| align="center" | 399,526,000
|-
| align="center" | [[Shaivism]]
| align="center" | 385,423,000
|-
| align="center" |[[Shaktism]]
| align="center" | 305,643,000
|-
| align="center" |[[Neo-Vedanta|Neo-Hinduism]]
| align="center" | 20,300,000
|-
| align="center" |[[Hindu reform movements|Reform Hinduism]]
| align="center" | 5,200,000
|-
! Cumulative
! 1,116,092,000
|}
There are no census data available on demographic history or trends for the traditions within Hinduism.<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ The global religious landscape: Hindus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209012719/https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-hindu/ |date=9 February 2020}}, Pew Research (2012)</ref>

Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in the different traditions of Hinduism. According to a 2020 estimate by The World Religion Database (WRD), hosted at Boston University’s Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs (CURA), the Vaishnavism tradition is the largest group with about 399 million Hindus, followed by Shaivism with 385 million Hindus, Shaktism with 305 million Hindus and other traditions including Neo-Hinduism and Reform Hinduism with 25 million Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Preston |first=Charles |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> In contrast, according to Jones and Ryan, Shaivism is the largest tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=474}}

Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.<ref name=flood200shakti>{{cite book|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C|year=2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|page=200}}, Quote: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions".</ref> The denominations of Hinduism, states [[Julius J. Lipner]], are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses [[Henotheism#Hinduism|polycentrically]], with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati (such as Durga, Radha, Sita and others) and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=40–41, 302–315, 371–375}}
==Main denominations==

===Vaishnavism===
[[File:The God Vishnu in Three Incarnations. Northern India (Mathura), Gupta period, mid-5th century AD. Boston Museum.jpg|thumb|Vaishnavism focuses on Vishnu or one of his avatars, such as his form as a human, [[Narasimha|lion]], or [[Varaha|boar]].]]
{{main|Vaishnavism|Krishnaism}}

[[Vaishnavism]] is a devotional stream of Hinduism that worships the god [[Vishnu]] as the Supreme Lord (''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]''). In addition to Vishnu, adherents worship Vishnu's ten incarnations (i.e., the [[Dashavatara]]).{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}} The two most-worshipped incarnations of Vishnu are [[Krishna]]—especially within [[Krishnaism]]—and Rama,{{sfn|Hardy|1987}} whose stories are told in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Ramayana]]'', respectively. The adherents of Vaishnavism are generally non-ascetic, monastic, and devoted to meditative practice and ecstatic chanting.<ref name="Dubois"/> Vaishnavism is characterised by diverse adherence to a number of saints, temples, and scriptures.<ref name="Himalaya Academy">{{cite web|title=HimalayanAcademy|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects|access-date=2014-02-07|archive-date=13 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113071854/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among [[historical Vishnuism]] are the [[Bhagavata]], [[Pancharatra]], and [[Vaikhanasas|Vaikhanasa]] traditions.

The major extant Vaishnava ''sampradayas'' include:{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}}{{sfn|Tattwananda|n.d.|pp=13–68}}
* [[Sri Vaishnavism]], which is associated with the worship of the divine couple [[Lakshmi Narayana]]. Adherents of the tradition subscribe to the philosophy of [[Vishishtadvaita]]. Its principal [[acharya]]s are [[Ramanujacharya]] and [[Vedanta Desikan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Omesh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n8rTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454 |title=History of Ancient India Revisited, A Vedic-Puranic View. |date=2020-03-02 |publisher=BlueRose Publishers |pages=454 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Sri Vaishnavism#Vadakalai and Tenkalai denominations|Vadakalai]] ({{aka}} "the northern school), which is based on the teachings of Vedanta Desikan.
** [[Sri Vaishnavism#Vadakalai and Tenkalai denominations|Tenkalai]] ({{aka}} "the southern school"), which is based on the teachings of [[Manavala Mamunigal]]. The [[Alvars]], the Tamil poet-saints of the [[Bhakti movement]], belonged to and are revered in this tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA853 |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 |pages=853 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]] ({{aka}} the Ramayat Sampradaya or the Ramavat Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of the Advaita scholar [[Ramananda]]. It is the largest monastic group within Hinduism and in Asia, with Vaishnava monks known as ''Ramanandis'', ''Vairagis'' or ''Bairagis''.<ref>Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791467084}}, pages 165–166</ref><ref>James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0823931804}}, pages 553–554</ref>{{sfn|Lamb|2008|pp=317–330}}
* [[Brahma Sampradaya]], which adheres to the teachings of [[Dvaita Vedanta]] philosopher [[Madhvacharya]]. The term "Brahma" (not to be confused with [[Brahma]], the deity) refers to the Supreme Being (i.e., Vishnu), who is revered as the [[Para Brahman]]. Its contemporary forms are [[Haridasa]] and [[Sadh Vaishnavism]].
* [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] ({{aka}} Chaitanya Sampradaya), which adheres to the teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and has a number of branches:
** Brahmanic traditional lineages
*** [[Sri Caitanya Prema Samsthana]]
** [[Gaudiya Math]] reform lineages
*** [[Gaudiya Mission]]
*** [[Sri Devananda Gaudiya Math|Gaudiya Vedanta Samiti]]
*** [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON; {{aka}} the Hare Krishna movement)
*** [[ISKCON Revival Movement]]
*** [[Science of Identity Foundation]]
*** Sri Caitanya Sangha
*** [[Bhakti Rakshak Sridhar#Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math|Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math]]
*** [[Bhakti Hridaya Bon#Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust|Sri Sri Radha Govindaji Trust]]
*** [[World Vaisnava Association]]
** [[Manipuri Vaishnavism]], a regional form of Gaudiya Vaishnavism
* [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] ({{aka}} Kumara Sampradaya) adheres to the teachings of [[Nimbarkacharya]]. This tradition is associated with [[Four Kumaras]],
* [[Rudra Sampradaya]]. The principal acharya is [[Vallabhacharya]], the founder of [[Pushtimarg]] tradition.
* [[Warkari]] Sampradaya adheres to teaching of prominent bhakti saints of [[Maharashtra]] like [[Namdev|Namadeva]], [[Dnyaneshwar|Jnaneshwara]], [[Eknath]], [[Tukaram]] as well as [[Changdev|Changadeva]], [[Muktabai]], [[Gora Kumbhar]], [[Savata Mali]], [[Narahari Sonar]], [[Janabai]], [[Sena Nhavi]] and [[Kanhopatra]]. The Warkari Sampradaya promotes the worship of god [[Vithoba]], a manifestation of [[Krishna]].
* [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya|Swaminarayan Sampradya]], adheres to the teachings of [[Swaminarayan|Sahajanand Swami]], otherwise known as Swaminarayan.
** [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]] (BAPS)
Minor and regional Vaishnavite schools and the principal [[acharya]]s connected with them are:{{sfn|Tattwananda|n.d.|pp=13–68}}
* [[Balmikism]], linked to sage [[Valmiki]].
* [[Ekasarana Dharma]] (Asomiya Vaishnavism), adheres to the teachings of Srimanta [[Sankaradeva]].
* [[Kapadi|Kapadi Sampradaya]]
* [[Mahanam Sampraday]]a, adheres to the teachings of [[Prabhu Jagadbandhu|Prabhu Jagadbandu]], who is considered to be the incarnation of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].
* [[Mahanubhava]] panth, adheres to the teachings of [[Chakradhar Swami|Sarvajna Shri Chakradhara]].
* [[Odisha|Odia]] Vaishnavism ([[Jagannath]]ism), the regional cult of the god [[Jagannath]] as abstract form of Krishna.
* [[Pranami]] ([[Pranami Sampraday]]a), adheres to the teachings of Devachandra Maharaj.
* [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], adheres to the teachings of [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]], emphasizes on the devotion of [[Radha]] as the supreme being.
* [[Ramsnehi]] Sampradaya
* [[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]] ([[tantra|tantric]])
* [[Bishnoi Panth]]
** [[Baul]]
===Shaivism ===
{{main|Shaivism}}
[[File:Murudeshwar Shiva.jpg|thumb|Shaivism focuses on Shiva]]

Shaivas or Shaivites are those who primarily worship [[Shiva]] as the supreme god, both [[immanence|immanent]] and [[transcendence (religion)|transcendent]]. Shaivism embraces at the same time [[monism]] (specifically [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]]) and [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualism]]. To Shaivites, Shiva is both with and without form; he is the Supreme Dancer, [[Nataraja]]; and is [[linga]], without beginning or end. Shiva is sometimes depicted as the fierce god [[Bhairava]]. Saivists are more attracted to [[asceticism]] than devotees of other Hindu sects and may be found wandering India with [[ash]]en faces, performing self-purification rituals.<ref name="Dubois"/> They worship in the temple and practice yoga, striving to be one with Shiva within.<ref name="Himalaya Academy"/>

The major schools of Shaivism include:{{sfn|Tattwananda|n.d.|pp=}}
* [[Aghori]]
* [[Kalamukha]]
* [[Kapalika]]
* [[Kashmir Shaivism]]—adheres to the teachings of [[Vasugupta]] and his disciplinic lineage, including [[Abhinavagupta]].
* [[Mantra marga]]
* [[Nath]]
** [[Adinath Sampradaya]] (Siddha Siddhanta)—adheres to the teachings of [[Gorakhnath]]a and [[Matsyendranath]]a.
** [[Inchegeri Sampradaya]]
*[[Pashupata Shaivism]]—adheres to the teachings of [[Lakulisa]].
*[[Saiva Siddhanta]]—adheres to the teachings of [[Tirumular]]/Sundaranatha ([[Nandinatha Sampradaya]], the monistic school) or of Meykandadeva (Meykandar Sampradaya, the dualistic school).
* [[Shiva Advaita]]—adheres to the teachings of Nilakantha (Srikantha) and [[Appayya Dikshitar]].
* [[Veerashaiva]]

Other branches:
* [[Lingayatism]] or [[Veerashaivism]] is a distinct Shaivite tradition in India, established in the 12th century [[Basavanna]]. It departs from mainstream [[Hinduism]] and propounds [[monotheism|monism]] through worship centered on [[Shiva]] in the form of a [[linga]] or ''Ishtalinga''. It also rejects the authority of the [[Veda]]s and the [[Caste system in India|caste system]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Speaking of Śiva | url = https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama | url-access = registration | series = UNESCO. Indian translation series. Penguin classics. Religion and mythology | publisher = Penguin India | editor = A. K. Ramanujan | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-14-044270-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/speakingofiva0000rama/page/175 175]}}</ref><ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342355/Lingayat Lingayat]." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Jul. 2010.</ref>

[[File:Akkamahadevi Udathadi.JPG|250px|thumb|right|A statue of [[Akka Mahadevi]], a famous Lingayat saint, installed at her birthplace, Udathadi]]
* ''Aaiyyanism'' is a religion claiming to be a form of pure Dravidian Hinduism and identifying as a Shaivite branch.

===Shaktism===
{{main|Shaktism}}
[[File:3 Shaktism goddesses Devi collage.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Shaktism is a Goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism. From left: [[Parvati]]/[[Durga]], [[Kali]] and [[Lakshmi]]]]
Shaktas worship the Mother Goddess as [[Shakti]], in different forms. These forms may include [[Kali]], [[Parvati]]/[[Durga]], [[Lakshmi]] and [[Saraswati]]. The branch of Hinduism that worships the goddess Devi is called [[Shaktism]]. Followers of Shaktism recognize [[Shakti]] as the supreme power of the universe. Devi is often depicted as [[Parvati]] (the consort of Shiva) or as [[Lakshmi]] (the consort of Vishnu). She is also depicted in other manifestations, such as the protective [[Durga]] or the violent [[Kali]]. Shaktism is closely related to Tantric Hinduism, which teaches rituals and practices for the purification of the mind and body.<ref name="Dubois"/>

Animal sacrifice of cockerels, goats, and, to a lesser extent, water buffaloes is practiced by Shakta devotees, mainly at temples of goddesses such as Bhavani or Kali.<ref name="Fuller Christopher John 2004 83">{{cite book|last=Fuller Christopher John|title=The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India|chapter-url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7823.html|edition=Revised and Expanded|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12048-5|page=83|chapter=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=J. Fuller|first= C.|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India [Paperback] |edition=Revised|date=26 July 2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12048-X |page=83|chapter=4 Sacrifice |quote=Animal sacrifice is still practiced widely and is an important ritual in popular Hinduism}}</ref>

The main traditions are:
* [[Shaktism#Kalikula: family of Kali|Kalikula]];
* [[Shri Vidya|Srikula]].{{sfn|Tattwananda|n.d.|p=}}
* [[Caribbean Shaktism]] of the Caribbean

The Goddess-centric traditions within Kashmir Shaivism are [[Trika]] and [[Kubjika]].

===Smartism===
[[File:Aum Om gold circle black.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Om]]
{{main|Smarta tradition}}
Smartas treat all deities as the same, and their temples include five deities (Pancopasana) or [[Panchadevata]] as personal ''saguna'' (divine with form) manifestation of the ''nirguna'' (divine without form) Absolute, the [[Brahman]]. The nature of God is a matter of individual choice, since different manifestations of God are held to be equivalent. It is nonsectarian as it encourages the worship of any personal god along with others such as Ganesha, Shiva, Shakti, Vishnu, and Surya.<ref name="Dubois">{{cite book|last=Dubois|title=Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies|publisher=Cosimo|page=111|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zMY2qURR-8C&q=hindu+sects&pg=PA111|isbn=9781602063365|date=2007-04-01}}</ref>

The Smarta Tradition accepts two concepts of Brahman, which are the ''[[saguna brahman]]'' – the Brahman with attributes, and ''[[nirguna brahman]]'' – the Brahman without attributes.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{cite journal | doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1250 | title=Heirarchies [sic] in the Nature of God? Questioning the "Saguna-Nirguna" Distinction in Advaita Vedanta | year=2001 | last1=Rambachan | first1=Anantanand | journal=Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies | volume=14 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The ''nirguna Brahman'' is the unchanging Reality, however, the ''saguna Brahman'' is posited as a means to realizing this ''nirguna Brahman''.<ref name=williamw/> In this tradition, the concept of the ''saguna Brahman'' is considered to be a useful symbolism and means for those who are still on their spiritual journey. However, the saguna concept is abandoned by the fully enlightened once they realize the identity of their own soul with that of the ''nirguna Brahman''.<ref name=williamw>William Wainwright (2012), [http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/ Concepts of God], ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Stanford University</ref> A Smarta may choose any ''saguna'' deity (''istadevata'') such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Surya, Ganesha or any other, and this is viewed in Smarta Tradition as an interim step towards meditating on Om and true nature of supreme reality, thereby realizing the ''nirguna'' Brahman and its equivalence to one's own Atman, as in [[Advaita Vedanta]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002|pp=29–30}}

The movement is credited to [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]], who is regarded as the greatest teacher{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}} and reformer of the Smarta.{{sfn|Rosen|2006|p=166}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}} According to Hiltebeitel, Shankara established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived ''smarta'' tradition.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}} The [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] in Karnataka, believed by its members to have been founded by Shankara, is still the centre of the Smarta sect for its followers. Smartas follow four other major Mathas, namely, [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]], [[Govardhan Math|Puri Govardhan Math]], [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham|Dwaraka Sharada Peetham]], and [[Jyotir Math|Jyotir Muth]]. All Mathas are headed by Sankaracharyas.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}}

The traditions are:
* [[Shanmata]]

[[Panchayatana puja]], also known as ''Pancha Devi Deva Puja'' is a system of [[Puja (Hinduism)|''puja'']] (worship) within the [[Smarta Tradition|Smarta]] [[sampradaya]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Gudrun |last=Bühnemann |year=2003 |title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions |page=60 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-9004129023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Overlap===
Halbfass states that, although traditions such as [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] may be regarded as "self-contained religious constellations",{{sfn|Halbfass|1991|p=15}} there is a degree of interaction and reference between the "theoreticians and literary representatives"{{sfn|Halbfass|1991|p=15}} of each tradition which indicates the presence of "a wider sense of identity, a sense of coherence in a shared context and of inclusion in a common framework and horizon".{{sfn|Halbfass|1991|p=15}} It is common to find Hindus revering Shiva, Vishnu, and Shakti, and celebrating festivals related to them at different times of the year. Temples often feature more than one, and Hinduism is better understood as a polycentric theosophy that leaves the choice of deity and ideas to the individual.{{sfn|Lipner|2009|pp=371–375}}

The key concepts and practises of the four major denominations of Hinduism can be compared as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Comparison of four major traditions of Hinduism
|-
! !! style="background: #ffcc99;"| Shaiva Traditions !! style="background: #ffcc99;"|Vaishnava Traditions !! style="background: #ffcc99;"|Shakti Traditions !! style="background: #ffcc99;" |Smarta Traditions
! style="background: #ffcc99;"| Srauta Traditions || References
|-
|Scriptural authority || Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas || Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas || Vedas, Upanishads and Agamas ||Vedas and Upanishads
|Vedas||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=474}}<ref name="Dhavamony1999p33">{{cite book|author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |title=Hindu Spirituality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC |date=1999 |publisher=Gregorian Press |isbn=978-88-7652-818-7 |pages=32–34}}</ref>
|-
|Supreme deity || God Shiva || God Vishnu || Goddess Devi || None
|None||{{sfn|Gonda|1970|p=}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Partridge |title=Introduction to World Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3 |page=182}}</ref>
|-
|Creator || Shiva || Vishnu || Devi || Brahman principle
|Brahman principle||{{sfn|Gonda|1970|p=}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Sanjukta Gupta|title=Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AFxluCHsoAC |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15774-7|pages=65–71}}</ref>
|-
|[[Avatar]] || Major || Key concept || Significant || Minor
|Minor||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=474}}<ref name=laiengavatar>{{cite book|author=Lai Ah Eng |title=Religious Diversity in Singapore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MmNaNebFD8C |year=2008|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore|isbn=978-981-230-754-5|page=221}}</ref><ref name="Dhavamony2002p63">{{cite book|author=Mariasusai Dhavamony |title=Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=poUxxH4fPwwC |year=2002|publisher=Rodopi |isbn=90-420-1510-1|page=63}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sannyasa|Monastic]] life || Recommends ||Accepts || Accepts || Recommends
|Accepts (with exceptions)||{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=474}}<ref>Stephen H Phillips (1995), Classical Indian Metaphysics, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0812692983}}, p. 332 with note 68.</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Patrick| last=Olivelle|year=1992|title= The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0195070453| pages=4–18}}</ref>
|-
|Rituals, [[Bhakti]] || Affirms{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaivas|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/shaiv.html|website=Overview Of World Religions|publisher=Philtar|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Munavalli|first1=Somashekar|title=Lingayat Dharma (Veerashaiva Religion)|date=2007|publisher=Veerashaiva Samaja of North America|page=83|url=http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626074912/http://www.vsna.org/images/publications/lingayat-dharma-april-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> || Affirms || Affirms || Optional<ref>{{cite book|author=Prem Prakash|title=The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oA7BLTFoOicC|year=1998|publisher=Inner Traditions|isbn=978-0-89281-664-4|pages=56–57}}</ref>
|Affirms||<ref>{{cite journal | last=Frazier | first=J. | title=Bhakti in Hindu Cultures | journal=The Journal of Hindu Studies | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=6 | issue=2 | year=2013 | pages=101–113 | doi=10.1093/jhs/hit028}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ahimsa]] and Vegetarianism || Recommends,{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=162–167}} Optional|| Affirms || Optional || Affirms except for sacrificial occasions
|Affirms except for sacrificial occasions|| <ref>{{cite book|author1=Lisa Kemmerer |author2=Anthony J. Nocella |title=Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC |year=2011|publisher=Lantern |isbn=978-1-59056-281-9|pages=27–36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick J. Simoons |title=Plants of Life, Plants of Death |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC |year=1998|publisher= University of Wisconsin Press |isbn= 978-0-299-15904-7 |pages=182–183}}</ref>
|-
|[[Free will]], [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]], [[Karma]] || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms || Affirms
|Affirms||{{sfn|Gonda|1970|p=}}
|-
|Metaphysics || [[Brahman]] (Shiva), [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Soul, Self) || Brahman (Vishnu), Atman || Brahman (Devi), Atman || Brahman, Atman
|Brahman, Atman,
Karma, Dharma
|{{sfn|Gonda|1970|p=}}
|-
|[[Epistemology]] ([[Pramana]]) || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony 4. Self-evident<ref>{{cite book|author=K. Sivaraman |title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I1blW4-yY20C |year=1973|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1771-5 |pages=336–340}}</ref>|| 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Reliable testimony || 1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony
|1. Perception 2. Inference 3. Comparison and analogy 4. Postulation, derivation 5. Negative/cognitive proof 6. Reliable testimony||<ref>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238</ref>{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=225}}<ref>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pp. 245-248.</ref>
|-
|Philosophy||Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita || Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita || Shakti-advaita || Advaita
|Purva Mimamsa||<ref>{{cite book|last= McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC | year =2004| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-534713-5| pages=89–91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Matthew James Clark|title=The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages Into an Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-15211-3|pages=177–225}}</ref>
|-
|Salvation ([[Soteriology]]) || Jivanmukta, [[Karma|Charya]]-[[Kriyā]]-[[Yoga]]-[[Jnana]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hurley|first1=Leigh|last2=Hurley|first2=Phillip|title=Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path|date=2012|publisher=Maithuna Publications|isbn=9780983784722|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0983784728}}</ref> || Videhamukti, Yoga, champions householder life|| Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga || Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga, champions monastic life
|Videhamukti, Yoga,
Dharmic Karma,
champions householder life||<ref name="Kim Skoog 1996 63–84, 236–239">{{cite book|author=Kim Skoog |editor1=Andrew O. Fort |editor2=Patricia Y. Mumme |title=Living Liberation in Hindu Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1EZjyLbxYAC |date= 1996 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn= 978-0-7914-2706-4|pages=63–84, 236–239}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rajendra Prasad |title=A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5Hk8EkmQBcC |year=2008|publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-8069-544-5 |page=375}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Other denominations==
===Suryaism / Saurism===
The Suryaites or Sauras are followers of a Hindu denomination that started in Vedic tradition, and worship [[Surya]] as the main visible form of the [[Saguna Brahman]]. The Saura tradition was influential in South Asia, particularly in the west, north and other regions, with numerous Surya idols and temples built between 800 and 1000 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th–11th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC |year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=0-391-04173-8|pages=292–293}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Asha Kalia|title=Art of Osian Temples: Socio-economic and Religious Life in India, 8th-12th Centuries A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3n-sycLo3XQC |year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02558-5|pages=1–7}}</ref> The [[Konark Sun Temple]] was built in the mid 13th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Finbarr Barry Flood|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C |year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12594-7|page=218}}</ref> During the iconoclasm of Islamic invasions and Hindu–Muslim wars, the temples dedicated to Sun-god were among those desecrated, images smashed and the resident priests of Saura tradition were killed, states [[André Wink]].<ref>{{cite book|author=André Wink|title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |year=1997|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10236-1|pages=327–329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Finbarr Barry Flood|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu–Muslim" Encounter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C |year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12594-7|pages=123–124, 154–156}}</ref> The Surya tradition of Hinduism declined in the 12th and 13th century CE and today remains as a very small movement except in Bihar / Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}} Sun worship has continued to be a dominant practice in Bihar / Jharkhand and Eastern Uttar Pradesh in the form of [[Chhath]] Puja which is considered the primary festival of importance in these regions.

===Ganapatism===
{{main|Ganapatya}}
Ganapatism is a Hindu denomination in which [[Ganesha]] is worshipped as the main form of the [[Saguna Brahman]]. This sect was widespread and influential in the past and has remained important in [[Maharashtra]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===Indonesian Hinduism===
{{main|Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism in Indonesia|Balinese Hinduism}}

Hinduism dominated the island of [[Java (island)|Java]] and [[Sumatra]] until the late 16th century, when a vast majority of the population converted to [[Islam]]. Only the [[Balinese people]] who formed a majority on the island of [[Bali]], retained this form of Hinduism over the centuries. Theologically, Balinese or Indonesian Hinduism is closer to Shaivism than to other major sects of Hinduism. The adherents consider [[Acintya]] the supreme god, and all other gods as his manifestations.

The term "[[Agama Hindu Dharma]]", the endonymous [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] name for "Indonesian Hinduism" can also refer to the traditional practices in [[Kalimantan]], [[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]] and other places in Indonesia, where people have started to identify and accept their [[Āgama (Hinduism)|agama]]s as Hinduism or Hindu worship has been revived. The revival of Hinduism in Indonesia has given rise to a national organisation, the [[Parisada Hindu Dharma]].

===Shrautism===
{{main|Śrauta}}
Shrauta communities are very rare in India, the most well known being the ultra-orthodox [[Nambudiri]] Brahmins of [[Kerala]]. They follow the "Purva-Mimamsa" (earlier portion of Vedas) in contrast to Vedanta followed by other Brahmins. They place importance on the performance of Vedic Sacrifice ([[Yajna]]).{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===Kaumaram===
{{main|Kaumaram}}
[[Kaumaram]] is a sect of Hindus, especially found in South India and Sri Lanka where [[Karttikeya|Kartikeya]] is worshipped as the Supreme God. The worshippers of Kartikeya are called Kaumaras.{{Citation needed|date=October 2016}}

===Dattatreya Sampradaya===
{{main|Dattatreya|Dattatreya Upanishad}}
Dattatreya Sampradaya is a Hindu denomination associated with the worship of [[Dattatreya]] as the supreme god. This denomination found in Indian states like [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Goa]], [[Telangana]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttarakhand]]. Dattatreya is often considered as an avatara of three Hindu gods Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, collectively known as the [[Trimurti]].
Main traditions linked with Dattatreya Sampradaya are:
* Gurucharitra tradition - This tradition is named after the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] text [[Gurucharitra]] and it is based on the teachings of [[Narasimha Saraswati|Nrusinha Saraswati]] as well as [[Sripada Sri Vallabha|Shripada Shrivallabha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Gerald James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDGFFNYvrokC |title=Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson |last2=Jacobsen |first2=Knut A. |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-14757-7 |language=en}}</ref> This tradition is widespread in [[Deccan]] region.
* Avadhuta Tradition.

