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Ustaad Bhagat Singh

2026-05-08T13:30:43Z

Nina: new!

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Harish Shankar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ustaad Bhagat Singh
| image = Ustaad Bhagat Singh.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harish Shankar]]
| story = Harish Shankar
| screenplay = {{Plain list|
* [[Dasaradh (director)|Dasaradh]]
* Ramesh Reddy
}}
| producer = {{Plain list|
* Naveen Yerneni
* Yalamanchili Ravi Shankar
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]]
* [[Sreeleela]]
* [[Raashii Khanna]]
* [[R. Parthiban]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ayananka Bose]]
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = {{Plain list|
* '''Score:''' [[Thaman S]]
* '''Songs:''' [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
}}
| studio = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| released = {{film date|2026|3|19|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=10 March 2026 |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh completes censor formalities, gets U/A certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/10/ustaad-bhagat-singh-completes-censor-formalities-gets-ua-certificate |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|150 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ustaad-bhagat-singh-shooting-officially-started-today-april-5th-121680700932885.html |script-title=te:Ustaad Bhagat Singh Budget: ఉస్తాద్ భగత్ సింగ్ బడ్జెట్ ఎంతో తెలుసా? |trans-title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Budget: Do you know the budget of Ustad Bhagat Singh? |first1=Hari Prasad |last1=S |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] Telugu |language=te |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909160721/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ustaad-bhagat-singh-shooting-officially-started-today-april-5th-121680700932885.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|94 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=30 March 2026 |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Day 11 Collections: ఉస్తాద్‌కి పెరిగిన కలెక్షన్లు.. హిట్‌ కావాలంటే ఇంకా ఎన్నో కోట్లు రావాలంటే? |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/ustaad-bhagat-singh-movie-11-days-box-office-collections-pawan-kalyan-film-sunday-rampage-in-telugu-dim5hv9 |access-date=30 March 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te |quote=...ఇప్పటి వరకు దీనికి ప్రపంచ వ్యాప్తంగా రూ.94కోట్లు వచ్చాయి. ఇప్పటి వరకు ఇది ఇండియాలో రూ.82కోట్ల గ్రాస్‌, రూ.70కోట్ల నెట్‌ ని రాబట్టింది. ఓవర్సీస్‌ రూ.12కోట్ల వరకు వచ్చాయి |trans-quote=...so far, it has garnered ₹94 crores worldwide. To date, it has collected a gross of ₹82 crores and a net of ₹70 crores in India. Overseas collections have reached approximately ₹12 crores.}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ustaad Bhagat Singh''''' ({{Translation|Master Bhagat Singh}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Harish Shankar]] and produced by [[Mythri Movie Makers]]. The film stars [[Pawan Kalyan]] in the titular role, alongside [[Sreeleela]], [[Raashii Khanna]], [[R. Parthiban]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Ramki]], [[Gautami]], [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] and others in supporting roles.

The film was released theatrically on 19 March 2026 coinciding with [[Ugadi]] to negative reviews from critics and audiences and was [[box office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-05 |title=Pawan Kalyan's Ustaad Bhagat Singh confirms release on March 19 as Yash's Toxic postponed: The Ugadi box office shake-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-ustaad-bhagat-singh-moves-to-march-19-pawan-kalyans-film-claims-the-ugadi-slot-toxic-left-behind-10565539/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=
e Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/ustaad-bhagat-singh-box-office-collection-day-1-pawan-kalyan-starrer-earns-over-rs-30-crore|title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Box Office Collection Day 1: Pawan Kalyan-Starrer Earns Over Rs 30 Crore Amid Dhurandhar 2 Storm|date=20 March 2026|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |title=Pawan Kalyan’s Ustaad Bhagat Singh to stream on this OTT from this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/11/pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-to-stream-on-this-ott-from-this-date |access-date=11 April 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
In a parliament building, several attacks happen where some men kill ministers, and it becomes a havoc.

The story rewinds to 24 years ago where Chandrasekhar Rao, a teacher, educates the people and also the children in a school. There, he meets a boy and enrolls him in a school, and the boy later grows to be rebellious and trashes a warden as he was mistreating a female teacher. Chandrasekhar Rao, after seeing the boy's potential names him as Ustaad Bhagat Singh.

After 24 years, Chandrasekhar Rao, now the chief minister, survives an assassination attempt and is sent to a safe place; another politician gets to be an acting CM, but gets killed. Later, a ruthless politician, Chadala Marri Nalla Nagappa, comes and offers condolences to the politician son, and it is revealed that Nagappa is behind the assassinations as he aims to be the CM, and he later takes charge as the deputy CM. Nagappa's younger son came from America and goes to the Nallamala forest as Singaiah, Nagappa's right-hand man, welcomes him. Nagappa's younger son realises that his Ganja went missing and CI Kesava is behind it. He then storms into the police station and humiliates Kesava. Bhagat Singh, now a forest guard, comes to the rescue and trashes Nagappa's son and his gang. Nagappa's son gets kidnapped mysteriously.

Meanwhile, Shloka, the daughter of a wealthy industrialist and her family comes to the forest and Bhagat is assigned to welcome them and make their stay comfortable. It is revealed that Shloka came here to forget about her boyfriend Gopi, which Bhagat and his friend made her to forget. Bhagat is revealed to be the man behind the kidnapping of Nagappa's son keeps him captive.

Nagappa later came to know about the kidnapping and calls Miya Bhai, a ruthless leader who later calls Faizal a dreaded terrorist, to find Nagappa's son. Then Faizal and his gang kidnapped Shloka to lure Bhagat to their trap. Singaiah guides Faizal and his gang to the area where Nagappa's son is held captive. Miya Bhai gets shocked that Bhagat is behind this and asks for forgiveness, Bhagat later kills Faizal's gang and keeps him captive. Afzal Baghdadi a dreaded terrorist and Faizal's mentor vows vengeance on the man who kidnap. Bhagat tells Nagappa's son that he had a grudge on his father. Singaiah later reveals himself as an ex forest ranger and he was with Bhagat all along. Shloka gets surprised and asks Singaiah about Bhagat. Singaiah narrates Bhagat's flashback.

6 years ago, a violent riot happens in a temple procession where a gang kills priests. Bhagat Singh, an ACP, kills the gang ruthlessly and learns that Nagappa has sent them to create a riot. Enraged, Bhagat Singh storms to Nagappa's house where he warns Nagappa to stay on his limits. His elder son comes to the police station to find Bhagat who warned his father. Bhagat later slashes him and asks him to get out. Bhagat even drags Asif, a dreaded terrorist which shocks Miya Bhai.

Meanwhile, Leela a RJ falls in love with Bhagat who later reciprocates her feelings. Nagappa was angered at this and sends Shiva and Kashi, as well as their henchmen to finish off Bhagat. Bhagat finds them and encounters Shiva and kills Kashi in the bazaar. Later, Pallavi, Leela's friend gets raped by Nagappa's son and their gang. She tells Bhagat to kill those people and succumbs to her injuries. Bhagat storms to Nagappa's house and kills Nagappa's son.

Bhagat and Leela decide to get married, but Leela gets killed and Bhagat realises that Afzal did this on the orders of Nagappa and kills Afzal's gang. Bhagat kidnaps his younger son to exact revenge. Afzal and his gang later comes to kill Bhagat, but Faizal was revealed to be RAW officer Riaz Khan and kills Afzal's gang. Bhagat later kills Afzal. Riaz also reveals that his team had killed the ministers in the parliament building as they were corrupt.

Later, Bhagat goes to Nagappa's house and tells him that his mission is over and decides his fate. Shocked at Bhagat's win, Nagappa commits suicide. Chandrasekhar Rao gets cured, and he and Bhagat reunite.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] "Ustaad" Bhagat Singh
* [[Sreeleela]] as [[Radio jockey|RJ]] Leela
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Shloka
* [[R. Parthiban]] as Chadala Marri Nalla Nagappa
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as CM Chandrasekhar Rao, Bhagat Singh’s father-figure
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Afzal Baghdadi
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Ajmal Rahim
* B. S. Avinash as Miya Bhai
* Srinath Maganti as Officer Riyaz alias Faizal
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Officer Kamal
* [[Gautami]] as Bhagat Singh's adoptive mother
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Ex-Forest Officer Singaiah
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Madhusudhan Rao, Shloka's father
* [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]] as IG Ramesh Chandra
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Leela's grandfather
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Sreenu Swami
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Katta, Bhagat Singh's friend
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Dr. Samanvi, Shloka’s psychiatrist
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Dr Samanvi’s assistant
* [[Murali Mohan]] as Ex-Chief Minister
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Journalist
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Resort Owner
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Cafe customer
* Temper Vamsi as Nalla Seenu, Nalla Nagappa's elder Son
* Killi Kranthi as Nalla Nagappa’s younger Son
* Mathew Varghese as Chandrasekhar Rao's PA
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Nalla Nagappa’s PA
* Mahesh Achanta as School Peon
* Pammi Sai as Traffic Police
* Pallavi Dora as Pallavi, Leela’s best friend
* Vamsi Chaganti as Pallavi’s boyfriend
* Kishore Raju Vasistha as Minister
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The film was announced as ''Bhavadeeyudu Bhagat Singh'' on 9 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pawan-kalyans-28th-film-titled-bhavadeeyudu-bhagat-singh/article36376193.ece |title=Pawan Kalyan's 28th film titled 'Bhavadeeyudu Bhagat Singh' |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 September 2021 |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618082721/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pawan-kalyans-28th-film-titled-bhavadeeyudu-bhagat-singh/article36376193.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> It marks the second collaboration of Pawan Kalyan with Harish Shankar after ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-bhavadeeyudu-bhagat-singh-first-look-out-pspk28-7497928/ |title=Pawan Kalyan's first look from Bhavadeeyudu Bhagat Singh out: It's not just about entertainment this time |date=9 September 2021 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612155708/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pawan-kalyan-bhavadeeyudu-bhagat-singh-first-look-out-pspk28-7497928/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in December 2022, title was changed to ''Ustaad Bhagat Singh''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/dec/11/pawan-kalyan-harish-shankar-reunite-for-ustaad-bhagat-singh-2527161.html |title=Pawan Kalyan, Harish Shankar reunite for 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' |website=The New Indian Express |date=11 December 2022 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612155709/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/dec/11/pawan-kalyan-harish-shankar-reunite-for-ustaad-bhagat-singh-2527161.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's launch event with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony was held on 11 December 2022 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] with cast and crew.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-starrer-ustaad-bhagat-singh-goes-on-floor-know-details-6601495.html |title=Pawan Kalyan-Starrer Ustaad Bhagat Singh Goes on Floor, Know Details |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703043406/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-starrer-ustaad-bhagat-singh-goes-on-floor-know-details-6601495.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Sreeleela]] was cast as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sreeleela-to-star-in-pawan-kalyan-and-harish-shankars-ustaad-bhagat-singh/articleshow/99401572.cms |title=Sreeleela to star in Pawan Kalyan and Harish Shankar's 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613173448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sreeleela-to-star-in-pawan-kalyan-and-harish-shankars-ustaad-bhagat-singh/articleshow/99401572.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in July 2025, [[Raashii Khanna]] joined the cast to play a pivotal role with a character poster, and stated to be a parallel female lead role as ''Shloka'', it marks her first collaboration with Kalyan and Harish,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raashii Khanna Joins Pawan Kalyan's 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/raashii-khanna-joins-pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref> later it was revealed that she was the replacement for actress [[Sakshi Vaidya]]. [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], B. S. Avinash, [[Gautami]], Naga Mahesh, Narra Srinu, [[Chammak Chandra]], Giri and Temper Vamsi would play important roles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/apr/15/it-is-a-wrap-for-the-first-schedule-of-ustaad-bhagat-singh-42358.html |title=It is a wrap for the first schedule of Ustaad Bhagat Singh |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 April 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023|archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612160113/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/apr/15/it-is-a-wrap-for-the-first-schedule-of-ustaad-bhagat-singh-42358.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in October 2025, Khanna revealed that she has signed the film, without reading the script, only for Pawan Kalyan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raashii Khanna Signed Ustaad Bhagat Singh Without Reading Script: 'It's Pawan Kalyan's Film, I'm A Part' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/south-cinema/raashii-khanna-signed-ustaad-bhagat-singh-without-reading-script-its-pawan-kalyans-film-im-a-part-ws-kl-9716924.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251204192616/https://www.news18.com/movies/south-cinema/raashii-khanna-signed-ustaad-bhagat-singh-without-reading-script-its-pawan-kalyans-film-im-a-part-ws-kl-9716924.html |archive-date=2025-12-04 |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Filming and post-production ===
Principal photography commenced on 5 April 2023. A police station was erected in Aluminium factory, [[Hyderabad]] for film's first schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/pawan-kalyan-starts-shooting-for-ustaad-bhagat-singh-see-leaked-pics-2023-04-06-860895 |title=Pawan Kalyan starts shooting for 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh', see leaked pics |first1=Rajni |last1=Singh |date=6 April 2023 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612160111/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/pawan-kalyan-starts-shooting-for-ustaad-bhagat-singh-see-leaked-pics-2023-04-06-860895 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sreeleela joined the set on 11 April.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Breaking News, Telangana News, Hyderabad News Updates, National News, Breaking News |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619102336/https://www.thehansindia.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first schedule for filming ended on 15 April.<ref name=":1"/> In June 2023, the team erected a massive set for the film's next schedule in [[East Coast Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pawan-kalyan-starrer-ustaad-bhagat-singh-feature-massive-set-myrthi-movie-makers-share-glimpse-social-media/ |title=Pawan Kalyan starrer Ustaad Bhagat Singh to feature a massive set; Myrthi Movie Makers share glimpse on social media : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618093839/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pawan-kalyan-starrer-ustaad-bhagat-singh-feature-massive-set-myrthi-movie-makers-share-glimpse-social-media/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Raashii Khanna joined the sets in July 2025, and wrapped up her portions in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-21 |title='Ustaad Bhagat Singh': Raashii Khanna shares BTS PICS from sets of Pawan Kalyan starrer: 'Between action and cut, there's stillness' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ustaad-bhagat-singh-raashii-khanna-shares-bts-pics-from-sets-of-pawan-kalyan-starrer-between-action-and-cut-theres-stillness/articleshow/126101972.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After wrapped up in December, the team moved into post-production work in January 2026, with dubbing works.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh accelerates post-production work |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/29/telugunews2026jan27ustaad-bhagat-singh-accelerates-post-production-work |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Raashii Khanna started dubbing for her portions in February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-09 |title='Ustaad Bhagat Singh': Raashii Khanna begins dubbing for Pawan Kalyan starrer ahead of March 26 release; shares pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ustaad-bhagat-singh-raashii-khanna-begins-dubbing-for-pawan-kalyan-starrer-ahead-of-march-26-release-shares-pics/articleshow/128101284.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ustaad Bhagat Singh
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| released = 12 March 2026
| recorded = 2024
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:56
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
}}

[[Devi Sri Prasad]] is hired as the music director.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rock-star-devi-sri-prasad-makes-an-exciting-announcement-regarding-pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-796089 |title=Rock Star Devi Sri Prasad Makes An Exciting Announcement Regarding Pawan Kalyan's Ustaad Bhagat Singh |first=Ravali |last=Hymavati |date=5 May 2023 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612160505/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rock-star-devi-sri-prasad-makes-an-exciting-announcement-regarding-pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-796089 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Music session]] began in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ustaad-bhagat-singh-music-sittings-begin |title='Ustaad Bhagat Singh' music sittings begin |first=Telangana |last=Today |date=1 May 2023 |website=Telangana Today |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612160524/https://telanganatoday.com/ustaad-bhagat-singh-music-sittings-begin |url-status=live}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sony-music-teams-up-with-pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-796635 |title=Sony Music Teams up with Pawan Kalyan's Ustaad Bhagat Singh |date=9 May 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703043318/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sony-music-teams-up-with-pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-796635 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the remixed version of the song "Ee Manase Se Se" from the 1998 film ''[[Tholi Prema (1998 film)|Tholi Prema]]'' is used in the film.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Ee Manase Song Promo {{!}} Ustaad Bhagat Singh {{!}} Pawan Kalyan {{!}} Sreeleela {{!}} Harish Shankar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ3Q9uFye44 |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Mythri Movie Makers]] |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dekhlenge Saala
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Haripriya
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Aura of Ustaad
| lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], S. P. Abhishek & The Indian Choral Ensemble
| length2 = 4:10
| title3 = Collar Ey Etthara
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra3 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length3 = 4:20
| title4 = Ustaad Bhagat Singh - Title Track
| lyrics4 = [[Vivek]]
| extra4 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length4 = 5:25
| title5 = Bhagat's Blaze
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], The Indian Choral Ensemble
| length5 = 2:00
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Ustaad Bhagat Singh'' was scheduled to be released theatrically on 26 March 2026, but was preponed to 19 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pawan Kalyan's 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' Locks Release Date |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-locks-release-date |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=5 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Pawan Kalyan's Ustaad Bhagat Singh Release Date Announced, New Poster Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-release-date-announced-new-poster-goes-viral-ws-l-9879591.html |work=[[News18]] |date=4 February 2026 |archive-date=4 February 2026 |access-date=5 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204135449/https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-release-date-announced-new-poster-goes-viral-ws-l-9879591.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, it was planned for a release in 2024, but got delayed as Harish Shankar moved on to direct ''[[Mr. Bachchan]]'' (2024), reuniting with [[Ravi Teja]], and Kalyan went on to finish the shooting of ''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]'' and ''[[They Call Him OG]]'' (both in 2025).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-with-harish-shankar-on-hold-all-we-know-2407703-2023-07-17 |title=Pawan's 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' with Harish Shankar on hold? All we know |website=India Today |date=17 July 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116134956/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-with-harish-shankar-on-hold-all-we-know-2407703-2023-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were originally acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]], but later reverted to [[Netflix]], while the satellite rights were acquired by [[Zee Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix Secures Digital Rights for Pawan Kalyan's 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/netflix-secures-digital-rights-for-pawan-kalyans-ustaad-bhagat-singh-1930660 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |date=26 January 2026}}</ref> The film began streaming on Netflix from 16 April 2026 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] along with dubbed versions of [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2026 |last=Shanigarapu |first=Chandu |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh OTT: అఫీషియల్..ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేస్తున్న ఉస్తాద్ భగత్ సింగ్..పవన్ లేెటెస్ట్ మూవీ స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎక్కడంటే? |trans-title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh OTT: Official… 'Ustaad Bhagat Singh' is coming to OTT… Where will Pawan's latest movie be streaming? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/entertainment/ustaad-bhagat-singh-ott-release-date-pawan-kalyan-latest-action-thriller-will-be-streaming-on-netflix-261775892629957.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=te |access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
The two-day worldwide gross collection of the film is {{INR}}65 crore with a distributors' share of {{INR}}39 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aithagoni |first=Raju |date=21 March 2026 |title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh OTT Price: ఉస్తాద్‌ భగత్‌ సింగ్‌ మూవీ ఓటీటీ ధర ఎంతో తెలుసా? నిర్మాతలకు లాభాల పంట |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/pawan-kalyan-ustaad-bhagat-singh-ott-rights-price-ott-platform-producers-in-profits-isi1yys |access-date=21 March 2026 |website=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News Telugu]] |language=te |quote=ఈ మూవీ రెండు రోజుల్లో దాదాపు రూ.39కోట్ల షేర్‌ని, రూ.65కోట్ల గ్రాస్‌ని రాబట్టినట్టు సమాచారం |trans-quote=According to reports, this movie has garnered a share of approximately ₹39 crore and a gross of ₹65 crore within two days.}}</ref>

=== Critical recption ===
The film received negative reviews from critics.<ref name="auto"/> Nikhil Waiker from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' rated 1/5 stars and stated, "Pawan Kalyan delivers another disappointment".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ustaad-bhagat-singh-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-delivers-another-disappointment-3939301|title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh review: Pawan Kalyan film falls flat with formulaic plot|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated with 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ustaad Bhagat Singh is a predictable and outdated mass entertainer that fails to capitalise on its star power. With a weak script and inconsistent execution, it struggles to leave any meaningful impact.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/ustaad-bhagat-singh-falls-flat-with-weak-story-and-outdated-treatment-1944916|title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Falls Flat with Weak Story and Outdated Treatment|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=19 March 2026|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|accessdate=19 March 2026}}</ref> T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ustaad Bhagat Singh is a routine, outdated commercial entertainer that depends almost entirely on Pawan Kalyan’s presence. It offers a few moments for fans, but very little beyond that. For those walking in for the star, it might deliver in parts. For everyone else, it feels like a film that expects you to leave too much outside the theatre before stepping in."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ustaad-bhagat-singh-review-another-pawan-kalyan-film-takes-audience-for-granted-2884078-2026-03-19|title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh review: Another Pawan Kalyan film that takes audience for granted|first=T. Maruthi|last=Acharya|date=19 March 2026|website=India Today|accessdate=19 March 2026}}</ref>

Yashaswini Sri of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Ustaad Bhagat Singh is the kind of film that fans will find moments to cheer in, but general audiences are likely to walk out feeling they have seen this before, and done better. The aftertaste of watching the film is rather bad. Pawan Kalyan does what he does best, and there is genuine enjoyment in watching him work. But a good lead performance alone cannot carry two and a half hours when the writing is outdated, the music is underwhelming, and the supporting cast is either underused or underwritten. The result is a film that neither fully satisfies as a mindless entertainer nor earns its more serious ambitions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ustaad-bhagat-singh-movie-review-pawan-kalyan-cant-save-dated-2026-mass-entertainer-10590085/|title=Ustaad Bhagat Singh Movie Review: Pawan Kalyan cannot save this dated 2026 mass entertainer|date=19 March 2026|accessdate=19 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt14338246}}

{{Harish Shankar}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harish Shankar]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Dolby Cinema films]]
[[Category:2026 action drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Mythri Movie Makers films]]

Kriti Janaka

2026-05-07T18:47:48Z

Nina: made the article needs work

{{Short description|King of Videha}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kriti
| title = Janaka
| image = Yajnavalkya and Janaka.jpg
| caption = Depicting the sage [[Yajnavalkya]] at the court of King Kriti Janaka in Mithila. The image is carved on the wall of the Sankara Mutt at [[Rameshwaram]] in Tamil Nadu, India.
| birth_place = Videha Kingdom (Mithila)
| full name = Kriti Janaka
| regnal name = Videha Raj Kriti Janaka
| house = Videha
| house-type = Kingdom
| father = [[Bahulashva Janaka]]
| occupation = Philosopher King
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| native_lang1 = Sanskrit
| native_lang1_name1 = कृति जनक, कृतजनक
| royal house = Mithila
| dynasty = Janaka
}}

'''Kriti Janaka''' ([[Sanskrit]]: कृति जनक) was a king of [[Videha|Videha Kingdom]] located in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. He was a descendant of [[Janaka|Janaka dynasty]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. He was contemporary to the kings ''Ajatshatru'' of [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kashi Kingdom]] and [[Janamejaya]] of [[Hastinapur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=शर्म्मा |first=रामप्रकाश |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9.html?id=G7sBAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=मिथिला का इतिहास |date=1979 |publisher=Kāmeśvarasiṃhadarabhaṅgāsaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=http://archive.org/details/FXiT_prachin-mithila-me-shikshan-published-by-kameshwara-simh-darbhang-sanskrit-university-1979-darb |title=Prachin Mithila Me Shikshan Published By Kameshwara Simh Darbhang Sanskrit University 1979 Darbhang}}</ref> The revered [[Vedas|Vedic]] [[Rishi]] [[Yajnavalkya]] became famous from his court.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mithil%C4%81ka_itih%C4%81sa_pr%C4%81c%C4%ABna_k%C4%81lasa%C4%AB.html?id=oXJuAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Mithilāka itihāsa, prācīna kālasaī Musalamānī ākramaṇaka pūrva dhari |date=1980 |publisher=Maithilī Akādamī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Śrīvāstava |first=Śailendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Licchaviyo%E1%B9%83_k%C4%81_utth%C4%81na_eva%E1%B9%83_patana.html?id=eW1DAAAAYAAJ#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Licchaviyoṃ kā utthāna evaṃ patana, 600 Ī. Pū.-781 Ī |date=1984 |publisher=Prakāśana Saṃsthāna |language=hi}}</ref> According to some scholars, Kriti Janaka was the eighteenth king of Mithila after the King [[Janaka|Siradhwaja Janaka]] of [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sammelana |first=Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prathama_Akhila_Bh%C4%81rat%C4%ABya_Maithil%C4%AB_S.html?id=glr6jtIwTlkC#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF |title=Prathama Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya Sammelana, Darbhangā: racanā-saṅgraha |date=1956 |publisher=Vaidehī Samiti evaṃ Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya Sammelana |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Gajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A6.html?id=GWaBEAAAQBAJ#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95&f=false |title=विदेह सदेह ३० |publisher=Videha eLearning |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
He was born in the royal family of Janaka dynasty. He was the son of the King [[Bahulashva Janaka|Bahulāśva Janaka]] in Mithila. He was born slightly before the [[Kurukshetra War|war of Mahabharata]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Yogendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Videha.html?id=_IceAAAAMAAJ#kriti |title=History of Videha: From the Earliest Times to the Foundation of the Gupta Empire, A.D. 319 |date=1981 |publisher=Janaki Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

Apart from the son of King Bahulāśva, there were more two or three Janakas having same name Kriti in the lineage of Janaka. Some scholars mark them as Kriti I, Kriti II and Kriti III. But due to the lack of sufficient literary resources, it is difficult to distinguish them simultaneously. There are some disputes among scholars for the exact identifications of them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Indira |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Aspects_of_political_ideas_and_instituti.html?id=QXFuAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Aspects of political ideas and institutions in medieval Mithila |date=2004 |publisher=Baseline Publishers & Printers |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Description ==
Kriti Janaka was the most famous king accross the subcontinent during his reign. The contemporary King Ajatashatru of Kashi was very jealous from the fame of the King Kriti Janaka in Mithila. Due to the jealousy of King Ajatashatru with the King Kriti Janaka, there were frequent conflicts between the two kingdoms.<ref name=":1" />

== Kriti Janaka's court ==
The [[Court of King Janaka|court of the King Kriti Janaka]] was a assembly of learned [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] arrived from different parts of the subcontinent. His court was adorned with several scholars like were [[Ashvala]], [[Artabhaga]], [[Bhujyu]], [[Ushasta]], [[Kahoda|Kahola]], [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi]], [[Uddālaka Āruṇi|Uddalaka]] and others.<ref name=":1" /> The Vedic scholar Ashvala was the chief advisor of the king at his court.

Once the King Janaka organised a famous scholarly contest [[Bahudakshina Yajna]] at his court, in which several Brahmin scholars across the subcontinent gathered to participate in the contest. In the contest, the Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]] defeated all the Brahmins scholars who debated with him. He was declared as the greatest Vedic scholar and was awarded with the honour of the title [[Brahmishtha]]. After that, Yajnavalkya was appointed as the chief advisor cum minister of the King Kriti Janaka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sammelana |first=Akhila Bhāratīya Maithilī Sāhitya |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Racan%C4%81_sa%E1%B9%85graha.html?id=4yIFAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF |title=Racanā-saṅgraha |date=1956 |publisher=Vaidehī Samiti |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Yagyavalkya.jpg|thumb|Memorial ''Statue of Yajnavalkya'' at the premises of [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith Bhagwati Mandir]] near [[Benipatti]] town. Photo captured by [[c:User:Sntshkumar750|Santosh Chaudhary]].]]

The King Kriti Janaka patronized Vedic philosophy and scholarship at his court. The assembly of his court was a prominent hub for [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Kings of Videha]]
[[Category:Videha]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]

Gurbilases

2026-05-07T16:34:00Z

Nina: Created Some Pg First Draft - done

{{Short description|Sikh literary genre}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox religious text|name=|image=Folio of a Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin manuscript.jpg|caption=Folio of a Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin manuscript|religion=[[Sikhism]]|author=Various|title_orig=|period=18th century|chapters=}}
{{Sikh literature}}
The '''Gurbilas literature''', or '''''Gurbilases''''', refers to a genre of Sikh chronicle literature that records the biographies and historical narrations of the sixth and tenth Sikh gurus, namely [[Guru Hargobind]] and [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref name=":322">{{Cite book |last=Hasrat |first=B. J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |location=Patiala |pages=179–181}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Gurbilas |url=https://manglacharan.com/1718+Gurbilas+Patshahi+Chevi/Gurbilas |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=McLeod |first=William Hewat |date=11 August 2024 |title=Sikh literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sikh-literature |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> They are similar to the [[Janamsakhis|Janamsakhi literature]] that contains biographies on the life of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":322" /> All of the main Gurbilas texts are traditionally attributed to the 18th century but their dates of completion are contested by scholars, who date them variously.<ref name=":322" />

Kripal Das Bhalla's ''[[Mahima Prakash Vartak]]'' (prose) and Sarup Das Bhalla's versified ''[[Mahima Prakash Kavita|Mahima Prakash]]'' also details the life of the tenth guru but are not classified as Gurbilases.<ref name=":322" />

== Origin ==
The Gurbilases genre arose from the ''Vilāsa'' literary tradition, which are narration of kings, especially [[Rajput]] ones.<ref name=":92" /> Examples of Vilasa literature includes the ''Rājvilāsa'' related to [[Raj Singh I|Raja Raj Singh of Mewar]] (r. 1652–1680) which was written in the late 17th century.<ref name=":92" /> [[W. H. McLeod|William Hewat McLeod]] states the genesis of the genre lies in the ''[[Bachittar Natak]]'' of the [[Dasam Granth]].<ref name=":9" /> As per McLeod, the works pre-date the commencement of the [[Tat Khalsa]].<ref name=":9" />

== Gurbilas texts ==

=== Main works ===

==== Sri Gur Sobha ====
{{Main article|Sri Gur Sobha}}
This text was completed by the [[Kavi Darbar|court poet]] Sainapati in 1711.<ref name=":322" /><ref name=":9" /> The title of the text translates to "radiance of the guru".<ref name=":9" /> It was the first text of the Gurbilas genre and it narrates the life of Guru Gobind Singh and the establishment of the Khalsa order.<ref name=":322" /><ref name=":9" /> Sainapati was a patron poet of the Sikh guru.<ref name=":322" />

==== Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi ====
[[File:Gurbani_Holy_Text.pdf|thumb|Folio of a manuscript of Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi bearing the colophon date of 1775 B.S. (ca.1718 C.E.)]]
This text was completed in 1718 and is usually attributed to a poet named Sohan.{{Efn|The title is alternatively spelt as 'Gurbilas Patshahi Chevin'.|group=note}}<ref name=":322" /><ref name=":92" /><ref name=":9" /> It covers the life of the sixth Sikh guru, Hargobind.<ref name=":92" /> Its authorship is associated with the Gianian Bunga of Amritsar, associated with [[Bhai Mani Singh]].<ref name=":92" /> The work inserts Mani Singh into the dialogues presented within the text.<ref name=":92" /> The work is the only comprehensive account of the guruship of the sixth Sikh guru.<ref name=":92" /> It is dated as early as 1718, or to 1780, or even as late as 1843.<ref name=":92" /> [[Kahn Singh Nabha|Bhai Khan Singh Nabha]] points out the text mentioning events relating to [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and covering of 19th century issues such as [[Rāgmala (Sikhism)|Ragmala]] as evidence for 1843 date. Scholarship tends to date the work to either the 19th century or earlier while acknowledging that many edits have been done to the text to explain the mentioning of later events.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr. Dharam |title=Know Your Heritage Introductory Essays on Primary Sources of Sikhism |last2=Singh |first2=Dr. Kulwant |publisher=Institute of Sikh Studies |year=2017 |location=Chandigarh |pages=181-182}}</ref> According to [[Jvala Singh]], Gurbilas Patshahi Chhevi was narrated by Mani Singh and written down by Bhagat Singh.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Guru Hargobind's Cannabis Routine |url=https://manglacharan.com/1718+Gurbilas+Patshahi+Chevi/Guru+Hargobind's+Cannabis+Routine |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref> In early editions of the text, there is a reference to Guru Hargobind [[Cannabis and Sikhism|consuming cannabis]], but this reference was removed in later editions.<ref name=":04" />

==== Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin ====
It was authored by [[Koer Singh Kalal]] in 1751.{{Efn|To be confused with the ''Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi'' completed by Sukha Singh in 1797. Koer Singh's name is alternatively spelt as 'Kuir Singh'. The title of the text is alternatively spelt as 'Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvi'.|group=note}}<ref name=":322" /><ref name=":92" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Sangat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWUwAQAAIAAJ&q=bishan+singh+kalal |title=The Sikhs in History: A Millenium Study, with New Afterwords |date=2001 |publisher=Uncommon Books |isbn=978-81-900650-2-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SonXAAAAMAAJ&q=bishan+singh+kalal |title=The Khalsa: Sikh and Non-Sikh Perspectives |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-580-6 |language=en}}</ref> The work narrates the life of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":92" /> Koer Singh claims the stories told in the work were narrated by Bhai Mani Singh.<ref name=":92" /> It was the first fully comprehensive work covering the life of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":92" />

==== Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian Ka ====
Authored by Kesar Singh Chibbar in 1769.<ref name=":322" />

==== Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi ====
[[File:Folio of a Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin manuscript (Sukha Singh's version), dated to 1836 C.E. (1893 Bk.).jpg|thumb|Folio of a Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin manuscript (Sukha Singh's version), dated to 1836 C.E. (1893 Bk.)]]
Authored by Sukha Singh in 1797.{{Efn|Not to be confused with the ''Gurbilas Patshahi Dasvin'' authored by Koer Singh in 1751.|group=note}}<ref name=":322" /><ref name=":9" />

=== Other texts ===
Sobhi Ram wrote a Gurbilas, known as ''Gurbilas Sahib Singh Bedi'', not on a Sikh guru but rather on one of their descendants, namely [[Sahib Singh Bedi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |date=Mar 27, 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191004117 |pages=186–187 |chapter=The Gurbilas Literature}}</ref>

== Content and language ==
The Gurbilases genre falls into a category of works produced by local hagiographers in the Punjabi-language.<ref name=":322" /> The Gurbilas literature are written in verse rather than prose.<ref name=":322" /> The Gurbilases differ from other hagiographical texts documenting the lives of the Sikh gurus as they are fuller accounts rather than anecdotal accounts, unlike the Janamsakhis.<ref name=":322" /> The Gurbilases are connected biographies written in verse form.<ref name=":322" /> Similar to the earlier Janamsakhi tradition, the Gurbilases are [[panegyric]]al rather than analytical.<ref name=":322" /> However, the Gurbilases differ from the Janamsakhis as they stressed upon the destiny of the gurus to fight against evil and their courage in this battle, with the enemy being the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":9" /> Some of the Gurbilases place importance on [[devi]] (Indic goddesses) for the preparation of the Khalsa order.<ref name=":9" />

== Historicity ==
The Gurbilas literature are classified as semi-historical texts.<ref name=":322" /> They cannot be considered true historiographical works, as they mix fact with fiction without any attempts at discerning the two from one another.<ref name=":322" />

The Gurbilases were succeeded by more historical Sikh works, such as [[Ratan Singh Bhangu|Rattan Singh Bhangu's]] ''[[Prachin Panth Prakash]]'' (1841) and [[Sohan Lal Suri|Sohan Lal Suri's]] ''Umdat-ut-Twarikh'' (barring its first-part which is based on traditional accounts).<ref name=":322" /> However, the ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'' (1841) by [[Kavi Santokh Singh]] and [[Giani Gian Singh|Giani Gian Singh's]] ''Naveen Panth Prakash'' in verse (1880) and his ''[[Twarikh Guru Khalsa]]'', are examples of later Sikh works that show signs of reversion to the Janamsakhi-Gubilases genres as they contain considerable doctrinal content and anecdotal material.<ref name=":322" /> The first Sikh author to fully apply the modern scientific method for the basis of historiographical research was [[Karam Singh (historian)|Karam Singh]].<ref name=":322" />

== Notes ==
<references group="note" responsive="1"></references>
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== External links ==

* [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Gurbani_Holy_Text.pdf Digitized ''Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi'' manuscript]
* [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2021&page=1&CategoryID=3 Digitized ''Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi'' (Sukha Singh's version) manuscript]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Sikh literature]]

Hagaribommanahalli

2026-05-06T05:29:01Z

Nina:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hagaribommanahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = HB.Halli
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.04|N|76.20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Karnataka}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vijayanagara district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts = Hagaribommanahalli
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 47,042
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 583 212
| registration_plate = KA-35
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Hagaribommanahalli''' is a town and a [[taluk]] in [[Vijayanagara District]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the Hagaribommanahalli Taluk.

<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/cities/28225-Hagaribommanahalli.aspx |title=Hagaribommanahalli Pincode |access-date=2010-12-02 |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204085524/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/India/cities/28225-Hagaribommanahalli.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Hagari Bommanahalli had a population of 24000.<ref>Village code= 893900 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref>

==Food==
[[Jowar Rotti]] is the staple food here, along with Yennegai Palya (Brinjal/[[Eggplant]] Curry). and [[Peanut]] powder.

== Transport ==

===Road===
1.[[Bengaluru]]-[[Chitradurga]]-[[Davanagere]]-[[Harihara]]-[[Harapanahalli]]- Hagaribommanahalli.

2.[[Bengaluru]]-[[Chitradurga]]-[[Jagalur]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

3.[[Bengaluru]]-[[Chitradurga]]-[[Kudligi]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

4.[[Mangaluru]]-[[Manipal]]-[[Kundapura]]-[[Shivamogga]]-[[Harihara]]-[[Harapanahalli]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

5.[[Bellary]]-[[Hosapete]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

6.[[Hyderabad]]-[[Raichur]]-[[Sindhanur]]-[[Gangavathi]]-[[Hosapete]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

7.[[Hyderabad]]-[[Hosapete]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

8.[[Mumbai]]-[[Pune]]-[[Belagavi]]-[[Hubballi]]-[[Gadag]]-[[Hosapete]]-Hagaribommanahalli.

===Railways===
Hagaribommanahalli railway station (HBI) was one of the railway stations on the [[Hospet|Hosapete]]-[[Kotturu, Karnataka|Kotturu]] railway meter gauge line. In 1995 this line was closed for gauge conversion and also for extending the railway line from Kotturu to Davangere to join Hubballi-Bengaluru Railway line at Amaravathi colony. After numerous delays this railway line was opened and now Hagaribommanahalli is well connected with Hosapete, Ballari, Davanagere and Bangaluru.

==See also==
*Vijayanagara
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Vijayanagara.nic.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618060739/https://vijayanagara.nic.in/ |date=18 June 2022 }}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Vijayanagara district]]
[[Category:Taluks in Vijayanagara district]]

St. George's Church, Kalady

2026-05-04T12:30:00Z

Nina: new!

{{Short description|Christian church in Kalady, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
'''St. George Church, Kalady''' is a Christian church situated on the banks of the river Periyar in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The church was established on 20 March 1960. The new church in Kalady, built by the parishioners, was consecrated on 4 March 1984 under the leadership of Fr. Antony Elavumkudy.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://kaladychurch.com/?page_id=242 |website=Kalady Church}}</ref> The present vicar is Fr. Joseph Thamaravely (2014-).

The Kalady Church belongs to the [[Ernakulam-Angamaly]] Archdiocese of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]] and has more than 3000 parishioners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=389|title=St. George Church Kalady::Ernakulam - Angamaly Archeparchy:: Syro Malabar Church Parish|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in}}</ref> Twenty priests and about seventy nuns work here, as well as in different missions around the world. The Parish Council is the governing body.

Prior to 1960, the Christian community of Kalady frequented the ancient churches of [[Kanjoor]] and [[Angamaly]]. The metropolitan headquarters of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] were in Angamaly, where Mar [[Abraham of Angamaly]] lived in the Ramban Hormizd Cathedral residence until his death in 1597.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.sundayshalom.com/?p=1814 |title=മരിച്ചാലും മരിക്കാത്ത മാർ അബ്രഹാം |website=Sunday Shalom |language=Malayalam |access-date=2015-10-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035831/http://in.sundayshalom.com/?p=1814 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |df= }}</ref>

The [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Malayattoor|St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church]] is an important Christian pilgrimage site, located in [[Malayattoor]], approximately 10 km from Kalady.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George's Church, Kalady}}
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Kerala]]

{{SyroMalabar-church-stub}}
{{India-church-stub}}

Tanuku

2026-05-03T22:40:09Z

Nina: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{COI|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tanuku
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Telugu]]
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| area_land_km2 = 24.83
| elevation_m = 14.84
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = 20181218092612 0H4A9819 (2).jpg
| foot_montage = }}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.7566|N|81.6770|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| government_type = Selection Grade Municipality
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Arimilli Radha Krishna
| population_total = 104892
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534 211
| area_code = 08819
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|AP 37]]
}}
'''Tanuku''' is a town in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is known for its historical administrative role, early educational institutions, and regional commercial significance. Tanuku functioned as a taluk headquarters during the Madras Presidency in Godavari district under British rule in 1850's. The town developed as a local administrative and commercial center in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Educational development in Tanuku dates back to the early 1900s, with the establishment of institutions such as the Zilla Parishad Boys High School in 1902, contributing to literacy and regional education. It is the mandal headquarters of [[Tanuku mandal]] . Tanuku is the Third largest in the West Godavari District after [[Bhimavaram]],and [[Tadepalligudem]] and [[Palakollu ]] in terms of population. Tanuku is the Textile Hub of both [[West Godavari district]] and [[East Godavari district]]. There are a Significant number of Large scale and Small scale Spinning Mills

Tanuku serves as a regional service center for surrounding mandals. Its historical administrative role, combined with its educational institutions and judicial presence, contribute to its importance in the district.

Tanuku has a historical association with judicial administration dating back to the British colonial period, when it functioned as a taluk headquarters under the Madras Presidency. During this period, taluk headquarters typically hosted subordinate courts such as Munsif or Magistrate courts, serving local civil and criminal jurisdiction.

Following Indian independence, the judicial system in Tanuku was reorganized under the state judiciary framework, leading to the establishment and expansion of civil and criminal courts to cater to the growing population and administrative needs of the region.
In the present day, Tanuku hosts a court complex comprising multiple levels of judiciary, including courts functioning under the jurisdiction of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. These include district-level and subordinate courts that serve Tanuku and surrounding mandals.

== History ==

In the ancient period, Tanuku was known as ''Tarakapuri'', the capital of Asura King [[Tarakasura]].<ref name="info">{{cite web |title=About Tanuku Municipality |url=http://tanuku.cdma.ap.gov.in/about-tanuku-municipality |website=tanuku.cdma.ap.gov.in |pages=42 |format=PDF |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127144406/http://tanuku.cdma.ap.gov.in/about-tanuku-municipality |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Geography ==

Tanuku is a located at {{Coord|16.75|N|81.7|E|}}. It has a [[tropical]] climate and an annual rainfall of {{Convert|313.4|mm|cm}}. The [[Gosthani River]] flows through the town.<ref name="info" />

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], the town had a population 90,430.<ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=665983|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Civic administration and politics ==

[[Tanuku Municipality]] was constituted in 1979 as a ''second grade municipality''. It was upgraded to ''first grade'' in 2002 and has 34 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|election wards]] and later upgraded to ''selection grade'' municipality in 2025. Its jurisdiction is spread over an area of {{Convert|24.56|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ulb">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/webdtcp/pdf/List%20of%20ULBs.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808132411/http://www.dtcp.ap.gov.in/webdtcp/pdf/List%20of%20ULBs.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The municipal commissioner is M. Sambasivarao.<ref name="leaders">{{cite news|title=Efforts on to make Tanuku green: MLA|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-07-05/Efforts-on-to-make-Tanuku-green-MLA/239771|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hans India|date=5 July 2016|location=Tanuku}}</ref>

[[Tanuku (Assembly constituency)|Tanuku assembly constituency]] represents [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], which is one of the segment of [[Narasapuram (Assembly constituency)|Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]], representing the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|page=20,30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Andhra Sugars Limited supplies liquid hydrogen to the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]], for using it as a rocket propellant in satellite launch vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Sugars begins supplying liquid hydrogen to ISRO|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/andhra-sugars-begins-supplying-liquid-hydrogen-to-isro/article2840255.ece|access-date=3 November 2016|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=28 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=SOMASEKHAR|first1=M.|title=They propel our space programme|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/they-propel-our-space-programme/article2900470.ece|access-date=3 November 2016|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=16 February 2012}}</ref> The other byproducts are also used in liquor, paper and power industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh sugar rush for rockets by ISRO|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150218/nation-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-sugar-rush-rockets-isro|access-date=3 November 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=18 February 2015}}</ref>

Tanuku has historically been associated with rice mills, oil mills, textile-related, Cardboard, Paper, Hair Industry, Bulk Durg, Aquaculture and poultry activities, along with other small and medium enterprises. These industries contribute to local employment and support the regional economy.

<ref>District Industrial Profile – West Godavari (MSME)</ref>

== Culture ==
Tanuku is the birthplace of Adikavi Nannaya, regarded as the first poet of [[Telugu language]]. He is credited with translation of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name="info" /> Javvadi Yamini Narasambika in dance, AJS Ramareddy in literature and poetry and Dampuri Narayanarao in folk arts have won the Ugadi Purasakarams, a cultural event organized on April 8, 2016, at YMHA hall, [[Eluru]] .<ref>{{cite news|title=25 selected for Ugadi Puraskarams|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-04-04/25-selected-for-Ugadi-Puraskarams/218720|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hans India}}</ref> The Youth Cultural Celebrations is one such example of promoting cultural activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Youth cultural celebrations organised|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-11-04/Youth-cultural-celebrations-organised/262411|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hans India}}</ref>.It is associated with notable literary figures such as Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak, a prominent Telugu poet and writer.

== Transport ==
The town has a total road length of {{Convert|148.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department – Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Tanuku bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Tanuku railway station]] is categorized as a ''Non-Suburban Grade-5 (NSG-5)'' station in the [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref name="station_categories">{{cite web |title=Stations – Category-wise (NEW) |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,358,748,2213 |website=South Central Railway |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref> [[Rajahmundry Airport]] is situated about {{Convert|65|km|abbr=on}} from the town. The nearest international airport, [[Vijaywada Airport]] is located about {{Convert|118|km|abbr=on}} from the town.