===Sant Mat===
{{main|Sant Mat}}
The Sant Mat was a group of reformer [[sant (religion)|poet-sants]] and their adherents within Hinduism during the 14th–17th centuries who had desire for [[religious pluralism]] and non-ritualistic spirituality.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=383}} Due to [[Kabir]]'s affiliation with Vaishnavite [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]] and certain aspects of the creed, the Sant Mat is sometimes seen as part of Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Dandekar|1987}} Among its living traditions are:
* [[Dadu Dayal#Dadupanth|Dadupanth]]
* [[Kabir panth]]
* [[Ravidassia religion]]
* [[Sadh]]
* [[Udasi|Udasi Sampradaya]]<ref>{{cite book |first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism |volume=A-M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA61 |year=2002 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=61 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Pashaura |last1=Singh |first2=Louis E. |last2=Fenech |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |page=376 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |via=Google Books}}</ref>
* [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]]
* [[Nanak Panth]]

===Newer movements===
{{see also|Hindu reform movements|Neo-Vedanta|Hinduism in the West}}
The Hindu [[new religious movement]]s that arose in the 19th to 20th century include:{{sfn|Farquhar|1915}}
* [[American Meditation Institute]]
* [[Ananda movement|Ananda]] ([[Ananda Yoga]]){{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=33–34}}
* [[Swami Paramananda#In the West. Ananda Ashrama|Ananda Ashrama]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=29–30}}
* [[Ananda Marga]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=30–31}}
* [[Art of Living Foundation]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=45–46}}
* [[Arya Samaj]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=47–48}}
* [[Ayyavazhi]]
* [[Brahma Kumaris]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=89–91}}
* [[Brahmoism]] ([[Brahmo Samaj]]){{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=92–93}}
** [[Adi Dharm]]
** [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]]
* [[Chinmaya Mission]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=109–110}}
* [[Ganapathi Sachchidananda|Datta Yoga]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=121}}
* [[Divine Life Society]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=200–201}}
* [[Hanuman Foundation]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=178}}
* [[Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=183–184}}
*[[International Vedanta Society]]
* [[Isha Foundation]]
*[[Hariharananda Giri|Kriya Yoga Centers]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=248–249}}
* [[Mahima Dharma]]
* [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=26–27}}
* [[Matua Mahasangha]]
* [[Meivazhi]]
* [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)|Narayana Dharma]]
* [[Nilachala Saraswata Sangha]]
* [[Kalki Bhagawan|Oneness Movement]]
* [[Prarthana Samaj]]
* [[Ramakrishna Mission]] / [[Ramakrishna Math]] (a.k.a. [[Vedanta Society]]){{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=483–484}}
* [[Sahaja Yoga]]
* [[Sathya Sai Baba movement]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=389–390}}
* [[Satsang (Deoghar)|Satsang]]
* [[Satya Dharma]]
* [[School of Philosophy and Economic Science]]
* [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] / [[Yogoda Satsanga Society of India|Yogoda Satsanga]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=392–394}}
* [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba movement]]
* [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]]
* [[Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=31–33}}
* [[Siddha Yoga]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=108, 431}}
* [[Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|p=408}}
* [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=52–54}}
* [[Sri Chinmoy]] Centres{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=110–11}}
* [[Sri Ramana Ashram]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=351}}
** [[Neo-Advaita]]
** [[Society of Abidance in Truth]]
* [[Swadhyay Parivar]]
* [[Transcendental Meditation movement|Transcendental Meditation]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=451–452}}
* [[Virat Hindustan Sangam]]
* [[Lokhimon]], a Vaishnavism movement followed by the Karbi people of Northeast India

===Sarnaism===
{{main|Sarnaism}}
'''Sarna''' are sacred groves in the [[Indian religious]] traditions of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]] and [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religious Complexity in Northeastern South Asia|url=https://www.geocurrents.info/cultural-geography/religion/religious-complexity-in-northeastern-south-asia|access-date=2021-10-21|website=GeoCurrents|date=29 October 2015 }}</ref> Followers of these rituals primarily belong to the [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]], [[Kharia people|Kharia]], [[Baiga tribe|Baiga]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] and [[Santal people|Santal]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} According to local belief, a [[Grāmadevatā|''Gram deoti'']] or village deity resides in the sarna, where sacrifice is offered twice a year. Their belief system is called "Sarnaism", "Sarna Dharma" or "Religion of the Holy Woods".<ref>{{harvnb|Minahan|2012}}</ref>

===Kiratism===
{{main|Kiratism}}
The practice is also known as ''Kirat Veda'',<ref>p. 56 ''Kiratese at a Glance'' By Gopal Man Tandukar</ref><ref>p. xxv ''A Grammar of Limbu'' By Geordefine sungge van Driem</ref> ''Kirat-Ko Veda''<ref>''Problems of Modern Indian Literature'' by Statistical Pub. Society: distributor, K. P. Bagchi</ref> or ''Kirat Ko Ved''.<ref>p. 323 ''Kiratas in Ancient India'' By G. P. Singh, Dhaneswar Kalita, V Sudarsen, M A Kalam</ref> According to some scholars, such as Tom Woodhatch, it is shamanism, animistic religion or blend of [[shamanism]], [[animism]] (e.g., [[ancestor worship]]ing of [[Yuma Sammang]]/[[Tagera Ningwaphumang]] and Paruhang/Sumnima),<ref>"History and Culture of the Kirat" by I.S.Chemjong</ref> and Shaivism.<ref name="p. 535 Nepal By Tom Woodhatch">p. 535 ''Nepal'' By Tom Woodhatch</ref>

==Related denominations==
===Kalash and Nuristani religion===
{{main|Kalash people}}
The Indo-Aryan [[Kalash people]] in Pakistan traditionally practice an indigenous religion which some authors characterise as an archaic form of ancient Indo-Aryan religion.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Michael |given=Witzel |author-link=Michael Witzel |chapter=Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents') |editor1=A. Griffiths |editor2=J. E. M. Houben |title=The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual |location=Groningen |publisher=Forsten |year=2004 |pages=581–636 |chapter-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |surname=West |given=Barbara A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA357 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |year=2010 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438119137 |page=357 |quote=The Kalasha ... religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash... However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/peshawar-hc-orders-government-to-include-kalash-religion-in-census-4599722/ |title=Peshawar HC orders government to include Kalash religion in census |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=April 4, 2017 |access-date=2017-07-12}}</ref> The [[Nuristanis]] of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] until the late 19th century had followed a religion which was described as a form of ancient Hinduism.<ref name="Minahan2014">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia |date=10 February 2014 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781610690188 |page=205 |language=en |quote=Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called ''imr'o'' or ''imra'' by the Nuristani tribes.}}</ref><ref name="BarringtonKendrick2006">{{cite book |last1=Barrington |first1=Nicholas |title=A Passage to Nuristan: Exploring the Mysterious Afghan Hinterland |last2=Kendrick |first2=Joseph T. |last3=Schlagintweit |first3=Reinhard |date=18 April 2006 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=9781845111755 |page=111 |language=en |quote=Prominent sites include Hadda, near Jalalabad, but Buddhism never seems to have penetrated the remote valleys of Nuristan, where the people continued to practise an early form of polytheistic Hinduism.}}</ref><ref name="WeissMaurer2012">{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Mitch |title=No Way Out: A Story of Valor in the Mountains of Afghanistan |last2=Maurer |first2=Kevin |date=31 December 2012 |publisher=Berkley Caliber |isbn=9780425253403 |page=299 |language=en |quote=Up until the late nineteenth century, many Nuristanis practised a primitive form of Hinduism. It was the last area in Afghanistan to convert to Islam—and the conversion was accomplished by the sword.}}</ref>

===Contemporary Sant Mat ===
{{main|Contemporary Sant Mat movements}}
{{distinguish|Sant Mat}}
The contemporary Sant Mat is a 19th-century origin movement.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2007|pp=383–384}} Scholars are divided as to whether to call Radha Soami a 1) [[Sikhism|Sikh]]-derived or 2) Hindu–Sikh-synthesed or 3) independent version of the medieval [[Sant Mat]] as new universal religion.<ref name="Zoccarelli">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Zoccarelli |given=Pierluigi |year=2006 |title=Radhasoami movements |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=507–509 |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6}}</ref>
* [[Advait Mat]]
* [[Radha Soami]]
** [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]]
** [[Radha Soami Satsang Sabha|Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh]]
** [[Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod|Radha Swami Satsang Dinod]]
** [[Kirpal Singh#Ruhani Satsang|Ruhani Satsang]]
* [[Radha Soami]]-influenced<ref name="Zoccarelli" />
** [[Ancient Teachings of the Masters]]
** [[Dera Sacha Sauda]]
** [[Eckankar]]
** [[Elan Vital (organization)|Elan Vital]], formerly [[Divine Light Mission]]
** [[Manavta Mandir]]
** [[Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness]]
** [[Science of Spirituality]]
*** [[Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission]]

===Slavic Vedism ===
{{main|Peterburgian Vedism}}
Slavic, Russian, Peterburgian Vedism or simply Vedism<ref>Michael F. Strmiska. ''[[Modern Paganism in World Cultures]]''. ABC-CLIO, 2005. p. 222: "In addition to Ukrainian Paganism, Russian and Pan-Slavic varieties of Paganism and "Slavic Vedism" can also be found in Ukraine."</ref><ref name="religionip.ru">Portal "Religion and Law". [http://religionip.ru/news/monastyr-sobranie-tayn-ili-divya-loka-vtoroe-prishestvie-induizma-v-rossii Монастырь «Собрание тайн» или «Дивья лока»: второе пришествие индуизма в России?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602224155/http://religionip.ru/news/monastyr-sobranie-tayn-ili-divya-loka-vtoroe-prishestvie-induizma-v-rossii |date=2 June 2013}}. 2013-04-30</ref> are terms used to describe one of the earliest branch of [[Slavic Native Faith]] ("Rodnovery")—contemporary indigenous development of [[Vedism|Vedic]] forms of religion in [[Russia]], especially of [[Saint Petersburg]]'s communities, other [[Slavic countries]], and generally all the [[post-Soviet states]]. The word "Vedism" comes from the verb "to know" (''vedatʼ'')—a semantic root which is shared in [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Sanskrit]] languages alike.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Aitamurto |given=Kaarina |year=2016 |title=Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie |page=35 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=9781472460271}}</ref>

Slavic Vedism involves the worship of Vedic gods, characterised by its use of indigenous Slavic rituals and Slavic names for the deities, distinguishing from other groups which have maintained a stronger bond with modern Hinduism, although [[Krishnaism|Krishnaite]] groups often identify themselves as "Vedic" too. Also some syncretic groups within Slavic Native Faith (Slavic Neopaganism) use the term "Vedism".<ref>[[Robert A. Saunders]], Vlad Strukov. ''Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation''. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2010. p. 412.</ref>

==Cross-denominational influences==
===Bhakti movement===
{{main|Bhakti movement}}

The Bhakti movement was a [[theism|theistic]] devotional trend that originated in the seventh-century [[Dravidian peoples|Tamil]] south India (now parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala), and spread northwards.<ref name=schomer>Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802773}}, pp. 1–2.</ref> It swept over east and north India from the fifteenth-century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.<ref name=schomer/><ref name="lorenzen">{{cite book |surname=Lorenzen |given=David N. |author-link=David N. Lorenzen |year=1995 |title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action |place=Albany, NY |publisher=SUNY Press |url={{Google books|rpSxJg_ehnIC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}
|isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6}}</ref> The Bhakti movement regionally developed as Hindu denominations around different gods and goddesses, such as [[Vaishnavism]] (Vishnu), [[Shaivism]] (Shiva), [[Shaktism]] (Shakti goddesses), and [[Smartism]].<ref name="lancenelson"/><ref name="sskumar"/><ref>Wendy Doniger (2009), [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti Bhakti], Encyclopædia Britannica; [http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects The Four Denomination of Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113071854/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |date=13 January 2020 }} Himalayan Academy (2013)</ref> The movement was inspired by many poet-saints, who championed a wide range of philosophical positions ranging from [[theistic dualism]] of [[Dvaita]] to absolute [[monism]] of [[Advaita]] Vedanta.<ref name=schomer/><ref>Christian Novetzke (2007), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25691067 Bhakti and Its Public], International Journal of Hindu Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, page 255–272</ref> Scriptures of the Bhakti movement include the [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Bhagavata Purana]] and [[Padma Purana]].<ref>Catherine Robinson (2005), Interpretations of the Bhagavad-Gita and Images of the Hindu Tradition, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415346719}}, pages 28–30</ref><ref name=karen26>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 26–32, 217–218</ref>

As part of the legacy of the Alvars, five [[Vaishnava]] philosophical traditions (sampradayas) have developed at the later stages.<ref name=Mittal2004>{{cite book | author = Mittal, S. G. R. Thursby | year = 2006 | title = Religions of South Asia: An Introduction | publisher = Routledge }}</ref>

===Philosophical schools===
{{Main|Hindu philosophy}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
Hindu philosophy is traditionally divided into six [[Āstika and nāstika|''{{IAST|āstika}}'']] ({{langx|sa|आस्तिक}} "orthodox") schools of thought,<ref>For an overview of the six orthodox schools, with detail on the grouping of schools, see:{{harv|Mādhava Āchārya|1882}}{{harv|Dasgupta|1922–1955|loc=Vol. 1}}{{harv|Radhakrishnan|1927}}</ref> or ''{{IAST|darśanam}}'' (दर्शनम्, "view"), which accept the [[Vedas]] as the supreme revealed scriptures. The schools are:
#[[Samkhya]], a [[Nontheism|non theistic]] and strongly dualist theoretical exposition of [[Purusha|consciousness]] and [[Prakṛti|matter]].
#[[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], a school emphasizing [[Dhyana in Hinduism|meditation]], [[Samadhi|contemplation]] and [[Kaivalya|liberation]].
#[[Nyaya]] or [[Indian logic|logic]], explores [[Pramāṇa|sources of knowledge]]. ''[[Nyāya Sūtras]]''.
#[[Vaisheshika]], an [[empiricist]] school of [[atomism]]
#[[Mimāṃsā]], an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of [[orthopraxy]]
#[[Vedanta]], the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the 'Jnan' (knowledge) 'Kanda' (section).

The [[nāstika]]/heterodox schools are (in chronological order):
#[[Cārvāka]]
#[[Jainism]]
#[[Ājīvika]]
#[[Buddhism]]
#[[Ajñana]]

However, [[Medieval philosophy|medieval philosophers]] like [[Vidyaranya|Vidyāraṇya]] classified [[Indian philosophy]] into sixteen schools, where schools belonging to [[Saiva|Shaiva]], [[Pāṇini]] and [[Rasesvara|Raseśvara]] thought are included with others, and the three [[Vedantic]] schools [[Advaita]], [[Vishishtadvaita]] and [[Dvaita]] (which had emerged as distinct schools by then) are classified separately.{{sfn|Mādhava Āchārya|1882|p=xii}}

In [[History of Hinduism|Hindu history]], the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the [[Gupta period]] "golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mimamsa, it was obsolete by the later Middle Ages and modern times, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy, as follows:{{sfn|Dasgupta|1922–1955}}{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|1927}}
*[[Advaita Vedanta]]
*[[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]]
*[[Bhedabheda]]
**[[Achintya Bheda Abheda]]
**[[Dvaitadvaita]]
*[[Dvaita Vedanta]]
*[[Integral yoga]]
*[[Pratyabhijna]]
*[[Shaiva Siddhanta]]
*[[Shiva Advaita]]
*[[Shuddhadvaita]]
*[[Vishishtadvaita]]

Nyaya survived into the 17th century as ''Navya Nyaya'' "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta.

===Yoga varieties===
{{Main|Yoga}}

*[[Ananda Yoga]]
*[[Bhakti yoga]]
*[[Hatha yoga]]
**[[Bihar School of Yoga]]
*[[Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)|Integral Yoga]]
*[[Jivamukti Yoga]]
*[[Jnana yoga]]
*[[Karma yoga]]
*[[Kripalu Yoga]]
*[[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]]
*[[Kundalini yoga]]
*[[Raja yoga]]
*[[Sahaja Yoga]]
*[[Siddha Yoga]]
*[[Sivananda yoga]]
*[[Surat Shabd Yoga]]
*[[Tantric Yoga]]{{sfn|Lamb|2008|p=}}{{sfn|Singleton|Goldberg|2014}}

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Donyi-Polo|Donyipoloism]]
* [[Sanamahism]]
* [[Shanmata]]
* [[List of Hindu organisations]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|surname=Apte |given=Vaman S. |year=1965 |title=The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary |place=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-0300-0}}
* {{cite book |surname=Bhandarkar |given=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Bhandarkar |year=1913 |title=Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems |series=Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, 3.6 |publisher=Trübner |place=Strassburg |url=https://archive.org/details/VaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar/page/n1/mode/1up?view=theater }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |orig-year=Rev. ed. 2005 |surname=Dandekar |given=R. N. |author-link=Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar |title=Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion: 16 Volume Set |volume=14 |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Dasgupta |given=Surendranath |year=1922–1955 |author-link=Surendranath Dasgupta |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |volume=1–5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=London |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/reports-proceedings/history-indian-philosophy-vol-i }} [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96713 Vol. 1] | [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57593 Vol. 2] | [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57392 Vol. 3] | [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.231099 Vol. 4] | [https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfIndianPhilosophyVol5/page/n1/mode/2up Vol. 5.]
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last =Doniger | editor-first =Wendy | editor-link =Wendy Doniger | display-editors =etal | year =1999 | title =Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | place =Springfield, Ca | publisher =Merriam-Webster | isbn =9780877790440 | url ={{Google books|id=ZP_f9icf2roC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Farquhar |given=John Nicol |title=Modern religious movements in India |url=http://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm00farquoft |year=1915 |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan }}
* {{cite book |surname=Flood |given=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url={{Google books|id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184710/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C |archive-date=23 December 2023 |url-status=live |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |access-date=28 May 2023 }}
* {{cite book |last=Frazier |first=Jessica |title=The Continuum companion to Hindu studies |year=2011 |publisher=Continuum |location=London |isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0}}
* {{cite book |surname=Gonda |given=Jan |author-link=Jan Gonda |title=Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison |year=1970 |url={{Google books|id=4HGXjgEACAAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8 }}
* {{citation | last =Halbfass | first =Wilhelm | year =1991 | title =Tradition and Reflection | place =Albany, NY | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn =9780791403617 | url ={{Google books|id=5fImMZMqNIC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1987 |surname=Hardy |given=Friedhelm E. |author-link=Friedhelm Hardy |title=Kṛṣṇaism |editor=Mircea Eliade |editor-link=Mircea Eliade |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Religion: 16 Volume Set |volume=8 |pages=387–392 |place=New York |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=978-0-02897-135-3 |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/krsnaism |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] }}
* {{cite book |surname=Hiltebeitel |given=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=2002 |orig-year=1987 |chapter=Hinduism |editor-surname=Kitagawa |editor-given=Joseph M. |editor-link=Joseph Kitagawa |title=The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture |place=London |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |pages=3–40 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=3|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |isbn=0-7007-1762-5 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Johnson |given=W. J. |title=A Dictionary of Hinduism |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250 |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0 |ref=None}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|id=OgMmceadQ3gC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02|url-status=live}}
* {{citation | last =Knott | first =Kim | year =1998 | title =Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =9780191606458 |ref=None | url ={{Google books|id=p4kzNzII3zAC|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} }}
* {{cite book |surname=Lamb |given=Ramdas |title=Theory and Practice of Yoga |year=2008 |editor=[[Knut A. Jacobsen]]
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |place=Delhi |isbn=978-8120832329}}
* {{cite book |surname=Lipner |given=Julius J. |author-link=Julius J. Lipner |year=2009 |title=Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |place=London |isbn=978-0-415-45677-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Mādhava Āchārya |translator=E.B. Cowell and A.E. Gough |year=1882 |title=The Sarva-Darśana-Saṃgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy |series=Trübner's Oriental Series |place=London |publisher=Trübner & Co. |url=https://archive.org/stream/Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha.by.Madhavacharya-Vidyaranya.tr.by.E.B.Cowell }}
* {{citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | author-link = Axel Michaels | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, NJ | publisher =Princeton University Press |ref=None}}
* {{cite book |first=James |last=Minahan |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An encyclopedia |series=Ethnic Groups of the World |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=smarta+shankara |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 }}
* {{cite book |year=1927 |surname=Radhakrishnan |given=Sarvepalli |author-link=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |title=Indian Philosophy |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2 }}
* {{citation | last =Rosen | first =Steven | author-link = Steven J. Rosen | year =2006 | title =Essential Hinduism | place =Westport | publisher =Praeger Publ.}}
* {{cite book |editor-surname=Singleton |editor-given=Mark |editor-surname2=Goldberg |editor-given2=Ellen |title=Gurus of modern yoga |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-993871-1 |oclc=861692270}}
* {{cite book |surname=Tattwananda |given=Swami |title=Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship |place=Calcutta |publisher=Nirmalendra Bikash Sen Gupta |date=n.d. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.128453 }}
* {{cite book |surname=Werner |given=Karel |author-link=Karel Werner |title=A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism |place=Surrey |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1994 |edition=1997 rev. |url={{Google books|id=HvuQAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=|keywords=|text=}} |isbn=0-7007-1049-3 }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism}}
* [http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects Overview of the four divisions of Hinduism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113071854/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |date=13 January 2020 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080615194002/http://hinduism.iskcon.com/tradition/1200.htm Description of four denominations]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Denominations}}
[[Category:Hindu denominations| ]]

Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni

2026-02-12T03:17:36Z

Nisha Lakra: slightly adjust lead to improve readability and corrected details

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{About|Marathi film director|other people named with similar name|Umesh Kulkarni (disambiguation){{!}}Umesh Kulkarni}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni
| image = Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|12|06}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], India
| education = Film and Television Institute of India, Pune
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]]
| years_active = 1995
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Vinayak Kulkarni
Vishakha Kulkarni
| website =
| awards = National Film Award for Best debut director
}}

'''Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film director.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I don't see Marathi films as a stepping stone to making Hindi movies: Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/i-dont-see-marathi-films-as-a-stepping-stone-to-making-hindi-movies-umesh-vinayak-kulkarni/|access-date=30 August 2015|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He is an alumnus of the Film and Television Institute of India ([[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]), [[Pune]]. {{citation needed|date=January 2012}} He is known for Marathi films such as ''[[Valu (film)|Valu]]'' (The Wild Bull), ''[[Vihir]]'' (The Well), ''[[Deool]]'' (The Temple) and ''[[Highway (2015 film)|Highway]]''.

He is known for short films such as ''Girni'' (Grinding Machine), ''Three of Us'', ''Vilay'', ''Gaarud'' and ''Darshan''.

He received a National Film award for Best Debut Director for his short film ''Girni''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Maithili |date=2011-01-31 |title=Resurgence of sorts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Resurgence-of-sorts/article15131661.ece |access-date=2022-06-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

''Deool'' (The Temple), his feature film, received a National Film Award for best film in the year 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Vidya Balan wins National Award for 'The Dirty Picture' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Vidya-Balan-wins-National-Award-for-The-Dirty-Picture/articleshow/12173411.cms |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430015945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131831_1_lyrics-award-chillar-party-nitesh-tiwari |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Umesh Kulkarni was born on 6 December 1976 in Pune to Vinayak and Vishakha Kulkarni.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} He graduated in commerce from BMCC, Pune besides acquiring a law degree.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} He joined FTII Pune in February 2000.

Kulkarni also directed short films such as ''Girni, Three of Us, Vilay'' and ''Gaarud''. ''Girni'' won the National Film Award for the Best Non Feature Film.