== Education ==
[[File:SMVM-POLYTECHNIC-TANUKU.JPG|thumb|SMVM Polytechnic College]]
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu. Higher education institutions include the SMVM Polytechnic College<ref>{{Cite web|title=S.M.V.M Polytechnic|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/S.M.V.M+Polytechnic,+Rastrapathi+Rd,+Venkatarayapuram,+Tanuku,+Andhra+Pradesh+534211/@16.7556381,81.678487,17z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a37b7e561f61515:0x4d22359c7278bdfd|access-date=2020-06-18|website=S.M.V.M Polytechnic}}</ref> which provides technical courses. SKSD Mahila Kalasala which offers under graduate and post graduate courses.S.C.I.M Government Degree and P.G. College which offers under graduate and post graduate courses.

== Healthcare ==
Tanuku functions as a regional healthcare center with a combination of government and private medical facilities. The town has a District Government Hospital along with several private hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic centers providing primary and secondary healthcare services.

Residents of nearby mandals depend on Tanuku for routine medical care, while advanced treatments are referred to larger cities.

<ref>AP Health Department / Local hospital listings</ref>

== Sports ==
Chitturi Subba Rao – Gopichand Badminton Academy is the badminton academy under the Chitturi Subba Rao Trust for training the under 13 badminton players.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shridharan|first1=J. R.|title=Andhra Badminton association to be split by month-end|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/andhra-badminton-association-to-be-split-by-monthend/article5779986.ece|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Badminton tourney at Tanuku|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2016-05-25/Badminton-tourney-at-Tanuku/230401|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hans India}}</ref> The academy hosted the COSCO A.P. State Open Mini Badminton Championship 2016.<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Mini badminton championship kicks off|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mini-badminton-championship-kicks-off/article8695964.ece|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=6 June 2016}}</ref> The Tanuku Football Club is one of the teams in the Football League of West Godavari tournament, promoting the [[association football|football]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AXALT Group sponsors TFC|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-12-05/AXALT-Group-sponsors-TFC/191192|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Hans India}}</ref>

Sports personalities from the town include Rella Sanjeeva Rao, an under-14 [[badminton]] player, top ranker for U-13 level, and gold medalist at national level championship.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tanuku lad Sanjeeva Rao newest badminton sensation – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/Tanuku-lad-Sanjeeva-Rao-newest-badminton-sensation/articleshow/50731862.cms|access-date=7 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Godavari district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]

Kurchi Madathapetti

2026-05-02T15:41:40Z

Nina: made first entry v1.

{{Short description|2023 song by Thaman S and Ramajogayya Sastry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Kurchi Madathapetti
| type = single
| cover = Kurchi Madathapetti.jpg
| caption = album cover
| artist = [[Thaman S]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] featuring Sahiti Chaganti and [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| album = [[Guntur Kaaram (soundtrack)|Guntur Kaaram]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| released = 30 December 2023
| recorded = 2023
| studio = {{ublist|Prasad Labs|V Studios}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Popular music|Popular]]|[[Item number]]}}
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=43}}
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Thaman S]]
| lyricist = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| producer = Thaman S
| tracks = # "Dum Masala"
# "Oh My Baby"
# "'''Kurchi Madathapetti'''"
# "Mawaa Enthaina"
# "Ramana Aei"
# "Amma Song"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=gh3FyLT7WVg|title="Kurchi Madathapetti"}}
}}
}}

"'''Kurchi Madathapetti'''" ({{translation|Folding the chair}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language song composed by [[Thaman S]], with lyrics by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], and recorded by Sahiti Chaganti and [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], for the [[Guntur Kaaram (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2024 film ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]'', featuring with Mahesh Babu and Sreeleela.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-12-30 |title='Guntur Kaaram': Mahesh Babu, Sree Leela bring electrifying moves in song 'Kurchi Madatha Petti' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/guntur-kaaram-mahesh-babu-sree-leela-bring-electrifying-moves-in-song-kurchi-madatha-petti/1905920/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211172229/https://theprint.in/feature/guntur-kaaram-mahesh-babu-sree-leela-bring-electrifying-moves-in-song-kurchi-madatha-petti/1905920/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on 30 December 2023 (released on [[YouTube]] as a lyrical video song) as the third single from the album, through [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title='Kurchi Madathapetti' promo: Mahesh Babu in 'Guntur Kaaram's song will hype you up |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kurchi-madathapetti-song-promo-mahesh-babu-in-guntur-kaarams-second-song-will-hype-you-up-2482010-2023-12-29 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Guntur Kaaram's Song Kurchi Madathapetti OUT! Mahesh Babu, Sreeleela Give Perfect New Year Treat To Fans |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/guntur-kaarams-song-kurchi-madathapetti-out-mahesh-babu-sreeleela-give-perfect-new-year-treat-to-fans-article-106415891 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The full video song, featuring scenes directly from the film, was released on 1 February 2024 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guntur Kaaram {{!}} Song - Kurchi Madathapetti {{!}} Telugu Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/guntur-kaaram-song-kurchi-madathapetti/videoshow/107362654.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926070517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/guntur-kaaram-song-kurchi-madathapetti/videoshow/107362654.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

"Kurchi Madathapetti" experienced large amounts of commercial success. Although it was released in December 2023, the song experienced large amounts of commercial success after the film's release in January 2024, and further more after the full video song was released in early-February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=2024-05-09 |title=Badshah, Diljit Dosanjh, Sanju Rathod Top Billboard Charts This Week |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/badshah-diljit-dosanjh-sanju-rathod-top-billboard-charts-this-week/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> The song was at the number one on the [[Billboard India Songs|''Billboard'' India Songs]] and was featured on the chart for thirty-eight consecutive weeks.<ref name=":02">{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=''Billboard'' India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519060847/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song was also released in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages with the same title and was included in the respective dubbed versions of the film. The hook-step, the dialogue rendition by Mahesh Babu, the dance performance of Sreeleela, and the vocals by Sahiti Changanti and Sri Krishna fueled the success and made the song viral across the internet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Babu and Sreeleelas electrifying dance number Kurchi Madathapetti from Guntur Kaaram is finally out! |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/kurchi-madathapetti-dance-song-from-guntur-kaaram-is-here-watch-now/107348269 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Watch: Wamiqa Gabbi Dances to Kurchi Madathapetti from Guntur Kaaram |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/wacth-wamiqa-gabbi-dances-kurchi-madathapetti-guntur-kaaram-302286 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926061950/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/wacth-wamiqa-gabbi-dances-kurchi-madathapetti-guntur-kaaram-302286 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song has achieved over 600 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Babu, Sreeleela's Blockbuster Song Kurchi Madathapetti Garners 600 Million Views |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/mahesh-babu-sreeleelas-blockbuster-song-kurchi-madathapetti-garners-600-million-views-72619.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Filmfare |language=en}}</ref>

== Production, lyrics and recording ==
The "Kurchi Madhathapetti" and the extended phrase became popular from a video that became viral and popular on the internet. In the video, a man used this phrase with an expletive word. There was an initial backlash from the audience to use such vulgar phrases in the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Internet divided over "Kurchi Madathapetti" |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/internet-divided-over-kurchi-madathapetti |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926065152/https://telugucinema.com/news/internet-divided-over-kurchi-madathapetti |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
[[ETV Bharat News|''ETV Bharat'']] stated that, "The latest song from Guntur Kaaram is a vibrant display of Mahesh and Sreeleela's dance prowess coupled with infectious rhythm", further calling it "all-encompassing musical piece".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-30 |title=Kurchi Madathapetti song from Guntur Kaaram sets the stage for Sankranthi release |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kurchi-madathapetti-song-from-guntur-kaaram-sets-the-stage-for-sankranthi-release/na20231230171649953953777 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004124750/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kurchi-madathapetti-song-from-guntur-kaaram-sets-the-stage-for-sankranthi-release/na20231230171649953953777 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' opined that the lyrics written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] evoke a sense of nostalgia with pharses like "[[Rajahmundry]] Raaga Manjari" and "Thooniga Nadumulona Thootaletti," reminiscent of the classic mass films from the 1980s, popularized by actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], father of Mahesh Babu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2023-12-30 |title='Kurchi Madathapetti' from 'Guntur Kaaram:' A high-voltage mass number |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/kurchi-madathapetti-from-guntur-kaaram-a-high-voltage-mass-number-847826 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926065147/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/kurchi-madathapetti-from-guntur-kaaram-a-high-voltage-mass-number-847826 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music video ==
=== Background and production ===
[[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] has choreographed the dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-12-30 |title=Kurchi Madathapetti song from Guntur Kaaram sets the stage for Sankranthi release |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kurchi-madathapetti-song-from-guntur-kaaram-sets-the-stage-for-sankranthi-release/na20231230171649953953777 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004124750/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/kurchi-madathapetti-song-from-guntur-kaaram-sets-the-stage-for-sankranthi-release/na20231230171649953953777 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rashmi Gautam]] has denied rumours of being cast to perform in the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title='Baseless': Rashmi Gautam Denies Rumours Of Being Approached For Kurchi Madathapetti Song |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/baseless-rashmi-gautam-denies-rumours-of-being-approached-for-kurchi-madathapetti-song-8778413.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185542/https://www.news18.com/movies/baseless-rashmi-gautam-denies-rumours-of-being-approached-for-kurchi-madathapetti-song-8778413.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] told that she was hesitant about accepting the offer because of the weight gained after her pregnancy. She further told that she was prepared to face some negative comments about the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title=Poorna on the viral 'Kurchi Madathapetti' dance: I anticipated body-shaming comments, but I was taken aback - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/purnaa-on-the-viral-kurchi-madathapetti-dance-i-anticipated-body-shaming-comments-but-i-was-taken-aback-exclusive/articleshow/113453123.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004124750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/purnaa-on-the-viral-kurchi-madathapetti-dance-i-anticipated-body-shaming-comments-but-i-was-taken-aback-exclusive/articleshow/113453123.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Synopsis ===
The music video is a direct clip from the scenes in ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''. The scenes primarily feature [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Sreeleela]] and [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]].

== Commercial performance ==
"Kurchi Madhathapetti" was one of the fastest video song to reach 30 crore (300 million) views milestone in 133 days, surpassing the "[[Arabic Kuthu]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mahesh Babu's Guntur Kaaram song Kurchi Madathapetti beats Thalapathy Vijay's Beast song Arabic Kuthu to achieve this feat |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-babus-guntur-kaaram-song-kurchi-madathapetti-beats-thalapathy-vijays-beast-song-arabic-kuthu-to-achieve-this-feat-13782423.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926060445/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-babus-guntur-kaaram-song-kurchi-madathapetti-beats-thalapathy-vijays-beast-song-arabic-kuthu-to-achieve-this-feat-13782423.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The full video song has over 60 crore (602 million) views on [[YouTube]], while the lyrical song which was released first, has 12.7 crore (127 million) views.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-09 |title=Mahesh Babu's Kurchi Madathapetti Song To Touch 300 Million YouTube Views |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mahesh-babus-kurchi-madathapetti-song-to-touch-300-million-youtube-views-article-110847298 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925012622/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mahesh-babus-kurchi-madathapetti-song-to-touch-300-million-youtube-views-article-110847298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Impact ==
The hook-step performed by Mahesh Babu and Sreeleela received widespread popularity resulting in multiple recreated music videos on various short form video platforms such as [[Instagram Reels]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-10 |title='Too Hot To Miss': Women In Sarees Dance To Mahesh Babu's Kurchi Madathapetti {{!}} Viral Video |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/viral/too-hot-to-miss-women-in-sarees-dance-to-mahesh-babu-kurchi-madathapetti-viral-video-10159764 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926065149/https://english.jagran.com/viral/too-hot-to-miss-women-in-sarees-dance-to-mahesh-babu-kurchi-madathapetti-viral-video-10159764 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Soumya Prakash |title=Saree-clad girls sizzling dance to Mahesh Babu's 'Kurchi Madathapetti' leaves internet captivated |url=https://odishatv.in/news/viral/saree-clad-girls-sizzling-dance-to-mahesh-babu-s-kurchi-madathapetti-leaves-internet-captivated-232394 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Odisha TV |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185543/https://odishatv.in/news/viral/saree-clad-girls-sizzling-dance-to-mahesh-babu-s-kurchi-madathapetti-leaves-internet-captivated-232394 |url-status=live }}</ref> These recreations were also made by various celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-29 |title=Watch: Wamiqa Gabbi Dances to Kurchi Madathapetti from Guntur Kaaram |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/wacth-wamiqa-gabbi-dances-kurchi-madathapetti-guntur-kaaram-302286 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926061950/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/wacth-wamiqa-gabbi-dances-kurchi-madathapetti-guntur-kaaram-302286 |url-status=live }}</ref> The song was played during the game halftime in a [[National Basketball Association]] match at the [[Toyota Center]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viral: Mahesh Babu And Sreeleela's Kurchi Madathapetti Lights Up NBA Halftime |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-s-song-kurchi-madathapetti-from-guntur-kaaram-takes-over-nba-match-5352314 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185543/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-s-song-kurchi-madathapetti-from-guntur-kaaram-takes-over-nba-match-5352314 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indulge |first=Team |date=2024-04-02 |title=Mahesh Babu's 'Kurchi Madathapetti' goes global, steals the show during NBA halftime |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Apr/02/mahesh-babus-kurchi-madathapetti-goes-global-steals-the-show-during-nba-halftime |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185543/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2024/Apr/02/mahesh-babus-kurchi-madathapetti-goes-global-steals-the-show-during-nba-halftime |url-status=live }}</ref> Pavaman Suraj of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' called it "foot-tapping", with a particular praise for [[Sreeleela]]'s dance in the music video, and included it in the "top 5 viral foot-tapping South Indian songs".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=World Music Day 2024: Top 5 viral foot-tapping South Indian songs from Oo Antava, Kurchi Madathapetti to Illuminati |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/world-music-day-2024-top-5-viral-foot-tapping-south-indian-songs-from-oo-antava-kurchi-madathapetti-to-illuminati-1318779 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925185542/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/world-music-day-2024-top-5-viral-foot-tapping-south-indian-songs-from-oo-antava-kurchi-madathapetti-to-illuminati-1318779 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Kurchi Madathapetti Full Video Song |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gh3FyLT7WVg |work=[[YouTube]] |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917163318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gh3FyLT7WVg |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col}}
* [[Thaman S]] {{spaced ndash}} composer, arranger and programmer
* [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] {{spaced ndash}} lyrics
* Sahiti Chaganti {{spaced ndash}} vocals and vocal supervisor
* [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]] {{spaced ndash}} vocals
* DJ Harish {{spaced ndash}} Koo Ku Ku Ku Koo mashup
* Osho V. Shashank {{spaced ndash}} additional programmer
* Siddanth Mishra {{spaced ndash}} additional programmer
* Sruthi {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* Ranjani {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* Pratyusha {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* Vaagdevi {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* Adviteeyaa {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* Shruthika {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* Anusha {{spaced ndash}} harmony
* The Gongura Band {{spaced ndash}} percussion
* Chiru {{spaced ndash}} additional raw old tapes
* Ganesh {{spaced ndash}} additional raw old tapes
* P Subhani {{spaced ndash}} mandolin and strings
* Sandilya {{spaced ndash}} low vio bows
* Lalit Kumar {{spaced ndash}} flute
* Shadab Rayeen {{spaced ndash}} mix engineer and mastering engineer
* Manigandan K {{spaced ndash}} musicians co-ordinator
* Raghu Seenu {{spaced ndash}} studio manager
* Sridhar {{spaced ndash}} studio manager
* Raju Ranjith Lingam {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
* Pavan {{spaced ndash}} studio assistant
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chat performance for "Kurchi Madathapetti"
! scope="col"| Chart (2021{{Ndash}}2022)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Billboard India Songs|India]] ([[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']])<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cusson |first=Michael |date=2022-02-15 |title=India Songs |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/?rank=12 |access-date=2024-09-25 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062025/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/?rank=12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asian Music Chart|UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=KURCHI MADATHAPETTI |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/thaman-ssri-krishna-kurchi-madathapetti/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Official Charts |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926062022/https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/thaman-ssri-krishna-kurchi-madathapetti/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 17
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=Ldn11dMHTJ8|title="Kurchi Madathapetti" (lyrical)}}
* {{YouTube|id=gh3FyLT7WVg|title="Kurchi Madathapetti" (full video)}}
{{Thaman S}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:2024 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Telugu films]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Songs with music by S. Thaman]]

Erattayar

2026-05-01T16:01:29Z

Nina: Created New Entry W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Erattayar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Udumbanchola]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]
| governing_body = Erattayar Grama Panchayat
| leader_title = Panchayat president
| coordinates = {{Coord|9|47|51|N|77|6|18|E}}
| mapframe = yes
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685514
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| registration_plate = KL-69, KL-06
| area_code = 04868
| website = {{URL|http://www.lsgkerala.in/erattayarpanchayat}}
| area_total_km2 = 32.37
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 19097
| population_density_km2 = auto
| leader_name = Jinson Varkey
| image_skyline = Erattayar Dam.jpg
| image_caption = A diversion dam near Erattayar for supplying water to Idukki reservoir
| leader_title1 = Vice president
| leader_name1 = Bincy Johny
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest towns
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kattappana]], [[Nedumkandam]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Udumbanchola (State Assembly constituency)|Udumbanchola]]
}}
'''Erattayar''' is a village in [[Udumbanchola]] [[Tehsil|taluk]] of [[Idukki district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village (गाव): Erattayar (ഇരട്ടയാർ ) |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Erattayar-916081 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=localbodydata.com |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230323/https://localbodydata.com/village-Erattayar-916081 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the administrative centre of Erattayar [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] which belongs to [[Kattappana]] block panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revenue Portal |url=https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/contactus.php?nm=356Erattayarvillageoffice |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=village.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230248/https://village.kerala.gov.in/Office_websites/contactus.php?nm=356Erattayarvillageoffice |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Location==

Erattayar town is located {{cvt|2|km|mi}} south to [[Erattayar Dam|Erattayar dam]], a diversion dam built to supply water to [[Idukki Dam|Idukki reservoir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Erattayar Dam – KSEB Limited Dam Safety Organisation |url=https://dams.kseb.in/?p=569 |access-date=2023-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Kattappana ({{cvt|5.5|km|mi}}), Kumily ({{cvt|32|km|mi}}), Nedumkandam ({{cvt|13|km|mi}}), Thakamani ({{cvt|11|km|mi}}), and Valiyathovala ({{cvt|2.5|km|mi}}) are some of the nearby towns.

==Demographics==

As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 India census]], Erattayar had a population of 19,097 with 9,607 males and 9,490 females. Erattayar village has an area of {{cvt|32.37|km2}} with 4,539 families residing in it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇടുക്കി ജില്ലയിലെ ജനസംഖ്യ വിവരങ്ങള്‍ {{!}} Deparyment of Panchayats |url=https://dop.lsgkerala.gov.in/en/node/1049 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=dop.lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==Erattayar panchayat==

Erattayar grama panchayat was formed in {{year|1971}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keralam |first=Digital |title=Erattayar Grama Panchayath Erattayar Idukki Kerala India |url=http://www.digitalkeralam.com/pages.php?page=1000907 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Digital Keralam |language=en}}</ref> The panchayat consists of 14 electoral wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Self Government Department {{!}} Local Self Government Department |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/609 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref> It is bounded by [[Pampadumpara]] panchayat in the east, Kamakshi panchayat in the west, Kattappana municipality in the south and Nedumkandam panchayat in the north.

'''Ward details of Erattayar panchayat'''

{| {{Table}}
! Ward Number !! Ward Name
|-
! 1
| Chempakapara
|-
! 2
| Eattithoppu
|-
!3
|Pallickanam
|-
!4
|Erattayar North
|-
!5
|Ezhukumvayal
|-
!6
|Kattadikkavala
|-
!7
|Erattayar
|-
!8
|Santhigram South
|-
!9
|Uppukandam
|-
!10
|Thulasippara
|-
!11
|Vazhavara
|-
!12
|Nalumukku
|-
!13
|Santhigram
|-
!14
|[[Idinjamala]]
|}

==Educational institutions==
* St. Thomas Higher Secondary School
* St. Thomas Upper and Lower Primary Schools
* St. Thomas Nursery School

==Public transport facilities ==
Erattayar is well-connected to nearby towns and villages through public transport facilities. Frequent private bus services are available to towns like Kattappana, Nedumkandam, Thankamani, [[Cheruthoni]]. State-owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses are also available to different places. There is a small bus station in the town which is mostly visited and used by local people.

==See also==
* [[Erattayar Dam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

{{kerala-geo-stub}}

Raktabeej 2

2026-04-24T06:56:24Z

Nina: created first data from scratch

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Raktabeej 2
| image = Raktabeej 2 Poster.jpg
| caption = Teaser poster
| alt =
| director = [[Nandita Roy]] [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
| story = Zinia Sen
| producer = Windows Production Sanjay Agarwal
| screenplay = Zinia Sen
| starring = [[Victor Banerjee]] [[Abir Chatterjee]] [[Mimi Chakraborty]] [[Ankush Hazra]] [[Koushani Mukherjee]] [[Seema Biswas]]
| music = '''Songs:'''
{{ubl|[[Bonnie Chakraborty]]|[[Anupam Roy]]|[[Surojit Chatterjee]]|[[Silajit Majumder]]}}
'''Score:'''{{ubl|[[Bonnie Chakraborty]]}}
| cinematography = Pratip Mukherjee
| editing = Malay Laha
| studio = Windows Production
| distributor = Windows Production
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|09|25}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|7.25}} Crore<ref>{{Cite web| title=Nandita Roy and Shiboprasad Mukherjee eye festive hat-trick as Raktabeej 2 crosses ₹7.25 crore in 12 days| url=https://dailytribune.in/nandita-roy-and-shiboprasad-mukherjee-eye-festive-hat-trick-as-raktabeej-2-crosses-%e2%82%b97-25-crore-in-12-days/| date=2025-10-07}}</ref>{{dubious|date=November 2025}}
}}

'''''Raktabeej 2''''' ({{Translation|''Seeds of Blood 2''}}) is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[political film|political]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Nandita Roy]] and [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]], and written by Zinia Sen. A sequel to the 2023 film ''[[Raktabeej]]'', it stars [[Victor Banerjee]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]], [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Seema Biswas]], and [[Koushani Mukherjee]]. The film is produced and distributed by Windows and presented by Sanjay Agarwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raktabeej 2 (2025) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in bengaluru |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/bengaluru/raktabeej-2/ET00451788?utm_source=FBLIKE&fbrefresh=1 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ফিরে এল 'রক্তবীজ', শিবপ্রসাদ-নন্দিতার 'রক্তবীজ ২'-এর প্রথম ঝলকেই আতঙ্ক, অ্যাকশন আর ষড়যন্ত্রে জমজমাট! |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/mimi-chakraborty-abir-chatterjee-ankush-hazra-reunite-in-gripping-raktabeej-2-teaser-114984 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=bn}}</ref> This notably marks the second collaboration of [[Abir Chatterjee]] and [[Ankush Hazra]] after 12 years since ''[[Kanamachi (film)|Kanamachi]]'', where the latter played the lead role, and the former antagonist.

A sequel to [[Raktabeej]], it is reportedly inspired by the security challenges during former Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]]'s 2013 visit to Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=রক্তবীজ ২: প্রণব মুখোপাধ্যায়ের বাংলাদেশ সফর নিয়ে তৈরি হচ্ছে ছবি? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/raktabeej-2-based-on-pranab-mukherjees-2013-bangladesh-tour/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Sangbad Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref> The plot focuses on a high-stakes investigation into [[cross-border terrorism]] led by a new terrorist leader, Munir Alam. The mission spans from India to Thailand, dealing with extremist groups attempting to disrupt and destabilise the relationship between [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], creating national chaos between the two neighbouring countries. The film was released on 25 September 2025, during the [[Durga Puja]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan Chakraborty |first=Dwip |date=2025-09-24 |title=Raktabeej 2: পুজোর আগে হাউসফুল 'রক্তবীজ ২', দর্শকের রায়ে আপ্লুত অঙ্কুশ |url=https://bengalxpress.in/raktabeej-2-housefull-before-puja-ankush-overwhelmed-by-audiences-verdict/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Bengal Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ABP">{{Cite web |title=রক্তবীজ ২ আসছে! পুজোয় বড়পর্দায় আবার শিবপ্রসাদ-নন্দিতা |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/riktobeej-2-announced-by-shiboprosad-mukherjee-nandita-roy-puja-release-entertainment-news-tollywood-1117255 |website=ABP Ananda |language=bn |date=26 January 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=September 2025}}
In the mid-seventies, post the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], Sultana Rahman fled to India after some attacks on her family. She stayed with Animesh Chatterjee, the then politician of the ruling party. Later, she returned to her country and became the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, while Animesh became the President of India.

Back when Saahil Choudhury was studying MBBS in Thailand, he falls in love with Ayesha. He tops the class, but finds out that his mother was killed in a blast at a mosque. In a vulnerable condition, he is convinced to join JSM, the terrorist organization, and becomes the new face of Munir Alam. He becomes an expert in shooting [[Sniper rifle|sniper rifles]]. Meanwhile, Ayesha realises about Saahil's terrorist connections and confronts him, to which he reacts violently and they get separated ever since.

The Government of Bangladesh suspect some people who threat to overthrow their government. Meherunnisa Khan, the leader of the opposition party is meanwhile in a trip to India, who is suspected to influence the common people against the Government.

In Burdwan, post the events of [[Raktabeej]], Gouri suspects everyone in the house, except Kanak. When her family doctor is out of station, he sends his student Ravi Shukla to take care of her, who is killed by Munir Alam (Ankush Hazra) and he becomes the imposter and infiltrates the family. Due to his caring nature, Gouri gains trust on him. Sanjukta enters a ladies hostel with her force, which is later revealed to be a den for storing arms for terrorists and illegal immigrants. However, one of the convicts are killed mysteriously just when Sanjukta raids the place.

Pankaj returns to Bengal and once again joins hands with Sanjukta. They find out that JSM has activated their sleeper cell all over the [[SAARC]] countries. As Animesh plans a visit to her in-laws' house in Bangladesh, he takes Gouri alongwith her. Munir convinces Gouri to join her wherever she goes in Bangladesh. One convict from the illegal immigrants case opens his mouth about mission M2, planned by the JSM and confirms that Munir is still alive.

During a mission, Riya, a team member of Pankaj is mysteriously convinced to call Pankaj while she was travelling in police convoys, through which Munir confirms her presence in the exact convoy and shoots her with a sniper rifle from a far distance. Pankaj suspects foul play and immediately requests his superiors for a trip to Bangladesh, as the President's trip to Bangladesh was nearing.

The JSM gets a tip of this information and plants Kalim, him being a namesake of Pankaj as a spy, whom Pankaj and Sanjukta mistakes to be planted by the Bangladesh Police, who were not co-operating with them from the very beginning and had confiscated their arms and mobile phones. Later when they catch the spy, before he reveals anything, he is again shot by someone mysteriously from a distance. The Bangladesh Police catch Pankaj, Sanjukta and their team with the dead man, and arrest them.

Meanwhile, Munir kills a mechanic and infiltrates the Under 19 Cricket Tournament Opening Ceremony to be held in Bangladesh. Pankaj, Sanjukta and their team get bailed, but are not permitted to take any action. However on the day of the opening ceremony, Sultana and Meherunnisa are supposed to appear on stage together for the first time and unveil the World Cup trophy while Animesh is supposed to visit [[Chittagong]], at [[Surya Sen|Masterda Surya Sen]]'s home to deliver a speech. Gouri, though willing to go with Animesh, changes her mind and visits the World Cup Tournament between India and Bangladesh on Munir's (Ravi) request.

Pankaj realises that 'M2' refers to 'Minus 2' and that both Sultana and Meherunnisa are going to be targeted by Munir during the ceremony and they rush to the stadium. Before the ceremony, Ayesha, now a dancer, performs live on stage and anchors the ceremony. Bangladesh Police finally cooperates with Pankaj and Sanjukta. As the ceremony is about to happen, Munir shoots a bullet towards Sultana from a floodlight tower using his signature sniper rifle. Another mysterious bullet is fired at Meherunnisa, but both of them are saved as Pankaj intervenes and instead, the bullets slightly touch him and pass. After the entire stadium is evacuated, a thrilling showdown ensues between Pankaj and Munir, where Pankaj tries to convince Munir to quit terrorism but he jumps from the high floodlight tower and commits suicide. Ayesha, receiving this news and knowing Munir's true identity, reaches to the crime spot and gives her identity as his wife to the police, only to go visit Saahil's dead body. In a visual storytelling method, we see Munir's blood drops falling on the stairs of the gallery, which will eventually form another Munir.

In the pre-credits scene, as Pankaj and Sanjukta finally establish a rapport between each other, Sanjukta casually kicks a vacant Coke can, which eventually blasts. As Pankaj falls apart against the car, it is revealed that the mysterious man killing the convict at the ladies hostel, misleading Riya as the driver of the convoy to call Pankaj to track her phone, killing Kalim on spot to frame the Indian officers, shooting the second bullet at Meherunnisa as a media cameraperson with the signature sniper and finally making the blast happen is none other than the new Munir, who continues to live on with the goal of Jihad. Apparently the protagonists fail to end the chain of terrorism and are still left to hunt down Munir, hinting at a possible sequel.

== Cast ==
*[[Victor Banerjee]] as Animesh Chatterjee, President of India (character loosely based on [[Pranab Mukherjee]])
** Sean Banerjee as young Animesh Chatterjee
*[[Abir Chatterjee]] as IG Pankaj Singha, Central Force from [[New Delhi]]
*[[Mimi Chakraborty]] as Sanjukta Mitra, SP of [[West Bengal]]
*[[Ankush Hazra]] as Dr. Saahil Choudhury, fake Dr. Ravi Shukla aka Munir Alam, the main antagonist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankush Hazra to play lead villain in Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/ankush-hazra-to-play-villain-in-raktabeej-2-film-west-bengal-news-wbs25022002977 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=ETV Bharat |date=20 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>
*[[Koushani Mukherjee]] as Ayesha Khan Choudhury<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koushani Mukherjee joins Raktabeej 2 in a mysterious new avatar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/koushani-mukherjee-joins-raktabeej-2-in-a-mysterious-new-avatar/articleshow/122365913.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Times of India |date=10 July 2025 }}</ref>
*[[Seema Biswas]] as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sultana Rahman (character loosely based on former Prime Minister of Bangladesh [[Sheikh Hasina]])<ref>{{Cite web |title='রক্তবীজ ২'-তে হাসিনা? প্রথম ঝলকে বঙ্গবন্ধুকন্যার চরিত্র নিয়ে জল্পনা তুঙ্গে |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cinema/seema-biswas-playing-pivotal-role-in-raktabeej-2 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=sangbadpratidin.in}}</ref>
*[[Anashua Majumdar]] as Gouri Mukherjee, Animesh's elder sister
*[[Kanchan Mallick]] as Inspector Nityananda Patitundi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanchan Mallick fell ill during Raktabeej 2 shoot |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kanchan-mullick-was-admitted-in-hospital-during-raktabeej-2-shooting-health-update-is-here-9005069/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
*Satyam Bhattacharya as Nishikanta Manna
*[[Subrat Dutta|Subrata Dutta]] as ASP Mamun Shah, Bangladesh police
*Suprabhat Das as Kalim Taqt, fake Pankaj Sinha
*[[Sanjib Sarkar]] as Shariful Islam, Bangladesh police officer
*Devlina Kumar as Jamini Halder
*Paromita Mukherjee as Kanaklata
*Swagata Mukherjee as Opposition leader of Bangladesh Meherunnisa Khan (character loosely based on [[Khaleda Zia]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swagata Mukherjee joins the cast of Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51201/actress-swagata-mukherjee-joins-the-cast-of-bengali-movie-raktabeej-2 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Aajkaal |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*Ananya Banerjee as Riya
*Rajib Bose as Nakul
*Debopriyo Mukherjee as Rubel
*Sreemoyee Chattoraj Mallick in a cameo role<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Sreemoyee Chattoraj have done a cameo role in Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actress-sreemoyee-chattoraj-have-done-a-cameo-role-in-nandita-roy-shiboprosad-mukherjees-puja-release-raktabeej-2-dgtl/cid/1588913 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>
*[[Sean Banerjee]] as young Animesh Chatterjee<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sean Banerjee joins Raktabeej 2 cast |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51854/tollywood-news-sean-banerjee-joins-raktabeej-2-cast-for-an-important-character |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Aajkaal |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*Chandni Saha in her big-screen debut<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Chandni Saha makes her big screen debut in Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/actress-chandni-saha-makes-her-big-screen-debut-in-raktabeej-2-breaking-news-127453 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Aajkaal |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Special appearance ===

*[[Nusrat Jahan]] as Nayana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raktabeej 2: ৫ বছর পর ফিরছেন 'বোনুয়া'রা, 'রক্তবীজ ২'-তে একফ্রেমে মিমি-নুসরত |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/actress-mimi-nusrat-together-after-5-years-in-shiboprosad-mukherjee-nandita-roys-raktabeej-2-teaser-out-entertainment-news-sum-1249401-2025-07-23 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>
*[[Manasi Sinha]] in the song "O Babur Maa"
*[[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]] as the new Munir Alam

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Windows Production officially announced ''Raktabeej 2'' on Republic Day (26 January 2025) with a motion poster release.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee announce Raktabeej 2 on Republic Day | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management | date=26 January 2025 | url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/nandita-roy-and-shiboprosad-mukherjee-announce-raktabeej-2-on-republic-day/details }}</ref> Directors Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee described the project as a "political action thriller" with higher stakes and more intense cross-border themes than its predecessor.<ref>{{cite web | author1=Indiablooms | title=Raktabeej 2 teaser promises power-packed action and suspense with cross-border terrorism narrative | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management | work=India Blooms | date=14 August 2025 | url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz/raktabeej-2-teaser-promises-power-packed-action-and-suspense-with-cross-border-terrorism-narrative/details }}</ref>

Despite facing competition from three other major Bengali films during the Durga Puja release period - ''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]'', ''Raghu Dakat'', and ''Joto Kando Kolkatatei'' - directors Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee expressed confidence in their project, citing their "lucky charm" or "lucky mascot" - veteran actress Anashua Majumdar, who has previously worked with Windows Production in films like ''Mukhoshdar Bou'', ''[[Gotro]]'', and the first ''[[Raktabeej]]''.<ref>{{cite web | title=ছুঁয়ে দিলেই ছবি 'সুপারহিট' ! কাকে 'লাকি মাসকট' বলে মানেন শিবপ্রসাদ-নন্দিতা ? | date=28 August 2025 | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/nandita-roy-shiboprosad-mukherjee-talk-about-their-lucky-charm-for-raktabeej-2-releasing-this-durga-puja-west-bengal-news-wbs25082800926 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Seema Biswas]] reunited with Shiboprosad Mukherjee after 32 years, since their work in the 1993 film ''Uttoran''. In ''Raktabeej 2'' she appears in a markedly different avatar — draped in a jam-coloured Dhakai saree with a ghomta — and is described by the filmmakers as being presented in the mould of a political personality; many of her scenes are opposite [[Victor Banerjee]]. Press reports also highlighted the actress's dedication on set despite physical discomfort during portions of the shoot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seema Biswas reunites with Shiboprosad Mukherjee after 32 years for Raktabeej 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/seema-biswas-reunites-with-shiboprosad-mukherjee-after-32-years-for-raktabeej-2/articleshow/118880292.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Times of India |date=11 March 2025 }}</ref>

[[Ankush Hazra]] was cast as the lead antagonist, marking a significant negative role for the actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankush Hazra enjoyed shooting for Raktabeej 2 in Thailand |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/actor-ankush-hazra-did-raktabeej-2-shooting-at-thailand-and-enjoyed-it-dgtl/cid/1610190 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref> He featured in the song "Govinda Dant Maje Na" in ''[[Raktabeej]]'', the prequel of this film, and also appeared in the credit scene.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raktabeej Song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/raktabeej-song-gobindo-daant-maje-na/videoshow/103530696.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography began in Kolkata on 11 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abir Chatterjee, Mimi Chakraborty start shooting for Bengali action thriller 'Raktabeej 2' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-mimi-chakraborty-start-shooting-for-bengali-action-thriller-raktabeej-2/cid/2088328 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

An advance unit — including directors Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee, writer Zinia Sen and other production personnel — flew to Thailand ahead of the main cast to scout locations and prepare the sets. The rest of the unit travelled in phases: several members reached Thailand on a Saturday night while others departed Kolkata in subsequent days. Reports note that Ankush Hazra left Kolkata on the Sunday night of Jamaiṣṭhī and Koushani Mukherjee (who had been in Bali) returned to Kolkata before flying to Thailand. Shooting for the Thailand schedule was reported to commence on 3 June, focusing on compact, intensive song and action sequences.<ref name="anandabazar">{{Cite web |title=First time Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee shooting in Thailand for Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/first-time-nandita-roy-and-shiboprosad-mukherjees-shooting-in-thailand-for-raktabeej-2-dgtl/cid/1608821 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref>

The Thailand schedule captured two song sequences: a romantic number reuniting Abir Chatterjee and Mimi Chakraborty (a pairing from the prequel) and a second song featuring Ankush Hazra and Koushani Mukherjee intended to advance the narrative. The production worked with a compact technical unit supplemented by roughly 25 local Thai crew members for location management and logistics; press reports highlighted the warm local hospitality and attentive on-set care.<ref name="anandabazar"/> Mimi Chakraborty's Thailand schedule included a filmed bikini sequence — reported as her first such sequence — which received media attention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mimi Chakraborty radiated glamour in a bikini for Raktabeej 2 shoot in Thailand |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/mimi-chakraborty-radiated-glamour-and-grace-as-she-rocked-the-bikini-for-the-shoot-of-raktabeej-2-in-thailand/2000153 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> Actor Mimi Chakraborty has also become the first Bengali actress to wear a bikini in a Bengali film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Bengali actor to wear bikini on screen, Mimi Chakraborty breaks stereotype with Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mimi-chakraborty-first-bengali-actor-to-wear-bikini-in-bengali-film/cid/2096322 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref>

The actress revealed in an interview with Anandabazar that she had to undergo intense physical preparation, including significant weight loss through exercise without supplements, before agreeing to director Shiboprosad Mukherjee's request to wear a bikini. She added that convincing her mother about the sequence was initially difficult, but she explained it as an important step to offer something new to audiences.<ref name= "bikini">{{Cite web |title=দুর্গাপুজো এ বার নীল বিকিনির দখলে, কৃত্রিম উপায় ছাড়া কতটা কষ্ট করতে হল মিমিকে?|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-mimi-chakraborty-nandita-roy-and-anupam-roy-spoke-on-raktabeej-2-song-dgtl/cid/1632098 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Anandabazar Patrika |language=bn}}</ref> Mimi noted that having Abir Chatterjee as her co-actor made filming easier. Music composer Anupam Roy also remarked that such bold romantic sequences are rare in Bengali cinema and credited the directors Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee for taking the risk.<ref name= "bikini"/>

Screenwriter Zinia Sen recounted moments of tension and play on set: she said Mimi once jokingly threatened co-director Shiboprosad Mukherjee by saying, "If I get a real gun I will shoot Shibu first," an anecdote the director took in good humour. The shoot saw at least one stunt-related mishap: during an early sequence a harness did not function as expected while Mimi performed a jump, causing her to fall and injure her knee; she was briefly in pain and emotional but returned to complete the shot after recovering.<ref>{{cite web | last=সংবাদদাতা | first=আনন্দবাজার ডট কম | title='আসল বন্দুক হাতে পেলে সবার আগে শিবুদাকে গুলি করব', কেন পরিচালককে হুমকি দিলেন মিমি? | website=Anandabazar | date=2025-07-05 | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/director-shiboprosad-mukherjee-always-did-leg-pull-of-mimi-chakraborty-at-the-sets-of-raktabeej-2-dgtl/cid/1616446 | language=bn | access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>

During the Kolkata and Thailand schedules, actor Kanchan Mallick fell ill and was briefly hospitalised but later recovered and rejoined the production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanchan Mallick fell ill during Raktabeej 2 shoot |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/kanchan-mullick-was-admitted-in-hospital-during-raktabeej-2-shooting-health-update-is-here-9005069/ |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Indian Express Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

[[Nusrat Jahan]] described "Order Chhara Border" song as "full of life, rhythm, and colour" and mentioned that performing it on screen was "truly exhilarating."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nussrat Jahan Shines in Order Chhara Border, The Power-Packed Song From Raktabeej 2 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nussrat-jahan-shines-in-order-chhara-border-the-power-packed-song-from-raktabeej-2_-76957.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=22 August 2025}}</ref> She also revealed that despite having no time to rehearse due to other promotional commitments, she managed to prepare with just one hour of rehearsal before the shoot, relying on her ability to multitask and the infectious vibe of the production.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nussrat Jahan talks about the popularity of her new dance number Order chhara border| url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/nussrat-jahan-talks-about-the-popularity-of-her-new-dance-number-order-chhara-border/2000807 }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raktabeej 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], [[Anupam Roy]], [[Surojit Chatterjee]], [[Silajit Majumder]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded = 2025
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = WINDOWS [[Times Music|Times Music Bangla]]
| producer = Windows Production
| misc =
}}

The music features compositions by Bonnie Chakraborty, Anupam Roy, Surojit Chatterjee, and Silajit Majumder.<ref>{{cite web | title=Times Music ने रिलीज किया 'रक्तबीज 2' का 'ऑर्डर छारा बॉर्डर' गाना, नुसरत जहां ने खींचा ध्यान | date=22 August 2025 | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/times-music-released-song-order-chhara-border-from-raktbeej-2-nusrat-jahan-caught-attention-article-152507356 }}</ref> Background score is made by Bonnie Chakraborty, his third collaboration with Shiboprasad and Nandita since ''[[Dabaru]]'' and ''[[Bohurupi]]''. Lyrics were penned by Surojit Chatterjee, Zinia Sen, Bonnie Chakravorty, Anindya Bose and Anupam Roy.

The first single "O Babur Maa" was released on 6 August 2025, featuring [[Manasi Sinha]].<ref>{{cite web | title=বাংলা না বাংলাদেশি? বিতর্কের অবসান 'রক্তবীজ ২'-এর গানে! কোন রহস্য লুকিয়ে নন্দিতা-শিবপ্রসাদের নতুন ছবিতে? | url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/56397/raktabeej_2_new_song_o_babur_maa_releases }}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The second single "Order Chhara Border" was released on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=Raktabeej 2 | Song - Order Chhara Border | website=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/raktabeej-2-song-order-chhara-border/videoshow/123484821.cms }}</ref> The music video featured Nusrat Jahan in a special appearance.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nussrat Jahan sizzles in a seductive dance number from the soundtrack of Raktabeej 2 | url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/nussrat-jahan-sizzles-in-a-seductive-dance-number-from-the-soundtrack-of-raktabeej-2/2000710 }}</ref>

The third single "Deewana Banaisen" was released on 3 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Rohini |title=Ankush Hazra and Koushani Koushani Mukherjee open up about their roles and chemistry in Raktabeej 2 |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/in-a-t2-exclusive--ankush-hazra-and-koushani-koushani-mukherjee-open-up-about-their-roles-and-chemistry-in-raktabeej-2/2000882 |access-date=10 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=2 September 2024}}</ref> The fourth song "Chokher Neele" was released on 10 September 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mimi Chakraborty becomes first actor to wear bikini in a Bengali film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mimi-chakraborty-bikini-bengali-nandita-roy-shiboprosad-mukherjee-bold-raktabeej-2-2785709-2025-09-11 |access-date=17 September 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 September 2025}}</ref> It marked the playback debut of Suchandrika Goldar.<ref>{{cite web | title='প্রথম প্লেব্যাকই নন্দিতা-শিবুদার হাত ধরে, অনুপমদা ছাড়া এটা সম্ভব হতো না'-'রক্তবীজ ২'-এ গান গাওয়ার অভিজ্ঞতা আজকাল ডট ইন-কে জানালেন সুচন্দ্রিকা | url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/shiboprosad-mukherjee-introduce-suchandrika-goldar-as-her-first-playback-for-raktabeej-2-125562 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = O Babur Maa
| length1 = 3:36
| music1 = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]
| lyrics1 = [[Surojit Chatterjee]]
| extra1 = [[Surojit Chatterjee]], [[Iman Chakraborty]]
| title2 = Order Chhara Border
| length2 = 4:49
| music2 = Silajit Majumder
| lyrics2 = Silajit Majumder, Zinia Sen
| extra2 = Shrestha Das
| title3 = Deewana Banaisen
| length3 = 3:32
| music3 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| lyrics3 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], [[Anindya Bose]]
| extra3 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]], Rapurna Bhattacharya, Usri Banerjee
| title4 = Chokher Neele
| length4 = 3:37
| music4 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| lyrics4 = [[Anupam Roy]]
| extra4 = Suchandrika Golder
| title5 = O Bondhu Shonen Na
| length5 = 3:01
| lyrics5 = [[Anindya Bose]]
| music5 = [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| extra5 = Shrestha Das , [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
| title6 = Dhono Dhannyo
| length6 = 3:47
| lyrics6 = D.L.RAY
| music6 = D.L.RAY
| extra6 = [[Iman Chakraborty]], Usri Banerjee, [[Bonnie Chakraborty]]
}}

== Marketing ==
The official teaser was released on 23 July 2025 at a launch event held at The Park Hotel in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web | title=In Images: Teaser launch event of Raktabeej 2 | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management | date=20 August 2025 | url=https://www.indiablooms.com/photo-gallery/in-images-teaser-launch-event-of-raktabeej-2/details }}</ref> The 1-minute-49-second teaser introduced Ankush Hazra as the new villain and provided glimpses of the cross-border thriller narrative.<ref>{{cite web | title=The teaser of Raktabeej 2 promises cross-border thrills and unveils a new villain. Glimpses from the launch | url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-teaser-of-raktabeej-2-promises-cross-border-thrills-and-unveils-a-new-villain--glimpses-from-the-launch---/2000665 }}</ref>

An innovative marketing campaign featured Nusrat Jahan participating in a flash mob performance in Kolkata's New Market area, promoting the "Order Chhara Border" song.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nusrat Jahan-Raktabeej 2: নিউ মার্কেটের মাঝে উদ্দাম নাচ, নুসরতের 'অর্ডার ছাড়া বর্ডার' দেখতে এলাকায় জনজোয়ার | url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/photos/nusrat-jahan-surprised-the-crowd-by-joining-a-flash-mob-on-order-chhara-border-performance-for-pujo-release-raktabeej-2-9729043 }}</ref> This marked Jahan's first flash mob experience, about which she stated: "I had never performed in a flash mob before. Although I was rather anxious and unsure of how it would go, the entire experience was a lot of fun. For me, everything was entirely new, and it was thrilling to watch the crowd go wild, embracing the music and the atmosphere."<ref>{{cite web | title=Nussrat Jahan talks about the popularity of her new dance number Order chhara border | url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/nussrat-jahan-talks-about-the-popularity-of-her-new-dance-number-order-chhara-border/2000807 }}</ref>

Raktabeej 2 was trending on IMDb's list of most-anticipated Indian films, ranking at the top of the list and outpacing several high-profile Hindi and South Indian projects followed by ''[[Raghu Dakat]]''. Sangbad Pratidin framed the film's online popularity as a notable response from Tollywood to the dominance of big-budget Hindi and South Indian releases and credited the teaser and song clips for generating significant pre-release buzz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhanja |first=Sandipta |title=Most anticipated movie 'Raktabeej 2' trending in IMDb rating |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/most-anticipated-movie-raktabeej-2-trending-in-imdb-rating/ |website=Sangbad Pratidin |date=11 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Raktabeej 2'' was theatrically released on 25 September 2025 during the [[Durga Puja]] festival.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shiboprasad Mukherjee and Nandita Roy's 'Raktabeej' sequel to release this Durga Puja| url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shiboprasad-mukherjee-and-nandita-roys-raktabeej-2-is-set-to-release-this-durga-puja/cid/2079836 |date=7 January 2025}}</ref> The film was distributed by Windows Production and [[Cinepolis]]. The release placed it in direct competition with other major Bengali Puja releases including ''[[Raghu Dakat (film)|Raghu Dakat]]'', ''[[Devi Chowdhurani (2025 film)|Devi Chowdhurani]]'', and ''Joto Kando Kolkatatei'', creating what industry observers had described as an "epic Pujo box office clash."<ref>{{cite web | title=Tolly ready for epic Pujo box office clash | work=The Times of India | date=18 August 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tolly-ready-for-epic-pujo-bo-clash/articleshow/123359080.cms }}</ref>

==Reception==

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the film's sharp and purposeful storytelling, noting that it "plunges straight into a gripping narrative" and commended the focused script for maintaining momentum while weaving in essential backstories. She highlighted the strong performances of the lead actors, writing that Abir Chatterjee "delivers a nuanced performance, balancing gravitas and restraint." At the same time, Mimi Chakraborty "holds her own with a commanding screen presence." Sen singled out Ankush Hazra as the standout, calling his portrayal of antagonist Munir Alam "arguably one of his best performances to date." The review also appreciated the film’s pacing, cinematography, and emotional sensitivity, while pointing out flaws such as occasional lapses in logic and an underwhelming soundtrack that "lacks the urgency and resonance needed." Nevertheless, Banerjee concluded that the film "balances action, emotion, and socio-political commentary with admirable finesse," leaving the door open for a potential sequel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Poorna |date=26 September 2025 |title=Raktabeej 2 Movie Review: A taut, gripping political thriller anchored by strong performances |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/raktabeej2/movie-review/124159413.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927092133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/raktabeej2/movie-review/124159413.cms |archive-date=27 September 2025 |access-date=27 September 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and wrote "Shiboprosad and Nandita squander away the opportunity of a taut, and engaging crime thriller, and settle for a lite version of the myriad anti-terror web series we are by now accustomed to bingeing on OTT." He praised Abir's performance but bemoaned the fatigue on his face in some scenes, termed Mimi as "Lady Singham" but bemoaned her being reduced to a heroine craving for her man and applauded Ankush's strong performance. He also criticised the climax, immature take on geopolitics, unnecessary romantic subplots, distracting songs, unwanted melodrama and not-so-shocking twists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Raktabeej 2': Abir Chatterjee, Ankush Hazra shine in a crime thriller that fails to thrill |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abir-chatterjee-ankush-hazra-shine-in-a-bengali-crime-thriller-that-fails-to-thrill/cid/2125303 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=27 September 2025}}</ref>

Debarghya Bhattacharya of [[Ei Samay]] offered a thoughtful take on Raktabeej 2, describing it as “a technically accomplished and visually impressive continuation that ambitiously expands the universe of the first film.” Chattopadhyay praised the film’s scale, meticulous production design, and its bold attempt to weave real events with fictional storytelling, noting that it “presents a broader canvas and a more layered narrative.” The review also highlighted strong performances by Abir Chatterjee and Mimi Chakraborty, whose portrayals lend depth and gravitas to the story. While the film experiments with multiple narrative threads and perspectives, Chattopadhyay observed that this approach “gives the film a sense of scope and ambition rarely seen in mainstream thrillers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ভট্টাচার্য্য |first=দেবার্ঘ্য |date=2025-09-27 |title=রক্তবীজ চক্রের খাগড়াগড়ের ধাঁধাটি মিলেছিল ক্লাইম্যাক্সে পৌঁছেই |url=https://eisamay.com/bangladesh-news/raktabeej-2-movie-has-striking-resemblance-with-bangladesh-terrorism/200421285.cms |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref>

Rupak Mishra of The Wall reviewed Raktabeej 2 as a rare Bengali thriller that stays proudly original — free from southern or Hollywood imitation. Directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee, the sequel expands the scale of the first film while keeping its emotional and cultural authenticity intact.Mishra praises Abir Chatterjee’s commanding turn as IG Pankaj Sinha and Mimi Chakraborty’s spirited Sanjukta, alongside strong supporting acts from Ankush Hazra, Kanchan Mallick, and others. Blending political intrigue with human emotion, the film delivers edge-of-the-seat tension without losing its Bengali essence.He concludes that Raktabeej 2 succeeds through its sincerity, storytelling craft, and unmistakable sense of identity — “a truly homegrown thriller with heart and substance.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=হলিউডি ভেজাল কিংবা দক্ষিণী জলছাপ নয়! ‘রক্তবীজ-২’ সবদিক দিয়ে বিশুদ্ধ ‘বাঙালি’ থ্রিলার - Raktabeej-2: Review |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/raktabeej-2-review/tid/174111 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref>

Souvik Saha of ''Cine Kolkata'' rated the film 2/5 stars and highlighted "Raktabeej 2 is a below-average sequel dragged down by poor screenplay, weak drama, unimpressive action, and unnecessary characters. Apart from the climax and Ankush’s performance, the film fails to leave a mark." He praised the climax drama but criticised the weak writing, screenplay, forgettable songs, below par action sequences, unnecessary romance between Abir and Mimi and irritating comedy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saha |first1=Souvik |title=Raktabeej 2 Review : Weak Drama, Unimpressive Action, and Wasted Characters |url=https://cinekolkata.com/review/raktabeej-2-review-weak-drama-unimpressive-action-and-wasted-characters/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=Cine Kolkata |date=25 September 2025}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and termed it as a "''Paisa-vasool'' total entertainer." She praised the performance of the entire cast; particularly Abir, Ankush and Mimi, and mentioned that Ankush's cold villain performance will leave a mark in the audience's mind. She applauded the twist at the end of the story, the cinematography by Pratip Mukherjee, Zinia Sen's story and screenplay but mentioned that the execution could have been better. She praised the song "Chokher Neele" but criticised the song "Order Chara Border". Although she bemoaned the weak chemistry between Animesh's character and his elder sister, and the over use of comedy in serious situations, she mentioned that Shiboprosad and Nandita's thrilling direction and the end twist covers up for all the shortcomings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=ভারত-বাংলাদেশের প্রেক্ষাপটে সন্ত্রাসদমনের রোমহর্ষক কাহিনি দেখাল 'রক্তবীজ ২' |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/raktabeej-2-review-anti-terror-initiatives-on-india-bangladesh-plot-garners-attention/ |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=26 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref>

Shatakshi Ganguly of ''IWMBuzz'' rated the film 3/5 stars and highlighted "Raktabeej 2 delivers a decent payoff after a shaky build-up. The film struggles to find its emotive core. There’s a evident attempt to build tension and high-stakes drama, but the storytelling rarely settles prolonged enough to let anything land with real impact." She acclaimed Ankush Hazra as the strength of the film and mentioned "He brings a tightly controlled intensity to the role that anchors the climax. The showdown between him and Abir injects real energy into the final act. It’s this face-off that gives the film its edge and justifies the sequel’s existence." She praised the cinematography and production design. Addressing the flaws, she criticised the undue subplots in the first half, unnecessary romance between Abir and Mimi which adds nothing to the film except slowing it down, the unpromising action sequences, Kanchan Mallick's failed comedy, the weak writing and below par music.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Shatakshi |title=Raktabeej 2 Review: A watchable face-off |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/raktabeej-2-review-a-watchable-face-off/2025/09/26 |access-date=28 September 2025 |work=IWMBuzz |date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
After the film’s release, a controversy emerged when traditional pat (scroll) artist Siraj Chitrakar alleged that his Durga–Chandimangal scroll painting, featured in the song “Gouri Elo,” was used without proper credit or payment. He claimed he was promised ₹1,00,000, later told he would receive ₹80,000, but was ultimately paid ₹28,000, and that he received no separate remuneration for appearing in the song sequence. However, it was later revealed that the issue had been misrepresented by an external media outlet, The Wall, which acknowledged publishing inaccurate information. Windows Production clarified that the allegations were baseless and confirmed that the misunderstanding had been resolved following the clarification.<ref name="wall">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title='রক্তবীজ' পটচিত্র বিতর্ক: ভ্রম সংশোধন - raktabeej story corrigendum |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/raktabeej-story-corrigendum/tid/175219 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt36132462|title=Raktabeej 2}}

{{Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films set in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Windows Production films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nandita Roy and Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Naya Daur (1957 film)

2026-04-21T12:04:34Z

Nina: New initial stub initial version

{{short description|1957 film by B.R. Chopra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}}
| image = Naya-Daur film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. R. Chopra]]
| producer = B. R. Chopra
| writer = Kamil Rashid
| screenplay = [[Akhtar Mirza]]
| story = Akhtar Mirza
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Vyjayanthimala]]
| music = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| cinematography = [[MN Malhotra|M.N. Malhotra]]
| editing = Pran Mehra
| distributor = B. R. Films
| released = {{Film date|1957|08|15|df=yes}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}0.14 crore<ref name="box office">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/naya-rang-naya-daur/articleshow/2036200.cms?from=mdr |title=Naya rang, naya daur |last=Raghavendra |first=Nandini |date=12 May 2007 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=Times News Network |access-date=7 February 2021 }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}3.75 crore ([[India]])<ref name=boxoffice>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=163&catName=MTk1Nw%3D%3D|title=Top Earners of 1957|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212163302/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=163&catName=MTk1Nw%3D%3D|access-date=20 October 2021|archive-date=12 February 2010}}</ref>
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}}''' ({{Translation|''The New Era''}}) is a 1957 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language social [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and produced by [[B. R. Chopra]]. It was written by [[Akhtar Mirza]]. It stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Vyjayanthimala]] in lead roles, along with [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Chand Usmani]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Manmohan Krishna]], [[Leela Chitnis]], [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Pratima Devi]], [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]], Radhakishan form an ensemble cast. The film narrates the story of Shankar and Krishna, two best friends who fall for the same woman, Rajni.

For this film, Dilip Kumar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for the third time in a row, being his fourth overall. The film was later dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Pattaliyin Sabatham'' (''The Proletariat's Vow'') in 1958.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HreICwAAQBAJ&q=pattaliyin+sabatham&pg=PA84|title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema|last=Pillai|first=Swarnavel Eswaran|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2015|isbn=9789351502128|location=India|pages=84}}</ref> {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} also inspired [[Aamir Khan]]'s [[Academy Award]] nominated film ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001).

{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} was the [[List of Bollywood films of 1957#Highest-grossing films|second-highest grossing Indian film of the year 1957]] and also the second-highest grossing Indian film of the decade,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-06|title=BoxOffice India.com|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|access-date=2021-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206102319/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-date=6 February 2010}}</ref> behind ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957). At the time of its release, it briefly became the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest grossing Indian film ever]]; later being surpassed by ''Mother India (1957).'' By many sources, it remains one of the top 10 highest-grossing Indian films of all time when adjusted for ticket-price inflation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thombare|first=Suparna|date=2019-07-23|title=Which is the Highest Grossing Indian Film of All Time?|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ten-highest-grossing-bollywood-films-of-all-time-inflation|access-date=2021-09-26|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Himani|date=2018-03-09|title=Highest Grossing Films of Indian Cinema, Ever|url=https://www.indianfilminstitute.org/post/2018/02/21/highest-grossing-films-in-india-inflation-adjusted|access-date=2021-09-26|website=IndianFilmInstitute|language=en}}</ref> It became the [[List of highest-grossing sports films#Timeline of highest-grossing sports films|highest-grossing sports film ever at the time of its release]] and remains [[List of highest-grossing sports films#Sports films by tickets sold|one of the highest ticket-selling sports film]], despite its release only being in India.

==Plot==
The [[Tanga (carriage)|tongawala]] Shankar and the woodcutter Krishna are best friends in a poor village. At a train station, Shankar meets Rajni, who arrives there with her mother and brother. Shankar and Rajni fall in love with each other. At the same time, Krishna also sees Rajni and falls for her.

Kundan from the city arrives in the village and wants to modernize and mechanize the business which he does so by getting an electric saw thus making several workers at the mill lose their jobs. When Shankar and Krishna both come to know that they both love Rajni, they plan on deciding on who will marry her; if Rajni offers white flowers when she goes to the temple, she will marry Shankar and if she offers yellow flowers, she will marry Krishna. Manju, Shankar's sister who is in love with Krishna, hears the conversation and stealthily switches Rajni's yellow flowers with white flowers at the temple. Krishna, who sees Manju switching the flowers, thinks that Shankar has told her to do this and it leads Krishna and Shankar into a fight. The saddened Shankar tells Rajni that he would not have fallen for her if he had known that his friend also loved her. Rajni becomes heartbroken after hearing this and tells him that she can not change her feelings for him, but he can if he wants and goes away.

Kundan introduces a bus in the village thus taking away the tongawalas' livelihood. They ask him to remove it, but he refuses. Shankar says that what he has done is for the betterment of himself only. Kundan, however, tells Shankar that if he can drive his tonga faster than the bus then he will remove the latter. Shankar agrees to do it but the rest of the tongawalas tell him not to as the bus will be faster. Shankar consents to the race and asks for three months to prepare for the race. He makes a plan to build a road, which is six miles shorter than the road which leads to the temple. The disturbed villagers tell Shankar that he has gone mad with his stubbornness and do not support him in making the road, letting him do it alone.

Shankar starts to lose heart when he starts to build the road alone, but Rajni joins him, saying that she will always be with him, which makes Shankar happy. Soon, the rest of the tongawalas join them to build the road. Krishna joins Kundan's side and asks him to help to make sure that the road does not get completed. The villagers, all together, overcome difficulties along the way and finally finish the building. Krishna decides to take things into his own hands and breaks the bridge made by the villagers which was the most important path of the road. Manju sees him doing this and confronts Krishna and tells him that she changed the flowers on her own and not on the words of her brother as she loves him. Krishna on hearing this realises his mistake and starts repairing the bridge immediately with the help of Manju.

Finally, the race takes place with Shankar emerging as the victor. Krishna comes to congratulate Shankar and both friends make up with each other furthermore Shankar and Rajni unite while Krishna and Manju unite with each other.

==Cast==
{{div col begin}}
* [[Dilip Kumar]] as Shankar<ref name=rediff/>
* [[Vyjayanthimala]] as Rajni<ref name=rediff/>
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Krishna<ref name=rediff/>
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Kundan<ref name=rediff/>
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Anjana
* [[Chand Usmani]] as Manju<ref name=rediff/>
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Seth Maganlal
* [[Manmohan Krishna]] as Jumman Dada
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Shankar & Manju's Mother
* [[Prathima Devi (Kannada actress)|Pratima Devi]] as Rajni's Mother
* [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] as Chiku Master
* Radhakishan as Narayan
*[[Moolchand]] as Railway Passenger asking for Horse Cart (Guest Appearance)
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]] as Dancer / Singer in the song "Reshmi Salwar, Kurta Jaali Ka"
* [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]] as Dancer / Singer in the song "Reshmi Salwar, Kurta Jaali Ka"
{{div col end}}

==Production==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} was directed and produced by [[B. R. Chopra]] under his banner B. R. Films, which was established by him in 1955 and had produced the commercially and critically successful family drama ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1956 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'', starring [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Sunil Dutt]], in the next year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20051226-b-r-chopra-great-old-man-of-indian-cinema-788801-2005-12-26 |title=Matinee moghul |date=26 December 2005 |work=[[India Today]] |last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Dwyer |access-date=9 February 2021 }}</ref>

During filming, the {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} production was involved in a highly controversial and widely publicised court case. Initially, the actress [[Madhubala]] was cast as the female lead. An advance payment was given to her and shooting began and continued smoothly for 15 days. [[B.R. Chopra]], the director, wanted the unit to travel to [[Bhopal]] for an extended outdoor shoot. Ataullah Khan, the father of Madhubala, objected to this and claimed that the entire Bhopal schedule was a ruse to give [[Dilip Kumar]] the opportunity to romance his daughter (Kumar and Madhubala were in a relationship at the time). With Madhubala no longer completing the film, Chopra sued for the cash advance she received from him. Madhubala supported her father, while Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father in favour of B.R. Chopra in open court. The case was lost by Madhubala and her father amid much negative publicity. During the case, the film was released and declared a success. Chopra eventually dropped the court case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/flashback-when-dilip-kumar-and-madhubala-dragged-each-other-to-court/17052172|title=Flashback When Dilip Kumar and Madhubala dragged each other to court|date=18 March 2016|work=mid-day|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naya Daur
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[O. P. Nayyar]]<ref name=rediff/>
| cover =
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 15 August 1957
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=69|s=37}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = O. P. Nayyar
| prev_title = [[Mai Baap]]
| prev_year = 1957
| next_title = [[Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]
| next_year = 1957
}}
All the songs were composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], with playback by [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Shamshad Begum]] and S. Balbir.<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/aug/31dinesh.htm |author=Dinesh Raheja|title=Naya Daur: A utopian ideal (film review)|website=Rediff.com website|date=31 August 2002|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
![[Raga]]
|-
| "Aana Hai To Aa" <ref name=rediff/>
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|
|-
| "Dil Leke Daga Denge"
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Main Bambai Ka Babu" <ref name=rediff/>
| Mohammed Rafi
|
|-
| "Yeh Desh Hai Veer Jawanon Ka, Albelon Ka"
| Mohammed Rafi, S. Balbir
|
|-
| "Mangke Saath Tumhara, Maine Mang Liya Sansar" <ref name=rediff/>
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Uden Jab Jab Zulfen Teri, Kunwariyon Ka Dil Machle" <ref name=rediff/>
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Sathi Hath Badhana, Sathi Hath Badhana" <ref name=rediff/>
| Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
|[[Dhani (raga)]]
|-
| "Reshmi Salwar, Kurta Jaali Ka" <ref name=rediff/>
| [[Shamshad Begum]], Asha Bhosle <ref name=rediff/>
|[[Bhairav (raga)]]
|-
| "Ek Deewana Aate Jate"
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
|}
* The lastly mentioned solo song by Asha Bhosle, is neither in the film, nor in the film soundtrack.

===Tamil songs===
All the songs in Tamil were composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]] and lyrics were penned by [[Kambadasan]]. Playback singers are [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Susheela]] and [[T. V. Rathnam]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Vaaraai Neeye, Vaa Potri Vaa" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Dil Leke Daga Denge" || T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Naan Bambaaiyin Baabu" || T. M. Soundararajan
|-
| "Thaainaadu Idhe Veeram Migundhorkke" || T. M. Soundararajan, Seerkazhi Govindarajan
|-
| "Vaazhvil Un Korikkai Pole" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "O! Undhan Mugil Surul En Munkoondhal" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "Vaazhga Vaazhga Paattaaliye" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
|-
| "Angiyodu Nijaar Anindhu Vandhaaye" || T. V. Rathnam, P. Susheela
|-
|}

== Release ==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} collected around {{INR|3.75 crore}}, becoming the [[List of Bollywood films of 1957|second highest-grossing film of 1957]] behind ''[[Mother India]]''.<ref name=boxoffice/> This was equivalent to {{US$|11.34 million|long=no}} in 1957,{{efn|name=RupeeUSD|4.7619 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1951 to 1965<ref name="sauder">{{cite web|title=Pacific Exchange Rate Service|url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|website=[[UBC Sauder School of Business]]|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|page=3|year=2016|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512095429/http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|archive-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} or {{US$|{{Inflation|US|11.34|1957}} million|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:{{Inflation|US|11.34|1957}}*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}})/1000 round 3}} billion}}) adjusted for inflation.

== Critical reception ==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} received positive reviews from critics, with the screenplay and performances gaining the most attention.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050213/spectrum/main3.htm |title=Naya daur second show |last=Gangadhar |first=V. |date=13 February 2005 |work=The Tribune |access-date=8 February 2021 }}</ref> On 13 September 1957, ''[[Filmfare]]'' wrote, "A powerful and vibrantly gripping picture, B. R. Films' {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} is a distinctly successful combination of pertinent social education and moral and top-rate entertainment."<ref name="Filmfare" /> The critic appreciated Kumar's performance and noted that he "[turns] in a portrayal which is utterly magnificent in every phase and mood".<ref name="Filmfare">{{cite news |url=http://film-world.blogspot.com/2013/05/naya-daur-review.html |title="Naya Daur" is a delightful drama highlighted by brilliant music |date=13 September 1957 |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=8 February 2021 }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' called the film "a picture with a purposeful and distinctly impressive theme ... from almost the beginning to the end", saying that it "remains a brilliant, beautiful and very entertaining".<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19571025&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=B. R. Chopra does it again!: Naya Daur |date=25 October 1957 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |page=3 |access-date=8 February 2021 }}</ref> [[Bombay]] (present-day Mumbai) newspaper ''Bharat Jyoti'' found the film to be "one of the most ambitious and unusual subjects ventured in India".<ref name="The Indian Express" /> ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' said that it was "one of the most important films made in this country" at the time.<ref name="The Indian Express" /> A critic from the magazine ''Eve's Weekly'' believed that it "truly a [[Mahatma Gandhi|[Mahatma] Gandhi]] among films".<ref name="The Indian Express" />

''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' saw that Chopra "has delivered a commendable film" with {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}}, and found the film "combines ... purposeful and [picturesque] theme[s]".<ref name="The Indian Express" /> Reviewing it in [[Lucknow]], the daily ''[[The Pioneer (India)|Pioneer]]'' described the film as "the straightforward natural drama [that] develops grip as the story unfolds itself and scales the very height of dramatic expression."<ref name="The Indian Express" /> ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'s}} critic felt that it implied Gandhi's quote, "There is no room for machinery that would displace human labor and concentrate power in a few hands."<ref name="The Indian Express" /> ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' praised the film for "provides wholesome entertainment with a purpose", stating, "{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} is a picture of which the industry should be proud of."<ref name="The Indian Express" /> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted, "What strikes one most in this film is its sense of mission and the remarkable, almost infectious enthusiasm of practically everybody in it ..."<ref name="The Indian Express" />

== Awards ==

; [[5th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Dilip Kumar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Shiv-Hari|O. P. Nayyar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – [[Akhtar Mirza]]

== Re-release ==
{{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}} was colourised<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jun 26, 2003|first=Sharmistha|last=Chatterjee|title=Naya Daur gets coat of colour|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/naya-daur-gets-coat-of-colour/articleshow/44083.cms|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and re-released in 2007, along with the re-release of another film starring Dilip Kumar, ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Apr 30, 2007|first=Ram Kamal|last=Mukherjee|title=Naya Daur in colour|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/naya-daur-in-colour/articleshow/15703253.cms|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> However, this re-release failed commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Feb 8, 2011|first=Meenakshi|last=Sinha|title=Classic in colour: 50 years on, 'Hum Dono' fails to light up BO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/classic-in-colour-50-years-on-hum-dono-fails-to-light-up-bo/articleshow/7449328.cms|access-date=2021-07-07|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Lack of extensive promotion was cited to be the major reason behind the commercial failure.

== Legacy ==
[[Aamir Khan]]'s [[Academy Award]] nominated film ''[[Lagaan]]'' (2001) was inspired by {{Lang|hi-latn|Naya Daur}}.<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web|title=I'm not aware if Big B & SRK have copied me|url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/im-not-aware-if-big-b-srk-have-copied-me-3013.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=30 April 2013|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref><ref name="south">{{cite book|title=South Asian Cinema|date=2001|publisher=South Asian Cinema Foundation|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeVkAAAAMAAJ&q=naya+daur}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0050758}}
* {{BH movie|naya-daur}}
* {{Cite web|first=Dinesh|last=Raheja|date=31 Aug 2002|title=Naya Daur: A Utopian ideal|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/aug/31dinesh.htm|website=Rediff.com}}

{{B. R. Chopra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naya Daur (1957 Film)}}
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 drama films]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1950s sports drama films]]
[[Category:Indian horse racing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Chopra]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by O. P. Nayyar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Films about labour]]

Athiabari

2026-04-20T16:26:40Z

Nina: Stub - done

{{Short description|Village in Baksa district, Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Athiabari
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.5015|90.9988|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Baksa
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| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4234
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781377<ref>{{cite web |title=Pub Athiabari Village in Baska, Baksa, Assam – Info & Details |url=https://villageatlas.com/assam/baksa/baska/pub-athiabari |website=villageatlas.com |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 304162
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Baksa district
| area_total_ha = 276.17
| registration_plate = AS-28
}}
'''Athiabari''' is a census village in [[Baksa district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Ramaṇikā |title=Indigenous Writers of India : Introduction and Contributions |publisher=Published for Ramnika Foundation by Concept Pub. Co |others=Ramaṇikā. Guptā, Ramnika Foundation |year=2006 |isbn=978-818-0692-994 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=V. |title=Indian Folk Medicines and Other Plant-based Products |publisher=Scientific Publishers (India) |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7233-481-9 |location=Jodhpur |pages=134 |language=en}}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Athiabari has a total population of 4,234 people including 2,141 males and 2,093 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Athiabari Village Population |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Baksa/Barnagar_Pt/Athiabari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718014207/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Baksa/Barnagar_Pt/Athiabari |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 18, 2022 |website=indiagrowing.com |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Baksa - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41003/study-description |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717212536/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41003/study-description |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Baksa district]]
{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Committee on Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms

2026-04-20T04:21:16Z

Nina: Created Initial Info More To Come

{{Infobox organization
| name = Committee on Judicial Accountability
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}}
The '''Committee on Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms''' (CJAR) is a group of lawyers in [[India]] who work to improve the accountability of judges.

In 1998 the committee prepared a charge sheet to impeach Justice [[Madan Mohan Punchhi]], and obtained the signatures of 25 [[Rajya Sabha]] MPs. However, Punchhi was appointed Chief Justice of India before the required 50 signatures had been obtained, at which point it became impossible to gain further support for the motion.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.judicialreforms.org/justice_puncchi.htm
|title=Judge Watch on Justice Madan Mohan Puchhi
|publisher=Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|url-status=usurped
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106164303/http://www.judicialreforms.org/justice_puncchi.htm
|archivedate=2010-01-06
}}</ref>

The Committee on Judicial Accountability issued a highly critical report on the Judges Enquiry Bill, 2006, saying of that bill that it "is going to reduce whatever little accountability of Judges remained under the present Judges Enquiry Act". [[Anil B. Divan]] said "The aforementioned new bill is worse than the old Judges Inquiry Act and it needs to be scrapped in toto. This new bill is nothing but a sham".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.judicialreforms.org/files/4%20Comments%20of%20COJA.pdf
|publisher=Judicial Reforms
|title=Comments of the Committee on Judicial Accountability on the Judges Enquiry Bill, 2006
|accessdate=2012-04-29
|url-status=usurped
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105201709/http://www.judicialreforms.org/files/4%20Comments%20of%20COJA.pdf
|archivedate=2009-01-05
}}</ref>

In December 2009 the CJA stated that it considered that recommendations for judicial appointments should only be made after a public debate, including review by members of the bar of the affected high courts. This statement was made in relation to controversy about the appointments of justices [[C. K. Prasad]] and [[P. D. Dinakaran]]. The statement was signed by [[Ram Jethmalani]], [[Shanti Bhushan]], [[Fali Sam Nariman]], [[Anil B. Divan]], [[Kamini Jaiswal]] and [[Prashant Bhushan]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article67521.ece
|work=The Hindu
|title=Promotions should be transparent: judicial accountability panel
|author=J. VENKATESAN
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|date=December 20, 2009}}</ref>
Prashant Bhushan is also the convenor of the Working Committee of the Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.judicialreforms.org/working_committee.htm
|publisher=Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Judicial Reforms
|title=Working Committee
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309020138/http://www.judicialreforms.org/working_committee.htm
|archive-date=2011-03-09
|url-status=usurped
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Chander Pahar (film)

2026-04-18T11:09:00Z

Nina: Created Some Post W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|2013 Indian Bengali film by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}
{{About|the 2013 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]|the 1990 film of the same name|Mountains of the Moon (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chander Pahar
| image = Chander_Pahar_Official_Poster.jpg
| alt = An young man of Indian origin is looking back with a rifle on his shoulder, having a backdrop of jungle, animals, mountain ranges and the logo art of the film
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
| producer = Mahendra Soni Shrikant Mohta
| writer = Bibhutibushan Bandyopadhyay
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Chander Pahar]]''|[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]}}
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Gérard Rudolf]] Martin Cito Otto
| music = [[Indraadip Das Gupta]] & [[Debojyoti Mishra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Debajyoti Mishra's works kept|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news-interviews/45416648_1_chander-pahar-kamaleswar-mukherjee-debajyoti-mishra/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225112659/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-20/news-interviews/45416648_1_chander-pahar-kamaleswar-mukherjee-debajyoti-mishra|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editing = [[Raviranjan Maitra]]
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|20|West Bengal|2013|12|27|India|2014|01|09|Worldwide }}
| runtime = 150:24 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[English language|English]] [[Afrikaans]]
| budget = {{INR|15}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Costliest Tolly film fights the odds- Mountain to climb for chander pahar at box-office|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131220/jsp/calcutta/story_17698775.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223024220/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131220/jsp/calcutta/story_17698775.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|22.50}} crore{{efn|name="Chander PaharBO"|
*Original Release: ₹20 crore (''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''<ref name="sta15Dec2017">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2017 |title=Top 5 Bengali films with good numbers at box office |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bengali_cinema/top-5-bengali-films-with-good-numbers-at-box-office-1502545532.html |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119202754/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bengali_cinema/top-5-bengali-films-with-good-numbers-at-box-office-1502545532.html |url-status=live}}</ref>) – ₹21 crore (''[[Indian Express]]''<ref name="iexpress">{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title='টলিউডের বাদশা'! জিৎ-প্রসেনজিৎকে টেক্কা দিয়ে নয়া 'দুরন্ত' রেকর্ড গড়লেন দেব |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tollywood-actor-dev-sets-new-record-with-projapoti-543675/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=11 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>)
*Final Collection after Re-release in 2024: ₹22.50 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=এবার নিশানা ২০ কোটি! 'বাপ' দেবকে দেখতে থিকথিকে ভিড়, ২৩তম দিনেও বক্স অফিসে হাউজফুল খাদান |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-video-from-his-single-screen-visist-and-khadan-box-office-house-full-in-its-4th-week-31736595760328.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103051219/https://www.msn.com/bn-in/entertainment/movies/khadaan-box-office-dev-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A8/ar-BB1rhrAE |archive-date=3 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=11 January 2025 |language=bn |quote=Final Box Office Collection after Re-release in 2024}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Chander Pahar''''' (released as '''''Mountains of the Moon''''' in English)<ref>{{cite web|title=Mountains Of The Moon|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3300904/|website=IMDb|access-date=22 December 2013}} {{unreliable source?|date=May 2020}}</ref> is a 2013 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action-adventure film]] based on ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' by [[Bengali people|Bengali]] novelist [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], directed by [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] and produced by Mahendra Soni and Shrikant Mohta under the banner of their production house [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. It features Bengali actor [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in the lead role as Shankar. This is the first collaboration between Dev and Mukherjee, the latter having made only two films before: ''Uro Chithi'' and ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''. It was dream project of Late Filmmaker [[Tarun Majumdar]].<ref>[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]</ref>

Principal photography commenced on 20 April 2013.<ref name="Dev and crew" /> The film released on 20 December 2013. The trailer was released on [[Children's Day]] of 2013 at [[Nicco Park]] at 5 pm. This is the first Indian film to be extensively shot in South Africa. ''Chander Pahar'' is one of the most successful films in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]. Critics consider it Dev's most memorable and recognizable work.<ref name="'Chander Pahar' Zee News">{{cite news|title='Chander Pahar' promises adventure shots not seen before|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/chander-pahar-promises-adventure-shots-not-seen-before_146594.html|access-date=24 November 2013|newspaper=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> It is the first film of the ''[[Chander Pahar (franchise)|Chander Pahar]]'' franchise and was followed by ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' in 2017. The film went down as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|fourth highest grossing Bengali film of all time]], surpassed by the sequel, ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]''.

== Plot ==
{{Main|Chander Pahar#Plot summary{{!}}Plot summary of Chander Pahar}}

''Chander Pahar'' is the story of a young Bengali man's adventures in Africa from 1909 to 1910. [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri]] is a 20-year-old man, recently completed his First Arts graduation and about to take up a job in a [[jute]] mill, a prospect he absolutely loathes.

He yearns for adventure, wildlands, forests and animals. He wants to follow the footsteps of famous explorers like [[David Livingstone|Livingstone]], [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]], [[Marco Polo]], all of whom he has read about and idolizes.

By a stroke of luck, he secures a job as a station master in a desolate station in [[Uganda Railway]] through a fellow villager working there and goes to Africa without a second thought. One evening Shankar is chased by a man-eating lion and luckily he reaches his cabin and locks the door. The next day he asks the head stationmaster to provide him with a Springfield bolt-action rifle and carbolic acid as a day before he encounters another hazard in Africa: the poisonous [[black mamba]]. He miffs the black mamba with his torchlight. The next day he gets these things from another fellow Indian, Tirumal Appa, who is serving the British Army.

They quickly strike a rapport and Tirumal visits him often. One day Tirumal becomes a victim of the same man-eating lion. This rages Shankar and he decides to end this peril. He poses as bait by pouring blood on himself and scatters meat chunks. He tempts the lion out of his cave and eventually shoots him down.

He rescues and looks after the middle-age Portuguese explorer and [[gold prospector]], [[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]]. The encounter with Alavarez influences him deeply. Alavarez tells him of his exploits and adventures, how he and his companion Jim Carter had braved deep jungles and mountains of [[Richtersveld]] to find the largest [[diamond mine]]. However, they were thwarted by the legendary [[Bunyip]], a mythical monster who guards the mines and killed Carter.

Shankar gives up his job and accompanies Alvarez as he decides to venture out once more and find the mines again. They meet with innumerable hardships. The first is a raging [[volcano]] which forces them to halt their expedition. One night they were attacked by the monster Bunyip. Eventually, they get lost in the forests where Alvarez is killed by the monster, in an effort to save Shankar's life. Desolated Shankar mourns the death of Alvarez deeply. He buries him with all rites and sets sail towards the mountain of the moon.

Shankar sets out to reach civilization. He finds the diamond mines by accident. He enters the cave and gets lost. With great difficulty, he gets out, marking his way with "pebbles" and taking some back with him as a memento, not knowing each is an uncut diamond. He finds the remains of the Italian explorer, Attilio Gatti, and learns that the cave he found earlier was the diamond mine. Gatti, as Shankar learns from a note by him, had uncut diamonds in his boots. The note said that whoever reads the note can take the diamonds as long as he buries his skeleton, with Christian rites. Shankar does so and keeps the old diamonds.

While crossing the jungle, he comes in contact with the Bunyip's cave. Filled with revenge, he devises a plan to get rid of Bunyip. Shankar collects sticks from the jungle and sharpens their tips into spears. He fences the entrance with sharpened wood and waits for the Bunyip. The Bunyip turns up and, seeing its prey, jumps at it from a height. Shankar moves out and the Bunyip gets pierced on the wood and dies.

Shankar tries to move out by following the compass. He becomes lost in the deserts of [[Kalahari]] and nearly dies of thirst. Fortunately, he is rescued by a survey team and taken to a hospital in [[Harare|Salisbury]], [[Rhodesia]]. When he recovers he sells four of his diamonds and for much money. One diamond he sends to his parents with a note to sell it and help the villagers with its money. Next, he sells his sole diamond and buys a steamer boat to continue his exploration.

He ends by saying that he will return to that cave one day with a large team and continue the legacy of Alvarez, Carter and Gatti.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri]], the protagonist
* [[Gérard Rudolf]] as [[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]]<ref name="Shooting in Africa" />
* [[Wonderboom (band)#Members|Martin Cito Otto]] as Jim Carter
* Nabeel Khan as Tirumal Appa
* Paul Ditchfield as Jacobus Marius
* [[Andrew Stock]] as [[Attilio Gatti]]
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Shankar's mother
* Tamal Roy Chowdhury as Shankar's father
* [[David James (actor, born 1972)|David James]] as Albuquerque
* Peter Moruakgomo as Zulu Chief
* Matthew Monika as Zulu King
* Rafiq Jibhay as Patel
* Keith Gendagoo as Prasad Das
* Luthuli Dlamini as Dan Mabiru
* Ramambila Muladelo as Masai Chief
* [[Debika Mitra]] as Shankar's relative (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "The film is about a young Bengali man and his adventures in South Africa. The story is set in 1909-1910. This time around, Kamal Da shot the early years of Shankar's life and for that, I had to gain few kilos to look like a typical bhodro-Bangali chhele. From my getup (dhuti-panjabi and jhola) to body language to the hairstyle – everything had to reflect the era Shankar hailed from. Trust me, it wasn't easy at all. Shankar loves adventure, forests and animals. The director wanted to see that passion in my eyes."
| source = — [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], sharing his experience on playing the role of [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri|Shankar]], the protagonist of ''[[Chander Pahar]]''<ref name="Shankar instead of Dev" />
| align = right
| width = 45%
}}

Director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] mentioned ''Chander Pahar'' as his "dream project". But he even compared the project to a "double-edged sword" as he realised the challenges while looking for locations in South Africa for a month.<ref name="Shooting in Africa" /> When [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] agreed to produce the film, they wanted a big star in the lead. As a result, it was decided that actor [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] would play the role of [[Shankar Ray Choudhuri|Shankar]].

For this very special project, Kamaleshwar has a [[Maasai language|Maasai]] proverb in mind: "If you are not living on the edge, you are taking up too much space."<ref name="Filming" /> He added that he was lucky enough as [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], author of ''[[Chander Pahar]]'', had such a fertile imagination that, without having visited Africa, he had a clear idea about the landscape.<ref name="Shooting in Africa" /> Even Dev said that the shooting of ''Chander Pahar'' was going to be the most exciting few days of his life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dev on Chander Pahar |url=http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/devs-next-chander-pahar-with-kamaleshwar/ |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329145517/http://www.filmz24.com/bengali/devs-next-chander-pahar-with-kamaleshwar/ |archive-date=29 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
A source close to the ''Chander Pahar'' unit revealed that the production house wanted a big star to play Shankar, the adventurer protagonist. At the beginning, [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata]]'s names had come up.<ref name="Filming">{{cite news|title=Kamaleshwar Mukherjee on the filming of Chander Pahar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Film-on-Chander-Pahar/etarticleshow/17305162.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232733/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-21/news-interviews/35256844_1_bengali-film-kamaleswar-mukherjee-hollywood-film|url-status=live|archive-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> However, [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] later said that Dev was in his and the producer's ([[Shree Venkatesh Films]]) minds from the beginning. They needed an athletic body for the role of [[Shankar Roy Chowdhury (character)|Shankar]] because in the book it is mentioned that Shankar was into boxing and he knew horse riding and swimming. Dev was learning horse riding and he is good at action scenes. Therefore, finally, he was chosen to be cast as Shankar. Dev also agreed to do that as he was brought the offer. But he was asked to lose weight because, in the latter part of the film, Shankar fights with lions, walks through jungles and mountains, and almost starves.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamaleshwar Mukherjee at South Africa |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130109/jsp/entertainment/story_16416937.jsp#.UVmw_hdTDbQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114174625/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130109/jsp/entertainment/story_16416937.jsp#.UVmw_hdTDbQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2013|access-date=2 April 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref> Regarding the character, Dev said, "[[Shankar Roy Chowdhury (character)|Shankar]], the protagonist, was an athlete and a boxer. He never flinches from any challenge or danger. Be it fighting the African lion or duelling on the cliff, and that too without a body double."<ref name="'Chander Pahar' Zee News" />

Most of the cast members of ''Chander Pahar'' are from South Africa. It took a lot of time to decide who was going to play the role of [[Diego Alvarez (character)|Diego Alvarez]], the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer, who has a supporting role. It was later disclosed that, among others, South African actor [[Gérard Rudolf]] has been assigned the role of Alvarez. He even has a dialogue in Bengali, where he tells [[Shankar Roy Chowdhury (character)|Shankar]], "Ishwar Tomar Mongol Korun" (meaning, God Bless You).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Gerard-Rudolf-talks-about-playing-Devs-mentor/articleshow/20306185.cms|title=Gerard Rudolf talks about playing Dev's mentor|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref>

Kamaleshwar Mukherjee said that he was sending a translated version of the script to the actors and added that, they were so professional that they had already read up about ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' on the [[Internet]].<ref name="Shooting in Africa" />

=== Budget ===
{{quote box
| width = 30em
| align = right
| quote = "''Many directors wanted to make this film earlier. But they simply could not make it due to a lack of budget. This is the reason why I want to thank Shrikant''da'' (Producer Shrikant Mohta) for financing this film. The film is made on a whopping fifteen crore budget. The cost is a big factor in the making of this film. There is a lion in the film which was acquired for six lakh rupees per day. Hence without a good budget, making ''Chander Pahar'' was impossible.''"<ref name="Exclusive first look and trailer launch" />
| source = —[[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], in an interview speaking about the budgeting of ''Chander Pahar''.
}}

The budget of ''Chander Pahar'' was the highest in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]] till its release in 2013. The film is produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and is shot at locations in Africa. It was reportedly being made with a budget of nearly {{INRConvert|150|m|year=2013}} — making it one of the most expensive in the Bengali film industry. The film would reportedly incorporate [[computer-generated imagery]] and visual effects at par with Hollywood and [[Bollywood]] standards.

For [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], ''Chander Pahar'' marked the latest in a series of adventure films. According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', it will be high-budget and have computer graphics that no one has seen before in a Bengali film.<ref name="Filming" /> It was also reported that the production costs suddenly went up by {{INRConvert|10|m}} more than that was estimated, during the second schedule of filming.<ref name="Tollywood divided over new rule">{{cite web|title=Tollywood divided over new rule|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/bengali/news-interviews/Tollywood-divided-over-new-rule/articleshow/22662941.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Filming ===

''Chander Pahar'' was filmed for 45 days in South Africa.<ref name="'Chander Pahar' Zee News" /> Before the filming, [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] threw a party on 31 March 2013 at [[Kolkata]], much before 20 April, the day when shooting was scheduled to start. Upon questioning, he said, "Before the shooting of the film which contains a large number of risks, team ''Chander Pahar'' wanted a party with the presence of all the crew and artists. Who knows if anyone doesn't come back forever! Everyone's life is at stake."

It was the first time in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] that a film is made with so much of risks and challenges. [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] said, "''Chander Pahar'' is going to be the biggest challenge in my life and I'm not afraid. Being afraid will mean no shooting for the project."<ref name="Dev and crew">{{cite news|title=Chander Pahar facts|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1130325/25ananda-plus1.html|access-date=2 April 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231145846/http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1130325/25ananda-plus1.html|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Sequence with African lions ====

''Chander Pahar'' has of a sequence in which six [[Lion|African lions]] chase [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]. Though a lot of scenes involve risks, the crew was very tense about this particular scene. The chase sequence was filmed at an animal farm for three days. During this scene, the director and [[cinematographer]] stayed in an open cage with three sides closed. The distance between Dev and the lions was measured by the examiner of the lions. Pieces of meat were used to tempt them. Dev had to run as the director said "Action", with six lions chasing him. Then he had to enter the cage while running and the opening of the cage was shut immediately. According to the director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]], lions are very lazy and don't even get up for four days after having a meal. The lions used were not given food for three days.<ref name="Dev and crew" /> After this shot, Dev said, "During my shoot with the lion, I went closer than what director Kamaleswar Mukhopadhyay had wanted. And he reprimanded me on this count."<ref name="'Chander Pahar' Zee News" />

==== Sequence with Black mamba ====
[[File:চাঁদের পাহাড় Page-41.jpg|thumb|Picture of Shankar facing a Black mamba in the [[Chander Pahar|original book]].]]
The novel ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' has a story where the protagonist Shankar has a face-to-face experience with Africa's most deadliest snake, [[Black mamba]]. The shooting included a real Black mamba. Director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] said that the local people were telling the pre-production team how the Black mamba had bitten at least someone of the crew of a film in 80% of shooting cases. The most threatening fact was that the venom of Black mamba cannot be taken out. Thus, the shooting of ''Chander Pahar'' has a life-threatening sequence with a venomous snake. Mukherjee added that the largest risk in this sequence will be of the [[cinematographer]], Soumik Haldar, who confidently said that he will be positively doing his work since he had already decided to do that. It was later revealed that to prevent risk, a glass sheet was over the snake and the camera so that, if the snake attacks, the sheet will be dropped.<ref name="Dev and crew" />

==== Shooting spot ====

There were life-threatening risks with the other 35 artists. The [[grassland]], where the shooting took place is very dangerous, is full of snakes; most of the crew was afraid. Abhishek Daga, the executive producer said that [[Phenol|carbolic acid]] will be used where the shooting will take place, and everyone will wear ankle-high boots. Also, during the chase sequence with the lions, the entire shooting spot will be fenced with [[electric fence]]s so that giraffes or [[deer]] don't enter the set as that can prove dangerous.