His first feature film ''[[Valu (film)|Valu]]'' was a significant film for Marathi cinema. It is amongst the few Marathi films that kept the box office collection on an upward swing and also traveled to more than 30 International film festivals, including the [[Berlin film festival]]. He then went on to work on features like ''[[Vihir]]'' and ''[[Deool]]. Vihir'' was featured in [[Berlin film festival]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Laxmi Birajdar |date=30 January 2010 |title=Vihir' to be screened at Berlin Film Fest |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/-Vihir-to-be-screened-at-Berlin-Film-Fest/articleshow/5512831.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2012-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-30/pune/28136877_1_vihir-marathi-film-berlin-film-fest |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref> and [[Rotterdam International Film Festival]] 2010, the Netherlands. ''Deool'' won the 59th [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]],<ref name="vidya">{{cite news |date=7 March 2012 |title=Vidya Balan wins National Award for 'The Dirty Picture' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Vidya-Balan-wins-National-Award-for-The-Dirty-Picture/articleshow/12173411.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430015945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131831_1_lyrics-award-chillar-party-nitesh-tiwari |archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] ([[Girish Kulkarni]]) and [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Dialogue]] (Girish Kulkarni).<ref name="59th">{{cite web |title=59th National Film Awards: Winners List |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5906670 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310054510/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=5906670 |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=12 March 2012 |publisher=MSN entertainment |ref=59th}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* Divine Sight (Short) (2003)
* Girni (Short) (2004)
* [[Valu (film)|Valu]] (2008)<ref>{{cite web |title=Valu trots to Rotterdam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Valu-trots-to-Rotterdam/articleshow/2729432.cms |website=The Times of India |date=25 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Marathi film Valu-The Wild Bull premieres at Rotterdam – Express India |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marathi-film-ValuThe-Wild-Bull-premieres-at-Rotterdam/267089/ |via=Internet Archive |date=10 December 2008 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210144307/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Marathi-film-ValuThe-Wild-Bull-premieres-at-Rotterdam/267089/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Vihir]] (2009)
* [[Deool]] (2011)
* [[Dhappa]] (2019) (co-producer)
* [[Indian Predator: Murder in a Courtroom]] (2022)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130412173702/http://www.ftiindia.com/students_awards.html
*http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Highway-Huma-Qureshi-Girish-Kulkarni-Umesh-Kulkarni-Tisca-Chopra-Taare-Zameen-Par/articleshow/40342139.cms?
*http://www.filmimpressions.com/home/2012/11/interview-umesh-kulkarni-part-1.html

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Umesh Vinayak}}
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]

Prem Chand Pandey

2026-02-10T02:33:28Z

Nisha Lakra: done

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Prem Chand Pandey
| image = PCPandey.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Prem Chand Pandey at his residence of Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1945|08|10}}
| birth_place = [[Ramapur]], [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Space Science]], Planetary Scientist, [[Climate]]-[[Satellites]], [[Polar region|Polar]]-[[Remote Sensing]]
| work_institution = [[Space Applications Centre]] [[Indian Space Research Organization]] ([[ISRO]]) [[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Ministry of Earth Sciences]] [[NCAOR]] [[IIT Kharagpur]] [[IIT Bhubaneswar]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| known_for = [[Polar region|Polar]]-[[Remote Sensing]] Bhaskara Satellite series [[ISRO]]'s past and future mission such as OCEANSAT and CLIMATESAT [[Ocean]]-[[Satellite]], [[Indian Remote Sensing satellite]], [[Climate]]-[[Satellite]], and [[Indian Antarctic Program]]
| doctoral_advisor = S. L. Srivastava
| doctoral_students =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes = NASA Certificate of Recognition and Cash Award [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] [[Vigyan Gaurav Award]]
| religion =
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}
'''Prem Chand Pandey''' is an Indian [[space scientist|space]], and [[Planetary science|planetary scientist]], academic in the fields of satellite [[oceanography]], [[remote sensing]], [[atmospheric science]], the [[Antarctic]] and [[climate change]],<ref>[http://www.ncaor.gov.in/pages/view/391/395-professor-prem-chand-pandey "Professor Prem Chand Pandey's profile at NCAOR web page as founding Director/1st former Director"]. Professor Prem Chand Pandey's profile at NCAOR web page as founding Director/1st former Director</ref> and the founding director of the [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research|National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)]].

==Education and career==
Pandey obtained his masters and bachelor's degrees in Electronics and science respectively from [[Allahabad University]]. He completed his [[D.Phil.]] degree from the same university<ref>[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/fac-profiles/showprofile.php?empcode=2bmVT&depts_name=N2 Faculty page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124082715/http://iitkgp.ac.in/fac-profiles/showprofile.php?empcode=2bmVT&depts_name=N2 |date=24 November 2010 }}, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.</ref><ref name="auaa.in">[http://auaa.in/?page_id=31 " Pandey is Proud Past Alumni of Allahabad University"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120707073335/http://auaa.in/?page_id=31 |date=7 July 2012 }}. Pandey is told AU’s Product in Allahabad University Alumni Association web page.</ref> (on [[microwave]]s) in 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sahoo |first=Dinabandhu|date=2002 |title=Advances in Marine and Antarctic Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEBRPxtp4W0C&q=Prem+Chand+Pandey+allahabad+university&pg=PA449 |publisher=APH Publishing |pages=449 |isbn= 9788176483476}}</ref>

In 1966, Pandey became a lecturer in DAV Degree college, [[Azamgarh]]. From 1968 to 1972 he was [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] Research Fellow at the microwave research laboratory of the Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, and from 1973 to 1977 a research officer at the Central Water and Power Research Station, [[Khadakwasla]]. In 1977 he joined the [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC)/ [[ISRO]], Ahmedabad and became the founder head of the Oceanic Sciences Division/ Meteorology and Oceanography Group/ Remote Sensing Applications Area (OSD/ MOG/ RESA). He worked for the next twenty years at SAC. In the 1980s he was also a research associate at the [[NASA]] – [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], where he worked on the [[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]] and [[SEASAT]] programs.<ref>a) [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?No=0&N=4294850820&Ns=HarvestDate%7c1&as=false NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS SERVER Selected Navigations: Author Pandey, P. C.] Dr. P C Pandey at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA. b) [http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1995/95JD02120.shtml Journal of Geophysical Research page] P C Pandey Author from SAC, Ahmedabad. c) [http://www.ias.ac.in/jarch/epsci/100/00000165.pdf Numerical experiment with modelled return echo of a satellite] (PDF) P C Pandey Author, Affiliation: MOG, SAC Ahmedabad. d) [http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0450(1995)034%3C0805%3AWVCFRA%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Water Vapor Corrections for Radar Altimeter and Its Variability over the Indian Ocean] P C Pandey Author, Affiliation: MOG, SAC. e) [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03029207 Atmospheric temperature profile for a tropical region from TIROS-N microwave sounding unit] Author P C Pandey from SAC/ISRO. f) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=4157388 "A Two Step Linear Statistical Technique Using Leaps And Bounds Procedure for Retrieval of Geophysical Parameters from Microwave Radiometric Data"]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Dr. Prem Chand Pandey author of article from Meteorology and Oceanography Group (MOG) Space Application Centre (SAC/ISRO). g) [https://www.scribd.com/doc/17531803/Advances-in-Microwave-Remote-Sensing-of-the-Ocean-and-Atmosphere Advances in Microwave Remote Sensing of the Ocean and Atmosphere] Important Article from SAC/ISRO by P C Pandey</ref> During 1997–2005, he was the founding director of the [[National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research|National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR)]]/[[Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)|Ministry of Earth Sciences]] (MoES), [[Goa]].<ref>a) [http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in/meso2002_web.htm NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (NAC)-workshop at NCMRWF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716130935/http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in/meso2002_web.htm |date=16 July 2011 }} P C Pandey Member from NCAOR Goa. b) [http://dod.nic.in/sci-cdod.htm Department of Ocean Development(DOD) official page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717095848/http://dod.nic.in/sci-cdod.htm |date=17 July 2011 }} P C Pandey Director NCAOR, Goa. c) [https://www.comnap.aq/.../new-director-of-indian-antarctic-program-appointed Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs(COMNAP)]{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Prem Chand Pandey Retired from NCAOR-COMNAP</ref> At the initiative of [[Murali Manohar Joshi]] he founded the [[K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies]] ([[KBCAOS]])<ref>[http://kbcaos.org/ "KBCAOS"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810111453/http://kbcaos.org/ |date=10 August 2014 }}. KBCAOS official page</ref> to initiate Atmospheric and Ocean Science Studies at [[Allahabad University]] which is now a full-fledged faculty academic centre of Allahabad University.<ref>[http://dod.nic.in/pyr01-02/pb01-02.htm "Seed R & D activities in the area of Polar Remote Sensing have been initiated in collaboration with other national institutes like SAC, Ahamedabad and K. Banerjee Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Allahabad. ---In addition, a sum of Rs. 3.00 crore is proposed for the initiation of research programmes at the Dr. Kedareswar Banerjee Centre for Atmospheric and Ocean Studies at the Allahabad University"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425213338/http://www.dod.nic.in/pyr01-02/pb01-02.htm |date=25 April 2013 }}. NCAOR/DOD(MoES) supported initiation establishment of [[K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies]], University of Allahabad</ref><ref>a) [http://www.auaa.in/proudpast.html KBCAOS/MNCOSS-Allahabad University Alumni Association] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090226/http://www.auaa.in/proudpast.html |date=15 January 2008 }}. Prem Chand Pandey is man behind establishment of KBCAOS- Allahabad University. b) [http://www.alldunivpio.org/Outreach%20Functions.htm "(KBCAOS), supported by projects from the Department of Ocean Development"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018224738/http://alldunivpio.org/Outreach%20Functions.htm |date=18 October 2010 }}. Allahabad University official web page, KBCAOS/Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies(IIDS) was based on NCAOR/DOD Projects at the time. c) [https://archive.today/20120709165601/http://www.ncaor.gov.in/rtiact.pdf Oceanography and Other Projects] at NCAOR & KBCAOS sponsored by NCAOR</ref><ref>[http://www.geographyandyou.com/sagaa/images/SaGAA%20brochure%2029-10.pdf "SAGAA 2011 Organizing Committee: P C Pandey is Chairman said to be founder of KBCAOS, Allahabad University"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084722/http://www.geographyandyou.com/sagaa/images/SaGAA%20brochure%2029-10.pdf |date=11 July 2011 }}. (PDF) National Conference on Science& Geopolitics of Arctic& Antarctic organized in chairmanship of Dr. P. C Pandey where it is stated that he is Founder of KBCAOS, AU.</ref><ref>[http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=84&Itemid=358 " KBCAOS: Atmospheric and Ocean Science, Allahabad University (AU)"]. Allahabad University official web page.</ref> He was Visiting Professor at the Center for Ocean, River, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur (IIT-Kgp)]] from 2005 to 2007 then Emeritus Professor from 2007 to August 2011, playing a key role in the establishment of the CORAL.<ref>a) [http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/189104/ Changing global weather pattern causing concern] Dr PC Pandey of Kharagpur-based Indian Institute of Technology has study"Tele-connection between melting of Antartica Sea ice and the frequency of El Nino and Southern Occillation phenomena (ENSO)". b) Numerical Simulation of Bay of Bengal Circulation Features from Ocean General Circulation Model P C Pandey Author From IIT Kharagpur</ref> He joined the faculty of School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|IIT Bhubaneswar]] as a Professor with effect from 1 September 2011.<ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/pdf/Newsletter_Rhythm_4-9-2011.pdf "Prof. P C Pandey Joins IITBBS"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422040701/http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/pdf/Newsletter_Rhythm_4-9-2011.pdf |date=22 April 2012 }}. (PDF) A doctorate in Physics (Microwaves) from Allahabad University, he is credited with the initiation of the satellite borne microwave remote sensing of Ocean Atmosphere and Cryosphere research in India. Professor Pandey was the Founder Director of National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa from 1997 to 2005. He has spent a major part of his career at Space Application Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, and has worked for about five years at the NASA’s world famous Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA. Professor Pandey has carried out extensive research in the areas of satellite oceanography, atmospheric science, climate change and polar science................He was also a member of the delegation led by Hon’ble Kapil Sibal to Antarctic, the first ever ministerial delegation to visit Antarctica. Professor Pandey has represented India in various International symposia related to Polar Science and Logistics such as Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) etc. Professor Pandey is the recipient of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award (1989), Professor Vikram Sarabhai Award and Gold Medal, Om Prakash Bhasin Award and [[Vigyan Gaurav Award]] of U.P. Council of Science and Technology as well as the NASA award:IIT Bhubaneswar web page says.</ref><ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=P " Professor Pandey at present at School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Samantapuri, Bhubaneswar-751 013"]. According to the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] Pandey is Faculty of IIT Bhubaneswar.</ref><ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/portfolio.php?id=d09bf41544a3365a46c9077ebb5e35c3 "Faculty Profile of Prof. Prem Chand Pandey"]. School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar, Faculty profile of Professor Pandey</ref><ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/faculty/iit_1338424939.pdf "Brief resume of Professor Pandey"]. (PDF) This brief resume describes that he is Faculty at IITBBS and good information about him can be found here</ref> where also he played key role in establishment of the School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|IIT Bhubaneswar]] and after a satisfactory development of this school, Dr. Pandey returned to [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur (IIT-Kgp)]] and worked as Emeritus Professor since 20 November 2017 as to 25 November 2020.<ref>[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/department/CL/former-faculties "Pandey is listed as Former Faculty Member of CORAL, IIT Kharagpur 2005-2011 and 2017 to 2020"]. Pandey is listed as Former Faculty Member of CORAL, IIT Kharagpur.</ref> Currently he is working as adjunct professor at Department of Earth Sciences, [[IIT Gandhinagar]] since 1 January 2021.<ref>[https://iitgn.ac.in/faculty/earths/fac-pcpandey "IIT Gandhinagar faculty page of Professor Pandey"]. IIT Gandhinagar faculty page of Professor Pandey</ref>

==Honour and awards==

* Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref>"[http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=P, Fellows]", The National Academy of Sciences, India. Retrieved 18 August 2010.</ref> [[Indian Meteorological Society]],<ref>a) [http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in/ims/fellows.htm Fellows] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203155959/http://www.ncmrwf.gov.in/ims/fellows.htm |date=3 February 2008 }} [[Indian Meteorological Society]]; b) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110226152045/http://www.indianmetsoc.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=72 IMS official Page]</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=P "Fellow, India Academi of Science, Bangalore"]. P C Pandey is fellow in official web page of the Academy, Bangalore</ref> Society of Earth Science India,<ref>[http://www.earthscienceindia.info/PDF/SESFellows.pdf "List of SES Fellows – The Society of Earth Scientists"]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. (PDF) Prem Chand Pandey is Fellow of Society of Earth Science India</ref> [[Indian Geophysical Union]],<ref>[http://www.igu.in/50years/igu_directory_2014.pdf "Professor Pandey is Fellow IGU-146"]. (PDF) Professor Pandey is Fellow of IGU</ref> Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Dehradun (1999).<ref>[http://www.isrsindia.org/felmem.html "Dr. P C Pandey, NCAOR,Goa is ISRS Fellow"]. Dr. P C Pandey is Fellow of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Deradun according to its official web page</ref> Indian Society for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation<ref>[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/pdf/first-convocation-brochure.pdf "Prof. P. C. Pandey of the School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences has been elected Fellow of Indian Society for Mathematical Modelling and Computer Simulation"]. (PDF) Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar 1st Annual Convocation 31st August 2012, Chief Guest, Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Former Chairman Atomic Energy Commission of India</ref> and Geological Society of India, Bangalore.<ref>[http://www.geosocindia.org/OrdinaryFellows.aspx GSI official web page have Fellow record for Prem Chand Pandey-F-2857]. Prof. Pandey is fellow of the GSI</ref>
*Certificate of Recognition and Cash Award-1985 by [[NASA]].<ref>[http://www.india.rcuk.ac.uk/cmsweb/downloads/rcuk/india/MOESBiographies.pdf "MOES-NERC workshop for UK-INDIA Cooperation in Water Research-Profile of Indian Delegates: Prof. P C Pandey"] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101112205312/http%3A//www.india.rcuk.ac.uk/cmsweb/downloads/rcuk/india/MOESBiographies.pdf |date=12 November 2010 }}. (PDF) Pandey awarded with the Certificate of Recognition and Cash Award-1985 by NASA given in his awards section</ref>
*[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences (1989) given by [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) for outstanding scientific contributions. He is the first recipient of this award from the subdivision of Ocean and Atmosphere because from this year onwards, the scope of recognition under discipline Earth Sciences has been extended to Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences as per statement of the CSIR (SSB Prize) web page as on 17 August 2020.<ref>[http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=225 "From this year onwards, the scope of recognition SSB Prize under discipline Earth Sciences has been extended to Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences"]. It is according the statement is added by SSB Prize/CSIR web page on 17 August 2020</ref><ref name=cs>[http://www.csir.res.in/csir/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm Earth Sciences: 1989 -Pandey, Prem Chand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141051/http://www.csir.res.in/csir/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |date=27 September 2011 }} [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] "Dr Pandey has made significant contributions to the development of the technique of microwave remote sensing from satellites for obtaining atmosphere and ocean surface parameters. His concept of combining microwaves with infrared derive cloud parameters has been widely acclaimed."</ref><ref>[http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=225 "Professor Prem Chand Pandey's Profile on SSB Prize official web page"]. Professor Pandey in SSB Prize web page</ref>
*''[[Vigyan Gaurav Award]]'' awarded by the Council of Science and Technology, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] (2001–02)<ref>[http://cstup.gov.in/pages/scientificawards2.htm Scientific Awards: Dr. P.C. Pande- Director, National Centre For Antarctica and Ocean Research] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721160234/http://cstup.gov.in/pages/scientificawards2.htm |date=21 July 2011 }} Council of Science and Technology, [[Uttar Pradesh]].</ref>
*Prof. [[K. R. Ramanathan]] Memorial Gold Medal awarded by the [[Indian Geophysical Union]] (2007)<ref>[http://www.igu.in/lectures.htm IGU awards page].</ref>
* Bharat Gaurav Award in the field of Science and Technology by [[India International Friendship Society]] (2001)<ref>''Advances in Marine and Antarctic Science''. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ. Corp. 2002, p. 449 ({{ISBN|81-7648-347-8}}).</ref>
*[[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] in Engineering Including Energy and Aero Space 2004–2005<ref>[http://www.opbfawards.com/engineering.html "SHRI OM PRAKASH BHASIN AWARDS in ENGINEERING Including ENERGY and AERO SPACE"]. Award Presented by Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India for 2004–2005 on 26 October 2006.</ref>
*Hari Om Ashram Prerit Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Award and gold medal in the field of Atmospheric Sciences and Hydrology, in 1987 (first recipient in ISRO)<ref>[http://sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/everyman_Oct_Nov_06.pdf "according LIFE SKETCHES OF GENERAL PRESIDENT AND SECTIONAL PRESIDENTS 94th INDIAN SCIENCE CONGRESS, ANNAMALAI NAGAR, 2006–20 Dr. Pandey was awarded by Hari Om Ashram Perit Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Award and Gold medal in the field of Atmospheric Sciences and Hydrology, in 1987 (first recipient in ISRO)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085223/http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/everyman_Oct_Nov_06.pdf |date=19 June 2009 }}. (PDF) EVERYMAN’S SCIENCE Vol. XLI No. 4 (October '06 – November '06) Dr. P C Pandey was President of Section of Environmental Sciences.</ref>
*D.Sc. (Hornoris Causa) from [[Purvanchal University (India)|V B. S. Purvanchal University]], Jaunpur<ref>[http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_all.php3?alpha=P "According Indian Academy fellow page Prof. Pandey is D.Sc. (h.c.)"]. Prof Pandey honoured D.Sc. (h.c.) from V B. S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur.</ref>
*Khosla National Award, Gold Medal and Citation by Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, during convocation Ceremony, 15 November 2007<ref>[http://www.india.rcuk.ac.uk/cmsweb/downloads/rcuk/india/MOESBiographies.pdf "MoES-NERC Workshop on The Changing Water Cycle-MOES Biographies"] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101112205312/http%3A//www.india.rcuk.ac.uk/cmsweb/downloads/rcuk/india/MOESBiographies.pdf |date=12 November 2010 }}. (PDF) Prof Pandey is recipient of the Khosla Award.</ref>
*The Rekha Nandi and Bhupesh Nandi Prize from the Institution of Engineers (India)<ref>
[http://www.ieindia.info/award1.aspx "The Rekha Nandi and Bhupesh Nandi Award-The Institute of Engineering (India), Kolkata"]. Dr. Pandey is recipient of The Rekha Nandi and Bhupesh Nandi Prize from the Institution of Engineers (India) during Prize Distribution ceremony of the 25th Indian Engineering Congress, Kochi, 17 December 2010.</ref>
*Felicitation by Shri [[Kapil Sibal]], Honorable Minister for S/T and Ocean Development, for outstanding achievements in Polar Science & Ocean Science and Technology, on 27 July 2004, on DOD (MoES) foundation Day.<ref>[http://www.india.rcuk.ac.uk/cmsweb/downloads/rcuk/india/MOESBiographies.pdf "MoES-NERC Workshop on The Changing Water Cycle-MOES Biographies"] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101112205312/http%3A//www.india.rcuk.ac.uk/cmsweb/downloads/rcuk/india/MOESBiographies.pdf |date=12 November 2010 }}. (PDF) Prof Pandey is recipient of the Felicitation from the minister of the Govt. of India.</ref>
*An Honour of "Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "[[Allahabad University]] Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007–2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.<ref name="auaa.in"/><ref>[https://archive.today/20080115090226/http://www.auaa.in/proudpast.html " Internet Archive of Proud Past Alumni"]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120707073335/http://auaa.in/?page_id=31 "Internet Archive of Proud Past Alumni"]</ref>
*Honoured by listed as Distinguish Alumni in the official Distinguish Alumni list of University of Allahabad.<ref>[https://www.allduniv.ac.in/alumni/distinguish-alumni "distinguish-alumni"]. Professor Pandey listed as Distinguish Alumni list of University of Allahabad.</ref>

==Membership==

* IIT Kharagpur Nominee : Ocean Atmospheric Science and Technology Cell of MoES<ref name="according to faculty page">[http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/fac-profiles/showprofile.php?empcode=2bmVT "according to faculty page"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325015444/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/fac-profiles/showprofile.php?empcode=2bmVT |date=25 March 2012 }}. IIT Kharagpur</ref>
* Advisory Board Member, Text Books for Higher Education : The Energy Research Institute, New Delhi<ref name="according to faculty page"/>
* Member of the Working Group on Promotion of Radar Meteorology, in Kolkata : [[India Meteorological Department]], New Delhi<ref name="according to faculty page"/>
* Member, ISRO-CNES Joint Working Group : [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], Bangalore<ref name="according to faculty page"/>
* Chairman, National Advisory Committee, to set up School of Earth Ocean and Climate Sciences : [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar]]<ref name="according to faculty page"/>
* Member, Joint Scientific Working Group of SAC-ISRO, for [[SARAL]] Mission
* Chairman, Research Advisory Committee of [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] (IITM), Pune
* Member, Governing Council, IITM, Pune.<ref>[http://www.tropmet.res.in/static_page.php?page_id=4 "Pandey is member of Governing council"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208083701/http://www.tropmet.res.in/static_page.php?page_id=4 |date=8 February 2011 }}. IITM web pag say him member of Governing Council</ref><ref>[http://www.tropmet.res.in/static_page.php?page_id=117 " 49th Foundation Day Celebration of the Institute: The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune celebrated its 49th Foundation Day on 17 November 2010. Prof. P.C. Pandey, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur and Member, Governing Council of IITM, was the Chief Guest of the function"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506144822/http://www.tropmet.res.in/static_page.php?page_id=117 |date=6 May 2014 }}. IITM official web page stated him the Chief Guest and member of Governing Council of IITM</ref>
* Honorary Professor, [[Goa University]]
* Member, Academic Council, Goa University (Governor's Nominee).<ref>[http://www.unigoa.ac.in/downloads/Areport.pdf "Nominees of the Chancellor"]. (PDF) Member, Academic Council, Goa University</ref>
* Member : (Visitor's Nominee )Selection Committee for Earth Sciences in [[Pondicherry University]] (A Central University).
* Adjunct Professor at BITS (Goa Region) (up to 2007).<ref>[http://www.bits-goa.ac.in/Departments/Physics/PhySocWeb/people/faculty.html " Pandey described as adjuct Faculty in Physics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150114/http://www.bits-goa.ac.in/Departments/Physics/PhySocWeb/people/faculty.html |date=21 July 2011 }}. Pandey as adjunct faculty of BITS, Goa</ref>
* Member, Special Advisory committee, School of Environmental Science [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), Delhi
* Chairman, [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], Kharagpur local Chapter
* Member, Research Advisory Committee of Center of Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) of [[IIT Delhi]].
* Vice Chairman of OSTC Cell of DOD at Mangalore/ Tamil University.
* Member, High Power Ministerial delegation led by Hon Shri [[Kapil Sibal]] to Antarctica.<ref>[http://dod.nic.in/pressbrief.htm "Shri Kapil Sibal, Honourable Minister of State (Independent Charge), S&T and Ocean Development visited Antarctica from 2nd to 4th of February 2005, the first ever visit by an Indian Minister"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717095920/http://dod.nic.in/pressbrief.htm |date=17 July 2011 }} Dr. Prem Chand Pandey, the then Director, National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research(NCAOR) was one of the member of the delegation as on DOD Web Page</ref>
* Member, ICSU/WMO committee for [[International Polar Year]] (IPY) framework documents preparation.<ref>[http://www.icsu.org/2_resourcecentre/Resource.php4?rub=8&id=121 "International Polar Year 2007–2008"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113174349/http://www.icsu.org/2_resourcecentre/Resource.php4?rub=8&id=121 |date=13 November 2008 }}. Prem Chand Pandey was Member, ICSU/WMO committee for International Polar Year (IPY) framework documents preparation</ref>
* President (sectional); Environmental Science Section, [[Indian Science Congress Association]], 2006–7.<ref>[http://sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/everyman_Oct_Nov_06.pdf President (sectional); Environmental Science Section] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085223/http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/html/pdf/everyman_Oct_Nov_06.pdf |date=19 June 2009 }}. (PDF) EVERYMAN’S SCIENCE,
science congress web page say that Dr. Pandey was sectional President</ref>
* Also remained member of Executive Council of the Indian Geophysical Union (1991–1993).<ref>[http://www.igu.in/members.htm#1991-93 " P C Pandey is member"]. Pandey is member of the executive Council</ref>

==Works==

Pandey has published more than 134 research papers,<ref>[http://www.geographyandyou.com/sagaa/ "Science and Geopolitics of Arctic and Antarctic: The Organising Committee of SaGAA 2011"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084709/http://www.geographyandyou.com/sagaa/ |date=11 July 2011 }}. Conference at India International Centre web page stated that Dr. Pandey has published 134 research papers</ref> 7 books, 9 reports and 4 Atlases, and has guided 11 PhDs. He has also edited the journals ''Marine Geodesy'',<ref>[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/journal.asp?issn=0149-0419&linktype=5 Associate Editors]. Marine Geodesy...</ref> ''Indian Journal of Polar Science'', 2008 and the Remote Sensing section in ''Mausam'', the quarterly research journal of [[India Meteorological Department]].<ref>[http://www.imd.gov.in/mausam/subedit.htm Subject Editors – Mausam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513000232/http://www.imd.gov.in/mausam/subedit.htm |date=13 May 2009 }} [[India Meteorological Department]].</ref> He has been a member of the editorial board of the ''Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing''<ref>[https://www.springer.com/earth+sciences/journal/12524?detailsPage=editorialBoard Editorial board: Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing] springer.com, Earth Sciences.</ref> ''Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics'' (IJRSP),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.niscair.res.in/sciencecommunication/ResearchJournals/rejour/ijrsp/ijrsp0.asp | title=Csir-Niscair }}</ref> ''Indian Journal of Marine Science'', India (1995–2000), ''Vayu Mandal'', Bulletin of Indian Meteorological Society, (1995–1996), ''Proceedings of Indian Academics'' (Physical Sciences) and the ''Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing'' (2006).