Small base camps were made for the shooting, where the crew members stayed. They were surrounded by electric fences because lions may destroy them if angry and it has occurred before. Other than lions and [[Black mamba]], shooting featured other wild animals such as [[Python (genus)|Python]], [[hyena]], [[crocodile]], [[cheetah]], [[hippopotamus]], [[Bitis arietans|Puff adder]], [[Viperidae|viper]] and wild [[scorpion]]s, some of which are extremely venomous. "Every animal will be shot real and alive with no use of [[computer graphics]]!" said Dev.

A 22-year-old Bengali boy named Sundar trained the hyenas. There is so much risk in the shooting that the crew is bound to keep mobile phones and ambulances so that they can be taken to a hospital. Even it is said that [[helicopters]] would be kept so that no time is wasted.<ref name="Dev and crew" />

==== Sequence with African elephants ====

The film had featured a chase sequence with six [[African elephants]]. "The local people said that the sequence with African elephants is even riskier than those with African lions and [[Black mamba]]. If the elephants somehow get angry, no one will return alive!" said [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]. The favorite thing about African elephants is oranges: Oranges were thrown towards the sky from a distance to attract their attention. As the elephants will run to get the oranges, [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] has to run preceding them. Kamaleshwar added, "The local [[Stunt performer|stuntmen]] assured us that there is nothing to fear. Once they raise their hands and tell the elephants to stop, the herd of elephants will stop immediately."<ref name="Dev and crew" />

==== Other risks ====

There were other scenes regarding which the crew members were worried initially. The production team said that the place in the Kalahari Desert where the film was shot is nearly 300 km from their hotel; the team had to cover 600 km regularly during the shoot. "The most dangerous thing is that we have to return to the presence of daylight. Otherwise, we cannot return once there is darkness over the red desert. The place is so impassable that there is no sign of roads. We will get lost. Over that, the day temperature there is 50 degrees. And the night temperature is 4 degrees," said [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] before the filming.

Other than the Kalahari Desert part, the film features actor [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in a [[rock climbing]] sequence. It was shot at such a mountain that, if one fell, he would go down 500 feet. There is also a sequence of Dev inside an old cave with a [[Python (genus)|Python]].<ref name="Dev and crew" />

It was reported that the ''Chander Pahar'' team had to face a [[Mozambique spitting cobra]] while shooting a scene.<ref name="Venkatesh Films 4 December 2013 status update">{{cite web|title=Venkatesh Films December 4, 2013 status update|url=https://twitter.com/VenkateshFilms/status/408235618859114496|publisher=Twitter|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>

==== Other precautions ====

* For the full shooting, [[life insurance]] for {{INRConvert|50|m}} was made for [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]].
* Use of sunglasses, [[deodorant]], and [[aftershave]] was strictly prohibited at shooting as it may disturb the wild animals.
* Smoking is strictly prohibited as a preventive to [[wildfire|forest fires]].
* The weight of the lions will be over 150 kg and their height will be 3 feet.
* No wild animal can be used for shooting for over 2 hours.
* Eating any sorts of non-veg food items and even using [[tomato sauce]] is forbidden as their scent may distract the wild animals.
* [[Electric fences]] should surround every shooting location.
* [[Phenol|Carbolic acid]] should be used in every shooting location to prevent the entry of snakes.<ref name="Dev and crew" />
* The film used original models of weapons like [[M1903 Springfield|Springfield Bolt Action]], [[Winchester Rifle|Winchester Repeater]], [[Gewehr 1888|Gewehr 88 Mauser]], [[Colt Single Action Army#The Colt Frontier Six Shooter|Colt Six Shooter]], [[Boot knife|boot knives]] and [[axe]], among others.

==== Locations ====
[[File:Maluti.jpg|thumb|right|[[Drakensberg Mountains]], where some portions were shot. In the novel, [[Richtersveld]] mountains were mentioned. Director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] instead used [[Drakensberg Mountains]] for the purpose.]]
For the filming of ''Chander Pahar'', the team camped at places in South Africa for a month. Some places near [[Johannesburg]] were finalised. Other places where filming took place include the jungles of [[Mpumalanga]], [[Elands River (Mpumalanga)|Elands River]] valley, [[Blyde River Canyon]], [[Kruger National Park]], mountains of [[Drakensberg]] and the [[Kalahari Desert]]. The film was also shot in Kenya and Uganda. Locations within [[West Bengal]] include [[Bolpur]], where the portions of Shankar's village and home were shot.<ref name="Shankar instead of Dev">{{cite news|title=People called me Shankar instead of Dev: Dev|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/news-interviews/43731226_1_chander-pahar-dev-bolpur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120053503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-06/news-interviews/43731226_1_chander-pahar-dev-bolpur|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 November 2013|access-date=24 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] said,

<blockquote>"Near Johannesburg and the province of Mpumalanga, there are forests, streams and game parks that are quite spectacular, which would be great on screen. Once we'd decided on the locations in and around Kruger National Park, my directorial team set out for the mountains of Drakensberg and the deserts of Kalahari. Drakensberg has numerous valleys, water bodies and trails that could serve for the famous [[Richtersveld]] Mountains described in the novel. The Sentinel peak and [[KwaZulu-Natal]] offer brilliant vistas, but visually, the Kalahari is the most stunning. Like all deserts, the temperature varies from 51°C in the day to 5°C in the evening. About 17 years ago, an Italian film was shot there and since then the furious desert hasn't witnessed a camera. There is one single lodging facility about three hours away from the core area. But we will shoot there anyway."
<ref name="Shooting in Africa">{{cite news|title=Chander Pahar crew at South Africa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Kamaleswars-African-safari/etarticleshow/18852456.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617065639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-08/news-interviews/37560813_1_black-mamba-dev-shankar|url-status=live|archive-date=17 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

==== Tribes ====

A number of tribes of Africa are shown in this film: [[Swahili people|Swahilis]], [[Somali people|Somalis]], [[Maasai people|Maasais]], [[Northern Ndebele people|Matabeles]] and [[Zulu people|Zulus]].<ref name="Shooting in Africa" />

=== Visual effects ===

Some special scenes were made with the help of [[computer graphics]]. The most notable of these is the eruption of the [[volcano]] and the sequence featuring the [[monster]] called [[Bunyip]].<ref name="Shooting in Africa" />

== Soundtrack ==
Initially, composer [[Debojyoti Mishra]], who had earlier worked in [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]'s ''Uro Chithi'' and ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' was signed to compose the film score for ''Chander Pahar''. But just before a few days of the film's release, he was replaced by [[Indraadip Das Gupta]]. Producer Shrikant Mohta stated the reason that Debojyoti's music didn't quite suit the film well and that's why they were bound to approach Indraadip.

According to Indraadip, the producers did approach him and asked him that how long he would take to compose the film score for a film, to which he replied that it could be done in 4 days. He added, "Then, I was asked to work on ''Chander Pahar''. I was astounded since it's a big-canvas story. While ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]'' was quite a challenge, this is an even bigger task. I will have to work on the background score and the title track apart from a few other pieces of music. I spoke to my team and they gave their nod. I'll have to work extra hard to complete the score as the film's release is nearing."

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 6:32
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics1 = Srijato
| title1 = Chander Pahar
| all_music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| all_lyrics = [[Srijato]]
| all_writing =
| length10 =
| total_length = 6:32
| headline = Track listing
}}

==Release==

===Marketing===

====First look and trailer====

Though by early 2013, the production house had yet not released any official poster of ''Chander Pahar'', a large number of unofficial posters designed by graphic designers were promoted in social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, featuring only [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in the foreground and background somewhat similar to the official [[cover art]] of the novel. It was later found out that some of these were unofficial versions and morphed screenshots from the 2011 Australian movie ''[[The Hunter (2011 Australian film)|The Hunter]]''. {{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

On 14 November 2013, during the occasion of [[Children's Day]], the first theatrical trailer of the film was released by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], at the [[Nicco park|Kolkata Nicco park]].<ref name="Exclusive first look and trailer launch">{{cite web|title=Exclusive first look and trailer launch of film Chander Pahar held on Children's Day|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/114853813-exclusive-first-look-and-trailer-launch-film-chander-pahar-held-children-s-day|publisher=[[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet]]|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=29 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129075544/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/114853813-exclusive-first-look-and-trailer-launch-film-chander-pahar-held-children-s-day|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Team Chander Pahar reveals its first look on children's day">{{cite web|title=Team Chander Pahar reveals its first look on children's day|url=http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/team-chander-pahar-reveals-its-first-look-on-childrens-day.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224005/http://tollywoodhamaka.com/news/team-chander-pahar-reveals-its-first-look-on-childrens-day.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2013|publisher=Tollywood Dhamaka|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> Upon its release, the trailer went viral on the web and managed to receive 32,000+ viewers on YouTube on the first day itself.<ref name="Venkatesh Films 15 November 2013 status update">{{cite web|title=Venkatesh Films November 15, 2013 status update|url=https://twitter.com/VenkateshFilms/status/401355685952110593|publisher=Twitter|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> Soon, the trailer got 100,000+ viewers in just 3 days, which was the first for any Bengali film.<ref name="Dev 18 November 2013 status update">{{cite web|title=Dev November 18, 2013 status update|url=https://twitter.com/idevadhikari/status/402316678169509888|publisher=Twitter|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>

Apart from these, back to back episodes were released by Shree Venkatesh Films at their official YouTube channel for promotion, under the name of 'Chander Pahar Diaries', which provided various glimpses of the filming:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode No.
! Title
! Release date
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| Gerard Rudolf
| 28 November 2013
|<ref name="Episode 01">{{cite web|title=Chander Pahar Diaries: Episode 01| website=[[YouTube]] | date=28 November 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6YycyghTn8|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| Lion The King Part I
| 29 November 2013
|<ref name="Episode 02">{{cite web|title=Chander Pahar Diaries: Episode 02| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCYefk0YmnM|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| Columbus Vs Shankar Part I
| 30 November 2013
|<ref name="Episode 03">{{cite web|title=Chander Pahar Diaries: Episode 03| website=[[YouTube]] | date=30 November 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaEHeEkcGaM|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| Columbus Vs Shankar Part II
| 2 December 2013
|<ref name="Episode 04">{{cite web|title=Chander Pahar Diaries: Episode 04| website=[[YouTube]] | date=2 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iT_9c7ks2SM|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| African Food Safari
| 3 December 2013
|<ref name="Episode 05">{{cite web|title=Chander Pahar Diaries: Episode 05| website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NcvuQXikeU|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| The Tribes - Zulu & Massai
| 4 December 2013
|<ref name="Episode 06">{{cite web|title=Chander Pahar Diaries: Episode 06| website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xjk86dJc7eI|access-date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
|}

====Release====

''Chander Pahar'' was released on 22 December 2013 in nearly 200 theaters in West Bengal, which was the widest released Bengali film in that state at that point.

==Reception==
''Chander Pahar'' received overwhelming response from the critics and audiences both. The film received positive reviews.

[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]] gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said "It's give a feels like ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life Of Pi]]''". They wrote "Our Tollywood voyagers may have arrived two centuries after the African explorer, but they haven't missed his advice. So there's much effort and a lot of sweat in Chander Pahar. Bullets fly, lions roar, spiders crawl. The director and the actor do their best: marching, plodding, running, galloping — but sadly, never really soaring with the film."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chander Pahar Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chander-pahar/movie-review/27714311.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Anandabazar Patrika]] gave 8.5 stars out of 10 and stated this film as "The [[Sholay]] of Bengali Film"<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা -anandaplus-entertainment-music-reviews-interviews |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1131227/27ananda-plus2.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=archives.anandabazar.com}}</ref> [[Ebela|E Bela Patrika]] gave 8 stars out of 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-24 |title=Details |url=http://www.ebela.in/details/14199-15311281.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224073228/http://www.ebela.in/details/14199-15311281.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> [[Box Office India]] and [[The Daily Star (Oneonta)|The Daily Star]] called this as the "New Boundary of Indian Cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-03 |title=Over The Moon {{!}} Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/over-the-moon/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103044517/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/over-the-moon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Ei Samay Sangbadpatra|Ei Samay]] wrote "Most of all (though the book and film are different mediums) fictional Shankar doesn't get bogged down in reality. Screenwriter and director Kamleswar Mukhopadhyay weaves them in with a deft hand."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=Details |url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=8516&boxid=161644453 |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122855/http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=8516&boxid=161644453 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

[[Anjan Dutt]] of [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] wrote "To me it looks and feels far bigger than a 15 crore project. Far glorious than many bigger budget Hindi adventures I have ever seen. When I read Chander Pahar for the first time I felt very proud to be a Bong. But buddy, Kamaleswar, I felt a greater pride to be part of this Bong industry after watching Chander Pahar. It raises the bar. The crux of the review folks is that whether you are a Bong or not, if you live in Bengal, Chander Pahar is a must watch. If you do not you will perhaps miss history. If you wait to watch it on the small screen or DVD, it would be like listening to a live Ravi Shankar on a cheap tape recorder."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Chander pahar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/review-chander-pahar/cid/229999 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

USA based magazine [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] wrote "The movie's heart is clearly in the right place; writer-director Mukherjee honors his characters for being loyal and tolerant, and he clearly has a feeling for the beauty of the African countryside. He takes his camera and his plucky actors up one mountain after another, framing them against golden landscapes that seem to go on forever."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chute |first=David |date=2014-01-12 |title=Film Review: 'Chander Pahar' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/global/film-review-chander-pahar-1201049637/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[The Washington Post]] wrote "Director Kamaleswar Mukherjee shot the film primarily in South Africa, and the vistas and animals are breathtaking. In some ways, the movie feels like an excuse to go to Africa and film wildlife. The source material ends up shoehorned between splashy images of springboks and hippos, and any gaps are filled with CGI. But when adapting an acclaimed book, it's probably smart to let the plot steal the show."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Merry |first=Stephanie |date=2014-01-09 |title='Chander Pahar' movie review |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/chander-pahar-movie-review/2014/01/08/2faa50e0-74a5-11e3-8b3f-b1666705ca3b_story.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

==Box office==
''Chander Pahar'' was released on 20 December 2013 along with the challenge of ''[[Dhoom 3]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Dhoom-3-Chander-Pahar-smash-records-in-Kolkata/articleshow/27872061.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230183716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-25/kolkata/45561151_1_chander-pahar-aamir-khan-katrina-kaif-abhishek-bachchan-dhoom-3|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-12-30|title=Chander pahar and Dhoom 3|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As it is a festival time release, Chander Pahar beat Dhoom 3 in [[Kolkata]] and Eastern India. The first day collection of Chander Pahar in [[West Bengal]] is about {{INRConvert|90|l|year=2013}} by breaking the previous highest records of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/chander-pahar-creates-a-buzz-4143|title=Chander pahar creates a buzz |website=www.thedailystar.net|date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> In Sunday the film collect 1 crore which was the highest collection ever in a single day at that time. It had a collection of {{INR}}4.83 [[crore]] in the first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/over-the-moon/|title=Chander Pahar Box office|work=Box Office India|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103044517/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/over-the-moon/|archive-date=3 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Chander-Pahar-scales-new-heights/articleshow/28157750.cms|title='Chander Pahar' scales new heights|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 Dec 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/chander-pahar-makes-waves-114011000026_1.html|title=Chander Pahar makes waves|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=10 Jan 2014}}</ref> The film completed 100 days in Bengal Box Office. The film overall gross collection is 25 crore including the satellite value while Dhoom 3 collected 12 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Dev-celebrates-100-days-ofticleshow/33020679.cms|title=Dev celebrates 100 days of Chander Pahar|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chander Pahar (Over Rs.20 crore) |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/highest-grossing-bengali-movies/chander-pahar-over-rs-20-crore/photostory/65320319.cms |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Film become highest grosser of that year and second highest grossing Bengali film of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Highest grossing Bengali movies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/highest-grossing-bengali-movies/photostory/65320340.cms |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award name !! Result
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards East]] for [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Film|Best Film – Bengali]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/filmfare-awards/60th-vivel-filmfare-awards-2013-east/winners-60th-vivel-filmfare-awards-2013-east/articleshow/33020717.cms|title=Winners: 60th Vivel Filmfare Awards 2013 (East)|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> || {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards East]] for Best Director – Bengali - [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards East]] for Best Actor Male – Bengali - ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]) || {{nom}}
|-
| Tollywood National Award for Best film || {{won}}
|-
| Tollywood National Award for Best film in critics || {{won}}
|-
| Tollywood National Award for Best Actor (Male) ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]) || {{won}}
|-
| Star Jalsha Entertainment Award for Best Film of the year || {{won}}
|-
| Star Jalsha Entertainment Award for Best Actor ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]) || {{won}}
|-
| Zee Bangla Gourab Somman Awards for Biggest Superhit film of the year || {{won}}
|-
| Zee Bangla Gourab Somman Awards for Best Actor (Male) ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]) || {{won}}
|-
| Zee Bangla Gourab Somman Awards for Best Director [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] || {{won}}
|-
| Kalakar Awards for Best Actor ([[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]) || {{won}}
|-
| Kalakar Awards for Best Film || {{won}}
|-
| Kalakar Awards for Best Director ([[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]) || {{won}}
|}

==Sequel==
{{main|Amazon Obhijaan}}

After the success of Chander Pahar a sequel was made as ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' which was released on 22 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Dev-Kamaleswar-planning-Chander-Pahar-sequel/articleshow/47655129.cms|title=Dev, Kamaleswar planning Chander Pahar sequel!|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5125414/|website=[[IMDb]]|title=Amazon Obhijaan}} {{unreliable source?|date=May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/article/amazon-obhijaan-trailer-dev-chander-pahar-sequel-shankar-roy-chowdhury/137214|title=Amazon Obhijaan trailer: From anacondas to panthers, this Bengali movie is making Twitter go WOW|publisher=[[Times Now]]|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijaan-trailer-devs-film-marks-monumental-feat-for-bengali-film-industry-4237399.html|title=Amazon Obhijaan trailer: Dev's film marks monumental feat for Bengali film industry|work=Firstpost|access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|List of highest-grossing Bengali films]]
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|3300904}}
* {{Official website|http://svf.in/chnaderpahar}}

{{Chander_Pahar}}
{{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}
{{Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Harare in fiction]]
[[Category:Films scored by Indradeep Dasgupta]]
[[Category:Films scored by Debojyoti Mishra]]
[[Category:Films set in Uganda]]
[[Category:Films set in Rhodesia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gauteng]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mpumalanga]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2010s action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in 1909]]
[[Category:Films set in 1910]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films set in the Kalahari Desert]]
[[Category:Lost world films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Western (genre) films]]

Chamaraja Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:46:57Z

Nina: Created Basic Details Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chamaraja
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 217
| map_image = 217-Chamaraja constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| established = 1978
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:246297}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[K. Harish Gowda]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = L. Nagendra
}}
[[File:Chamaraja Vidhana Sabha Constituency.jpg|thumb|Chamaraja Vidhana Sabha Constituency Map]]
[[File:ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY MAP - MYSORE DISTRICT.pdf|thumb|Assembly Constituencies of Mysore district]]
'''Chamaraja Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] and it is located in city of Mysuru in [[Karnataka]] in southern India. It is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. Chamaraja is also a part of [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chamaraja Assembly constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chamaraja.html|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2019|title=In photos: Grand Dasara celebrations at Mysore Palace|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/photos/news/in-photos-grand-dasara-celebrations-at-mysore-palace/photostory/71503435.cms}}</ref> [[Mysore Palace]], which is in the Chamaraja area, is a famous tourist attraction, and is known for its Dasara celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chamaraja.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chamaraja Assembly constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008|website=www.eci.nic.in}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || [[Kalastavadi Puttaswamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1978 elections in India#Karnataka|1978 By-election]] || B. N. Kengegowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || H. Kempegowda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || K. Kempere Gowda
|-
| [[1986 elections in India#Karnataka|1986 By-election]] {{efn|Death of K. Kempere Gowda}} || P. M. Chikkaboraiah
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. Harsha Kumar Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="4" | H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Vasu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || L. Nagendra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[K. Harish Gowda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Harish Gowda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,931 |percentage = 48.42% |change = {{increase}}22.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Nagendra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 68,837 |percentage = 45.70% |change = {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Ramesh (Ravi). M. B. A |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,549 |percentage = 3.02% |change = {{decrease}}16.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,181 |percentage = 0.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabha Nandish |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 907 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,094 |percentage = 2.72% |change = {{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,544 |percentage = 61.53% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,615}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,297 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. Nagendra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,683 |percentage = 36.77% |change = {{increase}}20.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,747 |percentage = 26.14% |change = {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Rangappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,284 |percentage = 19.41% |change = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. Harish Gowda]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,282 |percentage = 15.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,936 |percentage = 10.63% |change = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,622 |percentage = 59.67% |change = {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 140,554}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,672 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,930 |percentage = 26.10% |change = {{decrease}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 29,015 |percentage = 18.06% |change = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. Nagendra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 26,168 |percentage = 16.29% |change = {{decrease}}25.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shabbir Mohammed Musthafa |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 4,601 |percentage = 2.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aruna Gowda. M |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 4,399 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,915 |percentage = 8.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,078 |percentage = 55.46% |change = {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,641}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,475 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}15.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,243 |percentage = 41.94% |change = {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,844 |percentage = 33.03% |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Prathap |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,806 |percentage = 19.72% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Lakshmana |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,855 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashidhar. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,012 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Suresh Babu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 903 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shafeeq Ahamed |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 803 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,399 |percentage = 8.91% |change = {{decrease}}10.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,503 |percentage = 51.17% |change = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,497}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,169 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,193 |percentage = 50.74% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraju S. (Sandesh Nagaraju) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,416 |percentage = 31.11% |change = {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umashankara |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,609 |percentage = 14.09% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayaprakash. S |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,676 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nataraju |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 681 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,777 |percentage = 19.63% |change = {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,273 |percentage = 48.85% |change = {{decrease}}8.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,273}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,083 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,733 |percentage = 55.69% |change = {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,412 |percentage = 30.18% |change = {{increase}}16.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Druvakumar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,931 |percentage = 12.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Ramegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 785 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Binnukumara |party = Independent politician |votes = 650 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,321 |percentage = 25.51% |change = {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,523 |percentage = 57.45% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,511}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 12 |percentage = 0.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,354 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,620 |percentage = 40.23% |change = {{increase}}34.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Basavegowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,937 |percentage = 24.59% |change = {{decrease}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Madegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,406 |percentage = 15.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Harsha Kumar Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,875 |percentage = 13.41% |change = {{decrease}}29.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Bhami. V. Shenoy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,267 |percentage = 2.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Vishwanath |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,926 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,683 |percentage = 15.64% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,302 |percentage = 55.22% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,081}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,221 |percentage = 1.48% |change = {{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,047 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Harsha Kumar Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,514 |percentage = 42.43% |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Basavegowda |party = Janata Dal |votes = 20,408 |percentage = 27.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Shankaralinge Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,466 |percentage = 11.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Chikkaboraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,146 |percentage = 10.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Mythili |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,363 |percentage = 5.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhami Shenoy. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 580 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,106 |percentage = 14.95% |change = {{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,629 |percentage = 55.00% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,271}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,358 |percentage = 4.33% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,147 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1986 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1986 elections in India#Karnataka|1986 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. M. Chikkaboraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,583 |percentage = 54.24% |change = {{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. K. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,724 |percentage = 39.70% |change = {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,171 |percentage = 4.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,859 |percentage = 14.54% |change = {{decrease}}15.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,164}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempere Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 32,077 |percentage = 61.36% |change = {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Harsha Kumar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,265 |percentage = 31.11% |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Basavaraju |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,562 |percentage = 4.90% |change = {{decrease}}19.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Narasimhaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 712 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,812 |percentage = 30.25% |change = {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,882 |percentage = 50.80% |change = {{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,276}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 606 |percentage = 1.15% |change = {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,093 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.84 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Kempegowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,967 |percentage = 48.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttegowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,932 |percentage = 24.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Kengegowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,601 |percentage = 23.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 688 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Peer Mohammed Safiulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 518 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Vimala |party = Independent politician |votes = 342 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,035 |percentage = 24.28% |change = {{increase}}23.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,669 |percentage = 57.85% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,568}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,101 |percentage = 2.17% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,589 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 elections in India#Karnataka|1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Kengegowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 20,234 |percentage = 49.96% |change = {{increase}}9.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempere Gowda |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,833 |percentage = 48.97% |change = {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 436 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 401 |percentage = 0.99% |change = {{decrease}}13.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,503}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chamaraja <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kalastavadi Puttaswamy]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,524 |percentage = 54.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. N. Kengegowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 18,103 |percentage = 40.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Thimmaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,489 |percentage = 3.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,421 |percentage = 14.28% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,968 |percentage = 64.28% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,969}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 999 |percentage = 2.17% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,516 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mysore City South Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore City North Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore Taluk Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mysore South]]
* [[Mysore district]]
* [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.309|76.656|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Karnataka]]

Bhoota (ghost)

2026-04-16T16:00:22Z

Nina: New - done

{{Short description|Spirit of a deceased person in South and South East Asia}}
{{Other uses|Bhoot (disambiguation)}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten beeld van een demon TMnr 15-178.jpg|thumb|[[Balinese people|Balinese]] depiction of a ''bhoota'' in the form of a wooden statue, now kept in the [[Wereldmuseum]], [[Rotterdam]]]]
{{Paranormal}}
A '''''bhoota''''' ({{langx|sa|भूत}}, ''bhūta'') is a supernatural creature, usually the [[ghost]] of a deceased person, in the popular culture, literature and some ancient texts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="ref88muliq">{{Citation | title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 | author=Britannica | author2=Dale Hoiberg | author3=Indu Ramchandani | publisher=Popular Prakashan, 2000 | isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kpd9lLY_0-IC | quote=''... Bhut also spelt bhoot, in Hindu mythology, a restless ghost. Bhoots are believed to be malignant if they have died a violent of premature death or have been denied funerary rites ...''| year=2000 }}</ref> Interpretations of how bhootas come into existence vary by region and community, but they are usually considered to be perturbed and [[restless ghost|restless]] due to some factor that prevents them from moving on (to [[reincarnation|transmigration]], non-being, [[nirvana]], or [[swarga]] or [[naraka]], depending on tradition). This could be a violent death, unsettled matters in their lives, or simply the failure of their survivors to perform proper funerals.<ref name="ref88muliq"/>

Belief in ghosts has been deeply ingrained in the minds of the people of the subcontinent for generations. There are many allegedly haunted places in the subcontinent, such as cremation grounds, dilapidated buildings, palaces, [[haveli]]s, forts, forest [[bungalow]]s, burning [[ghat]]s, etc. Ghosts also occupy a significant place in [[Bengali culture]]. Ghosts and various supernatural entities form an integral part of the socio-cultural beliefs of both the Muslim and Hindu communities of [[Bangladesh]] and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. Fairy tales often use the concept of ghosts and references to paranormal activity are found amply in modern-day Bengali literature, cinema, radio and TV programmes. In [[Pakistan]], the word jinn is used to refer to both the Arabic [[Jinn|jinns]] as well as bhootas. Influenced by Arabic and Persian mythology, bhootas in the Pakistani society have a more varied and fluid identity, ranging from jinns from another realm made of fire, to ghosts of humans who died painful deaths.

==Etymology and idiom==
{{Main article|Pancha Bhuta}}
''Bhūta'' is a [[Sanskrit]] term that carries the connotations of "past" and "being"<ref name="ref42yaxuz">{{Citation | title=Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |author1=Henk W. Wagenaar |author2=S. S. Parikh |author3=D. F. Plukker |author4=R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten | publisher=Allied Publishers, 1993 | isbn=978-81-86062-10-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1LzD8-iipgC | quote=''... bhūt भूत (m.) a ghost; an evil spirit; ... the past tense (also bhūtkāl भूतकाल); (adj.) past, bygone ...''|year=1993 }}</ref> and, because it has connection with "one of the most wide-spread roots in Indo-European — namely, *bheu/*bhu-", has similar-sounding cognates in virtually every branch of that [[Indo-European languages|language family]], e.g., [[Welsh language|Welsh]] (''bod''), [[Irish language|Irish]] (''bha''), [[English language|English]] (''be''), [[Latvian language|Latvian]] (''but'') and [[Persian language|Persian]] (''budan'').<ref name="ref27zumiv">{{Citation | title=Intransitive Predication: Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory | author=Leon Stassen | publisher=Oxford University Press, 2004 | isbn=978-0-19-925893-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLh8QODmcEsC | quote=''... one of the most wide-spread roots in Indo-European - namely, *bheu/*bhu-. This root, which can be found in practically all branches of the family ... Welsh bod, Irish bha, Scottish Gaelic ba; English be ... Latvian but ... Russian byt' ... Modern Persian budan; Vedic bhu- ...''| year=2003 }}</ref><ref name="ref50jimev">{{Citation | title=Time, Being, and Soul in the Oldest Sanskrit Sources | author=William H. Snyder | publisher=Global Academic Publishing, 2001 | isbn=978-1-58684-072-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoI4dvN_f0kC | quote=''... derived in Sanskrit from the two verb roots (Indo-European *es- and *bheu-) ... bhūtam n. "being, creature" ...''| year=2001 }}</ref>

In [[Hinduism]], bhuta also refers to group of five basic elements called ''[[Pancha Bhuta]]'' (/[[Sanskrit phonology|pəɲt͡ʃəbʱuːt̪ᵊ]]/ ,{{langx|sa|पञ्चभूत}}; {{IAST|pañca bhūta}}), which, in [[Hinduism]], is the basis of all cosmic creation.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/79 79]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> These elements are: ''[[Prithvi]]'' (Sanskrit: पृथ्वी:, [[Earth (classical element)|Earth]]), ''[[Ap (water)|Jal]]'' (Sanskrit: आपः, [[Water (classical element)|Water]]), ''[[Agni]]'' (Sanskrit: अग्नि, [[Fire (classical element)|Fire]]), ''[[Vayu]]'' (Sanskrit: वायु:, [[Air (classical element)|Air]]), ''[[Dyaus|Akasha]]'' (Sanskrit: आकाश, [[Aether (classical element)|Aether]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-01-28 |title=Story of Pañcabhūta |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241810.html |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In ''[[Ayurveda]]'' and [[Indian philosophy]], the human body is made of these five elements.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Venkatesan|first1=Satish|title=Ayurvedic remedies: An introduction|isbn=978-9881224149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVfGAwAAQBAJ&q=panch+bhoota&pg=PT46|accessdate=18 March 2015|date=2013-03-01|publisher=Vyiha }}</ref>

In [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and other languages of the northern subcontinent, the concept of ''bhoots'' is extensively used in [[idiom]]. To be "ridden by the ''bhoot'' of something" (''bhoot sawaar hona'') means to take an obsessive interest in that thing or work unrelentingly towards that goal. Conversely, to "dismount a ''bhoot''" (''bhoot utaarna'') means to break through an obsession or see through a false belief that was previously dearly held.<ref name="ref25cebec">{{Citation | title=Seminar, Issues 525-529 | publisher=R. Thapar, 2003 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kvhAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Filmi bhoot savaar tha na [I was obsessed with films] ...''| year=2003 }}</ref><ref name="ref75pebog">{{Citation | title=Forming an identity: a social history of the Jats | author=Nonica Datta | publisher=Oxford University Press, 1999 | isbn=978-0-19-564719-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBBuAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Is bholepan ke bhoot ko syr se utar de ... Get rid of your naivete ...''| year=1999 }}</ref> "To look like a ''bhoot''" (''bhoot lagna'') means to look disheveled and unkempt or to dress ridiculously. A house or building that is untidy, unmaintained or deserted when it should not be is sometimes pejoratively called a ''bhoot bangla''.<ref name="ref12pezom">{{Citation | title=Terror In Kashmir & Other Stories | author=Lt Gen Yashwant Mande | publisher=Prabhat Prakashan, 2009 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMEgAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The house had developed a shabby look. No visitors came. It had become a bhoot bangla ...''| year=2001 }}</ref>

The word has travelled far into Southeast Asia: it entered [[Javanese language|Javanese]] through Sanskrit as ''buta'' generally referring to a [[malevolent spirit]]/demonic giant which haunts places, it also refers to the genre of evil giants in [[wayang]] stories such as ''Buta Cakil''. It has also undergone an evolution in the [[Malay world]] to mean a [[jinn]]-like creature mentioned in the as ''[[Malay Annals]]'';<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmat Adam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7f4DwAAQBAJ&q=%22bhuta%22+bota+malay&pg=PA104|title=Antara Sejarah dan Mitos: Sejarah Melayu & Hang Tuah dalam Historiografi Malaysia|year=2016|isbn=978-967-2165-93-4|page=104| publisher=Strategic Information and Research Development Centre }}</ref> there is a legend of such a creature that dwells in the plains of the [[Perak River]] with similar traits albeit of gigantic size giving its name to a town in north of the [[Malay Peninsula]] named [[Bota]].<ref name="SWGM">{{cite book|last=Maxwill|first=Sir William George|date=1925|title=In Malay Forests|url=https://upnih.pnm.gov.my/myrepo-public/welcome/content/browse-content/read/5254|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-177-61260-9|archive-date=2023-09-19|access-date=2021-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919220754/https://upnih.pnm.gov.my/myrepo-public/welcome/content/browse-content/read/5254|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Characteristics of ''bhootas''==
[[File:Bhuta College Square Arnab Dutta 2010.JPG|thumb|A ''bhoota'' depicted during [[Kali Puja]].]]
''Bhootas'' are able to shape-shift into various animal forms at will, but are most often seen in human shape.<ref name="ref20hijem">{{Citation | title=Folklore Notes - 2 Vols |author1=R.E. Enthoven |author2=Arthur Mason Tippetts Jackson | publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1989 | isbn=978-81-206-0485-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9OvKNJYfSMC | quote=''... it is believed that ghosts or evil spirits have the form of a human being, but their feet are turned backwards ... They can change their forms at any time ...''|year=1989 }}</ref> However, their feet often reveal them to be ghosts, since they face backwards.<ref name="ref66yaqiz">{{cite periodical |periodical=Anthropos |volume=57 |publisher=Zaunrith'sche Buch-, Kunst- und Steindruckerei |date=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FR4TAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... its feet are twisted and turned backwards. The bhut always floats one foot above the ground ...'' |title=Anthropos }}</ref> As the earth is regarded as sacred or semi-sacred in many traditions of the Indian subcontinent, ''bhootas'' will go to great lengths to avoid contact with it, often floating a fraction above it, although sometimes as much as a foot off the ground.<ref name="ref66yaqiz"/> Furthermore ''bhootas'' cast no shadows, and speak with a nasal twang.<ref name="ref84bojeq">{{Citation | title=The popular religion and folk-lore of northern India, Volume 1 | author=William Crooke | publisher=A. Constable & Co., 1896 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRe6DpWKEScC | page=237 | quote=''... they are very fond of milk ... Bhuts can never sit on the ground ... ... three infallible tests by which you may recognize a Bhut. In the first place he casts no shadow ... can stand anything in his neighbourhood but the scent of burning turmeric ... always speaks with a nasal twang ...''| year=1896 }}</ref> They often lurk in the branches of specific trees and prefer to appear in white clothing.<ref name="ref26bapeh">{{Citation | title=Census of India, 1961, Volume 8, Part 6, Issue 9 | author=Office of the Registrar General | publisher=Manager of Publications, Government of India, 1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rrUAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... Bhoot: This malevolent male spirit appears in spotless white clothes. Its abode is trees and field-embankments. It appears and disappears in moments ...''| year=1967 }}</ref> Sometimes ''bhootas'' haunt specific houses (the so-called ''bhoot banglas'', i.e. ''bhoot [[bungalow]]s''), which are typically the places where they were killed or places which hold some other deep significance for them.<ref name="ref02fivar">{{Citation | title=Lucknow, fire of grace: the story of its revolution, renaissance and the aftermath | author=Amaresh Misra | publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India, 1998 | isbn=978-81-7223-288-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... bhoot bangla - haunted mansion ...''| year=1998 }}</ref>

Many [[ghost story|ghost stories]] in the region combine these elements. For instance, they might involve a protagonist who fails to flee or take countermeasures when they run across a ''bhoota''. Instead, they unwittingly accept the ''bhoota's'' companionship (e.g., keep the ghost company as he/she walks through a forest, or (if a man) picks up the ghost in his car because it looks like an attractive woman waiting by the roadside at night). They become progressively aware that their companion is dressed entirely in white and has a strangely nasal voice, before the horrifying realization dawns on them that their companion's feet are turned backwards, or he/she is not casting a shadow in the moonlight, or is walking without actually touching the ground. ''Bhootas'' are said to seek out milk and immerse themselves in it. Consuming ''bhoota''-contaminated milk is considered a typical route for ''bhoota''- [[Spirit possession|possession]] of humans, which has also been a frequent plot element in bhoota stories.<ref name="ref84bojeq"/>

A particular kind of ''bhoota'', that of a woman who died during pregnancy or childbirth, is known as a ''[[churel]]''. ''Churels'' look like human women, but their feet are turned backwards or other features are turned upside down. They can change their forms at any time. Churel often try to lure young men at road crossings and fields or similar places. If a man is enamored of a ''churel'', it is believed that she will cause his death. There are, however, stories of people living with a ''churel'', or even marrying one. {{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Thwarting ''bhootas''==
In many regions, ''bhootas'' are said to fear water and objects made iron or steel, so keeping either of these near at hand is believed to afford protection against them.<ref name="ref53xevuz">{{Citation | title=East of Indus: my memories of old Punjab | author=Gurnam Singh Sidhu Brard | publisher=Hemkunt Press, 2007 | isbn=978-81-7010-360-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&q=iron&pg=PA269 | page=269 | quote=''... desirable to keep water handy, since the ''bhoot'' avoided water. Another object useful for warding off the ''bhoot'' was anything made of iron. It need not be a sword or knife; even a steel bracelet was supposed to be protective ...''| year=2007 }}</ref> The scent of burnt turmeric is also said to ward them off <ref name="ref84bojeq"/> - as are the fibres of the [[Apiaceae|Apiaceous]] herb [[Ligusticopsis wallichiana|bhutkeshi]] (= "bhoota's hair").<ref name= "Singh Importance">Singh, Harish "Importance of local names of some useful plants in ethnobotanical study", ''Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge'' vol 7 (2), April 2008, pps. 365-370 [ plant listed in table under synonym ''Selinum candollii'' DC ]</ref> As is typical of ghosts throughout the world, invoking the name of holy figures and deities is also said to repel ''bhootas''. In some regions, sprinkling earth on oneself is said to shield against ''bhootas''.<ref name="ref36mebiq">{{Citation | title=World Shaman: Encountering Ancient Himalayan Spirits in Our Time | author=Ellen Winner |author-link=Ellen Winner| publisher=iUniverse, 2003 | isbn=978-0-595-28836-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZxWuQkIjH0C | quote=''... I saw a huge shadow was moving there and here. Slowly that shadow changed in human's shape and walking towards me. I thought some kind bhut was trying to attack me. I hurriedly speak the mantra, picked up a little dust from the ground ...''| date=2003-11-01 }}</ref>
According to Hinduism and all [[Dharmic Religions]], the [[soul]] cannot be destroyed by any means. As a bhootaa is just the lost, or angry soul of a deceased person, Hindu [[exorcist]]s will not (or cannot) destroy them, but perform instead a ritual from the ''[[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]]'' called ''atma-shanti'' which is just a modified [[Śrāddha]] ([[death anniversary]]) carried out by those haunted by a ''bhoota'', promising it that they will do everything in their power either to ensure the rebirth of the bhoota or to finish the works left incomplete by it (or both).
Such actions provide the bhoota with what it wants, causing it to cease haunting its victim for good.<ref name="ref54xev">{{Citation | title=Myth=Mithya | author=Devdutt Pattanaik | publisher=Penguin Books India, 2006 | isbn=978-0-14-309970-3 | page=77,78 | quote=''...ghosts are not godless-creatures. They are not exorcised......''| year=2006 }}</ref>

==''Bhutas''==
[[File:Bhuta Collections 3.JPG|thumb|View of the ''bhuta'' gallery, [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum|Crafts Museum]], [[New Delhi]], India]]
The ''bhutas'', spirits of [[Apotheosis|deified]] heroes, of fierce and evil beings, of [[Hindu deity|Hindu deities]] and of animals, etc., are wrongly referred to as "ghosts" or "demons" and, in fact, are protective and benevolent beings. Though it is true that they can cause harm in their violent forms, as they are extremely powerful, they can be pacified through worship or offerings referred to as Bhuta Aradhana.<ref>"Museums of India - National Handicrafts and Handilooms Museum, New Delhi" ({{ISBN|0-944142-23-0}}) by Jyontindra Jain and Aarti Aggarwala.</ref>

== In Literature ==
* [[Rudrayamala|Rudrayamala Tantra]], Kaulajnananirnaya): Discuss various spirits, their invocation, and control for spiritual or worldly purposes.
* [[Garuda Purana]], contains a minor yet significant text or section Preta Kalpa, providing detailed instructions on dealing with Preta spirits.
* Bhootatantra, it provides detailed methods for invoking, controlling, or exorcising spirits like Bhūta (general term for ghosts), Pretas (restless spirits), and Piśāchas (ghoulish spirits)
* Karna Pishachini Tantra
* [[Vetala Panchavimshati]] is a collection of tales and legends within a frame story, from India. Internationally, it is also known as Vikram-Vetala.
* "Pretasiddhanta": Treatises on preta (ghosts) and ways to liberate them. No authentic copy available.
* "Vetala Tantra": Focused on controlling spirits like vetalas.

== In popular culture ==
Many shows across South Asia have been based on stories and legends of bhootas.
* [[Thakurmar Jhuli]] - the most classic collection of [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] children's folk-tales and fairy-tales, which was compiled by [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]] in 1907. It is popular both in [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]].
* Bhoot FM- hosted by RJ Russell, was a live radio program called aired by Bangladeshi radio channel [[Radio Foorti]] This program came to an end in the year 2019 but right now another program named "Bhoot Dot COM" is being hosted by RJ Russell aired by Shadhin Radio.
* Woh Kya Hai ("What is that?") – A Pakistani reality show where the host investigates haunted locations throughout Pakistan and records the activities.
* Saaya ("Shadow") – A Pakistani horror drama revolving around black magic, possession, demons, and ghosts.
* [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]] ("An Approaching Sound") – An Indian thriller/horror anthology series focusing on many supernatural stories, including those of bhootas.
* [[Pett Kata Shaw]]- a 2021 Bangladeshi anthology series released on [[Chorki]] (OTT)

The [[Shudder (streaming service)|Shudder]] original ''[[V/H/S/99]]'' has one of the characters reference the bhuta and even uses turmeric to burn one of the ghouls.

==See also==
*[[Garuda Purana]]
*[[Ghosts in Bengali culture]]
*[[Ghosts in Tibetan culture]]
*[[Kanjirottu Yakshi]]
*[[List of ghosts]]
*[[List of superstitions in India]]
*[[Preta]], [[vetala]] and [[pishacha]]
*[[Yakshini]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dhallapiccola

==External links==
*{{commonscatinline}}

{{Death in Hinduism}}
{{Ghosts}}
{{Thakurmar Jhuli}}

[[Category:Asian ghosts]]
[[Category:Demons in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Culture of Nepal]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:Superstitions of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Nepalese legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Pakistani legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Undead]]
[[Category:Jinn]]

Kolhapur City Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:23:09Z

Nina: made basic place w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kolhapur City
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 61,100
| mla = Baralay Balvant Dhondo
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Kolhapur City Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Baralay Balvant Dhondo || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kolhapur City <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Baralay Balvant Dhondo |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,909 |percentage = 34.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Ganpatrao Govindrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,923 |percentage = 28.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sabnis Urmila Laxman |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 5,035 |percentage = 16.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kinkar Keshav Vyankatesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,123 |percentage = 6.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hakim Mhamulal Sadulla Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,259 |percentage = 4.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadolikar Vasant Waman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 3.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhavale Shankar Balwant |party = Independent politician |votes = 660 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vadgaonkar Anant Rangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 590 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Maruti Tatoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 409 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padalkar Annappa Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 281 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 6.36% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,250 |percentage = 51.15% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,250}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,100 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Rambo (2025 film)

2026-03-31T07:42:31Z

Nina: created first page initial version

{{Short description|2025 film directed by M. Muthaiah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Distinguish|text=films in the American action film [[Rambo (franchise)|''Rambo'' franchise]]}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rambo (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Muthaiah]]
| writer = M. Muthaiah
| producer = [[Kalanithi Maran]]
| starring = [[Arulnithi]] [[Tanya Ravichandran]] [[VTV Ganesh]] [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] [[Ranjith Sajeev]]
| cinematography = [[R. D. Rajasekhar]]
| editing = Venkat Raajen
| music = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| studio = [[Sun Pictures|Sun Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Sun NXT]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|10|df=yes}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2025 |title=Rambo |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzE2MDkyMDI1MDAwMjE= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304052928/https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzE2MDkyMDI1MDAwMjE= |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=5 October 2025 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Rambo''''' (also marketed as '''''Rambo: The Undefeatable''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[sports film|sports]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[M. Muthaiah]] and produced by [[Kalanithi Maran]] under the banner of [[Sun Pictures|Sun Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2025 |title=Arulnithi's next titled Rambo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/03/arulnithis-next-titled-rambo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007215401/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/03/arulnithis-next-titled-rambo |archive-date=7 October 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Arulnithi]] in the titular role, alongside [[Tanya Ravichandran]], [[VTV Ganesh]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] and [[Ranjith Sajeev]] (in his [[Tamil-language|Tamil]] debut).

The film was officially announced in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Rambo OTT Release Date: Arulnithi's Sports Drama to Premiere on SunNXT |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/rambo-ott-release-date-arulnithis-sports-drama-to-premiere-on-sunnxt-10528800 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113015252/https://www.pratidintime.com/entertainment/rambo-ott-release-date-arulnithis-sports-drama-to-premiere-on-sunnxt-10528800 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=Pratidin Time |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025 |title=Rambo Trailer: Arulnithi faces a bigger battle beyond kick-boxing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Oct/04/rambo-trailer-arulnithi-faces-a-bigger-battle-beyond-kick-boxing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120052903/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Oct/04/rambo-trailer-arulnithi-faces-a-bigger-battle-beyond-kick-boxing |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It has music composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha]], cinematography handled by [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] and editing by Venkat Raajen.