===Bibliography===

* ''Advances in Marine and Antarctic Science'', with Dinabandhu Sahoo. APH Publishing, 2002. {{ISBN|81-7648-347-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nEBRPxtp4W0C&dq=Dr.+Prem+Chand+Pandey&pg=PR8 Excerpts]
* ''India in the Antarctic: Scientific and Geopolitical Perspectives'', with Sanjay Chaturvedi, Neloy Khare, Centre for the Study of Geopolitics, [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]], India. 2005. {{ISBN|81-7003-287-3}}.
* ''Dharati Se Pare Antariksha Tak: Vigyan Ki Pahal'', with Neloy Khare, [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]], India. 2001.
* ''Bharat Me Vigyan Ki Uplabdhiyan: Ek Jhalak'', with Neloy Khare, [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]], India. 2002.
* ''Antarctic Geoscience, Ocean -Atmosphere interaction and Palaeoclimatology'', with S. Rajan, [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]], India. 2005.
* ''Dharakata Mahadweep'', with Neloy Khare and Rakesh Sharma, [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]], India. 1998.
* Pandey, P.C. (2007) in "India: Antarctic Program", ''Encyclopedia of the Antarctic'' edited by Beau Riffenburgh, pp. 529–530, Abingdon and New York: Taylor & Francis, {{ISBN|0-415-97024-5}}.
* ''Remote Sensing Applications to Coastal Oceanography'', in ''Modelling and Monitoring of Coastal Marine Processes'', with Rakumar, A K Verma, A K Mathur and Neera Chaturvedi, Antarctic Study Centre-[[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]], Space Application Centre(ISRO), pp 45–55, Edited by C. R. Murthy, P. C. Sinha and Y. R. Rao, India. 2008. Springer Netherlands.{{ISBN|1-4020-8326-2}}.[https://books.google.com/books?id=oNNysuDgclUC&dq=Remote+Sensing+Applications+to+Coastal+Oceanography+PC+Pandey&pg=PA45 Excerpts]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Prem Chand Pandey}}
*[http://www.iitbbs.ac.in/profile.php/pcpandey/ Professor Prem Chand Pandey, web page] at [[IIT Bhubaneswar]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116050659/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/departments/showprofile.php?empcode=bWlcS Dr PC Pandey, webpage] at [[IIT Kharagpur]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927141140/http://www.csir.res.in/csir/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Prize_Winner_Index%20(Alphabetical).htm "CSIR-Prize Winner Index" (Alphabetical)]. Prem Chand Pandey-1989.
{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Prem}}
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian meteorologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian Antarctic Programme]]
[[Category:Atmospheric scientists]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Indian oceanographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Scholars from Allahabad]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Kalamandalam Kuttan Asan

2026-02-07T23:17:50Z

Nisha Lakra: Adding Basic Article W/ Sources...

{{Short description|Indian Kathakali exponent (1938–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalamandalam Kuttan Asan
| image =
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = Adakkaputhur, [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad District]], [[British Raj]]
| occupation = Kathakali exponent
| death_date = 13 January 2022 (aged 84)
| death_place = [[Perinthalmanna]], [[Malappuram District]], India
| spouse = Leelavati
| parents = Kuttappa Panikar, Ammukuttyamma
| children = 3
| years_active=
}}

'''Kalamandalam Kuttan Asan''' (also spelled as '''Kalamandalam Kuttanasan''', 1938 – 13 January 2022) was an Indian [[Kathakali]] artiste from [[Kerala]]. He was known as Dakshan Kuttan as he was popular in the role of Daksha. He received awards including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2008 and Kerala State Kathakali Award 2019.

==Biography==
Kuttan Asan was born in 1938 to Kuttappa Panikar and wife Ammukuttyamma at Adakkaputhur in [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad district]].<ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{cite news |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=കലാമണ്ഡലം കുട്ടനാശാൻ അരങ്ങൊഴിഞ്ഞു |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=729314&u=obit |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114063305/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=729314&u=obit |url-status=live }}</ref> After completing his diploma in [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] in 1951 under Kalamandalam Ramankutty Asan and Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair, Kuttanasan made his debut in 1951 at the Vellinezhi Kanthalloor Temple.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/><ref name="Hindu"/> Joining as Kathakali teacher at the Iringalakuda Unnayivaryar Memorial Kalanilayam in 1964, he became the Vice Principal of Kalanilayam in 1990 and became the Principal in 1995.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/>

He was known as Dakshan Kuttan as he was popular in the role of [[Daksha]]n.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Kathakali artiste Kuttan Asan dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kathakali-artiste-kuttan-asan-dead/article38267731.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 January 2022 |language=en-IN |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114063319/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kathakali-artiste-kuttan-asan-dead/article38267731.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In Kathakali, Kuttan Asan excelled in ''Pacha'' and ''Kathi'' roles, as well as in Kattalan, Brahmin, [[Balabhadra]] and [[Bhima|Roudrabhima]] roles.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=കലാമണ്ഡലം കുട്ടൻ - കലാനിലയത്തെ നയിച്ച മാതൃകാ അധ്യാപകൻ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/14jan2022-1.6358415 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114063259/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/palakkad/news/14jan2022-1.6358415 |url-status=live }}</ref> For forty years he performed the role of ''[[Vibhishana]]'' in ''Sreerama Pattabhikam'' (consecration of [[Lord Rama]]) kathakali on the stage at the [[Koodalmanikyam temple]] festival.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

===Personal life and death===
Kuttan Asan and his wife Leelavati had three children, Usha Madhumohanan, Sati Radhakrishnan and Geetha Madhu.<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/> He died in Perinthalmanna on 13 January 2022, at the age of 84.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Awards and honors==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]],<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=കലാമണ്ഡലം കുട്ടനാശാൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-palakkadkerala-14-01-2022/994873 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114063321/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-palakkadkerala-14-01-2022/994873 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Kerala State Kathakali Award 2019<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*[[Kerala Kalamandalam]] Keerthi Patram<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/>
*Kaladarpana Award<ref name="Keralakaumudi"/>
*Amruthandamayi mat puraskar<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*Kerala Kalamandalam Award, 2007<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=കഥകളി ആചാര്യൻ കലാമണ്ഡലം കുട്ടൻ അന്തരിച്ചു|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2022/01/14/palakkad-kalamandalam-kuttan-passed-away.html|access-date=14 January 2022|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114080644/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/palakkad/2022/01/14/palakkad-kalamandalam-kuttan-passed-away.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair Award, 2010<ref name=":0" />
*Kalamandalam Pattikamthodi Ramunnimenon Award, 2011<ref name=":0" />
*Unnayivaryar Award, 2011<ref name=":0" />
*Visakhapatnam Nataraja Dance Music Academy Natyasree Award, 2002<ref name=":0" />
*Thrissur Kathakali Club Award, 2000<ref name=":0" />
*Vellinezhi Panchayat Gramakala Award, 2015<ref name=":0" />
*Kerala Kalamandalam Fellowship, 2019<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuttan, Kalamandalam}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]

List of departments of the government of Tamil Nadu

2026-02-07T17:23:37Z

Nisha Lakra: creating initial data w/ infobox

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The [[government of Tamil Nadu]], the administrative body responsible for the governance of the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], comprises 43 departments. The [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] is the constitutional head of state while the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] heads the executive branch acting along with the [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|council of ministers]]. The ministers are responsible for the administration of various departments of the government.

==List==
There are 43 departments as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department|title=List of Departments|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Department of Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare]]
* [[Department of Agriculture (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Agriculture]]
* [[Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries]]
* [[Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare]]
* [[Department of Commercial Taxes and Registration (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Commercial Taxes and Registration]]
* [[Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Co-operation, Food and Consumer Protection]]
* [[Department of Energy (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Energy]]
* [[Department of Environment and Forests (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Environment and Forests]]
* [[Department of Finance (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Finance]]
* [[Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and Khadi]]
* [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Department of Higher Education (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Higher Education]]
* [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Highways and Minor Ports]]
* [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise]]
* [[Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Housing and Urban Development]]
* [[Department of Human Resources Management (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Human Resources Management]]
* [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Industries]]
* [[Department of Information Technology (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Information Technology and Digital Services]]
* [[Department of Labour and Employment (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Labour and Employment]]
* [[Department of Law (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Law]]
* [[Department of Legislative Assembly (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
* [[Chief secretary (India)|Department of Miscellaneous Officers, Secretariat]]
* [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Department of Mudalvarin Mugavari]]
* [[Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply]]
* [[Department of Natural Resources (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Natural Resources]]
* [[States and union territories of India|Department of Other States Government]]
* [[Department of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives]]
* [[Department of Public (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Public]]
* [[Department of Public Elections (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Public (Elections)]]
* [[Department of Public Works (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Public Works]]
* [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Revenue and Disaster Management]]
* [[Department of Rural Development and Panchayat (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj]]
* [[Department of School Education (Tamil Nadu)|Department of School Education]]
* [[Department of Social Reforms (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Social Reforms]]
* [[Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment]]
* [[Department of Special Programme Implementation (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Special Programme Implementation]]
* [[Department of Tamil Development and Information (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Tamil Development and Information]]
* [[Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Tourism, Culture and Religious Endowments]]
* [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Transport]]
* [[Department of Water Resources (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Water Resources]]
* [[Department of Welfare of Differently Abled Persons (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Welfare of Differently Abled Persons]]
* [[Department of Youth Welfare and Sports Development (Tamil Nadu)|Department of Youth Welfare and Sports Development]]

==See also==
* [[Legislature of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government Agencies]]
* [[Union Government ministries of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/departments.html Government of Tamil Nadu - Departments]

{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu| ]]
[[Category:State government departments of India|T]]

Elections in Andhra Pradesh

2026-02-07T04:05:16Z

Nisha Lakra: page edit

{{short description|Political elections for public offices in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{About||current assembly elections|2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:IN-AP.svg|300px|thumb|right|Andhra Pradesh in India]]
Elections in [[Andhra Pradesh]] are conducted in accordance with the [[Constitution of India]]. The Assembly of Andhra Pradesh creates laws regarding the conduct of local body elections unilaterally while any changes by the state legislature to the conduct of state level elections need to be approved by the [[Parliament of India]]. In addition, the state legislature may be dismissed by the Parliament according to Article 356 of the Indian Constitution and [[President's rule]] may be imposed.

==Electoral system==
In 2014, Andhra Pradesh (Total 294 seats) was bifurcated into Andhra Pradesh (175 seats) and Telangana (119 seats) states.

===National level===
====Lok Sabha====
[[Andhra Pradesh]] is represented by a total of 25 [[Member of parliament|MP{{'}}s]] in the [[Lok Sabha]]. From the total of 25 seats, 20 belong to the general category candidates and the other 5 are reserved for the SC/ST category. In the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], out of 25 seats, [[National Democratic Alliance]] won 21 seats, while [[YSR Congress Party|Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]] managed to win 4 seats.<ref>{{cite web|title=MP (Lok Sabha)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|publisher=Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=17 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121175516/http://www.ap.gov.in/government/mp-lok-sabha/|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Rajya Sabha====
Both houses of the state legislature jointly nominate Members to the [[Rajya Sabha]].

===State level===
{{main|Andhra Pradesh Legislature}}

====Legislative Assembly====
{{main|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}

The Andhra Pradesh legislature assembly has 175 seats. For the election of its members, the state is divided into 175 Assembly Constituencies in which the candidate securing the largest number of votes is declared elected.

====Legislative Council====
{{main|Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council}}
The Upper House known as the [[Vidhan Parishad|Legislative Council]] has lesser powers than the Assembly and several of its members are nominated by the Assembly; others are elected from various sections of society, such as Graduates and Teachers. Currently the Legislative Council consists of 58 members.

==Electoral history==
The first general elections were conducted in [[Andhra state]] in 1955, for 196 constituencies representing 11 Districts. In 1956, the [[United Andhra Pradesh]] State Legislative Assembly had 294 seats representing 23 districts. From 1956 to 1958 the [[United Andhra Pradesh]] Legislature was [[Unicameral]] and from 1958 when the council was formed the Legislative Council was abolished and the [[United Andhra Pradesh]] Legislature became Unicameral once again, until March 2007 when it was re-established and elections were held for its seats as per The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Bill, 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/personal_law/102_2004.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-08-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904203304/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/personal_law/102_2004.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2005}}</ref> From 2014 there are 175 constituencies in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Legislative Assembly]] and 58 constituencies [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Andhra Legislative Council]].

{|class="wikitable"
|-
{{Scrolling table/mid}}
|+ style="text-align: left;" | General election results ''(Legislative Assembly)''
|[[File:1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|1978 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|1983 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|1985 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|1989 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|1994 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|1999 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election Result Map Party Wise.svg|thumb|2004 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Result Map.svg|thumb|2009 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Map.svg|thumb|2014 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election image with zoomed in.png|thumb|2019 Legislative Assembly election result]]
|[[File:2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election Results Map.svg|thumb|2024 Legislative Assembly election result]]
{{Scrolling table/end}}

===Main political parties===
[[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP), [[Jana Sena Party]] (JSP), [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP), [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM).

==General (Lok Sabha) elections==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Lok Sabha
{{small|(Election)}}
! rowspan="2" |Total seats
! colspan="6" |1st party
! colspan="5" |2nd party
!
! colspan="12" |3rd party
! colspan="3" |Other party
|-
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Party
!Seats
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]{{efn|1st general election was conducted in 1952 for the [[Madras State]] and the Andhra majority area was still part of it with 28 seats until the formation of [[Andhra State]] in the year 1953}} ({{small|[[1951 Indian general election in Madras|1951]]}})
|28
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|6
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|6
| style="background-color: {{party color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}" |
| [[Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party]]
|2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Socialist Party]]
|2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]] 12
|12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]] ({{small|[[1957 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1957]]}})
|43
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|37
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]] ({{small|[[1962 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1962]]}})
|43
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|34
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|7
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]] 1
|1
! colspan="8" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]] ({{small|[[1967 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1967]]}})
|41
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|35
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|3
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]] 2
|2
! colspan="8" |{{ndash}}
!
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|1
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]] ({{small|[[1971 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1971]]}})
|41
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|28
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}" |
| [[Telangana Praja Samithi]]
|10
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]] 1
|1
! colspan="5" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] ({{small|[[1977 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1977]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|41
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|
|1
|
|
|
! colspan="14" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]] ({{small|[[1980 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1980]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
|42
|
|
|
! colspan="20" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]] ({{small|[[1984 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1984]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|31
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]] ({{small|[[1989 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1989]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|39
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" | [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|2
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen}}" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
! colspan="11" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]] ({{small|[[1991 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1991]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|25
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|13
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Communist Party of India]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen)}}" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
! colspan="2" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]] ({{small|[[1996 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1996]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|22
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|16
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|2
! colspan="8" |{{ndash}}
!
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] 1
|1
|-
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]] ({{small|[[1998 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1998]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|22
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|12
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|4
! colspan="8" |{{ndash}}
!
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|2
|-
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]] ({{small|[[1999 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|1999]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|29
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|7
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|5
! colspan="8" |{{ndash}}
!
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen}}" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]] ({{small|[[2004 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2004]]}}
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|29
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" | [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|5
|
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen}}" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
! colspan="5" |{{ndash}}
!
|-
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]] ({{small|[[2009 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2009]]}})
|42
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|33
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|6
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|2
! colspan="8" |{{ndash}}
!
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimen}}" |
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|1
|-
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]] ({{small|[[2014 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2014]]}})
|25
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|15
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
| [[YSR Congress Party]]
|8
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]] ({{small|[[2019 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2019]]}})
|25
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
| [[YSR Congress Party]]
|22
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!
!
|
|
|
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] ({{small|[[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]}})
|25
| style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|16
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
| [[YSR Congress Party]]
|4
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3
|
|
|
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jana Sena Party}}" |
| [[Jana Sena Party]]
|2
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3
|}

== Assembly elections ==

=== [[Andhra State]] (1953–1956) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! Election
! Colspan=2|Chief Minister
! Party
! Party-wise seats details
! Opposition Leader
|-
|1955
|[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|First Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]
|([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
|Total: 196. Congress: 119 CPI: 15, Independents: 8
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|----
|}

=== [[Andhra Pradesh]] (1956–present) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
! Election
! colspan="2" |Chief Minister
! Party
! Party-wise seats details
! Opposition Leader
|-
|1957
|[[1957 Andhra Pradesh state assembly election|First Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]]
|([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
| INC 68; PDF 22; Independent 12; Total 105
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|----
|1962
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh state assembly election|Second Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]] [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
|([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
|Total: 300. Congress: 177 CPI: 51, Swatantra Party: 19, Independents: 51
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]]
|----
|1967
|[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Third Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]] [[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]]
|([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
|Total: 287. Congress: 165 Swatantra Party: 29, CPM: 9, CPI: 11, BJS : 3, RPI: 1, SSP: 1, Independents: 68
|[[T. Nagi Reddy]]
|----
|1972
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Fourth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]] [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
|([[Indian National Congress|Congress]])
|Congress: 219/287, Independents: 57.
|Vacant
|----
|1978
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Fifth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Marri Chenna Reddy]] [[Tanguturi Anjaiah|T. Anjaiah]] [[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]] [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]]
|Congress(Indira)
|Total: 294. INC(I)+Congress: 205, Janata Party: 60, Ind: 15.
|[[Gouthu Latchanna]]
|----
|1983
|[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Sixth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] [[Nadendla Bhaskara Rao]]
|([[Telugu Desam]]) (Rebel TDP Group)
|Total: 294. Telugu Desam: Approx 205. Congress: 60, BJP: 3, CPI: 4, CPM: 5.
|[[Mogaligundla Baga Reddy]]
|----
|1985
|[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Seventh Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] (2)
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Total: 294. TDP: 202, Congress: 50 BJP: 8, Janata Party: 3, CPI: 11, CPM: 11
|[[Mogaligundla Baga Reddy]]
|----
|1989
|[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Eighth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[M Chenna Reddy]] (2) [[Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]] [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]] (2)
|Congress
|Total: 294. Congress: 181, TDP: 74.
|[[N T Rama Rao]]
|----
|1994
|[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Ninth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]] (3) [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|Telugu Desam Party
|Total: 294. TDP: 216, Congress: 26, CPI: 19, CPM: 15, BJP: 3
|[[P. Janardhan Reddy]]
|----
|1999
|[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Tenth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] (2)
|(Telugu Desam Party)
|Total: 294. TDP+BJP: 180+10 = 190, Congress: 91
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|----
|2004
|[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Eleventh Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|Congress
|Total: 294. Congress: 185, TDP: 47, TRS: 26, CPM:9, CPI:6, MIM:4, BJP:2, BSP:1
|[[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|----
|2009
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections|Twelfth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|INC}}" |
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] (2) [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|Congress
|Total: 294. Congress: 156. TDP: 92, Praja Rajyam Party: 18, TRS: 10.
|[[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|----
|2014
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Thirteenth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|TDP
|Total: 175. TDP: 102. BJP:4; YSR Congress: 67
|[[Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|----
|2019
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Fourteenth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[Y S Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|YSRCP
|Total: 175. YSR Congress:151, TDP: 23, JSP:1.
|[[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|----
|2024
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth Assembly]]
! style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]]
|TDP
|Total: 175. TDP: 135, JSP:21, BJP:8, YSR Congress:11.
| vacant
|----
|}

=== Performance of Political Parties ===
{|style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
| style="background: {{Party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:60.3%;" |'''9'''
| style="background:{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}; width:33.5%;" |'''5'''
| style="background:{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}; width:6.7%;" |'''1'''
|-
|'''INC'''
|'''TDP'''
|'''YSRCP'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
! Political Party
! [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
! [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
! [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
! [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
! [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
! [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
! [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
! [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
! [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
! [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
! [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
! [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
! [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
! [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
![[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 119
|68
|177
|165
|219
|30
|60
|50
|181
|26
|91
|185
|156
|0
|0
|0
|-
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{active|60}}
|1
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|{{terminated|''M/D''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janatha Party|BJP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|3
|8
|5
|3
|12
|2
|2
|4
|0
|8
|-
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|15
|0
|51
|11
|7
|6
|6
|11
|8
|19
|0
|6
|4
|0
|0
|0
|-
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{dropped|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]}}
|9
|1
|8
|5
|11
|6
|15
|2
|9
|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
| [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{active|201}}
|202
|74
|216
|180
|47
|92
|102
|23
|135
|-
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samiti|TRS]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{dropped|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]}}
|{{active|26}}
|10
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|-
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{active|4}}
|1
|4
|4
|7
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|-
| [[Praja Rajyam Party|PRP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{active|18}}
|{{terminated|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|-
| [[Lok Satta Party|LSP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{active|1}}
|{{nocontest|''NC''}} {{efn|Party is functioning but not into active Politics}}
|{{nocontest|''NC''}}
|{{nocontest|''NC''}}
|-
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{dropped|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]}}
|67 {{efn| Due to its contesting in By-elections earlier this is not treated as Debut}}
|151
|11
|-
| [[Jana Sena Party|JSP]]
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|{{nocontest|''NC''}} {{efn|Outside support to [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] which included [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]}}
|0
|21
|-
| [[Independent politician|Independents]] {{efn|Independents and Others may differ due to lack of differenciation}}
|22
|13
|51
|68
|57
|15
|0
|0
|15
|0
|5
|0
|3
|1
|0
|0
|-
| Others
|40
|24
|21
|34
|3
|175 {{efn| All these 175 seats were secured by the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] faction [[Indian National Congress (R)|INC(R)]]}}
|20
|9
|1
|2
|0
|15
|0
|1
|0
|0
|-
| Total
|196
|105
|300
|287
|287
|294
|294
|294
|294
|294
|294
|294
|294
|175
|175
|175
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Legend
|-
! Particular
! Representation
|-
|Did not exist/Did not contest previously
|{{no|''NCP''}}
|-
|Merger/Dissolved
|{{terminated|''M/D''}}
|-
|Split
|{{dropped|}}
|-
|Debut
|{{active|}}
|-
|Did not contest
|{{nocontest|''NC''}}
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

==History of political parties==
{{main|Politics of Andhra Pradesh}}
The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) won a majority of seats at the state level continuously from the formation of the state until 1983 when the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) was formed by Actor [[N.T.Rama Rao]], the first non-Congress government in the state. From 1984 to 2004, the politics of the state was essentially a two party system. The INC regained the state from 1989 to 1994.

The TDP formed the state government from 1994 to 2004. In 2004, the INC formed the government again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Election Commission India |access-date=2009-04-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416163306/http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=16 April 2009}}</ref> This government also completed its second term having won the Assembly elections in 2009. The Praja Rajyam Party (PRP) was formed in 2008 by Telugu Film Actor Chiranjeevi; that party won the third largest number of seats in the 2009 state assembly elections and then merged into congress. After the death of the chief minister [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|Y. S. Rajashekar Reddy]] his son [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] came into the lime light. He has resigned from congress after disputes with congress leadership at center.

The state had an ongoing sub-regionalist [[Telangana#Separate Telangana state movement|Telangana movement]] with the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) being formed in 2001 on this platform. And under the leadership of [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K Chandrashekar Rao]] [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|separate state]] of [[Telangana]] was carved out of Andhra Pradesh. Then during next elections TDP had emerged with highest number of seats after fighting the elections with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Pawan Kalyan]] who was entering politics during that time. Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy has formed a new party after resigning from congress named [[YSR Congress Party|Y. S. R Congress party]] which was the main opposition from 2014–2019. During this period [[Jana Sena Party|JanaSena]] the party of Pawan Kalyan cut ties with TDP due to conflict on [[Special Status for Andhra Pradesh Protests|special status of Andhra Pradesh]] which was one of the commitments during the states bifurcation in 2014. Also TDP cut ties with BJP in 2019 for the same reason.

During 2019 Assembly and Lok Sabha elections YSR congress party won with a landslide victory in both elections. TDP was in opposition in the state assembly. JanaSena getting third highest percentage of votes and both BJP and Congress became small parties in Andhra Pradesh.

During 2024 Assembly and Lok Sabha elections (total 175) TDP won (135) with a landslide historic victory in both elections. Currently there is no actual opposition in the state assembly since the opposition YSRCP did not secure enough seats (required 18, won 11). JanaSena getting second highest no. of seats (21) and BJP (8) in Andhra Pradesh.

==Election Commission==
Elections in Andhra Pradesh are conducted by the [[Election Commission of India]] whose state level head is the Chief Election Commissioner of Andhra Pradesh, the authority created under the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. It is a well established convention that once the election process commences, no courts intervene until the results are declared by the election commission. During the elections, vast powers are assigned to the election commission to the extent that it can function as a civil court, if needed.

==Electoral process==
{{main|Elections_in_India#Electoral_process|l1=Electoral Process in India}}
The latest election in Andhra Pradesh were conducted in two phases.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/notification/notification.asp |title=Election Commission India |access-date=8 August 2009 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619061404/http://eci.nic.in/notification/notification.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> All citizens of India above 18 years of age are eligible to enrol as voters in the electoral rolls. It is the responsibility of the eligible voters to enrol. Normally, voter registrations are allowed at latest one week prior to the last date for nomination of candidates.

===Pre elections===
The Election Commission's Model Code of Conduct enters into force as soon as the notification for polls is issued. This places restrictions on the campaigning by political parties as well as prohibits certain government actions that would unduly influence the election.

===Voting day===
The electoral process is the same as in the rest of India with [[Electronic voting machines#Non-document-based ballot voting systems|Electronic Voting Machines]] being used for all Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

===Post elections===
After the election day, the EVMs are stood stored in a strong room under heavy security. After the different phases of the elections are complete, a day is set to count the votes. The votes are tallied and typically, the verdict is known within hours. The candidate who has mustered the most votes is declared the winner of the constituency.

The party or coalition that has won the most seats is invited by the Governor to form the new government. The coalition or party must prove its majority in the floor of the house (Legislative Assembly) in a vote of confidence by obtaining a simple majority (minimum 50%) of the votes in the House.

==Absentee voting==
As of now, India does not have an absentee ballot system. Section 19 of The Representation of the People Act (RPA)-1950 allows people to register to vote whore above 18 years of age and an 'ordinary resident' of the residing constituency i.e. living at the current address for 6 months or longer.<ref>[http://gulbarga.nic.in/karelections2008/ACTS/RPAct1950.pdf Representation of the People Act-1950] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226073956/http://gulbarga.nic.in/karelections2008/ACTS/RPAct1950.pdf |date=26 February 2009 }}</ref> Section 20 of the above Act disqualifies non-resident Indians (NRI) from getting their name registered in the electoral rolls. Consequently, it also prevents an NRI from casting a vote in elections to the Parliament and to the State Legislatures.

The Representation of the People (Amendment) 2006 Bill was introduced in the Parliament by Shri Hanraj Bharadwaj, Minister of Law and Justice during February 2006 with an objective to amend Section 20 of the RPA-1950 to enable NRIs to vote. Despite the report submitted by the Parliamentary Standing Committee two years ago, the Government has so far failed to act on the recommendations. The Bill was reintroduced in the 2008 budget session of the Parliament to the Lok Sabha. But no action taken once again.

Several civic society organisations have urged the government to amend the RPA act to allow NRI's and people on the move to cast their vote through absentee ballot system.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234322/http://voterswithoutborders.org/ Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections]}}</ref><ref>[https://tanushreebagrodia.blogspot.com/2008/12/nri-voting-rights-and-upcoming.html Non-Resident Indians Voting rights in the upcoming general elections ]</ref>

==Further reading==
* Subrata K. Mitra and V. B. Singh. 1999. ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications. {{ISBN|81-7036-809-X}} (India HB) {{ISBN|0-7619-9344-4}} (U.S. HB).
* Subrata K. Mitra, Mike Enskat, Clemens Spiess (eds.). 2004. ''Political Parties in South Asia''. Greenwood: Praeger.
* Subrata K. Mitra/Mike Enskat/V. B. Singh. 2001. ''India'', in: Nohlen, Dieter (Ed.). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press

==See also==
* [[Elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.apsec.gov.in Andhra Pradesh State Election Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805113301/http://www.apsec.gov.in/ |date=5 August 2020 }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081207201816/http://www.eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]}}
* [http://www.assemblyelections.com/ Assembly Elections]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527013535/http://www.indohistory.com/elections_in_india.html Elections in India]}} History and information
* [http://www.electionsamachar.com/ News Related to 2009 Elections in India]
* [http://indianelections.blogadda.com Social Media Conversations of Indian Elections 2009]
* [http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/ Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election 2019]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180805083153/http://www.penews.in/ AP Information in Telugu]}}

{{Andhra Pradesh elections}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Indian elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elections in Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Elections in Andhra Pradesh| ]]

Bahadoli

2026-02-05T04:14:04Z

Nisha Lakra: new new stub and citations

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahadoli
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.66|N|72.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total4416 =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 401404

| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = Palghar
| population_total =
}}

'''Bahadoli''' is a village in the [[Palghar]] taluka of [[Palghar district]] located in [[Maharashtra]] State, [[India]].

==Bahadoli Jamun Cultivation==
The Bahadoli Jamun tree holds heritage status in Bahadoli village, known for its unique fruits characterized by large size, oblong shape, dark purple color, and a sweet-sour taste. Rich in [[anthocyanin]], a natural food colorant, Bahadoli Jamun is also valued for its medicinal properties, particularly in managing [[diabetes]]. The tree's various parts, including seeds, bark, [[Leaf|leaves]], [[Flower|flowers]], and [[Juice vesicles|fruit pulp]], are utilized in traditional medicine and for producing by-products like juice, [[wine]], and [[Drink|beverages]], making it a significant contributor to the local economy and tradition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Palghar's Bahadoli Obtains GI Tag For Its Unique Oblong-Shaped 'Jamun' |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-palghar-bahadoli-obtains-gi-tag-for-its-unique-oblongshaped-jamun-10118809 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=English Jagran |date=7 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Konkan Bahadoli is a distinct variety of jamun developed by [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]] (DBSKKV), [[Dapoli]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pareek |first1=O. P. |last2=Sharma |first2=Suneel |title=Systematic Pomology (Vol. 1-2) (Set) |date=1 January 2017 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87741-03-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-A9fDwAAQBAJ&dq=bahadoli+fruit&pg=PA520 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Satyapal |last2=Choudhary |first2=M. R. |title=Production Technology of Fruit Crops in Wasteland |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87869-08-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=imuMDwAAQBAJ&dq=bahadoli&pg=PA201 |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This variety was carefully selected from local jamun trees in Bahadoli. Notable characteristics of Konkan Bahadoli include its heavy and cluster-bearing habits, producing fruits that weigh 25-28 grams, have small seeds, and a high pulp content of 83.3%. It's superior table and processing qualities make it a valuable variety.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=Hosakatte Niranjana |title=Genetic Diversity of Fruits and Nuts: Sustainable Utilization |date=12 February 2025 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-31246-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lUzEQAAQBAJ&dq=bahadoli&pg=PT467 |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
[[Bahadoli Jamun]] was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 30 March 2024 (valid until 28 August 2032).<ref>{{cite news |title=पालघरच्या बहाडोली व बदलापूर येथील जांभळांना भौगोलिक मानांकन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/palghar/geographical-classification-of-java-plum-from-bahadoli-and-badlapur-asj-82-4086619/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Loksatta |date=7 December 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>

"Bahadoli Jambhul Utpadak Shetkari Gat" headed by Jagdish Patil from Bahadoli village proposed the GI registration of Bahadoli Jamun.<ref name="hindtimes">{{cite news |title=Palghar's Bahadoli jamun gets GI tag |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/palghars-bahadoli-jamun-gets-gi-tag-101701890791130.html |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> After filing the application in August 2022, the Jamun was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Bahadoli Jamun" exclusive to the Jamuns grown in the region. It became the 2nd Jamun variety from India after [[Badlapur Jamun]] and the 48th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=6 items from M'wada, Pen's Ganesh idols get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/6-items-from-mwada-pens-ganesh-idols-get-gi-tag/articleshow/105741715.cms |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/947 |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Palghar taluka]]
[[Category:Villages in Palghar district]]

List of awards and nominations received by Hrithik Roshan

2026-02-04T21:09:06Z

Nisha Lakra: cleaned up lead and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox awards list
| name = Hrithik Roshan
| image = Hrithik Mirchi Music Awards.jpg
| caption = Roshan at [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| wins = 117
| nominations = 270
| award1 = [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| award1W = 19
| award1N = 10
| award2 = [[Filmfare Award]]s
| award2W = 6
| award2N = 15
| award3 = [[IIFA Award]]s
| award3W = 12
| award3N = 14
| award4 = [[Screen Award]]s
| award4W = 16
| award4N = 18
| award5 = [[Stardust Award]]s
| award5W = 15
| award5N = 18
| award6 = [[Zee Cine Award]]s
| award6W = 17
| award6N = 19
| award7 = [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| award7W = 5
| award7N = 0
| award8 = [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| award8W = 2
| award8N = 0
| award9 = [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| award9W = 1
| award9N = 0
| award10 = [[Golden Minbar International Film Festival]]
| award10W = 1
| award10N = 0
| award11 = Other awards
| award11W = 23
| award11N = 27
}}

[[Hrithik Roshan]] is an Indian actor. He is regarded as one of the best actors in India and one of India's biggest film stars as well as one of the country's richest actors. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004335/|title=Hrithik Roshan overview and filmography|website=IMDb|accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=hrithik rules website|url=http://www.hrithikrules.net/gallery/index.php|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010185506/http://www.hrithikrules.net/gallery/index.php|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Having appeared as a child actor in several films throughout the 1980s, Roshan made his film debut In leading role in ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' in 2000. His performance in the film earned him the [[Filmfare Best Actor Award|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Best Male Debut Award|Best Male Debut]] awards at [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]]. He followed it with leading roles in ''[[Fiza]]'' and ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (both released in 2000) and a supporting part in the blockbuster ensemble family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001).

Following through with several unnoticed performances from 2002 to 2003, he starred in the blockbusters sci-fi ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003) and its sequel ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006), both of which won him numerous Best Actor awards.<ref name="superhero">{{cite news|title=Hrithik the super hero...|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Hrithik-the-super-hero-/articleshow/2830710.cms|publisher=[[Indiatimes|Indiatimes Movies]]|date=3 March 2009|accessdate=2009-08-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904144342/http://movies.indiatimes.com/News-Gossip/News/Hrithik-the-super-hero-/articleshow/2830710.cms|archivedate=4 September 2009}}</ref> Roshan received his third Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance in the action film ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' (2006), and his fourth for ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' (2008)<ref>{{cite web|title=Jodhaa-Akbar-Hrithik-win-awards-at-Golden-Minbar-Film-Festival-in-Russia |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1176981/Jodhaa-Akbar-Hrithik-win-awards-at-Golden-Minbar-Film-Festival-in-Russia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015024853/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1176981/Jodhaa-Akbar-Hrithik-win-awards-at-Golden-Minbar-Film-Festival-in-Russia |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=2008-10-23}}</ref> for which he was also awarded at the [[Golden Minbar International Film Festival]]. He later received further acclaim for his work in ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010), ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011) and ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012) and ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013), his biggest commercial success so far. He thus established himself as one of the best actors in [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/08sld10.htm|title=Powerlist: Top Bollywood Actors|date=8 August 2006|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/17sd8.htm|title=Readers' Picks: Top Bollywood Actors|date=17 August 2006|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=26 January 2010}}</ref>

==[[Filmfare Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|''[[Fiza]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2002
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |Best Actor
|{{Won}}
|-
|2005
|''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|''[[Krrish]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2009
|''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2011
|[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|''Guzaarish'']]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2013
|[[Agneepath (2012 film)|''Agneepath'']]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2014
|''[[Krrish 3]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2015
|''[[Bang Bang!]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2018
|''[[Kaabil]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2020
|''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|2023
|''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Fighter (2024 film)|Fighter]]''
|{{nom}}
|}

==[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]==
[[File:HrithikRoshan28.jpg|thumb|Roshan leaving for IIFA Awards, 2014]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Category || Film
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2001 || [[IIFA Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] || rowspan="3"| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''<ref name=autogenerated9>[https://hrithikroshan-newone-man-industry.blogspot.com/2007/03/awards-2001.html Hrithik-awards section: Awards-2001] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407074831/http://hrithikroshan-newone-man-industry.blogspot.com/2007/03/awards-2001.html |date=7 April 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| Personality of the Year<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|title=Profil: Hrithik Roshan|url=http://www.happyindia.de/profil-hrithik.php|url-status=dead|publisher=Happyindia.de|accessdate=2011-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003002307/http://www.happyindia.de/profil-hrithik.php|archivedate=2011-10-03}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Best Actor Award|Best Actor]]
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|-
| 2005 || [[IIFA Style Icon of the Year Award|Style Icon of the Year]] || ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2007 ||[[IIFA Glamorous Star Award|Glamorous Star Award]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2007-06-10|title='Rang De Basanti' wins Best Film award at IIFA : Bollywood News|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070610-3.html|url-status=dead|publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com|accessdate=2011-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208021516/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070610-3.html|archivedate=2012-02-08}}</ref>
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Actor || ''[[Krrish]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|-
| Style Icon of the Year || ''[[Luck by Chance]]''
|-
| 2023 || Best Actor || ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]''
|}

==[[Screen Awards]]==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Category || Film || Result
|-
| 2001 || [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male|Best Debut - Male]] || rowspan="2"| ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2001 || rowspan="4" | [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Krrish]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/hrithik-kareena-clinch-screen-awards/top/30517-8.html|title=Hrithik, Kareena clinch Screen Awards |accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/15/4732/index.html |title=Winners of Nokia 15th Annual Star Screen Awards 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2009-01-15 |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424222056/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/01/15/4732/index.html |archivedate=2011-04-24 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]] || ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' (along with Aishwarya Rai)
|{{Nom}}
|-
| 2012 || Best Ensemble Cast || ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
| 2019 || Best Actor || ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

==[[Zee Cine Awards]]==
* 2001: [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ Zee Cine Awards 2007, Zee TV's Bollywood awards: Vote online on Sify Max] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011415/http://sifymax.com/zca/winners/ |date=12 February 2008 }}</ref>
* 2001: [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]] for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* 2004: Best Actor – Male for ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* 2004: [[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male (Critics)]] for ''Koi... Mil Gaya''<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* 2007: Best Actor – Male for ''[[Krrish]]''<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* 2011: Best Actor – Male (Critics) for ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''<ref name=autogenerated2 />
* 2020: Best Actor – Male for ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''<ref name=autogenerated2 />
'''Nominations'''
* 2017: Best Actor – Male for ''[[Kaabil]]''

==[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]==
* 2001: [[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] for ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''
* 2001: [[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Actor|Best Actor]] for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''
* 2002: [[Bollywood Movie Award - Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
* 2004: [[Bollywood Movie Award - Critics Award Male|Best Actor (Critics)]] for ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''
* 2004: Best Actor for ''Koi... Mil Gaya''
* 2007: Best Actor for ''[[Dhoom 2]]''

==[[Stardust Awards]]==
* 2005: Editors' Choice for Best Performance for ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Stardust awards for Amitabh, Hrithik, Priety |work=Tribune India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050222/nation.htm#10 |accessdate=2007-02-06}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Stardust Star of the Year Award - Male|Star of the Year Award - Male]] for ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
* 2011: Best Actor - Drama for ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]''
* 2012: Best Actor - Drama for ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
* 2013: Best Actor - Drama for ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2013/pictures-bollywood-stars-at-stardust-awards-102996.html |title= Pictures: Bollywood stars at Stardust Awards |publisher= Oneindia |date= 2013-01-28 |access-date= 2013-01-28 |archive-date= 3 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140303081047/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/features/2013/pictures-bollywood-stars-at-stardust-awards-102996.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-list-of-winners-322721 |title= Stardust Awards 2013: list of winners |publisher= ndtv.com |date= 2013-01-27 |accessdate= 2013-01-29 |archive-date= 30 January 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130041418/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-list-of-winners-322721 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]==
* 2001: Best Actor for ''[[Fiza]]''<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist01.htm 69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132650/http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/winlist01.htm |date=8 April 2008 }}</ref>
* 2007: Best Actor for ''[[Krrish]]''<ref>[http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/index.htm 69th & 70th Annual Hero Honda BFJA Awards 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408132644/http://www.bfjaawards.com/awards/winlist/index.htm |date=8 April 2008 }}</ref>

==[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]==
* 2013: Best Actor in an Action Film for ''[[Krrish 3]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013: Big B, Salman, Deepika, Kareena…|date=19 December 2013 |url=http://businessofcinema.com/photos/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-big-b-salman-deepika-kareena/125392|publisher=businessofcinema.com|accessdate=19 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=And the winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013 are… |url=http://www.indiatv.nl/and-the-winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-are/ |publisher=indiatv.nl |accessdate=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219221343/http://www.indiatv.nl/and-the-winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-are/ |archivedate=19 December 2013 }}</ref>

==[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]==
* 2004: [[Apsara Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0254481/awards |title=Winners of 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |publisher=IMDB.com |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2016-12-29}}</ref>
* 2008: ARY Style Icon Award (after being voted as style icon by Pakistani audiences)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiafm.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |title=Winners of 3rd Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |publisher=Indiafm.com |date=2008-04-01 |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617044524/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/04/01/3724/index.html |archivedate=2008-06-17 }}</ref>
* 2009: Best Actor in a Leading Role for ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/12/05/5746/index.html |title=Winners of 4th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2009-12-05 |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208013537/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2009/12/05/5746/index.html |archivedate=2009-12-08 }}</ref>
* 2011: Cinematic Excellence (Male) for ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/11/7008/index.html |title=Winners of 6th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2011-01-11 |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114070754/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/11/7008/index.html |archivedate=2011-01-14 }}</ref>

==[[Golden Minbar International Film Festival]]==
* 2008: Golden Minbar International Film Festival for Muslim Cinema ([[Kazan]], Russia) - Best Actor for ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/ |title=Jodhaa Akbar, Hrithik win awards at Golden Minbar Film Festival in Russia |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2008-10-23 |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708082632/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2008/10/23/12089/index.html |archivedate=2011-07-08 }}</ref>

==Other film awards==
* 2001: Screen Videocon Awards, Best Male Debut for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''<ref name="tribuneindia2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010122/nation.htm#5 |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Nation |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-05}}</ref>
* 2001: Screen Videocon Awards, Best Actor for ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai''<ref name="tribuneindia2001"/>
* 2004: FICCI Hall Of Fame Awards, Best Actor for ''Koi... Mil Gaya''<ref>{{cite web|title=77th Annual General Meeting of FICCI |url=http://www.ficci.com/media-room/speeches-presentations/2004/dec/agm/dec27-agm-award.htm |publisher=[[FICCI]] |accessdate=6 March 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818034435/http://www.ficci.com/media-room/speeches-presentations/2004/dec/agm/dec27-agm-award.htm |archivedate=18 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2007: [[Global Indian Film Awards|GIFA Award for Best Actor]] for ''Krrish''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/film-about-independence-sweeps-indian-film-awards-1.587363|title=CBC.ca arts|access-date=2007-02-06 | work=CBC News | date=2006-12-10}}</ref>
* 2007: Anandlok Awards, Best Male Actor for ''Krrish''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/11/18/8241/index.html|title=Krrish receives two awards|accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref>
* 2012: Lions Favourite Actor (Critics) - ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=19th Lions Gold Awards 2013 Winners|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/hrithik-roshan/19th-lions-gold-awards-2013-winners|publisher=Pinkvilla|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=18 January 2013|archive-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121003053/http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/hrithik-roshan/19th-lions-gold-awards-2013-winners|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Nominations'''
* [[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]: [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]] for "[[Señorita (Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara song)|Senorita]]" from ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011|date=30 January 2013|access-date=24 May 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130161203/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/nominees.php|archivedate=30 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Other awards==
* 2005: [[MTV Immies]] Awards, Best Performance in a Song - Male for "Main Aisa Kyon Hoon" for [[Lakshya (2004 film)|''Lakshya'']]{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* 2006: Idea Zee F Awards, Youth Style Icon in Films<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060514-3.html |accessdate=2007-02-21 |title=Bollywood News - ApunKaChoice.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202161903/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060514-3.html |archivedate=2007-02-02 }}</ref>
* 2009: Indian Youth Icon Awards: Indian Youth Icon of the Year for his contribution in the field of entertainment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hrithik-Priyanka-named-Indian-Youth-Icon-of-the-Year/H1-Article1-458366.aspx |title=Hrithik, Priyanka named Indian Youth Icon of the Year |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2009-09-26 |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102243/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hrithik-Priyanka-named-Indian-Youth-Icon-of-the-Year/H1-Article1-458366.aspx |archivedate=2011-06-06 }}</ref>
* 2014: [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards India]], Best Dancer{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
* 2023: [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award for the Star of the Millenium]]{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==Honours and recognitions==
* In March 2001, he was ranked 2nd Most Powerful Indian Film Star by [[Forbes]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood_print.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010313075633/http://forbes.com/2001/03/09/0309bollywood_print.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= 13 March 2001 |title= India's Celebrity Film Stars |magazine= forbes.com |date=2001-03-09 |accessdate=2012-10-14}}</ref>
* In August 2001, he was honoured with National Citizen's Award for his contribution to Indian Cinema.
* In 2003, he was honoured with the [[Awadh Samman]] by the Government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] for his outstanding contribution to Indian Cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/straight-answers/articleshow/278400.cms|title=Straight Answers-Lucknow Times-Cities-The Times of India | work=The Times Of India | date=2003-11-12}}</ref>
* In 2004, he was honoured with the Rajiv Gandhi Young Achiever Award.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrithikrules.com/awards.php |title=Awards Section |publisher=Hrithik Rules |date= |accessdate=2011-12-05 |archive-date=17 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117215330/http://www.hrithikrules.com/awards.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In May 2006, he was conferred with the prestigious ''Sahara'' [[Awadh Samman]] in a glittering ceremony during finale at the fortnight-long [[Lucknow]] Mahotsav.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.articles-hub.com/index.php?article=70081|title=Sahara Awadh Samman|accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref>
* In December 2006, he was honoured during the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in [[Panaji]] for his contributions to mainstream cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061203-1.html |title=Hrithik honoured at IFFI |accessdate=2007-02-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305005647/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061203-1.html |archivedate=2007-03-05 }}</ref>
* In February 2009, he was among the 10 recipients of the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]-[[FICCI|FICCI Frames]] Awards for the "Most Powerful Entertainers of the Decade".<ref>{{cite news|title=Big B, SRK bag most powerful entertainer awards at FICCI-Frames|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET-Cetera/Big-B-SRK-most-powerful-entertainers/articleshow/4149490.cms|date=18 February 2009|accessdate=2009-02-20|author=IANS|publisher=[[The Economic Times]], [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* In 2009 he was credited as a fantastic dancer by Los Angeles newspaper.
* No wonder then that these guys are voted as India's Most Desirable in 2010.
* On 20 January 2011, his life-size wax figure was installed at London's prestigious [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum, making him the fifth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/20/7032/index.html |title=Hrithik Roshan's wax statue unveiled at Madame Tussauds |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=2011-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123221526/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/20/7032/index.html |archivedate=2011-01-23 }}</ref>
* In 2011, he was voted as the "Sexiest Asian in the World" by the [[Eastern Eye]] Weekly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ampnbspHrithik-Roshan-is-the-sexiest-Asian-manampnbsp/articleshow/10960835.cms|title=Hrithik Roshan is the sexiest Asian man|last=Dubey|first=Bharti|date=3 December 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629005822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ampnbspHrithik-Roshan-is-the-sexiest-Asian-manampnbsp/articleshow/10960835.cms|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref>
* In February 2012, he was voted as the "Most Lovable Star".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Hrithik-Roshan-voted-The-most-lovable-star/articleshow/11912934.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701150413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-17/news-interviews/31067800_1_hrithik-roshan-website-sexiest-man-title |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-01 |title=Hrithik Roshan voted 'The most lovable star' |date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-02-17}}</ref>
* On 5 December 2012, Roshan's wax image has been unveiled at Madame Tussauds museum [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=300783&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=300783 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Aishwarya Rai join Washington Tussauds |publisher=ndtv.com |date=2012-12-05 |accessdate=2012-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130111063100/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=300783&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=300783 |archivedate=2013-01-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/big-b-srk-aishwaryas-wax-figures-at-washington-tussauds/1040813/ |title= Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds |publisher= indianexpress.com |date=2012-12-05 |accessdate=2012-12-05}}</ref>
* In December 2012, he was crowned for the second year in a row as the "Sexiest Asian Man in the World" by the Eastern Eye Weekly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Hrithik-Roshan-crowned-sexiest-Asian-man/articleshow/17597607.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110191738/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-13/news-interviews/35796650_1_sexiest-asian-man-asjad-nazir-eastern-eye |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-11-10 |title=Hrithik Roshan crowned sexiest Asian man |date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-12-13}}</ref>
* In December 2014, he was voted the world's sexiest Asian man for the third time in four years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-voted-sexiest-asian-in-uk-kushal-tandon-comes-2nd/|title=Hrithik Roshan voted sexiest Asian in UK, Kushal Tandon comes 2nd |publisher=indianexpress.com|date= 11 December 2014|accessdate=2014-12-11}}</ref>
* In January 2018, he was voted the most handsome actor in the world by a website of which majority of traffic comes from India.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.msn.com/en-sg/entertainment/entertainment-asianbuzz/hrithik-roshan-beats-gods-vampires-to-become-most-handsome-actor-in-the-world-2018-heres-the-top-10-list/ar-AAuK90H?li=BBuW5k4|title= Hrithik Roshan beats Gods, vampires to become most handsome actor in the world 2018: Here's the top 10 list|date= 15 January 2018|accessdate= 18 January 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180119060600/https://www.msn.com/en-sg/entertainment/entertainment-asianbuzz/hrithik-roshan-beats-gods-vampires-to-become-most-handsome-actor-in-the-world-2018-heres-the-top-10-list/ar-AAuK90H?li=BBuW5k4|archive-date= 19 January 2018|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2018 |title=The World's most handsome actor; Hrithik Roshan |work=[[Times Of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-worlds-most-handsome-actor-hrithik-roshan/articleshow/62507619.cms |accessdate=18 January 2018}}</ref>
* In January 2025, he was honoured at Joy Awards of [[Saudi Arabia]] in [[Riyadh]] for contributing twenty-five years to the entertainment industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hrithik Roshan honoured at Saudi Arabia's Joy Awards: I am humbled and grateful|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/hrithik-roshan-honoured-saudi-arabias-joy-awards-shraddha-kapoor-also-presenter-2667039-2025-01-19|access-date=2025-05-02|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roshan, Hrithik}}
[[Category:Hrithik Roshan]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian actor]]

Thomas Hardwicke

2026-01-29T19:10:48Z

Nisha Lakra: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|British general and naturalist}}
{{Other people|Thomas Hardwick}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix = FRS
| image = Thomas_Hardwicke.jpg
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1756
| birth_place =
| death_date = 3 March 1835 (aged about 78)
| death_place = [[Lambeth]], London
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| fields = Soldier, zoologist
| workplaces = [[British East India Company]] army
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| thesis_title = 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 
| doctoral_advisor = 
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Collection of drawings of Indian animals
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = Fellow of the [[Linnean Society]]
| author_abbrev_bot = '''Hardw.'''
| author_abbrev_zoo = '''Hardwicke'''
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| father =
| mother =
| relatives =
}}
Major-General '''Thomas Hardwicke''' (1756<ref name=dawson/> – 3 March 1835<ref name=kinnear /><ref name=milhist />) was an English soldier and [[natural history|naturalist]] who was in India from 1777 to 1823. He collected numerous specimens of natural history and had them painted by Indian artists. From these paintings many new [[species]] were described. Several of these species are named after him. On returning to England he collaborated with the zoologist [[John Edward Gray]] to publish ''Illustrations of Indian Zoology'' (1830–1835).