''Rambo'' was released directly on the streaming service [[Sun NXT]] on 10 October 2025.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2026}}
Gowtham, a ruthless heir to a vast education empire, and Ram, a compassionate orphanage caretaker, grow up with starkly contrasting values. When Malar uncovers Gowtham's hidden dark secret, it ignites a fierce clash between the two men a brutal battle of strength and will.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arulnithi]] as Ramkumar alias Rambo
* [[Tanya Ravichandran]] as Malar
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as [[Inspector]] Karmegham
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Rambo's mother
* [[Ranjith Sajeev]] as Gautham Periyathambi, Malar's brother
** Master Advaith as young Gautham
* [[Ayesha Zeenath]] as Sadha Gurumoorthy, Gautham's fiancee and Gurumoorthy's daughter
* [[Hareesh Peradi]]
* Baboos Baburaj as Babu, Gurumoorthy's henchmen
* Jenson Dhivakar as Rambo's friend
* [[Charan Raj]] as Periyathambi, Gautham and Malar's father
* Gajaraj as Rambo's houseowner
* Kumar Natarajan as Gurumoorthy, Sadha's father
* Dragon Manju as Bomb Bhaskar, Gautham's henchmen
* [[Rajendran]]
* [[Semmalar Annam]]
* Cable Sankar as Malar's lawyer
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rambo
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
| released = 26 September 2025
| recorded = 2024–2025
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sun Entertainment]]
| producer = Ghibran Vaibodha
| prev_title = [[JSK: Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Aaryan (film)|Aaryan]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| single1 = Mayakkam Enna
| single1date = 7 October 2025
| single2 = Girra Girrara
| single2date = 11 October 2025 (After the film's release)
}}
}}
The music and background score is composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha]], in his second collaboration with Arulnithi and M. Muthaiah after ''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Dejavu]]'' (2022) and ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' (2013). The audio rights were acquired by [[Sun Entertainment]]. The first single titled "Mayakkam Enna" was released on 7 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1975186604193907061 |user=sunnxt |title=The wait is almost over! ✨ Mayakkam Enna song from Rambo drops tomorrow 6 PM on SunNXT YouTube. Subscribe now and get ready for the full movie on Oct 10! 🍿 Watch Rambo Only on SunNXT!! |author=SunNXT |author-link=Sun NXT |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/CY7zt?wr=false |archive-date=4 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Girra Girrara" was released on 11 October 2025, after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1976659262110581239 |user=sunnxt |title=Get ready to vibe on repeat! 🔥 'Gira Gira' from Rambo that's #GirraGirra! Feel the fire of Rambo's music, composed by Ghibran.🔥 |author=SunNXT |author-link=Sun NXT |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/JvO7u?wr=false |archive-date=4 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The entire soundtrack album was released on 15 October 2025, after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1978441027662061979 |user=sunnxt |title=The streets are quiet, speakers are not. 💿💥 The complete album's here, loud and lethal, as one power-packed Juke Box. Don't just listen. Experience it. 👉 The Rambo Juke Box — only on SunNXT YouTube |author=SunNXT |author-link=Sun NXT |date=15 October 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/8Axdq |archive-date=4 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| title1 = Mayakkam Enna
| length1 = 3:02
| extra1 = [[Deepthi Suresh]]
| title2 = Girra Girrara
| length2 = 3:06
| extra2 = Narayanan Ravishankar, Sudharshan Ajay
| title3 = Rambo Rambo
| length3 = 3:37
| extra3 = Aravind Srinivas, Narayanan Ravishankar, Govind Prasad
| title4 = Iraivan Manamae
| length4 = 3:23
| extra4 = Kannaka Lakshimi, Keeravani
| total_length = 13:08
}}

== Release ==
''Rambo'' was directly released via the streaming service [[Sun NXT]] on 10 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=3 October 2025 |title=Rambo OTT release date: Arulnithi's film opts direct premiere; when and where to stream |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rambo-ott-release-date-arulnithis-film-opts-direct-premiere-when-and-where-to-stream/b1fde62281411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008100449/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rambo-ott-release-date-arulnithis-film-opts-direct-premiere-when-and-where-to-stream/b1fde62281411 |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025 |title=Arulnithi's Rambo to stream on OTT from October 10 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/arulnithis-rambo-to-stream-on-ott-from-october-10-848779 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251118102843/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/arulnithis-rambo-to-stream-on-ott-from-october-10-848779 |archive-date=18 November 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> The film had its television premiere on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on 20 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1978842168853762248 |user=SunTV |title=Ready for Non stop action? Don’t miss RAMBO! RAMBO {{!}} 20 October {{!}} 11 AM |author=Sun TV |author-link=Sun TV (India) |access-date=4 March 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/oqVQ8 |archive-date=4 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Rambo'' received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=A |first=Ganesh |date=10 October 2025 |title=Rambo Movie Review : நல்ல வேளை தியேட்டர்ல ரிலீஸ் ஆகல... அருள்நிதியின் 'ராம்போ' விமர்சனம் இதோ |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/review/arulnithi-starrer-rambo-movie-twitter-review-loa5807 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122031901/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/review/arulnithi-starrer-rambo-movie-twitter-review-loa5807 |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2025 |title='Rambo' social media review: Arulnithi starrer disappoints fans, netizens mock predictable plot and flat visuals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rambo-social-media-review-arulnithi-starrer-disappoints-fans-netizens-mock-predictable-plot-and-flat-visuals/articleshow/124521713.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301023745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rambo-social-media-review-arulnithi-starrer-disappoints-fans-netizens-mock-predictable-plot-and-flat-visuals/articleshow/124521713.cms |archive-date=1 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Charishma Tatiparthi of ''Big TV'' rated the film 2.25/5 and wrote, "An earnest boxing drama with heart, but not enough heat to win the bout."<ref>{{Citenews |last1=Tatiparthi |first1=Charishma |date=10 October 2025 |title=Rambo Movie Review: Drama Straight to OTT Hit or Miss? |url=https://english.bigtvlive.com/reviews/rambo-movie-review-arulnithis-boxing-drama-punches-straight-to-ott-hit-or-miss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304055002/https://english.bigtvlive.com/reviews/rambo-movie-review-arulnithis-boxing-drama-punches-straight-to-ott-hit-or-miss/ |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Big TV |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "It tries to blend kickboxing with drama but ends up tangled in illogical writing and weak storytelling. Despite flashes of humor, the film fails to land a solid punch emotionally".<ref>{{Citenews |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=10 October 2025 |title=Rambo movie review: Arulnithi's kicks fall flat in this action misfire |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rambo-movie-review-arulnithis-kicks-fall-flat-in-this-action-misfire/49d765c005115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110013422/https://www.ottplay.com/review/rambo-movie-review-arulnithis-kicks-fall-flat-in-this-action-misfire/49d765c005115 |archive-date=10 November 2025 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Cinema Vikatan]]'' gave the film a negative review, criticising the story for its lack of novelty and the screenplay for having predictable twists.<ref>{{Citenews |date=10 October 2025 |title=Rambo Review: பாக்ஸிங் கதையில் பன்ச் என்னமோ நமக்குத்தான்! அருள்நிதி - முத்தையா ஆக்ஷன் காம்போ எப்படி? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/arulnithi-tanya-ravichandran-starrer-muthaiahs-action-thriller-rambo-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010135528/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/arulnithi-tanya-ravichandran-starrer-muthaiahs-action-thriller-rambo-movie-review |archive-date=10 October 2025 |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "Marketed as a gritty tale with kickboxing at its core, the film falls flat due to lazy writing, illogical situations, and painfully weak characterisation."<ref>{{Citenews |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |date=12 October 2025 |title='Rambo' review: A punchless action drama that collapses under its own illogical story line |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rambo-review-a-punchless-action-drama-that-collapses-under-its-own-illogical-story-line-1013883 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304055653/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rambo-review-a-punchless-action-drama-that-collapses-under-its-own-illogical-story-line-1013883 |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> Johnson of ''[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]]'' called it bland, criticising the boxing scenes as forced and included merely to justify the film's title.<ref>{{Citenews |date=11 October 2025 |title=விறுவிறுப்பாக இருக்கிறதா அருள்நிதியின் ஆக்ஷன் த்ரில்லர்? {{!}} Rambo Review {{!}} Arulnithi {{!}} Muthaiya |url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/story/cinema/movie-review/arulnithi-rambo-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304055402/https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/story/cinema/movie-review/arulnithi-rambo-movie-review |archive-date=4 March 2026 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Muthaiah}}

[[Category:2020s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2020s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Muthaiya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Sun Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Anuj Chaudhary

2026-03-28T21:19:27Z

Nina: Stub - done

{{short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox sport wrestler
| name = Anuj Chaudhary
| image = CO Anuj Chaudhary.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Anuj Chaudhary in 2025
| fullname = Anuj Kumar Chaudhary
| nationality = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|8|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Badheri Village, [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Wajiha |title=Anuj hoping CWG silver will help him get promotion |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anuj-hoping-cwg-silver-will-help-him-get-promotion/695547/0 |accessdate=26 March 2016 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=11 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324180133/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anuj-hoping-cwg-silver-will-help-him-get-promotion/695547/0 |archivedate=24 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|anujchaudharyolympian.com}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.80|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|84|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| country = India
| style = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
| club = Guru Hanuman Akhara
| coach =

|
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport | Men's [[freestyle wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}


{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Manchester]]|[[Wrestling at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|84 kg]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 84 kg|84 kg]]}}


{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2005 Asian Wrestling Championships|2005 Wuhan]]|84 kg}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2009 Asian Wrestling Championships|2009 Pattaya]]|84 kg}}


{{MedalCompetition|Commonwealth Wrestling Championships}}
{{MedalGold|2003 London, Canada|84 kg}}
{{MedalGold|2005 Cape Town|84 kg}}


{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|1999 Kathmandu|84 kg}}


{{MedalCompetition|Canada Cup}}
{{MedalBronze|2003 Guelph|84 kg}}

| show-medals = yes
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| allegiance ={{flag|India|name=India}}
| department = [[File:|20px]] [[Police|Police Department]]
| branch =[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| service_years = 2012-present<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/en/ppsofficerprofile?transid=2825&slugName=rampur|title=Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} OfficerProfile|website=uppolice.gov.in|access-date=2025-03-12}}</ref>
| rank = [[File:Deupty Superintendent of Police.png|20px]] [[Additional superintendent of police|ASP]]
| awards = [[Arjuna Award]]
}}
}}
'''Anuj Kumar Chaudhary''' (born 5 August) is a retired Indian freestyle wrestler and Additional Superintendent of Police (ASP) in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He competed for India in the 84 kg freestyle wrestling category at numerous international tournaments, including the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in Athens. He is a recipient of the [[Arjuna Award]] and has won medals at the [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Asian Wrestling Championships]], and World Police Games.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASP बन गए संभल के सीओ अनुज चौधरी, स्पोर्ट्स कोटे वाले यूपी के इकलौते खाकीधारी जो बने अफसर साहब |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/sambhal/sambhal-co-anuj-chaudhary-becomes-first-wrestler-officer-from-sports-quota-to-be-promoted-to-asp-in-up-news/articleshow/123200193.cms |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and training ==
Born in Badheri village in [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], Anuj trained at the prestigious Guru Hanuman Akhara in New Delhi.<ref name="moneycontrol">[https://www.moneycontrol.com/education/sambhal-co-anuj-chaudhary-from-wrestler-to-dsp-5-unknown-facts-about-anuj-chaudhary-visual-story-2908794.html Moneycontrol – 5 Unknown Facts About Sambhal CO Anuj Chaudhary]</ref>

== Wrestling career ==

=== National achievements ===
* Multiple-time gold medalist at National Championships (1996–2008)<ref name="biodata">BIO-DATA of Anuj Kumar, submitted on 27 May 2009 (Government Submission)</ref>
* Gold medals in National Games: Jalandhar (2001), Hyderabad (2002), Guwahati (2007)<ref name="indianexpress2009">[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/wrestler-anuj-eyeing-olympic-medal/ Indian Express – Wrestler Anuj eyeing Olympic medal]</ref>
* Gold medals in All India Police Games across multiple years (2002–2007)

=== International achievements ===
* Gold – Commonwealth Wrestling Championship, Pune (1997)
* Gold – SAF Games, Kathmandu (1999)
* Gold – Khalsa International Sports Festival, Anandpur Sahib (1999)
* Silver – [[2002 Commonwealth Games]], Manchester (84 kg freestyle)<ref name="bbc2002">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/wrestling/newsid_2160000/2160860.stm BBC Sport – Ugoalah takes gold]{{dead link|date=September 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Participated – [[2002 Asian Games]], Busan
* Silver – Canada Cup, Guelph (2003)
* Silver – World Police Games (Freestyle & Greco-Roman), Spain (2003)
* Gold – Commonwealth Wrestling Championship, London, Canada (2003)
* Bronze – Olympic Qualifier, Sofia, Bulgaria (2004)<ref name="toi2004">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/four-wrestlers-qualify-for-athens-olympics/articleshow/498218.cms Times of India – Four wrestlers qualify for Athens Olympics]</ref>
* 15th place – [[2004 Summer Olympics]], Athens
* Bronze – Asian Wrestling Championships, Wuhan, China (2005)<ref name="telegraph2005">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/indian-men-pick-up-three-bronzes/cid/1052913 The Telegraph – Indian men pick up three bronzes]</ref>
* Gold – Commonwealth Wrestling Championship, South Africa (2005)
* Bronze – Asian Wrestling Championships, Pattaya, Thailand (2009)<ref name="jagran2009">[https://www.jagran.com/sports/sports-other-anuj-kumar-wins-bronze-1214097.html Dainik Jagran – Anuj Kumar wins bronze]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Participated – [[2006 Asian Games]], Doha
* Competed in Dave Schultz Memorial (USA), Grand Prix (Germany), World Championships (New York)

== Police career ==
Anuj joined [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] as a Sub Inspector in 2000 via sports quota. He got promoted as an Inspector in 2003 and later to Deputy Superintendent of Police in 2012, he has served in districts like Rampur, Sambhal, etc.<ref name="hindustan">[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/a-pehelwan-turned-police-officer-who-beats-politicians-in-comments-game-101741797854555.html Hindustan Times – A 'pehelwan'-turned-police officer who beats politicians in comments game]</ref> In August 2025, he got promoted as Additional Superintendent of Police.

== Awards and honours ==
* '''Arjuna Award (2005)''' – Government of India<ref name="arjuna">[https://yas.nic.in/youth-affairs/arjuna-awards Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports – Arjuna Awardees]</ref>
* '''Laxman Award (2001)''' – Government of Uttar Pradesh<ref name="indianexpress2009" />
* '''Yash Bharti Award (2016)''' – Government of Uttar Pradesh<ref name="The India Express">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pulled-akhilesh-uadav-governments-strings-got-lucrative-up-lifetime-award-samajwadi-party-uttar-pradesh-4820100]</ref>
* '''Manyawar Kanshiram Puraskar (2010)''' – Government of Uttar Pradesh<ref name="indianexpress2011">[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/anuj-hoping-cwg-silver-will-help-him-get-promotion/ Indian Express – CWG silver and promotion hopes]</ref>
* Titles: Sher-e-Hind (3x), Bharat Kumar (2x), Uttar Pradesh Kesari, Delhi Kesari, Guru Hanuman Gaurav<ref name="biodata" />

== See also ==
* [[Wrestling in India]]
* [[Guru Hanuman]]
* [[2004 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Commonwealth Games]]
* [[Asian Wrestling Championships]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary, Anuj}}
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]

NTR National Award

2026-03-25T19:13:29Z

Nina: reworked content based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Award presented by the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = NTR National Award
| current_awards =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Lifetime achievements and contributions to Indian cinema
| presenter = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| year = 1996
| reward = ₹500,000/-
| network =
| website = {{URL|https://apsftvtdc.in/index.html}}
}}

The '''NTR National Award''' is an annual award presented by the government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] to recognize lifetime achievements and contributions to the [[Cinema of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=N.T.R. NATIONAL FILM AWARDEES|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/ntr-national-film-award.html|access-date=3 January 2021|website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref> The award is named after [[N. T. Rama Rao]], actor and former politician who served as the [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]. The award carries a cash prize of {{INR}} 500,000 and a memento.<ref name="Governor gives away NTR awards">{{cite web|date=2010-02-11|title=Governor gives away NTR awards|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/11/stories/2010021156150400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216203407/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/11/stories/2010021156150400.htm|archive-date=2010-02-16|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Amitabh-Bachchan-receives-NTR-National-film-award/articleshow/19506663.cms|title=Amitabh Bachchan receives NTR National film award|work=The Times of India|date=15 January 2017 }}</ref>

== Recipients ==
The recipients of the awards are as follows:<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The first recipient: Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
[[File:Lata-Mangeshkar.jpg|thumb|right|The first woman recipient: Lata Mangeshkar]]
[[File:Rajinikanth_Felicitates_Writer_Kalaignanam.jpg|thumb|right|A recent recipient: Rajinikanth]]

* 1996: [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
* 1997: [[Dilip Kumar]]
* 1998: [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
* 1999: [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* 2000: [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
* 2001: [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
* 2002: [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
* 2003: [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Ghattamaneni Krishna]]<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-variety/article1667959.ece?ref=archive |title=Ilayaraja, Ambarish, Krishna get NTR award |work=The Hindu, Business Line |location=Hyderabad |date=30 Aug 2007 |accessdate=4 Jan 2012}}</ref>
* 2004: [[Ilayaraja]]<ref name="Hindu" />
* 2005: [[Ambareesh]]<ref name="Hindu" />
* 2006: [[Waheeda Rehman]]
* 2007: [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
* 2008: [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
* 2009: [[B. Saroja Devi]]
* 2010: [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
* 2011: [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* 2012: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
* 2013: [[Hema Malini]]. [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece|title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hema Malini bag NTR awards|newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 April 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>
*2014: [[Kamal Haasan]]
*2015: [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
*2016: [[Rajinikanth]]
*2024: [[Nandamuri Bala Krishna]]
*2025: [[Chiranjeevi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{NTR National Award}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Memorials to NT Rama Rao]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Jithin Raj (film director)

2026-03-20T23:51:16Z

Nina: made basic details v1

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (b. 1991)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jithin Raj
| image = Jithin Raj.jpg
| caption = Jithin Raj in 2023
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Konathukunnu]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director}}
| years_active = 2022–present
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| honours =
| website =
}}
'''Jithin Raj''' (born 31 December 1991) is an Indian film director who predominantly works in [[Malayalam]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lijo Jose Pellissery to present Pallotty 90's Kids |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jan/19/lijo-jose-pellissery-to-present-pallotty-90s-kids-38992.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This first look poster of 'Pallootty 90's Kids' will take you down memory lane |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/09/20/pallooty-90s-kids-movie-first-look-poster-friendship-arjun-ashokan-balu-varghese.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> His Debut film [[Pallotty 90's kids]] went on to win the award for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]] at the [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-21 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Here's the complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/102015359.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jithin Raj was born in Paingod Keli village, [[Thrissur]] district, Kerala on 31 December 1991 to Ambika Jayaraj and Jayaraj P S. His schooling was at Govt U P School, [[Konathukunnu]], National Higher Secondary School, [[Irinjalakuda]] and Government Model Higher Secondary School Nadavaramba. Then he graduated from Sree Narayana Mangalam Institute of Management and Technology, [[Maliankara]] in [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]].

==Career==
[[File:Jithin Raj Award.jpg|thumb|Jithin Raj receiving [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] at the [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]]]]
He started his career making short films of his own. The [[Malayalam]] film maker [[Anjali Menon]] praised him for his short film ''Pallotty,'' which has won over 20 awards across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-26 |title=Award-winning short film director Jithin Raj to debut with a feel-good film on friendship |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/award-winning-short-film-director-jithin-raj-to-debut-with-a-feel-good-film-on-friendship/articleshow/78339035.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aliya |date=2022-10-28 |title=Brotherhood, Friendship And Nostalgia: Watch Short Film Pallotty |url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/brotherhood-friendship-and-nostalgia-watch-short-film-pallotty/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The Talented Indian |language=en-US}}</ref> He also directed two more short films before debuting as a feature film director.

In 2022, Jithin debuted as a feature film director with the movie ''Pallotty 90's Kids'', based on his critically acclaimed short film ''Pallotty'', which won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] at the [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-06 |title='Pallotty 90's Kids' starts rolling in Palakkad |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pallotty-90s-kids-starts-rolling-in-palakkad/articleshow/81363316.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Pallotty 90's Kids'' bagged 3 awards overall at the [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-21 |title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Here's the complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/53rd-kerala-state-film-awards-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/102015359.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As director===
====Feature films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| align="center" | 2023 || ''[[Pallotty 90's Kids]]'' || Won : [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] at [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]]
|-




|}

====Short films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| align="center" | 2017 || ''Pallotty'' || Later expanded in to a [[Feature film]]
|-
| align="center" | 2018 || ''Talking Toy'' ||
|-
| align="center" | 2019 || ''Virag'' ||
|-




|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Film
|-
| align="center" | 2023 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] || [[53rd Kerala State Film Awards]] || ''Pallotty 90's Kids''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]

Poornam Viswanathan

2026-03-18T11:29:22Z

Nina: created the stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Poornam Viswanathan
| image =
| caption = Poornam Viswanathan at a Public Function
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|11|14}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|10|1|1921|11|14}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor-producer K Balaji passes away|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/02death.htm|work=rediff.com|access-date=20 November 2014|date=2 Oct 2008}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor, radio news reader
| years_active = 1968-2002
| spouse = Suseela
| children = 3
}}

'''Poornam Viswanathan''' (14 November 1921 – 1 October 2008) was an Indian actor who predominantly appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]]. He started performing on stage at age 18. He worked as a reader for [[All India Radio]], He was the first person in India to announce India was Independent on August 15 in All India Radio. He went on to act in films such as ''[[Chithram]]'', ''[[Varusham 16]]'', ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'', ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]'', ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'', ''[[Aasai]]'', ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]'' and ''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu|Varumaiyin Niram Sivappu]]''. He had a son and two daughters. Viswanathan died on 1 October 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081002114812/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/02/stories/2008100261230900.htm Poornam Viswanathan dead]. Hindu.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-09.</ref><ref>[https://ia.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/02death.htm Chennai: 'Poornam' Viswanathan passes away]. Ia.rediff.com (2004-12-31). Retrieved on 2011-08-09.</ref><ref>[https://www.rediff.com/freedom/09viswa.htm Rediff Interview]. Rediff.com (1947-08-15). Retrieved on 2011-08-09.</ref>

==Career==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2020}}
Viswanathan was known for his remarkable performances in Tamil theatre and films. In every role he played, he paid great attention to dialogue delivery and body language.

He started performing on stage when he was 18. He later moved to New Delhi for a few years, where he was part of the South Indian Troupe with dance and music critic [[Subbudu]]. Viswanathan worked as a news reader at [[All India Radio]], and deemed it a matter of great pride to have announced the news of India obtaining independence in the first news bulletin broadcast on 15 August 1947.

He was transferred to Chennai in 1964. His portrayal of roles in plays scripted by Marina, such as ''Thanikuduthanam'', ''Oor Vambu'' and ''Kaal Kattu'', won him great acclaim. His performances in plays such as ''Kadavul Vandirundar'', ''Adimaigal'' and ''Oonjal'' were similarly hailed by audiences. His passion for theatre inspired him to start a troupe of his own, called Poornam New Theatres.

He served the Press Information Bureau in Chennai as an assistant information officer and later served as editor of ''Thittam'' and senior correspondent for ''Yojana'', magazines brought out by the Union Information and Broadcasting Ministry. He penned several plays and short stories. He was very interested in the fine arts and was often spotted at Sabhas during the December music festival.

He was known in [[Kollywood]] for his peculiar voice modulation.

He also starred in the Bollywood blockbuster ''Ek Duje Ke Liye'' (1981), in which he played the role of Kamal Hassan's strict father.

He was also known to Malayalam audiences for his role in the blockbuster ''[[Chithram]]'' with Mohanlal.

==Filmography==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

===Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1968
|''[[Uyarndha Manithan]]''
|Ranganathan
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1970
|''[[Vilaiyaattu Pillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1972
|''[[Idhaya Veenai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Sampath (1972 film)|Mr. Sampath]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1973
|''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]''
|Viswanath
|
|-
|''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gowravam]]''
|Climax Judge
|
|-
|''[[Rajapart Rangadurai]]''
|Jilla Collector
|
|-
|''[[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Ganga Gowri]]''
|
|Guest Appearance
|-
|rowspan="3" |1974
|''[[Thanga Pathakkam]]''
|
|Guest Appearance
|-
|''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dikkatra Parvathi]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1975
|''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''
|Pazhani vel
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1979
|''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
| Sona's father
| Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pattakkathi Bhairavan]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1980
|''[[Mazhalai Pattalam]]''
| Shivaraman's boss
| Bilingual film
|-
|''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]''
|Raghu's father
|
|-
|''[[Idhayam Pesugirathu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Varumayin Niram Sivappu]]''
|Sundaram Pillai
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1981
|''[[Thillu Mullu]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aani Ver]]''
|
|
|-
|''Oruthi Mattum Karaiyinile''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ranuva Veeran]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="6" |1982
|''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
|Srinivas's Boss
|
|-
|''Vadamalai''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pudukavithai]]''
|
|
|-
|''Archanai Pookal''
|
|
|-
|''[[Payanangal Mudivathillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Sakshi]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1983
|''[[Urangatha Ninaivugal]]''
|Uma's father
|
|-
|''[[Oru Indhiya Kanavu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Samayapurathale Satchi''
|
|
|-
|''Puthisali Paithiyangal''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1984
|''[[Vidhi (1984 film)|Vidhi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tharaasu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Osai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]''
|Doctor
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1985
|''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]''
|Vedhachalam
|
|-
|''[[Aan Paavam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kalyana Agathigal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Geethanjali (1985 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharma Pathini]]''
|Kamalanathan
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |1987
|''[[Kadhal Parisu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Solvathellam Unmai (film)|Solvathellam Unmai]]''
|Dr. Sundaramoorthy
|
|-
|''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Paruva Ragam]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|1988
|''Khooni Insaan''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kan Simittum Neram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Therkathi Kallan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1989
|''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]''
|Family Head
|
|-
|''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Varusham 16]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]''
| Shankara Sastri
|
|-
|''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
|Goa Resident
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1990
|''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''
|Sharada's father
|
|-
|''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''
|Aalolasingam
|
|-
|''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1991
|''[[Gopura Vasalile]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pudhu Manithan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1992
|''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sugamana Sumaigal]]''
|
|Guest Appearance
|-
|1993
|''[[Thalattu]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
|Panjapakesan Iyer (Krishna's Cellmate)
|
|-
|''[[Manasu Rendum Pudhusu]]''
|Narayanan Iyer
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1995
|''[[Aasai]]''
|Yamuna's father
|
|-
|''Chinna Chinna Aasai- Pooja''
|
|TV Serial
|-
|rowspan="2" |1996
|''[[Thuraimugam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaalapani|Siraichalai]]''
|Mukundh's dad
|Guest Appearance
|-
|1999
|''Akshaya''
|
| TV Serial
|-
|2002
|''[[Thamizhan]]''
| Passenger in a bus
|(final film role)
|}

===Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" |1988
|''[[Chithram]]''
|Ramendra Menon
|
|-
|''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]''
|
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Pingami]]''
|
| Guest Appearance
|}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|1979
|''[[Andamaina Anubhavam]]''
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]''
|Raghu's father
|-
|1989
|''[[Mouna Poratam]]''
|
|-
|}

===Other languages===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Makkala Sainya]]'' || || Kannada || Bilingual film
|-
|1981
|''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''
|V. Sivaramakrishan
| Hindi
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1111221}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Poornam}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Gangakhed Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T11:08:06Z

Nina: fix information additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gangakhed
| constituency_no = 97
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 97-Gangakhed.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
| district = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ratnakar Gutte]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| incumbent_image =
| electors =422,046
}}
'''Gangakhed Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|288 assembly constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]. It comes under [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency]] for [[Elections in India|Indian general elections]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
This constituency includes [[Gangakhed]], [[Purna]] and [[Palam, Parbhani|Palam]] tehsils.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangakhed Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/gangakhed.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Rang Rao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Sakharam S/O Gopalrao Pagare Namdeo S/O Deoji (Sc) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Devrao Mandeo
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Nameorao Marotrao
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sawant Trimbak Maroti
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=4 | Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Gaikwad Vitthal Purbhaji || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Ghandat Mama || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre|Dr. Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ratnakar Gutte|Dr. Ratnakar Manikrao Gutte]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ratnakar Gutte|Dr. Ratnakar Manikrao Gutte]] |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 141,544 |percentage = 45.68% |change={{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Vishal Vijaykumar |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 115,252 |percentage = 37.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Ghandat (Mama) |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 43,026 |percentage = 13.89% |change={{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Rupesh Manoharrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,479 |percentage = 0.80% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vitthal Jivnaji Rabdade |party=Janhit Lokshahi Party |votes = 2,463 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,470 |percentage = 0.47% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,292 |percentage = 8.49% |change= {{increase}}1.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 311,315 |percentage = 73.76% |change= {{increase}}4.51 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 309,845}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 422,046|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |loser = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |swing= {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ratnakar Gutte|Dr. Ratnakar Manikrao Gutte]] |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 81,169 |percentage = 30.25% |change={{increase}}8.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Vishal Vijaykumar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 63,111 |percentage = 23.52% |change={{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Chimaji Ghandat |party=Independent politician |votes = 52,247 |percentage = 19.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karunabai Balasaheb Kundgir |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 28,837 |percentage = 10.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Trimbak Murkute |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,955 |percentage = 8.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre|Dr. Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 8,204 |percentage = 3.06% |change={{decrease}}20.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Viththal Kondiba Jawade |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,079 |percentage = 1.52% |change={{decrease}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,601 |percentage = 0.60% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,058 |percentage = 6.73% |change= {{increase}}5.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 270,113 |percentage = 69.36% |change= {{decrease}}0.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 268,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 389,421|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre|Dr. Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 58,415 |percentage = 23.10% |change={{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ratnakar Gutte|Dr. Ratnakar Manikrao Gutte]] |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 56,126 |percentage = 22.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghandat Mama |party=Independent politician |votes = 47,714 |percentage = 18.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Dalnar Shivaji Vitthalrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,915 |percentage = 16.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Ramrao Desai |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 17,816 |percentage = 7.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Srikant Digambar Bhosale |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,119 |percentage = 2.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhari Ravikant (Balakaka) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,658 |percentage = 2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,024 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,289 |percentage = 0.91% |change= {{decrease}}7.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 255,123 |percentage = 69.87% |change= {{decrease}}0.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 252,861}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 365,115|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}13.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghandat Mama |party=Independent politician |votes = 80,404 |percentage = 37.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre|Dr. Madhusudan Manikrao Kendre]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 61,524 |percentage = 28.31% |change={{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Warpudkar Suresh Ambadasrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 48,703 |percentage = 22.41% |change={{increase}}20.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devrao Ganpatrao Khandare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,145 |percentage = 2.83% |change={{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxmanrao Madhavrao Golegaonkar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,972 |percentage = 2.75% |change={{decrease}}20.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vidyavati Ramchandra Pole |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 3,370 |percentage = 1.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mo. Sarvar S. Ismail |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,358 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,880 |percentage = 8.69% |change= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 217,334 |percentage = 69.71% |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 217,326}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 311,762|ref = |change= {{increase}}63.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Vitthal Purbhaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,065 |percentage = 34.21% |change={{increase}}15.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 33,764 |percentage = 26.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vhawale Dnyanoba Mahadu |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,395 |percentage = 23.35% |change={{decrease}}5.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jangle Vilas Manikrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,992 |percentage = 5.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyanoba Hari Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,212 |percentage = 4.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Javade Vitthal Kondiba |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,064 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanvate Gautam Marotrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,301 |percentage = 7.39% |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,892 |percentage = 66.13% |change= {{increase}}7.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,886}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,361|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 34,332 |percentage = 36.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyanoba Hari Gaikwad |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 27,536 |percentage = 29.08% |change={{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Vitthal Purbhaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,990 |percentage = 19.00% |change={{increase}}5.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gautam Pandurangrao Bhalerao |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 9,509 |percentage = 10.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jangale Vilas Manikrao |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,226 |percentage = 2.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sabne Shankar Munjaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,093 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyanoba Ramsen |party=Independent politician |votes = 609 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,796 |percentage = 7.18% |change= {{increase}}6.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 108,667 |percentage = 67.01% |change= {{decrease}}13.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,696}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,171|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,610 |percentage = 27.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,134 |percentage = 26.97% |change={{decrease}}23.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salve Shivaji Gunajirao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,666 |percentage = 13.58% |change={{decrease}}20.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Manik Rambhau |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,466 |percentage = 5.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Dwarkabai Baburao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,168 |percentage = 4.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Trimbak Maruti |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,163 |percentage = 4.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadekar Shantabai Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,832 |percentage = 3.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 476 |percentage = 0.44% |change= {{decrease}}15.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,671 |percentage = 73.97% |change= {{increase}}19.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,028}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,610|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}22.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 40,033 |percentage = 50.36% |change={{decrease}}11.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,216 |percentage = 34.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tompe Ambadas Narayanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,980 |percentage = 3.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salwe Wamanrao Purbhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,510 |percentage = 3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shegaokar Pritamkumar Sampatrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,167 |percentage = 2.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganacharya Umakant Malkarjun |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,917 |percentage = 2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Vitthal Purbhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,058 |percentage = 1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,817 |percentage = 16.12% |change= {{decrease}}14.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,173 |percentage = 54.15% |change= {{decrease}}1.20 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,500}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,891|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}11.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 39,287 |percentage = 61.97% |change={{increase}}24.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Iraimbakrao Maretirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,685 |percentage = 31.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dake Tulsiram Gyenbaro |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,561 |percentage = 2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gundile Ramrao Sambhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 836 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vhavle Vaijanath Kacharuba |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 804 |percentage = 1.27% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganachary Vishvanath Ramling |party=Independent politician |votes = 783 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Haribhau Narayanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 436 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,602 |percentage = 30.92% |change= {{increase}}24.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,974 |percentage = 55.59% |change= {{increase}}11.65 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,392}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,876|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}24.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,398 |percentage = 37.75% |change={{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jangle Vilas Manikrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,375 |percentage = 31.19% |change={{increase}}15.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandapurkar Satwaji Sadbaji |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 13,238 |percentage = 28.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhalerao Pandurang Gangaram |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 2.34% |change={{decrease}}28.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,023 |percentage = 6.56% |change= {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,318 |percentage = 43.72% |change= {{decrease}}1.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,088}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,227|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Dnyanoba Hari |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,961 |percentage = 37.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandapurkar Satwaji Sadbaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 13,663 |percentage = 30.61% |change={{decrease}}4.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Trimbakrao Maroti |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 6,960 |percentage = 15.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dake Tulsiram Gyenbaro |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 3,016 |percentage = 6.76% |change={{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghobale Limbaji Tulsiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,774 |percentage = 3.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salve Wamanrao Purbhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 891 |percentage = 2.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jondhale Shankar Kisan |party=Independent politician |votes = 485 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,298 |percentage = 7.39% |change= {{decrease}}13.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,212 |percentage = 45.89% |change= {{increase}}17.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,641}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,702|ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Iraimbakrao Maretirao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,750 |percentage = 55.84% |change={{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=More Daulat Nimbaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 10,384 |percentage = 34.62% |change={{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharba Bhimrao Lokhande |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,176 |percentage = 7.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katke Tulsira Chandrakant |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 686 |percentage = 2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,366 |percentage = 21.22% |change= {{decrease}}15.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,274 |percentage = 28.06% |change= {{increase}}3.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,996}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,440|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nameorao Marotrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,806 |percentage = 65.90% |change={{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. L. More |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,511 |percentage = 28.98% |change={{decrease}}6.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=T. M. Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,149 |percentage = 5.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,295 |percentage = 36.92% |change= {{increase}}11.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,653 |percentage = 24.29% |change= {{decrease}}9.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,466}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,393|ref = |change= {{increase}}42.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Devrao Mandeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,637 |percentage = 60.64% |change={{increase}}26.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Trimbak Marothi |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 7,868 |percentage = 34.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Munjaji Mariba |party=Independent politician |votes = 982 |percentage = 4.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,769 |percentage = 25.65% |change= {{increase}}23.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,848 |percentage = 34.85% |change= {{decrease}}15.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,487}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,426|ref = |change= {{decrease}}47.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}26.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sakharam S/O Gopalrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,141 |percentage = 33.89% |change={{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Namdeo S/O Deoji (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,791 |percentage = 31.73% |change={{decrease}}10.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasudeo Raghunath |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 11,680 |percentage = 18.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhavrao Devba (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 9,765 |percentage = 15.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,350 |percentage = 2.16% |change= {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,377 |percentage = 47.97% |change= {{increase}}22.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,377}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,023|ref = |change= {{increase}}160.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}14.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangakhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Rang Rao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,309 |percentage = 48.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manohar Rao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,510 |percentage = 42.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Niranjan Prashad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,160 |percentage = 8.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 799 |percentage = 6.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 12,979 |percentage = 25.96% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 12,979}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,003|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|18.97|76.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Parbhani district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Battle of Vijaydurg

2026-03-13T10:38:43Z

Nina:

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Vijaydurg
| partof = the [[British conquest of India]]
| image = Dominic Serres, the Elder - The Capture of Geriah, February 1756 RMG BHC0377 (L6228).jpg
| caption = ''The Capture of Geriah, February 1756'' [[Dominic Serres]], 1771
| date = January– 11 February 1756
| place = [[Vijaydurg Fort]], [[Maharashtra]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.5607|73.3334|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| result = Anglo-Peshwa victory
| combatant2 = {{flagd|Maratha Empire}} [[Colaba State]]
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}} {{flagcountry|East India Company|1707}} {{flagcountry|Maratha Empire}}
| commander2 = {{flagd|Maratha Empire}} [[Tulaji Angre]]{{POW}}
| commander1 = {{flagd|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Charles Watson]] {{flagd|East India Company|1707}} [[Sir William James, 1st Baronet|Sir William James]] {{flagd|East India Company|1707}} [[Robert Clive]] {{flagd|Maratha Empire}} [[Balaji Baji Rao]]
| strength2 = 2,000 men 250 cannons 200 ships
| strength1 = 20 British ships 500 [[British marines]] 1,000 Maratha troops
| casualties2 = 500+ men
| casualties1 = Unknown
| units2 = [[Maratha Navy]] (loyal to Colaba)
| units1 = [[Royal Navy]] [[Bombay Marine]] [[Maratha Army]] [[Maratha Navy]] (loyal to the [[Peshwa]])
}}

The '''Battle of Vijaydurg''' was fought between [[Tulaji Angre]], the Admiral of the [[Maratha Navy]] and the combined forces of the British [[East India Company]] and the [[Maratha Empire]] led by [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] in early 1756.

==Background==
===Sarkhel Tulaji===
After the death of [[Kanhoji Angre]], there were two short tenures of Sarkhoji and Sambhaji Angre. Following it, the two brothers Manaji and Tulaji started fighting for the post of Sarkhel. The Peshwa had intervened in the disputes between Manaji and Tulaji. This created two spheres of influence, Manaji in the north at Kulaba and Tulaji in the south at Vijaydurg.<ref name=":0">Naravane, M. S.; Battles of the Honorary East India Company: Making of the Raj, op cit page 103, New Delhi, 2006</ref> Tulaji was brave and a much more skillful seaman than Manaji. In a brief span, he had surpassed the record of his predecessors in the number of English ships captured: ''Charlotte'' of Madras, ''William'' of Bombay, ''Svern'' of Bengal and, ''Darby'', ''Restoration'', ''Pilot'', ''Augusta'' and ''Dadabhoi'' of Surat. He had also captured [[Anjanvel]] from the [[Janjira State|Siddis of Janjira]].

===Rebellion of Tulaji Angre===
[[Tulaji Angre]]'s tenure was marked by frequent raids into the territories under the Chhatrapatis of Kolhapur and Maratha nobles like the Peshwa, the Pratinidhi, the Sawants of Wadi, etc. These raids led to a feeling of insecurity among the common people and traders of Maharashtra. Tulaji also allied with the Portuguese against the Marathas. Due to Tulaji's actions, the Peshwa, [[Balaji Baji Rao]], was allied with the British to defeat Tulaji Angre. A treaty was signed according to which a ground force under command of the Peshwa and a naval force under command of the company would attack and destroy Tulaji. Among other articles, the treaty provided that Fort Vijaydurg, when captured, would be given to the Peshwa.<ref name=":0" />

===Fall of Suvarnadurg===
[[File:Francis Holman, Commodore James in the Protector, with the Revenge and the grab Bombay in the bay off the fort at Gheriah, India, April 1755 (18th century).jpg|thumb|British ships in Battle ]]
In 1755, Commodore James of Bombay attacked the fort [[Suvarnadurg]] while the Peshwa's army started capturing land and other coastal forts of Angre. This isolated Suvarnadurg from landward. Commodore James first bombarded the fort from the west. 800 shots and shells were expended at a range of 100 yards, but the walls did not collapse.<ref>Keay, I., op cit page 267</ref> He then entered the channel between the fort and the coast and fired on the eastern face as well as the main gate. Both gave way. Some of the garrison tried to escape from the fort by a tunnel running into the sea, but were discovered and killed.<ref>Keay, I., op cit page 268</ref> Considerable damage had been caused inside the fort by the bombardment and the garrison, finding no hope of relief or reinforcements, surrendered. Commodore James returned to Bombay for the monsoons.

==Battle==
===Attack on Vijaydurg===
[[File:A View of the Attack made on the Fort of Geriah by Admiral Watson, 13 February 1756.jpg|thumb|Attack of [[Vijaydurg Fort|Vijaydurg]]]]
After the fall of Suvarnadurg and all other forts of the Angre, Vijaydurg was the only fort left under the command of Tulaji. In 1756, a large force under [[Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Watson]] converged on Vijaydurg. Watson had arrived at Bombay from eastern waters and had with him [[Robert Clive|Colonel Clive]] with 500 [[topass]]es and other troops. The English ships took station with Watson flying his flag on {{HMS|Protector|1749|6}}. Two bomb vessels were in the extreme east. The Maratha ships were anchored at the mouth of the creek, close to the fort and bunched up, almost hull to hull. Amongst these was the company's ship ''Restoration'', which caught fire. The fire spread rapidly till the entire Angre fleet was destroyed, The bombardment of the fort had caused considerable damage inside the fort and magazine had been blown up.<ref name=":0" />

===Fall of Vijaydurg===
Tulaji, meanwhile had left the fort and gone to the Peshwa's camp seeking a negotiation but was promptly arrested and sent to one of the inland forts as a prisoner. The garrison was asked to surrender and in the absence of any response Clive landed his marines on 11 February 1756, entered and captured the fort.

==Aftermath==
A huge amount of booty was captured. 250 pieces of cannons, stores and ammunition, 100,000 Rupees and 30,000 in valuable items fell into English hands.<ref name=":0" /> Vijaydurg was not handed over immediately to the Peshwa as per the terms of the treaty. It was eventually given up after some months.<ref name=":1">Naravane, M. S.; Battles of the Honorary East India Company: Making of the Raj, op cit page 104, New Delhi, 2006</ref> Following Tulaji's arrest, Rudraji Dhulap was given the position of the Admiral of the Maratha Confederacy.

==References==
{{Commons category|Capture of Vijaydurg, 1756}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Maratha Navy]]
[[Category:Military history of India|Vijaydurg]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]

Arrah Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-08T07:10:02Z

Nina: Created - done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Arrah
| type = LS
| incumbent_image =
| established = 1957 (Shahabad) 1977 (Arrah)
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Sudama Prasad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[R. K. Singh|Raj Kumar Singh]] {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| assembly_cons = [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]] [[Ara Assembly constituency|Arrah]] [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]] [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]] [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
}}

'''Arrah''' (formerly Shahabad) is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] and comprises seven Assembly constituencies: [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC), [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]], [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]] and [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]].

==About==
In 1977, the erstwhile [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] Lok Sabha constituency was renamed as '''Arrah''' Lok Sabha.

==Assembly segments==

===1976-2008===
From 1976 to 2008, the '''Arrah''' Lok Sabha constituency had 6 [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] seats. [[Maner Assembly constituency|Maner]] and [[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]] from [[Patna district]] and [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]] and [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]] from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=DPACO (1976) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date=12 October 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529102900/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2008-Present===

Arrah Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following seven [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] seats, all from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]].

{|class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| 2025
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|192
|[[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]
|rowspan="7"| [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|Radha Charan Sah
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|193
|[[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|194
|[[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]]
|[[Sanjay Singh Tiger]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|rowspan=3}}
|-
|195
|[[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC)
|Mahesh Paswan
|-
|196
|[[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]]
|[[Vishal Prashant]]
|-
|197
|[[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]]
|[[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|198
|[[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]]
|Rakesh Ojha
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Members of Parliament==
===1952-1957===
See [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]] Lok Sabha constituency for [[1st Lok Sabha]].

===1957-1977===
See [[Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]] Lok Sabha constituency. It was in existence from [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]] to [[5th Lok Sabha]]

===1977-Present===
As present day '''Arrah''' Lok Sabha constituency. It is in existence since the [[6th Lok Sabha]]. The erstwhile ''[[Shahabad district]]'' was bifurcated into [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur district]] (Arrah) and [[Rohtas district]] (Sasaram) in year 1972.