==Biography==
Hardwicke joined the [[British East India Company]] army with the Bengal Artillery as a Lieutenant Fireworker on 3 November 1778. He was posted in southern India from 1781 to 1785 serving under Colonel Pearce and Sir [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Eyre Coote]]. He was in the field during the campaign against Tipu Sultan in 1790–1792. He saw action in the Relief of Vellore (10 January 1782), the Siege of Cuddalore (June 1783) and in the Rohilla Campaign (26 October 1794). He was wounded at Satyamangalam on 13 September 1790 and was posted as a Company Orderly at Bangalore before moving to Bengal in 1793 to become Adjutant and Quartermaster of Artillery. Hardwicke rose to become [[Major-General]] in 1819. He resigned from the command of the Bengal Artillery in 1823 to return to England and died at The Lodge, Lambeth, on 3 March 1835.<ref name=dawson /><ref name=kinnear>{{Cite journal|title=The Dates of Publication of the Plates of the Birds in Gray and Hardwicke's 'Illustrations of Indian Zoology' with a short Account of General Hardwicke|author=Kinnear, N. B.|author-link=Norman Boyd Kinnear|year=1925|journal=Ibis|volume=67|issue=2|pages=484–489|doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1925.tb02936.x}}</ref><ref name=milhist>{{cite journal|journal=The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine|author=Anonymous|year=1835|volume=1835|issue=1|pages=529–530|url=https://archive.org/stream/unitedservicema05barngoog#page/n540/mode/1up|title=Memoirs of General and Flag Officers Recently Deceased: The Late Major-General Thomas Hardwicke, H.E.I.C. Service}}</ref>

During his military career in India, Hardwicke travelled extensively over the subcontinent. He started collecting zoological specimens in these travels and amassed a large collection of paintings of animals which he got local artists to make. Most paintings were made from dead specimens, but many were also drawn from life. When he left India, he had the largest collection of drawings of Indian animals ever formed by an individual. Some drawings were also made by his daughter Elizabeth (between 1811 and 1815 – it was her poor health that led Hardwicke to leave India).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Turner|first=I. M.|author-link=species:Ian Mark Turner|date=2015|title=Thomas Hardwicke (1756–1835): botanical drawings and manuscripts from the Hardwicke Bequest in the British Library|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=42|issue=2|pages=236–244|doi=10.3366/anh.2015.0308|issn=0260-9541}}</ref>
[[File:Thomas Hardwicke03.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Carassius auratus]]'']]
The Indian artists employed by Hardwicke are unknown, except for one Goordial, but they were trained and their style was adapted to the demands of technical illustration using watercolours. The collection was bequeathed to the British Museum in 1835 which was later partly moved to the Natural History Museum. The collection consists of 4500 illustrations.<ref name=dawson>{{Cite journal|author=Dawson, Warren R.|year=1946|title=On the History of Gray and Hardwicke's Illustrations of Indian Zoology, and Some Biographical Notes on General Hardwicke|journal=[[Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History]]|volume=2|issue=3|pages=55–69|doi=10.3366/jsbnh.1946.2.3.55}}</ref>

Hardwicke's enthusiasm for the natural history of India was matched by the leading naturalists in England, with whom he corresponded. He was in contact with Sir [[Joseph Banks]], President of the [[Royal Society]], and Hardwicke himself became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1813. His collections of illustrations were used by zoologists like J. E. Gray. The two volume ''Illustrations of Indian Zoology'' was published with Hardwicke's financing, containing 202 large hand-coloured plates, but he died before the textual part was produced. Gray described and named many of the species in the work except for some of the testudines which were named on the basis of the manuscripts of [[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Thomas Bell]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wheeler|first=Alwyne|author-link=species:Alwyne Cooper Wheeler|date=1998|title=Dates of publication of J.E. Gray's Illustrations of Indian Zoology (1830–1835)|journal=Archives of Natural History|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=345–354|doi=10.3366/anh.1998.25.3.345|issn=0260-9541}}</ref> Some drawings of shells and plants which were part of the collections he bequeathed were probably made by his sister.<ref name=dawson /> Hardwicke also collected botanical drawings and 16 volumes of illustrations of ''Plants of India'' and about 136 drawings of fungi are in the British Library in London.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Thomas Hardwicke02.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Felis silvestris ornata]]''}}]]

Hardwicke was elected Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 April 1813 and Fellow of the [[Linnean Society]] on 20 March 1804. He also held positions of vice-president to the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] and was an honorary member of the [[Royal Dublin Society]]. Hardwicke was not married but had three illegitimate daughters and two sons apart from two daughters born to an Indian mistress (named as Fyzbuhsh in his Will).<ref name=dawson />

Several [[species]] named to commemorate his work as [[ornithologist]], [[naturalist]] and [[zoologist]]:
*''[[Parnassius hardwickii]]'' – common blue Apollo
*''[[Temera hardwickii]]'' – finless sleeper ray
*''[[Solegnathus hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's pipefish, pallid seahorse
*''[[Thalassoma hardwicke]]'' – sixbar wrasse, six-banded wrasse
*''[[Eublepharis hardwickii]]'' – East Indian leopard gecko, Hardwicke's gecko<ref name=EDR>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Hardwicke", p. 116).</ref>
*''[[Saara hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's spiny-tailed lizard,<ref name=EDR/> Indian spiny-tailed lizard
*''[[Spine-bellied sea snake|Hydrophis hardwickii]]'' – spine-bellied sea snake, Hardwicke's sea snake<ref name=EDR/>
*''[[Chloropsis hardwickii]]'' – orange-bellied leafbird
*''[[Gallinago hardwickii]]'' – Latham's snipe, Japanese snipe
*''[[Kerivoula hardwickii]]'' – Hardwicke's woolly bat
*''[[Rhinopoma hardwickii]]'' – lesser mouse-tailed bat, Hardwicke's lesser mouse-tailed bat, long-tailed bat

The [[genus]] of a tree known for its hard wood, ''[[Hardwickia binata]]'', was named after him by [[William Roxburgh]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Whitney, William Dwight|editor-link=William Dwight Whitney|title=The Century Dictionary of the English Language. Part X|location=New York|publisher=The Century Co.|page=2719|url=https://archive.org/stream/centurydictiopt100whituoft#page/2718/mode/1up|year=1895}}</ref>
{{botanist|Hardw.|Hardwicke, Thomas}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Internet Archive author|sname=Thomas Hardwicke}}
*[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/natureplus/community/library/blog/2011/06/21/behind-the-scenes-the-hardwicke-project?fromGateway=true Natural History Museum biography]
*[https://archive.org/details/IllustrationsOfIndianZoology1 Illustrations of Indian zoology volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/IllustrationsOfIndianZoology2 volume 2]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardwicke, Thomas}}
[[Category:18th-century English naturalists]]
[[Category:English taxonomists]]
[[Category:1756 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:English zoologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army generals]]
[[Category:18th-century English scientists]]
[[Category:18th-century British zoologists]]
[[Category:19th-century British zoologists]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:19th-century English naturalists]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

K. S. Nissar Ahmed

2026-01-28T05:57:48Z

Nisha Lakra: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian writer (1936–2020)}}
{{for|the Pakistani cricketer|Nisar Ahmad (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = K. S. Nissar Ahmed
| birth_name = Kokkare Hosahalli Sheikh Haider Nissar Ahmed
| image = K.S.NissarAhmedImage.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|2|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Devanahalli]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2020|05|03|1936|02|05}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = [[Writer]], academic
| nationality = Indian
| language = [[Kannada]]
| period =
| genre = Poetry and Criticism
| subject = Various Themes
| spouse = Shahnawaz Begum
| movement = [[Kannada literature#Navya|Navya]]
| notableworks= Manasu Gandhi Bazaru, Nityotsava, Sanje Aidara Male and Manadondige Mathukathe
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| awards = {{awards|[[Padma Shri]]|2008}} {{awards|[[Rajyotsava Award]]|1981}} {{awards|[[Pampa Award]]|2017}}
}}

'''Kokkare Hosahalli Shekh Haider Nissar Ahmed''' (5 February 1936 – 3 May 2020<ref name="hinduobit">{{Cite news |last=Bharadwaj |first=K.V. Aditya |date=May 3, 2020 |title=Noted poet Nisar Ahmed passes away |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/noted-poet-nisar-ahmed-passes-away/article31494164.ece |access-date=May 3, 2020}}</ref>) was an Indian poet and writer in the [[Kannada language]].<ref name="iisc"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=Aug 6, 2015 |title=In the heart of Kannada |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-the-heart-of-kannada/article7508373.ece |access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> He was awarded the Padma Shri (2008),<ref>{{cite news |title=List of Padma award winners |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/26padma.htm |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=www.rediff.com |publisher=Rediff.com |date=26 January 2008}}</ref> the Rajyotsava Award (1981) and the Pampa award for his work (2017). He became a household name for his work ''Nityotsava'' (Daily celebration), which is a poem about [[Karnataka]], a piece he composed after seeing [[Jog falls]]. He has numerous poems, translations and children's books to his credit. He is known for using simple words that resonate deeply with the public in his literary work.

==Early life and education==

Nissar Ahmed was born in [[Devanahalli]] in [[Bangalore rural]]. His father was a government employee. His family moved to Dodda Mavalli in Bangalore. He grew up in a Muslim colony which had about 500 Muslim families. His father admitted him to a [[Kannada]] medium school, with the objective of easing the path for him to secure a government job. Most of the children in the neighbourhood studied [[Urdu]].

He was inspired by writers [[G. P. Rajarathnam]] and [[M. V. Seetharamiah]] who were his teachers at high school.

He was a post-graduate in Geology who worked as an Assistant Geologist in The Mysore Mines and Geology at [[Gulbarga]] before coming in touch with [[Kuvempu]] and was invited to the [[Kannada]] poets' meet during [[Mysore Dasara|Dasara festival]] in 1959.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Glad a Kannadiga's name has gone all the way to Delhi: Nisar|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/27/stories/2008012758160500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131112812/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/27/stories/2008012758160500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2008|access-date=7 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 January 2008}}</ref>

==Teacher==

He worked as a lecturer in Geology in Central College, [[Bangalore]] and then in [[Chitradurga]]. Later, he taught in the [[Sahyadri Science College|Sahyadri First Grade College]] in [[Shimoga]] for two terms during 1967–72 and 1975–78.

==Writer==

He is best known for Nityotsava (ನಿತ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ).<ref name="hindu"/> The Nityotsava compilation was released in the year 1978. The Nityotsava song went on to become very famous and he eventually became a household name in Karnataka. A total of 13 albums have been published. He was the chairperson of the [[Karnataka Sahitya Academy]] between 1984 and 1987.

==Literary works==
'''Poetry'''
* ''Nanna Nudi'' (My words)<ref name="scrollin">{{Cite magazine |last=Pai |first=Roopa |date=May 5, 2020 |title=Nisar Ahmed (1936-2020): Three poems that show his concern with politics, philosophy, justice |url=https://scroll.in/article/960953/nisar-ahmed-1936-2020-three-poems-that-show-his-concern-with-politics-philosophy-justice |magazine=Scroll.in |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> - His first poem.
* ''Nityotsava'' (Daily celebration, 1968)<ref name="newsmin">{{Cite news |last=Kumar V |first=Vinay |date=May 5, 2020 |title=Remembering 'Nityotsava Kavi' Nissar Ahmed, one of Kannada literature's foremost poets |work=The Newsminute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-nityotsava-kavi-nissar-ahmed-one-kannada-literature-s-foremost-poets-123965 |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref>
* ''Manasu Gandhibazaru'' (Mind is a Gandhibazar)
* ''Swayam Seveya Giligalu'' (Parrots of Voluntarism)
* ''Anaamika Aanglaru'' (Anonymous Englishmen)
* ''Sanje Aidara Male'' (The rain at five in the evening)
* ''Naanemba Parakeeya'' (Me, the stranger)
* ''Nimmodaniddoo nimmantagade'' (To be with you, yet not be like you; 1960)<ref name="forte">{{Cite news |last=G. S |first=Kumar |date=September 30, 2013 |title=When Kannada poets held forte |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/When-Kannada-poets-held-forte/articleshow/23279903.cms |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> - Expression of his angst about the unhealthy competition amongst Kannada poets in the 1960s. He bemoans religious and caste discrimination that prevailed.<ref name="newsmin" />
* ''Kurigalu saar kurigalu'' (Sheep sir, Sheep; 1963)<ref name="newsmin" />
* ''Raman Sathha Suddi'' (The demise of [[C. V. Raman|Raman]], 1970)<ref name="forte" />
* ''Anaataru'' (Orphans, 1972)<ref name="gesture">{{Cite news |last=Chandan |first=Gowda |date=May 9, 2020 |title=The gesture of Nissar Ahmed |work=The Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-gesture-of-nissar-ahmed-835696.html |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref>
* ''Savatiya Makkala Hage'' (Like Step-Children, 1982)<ref name="gesture" /> - An appeal to Mother India to not treat Muslims like stepchildren and ask to forgive "the misguided ones".
* ''Shilube Yeriddaane'' - (He has Ascended the Cross, 1982)<ref name="forte" />
* ''Nenedavara Manadalli''
* ''Kannadada Kuvari''<ref name="forte" />
* ''America, America'' - The poet calls out America for its superiority complex and critiques its role in impacting other nations in order to maintain such superiority.<ref name="newsmin" />
* ''Manadondige Mathukathe''
* ''Benne Kadda Namma Krishna'' (Our Butter stealing Krishna) - Poem in praise of the [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]].
* ''Rangoli Mathhu Maga'' (Rangoli and my son)<ref name="forte" />
* ''Amma Matthu Burkha'' (My mother and The Burkha)
* ''Amma, Achara Mattu Naanu'' (Mother, Orthodoxy and I)<ref name="forte" />
* ''Raman Matthu Naanu'' (C.V. Raman and I)
* ''Yella Maretiruvaga'' (When everything has been forgotten)
*''Navolasa''
*''Sumuhurta''

'''Poetry collections'''
* ''Manasu Gandhi Bazaaru'' (The heart is Gandhi Bazaar, 1960).<ref name="scrollin" />
* ''Sanje Aidara Male'' (The rain at five in the evening, 1970).<ref name="scrollin" />
* ''Naanemba Parakeeya'' (Me, the stranger, 1972).<ref name="scrollin" />
* ''Seemateetana Sirivanta Suggi'' (2017) - The last work of the poet, a select collection of his poems, was released by the former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] [[Veerappa Moily]] in the year 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 19, 2017 |title=Dr. Veerappa Moily To Release 'Seemateetana Sirivanta Suggi' |work=Star of Mysore |url=https://starofmysore.com/dr-veerappa-moily-release-seemateetana-sirivanta-suggi/ |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref>

'''Translations'''
* Selected Works of [[Shakespeare]] - (''[[Merchant of Venice]], [[King Lear]] and [[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'').<ref name="newsmin" />
* Poems of [[Pablo Neruda]]

==Awards==
* [[Karnataka Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] (1982): ''Anaamika Aanglaru''{{Citation needed|date= January 2020}}
* [[Rajyotsava Award]] (1981)<ref name="iisc">{{cite web|title=NITYOTSAVA: Pgm by Nisar Ahmed on Mar 28|url=http://www.serc.iisc.ernet.in/broadcast_messages/msg03256.html|access-date=7 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717235046/http://www.serc.iisc.ernet.in/broadcast_messages/msg03256.html|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Nadoja Award (2003)<ref>{{cite news|title=Subhadramma Mansur receives Nadoja Award|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/07/stories/2004010710330300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040218224447/http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/07/stories/2004010710330300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2004|access-date=15 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 January 2004}}</ref>
*[[Padma Shri]] (2008)<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2009) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=7 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref>
*Kempegowda Award {{citation needed|date= May 2020}}
* [[Pampa Award]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web|title=Pampa Award for Nisar Ahmed
|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/pampa-award-for-nisar-ahmed/article19964779.ece|access-date=20 February 2018|date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

==Books==

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Nityotsava (Hardbound) |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2019 |isbn=9788128026263}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Acchumecchu |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2019 |isbn=9789388913003}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Samagra Kavihegalu (Hardbound) |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2018 |isbn=9789387979222}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Manadondige Matukathe |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2017 |isbn=9789386381583}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Ayda Gadya Barahagalu (Hardbound)|publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2017 |isbn=9789387308169}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Hiriyaru Harasida Heddari |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2012 |isbn=9788128019272}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Vichara Vihara |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2012 |isbn=9788128019289}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Aravattaidara Aisiri |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2012 |isbn=9788128019470}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahmed K.S |first=Nissar |title=Idu Bari Bedagallo Anna |publisher=Sapna Book House |year=2012 |isbn=9788128019296}}
{{Refend}}

==Honours==

Nissar Ahmed was the chairperson of 73rd [[Kannada Sahitya Sammelana|''Akhila Bharatha Kannada Sahitya Sammelana'']] (All India Kannada Literary Symposium) held at [[Shivamogga]] in 2007.<ref name="newsmin" /> The 407th edition of [[Mysore Dasara|Mysuru Dasara]] was inaugurated by him in 2017 atop [[Chamundi Hills]].<ref name="dasara">{{Cite news |date= August 17, 2017 |title=Poet Nisar Ahmed to inaugurate Dasara celebrations this year |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/poet-nissar-ahmed-to-inaugurate-dasara-celebrations-this-year/article19508247.ece |access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref>

He was conferred honorary doctorates by [[Kuvempu University]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Kuvempu University honour for six|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/56820/kuvempu-university-honour-six.html|access-date=7 December 2010|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> [[Bangalore University]] and [[Karnatak University]] in recognition of his work.

==Personal life==

Nissar Ahmed was married to Shahnawaz Begum. Nissar and his wife narrowly escaped a [[Jaipur bombings|terrorist blast]] in [[Jaipur]].<ref name="deccanobit">{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2020 |title='Nityotsava' poet Nissar Ahmed no more |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/nityotsava-poet-nissar-ahmed-no-more-833212.html |access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref> The couple had two sons and daughters.

==Death==

Nissar Ahmed died on Sunday, 3 May in [[Bengaluru]] at his residence. He was aged 84 and died due to age related ailments.<ref name="deccanobit" /> He was heartbroken as he had lost his wife the previous year and most recently his son in the US to cancer. His end came only 18 days after the demise of his son. He died at his residence in Padmanabhanagar peacefully.

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Kannada literature]]
* [[Kannada poetry]]
* [[Vellala Sathyam]]
* [[Venugopal Sorab]]
* [[Kuvempu]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nissar Ahmed, K. S.}}
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bangalore Rural district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia

2026-01-21T03:51:53Z

Nisha Lakra: put up new bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia
| image = Ganesh Ram SinghKhuntia 2024.jpg
| caption= Khuntia in 2024
| office = Minister of Forest, Environment & Climate Change [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| predecessor = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
| office1 = Minister of Labour & Employees' State Insurance [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 12 June 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| predecessor1 = Sarada Prasad Nayak
| office2 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2019
| predecessor2 = Mangal Singh Mudi
| constituency2 = [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1975|04|10}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Muktamani Khuntia
| father = Laxman Singh Khuntia
| children = 1 son
| profession = Politician, Agriculture and Social Work
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=1429
}}

'''Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia''' is an Indian politician and Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Forest, Environment & Climate Change, Labour, Employees State Insurance in [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a member of the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]] assembly constituency of [[Mayurbhanj district]].

He did his Diploma in Civil Engineering from [[Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering, Cuttack]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=1113 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] at Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha’s first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khuntia, Ganesh Ram Singh}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Mayurbhanj district]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Zamindars of Natore

2026-01-11T20:23:32Z

Nisha Lakra: adding initial post from scratch...

{{Short description|Aristocratic Bengali Zamindars}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
The '''zamindars of Natore''' were influential [[aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] [[Zamindars of Bengal|Bengali zamindars]] (rent-receiving landholders), who owned large estates in what is today [[Natore District]] in Bangladesh.

They contributed to the development of [[East Bengal]] and later Bangladesh through philanthropy and patronage. Various educational institutions and civil associations were established through their support, two famous examples being, the [[University of Dacca]], the first University of East Bengal and [[Varendra Research Museum]] in Rajshahi, the first Museum of East Bengal. The families also produced [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Ministers]], [[Ambassadors]], [[Minister (government)|Ministers]], scholars, military officers and various other important figures. Members also received [[Knighthood]]s from the [[British India|British colonial government]] as well as other titles.

==History==
[[File:Murshid Quli Jafar Khan.jpg|right|thumb|[[Murshid Quli Khan]], the [[Nawab of Bengal]] under whom the zamindars of Natore served.]]
{{Main|Natore District#History}}
[[Chalan Beel]], (a ''beel'' in Bengali denotes a large lake or marsh that fills up with water during the monsoons) was spread over a part of what is now [[Natore District]]. Legend has it that [[Raja]] (zamindar) [[Rajshahi Raj family|Ramjivan Moitra]] was once travelling by boat searching for a suitable place to build his principal residence. While travelling through Chalan beel, he saw a snake that had caught a frog. Seeing this his learned ''pundits'' interpreted it as a sign that the end of his search had arrived and therefore told him that this should be the place of his residence. Whereupon the Raja called out to his boatmen: ''Nao Tharo'', ''nao'' meaning 'boat', and ''tharo'' meaning 'stop' in Hindustani. From a corruption of this exclamation, the place eventually came to be called 'Nator'.

At first Natore was a ''beel'' whose name was Chaivhanga. In 1706 Raja Ramjivan Moitra established his capital here by filling the ''beel''. Natore was the headquarters of the district of [[Rajshahi]] from 1793 to 1825 during east India company's rule. In 1825 the headquarters were moved to Rajshahi and in 1829 Natore became a subdivision of [[Rajshahi district]]. In 1845 Natore Mahukuma was established. Natore town became a municipality in 1869. More than a century later, in 1984, Natore subdivision was turned into a [[Districts of Bangladesh|district]] in independent Bangladesh.

===Background===
{{Main|East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950#History}}
During the times of the [[medieval kingdoms of India]], rent was called ''rajasva'' (the king's share). The king's men used to collect rajasva from his subjects according to law, and none could be evicted if rajasva was paid regularly. Later, the Hindu 'rajasva' became 'jama' during Muslim rule of the [[Mughal Empire]]. However, the spirit of rajasva and jama remained the same. The cultivators had customary rights in land, which the sovereign honoured, as long as they paid revenue to the rulers. These revenues were supplied to the ''[[zamindars]]'', officials of the empire, who created the [[Feudalism|feudalistic nobility]]. During the Mughal era (specifically during the rule of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]), the [[mansabdar]]i system, the military nobility, evolved into the aristocratic landed zamindari system.

===Roles===
{{Further|Zamindar#Accession}}
Unlike the autonomous or frontier chiefs, the hereditary status of the zamindar class was circumscribed by the [[Mughal emperors]], and the heir depended to a certain extent on the pleasure of the [[monarch|sovereign]]. Under the [[British Empire]], the zamindars were to be subordinate to the crown and not act as [[hereditary]] [[lord]]s, but at times family politics was at the heart of naming an heir. At times, a cousin could be named an heir with closer family relatives present. Even a lawfully wedded wife could inherit the zamindari if the ruling zamindar named her as an heir.

==Families==

===Maharajas of Natore and Rajshahi (North-western region)===
{{Main|Rajshahi Raj family}}
{{See also|Rani Bhabani}}
[[File:Natore Rajbari1 (Palace).JPG|thumb|right|280px|The ornate [[Natore Palace]] of the [[Rajshahi Raj family|ruling family of Rajshahi]] in Natore, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.]]
Many old aristocrats and lords lost their estates during the rule of the Nawab [[Murshid Quli Khan]]. Besides, many zamindars lost their zamindari on account of their disobedience and rebellion. Murshid Quli Khan settled these zamindaries with his trusted followers.
In this process of replacement, the most fortunate beneficiary was the Rajshahi zamindari. The family also benefited from another feature of the nawab's revenue policy of encouragement to the formation of big zamindaries.