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Rameshwar Prasad (CPI(ML) Liberation)|Rameshwar Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian People's Front}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Haridwar Prasad Singh|Haridwar Prasad Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Ram Prasad Kushwaha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Kanti Singh]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|rowspan="1" |[[Meena Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[R. K. Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Sudama Prasad]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Arrah<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Arrah">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Arrah |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0432.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731181217/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0432.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Sudama Prasad]]
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes=529,382
|percentage=48.28
|change= {{increase}}9.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =[[R. K. Singh]]
|party =Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP
|votes =4,69,574
|percentage =42.82
|change ={{decrease}}9.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 16,963
|percentage = 1.55
|change = {{decrease}}0.47
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =59,808
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,97,080
|percentage =50.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Arrah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[R. K. Singh]]|votes=566,480|percentage=52.42|change={{increase}} +8.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Raju Yadav|votes=419,195|percentage=38.79|change={{increase}}+27.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=21,825|percentage=2.02|change={{increase}}+0.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manoj Yadav|votes=10,772|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,47,285|percentage=13.63|change={{decrease}} -1.58}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,82,464|percentage=51.81|change={{increase}} +2.85}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Arrah]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[R. K. Singh]]|votes=3,91,074|percentage=43.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha]]|votes=2,55,204|percentage=28.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Raju Yadav|votes=98,805|percentage=11.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Meena Singh]]|votes=75,962|percentage=8.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh|candidate=Bharat Bhushan Pandey|votes=10,950|percentage=1.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=14,703|percentage=1.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,35,870|percentage=15.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,93,213|percentage=48.96|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Social equation==
The constituency was represented by only two parliamentarians till 1980. [[Bali Ram Bhagat]], who hailed from [[Yadav]] caste and [[Chandradeo Prasad Verma]], who was a member of [[Kushwaha]] ([[Koeri]]) caste were the parliamentarians, who had the distinction of getting elected from this seat for multiple times. After these two parliamentarians, the constituency elected different candidates everytime in next elections till 2009. This constituency is known for struggle between some caste groups for getting their men elected in Indian General Elections to [[Lok Sabha]] from the first General Elections itself.<ref name=h1/>

Until 2004, only [[Yadav]] and [[Koeri]] candidates were elected in different elections, except in 1989, when [[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad]], a member of Extremely Backward Caste was elected on the symbol of [[Indian People's Front]]. In 1996, 1998 and 1999 elections, Chandradeo Prasad Verma, [[Haridwar Prasad Singh]] and Ram Prasad Kushwaha, all three belonging to [[Koeri]] caste were elected from this constituency. From 2009 onwards, the candidates belonging to [[Rajput]] caste are getting elected.<ref name=h1>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-ara-lok-sabha-seat-equation-caste-vote-share-election-history-latest-update-bjp-rk-singh-nda-rjd-mgb-8700595.html|title=Arrah Lok Sabha constituency, will BJP become victorious?|website=Hindustan|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015004126/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-ara-lok-sabha-seat-equation-caste-vote-share-election-history-latest-update-bjp-rk-singh-nda-rjd-mgb-8700595.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bjp-wave-seen-in-aara-rk-singh-become-second-time-mp-19248471.html|title=BJP wave seen in Agra, RK Singh elected for second time|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=18 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017212141/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-bjp-wave-seen-in-aara-rk-singh-become-second-time-mp-19248471.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Ara Junction railway station|Arrah Junction Railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/arrah/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Arrah lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

{{coord|25.6|84.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]

School College Ani Life

2026-03-04T09:34:50Z

Nina: done

{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Vihan Suryavanshi
| producer = [[Rohit Shetty]] Pavitra Gandhi Vivek Shah
| starring = Karan Parab [[Tejasswi Prakash]] [[Jitendra Joshi]]
| studio = [[Reliance Entertainment]] Rohit Shetty Picturez
| music = Pankajj Padghan
| released = {{Film date|2023|4|14|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|1.6 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tejasswi Prakash's School College Ani Life to surpass the box office collections of her previous Marathi flick Mann Kasturi Re?|url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/tejasswi-prakashs-school-college-ani-life-to-surpass-the-box-office-collections-of-her-previous-marathi-flick-mann-kasturi-re-find-out/c836b60603732/|website=Desimartini|access-date=2023-07-19|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530111716/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/tejasswi-prakashs-school-college-ani-life-to-surpass-the-box-office-collections-of-her-previous-marathi-flick-mann-kasturi-re-find-out/c836b60603732/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

'''''School College Ani Life''''' ({{Translation|School College and Life}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] film directed by Vihan Suryavanshi and produced by [[Rohit Shetty]], Pavitra Gandhi, and Vivek Shah in association with [[Reliance Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='School College Ani Life': Rohit Shetty is all set to make his debut in Marathi cinema with Tejasswi Prakash starrer; Trailer out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/school-college-ani-life-rohit-shetty-is-all-set-to-make-his-debut-in-marathi-cinema-with-tejasswi-prakash-starrer-trailer-out/articleshow/98867513.cms |access-date=2023-03-22 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/school-college-ani-life-rohit-shetty-is-all-set-to-make-his-debut-in-marathi-cinema-with-tejasswi-prakash-starrer-trailer-out/articleshow/98867513.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Rohit Shetty to produce a Marathi film titled 'School, College ani Life'; deets inside |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-to-produce-a-marathi-film-titled-school-college-ani-life-deets-inside/articleshow/74731018.cms |access-date=2023-04-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419183518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rohit-shetty-to-produce-a-marathi-film-titled-school-college-ani-life-deets-inside/articleshow/74731018.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-13 |title=Rohit Shetty To Make Marathi Debut With School College Ani Life |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/rohit-shetty-to-make-marathi-debut-with-school-college-ani-life-7541515.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527181951/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/rohit-shetty-to-make-marathi-debut-with-school-college-ani-life-7541515.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is marked to be [[Rohit Shetty]]'s debut in [[Marathi cinema]] as producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohit Shetty's debut Marathi venture 'School College Ani Life' starring Tejasswi Prakash |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/rohit-shettys-debut-marathi-venture-school-college-ani-life-starring-tejasswi-prakash20230320184729/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330184526/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/rohit-shettys-debut-marathi-venture-school-college-ani-life-starring-tejasswi-prakash20230320184729/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It stars Karan Parab, [[Tejasswi Prakash]], and [[Jitendra Joshi]]. The film was released in theatres on 14 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=Tejasswi Prakash To Feature In Rohit Shetty's Marathi Debut Film 'School College Ani Life' {{!}} Deets Inside |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/tejasswi-prakash-to-feature-in-rohit-shettys-marathi-debut-film-school-college-ani-life-deets-inside-10072183 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407141324/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/tejasswi-prakash-to-feature-in-rohit-shettys-marathi-debut-film-school-college-ani-life-deets-inside-10072183 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=School College Ani Life's song Chandanjhula OUT: Tejasswi Prakash-Karan Parab look lost in love in the track |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/school-college-ani-lifes-song-chandanjhula-out-tejasswi-prakash-karan-parab-look-lost-in-love-in-the-track-1215562 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527181953/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/school-college-ani-lifes-song-chandanjhula-out-tejasswi-prakash-karan-parab-look-lost-in-love-in-the-track-1215562 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Tejasswi Prakash]] as Indu<ref>{{Cite web |title=School College Ani Life trailer: Tejasswi Prakash stars in campus drama, fans excited to 'watch her on big screen again' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-school-college-ani-life-trailer-tejasswi-prakash-stars-in-campus-drama-rohit-shetty-turns-producer-3031083 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412014122/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-school-college-ani-life-trailer-tejasswi-prakash-stars-in-campus-drama-rohit-shetty-turns-producer-3031083 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title='School College Ani Life': Tejasswi Prakash drops the teaser of her new song 'Rangbahara' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/school-college-ani-life-tejasswi-prakash-drops-the-teaser-of-her-new-song-rangbahara/articleshow/99059594.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527182133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/school-college-ani-life-tejasswi-prakash-drops-the-teaser-of-her-new-song-rangbahara/articleshow/99059594.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Karan Parab
* [[Jitendra Joshi]]

== Plot ==
The story follows the life of young Nirvaan, focusing on the events and experiences that lead to his eventual success. It highlights both the challenges and triumphs he faces, along with the important people who play a role in shaping his journey.

== Release ==
''School College Ani Life'' was theatrically released on 7 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Tejasswi Prakash's Marathi film School College Ani Life's song Rangbahara releases on THIS date; Watch Teaser |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakashs-marathi-film-school-college-ani-life-song-rangbahara-to-release-on-this-date-watch-teaser-1214389 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407135822/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakashs-marathi-film-school-college-ani-life-song-rangbahara-to-release-on-this-date-watch-teaser-1214389 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=School College Ani Life Movie Review : School College Ani Life' is definitely worth a trip to the theatres this weekend |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/school-college-ani-life/movie-review/99498215.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-27 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527183451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/school-college-ani-life/movie-review/99498215.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = School College Ani Life
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Pankajj Padghan
| released = 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=20|s=10}}
| language = Marathi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|OXmU8QBsKRI|School College Ani Life - Full Album}}
}}
}}{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (s)
| title1 = Rangbahara
| length1 = 4:10
| lyrics1 = Valay Mulgund
| music1 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra1 = Saurabh Salunke
| title2 = Chandanjhula
| length2 = 3:47
| lyrics2 = Valay Mulgund
| music2 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra2 = Sayalie Pankaj, Rohit Raut, Mohan Kannan
| title3 = Baware Mann
| length3 = 3:80
| lyrics3 = Valay Mulgund
| music3 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra3 = Saurabh Salunke
| title4 = Sugandhi Hawa Jazz Version
| length4 = 1:19
| lyrics4 = Valay Mulgund
| music4 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra4 = Neha Adarsh Shinde
| title5 = Sugandhi Hawa Rock Version
| length5 = 1:60
| lyrics5 = Valay Mulgund
| music5 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra5 = Rohit Raut
| title6 = Sajana
| length6 = 2.16
| lyrics6 = Valay Mulgund
| music6 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra6 = Sayalie Pankaj
| title7 = Chandanjhula (Film Version)
| length7 = 3:78
| lyrics7 = Valay Mulgund
| music7 = Pankajj Padghan
| extra7 = Sayalie Pankaj, Rohit Raut
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic drama films]]

Honey Bee 2.5

2026-03-03T20:34:26Z

Nina: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{infobox film
| name = Honey Bee 2.5
| image = Honey Bee 2.5.jpg
| alt =
| director = Shyju Anthikkad
| screenplay = Shyju Anthikkad
| story = [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
| producer = Lal
| starring = [[Askar Ali]] [[Lijomol Jose]]
| music = Deepak Dev &
A M Jose
| studio = [[Lal Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|08|18}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Honey Bee 2.5''''' is a 2017 [[Malayalam]] language [[romantic drama]] film produced by [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] under the banner of [[Lal Creations]]. It stars [[Askar Ali]] and [[Lijomol Jose|Lijo Mol Jose]] in the lead roles along with [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], Lal, [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], and [[Harisree Ashokan|Harisree Asokan]]. The film is directed by Shyju Anthikkad. The music is composed by A. M. Jose. The screenplay was based on a story written by Lal.

It was a derivative of ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]''. The peculiarity of the film is that it was shot during the break intervals of the set of ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/honey-bee-2-5-was-shot-during-the-breaks-of-honey-bee-2/articleshow/60142387.cms|title='Honey Bee 2.5' was shot during the breaks of 'Honey Bee 2'|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vishnu, a youngster who has great potential to become an actor, is cast in a character role in the film, but for one or the other reason the character given to him slips out of his hand. He is not ready to give up and tries his best to take up the character. Meanwhile, Kanmani, actress Bhavana's make-up artist, falls in love with him and helps him realise the character.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/honey-bee-2-5/movie-review/60118409.cms|title=Honey Bee 2.5 review|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/21/the-first-look-of-honey-bee-25-1631355.html|title=The first look of Honey Bee 2.5|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jun/10/honey-bee-25-will-have-a-grand-release-1614807.html|title=Honey Bee 2.5 will have a grand release|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Askar Ali]] as Vishnu
* [[Lijomol Jose]] as Kanmani
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as himself
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as himself
* [[Sreenivasan]] as himself
* [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] as herself
* [[Harisree Asokan]] as himself
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as himself
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as himself
* [[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]] as himself
* [[Jean Paul Lal]] as himself
* [[Sachy (writer)|Sachy]] as himself
* [[Lena (actress)|Lena]] as herself
* [[Joy Mathew]] as himself
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Director Thomas George
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as herself
* [[Balu Varghese]] as himself
* Indian Pallassery as Madhu
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]] as Usman
* [[Jayasurya]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Vinayakan]] as himself (cameo appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by A M Jose.

* "Aminathatha"- Lal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6804986}}
{{Lal Films}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shyju Anthikkad]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series]]

Kallazhagar

2026-03-03T04:43:59Z

Nina: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kallazhagar.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Marumalarchi Bharathi|Bharathi]]
| writer = Bharathi [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] (dialogues)
| producer = [[Henry (producer)|Henry]]
| starring = [[Vijayakanth]] [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
| cinematography = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| editing = Peter Pappiah
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = [[Henry (producer)|Pangaj Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|2|6|ref1=}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kallazhagar''''' ({{IPA|ta|kaɭɭːaɻaɡaɾ|pron}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Marumalarchi Bharathi|Bharathi]], starring [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]. [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Sonu Sood]] and [[Manivannan]] play other supporting roles, while [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] composed the score and soundtrack for the film. It was released on 6 February 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallazhagar ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=kallazhagar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722062838/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=kallazhagar |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=19 March 2012 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahendran |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |pages=344 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |orig-date=2004}}</ref> This is the Tamil debut of Laila and the debut of Sonu Sood.

== Plot ==
In [[Alagar Kovil]] village, Andal, from a young age, has been enamored with [[Vishnu|Lord Kallazhagar]], inspired by the stories her grandmother shared about the deity. As she blossoms into a teenager, she desires to marry Kallazhagar. Though the villagers ridicule her aspiration, Andal remains resolute. Her friend Gowri, daughter of the temple's chief priest, Periya Bhattar, offers support. The arrival of Kamalakannan, a mahout, and his elephant at the temple sparks a new development. Andal is immediately smitten with Kamalakannan, envisioning him as the embodiment of the God she has always idolised. Kamalakannan befriends Mani, another mahout, at the temple. Haunted by his mysterious past, Kamalakannan struggles with sleepless nights.

When thieves attempt to steal the temple's jewels, attacking the assistant priest, Sowmya Narayana, Kamalakannan bravely apprehends the culprits and retrieves the stolen jewels, and Andal and her grandmother tend to Kamalakannan's wounds. Andal confesses her willingness to sacrifice her life if she cannot marry Kamalakannan and also gifts new attire to Kamalakannan and Mani, embracing Mani as a brother and seeking his assistance in uniting her with Kamalakannan. When Mani's elephant runs amok, Kamalakannan skilfully calms the beast, showcasing his exceptional expertise as a mahout. Andal witnesses Kamalakannan performing [[Salah|namaz]] and is shocked to discover he is a Muslim. Confronting him angrily, she demands he reveal his past. Kamalakannan begins to recount his story.

Originally named Kamaluddin, he recounts his newlywed sister, Saira's husband Jamal's involvement in terrorism. Kamaluddin confronted Jamal and his associates, defeating them and imprisoning them. Kamaluddin's father urged him to prevent a bomb blast planned at the Alagarkovil festival at all costs. Kamaluddin joined forces with Peter, a former bomb squad specialist who had lost his family to terrorism. Initially, Peter refused to co-operate but eventually agreed to join the mission. To thwart the bomb blast, Kamaluddin became a Hindu, adopting the name Kamalakannan, and dedicated himself to guarding the temple. Meanwhile, Kamaluddin's father suffered a fatal heart attack, but Kamaluddin refused to return for his funeral, honouring his father's promise to complete the mission.

As the Alagarkovil festival commences, Kamaluddin and Peter intensify their search for the bomb, scouring nearby villages to prevent the impending disaster. As Peter concludes that no evidence of a bomb blast plot exists, Gowri, Periya Bhattar's daughter, reveals that she saw a similar map in Narayana's possession. Periya Bhattar discloses that he recently met Sowmya Narayana in Rishikesh but knows little about him. Narayana is exposed as a trained terrorist tasked with orchestrating a bombing in Tamil Nadu. He plants multiple waterproof bombs in water pots, disregarding the pleas of his accomplices, who fear the devastating consequences. When one terrorist objects, Narayana brutally kills him, witnessed by Andal.

Narayana chases and assaults Andal, prompting Kamaluddin to confront and defeat him and his cohorts. Peter and his team successfully defuse the bombs, ensuring the festival procession concludes without incident. Tragically, Andal succumbs to her injuries and dies. Kamaluddin chooses to remain in Alagarkovil village, embracing his identity as Kamalakannan, the man Andal loved.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijayakanth]] as Kamaluddin and Kamalakannan
* [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] as Andal
* [[Manivannan]] as Mani, a fellow mahout
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Peter
* [[Thilakan]] as Kamaluddin's father
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Periya Bhattar, chief priest
* [[Rudra (actress)|Ashwini]] as Saira, Kamaluddin's sister
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Kamaluddin's mother
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Andal's grandmother
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Jamal, Kamaluddin's brother-in-law
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Govindankutti, Kamalakannan's assistant
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Karuppusamy, Mani's assistant
* [[R. N. R. Manohar]] as Rajagopalan, a reformed terrorist
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as a terrorist
* John Babu as a dancer
* R. R. Sheela as a dancer
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Sowmya Narayana, an assistant priest
* [[Marumalarchi Bharathi|Bharathi]] as a [[Narikurava]] tribe man
* [[Rocky Rajesh]]
* [[Vengal Rao]] as a thief
}}

== Production ==
[[Laila (actress)|Laila]], who had appeared in other regional Indian films, opted to make her debut in Tamil films with ''Kallazhagar'' after she had previously rejected a string of other Tamil offers including ''[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|VIP]]'' (1997).<ref name="kallazhagar" /> The actress also turned down a role in ''[[Unnai Thedi]]'' (1999), insistent that ''Kallazhagar'' should be her first release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glamour dolls |url=https://chandrag.tripod.com/nov98/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122132356/https://chandrag.tripod.com/nov98/ |archive-date=22 November 2022 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=Minnoviyam}}</ref> Early reports had suggested that Hindi actor [[Dilip Kumar]] would also be a part of the cast, but he eventually did not feature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 1998 |title=Vijai-Dileep |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/25-5-98/dileep.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023123535/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/25-5-98/dileep.htm |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

An elephant called Appu was brought in from Thrissur in Kerala, where the elephant formed one of a stable maintained by the famed Paaramekaavu temple, which forms the venue of the yearly Thrissur Pooram festival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=10 November 1998 |title=Appu returns |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325145635/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/nov/10ss.htm |archive-date=25 March 2018 |access-date=26 February 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A few scenes from the film were shot at the [[Kallazhagar temple]] in [[Madurai]], but crowd trouble meant that the makers chose to finish the shoot in sets. For a particular song in the film, Russian dancers were imported to dance alongside Laila. As the film marked music composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]'s 250th album, the film industry felicitated him with a ceremony at the Kamarajar Arangam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=16 January 1999 |title=And the Pongal windfall... |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/16ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004235/http://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/16ss.htm |archive-date=8 February 2018 |access-date=7 February 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Deva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallazhagar |url=https://gaana.com/album/kallazhagar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514202043/https://gaana.com/album/kallazhagar |archive-date=14 May 2020 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallalagar- Love Mood Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/kallalagar-love-mood-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606104336/https://macsendisk.com/product/kallalagar-love-mood-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Macsendisk}}</ref> The song "Varraru Varraru" became hugely popular and is frequently played during [[Chithirai festival]] at Madurai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=முத்துக்குமரன் |first=மு. |date=18 April 2019 |title=வாராரு வாராரு அழகர் வாராரு பாடல் இப்படித்தான் உருவானது...' - நெகிழும் தேவா, பெருமிதப்படும் வைரமுத்து! #MaduraiChithiraiFestival |url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/gods/155442-music-director-deva-and-vairamuthu-talks-about-the-famous-alagar-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230619132406/https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/gods/155442-music-director-deva-and-vairamuthu-talks-about-the-famous-alagar-song |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] | language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Azhaga Kallazhaga" || Arundhati || [[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Chinna Vayasule" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || rowspan=2 | Nandalala
|-
| "Oh Manalea" || [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
| "Thoonda Thoonda" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Krishnaraj || [[Thamarai]]
|-
| "Vaararu Vaararu" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]] || Vairamuthu
|-
| Azhaga Kallazhaga (film version)||K. S. Chithra ||Vairamuthu
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 14 January 1999 coinciding with the festival of [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]], but became delayed due to problems at the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]]. The film was rejected by the board, because of its potential to spark religious conflicts – with particularly a scene in which some Muslim extremists masquerade as religious Hindus and join in the celebration of a major festival in a temple – being highlighted as a concern. The team subsequently had to adapt the concept partially.<ref name="kallazhagar">{{Cite web |title=The stalemate |url=https://chandrag.tripod.com/feb99/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627214913/https://chandrag.tripod.com/feb99/ |archive-date=27 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=Minnoviyam}}</ref>

Lavanya of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Vijay Kanth, Purathchi Kalainjan' is quite awful. Nazir as the bomb expert is okay. Major Soundar Rajan as the chief priest is quite good".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lavanya |date=7 March 1999 |title=Kallazhagar (Tamil) |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/F5A774BEE7C634D065256941003DC8CB?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619133505/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/F5A774BEE7C634D065256941003DC8CB?OpenDocument |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Tackling the ticklish question of the growing bomb culture and terrorist activities involving a particular community, is like walking on the mine field", adding that the director "denounces such a `culture' in clear-cut terms" in the film, "though the solutions he and the author of the story, offer are weak and highly cinematic in content".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=12 February 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Kallazhagar / Ninaivirukkumvarai / Unnaithedi |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990212/09/09120224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407075917/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990212/09/09120224.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] | pages=27}}</ref> [[La. Ganesan]], general secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] reviewing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', praised the film for speaking against terrorism, Mahendran's dialogues and called it a film which can be watched by everyone from different religions.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=கணேசன் |first=இல. |author-link=La. Ganesan |date=21 February 1999 |title=கள்ளழகர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-02-21/page/n97/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230619133219/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-02-21/page/n97/mode/2up |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] | page=96 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The success of the film prompted the producer [[Henry (producer)|Henry]] to sign Vijayakanth for his next film. The film also created demand for Laila as a lead heroine and she shortly after signed on to appear in a role in ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999).<ref name="kallazhagar" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 action drama films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Marumalarchi Bharathi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak

2026-03-02T09:34:14Z

Nina: data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak
| image = Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak poster.jpeg
| caption = Theater poster
| director = Raj Dayal
| producer = Dhananjay Galani
| writer = Subodh Nagdeve
| story = Subodh Nagdeve
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nataliya Kozhenova]]
* [[Vinit Kakar]]
* Shyam Bhimsariya
* Shilpa Sharma
* Dhananjay Galani
* Ramesh Goyal
}}
| editing = Shiva Bayappa
| studio =
| distributor = Lavlin Films
| released = {{Film date|2015|10|30|Mumbai|df=yes}}
| runtime = 1 hrs 30 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}50 lacs
| gross =
}}

'''''Tere Jism se Jaan Tak'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmipop.com/movies/tere-jism-se-jaan-tak-movie-12594|title=Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak Movie Reviews, Trailers, Showtimes & Cast - FILMIPOP|website=www.filmipop.com|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref> is a [[Bollywood]] film made in [[Hindi]] language, directed by Raj Dayal and produced by Dhananjay Galani. It is made under the banner of Lavlin films and was released on 30 October 2015 all over India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tere-jism-se-jaan-tak/critic-review/tere-jism-se-jaan-tak-movie-review/|title=Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak Review - Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Vikrant and Nisha have been dating for the past six months. He once took Nisha to his uncle's (Ramesh Goyal) farmhouse far from the city. After reaching there Vikrant tells Nisha that he will be the owner of this property soon but there are two conditions. First that he has to get married and second that he will have to prove he is not impotent. After living some days in that farmhouse, Nisha realizes that someone is watching both of them. She tells this to Vikrant but he does not believe her.

Vikrant's lawyer realizes that Vikrant and Nisha are not married and are lying. He makes a condition that they make love in front of him. Nisha agrees but Vikrant does not. Nisha learns that Vikrant had a girl in his life before Bobby. Nisha does not know where Bobby is right now and what happened between Vikrant and Bobby.

== Cast ==
* [[Nataliya Kozhenova]]
* [[Vinit Kakar]]
* Shilpa Sharma
* Shyam Bhimsaria
* Ramesh Goyal
* Dhananjay Galani

== Technical team ==
* Director: Raj Dayal
* Producer: Dhananjay Galani
** Story, Screen play & Dialogue: Subodh Nagdeve
** Music Director: Susheel Pendari

== Music==
* Music Director: Susheel Pendari <ref>{{Citation|title=Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak by Buddha, Rajesh Dayal, Vaishali Phadke|date=2016-06-05|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Tere-Jism-Se-Jaan-Tak-2016/Y45BXM197sE_|accessdate=2016-12-31}}</ref>
* Lyrics: Subodh Nagdeve
* Singer: Rajesh Dayal<ref>{{Citation|title=Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak by Buddha, Rajesh Dayal, Vaishali Phadke|date=2016-06-05|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/hindi/Tere-Jism-Se-Jaan-Tak-2016/Y45BXM197sE_|accessdate=2016-12-31}}</ref> & Vaishali Phadke

== Genres ==
* Mystery, Romance

== Release date==
Tere Jism se jaan tak released on 30 October 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tere-jism-se-jaan-tak/ET00043978|title=Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3196|title=Tere Jism Se Jaan Tak - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5072666/
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzYFpeFHP6Y

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

M. Dhandapani

2026-02-26T13:24:15Z

Nina: New a article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
'''M. Dhandapani''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Vedasandur (State Assembly Constituency)|Vedasandur constituency]] in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006 election]]. He was a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2006 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhandapani, M.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Hyena

2026-02-23T05:26:44Z

Nina: fixed page and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Family of carnivoran mammals}}
{{About|the family of animals|other uses|Hyena (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Hyenas
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|22|0}} [[Early Miocene]] – recent
| image = Hyaenidae Diversity.jpg
| image_caption = The four extant species of hyena, clockwise from upper left: spotted hyena (''[[Crocuta crocuta]]''), brown hyena (''[[Parahyaena brunnea]]''), aardwolf (''[[Proteles cristata]]''), and striped hyena (''[[Hyaena hyaena]]'')
| taxon = Hyaenidae
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821
| type_genus = ''[[Hyaena]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision = * '''''[[Incertae sedis]]'''''
** †''[[Tongxinictis]]''
* '''Hyaeninae'''
** †''[[Chasmaporthetes]]''
** †''[[Allohyaena]]''
** †''[[Leecyaena]]''
** †''[[Ikelohyaena]]''
** †''[[Belbus]]''
** †''[[Metahyaena]]''
** †''[[Werdelinus]]''
** '''Hyaenini'''
*** ''[[Crocuta]]''
*** ''[[Hyaena]]''
*** ''[[Parahyaena]]''
*** †''[[Adcrocuta]]''
*** †''[[Pachycrocuta]]''
*** †''[[Pliocrocuta]]''
*** †''[[Palinhyaena]]''
*** †''[[Hyaenictis]]''
* '''Protelinae'''
** ''[[Proteles]]''
** †''[[Gansuyaena]]''
* †'''Ictitheriinae'''
** †''[[Ictitherium]]''
** †''[[Protictitherium]]''
** †''[[Thalassictis]]''
** †''[[Lycyaena]]''
** †''[[Plioviverrops]]''
** †''[[Tungurictis]]''
** †'''Hyaenotheriini'''
*** †''[[Hyaenotherium]]''
*** †''[[Miohyaenotherium]]''
* †'''Percrocutinae'''?
** †''[[Percrocuta]]''?
** †''[[Dinocrocuta]]''?
| range_map = Hyaenidae_range.png
| range_map_alt = [[Striped hyena]] in blue, [[Brown hyena]] in purple, [[Spotted hyena]] in green, [[Aardwolf]] in red
| range_map_caption = Range of [[striped hyena]] in blue, [[brown hyena]] in purple, [[spotted hyena]] in green, and [[aardwolf]] in red
| synonyms = * Protelidae [[William Henry Flower|Flower]], 1869
* [[Percrocutidae]]? Werdelin & Solounias, 1991
}}

[[File: Aardwolf Skeleton.jpg|thumb|Aardwolf, smallest member of the hyena family, skeleton ([[Museum of Osteology]])]]

'''Hyenas''' or '''hyaenas''' ({{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|iː|n|ə|z}} {{Respell|hi|EE|nəz}}; from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὕαινα}}, {{Transliteration|grc|hýaina}})<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Du%28%2Faina^ ὕαινα], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus. Etymologically, this is a feminine of ὕς "swine".</ref> are [[feliformia|feliform]] [[carnivora]]n mammals belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Hyaenidae''' ({{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|ɛ|n|ᵻ|d|iː}}). With just four extant [[species]] (each in its own [[genus]]), it is the fifth-smallest family in the order Carnivora and one of the smallest in the class [[Mammalia]].<ref name=MoW1>{{cite book|editor1=Wilson, D.E.|editor2=Mittermeier, R.A.|year=2009|title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivora|publisher=Lynx Edicions|location=Barcelona|pages=50–658|isbn=978-84-96553-49-1}}</ref> Despite their low diversity, hyenas are unique and vital components of most [[Africa]]n ecosystems.<ref name="miv">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=iv}}</ref>

Although [[phylogenetics|phylogenetically]] closer to [[Felidae|felines]] and [[Viverridae|viverrid]]s, hyenas are [[Ethology|behaviourally]] and [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]] similar to [[canidae|canids]] in several elements due to [[convergent evolution]]: both hyenas and canines are non-[[arboreal]], [[cursorial]] hunters that catch prey with their teeth rather than claws. Both eat food quickly and may store it, and their calloused feet with large, blunt, nonretractable claws are adapted for running and making sharp turns. However, hyenas' grooming, [[scent marking]], defecation habits, mating, and parental behavior are consistent with the behavior of other feliforms.<ref name="k274">{{Harvnb|Kruuk|1972|p=274}}</ref>

Hyenas feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures that live alongside them. Hyenas are commonly viewed as frightening and worthy of contempt. In some cultures, hyenas are thought to influence people's spirits, rob graves, and steal livestock and children.<ref name="m96">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=96}}</ref> Other cultures associate them with witchcraft, using their body parts in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania|first1=Rajeev|last1=Vats|first2=Simion|last2=Thomas|date=7 May 2015|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|volume=11|article-number=38|doi=10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y|pmid=25947365|pmc=4472419 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Evolution==

===Origins===
Hyenas originated in the jungles of [[Miocene]] Eurasia 22 million years ago, when most early feliform species were still largely [[arboreal]]. The first ancestral hyenas were likely similar to the modern [[African civet]]; one of the earliest hyena species described, ''[[Plioviverrops]]'', was a lithe, civet-like animal that inhabited Eurasia 20–22 million years ago, and is identifiable as a hyaenid by the structure of the [[middle ear]] and dentition. The lineage of ''Plioviverrops'' prospered and gave rise to descendants with longer legs and more pointed jaws, a direction similar to that taken by canids in [[North America]].<ref name="mac119">{{Harvnb|Macdonald|1992|pp=119–144}}</ref>

Hyenas then diversified into two distinct types: lightly built dog-like hyenas and robust bone-crushing hyenas. Although the dog-like hyenas thrived 15 million years ago (with one [[taxon]] having colonised North America), most became extinct after a change in climate, along with the arrival of canids into Eurasia. Of the dog-like hyena lineage, only the insectivorous [[aardwolf]] survived, while the bone-crushing hyenas (including the [[Extant taxon|extant]] spotted, [[brown hyena|brown]], and striped hyenas) became the undisputed top scavengers of Eurasia and Africa.<ref name="mac119" />

===Rise and fall of the dog-like hyenas===
[[File:Ictitherium viverrinum.JPG|thumb|Skull of ''Ictitherium viverrinum'', one of the "dog-like" hyenas. [[American Museum of Natural History]]]]

The descendants of ''Plioviverrops'' reached their peak 15 million years ago, with more than 30 species having been identified. Unlike most modern hyena species, which are specialised bone-crushers, these dog-like hyenas were nimble-bodied, wolfish animals; one species among them was ''[[Ictitherium]] viverrinum'', which was similar to a [[jackal]]. The dog-like hyenas were numerous; in some Miocene fossil sites, the remains of ''Ictitherium'' and other dog-like hyenas outnumber those of all other carnivores combined. The decline of the dog-like hyenas began 5–7 million years ago during a period of climate change, exacerbated by [[canid]]s crossing the [[Bering land bridge]] to Eurasia. One species, ''[[Chasmaporthetes|Chasmaporthetes ossifragus]]'', managed to cross the land bridge into North America, being the only hyena to do so. ''Chasmaporthetes'' managed to survive for some time in North America by deviating from the endurance-running and bone-crushing niches monopolized by canids and developing into a [[cheetah]]-like sprinter. Most of the dog-like hyenas had died off by 1.5 million years ago.<ref name="mac119" />

===Bone-crushing hyenas===
By 10–14 million years ago, the hyena family had split into two distinct groups: dog-like hyenas and bone-crushing hyenas. The arrival of the ancestral bone-crushing hyenas coincided with the decline of the similarly built family [[Percrocutidae]]. The bone-crushing hyenas survived the changes in climate and the arrival of canids, which wiped out the dog-like hyenas, though they never crossed into North America, as their niche there had already been taken by the dog subfamily [[Borophaginae]]. By 5 million years ago, the bone-crushing hyenas had become the dominant scavengers of Eurasia, primarily feeding on large herbivore carcasses felled by [[sabre-toothed cat]]s. One genus, ''[[Pachycrocuta]]'', was a {{cvt|110|kg}} mega-scavenger that could splinter the bones of [[elephant]]s.<ref name=Palmqvist_et_al_2011>{{cite journal|last1=Palmqvist|first1=P.|last2=Martinez-Navarro|first2=B.|last3=Pérez-Claros|first3=J. A.|last4=Torregrosa|first4=V.|last5=Figueiridio|first5=B.|last6=Jiménez-Arenas|first6=J. M.|last7=Patrocinio Espigares|first7=M.|last8=Ros-Montoya|first8=Sergio|last9=De Renzi|first9=M.|title=The giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris: Modelling the bone-cracking behavior of an extinct carnivore|journal=Quaternary International|date=2011|volume=243|issue=#1|page=61|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.035|bibcode=2011QuInt.243...61P |hdl=10630/33571|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="mac119" /> Starting in the early [[Chibanian|Middle Pleistocene]], ''Pachycrocuta'' was replaced by the smaller ''Crocuta'' and ''Hyena'', which corresponds to a general faunal change, perhaps in connection to the [[Mid-Pleistocene Transition|Mid-Pleistocene transition]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iannucci |first1=Alessio |last2=Mecozzi |first2=Beniamino |last3=Sardella |first3=Raffaele |last4=Iurino |first4=Dawid Adam |date=2021-11-15 |title=The extinction of the giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris and a reappraisal of the Epivillafranchian and Galerian Hyaenidae in Europe: Faunal turnover during the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121004479 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=272 |article-number=107240 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107240 |bibcode=2021QSRv..27207240I |issn=0277-3791|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Rise of modern hyenas===
[[File:Stripedspottedhyenas.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Skeletons of a [[striped hyena]] (left) and a [[spotted hyena]] (right), two species of the "bone-crushing" hyenas]]
The four extant species are the striped hyena (''Hyaena hyaena''), the brown hyena (''Parahyaena brunnea''), the spotted hyena (''Crocuta crocuta''), and the aardwolf (''Proteles cristata'').

The [[aardwolf]] can trace its lineage directly back to ''Plioviverrops'' 15 million years ago, and is the only survivor of the dog-like hyena lineage. Its success is partly attributed to its insectivorous diet, for which it faced no competition from canids crossing from North America. It is likely that its unrivaled ability to digest the [[terpene]] excretions from soldier [[termite]]s is a modification of the strong digestive system its ancestors used to consume fetid carrion.<ref name="mac119" />

The [[striped hyena]] may have evolved from ''Hyaenictitherium namaquensis'' of [[Pliocene]] [[Africa]]. Striped hyena fossils are common in Africa, with records going back as far as the [[Villafranchian]]. As fossil striped hyenas are absent from the [[Mediterranean]] region, it is likely that the species is a relatively late invader to Eurasia, having likely spread outside Africa only after the extinction of [[spotted hyena]]s in Asia at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]]. The striped hyena occurred for some time in [[Europe]] during the Pleistocene, having been particularly widespread in [[France]] and [[Germany]]. It also occurred in [[Montmaurin]], [[Hollabrunn]] in [[Austria]], the [[Furninha|Furninha Cave]] in [[Portugal]] and the Genista Caves in [[Gibraltar]]. The European form was similar in appearance to modern populations, but was larger, being comparable in size to the [[brown hyena]].<ref name="k66">{{Harvnb|Kurtén|1968|pp=66–68}}</ref>

The [[spotted hyena]] (''Crocuta crocuta'') diverged from the striped and brown hyena 10 million years ago.<ref name="m1">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=1}}</ref> Its direct ancestor was the Indian ''Crocuta sivalensis'', which lived during the Villafranchian.<ref name="k69" /> Ancestral spotted hyenas probably developed social behaviours in response to increased pressure from rivals on carcasses, thus forcing them to operate in teams. Spotted hyenas evolved sharp [[carnassial]]s behind their crushing premolars, therefore they did not need to wait for their prey to die, and thus became pack hunters as well as scavengers. They began forming increasingly larger [[territory (animal)|territories]], necessitated by the fact that their prey was often migratory, and long chases in a small territory would have caused them to encroach into another [[Hyena clan|clan's]] turf.<ref name="mac119" /> Spotted hyenas spread from their original homeland during the [[Middle Pleistocene]], and quickly colonised a very wide area from Europe, to southern Africa and [[China]].<ref name="k69">{{Harvnb|Kurtén|1968|pp=69–72}}</ref>

The eventual disappearance of the spotted hyena from Europe has traditionally been attributed to the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]] and a subsequent displacement of open grassland by closed forests, which favoured wolves and humans instead.<ref name="hyenawolf">{{cite web| url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~mstiner/pdf/Stiner2004a.pdf| title=Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy| work=C. Stiner, Mary| publisher=Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève| access-date=2008-09-16| archive-date=2019-05-08| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508135925/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~mstiner/pdf/Stiner2004a.pdf}}</ref> However, analyses have shown that [[climate change]] alone is insufficient to explain the spotted hyena's disappearance from Europe, suggesting that other factors – such as human pressure – must have played a role.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Varela |first1=Sara |last2=Lobo |first2=Jorge M. |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Jesús |last4=Batra |first4=Persaram |date=2010-08-01 |title=Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Hindcasting a species geographic distribution across time |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379110001265 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=29 |issue=17 |pages=2027–2035 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.017 |bibcode=2010QSRv...29.2027V |issn=0277-3791|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This suggests that the events must be seen within the broader context of [[Late Pleistocene extinctions|late-Quaternary extinctions]], as the late Pleistocene and early Holocene saw the disappearance of many primarily large mammals from Europe and the world.

Expansion or [[Gene duplication|duplication]] of the [[Olfactory receptor|olfatory receptor]] gene family has been found in all 4 extant species, which would have led to the evolution of the more specialised feeding habits of hyenas.<ref name="Westbury-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Westbury |first1=Michael V |last2=Le Duc |first2=Diana |last3=Duchêne |first3=David A |last4=Krishnan |first4=Arunkumar |last5=Prost |first5=Stefan |last6=Rutschmann |first6=Sereina |last7=Grau |first7=Jose H |last8=Dalén |first8=Love |last9=Weyrich |first9=Alexandra |last10=Norén |first10=Karin |last11=Werdelin |first11=Lars |last12=Dalerum |first12=Fredrik |last13=Schöneberg |first13=Torsten |last14=Hofreiter |first14=Michael |date=2021 |title=Ecological Specialization and Evolutionary Reticulation in Extant Hyaenidae |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/38/9/3884/6149117 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=3884–3897 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab055 |issn=1537-1719 |pmc=8382907 |pmid=34426844}}</ref>

Expansion in immune-related gene families was also found in the spotted hyena, striped hyena and brown hyena, which would have led to the evolution of the [[scavenging]] in these species. Mutations and variants were also found in digestion-related genes (''ASH1L'', ''PTPN5'', ''PKP3'', ''AQP10''). One of these digestion-related genes has variants also related to enhanced bone mineralisation (''PTPN5''), while other have also a role in inflammatory skin responses (''PKP3'').<ref name="Westbury-2021" />

In aardwolves, expansion of genes related to toxin response were found ([[Lipocalin]] and [[Glucuronosyltransferase|UDP Glucuronosyltransferase]] gene families), which would have led to the evolution of the feeding of termites [[Trinervitermes trinervoides|Trinervitermes]] in this species. Mutations and variants in genes related to craniofacial shape were also found (''GARS'', ''GMPR'', ''STIP1'', ''SMO'' and ''PAPSS2''). Another gene is related to protective epidermis function (''DSC1'').<ref name="Westbury-2021" />

{{See also|Cave hyena}}

==Genera of the Hyaenidae (extinct and recent)==
[[File:Crocuta crocuta.jpg|thumb|A [[spotted hyena]] of subfamily Hyaeninae]]
The list follows McKenna and Bell's ''Classification of Mammals'' for prehistoric genera (1997)<ref name="McKenna & Bell">Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: ''Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level'', Columbia University Press, New York 1997, 631 Seiten, {{ISBN|0-231-11013-8}}</ref> and Wozencraft (2005) in Wilson and Reeders ''[[Mammal Species of the World]]'' for extant genera.<ref name="MSW3">{{MSW3 Wozencraft|pages=532–548}}</ref> The percrocutids are, in contrast to McKenna and Bell's classification, not included as a subfamily into the Hyaenidae, but as the separate family [[Percrocutidae]], although they are generally grouped as sister-taxa to hyenas.<ref>{{cite journal| year=2013| title=Skull Shape Evolution In Durophagous Carnivorans| journal=Evolution| volume=67| issue=7| pages=1975–93| doi=10.1111/evo.12059 | last1=Figueirido| first1=Borja| last2=Jack Tseng| first2=Zhijie| last3=Martín-Serra| first3=Alberto| pmid=23815654| bibcode=2013Evolu..67.1975F| s2cid=23918004 | doi-access=free| hdl=10630/32909| hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, {{as of|2024|lc=y}} many experts consider them members of Hyaenidae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pérez-Claros |first=Juan A. |date=26 April 2023 |title=An ecomorphological characterization of the percrocutoid hyaenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2197972 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=42 |issue=5 |article-number=e2197972 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2197972 }}</ref><ref name="Xiong 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Xiong |first=Wuyang |date=1 May 2022 |title=New species of Percrocuta (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the early middle Miocene of Tongxin, China |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=799–820 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2067757 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=248627038 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wuyang |first=Xiong |date=October 2019 |title=Basicranial morphology of Late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) from Fugu, Shaanxi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336578352 |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=274–307}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barret |first1=Paul Z. |last2=Hopkins |first2=Samatha S. B. |date=2024 |title=Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity |journal=Proc. R. Soc. B |volume=291 |issue=2028 |article-number=20240756 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2024.0756 |pmid=39137889 |pmc=11321862 }}</ref> Furthermore, the living brown hyena and its closest extinct relatives are not included in the genus ''Pachycrocuta'', but in the genus ''Parahyaena''. However, some research has suggested ''Parahyaena'' may be synonymous with ''Pachycrocuta'', making the brown hyena the only extant member of this genus.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=J. A|last1=Pérez-Claros|year=2024|title= Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|doi=10.26879/1372 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

* '''Family Hyaenidae'''
** '''Subfamily ''Incertae sedis'''''
*** †''[[Tongxinictis]]''<ref name=CocaOrtega2019>{{cite journal|last1=Coca-Ortega|first1=C.|last2=Pérez-Claros|first2=J.A.|date=January 2019|title=Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition|pages=6:e6238|journal=PeerJ|volume=6|article-number=e6238 |doi=10.7717/peerj.6238|pmid=30648005|pmc=6330948|doi-access=free }}</ref> (Middle Miocene of Asia)
** †'''Subfamily Ictitheriinae'''
*** †''[[Herpestides]]'' (Early Miocene of Africa and Eurasia)
*** †''[[Plioviverrops]]'' (including ''Jordanictis'', ''Protoviverrops'', ''Mesoviverrops''; Early Miocene to Early Pliocene of Europe, Late Miocene of Asia)
*** †''[[Ictitherium]]'' (=''Galeotherium''; including ''Lepthyaena'', ''Sinictitherium'', ''Paraictitherium''; Middle Miocene of Africa, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene of Eurasia)
*** †''[[Thalassictis]]'' (including ''Palhyaena'', ''Miohyaena'', ''Hyaenictitherium'', ''Hyaenalopex''; Middle to Late Miocene of Asia, Late Miocene of Africa and Europe)
*** †''[[Hyaenotherium]]'' (Late Miocene to Early Pliocene of Eurasia)
*** †''[[Miohyaenotherium]]''<ref name=Werdelin1996>{{cite journal|last1=Werdelin|first1=Lars|date=March 1996|title=Community-wide character displacement in Miocene hyaenas|journal=Lethaia|volume=29|issue=1|pages=97–106|doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01843.x|bibcode=1996Letha..29...97W }}</ref> (Late Miocene of Europe)
*** †''[[Lycyaena]]'' (Late Miocene of Eurasia)
*** †''[[Tungurictis]]''<ref name=Wang2020>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=X.|last2=Tsang|first2=Z.J.|display-authors=etal|date=February 2020|title=A new species of Tungurictis Colbert, 1939 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the middle Miocene of Junggar Basin, northwestern China and the early divergence of basal hyaenids in East Asia|journal=Geodiversitas|volume=42|issue=3|pages=29–45|doi=10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a3|bibcode=2020Geodv..42...29W |doi-access=free }}</ref> (Middle Miocene of Africa and Eurasia)
*** †''[[Protictitherium]]'' (Middle Miocene of Africa and Asia, Middle to Late Miocene of Europe)
** '''Subfamily Hyaeninae'''
*** †''[[Palinhyaena]]''<ref name=Turner2008>{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=A.|last2=Antón|first2=M.|last3=Werdelin|first3=L.|date=September 2008|title=Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe|journal=Geobios|volume=41|issue=5|pages=677–687|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.001|bibcode=2008Geobi..41..677T }}</ref> (Late Miocene of Asia)
*** †''[[Ikelohyaena]]''<ref name=Tseng2011>{{cite journal|last1=Tseng|first1=Z.J.|last2=Stynder|first2=D.|date=March 2011|title=Mosaic functionality in a transitional ecomorphology: skull biomechanics in stem Hyaeninae compared to modern South African carnivorans|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=102|issue=3|pages=540–559|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01602.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> (Early Pliocene of Africa)
*** ''[[Hyaena]]'' (=''Euhyaena'',=''Parahyaena''; including [[striped hyena]], ''Pliohyaena'', ''Pliocrocuta'', ''Anomalopithecus'') Early Pliocene (?Middle Miocene) to Recent of Africa, Late Pliocene (?Late Miocene) to Late Pleistocene of Europe, Late Pliocene to recent in Asia
*** ''[[Parahyaena]]'' (=''Hyaena''; [[brown hyena]] Pliocene to recent of Africa)
*** †''[[Hyaenictis]]''<ref name=Vinuesa2016>{{cite journal|last1=Vinuesa|first1=V.|last2=Madurell-Malapeira|first2=J.|display-authors=etal|date=April 2016|title=A new skull of ''Hyaenictis'' Gaudry, 1861 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) shows incipient adaptations to durophagy|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume=24|issue=2|pages=207–219|doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9334-0|s2cid=23453043|url=http://nrm.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:926393/FULLTEXT02 }}</ref> (Late Miocene of Asia?, Late Miocene of Europe, Early Pliocene (?Early Pleistocene) of Africa)
*** †''[[Leecyaena]]''<ref name=Turner2008/> (Late Miocene and/or Early Pliocene of Asia)
*** †''[[Chasmaporthetes]]'' (=''Ailuriaena''; including ''Lycaenops'', ''Euryboas''; Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene of Eurasia, Early Pliocene to Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene of Africa, Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of North America)
*** †''[[Pachycrocuta]]'' (Pliocene and Pleistocene of Eurasia and Africa)
*** †''[[Adcrocuta]]'' (Late Miocene of Eurasia)
*** ''[[Spotted hyena|Crocuta]]'' (=''Crocotta''; including ''Eucrocuta''; [[spotted hyena]] and [[cave hyena]]. Late Pliocene to recent of Africa, Late Pliocene to Late Pleistocene of Eurasia)
** '''Subfamily Protelinae'''
*** †''[[Gansuyaena]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Z. Jack |date=2022 |title=A new aardwolf-line fossil hyena from Middle and Late Miocene deposits of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361162806 |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=81–116 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.211025 }}</ref>
*** ''[[Proteles]]'' (=''Geocyon''; [[aardwolf]]. Pleistocene to Recent of Africa)

===Phylogeny===
The following cladogram illustrates the phylogenetic relationships between extant and extinct hyaenids based on the morphological analysis by Werdelin & Solounias (1991),<ref name="Werdelin1991">{{cite journal|last1=Werdelin|first1=L.|last2=Solounias|first2=Nikos|title=The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution.|url=http://foreninger.uio.no/ngf/FOS/pdfs/F&S_30.pdf|journal=Fossils and Strata|volume=30|pages=1–104|year=1991|doi=10.18261/8200374815-1991-01 |isbn=82-00-37481-5 }}</ref> as updated by Turner et al. (2008).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe|first1=Alan|last1=Turner|first2=Mauricio|last2=Antón|first3=Lars|last3=Werdelin|journal=Geobios|volume=41|issue=5|year=2008|pages=677–687|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.001|bibcode=2008Geobi..41..677T }}</ref>
{{Clade
|style=font-size:80%; line-height:85%;background-color:#eeeeff
|caption=Evolution of hyaenas
|captionstyle=background-color:#8899ff;padding:10px;font-weight:bold;
|footer=Phylogenic relationships based on morphological characteristics, after Werdelin & Solounias (1991) and Turner et al (2008)
|footerstyle=background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;
|1={{clade
|style=background-color:#ccffcc;
|label1=
|1=''[[Protictitherium|Protictitherium crassum]]''
|2=''"Protictitherium" cingulatum''
|3=''"Protictitherium" intermedium''
|4=''"Protictitherium" llopisi''
|5=''"Protictitherium" punicum''
|6=''"[[Protictitherium|Protictitherium" gaillardi]]''
|state7=dotted
|7=''"Protictitherium" sumegense''
|state8=dotted
|8=''"Protictitherium" csakvarense''
|style9=background-color:#eeeeff;
|9={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Plioviverrops]]''
|style1=background-color:#ccffcc;
|1={{clade
|grouplabel1=Civet/mongoose-like insectivore-omnivores
|grouplabelstyle1=font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkgreen;text-align:right;
|label1=
|1=''Plioviverrops gervaisi''
|2={{clade
|1=''Plioviverrops orbignyi''
|2={{Clade
|label1=
|1=''Plioviverrops guerini''
|2=''Plioviverrops faventinus''
|3=''Plioviverrops gaudryi''
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=''Tungurictis spocki''
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=''[[Thalassictis|Thalassictis robusta]]''
|2=''"Thalassictis" certa''
|3=''"Thalassictis" montadai''
|4=''"Thalassictis" proava''
|5=''"Thalassictis" sarmatica''
|6=''"Thalassictis" spelaea''
|7={{clade
|label1=
|1=''Tongxinictis primordialis''
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Proteles]]''
|style1=background-color:#ddeeff;
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1='''''[[Proteles cristatus]]''''' (aardwolf) [[File:The life of animals (Colored Plate 4) (proteles cristatus).jpg|50 px]]
|2=''Proteles amplidentus''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Ictitherium]]''
|style=background-color:#ddddff;
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1=''[[Ictitherium|Ictitherium viverrinum]]''
|2=''Ictitherium ebu''
|grouplabel2=Jackal-like hyaenas
|grouplabelstyle2=font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkcyan;text-align:right;
|3={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1=''Ictitherium tauricum''
|2=''Ictitherium ibericum''
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=''Ictitherium kurteni''
|2={{clade
|1=''Ictitherium intuberculatum''
|2=''Ictitherium pannonicum''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1=''Miohyaenotherium bessarabicum''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Hyaenotherium]]''
|1={{clade
|1=''Hyaenotherium wongii''
|2=''Hyaenictitherium hyaenoides''
|3=''"Hyaenictitherium" pilgrimi''
|4=''"Hyaenictitherium" parvum''
|5=''"Hyaenictitherium" namaquensis''
|6=''"Hyaenictitherium" minimum''
}}
}}
|style2=background-color:#ccccff;
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Lycyaena]]''
|1={{clade
|grouplabel2=Cursorial hunting hyaenas
|grouplabelstyle2=font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkblue;text-align:right;
|1=''Lycyaena chaeretis''
|2=''Lycyaena dubia''
|3={{clade
|1=''Lycyaena macrostoma''
|2=''Lycyaena crusafonti''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Hyaenictis]]''
|1={{clade
|1=''Hyaenictis graeca''
|2=''Hyaenictis almerai''
|3=''Hyaenictis hendeyi''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Lycyaenops]]''
|1={{clade
|1=''Lycyaenops rhomboideae''
|2=''Lycyaenops silberbergi''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=''[[Chasmaporthetes]]''
|sublabel1=(running hyaenas)
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Chasmaporthetes exitelus''
|2=''Chasmaporthetes bonisi''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''Chasmaporthetes borissiaki''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Chasmaporthetes lunensis''
|2=''Chasmaporthetes melei''
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Chasmaporthetes ossifragus''
|2=''Chasmaporthetes'' sp. Florida
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''Chasmaporthetes nitidula''
|2=''Chasmaporthetes australis''
}} }} }} }} }}
|style2=background-color:#ddccff
|label2=[[Hyaeninae]]
|sublabel2=(bone-cracking hyenas)
|2={HYAENINAE}
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
|targetA={HYAENINAE}
|subcladeA={{clade
|caption=Bone-cracking hyaenas
|captionstyle=font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;color:darkred;text-align:right;padding:5px 20px 0px 0px;
|1=''Metahyaena confector''
|2=''Palinhyaena reperta''
|3={{clade
|1=Hyaenid sp. E Langebaar
|2={{clade
|1=''Belbus beaumonti''

|style2=background-color:#eeccff;
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''Hyaena abronia''
|2='''''[[Hyaena hyaena]]''''' (striped hyaena) [[File:Hyaena striata - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|50 px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''Parahyaena howelli''
|2='''''[[Parahyaena brunnea]]''''' (brown hyaena) [[File:Hyaena fusca (white background).jpg|50 px]]
}} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''Pliocrocuta perrieri''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pachycrocuta|Pachycrocuta brevirostris]]'' (giant hyaena) [[File:Pachycrocuta brevirostris restoration.jpg|70 px]]

|2={{clade
|1=''[[Adcrocuta|Adcrocuta eximia]]'' [[File:Adcrocuta eximia restoration.jpg|60 px]]
|2=''Allohyaena kadici''
|3={{clade
|1='''''[[Crocuta crocuta]]''''' (spotted hyaena) [[File:Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) by Connor Ashbridge.png|50 px]]
|2=''Crocuta eturono''

}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

A more recent molecular analysis agrees on the phylogenetic relationship between the four extant hyaenidae species (Koepfli ''et al'', 2006<ref name="Koepfli2006">{{cite journal|last1=Koepfli|first1=K.-P.|last2=Jenks|first2=S. M.|last3=Eizirik|first3=E.|last4=Zahirpour|first4=T.|last5=Van Valkenburgh|first5=B.|last6=Wayne|first6=R. K.|title=Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: Relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=38|issue=3|date=2006|pages=603–620|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017|pmid=16503281|bibcode=2006MolPE..38..603K }}</ref>).

{{clade|style=font-size:90%; line-height:100%;
|label1='''Hyaenidae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade
|label1=
|1=''[[Aardwolf|Proteles cristatus]]'' (aardwolf) [[File:The life of animals (Colored Plate 4) (proteles cristatus).jpg|60 px]]
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=
|1={{clade |label1=|1=''[[Spotted hyena|Crocuta crocuta]]'' (spotted hyena) [[File:Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) by Connor Ashbridge.png|80 px]] }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Striped hyena|Hyaena hyaena]]'' (striped hyena) [[File:Hyaena striata - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam -(white background).jpg|70 px]]
|2=''[[Brown hyena|Parahyaena brunnea]]'' (brown hyena) [[File:Hyaena fusca (white background).jpg|65 px]]
}} }} }}

}}

==Characteristics==

===Build===
{{further|Spotted hyena#Description|Striped hyena#Description|Aardwolf#Description|Brown hyena#Description}}
[[File:StripedHyenaSkull.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Striped hyena skull. Note the disproportionately large carnassials and premolars adapted for bone consumption.]]
[[File:Aardwolfskull.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Aardwolf skull. Note the greatly reduced molars and carnassials, rendered redundant from insectivory.]]
Hyenas have relatively short torsos and are fairly massive and [[wolf]]-like in build, but have lower hind quarters, high withers and their backs slope noticeably downward towards their rumps. The forelegs are high, while the hind legs are very short and their necks are thick and short. Their skulls superficially resemble those of large canids, but are much larger and heavier, with shorter facial portions. Hyenas are [[digitigrade]], with the fore and hind paws having four digits each and sporting bulging pawpads.<ref name="h3" /> Like canids, hyenas have short, blunt, non-retractable claws.<ref name="p62" /> Their [[Fur|pelage]] is sparse and coarse with poorly developed or absent underfur. Most species have a rich mane of long hair running from the withers or from the head.<ref name="h3">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=3}}</ref> With the exception of the spotted hyena, hyaenids have striped coats, which they likely inherited from their [[viverrid]] ancestors.<ref name="mac119" /> Their ears are large and have simple basal ridges and no marginal bursa.<ref name="p62" /> Their [[vertebral columns]], including the [[Cervical vertebrae|cervical region]], are of limited mobility. Hyenas have no [[baculum]].<ref name="h4" /> Hyenas have one more pair of ribs than canids do, and their tongues are rough like those of felids and viverrids.<ref>Holl, William & Wood, Neville ''The Analyst: a quarterly journal of science, literature, natural history, and the fine arts, Volume 10'', p. 59, Simpkin & Marshall, 1840</ref> Males in most hyena species are larger than females,<ref name="m21">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=21}}</ref> though the spotted hyena is an exception, as it is the female of the species that outweighs and dominates the male. Also, unlike other hyenas, the [[Female genitalia of spotted hyenas|female spotted hyena's external genitalia]] closely resembles that of the male.<ref name="k210">{{Harvnb|Kruuk|1972|pp=210–211}}</ref>

Their [[dentition]] is similar to that of the [[canid]], but is more specialised for consuming coarse food and crushing bones. The [[carnassial]]s, especially the upper, are very powerful and are shifted far back to the point of exertion of peak pressure on the jaws. The other teeth, save for the underdeveloped upper [[molar (tooth)|molars]], are powerful, with broad bases and cutting edges. The [[canine teeth|canines]] are short, but thick and robust.<ref name="h4">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=4–5}}</ref> [[Anatomical terms of location#Teeth|Labiolingually]], their [[mandible]]s are much stronger at the canine teeth than in canids, reflecting the fact that hyenas crack bones with both their anterior dentition and [[premolars]], unlike canids, which do so with their post-carnassial molars.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behavior of extinct predators|journal=Journal of Zoology|year=2005|first=François|last=Therrien|volume=267|issue=3|pages=249–270|doi=10.1017/S0952836905007430 |bibcode=2005JZoo..267..249T }}</ref> The strength of their jaws is such that both striped and spotted hyenas have been recorded to kill dogs with a single bite to the neck without breaking the skin.<ref name="johnson">[[Daniel Johnson (surgeon)|Daniel Johnson]] (1827) ''[https://archive.org/stream/sketchesofindian00johnrich#page/46/mode/2up/search/hyena Sketches of Indian Field Sports: With Observations on the Animals; Also an Account of Some of the Customs of the Inhabitants; with a Description of the Art of Catching Serpents, as Practiced by the Conjoors and Their Method of Curing Themselves when Bitten: with Remarks on Hydrophobia and Rabid Animals]'' p. 45-46, R. Jennings, 1827</ref><ref name="hamilton">Stevenson-Hamilton, James (1917) ''[https://archive.org/details/animallifeinafri01steviala Animal life in Africa], Vol. 1'', p.95, London : William Heinemann</ref> The spotted hyena is renowned for its strong bite proportional to its size, but a number of other animals (including the [[Tasmanian devil]]) are proportionately stronger.<ref>{{cite web|last=Salleh|first=Anna|title=Marsupial has the deadliest bite|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/04/04/1336220.htm|publisher=abc.net.au|access-date=24 January 2013|date=4 April 2005}}</ref><ref name="Wroe2005">{{cite journal|last1=Wroe|first1=S.|last2=McHenry|first2=C.|last3=Thomason|first3=J.|year=2005|title=Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|pmid=15817436|volume=272|issue=1563|pmc=1564077|pages=619–625|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2986}}</ref> The aardwolf has greatly reduced cheek teeth, sometimes absent in the adult, but otherwise has the same dental formula as the other three species.<ref name="EoM">{{cite book|editor1-last=Macdonald|editor1-first=D.|last1=Richardson|first1=Philip K.R.|last2=Bearder|first2=Simon|year=1984|title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/154 154–159]|isbn=0-87196-871-1|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/154 }}</ref> The [[dentition|dental formula]] for all hyena species is: {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.1|lower=3.1.3.1}}

Although hyenas lack [[perineum|perineal]] scent glands, they have a large pouch of naked skin located at the anal opening. Large [[anal gland]]s above the anus open into this pouch. Several [[sebaceous gland]]s are present between the openings of the anal glands and above them.<ref name="p62">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|pp=62–63}}</ref> These glands produce a white, creamy secretion that the hyenas paste onto grass stalks. The odor of [[hyena butter|this secretion]] is very strong, smelling of boiling cheap [[soap]] or burning, and can be detected by humans several meters downwind.<ref name="k222">{{Harvnb|Kruuk|1972|p=222}}</ref> The secretions are primarily used for [[territorial marking]], though both the aardwolf<ref name="mac119" /> and the striped hyena<ref name="h38">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=38}}</ref> will [[Spraying (animal behavior)|spray]] them when attacked.

===Behavior===
[[File:Brown hyena in Ghanzi, BW-GH, BW 2.jpg|thumb|Brown hyena marking its territory with its anal glands]]
[[File:2667 Spotted Hyena Cubs.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Spotted hyena cubs at their den]]
Hyenas [[personal grooming|groom themselves]] often like [[Felidae|felids]] and [[Viverridae|viverrids]], and their way of licking their genitals is very cat-like (sitting on the lower back, legs spread with one leg pointing vertically upward). They defecate in the same manner as other Carnivora, though they never [[Raised-leg urination|raise their legs as canids do when urinating]], as urination serves no territorial function for them. Instead, hyenas [[territorial marking|mark their territories]] using their anal glands, a trait found also in viverrids and [[Mustelidae|mustelid]]s, but not canids and [[Felidae|felid]]s.<ref name="k271">{{Harvnb|Kruuk|1972|pp=271–73}}</ref> When attacked by lions or dogs, striped<ref name="p72"/> and brown hyenas<ref name="mills60">{{Harvnb|Mills|Mills|2010|pp=60–61}}</ref> will [[Apparent death|feign death]], though the spotted hyena will defend itself ferociously.<ref name="hamilton" /> The spotted hyena is very vocal, producing a number of different sounds consisting of whoops, grunts, groans, lows, giggles, yells, growls, laughs and whines.<ref name="k220">{{Harvnb|Kruuk|1972|p=220}}</ref> The striped hyena is comparatively silent, its vocalizations being limited to a chattering laugh and howling.<ref name="p73">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|p=73}}</ref>
[[file:Spotted Hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) (W1CDR0000381 BD12).ogg|left|thumb|Whoop of a spotted hyena in Umfolosi Game Park, South Africa.]]
{{Anchor|Mating}}
[[Animal sexual behavior|Mating]] between hyenas involves a number of short copulations with brief intervals, unlike canids, who generally [[canine tying|engage in a single, drawn out copulation]].<ref name="k271" /> Spotted hyena cubs are born almost fully developed, with their eyes open and erupting incisors and canines, though lacking adult markings.<ref name="k247">{{Harvnb|Kruuk|1972|pp=247–249}}</ref> In contrast, striped hyena cubs are born with adult markings, closed eyes and small ears.<ref name="r350">{{Harvnb|Rosevear|1974|p=350}}</ref> Hyenas do not [[regurgitation (digestion)|regurgitate]] food for their young and male spotted hyenas play no part in raising their cubs,<ref name="k271" /> though male striped hyenas do so.<ref name="h40">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=40–42}}</ref>

The striped hyena is primarily a scavenger, though it will also attack and kill any animals it can overcome,<ref name="p72">{{Harvnb|Pocock|1941|p=72}}</ref> and will supplement its diet with fruit.<ref name="h31">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|pp=31–33}}</ref> The spotted hyena, though it also scavenges occasionally, is an active pack hunter of medium to large sized [[ungulates]], which it catches by wearing them down in long chases and dismembering them in a canid-like manner. Spotted hyenas may kill as many as 95% of the animals they eat.<ref>[http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/spotted-hyena-crocuta-crocuta/crocuta-diet-and-foraging.html Hyaena Specialist Group - Spotted Hyena: Diet and Foraging] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204092003/http://www.hyaenidae.org/the-hyaenidae/spotted-hyena-crocuta-crocuta/crocuta-diet-and-foraging.html|date=2011-02-04 }}. Hyaenidae.org. Retrieved on 2015-11-06.</ref>

The aardwolf is primarily an insectivore, specialised for feeding on [[termite]]s of the genus ''[[Trinervitermes]]'' and ''[[Hodotermes]]'', which it consumes by licking them up with its long, broad tongue. An aardwolf can eat 300,000 ''Trinervitermes'' on a single outing.<ref name="mac119" />

Except for the aardwolf, hyenas are known to drive off larger predators, like lions, from their kills, despite having a reputation in popular culture for being cowardly.<ref name="p72"/> Hyenas are primarily nocturnal animals, but sometimes venture from their lairs in the early-morning hours. With the exception of the highly social spotted hyena, hyenas are generally not gregarious animals, though the striped and brown hyenas may live in family groups and congregate at kills.<ref name="r343">{{Harvnb|Rosevear|1974|pp=343–344}}</ref>

Spotted hyenas are one of the few mammals other than bats known to survive infection with rabies virus<ref>{{cite journal|date=18 December 2001|title=Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas|journal=PNAS|volume=98|issue=26|doi=10.1073/pnas.261411898|pmid=11742089| last1=East| first1=M.L.|pages=15026–31|pmc=64977|bibcode=2001PNAS...9815026E|doi-access=free}}</ref> and have shown little or no disease-induced mortality during outbreaks in sympatric carnivores, in part due to the high concentration of [[Antibody|antibodies]] present in their saliva.<ref>{{cite journal|date=7 October 2015|title=Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity|journal=PLOS ONE|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0137679|pmid=26444876| last1=Flies| first1=A.S.|display-authors=etal|volume=10|issue=10|article-number=e0137679|pmc=4621877|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1037679F|doi-access=free}}</ref> Despite this perceived unique disease resistance, little is known about the immune system of spotted hyenas,<ref>{{cite journal|date=29 February 2016|title=Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas|journal=Functional Ecology|volume=30|issue=9|doi=10.1111/1365-2435.12638|pmid=27833242| last1=Flies| first1=A.S.|display-authors=etal|pages=1549–1557|pmc=5098940|bibcode=2016FuEco..30.1549F }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=15 January 2012|title=Development of a hyena immunology toolbox|journal=Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology|volume=145|issue=1–2|doi=10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.016|pmid=22173276| last1=Flies| first1=A.S.|display-authors=etal|pages=110–9|pmc=3273618}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=2 February 2014|title=Characterization of toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas|journal=Veterinary Research Communications|volume=38|doi=10.1007/s11259-014-9592-3|pmid=24488231| last1=Flies| first1=A.S.|display-authors=etal|issue=2|pages=165–70|pmc=4112752}}</ref> and even less is known about other Hyaenidae species.

==Relationships with humans==
===Folklore, mythology and literature===
[[File:20,000 Year Old Cave Paintings Hyena.png|thumb|[[Cave hyena]] (''Crocuta crocuta spelaea'') painting found in the [[Chauvet Cave]] in 1994]]
[[File:Hyenamosaic.jpg|thumb| A depiction of the legendary striped hyena, Krokottas of Kytheros Island, from the [[Nile mosaic of Palestrina]]]]

Spotted hyenas vary in their folkloric and mythological depictions, depending on the ethnic group from which the tales originate. It is often difficult to know whether spotted hyenas are the specific hyena species featured in such stories, particularly in West Africa, as both spotted and striped hyenas are often given the same names. In West African tales, spotted hyenas are sometimes depicted as bad [[Muslim]]s who challenge the local [[animism]] that exists among the [[Beng language|Beng]] in [[Côte d'Ivoire]].<ref name="magic"/>

In [[East Africa]], [[Tabwa]] mythology portrays the spotted hyena as a solar animal that first brought the sun to warm the cold earth, while West African folklore generally shows the hyena as symbolizing immorality, dirty habits, the reversal of normal activities, and other negative traits. In [[Tanzania]], there is a belief that [[witch]]es use spotted hyenas as [[Riding animal|mounts]].<ref name="magic"/> In the [[Mtwara Region]] of Tanzania, it is believed that a child born at night while a hyena is crying will likely grow up to be a thief. In the same area, hyena feces are believed to enable a child to walk at an early age, thus it is not uncommon in that area to see children with hyena dung wrapped in their clothes.<ref name="m97">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=97}}</ref> The [[Kaguru]] of Tanzania and the [[Kujamaat]] of southern [[Senegal]] view hyenas as [[Food and drink prohibitions|inedible]] and greedy hermaphrodites. A mythical African tribe called the [[Bouda]] is reputed to have members able to transform into hyenas.<ref name="AP">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17909878.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811101045/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17909878.html| archive-date=2011-08-11| title=The spotted hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: reputation is everything - In the Company of Animals| journal=Stephen E. Glickman| date=22 September 1995| access-date=2007-05-22}}</ref> A similar myth occurs in [[Mansôa]]. These "[[werehyena]]s" are killed when discovered, and do not revert to human form once dead.<ref name="m97"/>

Striped hyenas are often referred to in [[Middle East]]ern literature and folklore, typically as symbols of treachery and stupidity.<ref name="ABI">Mounir R. Abi-Said (2006) ''Reviled as a grave robber: The ecology and conservation of striped hyaenas in the human dominated landscapes of Lebanon'' Ph.D. thesis, University of Kent (Biodiversity management)</ref> In the Near and Middle East, striped hyenas are generally regarded as physical incarnations of [[genie|jinn]]s.<ref name="magic">Frembgen, Jürgen W. ''[http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/364 The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412175143/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/364 |date=2016-04-12 }}'', Asian Folklore Studies, Volume 57, 1998: 331–344</ref> Arab writer [[Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini|al-Qazwīnī]] (1204–1283) spoke of a tribe of people called ''al-Ḍabyūn'' meaning "hyena people". In his book ''<nowiki />'Ajā'ib Al-Makhlūqāt'' he wrote that should one of this tribe be in a group of 1,000 people, a hyena could pick him out and eat him.<ref name="ABI" /> A [[Persia]]n medical treatise written in 1376 tells how to cure cannibalistic people known as ''kaftar'', who are said to be "half-man, half-hyena".<ref name="magic" /> [[Al-Damiri|al-Damīrī]] in his writings in ''Ḥawayān al-Kubrā'' (1406) wrote that striped hyenas were [[vampiric]] creatures that attacked people at night and sucked the blood from their necks. He also wrote that hyenas only attacked brave people. Arab folklore tells of how hyenas can mesmerise victims with their eyes or sometimes with their pheromones.<ref name="ABI" />

In a similar vein to al-Damīrī, the [[Greek people|Greeks]] until the end of the 19th century believed that the bodies of werewolves, if not destroyed, would haunt battlefields as vampiric hyenas that drank the blood of dying soldiers.<ref name="Woodward">{{cite book| last=Woodward|first=Ian| title=The Werewolf Delusion| year=1979| page=256|publisher=Paddington Press | isbn=0-448-23170-0 }}</ref> The image of striped hyenas in [[Afghanistan]], India and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] is more varied. Though feared, striped hyenas were also symbolic of love and fertility, leading to numerous varieties of love medicine derived from hyena body parts. Among the [[Baluch people|Baluch]] and in [[northern India]], witches or magicians are said to ride striped hyenas at night.<ref name="magic" />

The striped hyena is mentioned in the [[Bible]]. The [[Arabic]] word for the hyena, {{Lang|ar-Latn|ḍab`}} or {{Lang|ar-Latn|ḍabu`}} (plural {{Lang|ar-Latn|ḍibā`}}), is alluded to in a valley in [[Israel]] known as Shaqq-ud-Diba` (meaning "cleft of the hyenas") and Wadi-Abu-Diba` (meaning "valley of the hyenas"). Both places have been interpreted by some scholars as being the Biblical Valley of [[Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)|Tsebo`im]] mentioned in 1 [[Book of Samuel|Samuel]] 13:18. In modern [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the word for hyena and hypocrite are both the same: [[wikt:צבוע|''tsavua'']]. Though the [[Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible interprets the term "''`ayit tsavua`''" (found in [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 12:9) as "speckled bird", [[Henry Baker Tristram]] argued that it was most likely a hyena being mentioned.<ref name="BOTF">{{cite book| last=Bright|first=Michael| title=Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible| year=2006| pages=[https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/127 127–129]|publisher=Pavilion Books | isbn=1-86105-831-4| url=https://archive.org/details/beastsoffieldrev0000brig/page/127 }}</ref>

The vocalization of the spotted hyena resembling hysterical human [[laughter]] has been alluded to in numerous works of literature: "to laugh like a hyæna" or a "hyen" was a common [[simile]], and is featured in ''The Cobbler's Prophecy'' (1594), Webster's ''[[The Duchess of Malfi|Duchess of Malfi]]'' (1623) and [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[As You Like It]]'', Act IV. Sc.1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cobler's Prophecy, by Robert Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/coblersprophecy100wilsrich/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Duchess of Malfi, by John Webster |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2232/2232-h/2232-h.htm |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=As You Like It: Entire Play |url=https://shakespeare.mit.edu/asyoulikeit/full.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=shakespeare.mit.edu}}</ref>

''Die Strandjutwolf'' (The [[brown hyena]]) is an [[allegory|allegorical]] poem by the renowned South African poet, [[N. P. van Wyk Louw]], which evokes a sinister and ominous presence.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.55i3.5506 |title=Symbolic values of the dog in Afrikaans literature |date=2018 |last1=Taljaard-Gilson |first1=Gerda |journal=Tydskrif vir Letterkunde |volume=55 |issue=3 }}</ref>

===Attacks on humans===
Ordinarily, striped hyenas are extremely timid around humans, though they may show bold behaviors towards people at night.<ref name="h36">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=36}}</ref> On rare occasions, striped hyenas have preyed on humans.

Among hyenas, only the spotted and striped hyenas have been known to become [[Man-eating animal|man-eater]]s. Hyenas are known to have preyed on humans in prehistory: human hair has been found in fossilized hyena dung dating back 195,000 to 257,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/02/10/oldest-human-hair.html|title=Oldest Human Hair Found in Fossilized Dung|first=Jennifer|last=Viegas|website=Discovery News|access-date=29 November 2020|date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107023507/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2009/02/10/oldest-human-hair.html|archive-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> Some paleontologists believe that competition and predation by [[cave hyena]]s (''Crocuta crocuta spelaea'') in [[Siberia]] was a significant factor in delaying human colonization of [[Alaska]]. Hyenas may have occasionally stolen human kills, or entered campsites to drag off the young and weak, much as modern spotted hyenas do in Africa. The oldest Alaskan human remains coincide with roughly the same time cave hyenas became extinct, leading some paleontologists to infer that hyena predation prevented humans from crossing the [[Bering Strait]] earlier.<ref name="Siberia">{{cite web|url=http://www.asu.edu/provost/emerituscollege/EVoice1/Articles%20section/n1%20Turner%206x9.pdf|title=Hyenas and Humans in Ice Age Siberia|work=Christy G. Turner II|publisher=School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University|access-date=2008-08-02 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Hyenas readily scavenge from human corpses; in Ethiopia, hyenas were reported to feed extensively on the corpses of victims of the [[1960 Ethiopian coup attempt|1960 attempted coup]]<ref>[[Ryszard Kapuściński|Kapuściński, Ryszard]], ''[[The Emperor (book)|The Emperor: Downfall of an Autocrat]]''. 1978. {{ISBN|0-679-72203-3}}</ref> and the [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]].<ref>Donham, Donald Lewis (1999) ''Marxist modern: an ethnographic history of the Ethiopian revolution'', University of California Press, page 135, {{ISBN|0-520-21329-7}}</ref> Hyenas habituated to scavenging on human corpses may develop bold behaviors towards living people: hyena attacks on people in southern Sudan increased during the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], when human corpses were readily available to them.<ref>Copson, Raymond W. (1994) ''Africa's wars and prospects for peace'', M.E. Sharpe, page 6, {{ISBN|1-56324-300-8}}</ref>

Spotted hyenas have been known to prey on humans in modern times, but such incidents are rare. However, attacks on humans by spotted hyenas are likely to be underreported.<ref name="SGDRN">Begg, Colleen, Begg, Keith & Muemedi, Oscar (2007) ''[http://www.selous-niassa-corridor.org/fileadmin/publications/2007-Human-Carnivore_Crocodile_Conflict_-NNR.pdf Preliminary data on human - carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226170051/http://www.selous-niassa-corridor.org/fileadmin/publications/2007-Human-Carnivore_Crocodile_Conflict_-NNR.pdf|date=2011-12-26 }}'', SGDRN (Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa Moçambique)</ref> Man-eating spotted hyenas tend to be very large specimens; a pair of man-eating hyenas, responsible for killing 27 people in [[Mulanje]], [[Malawi]] in 1962, weighed in at 72 kg (159 lb) and 77 kg (170 lb) after being shot.<ref name="maneat">Kruuk, Hans (2002) ''Hunter and hunted: relationships between carnivores and people'' Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-89109-4}}</ref> A 1903 report describes spotted hyenas in the [[Mzimba District|Mzimba district]] of [[Angoniland]] waiting at dawn outside people's huts to attack them when they opened their doors.<ref name="NE"/> Victims of spotted hyenas tend to be women, children and sick or infirm men; [[Theodore Roosevelt]] wrote in 1908–1909 in [[Uganda]] that spotted hyenas regularly killed sufferers of [[African sleeping sickness]] as they slept outside in camps.<ref>Roosevelt, Theodore (1910) ''African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter, Naturalist'', New York, C. Scribner's sons</ref>

Spotted hyenas are widely feared in Malawi, where they have been known to attack people at night, particularly during the hot season when people sleep outside. A spate of hyena attacks was reported in Malawi's [[Phalombe]] plain, with five deaths recorded in 1956, five in 1957 and six in 1958. This pattern continued until 1961, when eight people were killed. Attacks occurred most commonly in September, when people slept outdoors and bush fires made the hunting of wild game difficult for the hyenas.<ref name="SGDRN"/><ref name="NE">{{cite book| last=Knight|first=John| title=Natural Enemies: People-Wildlife conflicts in Anthropological Perspective| year=2000|publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=0-415-22441-1 }}</ref> A 2004 news report stated that 35 people were killed by spotted hyenas in a 12-month period in [[Mozambique]] along a 20-km stretch of road near the [[Tanzania]]n border.<ref name="SGDRN"/>

In the 1880s, a hyena was reported to have attacked humans, especially sleeping children, over a three-year period in the [[Iğdır Province]] of Turkey, with 25 children and 3 adults being wounded in one year. Further attacks were reported later in some parts of the [[South Caucasus]], particularly in 1908. Instances are known in [[Azerbaijan]] of striped hyenas killing children sleeping in courtyards during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1942, a sleeping guard was mauled in his hut by a hyena in [[Qalıncaq]] (Golyndzhakh). Cases of children being taken by hyenas by night are known in southeast Turkmenistan's [[Bathyz Nature Reserve]]. A further attack on a child was reported around [[Serakhs]] in 1948.<ref name="h46">{{Harvnb|Heptner|Sludskii|1992|p=46}}</ref> Several attacks have occurred in India; in 1962, 9 children were thought to have been taken by hyenas in the town of [[Bhagalpur]] in the [[Bihar]] State in a six-week period,<ref name="BOTF"/> and 19 children up to the age of four were killed by hyenas in [[Karnataka]] in 1974.<ref name="m25">{{Harvnb|Mills|Hofer|1998|p=25}}</ref> A survey of wild animal attacks during a five-year period in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] reported that hyenas had attacked three people, causing fewer deaths than [[Indian wolf|wolves]], [[gaur]], [[boar]], [[Asian elephant|elephants]], [[Bengal tiger|tigers]], [[Indian leopard|leopards]] and [[sloth bear]]s.<ref name="Attacks">{{cite web| url=http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173051/http://www.nina.no/archive/nina/Publikasjoner/oppdragsmelding/NINA-OM731.pdf| archive-date=2007-09-27| title=The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans| publisher=Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning| access-date=2008-06-26}}</ref>

<gallery widths=250 heights=250>
File:Hyena attack (1842 woodcut).jpg|Illustration from ''Fraser's'' magazine showing an artist's impression of a "stag-hound" biting a spotted hyena attacking its master
File:Bodleian Libraries, Handbill of Merchant's Hall, 1739, announcing A lion, lionesses, tigers, etc..jpg|A 1739 advertisement by [[Charles Benjamin Incledon (advertiser)|Charles Benjamin Incledon]] featuring [[feliform]]s: the [[Mesopotamian lion]] from the vicinity of [[Bassorah]], [[Cape lion]], [[tiger]] from the [[East Indies]], [[jaguar|panther]] from [[Buenos Aires]], ''[[Hyaena hyaena]]'' from [[West Africa]], and [[leopard]] from [[Turkey]], besides a "[[Lampago|Man tyger]]" from [[Africa]]. The advertisement mentions that the 'hyaena' can mimic a human voice to lure humans.
</gallery>

===Hyenas as food and medicine===
Hyenas have occasionally been used for food and medicinal purposes in [[Somalia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somalilandpress.com/islamists-authorise-hyena-meat-in-southern-somalia/|title=Islamists authorise hyena meat in Southern Somalia.|work=Somalilandpress|access-date=2017-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170353/http://www.somalilandpress.com/islamists-authorise-hyena-meat-in-southern-somalia/|archive-date=2017-01-03|date=August 12, 2012}}</ref> Some Muslims consider it [[halal]] in [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:851|title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 851 - The Book on Hajj - كتاب الحج عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2022 |title=#368: Eating Hyena |url=https://maktabahalbakri.com/368-eating-hyena/ |access-date=February 8, 2025 |website=maktabahalbakri.com |archive-date=October 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016100722/https://maktabahalbakri.com/368-eating-hyena/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2009 |title=Ruling on Eating the Meat of Hyena |url=https://www.aliftaa.jo/research-fatwa-english/321/Ruling-on-Eating-the-Meat-of-Hyena- |access-date=February 8, 2025 |website=Fatwa Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan}}</ref> although this is disputed by other Muslims.<ref>[https://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/62942/confusion-on-hyenas Islam stackexchange]</ref><ref>[https://qna.ilmhub.com/question/ruling-on-consuming-hyena-meat/ ilmhub.com]</ref> This practice dates back to the times of the [[Ancient Greeks]] and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], who believed that different parts of the hyena's body were effective means to ward off evil and to ensure love and fertility.<ref name="magic" />

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited references ===
* {{Cite book|last1=Heptner|first1=V. G.|last2=Sludskii|first2=A. A.|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov221992gept|title=Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation|year=1992 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Kruuk|first=Hans|title=The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour|publisher=University of California Press|year=1972}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kurtén|first=Björn|title=Pleistocene mammals of Europe|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|year=1968}}
* {{Cite book|last=Macdonald|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/velvetclawnatura00macd|title=The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores |location=New York |publisher=Parkwest |year=1992|isbn=0-563-20844-9}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Gus|author-link1=Gus Mills|last2=Hofer|first2=Heribert|url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf|title=Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan|publisher=IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group|year=1998|isbn=2-8317-0442-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506084714/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/1998-013.pdf|archive-date=May 6, 2013 }}
* {{Cite book|last1=Mills|first1=Gus|author-link1=Gus Mills|last2=Mills|first2=Margie|title=Hyena Nights and Kalahari Days|publisher=Jacana Education|year=2010|isbn=978-1-77009-811-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pocock|first=R. I.|url=https://archive.org/details/PocockMammalia2|title=Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=1941}}
* {{Cite book|last=Rosevear|first=Donovan Reginald|url=https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofwest00rose|title=The carnivores of West Africa |location=London |publisher=Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History)|year=1974|isbn=0-565-00723-8 }}

==Further reading==
* Funk, Holdger (2010). ''Hyaena: On the Naming and Localisation of an Enigmatic Animal''. GRIN Verlag. {{ISBN|3-640-69784-7}}.
* Lawick, Hugo & Goodall, Jane (1971). ''Innocent Killers''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
* Mills, M. G. L. (2003). ''Kalahari Hyenas: Comparative Behavioral Ecology of Two Species''. The Blackburn Press.

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Hyaenidae|Hyaenidae}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikispecies|Hyaenidae}}
{{Wikiquote|Hyena}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110507123347/http://www.hyaenidae.org/ IUCN Conservation Union Hyaena Specialist Group]

{{Carnivora|F.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q42046}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyena}}
[[Category:Hyenas| ]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Mammals of Africa]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Necrophages]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]

[[eo:Hieno]]

RMK Residential School

2026-02-22T14:52:34Z

Nina: added section for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = RMK Residential School
| image =
| established = 2007
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| principal = Sapna N Sankhla
| city = [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.360169|80.144612|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| motto = A School Called Life
| mascot =
| website = [http://www.rmkresidential.ac.in/ www.rmkresidential.ac.in]
}}
'''RMK Residential School''' is an international [[co-education]]al [[boarding school]] situated at [[Kavaraipettai]] in the south [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

The school is {{convert|35|km}} by road from [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmkresidential.ac.in/campus.html|title=RMK Residential School: A School Called Life|publisher=RMK Residential School|accessdate=2009-01-15}}</ref> It was founded in 2007 by R.S.Munirathinam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmkresidential.ac.in/management.html|title=RMK Residential School: A School Called Life (Management)|publisher=RMK Residential School|accessdate=2009-01-15}}</ref><ref name=roadshow>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070508181342/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/29/stories/2007032909720500.htm RMK school conducts roadshow in city], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 29 March 2007</ref> The school accepts students from standards (grades) 5-12 and is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121103183542/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/28/stories/2007032809460400.htm School offers international syllabus], ''The Hindu'', 28 March 2007</ref>

In addition to academics, the school offers sports and other activities including Go-karting, [[horse riding]], billiards, swimming, [[tennis]], football, basketball, volleyball, table tennis, cricket, chess, yoga, music and art.<ref name=busy>Kamini Mathai, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023005437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-17/chennai/27757932_1_rmk-residential-john-s-international-residential-school-busy-parents Busy parents put kids in boardings next door], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 17 April 2008</ref>

RMK Residential School has an memorandum of understanding with Bowen Secondary School, Singapore for a School Twinning Program. As per the Program, both schools would have an exchange of students and teachers every year.<ref name=MoUDeccan>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100201013330/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/campus-frames/rmk-residential-school-453 Students of Chennai based RMK Residential School visited Bowen Secondary School], ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', 11 May 2009</ref><ref name=MoUHindu>[http://www.hindu.com/yw/2009/05/12/stories/2009051250211300.html Students of RMK Residential School visited Bowen Secondary School]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''The Hindu'', 12 May 2009</ref>

The school is headed by principal Sapna N Sankhla.

==See also==
* [[List of schools in India]]
* [[RMK Engineering College]]
* [[RMD Engineering College]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rmkresidential.ac.in/ RMK Residential School Website]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rmk Residential School}}
[[Category:Private schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-school-stub}}

Nagpur–Bhusawal section

2026-02-21T17:15:26Z

Nina: New the article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Nagpur–Bhusawal section
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Badnera Junction with 12105 Gondia Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Vidarbha Express arriving at Badnera Junction, an important train on Nagpur–Bhusawal section
| type =
| system = Main line and some branch lines electrified. Some branch lines diesel.
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] ([[Vidarbha]] and [[Khandesh]])
| start = [[Nagpur Railway Station|Nagpur]]
| end = [[Bhusawal railway station|Bhusawal]]
| stations =
| routes = [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1867
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot = [[Ajni railway station|Ajni]], [[Bhusawal railway station|Bhusawal]]
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = Mainline: {{convert|389|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Branch lines: Shakuntala Railway: {{convert|189|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Pulgaon-Arvi {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Badnera–Narkhed: {{convert|138|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Butibori–Umrer branch line {{convert|34|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = Main line: 2
| gauge = Main line: {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = Main line: up to 130 km/h
| elevation = {{convert|314|m|ft}} at Nagpur, {{convert|284|m|ft}} Akola and {{convert|208|m|ft}} at Bhusawal
| website =
| map = {{Nagpur–Bhusawal section}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Nagpur–Bhusawal section''' (railway track) is part of the [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]] (alternatively known as Mumbai–Kolkata line / Bombay–Calcutta line) and connects [[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]] and [[Bhusawal railway station|Bhusawal]] both in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. This section also has a number of branch lines. Part of one of the major trunk lines in the country, Nagpur–Bhusawal section passes through a section of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. The main line crosses [[Nagpur district|Nagpur]], [[Wardha district|Wardha]], [[Amravati district|Amravati]], [[Akola district|Akola]], and [[Buldhana district|Buldhana]] districts of [[Vidarbha]] region and [[Jalgaon district]] of [[Khandesh]] region.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/AKOLA/comm_railways.html |title =Communications – Railways | publisher= The Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra| access-date = 20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/Nagpur%20dips%2012-13.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Nagpur District| publisher=MSME Development Institute | access-date = 20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wardha.nic.in/htmldocs/Trainmain.asp |title = Railway Network in Wardha| publisher= Wardha district administration| access-date = 20 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://amravati.nic.in/gazetteer/gazetteerb/commu_intro.html |title = Communications – Introduction| publisher=The Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra | access-date = 20 April 2013}}</ref>

==History==

The [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] extended the line from Bhusawal to Nagpur in 1867.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html | title = IR History: Early Days – I | last = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| publisher= IFCA| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref>

The {{convert|189|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long, {{track gauge|2ft6in}} gauge [[Achalpur]]–[[Murtajapur railway station|Murtajapur]]–[[Yavatmal]] line, known as the [[Shakuntala Railway]] was built by a British firm, Killik Nixon & Company, in 1903, to carry cotton from the interior of Vidarbha to the Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line at Murtajapur.<ref name="IRFCA"/><ref name=times>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/A-historic-train-faces-an-uncertain-future/articleshow/11721563.cms| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130426163100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/nagpur/31016631_1_narrow-gauge-broad-gauge-shakuntala-express| url-status = live| archive-date = 26 April 2013|title =A historic train faces an uncertain future |last= More|first= Vaidehi|location=Nagpur|date=2 February 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref> The line, run by the Central Provinces Railways Company, is India's only operational private railway company listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref name=bs>{{cite web| url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/a-curious-relic-from-another-era/article4469578.ece |title = A curious relic from another era| work=The Hindu Business Line|date=4 March 2013| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4041983.stm |title =A railway ride into history |date =26 November 2004 | publisher= BBC, 26 November 2004| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref> The line is under conversion to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]].

The {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long, {{track gauge|2ft6in|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge railway]] was built from [[Pulgaon]] to [[Arvi, Wardha|Arvi]] by Central Provinces Railway in 1917.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900-1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-ng.html |title = Indian Narrow Gauge Lines 2002-2003| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref> This line is also under conversion to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]].