The [[Rajshahi Raj family]] traced its origin to Kamdev Moitra, a [[tahsildar]] of the [[Puthia Raj family]]. Kamdev had three sons: Ramjivan, Raghunandan, and Bishnuram. Raghunandan was very promising and enterprising. Raja Darpanarain, the [[zamindar]] of [[Puthia]], and Murshid Quli Khan had significant contributions behind Raghunandan's rise to prominence. Raghunandan sided with Murshid Quli Khan in his entanglement with the [[Subahdar]], the Prince [[Azim-us-Shan]], the grandson of Emperor Aurangzeb, and thus won the confidence of the [[nawab]].

Again, when the diwani was transferred to [[Murshidabad]], he was appointed in a similar capacity as his master's representative there. During this time he came in close contact with Murshid Quli Khan and secured his confidence. Which is why the ''naib'' (later ruler of Bengal) trusted him and let him set up the dynasty. Just a few zamindars controlled half of the total landed property of Bengal, and in 1793 the British East India Company abolished Nizamat (local rule by nawabs appointed by the Mughal emperor) and took complete control of the province of Bengal. The colonial state viewed these princely zamindaris as potential threats to the security of the new state because their power was so great that they could, at any opportune moment, combine and put the colonial state in great jeopardy. Hence it became a policy of the government to weaken these estates, if not destroy them altogether. One of the strategies to implement this design was the ruthless operation of the [[sunset law]] (a law that required the lords to submit their revenues by sunset).{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

===Rajas of Dighapatia (South-eastern region)===
{{Main|Dighapatia Raj}}
[[File:Uttara Gonovaban Natore.jpg|left|thumb|280px|The entrance of the [[Uttara Gano Bhaban|Grand Dighapatia Palace]].]]
[[File:Natore Dighapatia Raja's (King) Monogram.JPG|right|thumb|[[Coat of arms]] of the [[Dighapatia Raj|Maharaja (Zamindar) of Dighapatia]] in [[Natore]].]]
The first Raja was Dayaram Roy,{{sfn|Banu|1997|p=21|ps= "Daya Ram Ray ... founded the ''zamindar'' family of Dighapatia through the acquisition of parts of the Bhusna ''zamindari''."}} who, at a very young age, received help from Raja Ramjivan Roy, the first Raja of the [[Rajshahi Raj family|Natore Raj family]], and eventually became his [[dewan]]. Raja Dayaram led the army of Raja Ramjivan in aid of the [[Nawab of Bengal]] in 1716 and overthrew the rebellious [[Raja Sitaram Ray]], who was a zamindar (and later king, or Raja) of neighbouring Bhusna state. The sack of Muhammadpur, Raja Sitaram's capital, later enabled him to ultimately lay the foundation of the Dighapatia dynasty. For his loyalty, he received large tracts of land in Rajshahi and [[Jessore District|Jessore]] as [[grant (money)|grants]] and later acquired zamindari in [[Bogra]] and [[Mymensingh]].

Nawab Murshid Quli Khan, who was the nawab of Bengal under Emperor Aurangzeb ,conferred on him the title of '[[Rai (Indian)|Rai-Raiyan]]' in recognition of his services. When [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|the Earl Cornwallis]] of the East India Company, who were given the right to collect revenue from the province of Bengal, introduced the [[Permanent Settlement]] Act to increase revenue collection, many of the old [[feudal]] lords and zamindars created during the time of the Nawab Murshid Quli Khan could not meet land revenue standards and thus became defaulters. Their estates were sold to a new class of wealthy lords. The Dighapatia Raj was one of the few remnants of the old decaying '[[jagir]]dars'. They were avidly following European dress, wine, [[horse race]]s, and various such other external glamours of life.

===Rajas and Zamindars of Puthia (Western Region of Natore)===
{{Main|Puthia Raj family}}
[[File:Puthia Mandirs14.JPG|thumb|The [[Puthia Temple Complex#Bhubaneshwar Shiva Temple|Shiva Temple]] at [[Puthia Temple Complex|Puthia]]]]
The Puthia Raj family, created by the [[Mughal Emperors]] in the early seventeenth century, is one of the oldest feudal estates of [[Bengal]]. A lord named Nilambar received the title of [[Raja]] (''King'') from the Emperor [[Jahangir]] (1605–1627 AD). In 1744, the region was divided between King Nilambar's sons, and the Puthia Raj family was born. The family built lavish palaces and temples, such as the [[Puthia Temple Complex]], and were noted philanthropists. The temple complex consists of a cluster of notable old Hindu temples in [[Puthia Upazila]], [[Rajshahi Division]], Bangladesh. Located 23 km to the east of [[Rajshahi]] city, it has the largest number of historic temples in Bangladesh. The temples have been built in terracotta in a variety of styles, combining the typical Jor Bangla architecture with other influences. The Rajbari, or Palace of the Raja of Puthia, is part of the complex.

The grandest temple in Puthia, the '''Govinda Temple''', was erected in the mid-nineteenth century by the queen of Puthia. The temple is dedicated to Lord [[Krishna]], as the Puthians were converted to Vaishnavism by [[Radhamohana Thakura]]. The temple has exquisite terracotta ornamentation depicting the divine romance between Krishna and [[Radha]]. This temple, built in 1815 by the queen of Puthia and dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], is the largest Shiva temple in Bangladesh. The corridors have a touch of [[Jaipur]] architecture, and in the [[sanctuary]] lies a very large black basalt Shiva Linga, one of the largest in the country.

===Zamindars of Singra (North-eastern Region)===
{{Main|Singranatore family}}
[[File:IMG 1578.jpg|left|thumb|280px|Present-day Goleafroz College in the Singranatore Estate]]
One of the few Muslim [[zamindar]]s in the region at a time when the territories were mainly ruled by the Hindu raj families (royal families), the Singra Zamindari family, or Singranatore Zamindars, were descended from former [[mansabdar]]s as hereditary ''[[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]s''; a cadet branch of the [[Mughal Emperors|Imperial family]] of India, they descended from a [[Timurid dynasty|Perso-Turkic dynasty]]. It is a common misconception that the family gets the name from their estates and land holdings in the ''upazila'' of [[Singra Upazila|Singra]] of [[Natore]] district, while in reality, they are named after both ''upazilas'' of Singra and [[Natore Sadar Upazila|Natore]] of the district in [[Rajshahi Division]].

During the fall of the [[Rajshahi Raj family]], the clan gained considerable tracts of land in their estates and functioned as [[vassal]] chiefs to the [[Dighapatia Raj|Maharajas of Dighapatia]]. Due to their religion, they were favoured by the Administration of Islamic [[East Pakistan]] (1948–1971) and then Bangladesh. They wielded significant influence in the area and founded educational institutions such as [[Gole Afroz College]] and [[Rahmat Iqbal College]], as well as being involved in regional governance and politics.

;Karchamaria, Singra
Other zamindars in Singra included British-Indian aristocrat and historian Sir [[Jadunath Sarkar]], who received the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1929 from King [[George V]].

===Nawabs of Bogra and Dhanbari===
{{Main|Dhanbari Nawab family|Muhammad Ali Bogra}}
[[File:Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury.JPG|right|thumb|120px|[[Nawab Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury|Nawab Ali Chowdhury]], the grandson of the Zamindar of Natore, was influential in the development of East Bengal.]]
Located beyond the Northern Frontiers of Natore, eminent aristocrats such as [[Nawab Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury]], grandson of a Zamindar of Natore, were credited with early development of the region. Nawab Ali Chowdhury had made a valuable contribution to the establishment of the [[University of Dhaka]] (1921). Dhaka University came into being under a central government act, and it was Nawab Ali, a key member of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], who piloted the Dhaka University Bill in the [[Imperial Legislative Assembly]]. After the establishment of the university, he played an important role in framing its rules and regulations and in sustaining the university when it faced financial and other difficulties during its formative period. Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury had been conferred upon with the titles of [[Khan Bahadur]] in 1906, [[Nawab]] in 1911, [[Order of the Indian Empire|Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1918, and [[Nawab Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury|Nawab Bahadur]] in 1924 by the British Government. Nawab Ali's most famous grandson, the [[Nawabzada]], [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], was [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]], [[health minister]], [[finance minister]], then [[Foreign minister of Pakistan|foreign minister of Pakistan]], [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|minister of defence]] and finally the third [[prime minister of Pakistan]]. He was one of the core and principal [[:Category:Pakistan Movement|founding fathers]] of the current and modern state of Pakistan, responsible for leading the Muslim League in East Pakistan, in charge of the party's foreign directorate.

===Chowdhuries of Natore===
{{Main|Chowdhuries of Natore}}

==Legacy==
Besides continued regional governance and economic development, the zamindars of Natore started major works that were monumental for Bengal. Excavation of [[Somapura Mahavihara]], the 1985 [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], was started by societies and institutions founded by the zamindars. The [[University of Dhaka|oldest multi-disciplinary research university]], where [[Satyendranath Bose]] published his works defining the [[Bose–Einstein condensate]] with [[Albert Einstein]], was also one such institute that survives to this day.

==Abolition==
{{Main|East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950}}
The [[East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950]] was drafted on 31 March 1948, during the after the fall of the [[British Raj|British Monarchy]] in India, and passed on 16 May 1951. Before passage of the legislature, landed revenue laws of Bengal consisted of the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793 and the ''Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885''.

The 1793 legislature created a landed aristocracy that was supposed to be loyal to the [[British Empire]]. The Act of 1885 defined the rights and liabilities of the ''[[Ryot|ryats]]'' ([[peasants]]) in relation to their superior ''lords'' ([[zamindar]]s). After the British left in 1947, the law abolished the zamindari system in the region, after which the lands of the state were under the federal government. It was seen as a democratic move to a ''people's state'' rather than a [[Indian feudalism|feudal class system]].

In consequence of the introduction of the law, no intermediary interests were present between the government and its people; the government has become the only lord, and the cultivators were relieved of the baneful effect of subinfeudation. The zamindari families were partly reimbursed for their losses during the exchange of land ownership after a few battles in court. The rule of zamindars was substituted by a hierarchy of officials with the Board of Land Administration, with assistant commissioners, collectors and deputy commissioner etc. A collector or deputy commissioner is assisted by one additional deputy commissioner for revenue, one revenue deputy collector, and a number of other governmental officials.

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Banu |first1=U. A. B. Razia Akter |year=1997 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |publisher=Brill Publishers |page=21 |isbn=978-90-04-09497-0}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Akmal |title=History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971 |volume=2 |location=Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=1997 |pages=55,199 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53ZuAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-9845123372}}
* {{cite book |last1=McDermott |first1=Rachel F. |title=Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali And Uma In The Devotional Poetry Of Bengal |location=England |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1997 |pages=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C |isbn=978-0195134353}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Ratnalekha |title=Change in Bengal agrarian society, c. 1760–1850 |location=India |publisher=Manohar |year=1979 |pages=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJouAAAAMAAJ}}

==External links==
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dighapatia_Raj Dighapatia Royal Family] Article on the Ruling Family from [[Banglapedia]]
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rajshahi_Raj Page on ''Rajshahi Raj family'' – also known as the Natore Raj] on [[Banglapedia]]

{{Bengal Zamindars}}

[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]

Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet

2025-12-16T14:18:19Z

Nisha Lakra: creating the article w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Meet 2021 Zee TV.png
| num_seasons = 2
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| num_episodes = 769
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| creative_director = Shweta Bishnoi
| screenplay = Girish Dhamija
| story = Seema Mantri
| creator = Shashi Mittal
| starring = [[Shagun Pandey]] [[Ashi Singh]] Syed Raza Ahmed
| producer = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal Jitendra Singla
| director = Vaibhav Singh Pushkar Pandit Avinash Kumar
| editor = Shashank Harendra Singh Ajay Saroj Singh
| opentheme = "Yeh Meet Hai, Yeh Meet Hai"
| genre = [[Drama]]
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|8|23|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|11|14|df=yes}}
| composer = Ashish Rego
| cinematography = Ajay Lalta Gupta Vipul Virendra Singh
| related = ''Sindura Bindu''
}}
'''''Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet''''' ({{translation|Meet: will change the way of the world}}) is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[television drama series]] that premiered on 23 August 2021 on [[Zee TV]] and produced by [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]. It originally starred [[Ashi Singh]] and [[Shagun Pandey]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2021 |title=Ashi Singh: I was Nervous About Short-Haired Look in Meet Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ashi-singh-i-was-nervous-about-short-haired-look-in-meet-badlegi-duniya-ki-reet-4131395.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/im-yet-to-sign-on-the-dotted-line-ashi-singh-on-her-new-tv-show-with-shagun-pandey/articleshow/83808713.cms |title="I'm yet to sign on the dotted line"- Ashi Singh on her new TV Show with Shagun Pandey |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> After a generation leap, it starred Syed Raza Ahmed and [[Ashi Singh]] (in a new avatar) as the second generation. It is a remake of Zee Sarthak's ''[[Sindura Bindu]]''. The show went off air on 14 November 2023, completing its run of more than two years.

==Plot==
Meet Hooda is a spirited girl from Haryana. Her father was a police officer who lost his life and Meet takes up all the responsibilities of her house. Meet Hooda meets Meet Ahlawat. Initially at loggerheads, they soon become friends. Ahlawat falls in love with Hooda's sister Manushi and their wedding is arranged. Due to misunderstandings, Ahlawat breaks his friendship with Meet. On the wedding day, Manushi runs away and marries Kunal leading Meet Hooda to marry Meet Ahlawat. No one's happy about this and Meet Ahlawat is unwilling to accept her as his wife. Eventually the Ahlawat family starts accepting Meet Hooda and Meet Ahlawat wishes to start a new life with her. But Manushi returns. Meet competes with her own sister to earn her own husband. Meet decides to join the police force and goes for police training and is designated as a sub-inspector. Meet Ahlawat supports her throughout.

She gets to know her father's killer is in the Ahlawat Mansion. There is a conflict in the house when everything leads up to her loving father-in-law getting arrested. Meet Hooda consoles her husband and they make love. But tensions rise up so much her husband tries to throw her out of the house if she doesn't leave her job. At the end Meet gets her innocent father-in-law out of jail and the family gets Meet Ahlawat back with her by tactics. Right then Meet's pregnancy is announced. The couple lives a happy time finally till Meet Ahlawat accidentally kisses his old friend hallucinating it was his wife. Meet is heartbroken. She goes into labor and she delivers a baby. Manushi kidnaps the newborn and she is told her baby was stillborn. A shattered Babita is manipulated by Masoom and she begs her to leave her son forever believing she can't carry a child again. Meet somehow discovers her baby is alive and has been kidnapped by Manushi. She rushes for her baby but Manushi burns down the place and Meet gets caught in it. Meet is presumed to be dead. On the other hand, she leaves a note for her husband that she is finally leaving because of his cheating.

===1 year later===
Meet is in the form of Manjari Desai, who hails from Vadodara. She is all set to take seek revenge from Manushi, Kunal and Masoom for taking away her child. Meet Ahlawat hates Meet's memories now and has a rough exterior now. Soon the duo meet again and the story follows. They get Esha Ahlawat married again, to her love Deep, after all the drama and insults Meet Hooda had to tolerate even during Esha's first marriage. Esha accidentally kills Deep. Meet Hooda and Meet Ahlawat to lose their baby in a tragic accident where Meet Hooda's mother end up in coma. A raging Meet Ahlawat marries Deep's sister Neelam as a responsibility and to take revenge on Meet Hooda. But Meet Hooda refuses to leave her husband. With time he mellows down but his second wife gets angry. Neelam has a split personality disorder, the other her is called Laila. After lots of clashes Meet Hooda finally gets her husband back. They adopt a newborn. But Meet Ahlawat dies saving Meet Hooda's life in terrorist attack.

===1 year later===
Meet Hooda comes to Sarkarpur to complete her dead husband's dream of a factory and employ female workers. But she gets caught up in the regressive Sarkar family, who doesn't want the factory as Sarkarpur believes women should not work; and instead take care of the family. In a turn of events she eventually marries Manmeet Sangwan, look–alike of Meet Ahlawat; even though he has a childhood sweetheart Shagun. Manmeet wanted to take revenge on Meet, he even tries to kill her. But they turn friends after events and now she is in love with him. Shagun tries to act as a thorn in Meet and Manmeet's relationship out of jealousy. Rajvardhan and Babita die in a car accident; and on Rajvardan's death bed he has asked Manmeet to take care of Meet. Later on conflict arises as Manmeet lied about Rajvardan and Babita's death; thus leading her to find out; then in a turn of events Manmeet believes Meet stabbed him with a knife (when in reality it was Shagun, growing more jealous). Manmeet is sent to the hospital and Sakar was trying to kill her, by asking Yashoda to shoot her, for supposedly attacking Manmeet. Thus Manmeet begs Meet to leave and never return; however Meet, goes in to disguise as a nurse, which Shagun hired to help meet, to find out what else is Shagun's plan, as Manmeet still has feelings for Meet.

Finally, it is revealed what happened and now Manmeet has forgiven Meet, but cannot bare to see Shagun leave. Thus, creating two sides where Manmeet has to choose between the two women he loves, either Meet or Shagun. Meet is supported by Yashoda (now sympathetic to Meet); and Shagun is supported by Sarkar, Gunwanti, and Mahendra. Then after a turn of events Manmeet chooses Meet; thus causing Shagun and Gunwanti (who is Shagun's elder sister) plan to get Manmeet to support Shagun but their plans backfires; thus causing Meet and Manmeet to grow closer. Then Shagun create more problems by involving her elder brother Nitin and when that starts to fail she tries to get run over, and then becomes blind, although she is faking, thus making Meet feel more guilty as Gunwanti and Nitin blame Meet for Shagun's accident. After a few months Shagun along with Nitin are finally caught and Yashoda kicks them out of the Sangwan house. Manmeet and Meet confess their feelings and consummate their marriage, soon after Meet is pregnant, Nitin, Shagun and Gunwanti plot to cause Meet's miscarriage. Sarkar vows to get Meet and Manmeet separated. At Meet's baby shower Shagun returns and it is revealed Shagun has gotten married and has given birth to her son. Meet gives birth to her and Manmeet's daughter Sumeet.

===5 years later===
Meet and Manmeet's daughter Sumeet is shown. Meet has fulfilled her dead husband's dream of a factory in Sarkarpur due to Manmeet and the family's help. Meet's long lost son Chiku is shown meeting with Sumeet. Initially Meet and Manmeet investigate the death of an orphan and they meet Chiku. The minister's secretary Kanika enters and commits many crimes such as kidnapping Sumeet and trying to take Chiku but she and the minister are arrested. Meet reunites with her long lost son, Chiku. Meet and Manmeet name Chiku as Rajvardhan in the memory of Chiku's grandfather, Rajvardhan Ahlawat. Shagun again comes back into the lives of Meet and Manmeet to cause havoc and destruction including lying about Chiku's maternity. Sarkar, Gunwanti and Mahendra kidnap Meet and Sumeet and while saving Meet from Sarkar, Manmeet is shot dead. Also while saving Meet, Chiku kills Sarkar and Meet gives Sumeet's responsibility over to Chiku as she takes the blame for Sarkar's murder.

===20 years later===
Sumeet is shown as an adult living with Rajvardhan "Cheeku" in the Ahlawat House. Shagun tries to avoid Sumeet because Sumeet might recognize her as she has already seen Shagun in her childhood.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Ashi Singh]] as
**Meet Hooda Sangwan: Anubha and Ashok's younger daughter; Manushi's sister; Meet Ahlawat and Manmeet's widow; Raj and Sumeet's mother (2021–2023)
**Sumeet Sangwan Chaudhary: Meet and Manmeet's daughter; Raj's half-sister; Aarohi, Veer and Veera's cousin; Shlok's wife (2023)
***Swarna Pandey as Child Sumeet Sangwan (2023)
*[[Shagun Pandey]] as
**Meet Ahlawat: Rajvardhan and Babita's younger son; Masoom and Tej's brother; Shantanu, Esha, Ishaani and Kunal's cousin; Meet Hooda's first husband; Raj's father (2021–2023)
**Manmeet Sangwan: Meet Ahlawat's look-alike; Sarkar and Yashoda's second son; Mahendra and Narendra's brother; Meet's second husband; Anuja and Meghna's cousin; Shagun's ex-fiancé; Sumeet's father; Raj's step-father (2023)
*Syed Raza Ahmed as Shlok Chaudhary: Anand and Poonam's younger son; Rajeev's brother; Abhay, Raunak, Pankhuri and Priyanka's cousin; Sumeet's husband (2023)
*[[Ayush Anand]] as Rajvardhan "Raj" Ahlawat Jr.: Meet Hooda and Meet Ahlawat's son; Manmeet's stepson; Sumeet's half-brother; Vaani and Duggu's cousin; Veera, Veer and Aarohi's step-cousin; Ram Jr. and Lakhan's adoptive cousin; Priyanka's husband (2023)
**Vidhaan Sharma as Child Rajvardhan "Chiku" Ahlawat (2023)
*Shubhangi Khotle as Priyanka Chaudhary Ahlawat: Ashok's younger daughter; Pankhuri's sister; Abhay, Rajeev, Pankhuri and Shlok's cousin; Raj's wife (2023)

===Recurring===
*[[Abha Parmar]] as Mrs. Hooda: Ashok's mother; Manushi and Meet Hooda's grandmother; Raj and Sumeet's great-grandmother (2021–2023)
*Sumit Singh / [[Amrapali Gupta]] as Shagun Mishra Chaudhary: Ramgopal's younger daughter; Gunwanti and Nitin's sister; Manmeet's ex-fiancée; Jeetesh's wife; Raunak's mother; Abhay's stepmother (2023)
*[[Vaishnavi Macdonald]] as Anubha Hooda: Ashok's widow; Manushi and Meet Hooda's mother; Raj and Sumeet's grandmother (2021–2022)
*Sharain Khanduja as Manushi Hooda: Anubha and Ashok's elder daughter; Meet Hooda's elder sister; Meet Ahlawat's former love interest; Kunal's ex-wife (2021–2022)
*[[Ravi Gossain]] as Inspector Ashok Hooda: Mrs. Hooda's son; Anubha's husband; Manushi and Meet Hooda's father; Raj and Sumeet's grandfather (2021)
*Pratham Kunwar as Kunal: Rajvardhan and Ram's nephew; Masoom, Tej, Meet Ahlawat, Esha and Ishaani's cousin; Manushi's ex-husband (2021–2022)
*[[Sooraj Thapar]] as Rajvardhan Ahlawat: Ram's brother; Babita's husband; Masoom, Tej and Meet Ahlawat's father; Duggu, Raj and Vani's grandfather; Ram Jr. and Lakhan's adoptive grandfather (2021–2023)
*Sonica Handa as Babita Rana Ahlawat: Abhay's sister; Rajvardhan's wife; Masoom, Tej and Meet Ahlawat's mother; Duggu, Raj and Vani's grandmother; Ram Jr. and Lakhan's adoptive grandmother (2021–2023)
*[[Nisha Rawal]] as Masoom Ahlawat: Rajvardhan and Babita's daughter; Tej and Meet Ahlawat's sister; Shantanu, Esha, Ishaani and Kunal's cousin; Hoshiyar's wife; Duggu and Vani's mother (2021–2022) / (2022–2023) / (2023)
*Adityarao Nuniwal as Hoshiyar: Chhavi's brother; Masoom's husband; Duggu and Vani's father (2021–2023)
*Het Makwana as Child Duggu: Masoom and Hoshiyar's son; Vani's brother; Raj's cousin (2021–2023)
*Manish Dalvi as Manikaka: Cook of the Ahlawat house (2021–2022)
*Nidhi Bhavsar as Vani Chaudhary: Masoom and Hoshiyar's daughter; Duggu's sister; Raj's cousin; Abhay's wife (2023)
*[[Vishal Gandhi]] as Tej Ahlawat: Rajvardhan and Babita's elder son; Masoom and Meet Ahlawat's brother; Shantanu, Esha, Ishaani and Kunal's cousin; Sunaina's husband; Ram Jr. and Lakhan's adoptive father (2021–2022)
*Riyanka Chanda as Sunaina Ahlawat: Jaypratap's daughter; Tej's wife; Ram Jr. and Lakhan's adoptive mother (2021–2023)
*Afzaal Khan as Ram Ahlawat: Rajvardhan's brother; Ragini's husband; Ishaani and Esha's father (2021–2023)
*[[Preeti Puri]] as Ragini Ahlawat: Ram's wife; Esha's mother; Ishaani's step-mother (2021–2023)
*Tamanna Jaiswal as Esha Ahlawat Beniwal: Ram and Ragini's daughter; Ishaani's half-sister; Masoom, Tej, Meet Ahlawat and Kunal's cousin; Shantanu's ex-wife; Deep's widow (2021–2022)
*Ashutosh Semwal as Deep Beniwal: Rajvardhan's employee; Barfi's son; Neelam's elder brother; Meet Ahlawat's colleague and childhood friend; Esha's late husband (2021–2022)
*Surabhi Talodia as Ishaani Ahlawat: Ram and Sushma's daughter; Ragini's step-daughter; Esha's half-sister; Masoom, Tej and Meet Ahlawat's cousin (2022–2023)
*Dhairya Dwivedi as Ram Ahlawat Jr.: Tej and Sunaina's elder adopted son; Lakhan's brother; Raj, Vaani and Duggu's adopted cousin (2021–2022)
*Vaidik Poriya as Lakhan Ahlawat: Tej and Sunaina's younger adopted son; Ram Jr.'s brother; Raj, Vaani and Duggu's adopted cousin (2021–2022)
*Shalini Mahal as Chhavi: Hoshiyar's sister (2021–2022)
*Manoj Kolhatkar as Inspector Hawa Singh (2022)
*[[Chandan Anand]] as Minister Abhay Rana: Babita's brother; Shantanu's father; Ashok's murderer (2022)
*Ankit Vyas as Shantanu "Shanty" Rana: Abhay's son; Masoom, Tej and Meet Ahlawat's cousin; Esha's ex-husband (2022)
*Gazal Sood as Tanya: Meet Ahlawat's college friend (2022)
*Sheetal Antani as Popat: Meet Hooda's namesake aunt (2022)
*Asmita Sharma as Barfi Beniwal: Deep and Neelam's mother (2022)
*Gouri Agarwal as Neelam Beniwal: Deep's sister; Barfi's daughter (2022)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Jaypratap Singh: Sunaina's father; Ram Jr. and Lakhan's adoptive grandfather (2021–2022)
*[[Randeep Rai]] as Advocate Anurag Rathi: Meet Hooda's enemy turned friend (2022)
*Poonam Jangra as Mrs. Rathi: Anurag's mother (2022)
*Dinesh Mehta as Robber (2022–2023)
*Riya Subodh as Robber (2022–2023)
*Javed Pathan as Robber (2022–2023)
*Prachi Kadam as Anubha (2023)
*Susheel Singh as Sarkar Sangwan: Yashoda's husband; Mahendra, Manmeet and Narendra's father; Veera, Veer, Aarohi and Sumeet's grandfather; Raj's step-grandfather; Manmeet's murderer (2023)
*Garima Srivastav as Yashoda Sangwan: Sarkar's widow; Mahendra, Manmeet and Narendra's mother; Veera, Veer, Aarohi and Sumeet's grandmother; Raj's step-grandmother (2023)
*Yogendra Singh as Mahendra Sangwan: Sarkar and Yashoda's eldest son; Manmeet and Narendra's brother; Anuja and Meghna's cousin; Gunwanti's husband; Veer and Veera's father (2023)
*Sheetal Dabholkar as Gunwanti Mishra Sangwan: Ramgopal's elder daughter; Nitin and Shagun's elder sister; Mahendra's wife; Veer and Veera's mother (2023)
*Hridayansh Shekhawat as Veer (2023)
*Mohit Sachdev as Narendra Sangwan: Sarkar and Yashoda's youngest son; Mahendra and Manmeet's brother; Anuja and Meghna's cousin; Imarti and Sapna's husband; Aarohi's father (2023)
*Mahi Soni as Veera Sangwan: Gunwanti and Mahendra's daughter; Veer's sister; Aarohi, Raunak and Sumeet's cousin; Abhay and Raj's step-cousin (2023)
*Krutika Khira (2023)
*Pranjali Singh Parihar as Sapna Sangwan: Narendra's wife; Aarohi's mother (2023)
*Shivendra Sanyal (2023)
*Dolphin Dwivedi as Sundari Sangwan: Anuja and Meghna's mother (2023)
*Priyanka Bora as Imarti Sangwan: Narendra's second wife (2023)
*Palak Rana as Meghna Sangwan: Sundari's daughter; Anuja's sister; Manmeet, Narendra and Mahendra's cousin; Nitin's former love interest (2023)
*Aman Maheshwari as S.P. Neeraj Bhatia (2023)
*Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Baba
*Sanchita Ugale (2023)
*Harjinder Singh (2023)
*Simran Tomar as Jalebi: Imarti's sister; Sarkar's ex-fiancée (2023)
*Tushar Kawale as Nitin Mishra: Ramgopal's son; Gunwanti and Shagun's brother; Meghna's former love interest (2023)
*Mrinalini Tyagi as Kanika: Minister's secretary (2023)
*Somesh Sharma as Abhay Chaudhary: Jeetesh's son; Shagun's step-son; Raunak's half-brother; Rajeev, Pankhuri, Shlok and Priyanka's cousin; Vani's husband (2023)
*Vikram Bham as Raunak Chaudhary: Jeetesh and Shagun's son; Abhay's half-brother; Rajeev, Pankhuri, Shlok and Priyanka's cousin (2023)
*Aman Mishra as Sarthak: Pankhuri's husband; Maira's father (2023)
*[[Payal Gupta]] as Pankhuri Chaudhary: Ashok's elder daughter; Priyanka's sister; Sarthak's wife; Maira's mother (2023)
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Jeetesh Chaudhary: Ashok and Anand's brother; Shagun's husband; Abhay and Raunak's father (2023)
*Mayank Verma as Rajeev Chaudhary: Anand and Poonam's elder son; Shlok's brother; Abhay and Raunak's cousin; Anju's husband; Akki's father (2023)
*Aditi Deshpande as Poonam Chaudhary: Anand's widow; Rajeev and Shlok's mother; Akki's grandmother (2023)
*Unknown as Anand Chaudhary: Jeetesh and Ashok's brother; Poonam's husband; Rajeev and Shlok's father; Akki's grandfather (2023)
*[[Sulabha Arya]] as Mrs. Chaudhary: Jeetesh, Ashok and Anand's mother; Abhay, Rajeev, Raunak, Pankhuri, Shlok and Priyanka's grandmother; Akki and Maira's great-grandmother (2023)
*Arshi Srivastav as Anju Chaudhary: Rajeev's wife; Akki's mother (2023)
*Jinal Jain as Happy (2023)
*[[Rajendra Chawla]] as Ashok Chaudhary: Jeetesh and Anand's brother; Pankhuri and Priyanka's father; Maira's grandfather (2023)
*Unknown as Mrs. Chaudhary: Ashok's estranged wife; Pankhuri and Priyanka's mother; Maira's grandmother (2023)
*Shaurya Sisodia as Akki Chaudhary: Rajeev and Anju's son; Maira's cousin (2023)
*Srishti Singh as Bitti: Shlok's ex–fiancé (2023)
*[[Aarav Chowdhary]] as Pakistani General Bilawal Ali Hussain: Naaz's elder brother; Zainab's husband (2023)
*Swati Sharma as Naaz Hussain: Bilawal's younger sister (2023)
*Ahmed Khan as Mr. Hussain: Bilawal and Naaz's father (2023)
*Unknown as Zainab Bilawal Ali Hussain: Bilawal's wife (2023)
*Jasmine Avasia as Sakshi: Shlok's one sided obsessive lover (2023)

===Guests===
*[[Neha Marda]]
*[[Mugdha Chaphekar]]
*[[Megha Ray]]
*[[Amandeep Sidhu]]
*[[Sriti Jha]]
*[[Shabir Ahluwalia]]
*[[Mugdha Chaphekar]]
*Krishna Kaul
*[[Kanika Mann]]
*[[Nishant Singh Malkani]]
*[[Debina Bonnerjee]]
*[[Gurmeet Choudhary]]
*[[Reem Shaikh]]
*[[Rithvik Dhanjani]]
*[[Anjali Tatrari]]
*[[Avinesh Rekhi]]
*[[Megha Ray]]

==Production==
===Development===
The marriage track in the show was a high-budget track, probably the most spent track in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashi-singh-unveils-her-wedding-look-in-meet/articleshow/86583547.cms |title=Ashi Singh unveils her wedding look in Meet |website=The Times of India|date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>

===Release===
In August 2021, [[Zee TV]] announced two new shows at their early slots namely ''Meet'' and ''[[Rishton Ka Manjha]]'' and both the shows were launched on the same date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet - Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/ashi-singh-on-her-role-in-meet-badlegi-duniya-ki-reet/videoshow/85712106.cms |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor
| [[Shagun Pandey]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theita2021.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110094223/http://www.theita2021.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 November 2021 |title=List of Nominees: 21st ITA Awards, 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Drama|Best Actress (Jury)]]
| [[Ashi Singh]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=ITA Awards 2022: Here's the Complete Winners List |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ita-awards-2022-harshad-chopda-nakuul-mehta-anupamaa-win-big-heres-the-complete-winners-list-4844942.html |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
| Best Television Show - Fiction
| [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2023
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actress Jury
| [[Ashi Singh]]
| {{won}}
|
|}

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''Sindura Bindu'' ସିନ୍ଦୁର ବିନ୍ଦୁ
| 7 March 2015
| Zee Sarthak
| 15 February 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Bokul Kotha]]'' বকুল কথা
| 4 December 2017
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 1 February 2020
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sathya (Tamil TV series)|Sathya]]'' சத்யா
| 4 March 2019
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 24 October 2021
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Suryakantham (TV series)|Suryakantham]]'' సూర్యకాంతం
| 22 July 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 9 November 2024
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]'' സത്യാ എന്ന പെൺകുട്ടി
| 18 November 2019
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 17 April 2021
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Sathya (Kannada TV series)|Sathya]]'' ಸತ್ಯ
| 7 December 2020
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 10 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet'' मीत: बदलेगी दुनिया की रीत
| 23 August 2021
| [[Zee TV]]
| 14 November 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Shiva (Marathi TV series)|Shiva]]'' शिवा
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 8 August 2025
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/meet/0-6-3510 ''Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt15138496}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Shreni

2025-12-15T13:07:08Z

Nisha Lakra: adding basic pg w/ sources

{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
In [[History of India|Ancient India]], a '''shreni''' ({{langx|sa|श्रेणि|śreṇi}} or {{lang|sa|श्रेणी}} {{Transliteration|sa|śreṇī}}, [[Prakrit]]: {{Transliteration|pra|seni}})<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D.C. |authorlink1=D.C. Sarkar |title=Indian Epigraphical Glossary |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/IEGScan/2020/web/webtc2/index.php | page=316 | quote= a corporation or guild}}. Search for text "or guild" (without quotes).</ref> was an association of traders, merchants, and artisans. Generally, a separate shreni existed for a particular group of persons engaged in the same vocation or activity. Shrenis have sometimes been compared with the [[guild]]s.{{according to whom|date=March 2019}}

Well-documented references{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} to the existing of shreni have been found from 5th century BC, and texts mention the existence of shrenis and [[Religious conversion|conversion]] of entire members of some shrenis to [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]]. Over a period of time, some shrenis became very wealthy with surplus resources, and acted as custodians and [[banker]]s of religious and other [[Financial endowment|endowment]]s. One of the widely referred shreni was of ivory carvers of [[Vidisha]] (in the modern [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]). This shreni is accredited with sponsoring and financially supporting the construction of the southern gateway of the [[stupa]] at [[Sanchi]], which is currently a [[World Heritage Site]].

==Shreni-dharma==

Members were bound by guild-specific [[dharma]]. The [[Manusmriti]] stated "A king must inquire into the law of groups (''[[jāti]]''), of districts (''ganapada''), of guilds (shreni), and of families (''kula'')."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kishwar |first1=Madhu |title=Codified Hindu Law: Myth and Reality |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=1994 |volume=29 |issue=33 |pages=2145–2161 |jstor=4401625 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

*''[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola

==External links==
* Agarwal, Ankit. (2012),[https://www.scribd.com/doc/116811330 "Development of Economic Organizations and their Role in Human Empowerment during the Gupta Period". History Today 13, New Delhi]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, {{ISSN|2249-748X}}.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_shah_m_sreni_frameset.htm |title=Sreni (Guilds): a Unique Social Innovation of Ancient India |first1=Manikant |last1=Shah |first2=D.P. |last2=Agrawal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128001238/http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_shah_m_sreni_frameset.htm|archive-date=28 Jan 2013}}

[[Category:Ancient India]]
[[Category:Crafts]]
[[Category:Labor history]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]

Sugarcane Breeding Institute

2025-12-14T21:57:11Z

Nisha Lakra: adding a data needs work

{{Short description|Research Institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox institute
|name = Sugarcane Breeding Institute
|image = File:SBI_Coimbatore.jpg
|image_name =
|caption =
|established = 1912
|owner = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
|location = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|website = [http://sugarcane.icar.gov.in sugarcane.res.in]
}}

'''Sugarcane Breeding Institute''' ('''SBI''') is a central [[research institute]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp/wg_agrsch.pdf|title=Working group committee on agriculture|publisher=Planning Commission of India|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> It was established in 1912 and is affiliated to [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]. It was established to promote research efforts in sugarcane production and is the only sugarcane research institute in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/recovery-of-sugar-low/article7432877.ece|title=Recovery of sugar low|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The Sugarcane Breeding Institute was established by the [[British Raj]] in 1912.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/seeds-of-change/article6891229.ece|title=Seeds of change|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> The institute was established as a sugarcane research station under the Department of Agriculture, [[Madras Presidency]] funded by the then British Government.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarcane.res.in/index.php/en/abt-us/historical-landmarks|title=Historical landmarks|publisher=SBRI|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170811/https://sugarcane.icar.gov.in/index.php/en/abt-us/historical-landmarks |archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1932, a new center at [[Karnal]] was established with the funds sanctioned by the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research. In 1962, a new research center was established in [[Kannur]] to house the world collection of sugarcane [[germplasm]].<ref name="History"/> The institute got affiliated to [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] in 1969. In 1999, a new research center at [[Agali, Palakkad]] became operational.<ref name="History"/>

==Centres==

# Regional Centre Karnal, Haryana
# Research Centre Kannur, Kerala
# Research Centre Agali, Kerala

==Work==
The sugarcane varieties introduced by the institute occupy more than 90% of total sugarcane cultivated area in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0a9LHWM2T4C&q=%22Sugarcane+Breeding+Research+Institute%22|title=Upkar's Madhya Pradesh P.M.T. Botany at a Glance|publisher=Upkar}}</ref> The institute was involved in early research into hybridization, a first attempt to improve the subtropical types of sugarcanes. The first variety Co 205 was developed in 1918 based on wild sugarcane species [[Saccharum spontaneum]] and Saccharum officinarum resulted in 50 percent improvement in cane yield.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarcane.res.in/images/sbi/article/past_research_achievements.pdf|title=Past achievements|publisher=SBRI|access-date=29 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313135931/http://www.sugarcane.res.in/images/sbi/article/past_research_achievements.pdf |archivedate=13 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/madras-miscellany-oxford-professor-without-a-degree/article6410132.ece|title=Madras miscellany: Oxford professor without a degree|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> The sugarcane varieties introduced were exported to [[Cuba]] and the [[United States]].<ref name="History"/>

In 2012, the institute developed transgenic sugarcane introducing new molecular technologies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/breeding-institute-develops-transgenic-sugarcane/article3573398.ece|title=Breeding institute develops transgenic sugarcane|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the institute introduced high energy sugar canes with high [[sucrose]] content which can be used for both commercial sugar extraction and [[biomass]] energy production.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-23/news/50798572_1_sugar-mills-cellulosic-ethanol-cogeneration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627130922/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-23/news/50798572_1_sugar-mills-cellulosic-ethanol-cogeneration|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2014|title=Sugarcane Breeding Institute develops 'energy canes'|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> In 2015, a new sett treatment device was developed in collaboration with the Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering for treating the setts under reduced pressure to prevent them from fungal diseases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/new-device-to-treat-sugarcane-setts/article7083136.ece|title=New device to treat sugarcane setts|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> The institute introduced seven new varieties of sugarcane in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/srs-to-release-seven-new-varieties-of-sugarcane/article7621689.ece|title=SRS to release seven new varieties|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> [[CODISSIA]] organizes Agri Intex, an annual agricultural [[trade fair]] to promote agriculture and allied industries in association with SBRI. The 15th edition was organized in 2015 which included participants from over 10 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/daily_events/2015/english/july/15_july_15_eng.pdf|title=Agri Intex|publisher=TNAU|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/coimbatore-to-host-4day-agricultural-trade-fair/article7421996.ece|title=Coimbatore to host 4-day agricultural trade fair |publisher=The Hindu|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://sugarcane.icar.gov.in}}

{{Coimbatore}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research| ]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sugar organizations]]
[[Category:Sugar industry in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1912]]
[[Category:1912 establishments in British India]]

Yogi Vemana University

2025-11-27T19:14:04Z

Nisha Lakra: cleanup structure also and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|University in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Yogi Vemana University
| image = Yogi Vemana University logo.png
| caption =
| motto =
| established = 2006
| chancellor = [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Raja Shekhar Bellamkonda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Oct/09/andhra-pradesh-governor-abdul-nazeer-appoints-vice-chancellors-for-five-universities|title=Andhra Pradesh Governor Abdul Nazeer appoints Vice-Chancellors for five universities|date=9 October 2025|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 October 2025}}</ref>
| city = [[Kadapa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| students =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = [[Rural]]
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|yvu.edu.in}}
}}

'''Yogi Vemana University ''' is a university in the [[Kadapa district]] with its West Campus at Idupulapaya. Earlier, it was a part of [[Sri Venkateswara University]]. It is named after a great thinker, philosopher, and social reformer [[Vemana|Yogi Vemana]], a Telugu poet and philosopher.<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.yogivemanauniversity.ac.in/about_yvu.php|website=yogivemanauniversity.ac.in|title=Yogi Vemana University|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521212458/http://www.yogivemanauniversity.ac.in/about_yvu.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:YVU Main Entrance.jpg|thumb|Yogi Vemana University Entrance]]

It is located at Mittamedipalli village and [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] about 15 km from the [[Kadapa]] on the [[Kadapa]]-[[Pulivendla]] road. The campus is spread over {{convert|450|acre|km2}} of land.

==Academics==
{{unsourced section|date=August 2025}}

Yogi Vemana University has 15 departments offering courses at post graduate level in 17 disciplines in languages/humanities/physical and bio-sciences, human resources management, MBA & MCA and new sciences like biotechnology, bioinformatics, geoinformatics and earth sciences. The university has also introduced five-year integrated MSc courses in earth sciences and bioinformatics in the year 2007–08.

[[Charles Philip Brown|C.P. Brown Library]] has a collection of rare books, ancient documents and relics. Situated in Kadapa, it is part of Yogi Vemana University providing research facilities in several disciplines. The library has rare collection of manuscripts of 11th century.

==Engineering campus==
{{Main|YSR Engineering College of YVU, Proddatur}}

Yogi Vemana University College of Engineering, [[Proddatur]] was established in 2008–2009 and renamed as YSR Engineering College of Yogi Vemana University in the year 2010. It offers six conventional disciplines of Civil, Computer Science, Electronics & Communications, Information Technology, Mechanical and Electrical & Electronics Engineering leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering. Along with the above the college is offered a new course in "Metallurgical Engineering" from the ensuing academic year.

There are six engineering courses in that college. Metallurgy and material technology (MMT), computer science engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electric and electronic engineering, electronics and communication engineering. The principal of this college is B. Jayarami Reddy.

==Achievements==
Yogi Vemana University was ranked 92 in India's Top 100 Universities.<ref name="microfinancemonitor">{{cite web|url=http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/top-100-universities-of-india-as-per-all-india-ranking-by-ministry-of-hrd/41827|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408045454/http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/top-100-universities-of-india-as-per-all-india-ranking-by-ministry-of-hrd/41827|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 April 2016|title=Top 100 Universities of India as per All-India Ranking by Ministry of HRD|website=Microfinance Monitor|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> Yogi Vemana University also got 'B' grade Accreditation By [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Vemana-varsity-gets-NAAC-'B'-status/article14013607.ece|title=Vemana varsity gets NAAC 'B' status|website=The Hindu|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Rachapalem Chandrasekhara Reddy]], winner of the 2014 [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitaya Academy Award]] in Telugu language

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.yogivemanauniversity.ac.in/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041525/http://www.yogivemanauniversity.ac.in/ |date=22 May 2018 }}
*[http://www.indiastudychannel.com/universities/1214-Yogi-Vemana-University.aspx Study Center details]
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/oct/19/cp-brown-library-in-kadapa-a-treasure-trove-for-researchers-in-various-fields-2212122.html CP Brown Library News update]

{{Coord|14.473786|78.711482|display=title}}

{{Universities and colleges in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Hemendra Singh Panwar

2025-11-13T13:44:00Z

Nisha Lakra: cleaned up intro to improve readability and cleaned formatting after review

{{short description|Indian conservationist and civil servant (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hemendra Singh Panwar
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Shri Hemendra Singh Panwar, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 05, 2013.jpg
| caption = Panwar (''left'') receiving the [[Padma Bhushan]] from President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (''right''), 2013
| native_name =
| birth_date = 22 March 1937
| birth_place = Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2013)
}}

'''Hemendra Singh Panwar''' is an Indian conservationist and civil servant, known for his efforts in the fields of wildlife and conservation. He was the first director of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] and was the director of ''[[Project Tiger]]''.<ref name="The Hindu Interview">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/trailing-the-stripes/article4448123.ece | title=The Hindu Interview | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2013, with [[Padma Bhushan]], the third-highest civilian award, for his services to the environment and conservation.<ref name="Govt announcement">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838 | title=Govt announcement | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Padma 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/list-of-padma-awardees-322445 | title=Padma 1 | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Hemendra Singh Panwar was born on 22 March 1937 in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="WII Bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/enewsletter_spring_2013.pdf | title=WII Bio | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> He started his career in [[Indian Forest Service]], which took off with his posting at [[Mandla]]. In 1969, he was transferred to South Mandla which covered the forest areas of Kanha which had a sparse head count of 30 [[tigers]] and [[Barasingha]]s (swamp deer) numbering 66.<ref name="WII Bio" /> Panwar's efforts on deer conservation was given a boost when he was put in charge of barasingha conservation as an independent unit.

During his stint at Kanha, Panwar is reported to be successful in converting the park into an efficiently managed unit, and the park won the award for the best managed park in India in 1976. The headcount of tigers grew to 150 and the deer to over 400 and the park management was able to relocate 22 interior villages.<ref name="WII Bio" />

In 1981, Panwar was transferred to Delhi, as the head of Project Tiger, a project conceptualised in 1973, for the protection of tiger population in India. He worked for 4 years on the project, till 1985, during which time, the project brought seven additional reserves under its umbrella. The population of tigers in India rose from 1900 to 3000.<ref name="WII Bio" /> He was also invited to present a paper on the subject by the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name="The Hindu Interview" />

At this time, the idea of setting up an institute focusing wildlife conservation was being mooted by V. B. Saharia, and as a result of his efforts, the Wildlife Institute of India was established in 1985 with Hemendra Singh Panwar as its first director. Panwar established the institute into a full-fledged learning centre with specialised focus on wildlife biology, management, and extension. Research facilities were also set up in the topics of focus. The [[Wildlife Institute of India]] is
rated as one of the six best conservation research institutions by the [[World Conservation Union]] and has won Rajiv Gandhi Conservation Award. Panwar retired as its director in 1994.<ref name="The Hindu Interview" />

==Awards and recognition==
Hemendra Singh Panwar has won several awards and honours for his services.
* [[Padma Bhushan]] – 2013<ref name="Govt announcement" /><ref name="Padma 1" />
* The Duke of Edinburgh Conservation Medal – [[World Wildlife Fund|WWF International]] – 2002<ref name="WII Bio" /><ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/history/duke_of_edinburgh_conservation_medal/ |title=WWF |access-date=5 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725110145/http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/history/duke_of_edinburgh_conservation_medal/ |archive-date=25 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Pawarmahasabha">{{cite web | url=http://pawarmahasabha.org/achievements-pawar.php | title=Pawarmahasabha | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Wildlife Conservation Award – 1998<ref name="WII Bio" /><ref name="Pawarmahasabha" />
* Tree of Learning Award – [[World Conservation Union]] (WCA-IUCN) – 1996<ref name="WII Bio" /><ref name="Pawarmahasabha" />
* Fred M. Parker International Parks Merit Award – World Conservation Union (WCA-IUCN) – 1996<ref name="WII Bio" />
* Prime Minister's Memento in 1992 for Project Tiger<ref name="WII Bio" />
* Government of Madhya Pradesh Gold Medal – 1981<ref name="WII Bio" />

==Works==
* {{cite book | title=Kanha National Park: A Handbook | publisher=Centre for Environment Education Ahmedabad, in collaboration with United States National Park Service as a project of the Indo-US Subcommission on Science & Technology|author1=Hemendra S. Panwar |author2=Vijay Singh Negi | year=1981 | location=Ahmedabad | pages=132 | oclc=80152524}}
* {{cite book | title=Reviving river Yamuna : an actionable blue print for a blue river | publisher= PEACE Institute Charitable Trust | author=Hemendra S. Panwar | year=2009 | location=Delhi | pages=76 | oclc=505927369}}
* {{cite book | title=Wildlife protected area network in India : a review, executive summary | publisher=Wildlife Institute of India|author1=Hemendra S. Panwar |author2=W. A. Rogers |author3=Vinod P. Mathur | year=2002 | location=Dehradun | pages=44 | isbn=9788185496139 | oclc=50717212}}
* {{cite book | title=Gene flow and demographic history of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the central Indian highlands | publisher=Evolutionary Applications |author1=Trishna Dutta |author2=Sandeep Sharma |author3=Jess E Maldonado |author4=Thomas C Wood |author5=Hemendra S Panwar |author6=John Seidensticker | pages=949–959 | oclc=5148085588}}
* {{cite journal | title=Selection of microsatellite loci for genetic monitoring of sloth bears | journal=Ursus |author1=Sandeep Sharma |author2=Trishna Dutta |author3=Jess E Maldonado |author4=Thomas C Wood |author5=Hemendra Singh Panwar |author6=John Seidensticker | pages=164–169 | issn=1537-6176 | oclc=5526234856}}

==See also==
* [[Wildlife Institute of India]]
* [[Project Tiger]]
* [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
* [[World Wide Fund for Nature]]

{{portal|India}}

==External links==
* Reference by Renee M Borges<ref name="Reference">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/womeninscience/LD_essays/59-62.pdf | title=Reference | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>
* Padma Award Ceremony<ref name="Award Ceremony">{{cite web | url=http://inbministry.blogspot.in/2013/04/padma-awardsphoto-gallery.html | title=Award Ceremony | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>
* List of Books on WorldCat<ref name="WorldCat List">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3APanwar%2C+Hemendra+S.&qt=hot_author | title=WorldCat List | access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Indian civil servants}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panwar, Hemendra Singh}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian environmental writers]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scholars from Madhya Pradesh]]