The {{convert|34|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long, {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} Butibori–Umrer branch line linking Umrer Coalfield to the main line was established in 1965.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title = Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy| page= 60|author= Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|year = 1986|publisher= Concept Publishing Company | location=New Delhi | isbn = 81-7022-089-0|access-date = 20 April 2013}}</ref> The newly laid {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} Narkhed–Amravati branch line was opened in 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Green-signal-for-traffic-on-Narkhed-Amravati-rail-line/articleshow/15048671.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411033540/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/nagpur/32763645_1_extra-coaches-new-train-brijesh-dixit | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 April 2013 |title = Green signal for traffic on Narkhed Amaravati rail line |last=Pinjarkar |first= Vijay| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref>

There was a {{convert|1469|km|mi}}-long {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line from [[Jaipur railway station|Jaipur]] to [[Secunderabad railway station|Secunderabad]] via [[Akola railway station|Akola]]. Most of the part of this line has been converted to {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=34694 |title = Gauge conversion of Ratlam-Khandwa-Mhow-Akola | publisher= Press Information Bureau| access-date = 8 March 2013}}</ref> The Great Indian Peninsula Railway was taken over by the state in 1925.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part III (1900-1947)|publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 2013-04-03 }}</ref> In 1951, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], the Scindia State Railways and the Dholpur Railways were merged to form Central Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography : Railway Zones|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 24 March 2013 }}</ref>

The entire main line is electrified. Electrification of the railways in the region started in 1968–69 and continued up to Nandura in 1988–89. The Nandura-Badnera sector was electrified in 1989–90. The Badnera–Wardha sector was electrified in 1990–91. Badnera–Amaravati sector was electrified in 1993–94, Jalamb–Khamgaon and Butibori–Umrer in 1994–95.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 15 March 2013}}</ref>

In 1910, the District Gazetteer of Buldhana gave an account of the railway line and its importance from the point of view of trade:
{{cquote|The Nagpur Branch of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway runs a distance of about 47 miles through the District from west to east, and is connected with Khamgaon by a branch from Jalamb 8 miles in length. The railway stations in the District are Khamkhed, Malkapur, Biswa, Nandura, Jalamb, Khamgaon, Shegaon and Nagjhari. Of these the leading stations for exports and imports are Khamgaon, Shegaon and Malkapur. The first two stations despatch to Bombay mainly cotton and grain produced in the Khamgaon and Mehkar talukas and the greater portion of that produced in the Chikhli taluk; Malkapur sends away grain, linseed, cotton, gur and other articles which it receives from the Malkapur taluk and from the north-west portion of the Chikhli taluk. Nandura is the principal outlet of the Jalgaon taluk although it also exports certain produce from the Malkapur taluk.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/BULDHANA/bank_trade%20routes.html |title = Trade routes| publisher=The Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra | access-date = 18 March 2013}}</ref>}}

==Loco sheds==

There are electric locomotive sheds at Ajni and Bhusawal on this line and a narrow gauge diesel loco shed at Murtazapur. Ajni loco shed has WAG-7, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]], WAP-7 and WAG-9I locos. Bhusawal loco shed has [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]], WAG-5, WAG-7 and WCM-6 locos.<ref name=sheds>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title = Sheds and Workshops| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 19 April 2013}}</ref>

==Workshops==
Central Railway has three workshops on this line. Nagpur has a workshop for upkeep of passenger coaches and Ajni has facilities for repair of goods wagons. Bhusawal has a workshop for repairs of locos and wagons.<ref name=sheds/>

==Economy==
This line passes through the cotton producing areas of Vidarbha.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XhF2rr_4uhsC&q=Vidarbha+Calcutta-Bombay+line&pg=PA35 |title = Population dynamics in India|work= page 35 |last= Ranade|first=Prabha Shastri|year = 1990| publisher=APH |isbn = 9788170243076| access-date = 20 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=indiatoday>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20111107-rahul-gandhi-kalawati-suicides-in-vidarbha-749469-2011-10-28|title = Rahul's Lost Widows |last= Damayanti Dutta and Kiran Tare| publisher= India Today, 7 November 2011| access-date = 8 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Mahagenco]] has two major power stations on this route – the 500 MW [[Paras Thermal Power Station]] and the 920 MW [[Bhusawal Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/about-us | title =Installed capacity of Mahagenco | publisher =Mahagenco | access-date =2013-03-08 | archive-date =21 September 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140921080018/http://www.mahagenco.in/index.php/about-us | url-status =dead }}</ref> [[Reliance Power]] has a 600 mW thermal power station at Butibori.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-03/india-business/36129960_1_butibori-mw-unit-largest-captive-coal-reserves| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130421221619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-03/india-business/36129960_1_butibori-mw-unit-largest-captive-coal-reserves| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2013-04-21| work = [[The Times of India]]|title = Reliance-Power starts up second unit of Butibori plant | access-date = 2013-03-08 }}</ref>

Coal-based thermal power stations consume large quantities of coal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.citizenscoalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TypicalCoalFiredPowerPlant.pdf | title = Diagram of a typical coal-fired thermal power station | access-date = 21 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140211074958/http://www.citizenscoalcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/TypicalCoalFiredPowerPlant.pdf | archive-date = 11 February 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> For example, the Bhusawal Thermal Power Station consumed 2,400,000 tonnes of coal in 2006–07, and the Paras Thermal Power Station consumed 351,000 tonnes of coal in the same year.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/thermal_perfm_review_rep/0607/Section-9.pdf | title = Coal supply to various power stations | access-date = 21 April 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140531090331/http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/thermal_perfm_review_rep/0607/Section-9.pdf | archive-date = 31 May 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Around 80 per cent of the domestic coal supplies in India are meant for coal based thermal power plants and coal transportation forms 42 per cent of the total freight earnings of Indian railways.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.miningweekly.com/article/indian-railways-cil-to-collaborate-for-additional-coal-transport-capacity-2013-02-14 |title = Indian Railways, CIL to collaborate for additional coal transport capacity| publisher= Mining weekly.com, 14 February 2013| access-date = 21 April 2013}}</ref> There are over 200 coal loading points across India. Coal is transported by rail to around 60 thermal power stations, 12 steel plants and 55 cement factories forming the major customers of coal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_compliance/2004/Railways/2004_9/chapter3.htm | title = Chapter 3: Coal movement on Indian Railways | access-date = 21 April 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Speed and passenger movement==
The entire Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line is classified as a "Group A" line which can take speeds up to {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 14 March 2013}}</ref>

[[Nagpur railway station|Nagpur]], [[Akola railway station|Akola]] and [[Bhusawal railway station|Bhusawal]], on this line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=14 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/nagpur-junction-ngp/18 Trains at Nagpur]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/akola-junction-ak/203 Trains at Akola]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bhusaval-junction-bsl/208 Trains at Bhusawal]

{{Central Railway}}
{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur - Bhusawal section}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nagpur CR railway division|*]]
[[Category:Bhusawal railway division|*]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1867]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhusawal]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]

P. S. Appu

2026-02-09T06:00:11Z

Nina: created some page w/ infobox

{{Short description|Former IAS officer}}
{{Infobox person
|name = P.S. Appu
|birth_date = {{birth date text|1929}}
|occupation = [[Civil Servant]]
|organization = retired [[Indian Administrative Service]]
}}
'''P.S. Appu''' (1929 – 28 March 2012) was an Indian [[civil servant]] who retired as the director of the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (LBSNAA).<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ias-legend-who-put-values-before-protocol/930271/ IAS legend who put values before protocol]</ref>

==Career==
Appu started his career as a member of the [[Bihar]] cadre of [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1951.<ref name="Mander">{{Cite web | last = Mander | first = Harsh | title = He recognised the value of dissent | publisher = The Hindu (Newspaper) | url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article3269591.ece | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref> In this state he served the Collector of [[Darbhanga]], [[Saharsa]], Finance Secretary and Chief Secretary. While on deputation from the state to the federal government, he served as the Land Reforms Commissioner in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Planning Commission from 1970 to 1975. He opted for voluntarily retirement from service in 1982 while holding the post of Director of LBSNAA.<ref name="Alagh">{{Cite web | last = Alagh | first = Yoginder Kumar | title = A Civil Servant's Role Model | publisher = The Indian Express (Newspaper) | date = 4 April 2012 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-civil-servants-role-model/932187/ | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref>

As Chairman of the Committee on [[Land reforms in India|Land Reforms]] set up by the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], he created a sensation by stating bluntly in 1972 that lack of political will was the reason for failure of land reforms in India.<ref name="Mander" /> He became Chief Secretary of Bihar but left for a lower paid job in the Government of India when he found that the conditions he had stipulated for functioning effectively were not being observed by the political executive. As Director of Government of India's National Academy of Administration he took voluntary retirement on finding that the government would not punish a trainee guilty of reprehensible conduct.<ref name="Sarma">{{Cite web | last = Sarma | first = E.A.S. | title = P.S. Appu - A Tribute | publisher = The Economic & Political Weekly | date = 14 April 2012 | url = http://epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/17332.pdf | access-date = 10 April 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120417114340/http://epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/17332.pdf | archive-date = 17 April 2012 }}</ref> That led to such an uproar in Parliament that Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] had to overrule Home Minister [[Giani Zail Singh]] and announced dismissal of the guilty trainee officer from the IAS.5.<ref name="Boloji">{{Cite web | title = P.S. Appu (Obituary) | publisher = Boloji.com | url = http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Writers&WriterID=1012 | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref>

==Award==
P.S. Appu was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]], in 2006.<ref name="PadmaB">{{Cite web | title = 56 receive Padma awards | url = https://www.oneindia.com/2006/03/29/56-receive-padma-awards-1143628716.html | access-date = 8 April 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927050657/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=3657 Agnihotri, Anita (2008): Rare Values, Rarest Insight – Revisiting Our Time with Shri P.S. Appu (BoloJi)]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article3269591.ece Mander, Harsh (2012): He Recognised the Value of Dissent, The Hindu 2 April 2012]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-civil-servants-role-model/932187/ Alagh, YK (2012): A Civil Servant's Role Model, Obituary in the Indian Express, 10 March 2012)]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ALtAAAAMAAJ The Appu Papers (Compilation)]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Indian civil servants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appu, P. S.}}
[[Category:1929 births|Appu, PS]]
[[Category:2012 deaths|Appu, PS]]
[[Category:Bihar cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Athani, Belagavi

2026-02-06T05:50:33Z

Nina: Stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Athani
| official_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Athani Shivayogi statue & Dannammadevi temple, Athani, karnataka.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.73|N|75.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Regions of Karnataka
| subdivision_name3 = Bayaluseeme
| leader_title = Member of legislative council
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = Member of legislative assembly
| leader_name1 = Shri Laxman Savadi
| established_title = City municipal council
| established_date = 1853
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = City municipal council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 9.1
| area_rural_km2 = 1986
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 590
| population_total = 47842 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/589/download/2004/DH_2011_2901_PART_B_DCHB_BELGAUM.pdf|access-date=20 January 2026|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| population_rural = 479974
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_metro =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 591304
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08289
| registration_plate = KA 23 Chikkodi KA 71 Athani
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 958<ref name="Taluka wide stats of Belgaum district">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgaum.nic.in/stat.html |title=Belgaum District Stats |publisher=City Municipal Commissioner of Belgaum, Govt. of Karnataka |date=10 July 2012 |access-date=25 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512192955/http://www.belgaum.nic.in/stat.html |archive-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="census2011_provisional">{{cite web|title=Population Census of Karnataka, 2011|url=http://censuskarnataka.gov.in/PROVISIONAL%20POPULATION%20TOTALS_2011_KARNATAKA.pdf|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.athanitown.mrc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Athani''' is a town in the [[Belagavi district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is 140 kilometers from the city of [[Belagavi]], 70 kilometers from [[Vijayapura]], 55 kilometers from [[Miraj]], 100 kilometers from [[Kolhapur]], and 624 kilometers from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].

The main profession here is [[Business]] & [[agriculture]], particularly cultivation of [[sugarcane]], jowar, and [[grapes]], The town has Cottage & Medium Scale Industries. The [[river Krishna]] flows 110 km around the southern part of [[Athani Taluk]]. The city is 18 km from [[river Krishna]]. It is famous for leather chappals.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} Athani is the oldest [[municipal]] town of Karnataka; it was established in 1853, according to the Municipal Act of 1850.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} The municipal council completed 160 years. In December 2025, it was upgraded to the City municipal council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.in/amp/karnataka-news/athani-municipality-upgraded-to-municipal-council/articleshow-1yfqyxx|access-date=20 January 2026|title=Athani Town upgraded to City status}}</ref> Athani serves as an important gateway to Karnataka from the state of Maharashtra.

[[File:Athani bus terminal.jpg|thumb|Athani bus terminal]]

==Transportation==
Athani is well connected to various places like [[Hubballi]], [[Vijayapura]], [[Miraj]], [[Sangli]], [[Belagavi]], [[Gokak]], and [[Jamkhandi]] and the town has [[NWKRTC]] bus service. The nearest railway station is [[Ugar (town)|Ugar]] railway station which is 25 km from the city and [[Miraj]] junction 55 km from Athani. [[Belagavi]] and [[Kolhapur]] are the nearest airports. There are 24×7 buses for the cities [[Vijayapura]] and [[Belagavi]].

There is a proposal for a new railway line between [[Shedbal]]-Athani-[[Vijayapura]] & shahbad to connect [[Vijayapura]] with [[Belagavi]]. A survey of this 112.3-km new railway line is completed and submitted to the Railways.

The city is well connected by roads. National Highway 548B connect from Sankeshwar-Athani-[[Vijayapura]]-[[akkalkot]] The three state highways pass through the city:
SH-31 (Jath-Jambothi), and SH-72 (Nippani-muchanddi) and SH (khelgoan-jamakhandi)

Famous goods transportation (truck) company : [[Suhelroadlines]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Athani had a population of 63,625 according to the area 15 km2 including adjacent two villages in it . Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Athani has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average, with 69% of the males and 79% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Climate==
Being situated in upper region of [[Belagavi district]] which lies in the elevated terrain of north-western [[Karnataka]], Athani has a tropical climate. It is known for its moderately climate throughout the year. Athani receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are June–September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southwest and Northeast monsoons in India|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/newsletter/monsoon/Indian_monsoon.html|publisher=Dept. of Environment, Govt. of Maharashtra|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218215150/http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/newsletter/monsoon/Indian_monsoon.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Southwest monsoon maps|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/southwestmonsoon.htm|publisher=mapsofindia.com}}</ref> It has a distinct normal climate in every season. extreme climate should not found here. June and August have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The coldest month is December with an average low temperature of 25.3 °C and the hottest month is may with an average high temperature of 40 °C. Winter temperatures rarely drop up to 18 °C (54 °F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 30–40 °C.The driest month is January, with 10 mm of rainfall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Forecasting manuals for Southwest Monsoons|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/Forecasting_Mannuals/forecasting%20manuals.htm|publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]], Govt. of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033851/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/Forecasting_Mannuals/forecasting%20manuals.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Weather maps for surface temperature|url=http://www.myweather2.com/activity/play-weather-maps.aspx?mapid=18&id=68007&maptype=SURFACE_TEMP|publisher=myweather2.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Weekly Rainfall predictions|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/plot/plots_index.html|publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]], Govt. of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033853/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/plot/plots_index.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Weather box|width=auto
| location = Athani, Karnataka
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 30
| Feb high C = 31
| Mar high C = 33
| Apr high C = 36
| May high C = 39
| Jun high C = 31
| Jul high C = 32
| Aug high C = 28
| Sep high C = 30
| Oct high C = 31
| Nov high C = 30
| Dec high C = 29
| year high C = 39
| Jan mean C = 25
| Feb mean C = 26
| Mar mean C = 26.5
| Apr mean C = 30.5
| May mean C = 32.5
| Jun mean C = 28
| Jul mean C = 28.5
| Aug mean C = 26
| Sep mean C = 27
| Oct mean C = 26.5
| Nov mean C = 25
| Dec mean C = 23
| year mean C = 27
| Jan low C = 20
| Feb low C = 21
| Mar low C = 22
| Apr low C = 25
| May low C = 26
| Jun low C = 25
| Jul low C = 25
| Aug low C = 24
| Sep low C = 24
| Oct low C = 22
| Nov low C = 20
| Dec low C = 19
| year low C = 19
| Jan precipitation mm = 21
| Feb precipitation mm = 01
| Mar precipitation mm = 0
| Apr precipitation mm = 21
| May precipitation mm = 48.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 580.3
| Jul precipitation mm = 700
| Aug precipitation mm = 500
| Sep precipitation mm = 230
| Oct precipitation mm = 80.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 57
| Dec precipitation mm = 65
| year precipitation mm = 700
| Jan sun = 262.9
| Feb sun = 246.5
| Mar sun = 274.7
| Apr sun = 260.5
| May sun = 241.8
| Jun sun = 158.0
| Jul sun = 142.4
| Aug sun = 136.7
| Sep sun = 164.0
| Oct sun = 191.7
| Nov sun = 221.4
| Dec sun = 232.6
| year sun = 2533.2
| source 1 = Yearly weather forecasts<ref name=weather>{{cite web|title=Yearly weather forecast for Gokak|url=http://www.meoweather.com/history/India/na/16.166667/74.833333/Gokak.html |publisher=meoweather.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mean monthly sunshine hours for Karnataka|url=http://www.worldreviewer.com/holiday-weather-guide/climate-in-karnataka-india|publisher=worldreviewer.com|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821135846/http://www.worldreviewer.com/holiday-weather-guide/climate-in-karnataka-india|archive-date=21 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Indian Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Meteorological Department|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/Forecasting_Mannuals/forecasting%20manuals.htm|publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]], Govt. of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033851/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/Forecasting_Mannuals/forecasting%20manuals.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Satellite Imaging for weather forecast|url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/satellite_img/satimg_index.html|publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]], Govt. of India|access-date=31 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019101019/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/weather_forecasting/satellite_img/satimg_index.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Weather data from 1901–2000 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Meteorological Department]], Govt. of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2015 }}</ref>
}}

In 2024, Athani hobli received an annual rainfall of {{convert|618|mm|in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ksndmc.org/en/Root/DownloadFile?path=%5C%5C192.168.2.21%5Ce%24%5CKSNDMC%20REPORTS%5CAnnual%20Report%5CAnnual%20State%20Report%5CAR_2024.pdf&fileName=Annual%20State%20Reports_2024.pdf|access-date=20 January 2026|title=KSNDMC Annual Rainfall report 2024}}</ref>

==Culture==
The ancient Amruthalingeshwara temple (500 years old) is located in the city.

[[Aigali]] animal husbandry fair is a notable event in the region. Athani has produced many well-known Kannada poets and writers.
[[Kannada]] is the main language here while [[Marathi language|Marathi]] is also spoken, owing to close proximity with Maharashtra border.

==History==
Historically, Athni was a fortified town where the armies of the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] clashed. In the present day, nothing remains of the fort but an ancient shrine of Siddeshwara continues to thrive. Siddeshwara Devastana is the largest temple of Athani town which attracts thousands of devotees. Athni was an important centre of trade. Its wheelwrights are known as excellent workmen; from the 15th to 19th centuries, its industries manufactured coarse cotton cloth, blankets, and [[saltpeter]], and there were factories for pressing and cleaning cotton.

Ancient mentions of Athani taluk are Ramateerth has been connected with Ramayan. There are as many as five Ramateerths in the belagavi district, 1) in the Parasgad fort, 2) at Mullur in Ramdurg taluk, 3) near Kanbargi in Belgaum taluk, 4) at Ramateerth in Athani taluk. Ramtheerth having the oldest [[Shiva]] temple built during the [[Chalukyan]] period.
[[Chalcolithic]] (copper age) sites have been located by Dr. Sundara in the upper Krishna valley that is Satti, Saptasagar. Pottery with paintings in ivory black, white kaolin, and brown are found at Satti is noteworthy. However the occurrence of the ash mounds in the Krishna valley of the Belgaum region, according to Sundara, seems to indicate the course of the defusion of this activity along the valley towards the Doab and it is probably associated with users of Sawalda pottery.

Athani has temples dedicated to Amritalingeshwar, Ramalinga, Siddeshwar built in later Chalukyas style shows the evidence of town during Chalukyas period The finest among them is the Amritalingeshwar temple of Later Chalukyan style with profuse carvings and highly artistic pillars in the navaranga. The entrance has pierced windows. The perspective of this beautiful building is lost due to encroachments around it, and the exterior of the Garbhagriha has sculptures the [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] mandapa is across a modern road. The Siddheshwar temple on the Bijapur road is the grama devata and the domed temple is completely refurbished by the Adilshahis in Indo-Islamic style the remains of an earlier structure like Chalukyan pillars are built into the wall shows this temple is built during the Chalukyas period. The earliest of the Mathas is the Gachchina Matha founded in the 12th century. Within the premises of the Matha is the gadduge of the Shri Shivayogi Murugendra Swamiji the Matha is housed in a 400-year-old building. there are Motagi Matha and Gotkhindi Matha. The Rama Mandira at Athani was founded by saint Samartha Ramdas there is a passage leading to a secret chamber the place was a center of underground activities during the freedom movement. Athani has Nalbandh Mosque is of Ali Adil Shah's period.

[[Battle of Athani]] in 1690, a part of [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]] resulted in a decisive Maratha victory, in which [[Santaji Ghorpade]] defeated Kasim Khan, a Mughal general.

Many European travelers like French traveller [[Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo]] mentioned Athani in 1639, who notices Atteny city as one of the chief markets between Bijapur and Goa. It is the chief market in the District, sending cotton and grain westwards to Miraj, and receiving from the sea-coast through Miraj rice, coco-nuts, and dried fish. In about 1670 the English geographer [[John Ogilby]] mentioned Attany as a great trading town. In 1675, Fryer, the English traveler also notices Huttaney as a market town near Bijapur. In 1679, Athni was taken from Shivaji by the Mughul general Dilawar Khan who sacked it. Dilawar Khan wished to sell the people as slaves. [[Sambhaji]], the son of Shivaji, who sometime before had rebelled against his father and joined Dilawar Khan, opposed the suggestion, and Dilawar Khan ignoring his remonstrances, left the camp and became reconciled with his father During this time, the English factory at Karwar had large dealings with Athani. In 1720, Athani was seized by the Nizam after made it over to his ally the Kolhapur chief, who in 1730, transferred it to the Maratha ruler [[Shahu I]] of Satara. In 1788, Rennell established an English factory. In 1792, Captain Moor calls it Athni, a large town well-populated and thriving and it was a place of much trade, importing merchandise from Surat, Bombay. Raichur and Narayanpeth in the Nizam's country during that time textile mills, leather mills, cotton ginning mills were established. Athni lapsed to the British Government in 1839 on the death of the Maratha chief. British established Subordinate Judge's court, a dispensary, a municipal middle school & a Town municipality in 1853. In 1918, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] visited Athani during the freedom movement when he met the Sri Shivayogi Murugendra. Swamiji by the inspiration of tilak Jadavji education society was established and four other schools, one of which is for girls. even mahatma Gandhiji also visited Athani in 1935 Shri Shivayogi Murugendra Swamiji he is an inspiration for Lingaraj desai to establish KLE society in Karnataka in 1916. Athani unified with Karnataka state in 1956.

[[File:Bal-Gangadhar Tilak meets Athani Murugendra Shivayogi. during 1918.jpg|thumb|Bal-Gangadhar Tilak meets Athani Murugendra Shivayogi. during 1918]]

==Athani Taluk==
Athani Taluk is the largest taluk in Belagavi district; it has a total area of 2070.54 km2,<ref>
[http://www.kar.nic.in/zpbelgaum/athaniprofile.html Karnataka Information Centre's profile on Athani Taluk] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418013616/http://www.kar.nic.in/zpbelgaum/athaniprofile.html |date=18 April 2007 }}</ref> 74% is cultivated. This includes 115 inhabited villages and hamlets with a rural population of 4,07,485 as per the 2011 census. The total population of the taluk is 5,25,832. The taluk is bounded by [[Sangli district]] of [[Maharashtra]] in the north, [[Vijayapura]] district in the east, and [[Krishna River]] in the south. It flows 110  km in the taluk. Geologically the area is covered by [[Deccan Trap]] formation. The average annual rainfall is 582 mm. The two rivers that flow here are [[Krishna River|Krishna]] and [[Agrani River]]. Agrani is beside the pandegao, shirur, ajur, sambargi, nagnur (p.a.), tawanshi, and kalloti.

The five largest towns of Athani Taluk (sorted in order of decreasing population) are Athani, [[Ugar (town)|Ugar]], [[Ainapur, Athni|Ainapur]], [[Kagawad]], [[Shedbal]]. The [[river Krishna]] flows around the Athani taluk. Five sugar industries are in this taluk. They are located in Athani, Shinal, Kagawad, [[Kokatnur]], Ugar and [[Kempwad]] . There are four [[Hobli]] in this taluk: Athani, Kagawad, [[Telsang]] and Anatapur. Most of the land is fully fertile; some of the land is dry and hilly.

[[File:Siddeshwar temple athani.jpg|thumb|Siddeshwar temple athani]]

==Tourist attractions and pilgrimages==
* Sri Dannamma Devi Temple Athani, a unique temple
* Ramatheerth: there is a temple of Lord Rameshwar of the old stone temple of 800 years old and one of the caves is located behind the temple it is built during Chalukyas period.
* Athani Amrutlingeshwar temple is built in the Chalukyaan period 1000 years old.
* Gachhina math is a place of lord Murugendra Shivayogi and Marulashankar Devaru in Athani.
* A Raghavendra Swamiji Math was built by the late Shri Bhimdas. This place is also known as Abhinav Mantralaya.
* Savadi Venu Gopal Temple (also known as Gopalkrishna Temple) situated on the bank of Krishna River at Savadi is perhaps the oldest temple in Athani Taluka. the temple Venu Gopal is the presiding deity. It is a typical Trikuteshwar type temple where apart from the presiding deity, the other two vigrahas on either side of the main sanctum sanctorum are two impressive Shivlings. According to the archeological study, the temple is about 1000–1200 years old
* Athani Siddeshwara Temple has the architecture of a mosque. Built-in stone, it was recently clad with marble. It is the main deity of Athani town. It is said that Adilshah of Vijayapura was constructed sometime in the 15th or 16th century.
* Khidrapur ancient temple
* Nandagaon ancient temple
* Ancient fort anatapur
* Hipparagi barrage
* Khilegavi (Basaveshwar Temple situated in Khiilegavi)
* Kokatanur (Yellamma temple)
* Avarkhod: [[Hanuman]] temple, is a tourist place. It is the oldest temple.

== Agriculture ==
In Athani agriculture is the main occupation. About 60% of the total population is engaged in agriculture. The main crops are: [[jawar]], [[wheat]], [[sunflower]], toordal, and kushbi. The commercial crops are [[sugarcane]], [[grapes]], wheat and ground nut. Few varietiesof vegetables like tomatoes, brinjals, ladies fingers, green leaves and redchillies are also grown With the limited rainfall, diesel power pumpsets are in vogue for the available water supply. And the main commercial crop is sugarcane. Athani is one of the largest sugarcane cultivation taluks in Karnataka. 70% of the land is fertile. Sugarcane is cultivated near river Krishna and river Agrani. It is cultivated more than 1,50,000 acres in taluk.
Irrigation facilities of [[Hipparagi]] barrage of [[Upper Krishna Project]]is in athani. By this project canals were constructed. It is very helpful for cultivation of sugarcane and grapes. The Hipparagi project is useful to farmers. Most of farmers cultivate sugarcane and jawar.

==Industries==
There are many industries located in Athani taluk like the sugar industry, chappal factories, glucose, and mills.

===Leather Chappal Mills===
[[File:Athani leather chappals.jpg|thumb|Athani leather chappals]]
The Athani is famous for leather chappals scheduled caste families forming a considerable chunk of the local population. This serves a special mention because of the valid contribution of few subgroups to the now-famous leather products of Athani. The sub-groups are Dhors and Samagars who are mostly engaged in this leather trade and are traditional leather workers. Dhors are specialized in the tanning of hides and skins, while Samagars have proved as intricate craftsmen to produce leather footwear. Recognizing this, the Khadi and village industries commission established a footwear manufacturing center under the name "Lidkar". The success of this paved the way towards another milestone, where ‘Lidkar’ backed by the State Government, saw the light of the day, boosting the activity of footwear manufacturing further. The foot-wears are marketed throughout India by the respective outlets. The traders from another part of the country also procure leather goods from Athani, to market them in their areas. Through the State Trading Corporation, these leather goods are also exported to many countries where they have found a sizeable market. Athanic Footwear The category which has established itself by way of its design and quality is known as ‘Kolhapuri Chappals’ which has a great demand in local as well as the export markets. These goods were exported to foreign countries like Scotland, Netherlands, England, and others..

==Sugar industry==
[[File:Krishna cooperative sugar industry, Athani.jpg|thumb|Krishna cooperative sugar industry, Athani]]
[[File:Athani farmers sugar industry.jpg|thumb|Athani farmers sugar industry]]
Previously there was no sugar industry was there in this taluk but farmers transported the sugarcane to Maharashtra. in 1940 the sugar industry establish in ugar [[Athani Taluk]] Ugar sugars Pvt ltd, it produces more than 12,000 tonnes. Athani taluk is the largest sugarcane crushing & sugar-producing in Karnataka. it ranks number 1 in Karnataka and in 1985 Krishna co-operative sugar industry, Athani many sugar industries were started in this taluk. Presently 5 sugar industries are located in Athani taluk there are:
* Krishna co-operative sugar industry, Athani
* Ugar sugars pvt ltd, Ugar
* Shree Renuka sugars pvt ltd, Kokatnur
* Athani farmers sugar industry, Kempwad
* Shiraguppi sugars pvt ltd, Kagwad

==See also==
*[[Athani Taluk]]
*[[Athani (rural)]]
*[[Belagavi district]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*Gazettire of Belgaum District 1986, 1904
*Imperial Gazettire of India 1904 (athani)

==External links==
* {{URL|www.kar.nic.in/zpbelgaum/athaniprofile.htm}}
* {{URL|http://www.athanitown.gov.in.com.html}}
* {{URL|www.karunadu.in.com.htm}}
* {{URL|www.india.gov.com.htm}}
* [http://www.citypincode.in/KARNATAKA/BELGAUM/Athani_PINCODE 591304]
* {{URL|www.athanitown.gov.in}}
* {{URL|www.ramtheerth.in.com}}
* {{URL|www.klessms.in.com}}
* {{URL|http://jesocietyathani.org/}}
{{Geographic Location
| Centre = Athani Taluka
| North = [[Jath|Jath Taluka]], Maharashtra
| Northeast = [[Jath|Jath Taluka]], Maharashtra
| East = [[Vijayapura]] district
| Southeast = [[Jamakhandi|Jamakhandi Taluka]]
| South = [[Raybag|Raybag Taluka]]
| Southwest = [[Raybag|Raybag Taluka]]
| West = [[Chikkodi|Chikkodi Taluka]]
| Northwest = [[Miraj|Miraj Taluka]], Maharashtra
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Belagavi district]]

General officer commanding

2026-01-16T12:22:53Z

Nina: added references

{{Short description|Army title in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''General officer commanding''' ('''GOC''') is the usual title given in the armies of the [[United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries (and some other nations, such as [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]) to a [[general officer]] who holds a command appointment.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bowyer|first=Richard|title=Dictionary of Military Terms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2SyST6KUJMC&pg=PA6|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-156-5|page=41}}</ref>

Thus, a general might be the GOC [[II Corps (United Kingdom)|British II Corps]] (a [[Three-star rank|three-star]] appointment) or GOC [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|British 7th Armoured Division]] (a [[Two-star rank|two-star]] appointment).

==GOC-in-C==
A general officer heading a particularly large or important command, such as [[Middle East Command]] or the [[Allied Armies in Italy]], may be called a '''general officer commanding-in-chief''' ('''GOC-in-C'''). The governor of the [[Imperial Fortress]] colony of [[Bermuda]] was also appointed [[commander-in-chief]] of the disproportionately-large [[Bermuda Garrison]]. From 1912, when Lieutenant-General Sir [[George Bullock (British Army officer)|George Mackworth Bullock]] replaced the late Lieutenant-General Sir [[Walter Kitchener|Frederick Walter Kitchener]], through the [[Second World War]], the military office was titled ''General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Bermuda''.<ref>{{cite book |author= |date=1913 |title=Hart's Annual Army List, Special Reserve List, and Territorial Force List, for 1913, (Being the Seventy-Fourth Annual Volume) |url= |location=London |publisher=John Murray |page=116 |isbn=}}</ref> GOC-in-Cs are usually one rank higher than a GOC with GOCs of [[corps]]-level formations reporting to them.

==Usage in the Indian Army==
The army commanders who head the training and operational [[Indian_Army#Command_structure|commands]] of the [[Indian Army]] hold the title of general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C).<ref name = "Indian Army - Organisation">{{cite web |date= |title=Organisation of Indian Army |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/KnowYourArmy/know-your-army-main/organisation-know-your-army-main |website= |location= |publisher=[[Indian Army]] |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><ref name = "NIOS - Military Studies, Chapter 4">{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Military Studies - Chapter 4, Armed Forces |url=https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/Military_Studies_374/Book-1/Chapter-4.pdf |website= |location= |publisher=[[National Institute of Open Schooling]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425221226/https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/Military_Studies_374/Book-1/Chapter-4.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2025 |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> There are currently seven appointments:
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command]]
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Command]]
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command]]
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Command]]
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief South Western Command]]
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command]]
* [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Army Training Command]]

Higher military commanders of the Indian Army who are in command of operational formations, such as a division or corps, or of static formations, such as a subarea or area, are referred to as general officers commanding; examples being GOC 12 Corps, GOC 3 Infantry Division, GOC Dakshin Maharashtra and Goa Subarea, and GOC Uttar Bharat Area.<ref name = "Indian Army - Organisation" /><ref name = "NIOS - Military Studies, Chapter 4" />

==Equivalent term in other services==
The equivalent term for naval officers is [[flag officer commanding]] and that for air force officers is [[air officer commanding]].
In the case of flag and air officers heading a large or important command, the term is flag officer commanding-in-chief and air officer commanding-in-chief.

In the [[United States Armed Forces]], the equivalent is [[Commanding officer|commanding general]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:British military appointments]]

India women's cricket team in Bangladesh in 2024

2026-01-04T11:38:49Z

Nina:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India women's cricket team in Bangladesh in 2024
| team1_image = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| team1_name = Bangladesh
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 28 April
| to_date = 9 May 2024
| team1_captain = [[Nigar Sultana (cricketer)|Nigar Sultana]]
| team2_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 5
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Nigar Sultana (cricketer)|Nigar Sultana]] (93)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (116)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Rabeya Khan]] (8)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Radha Yadav]] (10)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Radha Yadav]] (Ind)
}}
The [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]] toured Bangladesh in April and May 2024 to play five [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/129627/bangladesh-to-host-india-women-for-five-match-t20i-series-in-april-may |title=Bangladesh to host India women for five-match T20I series in April-May |work=Cricbuzz |date=25 February 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/banw-vs-indw-t20-series-2024-schedule-india-women-v-bangladesh-list-of-matches-fixtures-dates-day-night/article68023754.ece |title=Indian women’s cricket team to play five-match T20I series in Bangladesh |work=Sportstar |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> The T20I series formed part of both teams' preparation ahead of the [[2024 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2024 Asia Cup]] and [[2024 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-to-tour-bangladesh-for-a-five-match-t20i-series |title=India to tour Bangladesh for five-match T20I series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-women-s-five-match-t20i-tour-of-bangladesh-to-begin-on-april-28-1427593 |title=India Women's five-match T20I tour of Bangladesh to begin on April 28 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-travel-to-bangladesh-with-focus-on-the-t20-world-cup-1431148 |title=India travel to Bangladesh with focus on the T20 World Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref> In April 2024, [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]] (BCB) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tigercricket.com.bd/detail/itinerary-announced-for-india-women-s-tour-of-bangladesh-2024 |title=Itinerary Announced for India Women’s Tour of Bangladesh 2024 |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> India had last toured Bangladesh [[India women's cricket team in Bangladesh in 2023|in 2023]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/38306-bangladesh-to-host-india-womens-cricket-team-from-28-april-to-9-may-2024.html |title=Bangladesh to host India women’s cricket team from 28 April to 9 May 2024 |work=Female Cricket |date=27 February 2024 |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref>

India won the first T20I by 44 runs<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/cricket/news/top-order-troubles-once-again-come-fore-3597611 |title=Top-order troubles once again come to fore |work=The Daily Star |access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref> and the rain-hit second T20I by 19 runs via the [[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|Duckworth-Lewis-Stern (DLS) method]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130292/spinners-hemalatha-star-in-rain-hit-game-as-india-take-2-0-lead |title=Spinners, Hemalatha star in rain-hit game as India take 2-0 lead |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref> In the third T20I, India chased down Bangladesh's target of 117 runs and sealed the series 3–0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowlers, openers help India seal T20I series |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130313/bowlers-openers-help-india-seal-t20i-series |access-date=2 May 2024 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> The fourth T20I was interrupted due to rain and the match was reduced to 14 overs per side; India set a target of 125 runs and won the match by 56 runs via the DLS method.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/130355/india-go-4-0-up-after-another-clinical-show |title=India go 4-0 up after another clinical show |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> India won the fifth T20I by 21 runs, taking the series 5–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-women-vs-india-women-2024-1429390/bangladesh-women-vs-india-women-5th-t20i-1429397/match-report |title=Radha Yadav, batters lead India to 5-0 T20I series sweep over Bangladesh |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!{{crw|BAN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tigercricket.com.bd/detail/bangladesh-women-s-squad-for-t20-series-against-india-announced |title=Bangladesh Women’s Squad for T20 Series Against India Announced |work=Bangladesh Cricket Board |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref>
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/two-wpl-stars-earn-maiden-call-ups-as-india-announce-t20i-squad-for-bangladesh-series |title=Maiden call-up for two WPL stars as India announce T20I squad for Bangladesh series |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 April 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Nigar Sultana (cricketer)|Nigar Sultana]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Nahida Akter]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Dilara Akter]]
* [[Marufa Akter]]
* [[Shorna Akter]]
* [[Rubya Haider]]
* [[Habiba Islam]]
* [[Rabeya Khan]]
* [[Fahima Khatun]]
* [[Murshida Khatun]]
* [[Shorifa Khatun]]
* [[Sultana Khatun]]
* [[Ritu Moni]]
* [[Sobhana Mostary]]
* [[Fariha Trisna]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dayalan Hemalatha]]
* [[Saika Ishaque]]
* [[Amanjot Kaur]]
* [[Shreyanka Patil]]
* [[Titas Sadhu]]
* [[Sajeevan Sajana]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]
* [[Asha Sobhana]]
* [[Shafali Verma]]
* [[Pooja Vastrakar]]
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|}
[[Sumaiya Akter]] and [[Nishita Akter Nishi]] were named as reserves in Bangladesh's squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/15-year-old-uncapped-pacer-included-in-bangladesh-squad-for-t20i-series-against-india |title=15-year-old uncapped pacer included in Bangladesh squad for T20I series against India |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref>

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 April 2024
| time = 16:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|BAN}}
| score1 = 145/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yastika Bhatia]] 36 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Rabeya Khan]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 101/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nigar Sultana (cricketer)|Nigar Sultana]] 51 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 44 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1429393.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]]
| umpires = [[Morshed Ali Khan]] (Ban) and [[Shathira Jakir]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sajeevan Sajana]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 April 2024
| time = 16:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 119 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Murshida Khatun]] 46 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 47/1 (5.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 41[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets2 = [[Marufa Akter]] 1/11 (2.2 overs)
| result = India won by 19 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1429394.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]]
| umpires = [[Morshed Ali Khan]] (Ban) and [[Shathira Jakir]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No further play was possible due to rain.
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 May 2024
| time = 16:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 117/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dilara Akter]] 39 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 121/3 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 51 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Ritu Moni]] 1/10 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1429395.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]]
| umpires = [[Ali Arman]] (Ban) and [[Sajidul Islam]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Smriti Mandhana]] and [[Shafali Verma]] became the first Indian pair to complete 2,000 runs partnership in women's T20I.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/analysis/shafali-verma-smriti-mandhana-opening-blitz-hands-india-series-win-4531703 |title=Shafali Verma, Smriti Mandhana's opening blitz hands India series win |work=Women's CricZone |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/41410-smriti-mandhana-and-shafali-verma-becomes-1st-indian-pair-to-complete-2000-t20i-partnership-runs.html |title=Smriti Mandhana and Shafali Verma becomes 1st Indian pair to complete 2000 T20I Partnership runs |work=Female Cricket |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 May 2024
| time = 16:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|BAN}}
| score1 = 122/6 (14 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 39 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Marufa Akter]] 2/24 (3 overs)
| score2 = 68/7 (14 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dilara Akter]] 21 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/13 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 56 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1429396.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]]
| umpires = [[Ali Arman]] (Ban) and [[Shathira Jakir]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Bangladesh were set a revised target of 125 runs from 14 overs due to rain.
| notes = [[Habiba Islam]] (Ban) and [[Asha Sobhana]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] became the second women's cricketer to play 300 international matches for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/harmanpreet-kaur-becomes-second-indian-womens-player-to-achieve-rare-milestone-during-ind-vs-ban-4th-t20i-2024-05-06-929873 |title=Harmanpreet Kaur becomes second Indian women's player to achieve rare milestone during IND vs BAN 4th T20I |work=India TV |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/41422-harmanpreet-kaur-marks-300th-international-appearance-for-india.html |title=Harmanpreet Kaur Marks 300th International Appearance for India |work=Female Cricket |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 May 2024
| time = 16:00
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|BAN}}
| score1 = 156/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dayalan Hemalatha]] 37 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Nahida Akter]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 135/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ritu Moni]] 37 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Radha Yadav]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1429397.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]]
| umpires = [[Ali Arman]] (Ban) and [[Sajidul Islam]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Radha Yadav]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind) played in her 100th international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/ban-vs-ind-women-shafali-verma-100-international-games-india-v-bangladesh-news/article68157029.ece |title=BAN-W v IND-W 5th T20I: Shafali Verma plays 100th international match |work=Sportstar |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] became the second Indian female cricketer to hit 100 sixes in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.cricketnmore.com/cricket-photo-news/smriti-mandhana-becomes-second-indian-women-with-100-international-sixes-29441 |title=स्मृति मंधाना ने 1 छक्का जड़कर ही बनाया गजब रिकॉर्ड, ऐसा करने वाली भारत की दूसरी महिला क्रिकेटर बनी |trans-title=Smriti Mandhana made an amazing record by hitting just one six, became the second female cricketer of India to do so |work=Cricketnmore |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-women-vs-india-women-2024-1429390 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Bangladesh}}
{{International cricket in 2024}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India women's cricket team in Bangladesh in 2024}}
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024]]
[[Category:2024 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:India women's national cricket team tours]]

Athletics in India

2025-12-31T04:18:44Z

Nina: add page and improved wording

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{sport overview
| image =
| imagesize =
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| union = [[Athletics Federation of India]]
| country =
| sport = Athletics
| nickname = 
| first = 
| registered = 
| clubs = 
| national_list = 
| intl_list = [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] {{OG1}} x1 {{OG2}} x3 [[Athletics at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]] {{PG1}} x8 {{PG2}} x16 {{PG3}} x13 [[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] {{World1}} x1 {{World2}} x1 {{World3}} x1 [[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]] {{Asia1}} x94 {{Asia2}} x120 {{Asia3}} x140 [[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]] {{Asia1}} x85 {{Asia2}} x102 {{Asia3}} x96 [[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] {{World1}} x6 {{World2}} x14 {{World3}} x16
| club_list = 
| match = 
| league = 
}}

In India, the [[sport of athletics|Athletics]] was introduced during the period of the [[British Raj]]. The sport is governed by the [[Athletics Federation of India]], which was formed in 1946.<ref>[https://www.indianathletics.in/about-afi About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722175938/https://indianathletics.in/about-afi/ |date=July 22, 2019 }}. Indian Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

Despite the country's population, only a few Indian athletes used to win medals at global championships. This began to slowly change in the 21st century, when the citizens started taking a little more interest in athletics. The improvement in sport facilities was also another reason for its growth. India has been among the most successful Asian nations, only behind China and Japan.

At the national level, there are three major athletics competitions: the annual [[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]] and Indian Inter State Senior Athletics Championships (both first held in 1961), and the quadrennial [[National Games of India]] (first held in 1924).<ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ind.htm Indian Championships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917222843/http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ind.htm |date=September 17, 2018 }}. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> An Indian National Championships event predated the Open and Inter State ones, being held from 1924 until 1961.<ref>[https://arrs.run/NC_O10KIND.htm National 10,000m Champions for India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022011617/https://arrs.run/NC_O10KIND.htm |date=October 22, 2021 }}. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> An Indian Marathon Championships was first contested in 1938,<ref>[https://arrs.run/NC_MaraIND.htm National Marathon Champions for India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920151547/https://arrs.run/NC_MaraIND.htm |date=September 20, 2021 }}. ARRS. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> while the Indian Cross Country Championships celebrated its 50th edition in 2015.<ref>[https://www.indianathletics.in/sites/default/files/eventresults/50th%20NCC.pdf 50th NATIONAL CROSS COUNTRY CHAMPIONSHIPS-2015]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Athletics Federation of India. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> An Indian Racewalking Championships was established in 2014.<ref>[https://scroll.in/field/913615/jitendra-singh-wins-national-race-walking-championship-but-falls-short-of-worlds-qualification-mark Jitendra Singh wins National Race Walking Championship but falls short of Worlds qualification mark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218190814/https://scroll.in/field/913615/jitendra-singh-wins-national-race-walking-championship-but-falls-short-of-worlds-qualification-mark |date=February 18, 2019 }}. Scroll (2019-02-17). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> In addition to the main senior championships there are championships for [[under-20 athletics|under-20]] and [[under-18 athletics|under-18]] athletes at national and sub-national levels, as well as senior, non-championship competitions in the form of the Athletics Federation Cup and Indian Athletics Grand Prix tour.<ref>[https://www.indianathletics.in/events Events] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20190608163030/https://www.indianathletics.in/events archive]). Athletics Federation of India. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

==History==
===20th century===
[[File:Trevor Norman derivate.jpg|thumb|[[Norman Pritchard]] – India's first Olympic athletics medallist]]
[[File:Nilima Ghose 1952.jpg|thumb|[[Nilima Ghose]] was among the first Indian female Olympians]]
[[File:Milkha Singh.jpg|thumb|[[Milkha Singh]] – known as "The Flying Sikh"]]

At the [[Olympic Games]], the first Indian competitor was [[Norman Pritchard]], an Anglo-Indian, who won silver medals in the [[200 metres]] and [[200 metres hurdles]] at the [[1900 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417115232/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pr/norman-pritchard-1.html Norman Pritchard]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> These remain the only athletics medals for 120 years until Neeraj Chopra won gold medal in Javelin throw at [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 9, 2021|first=Sabi|last=Hussain|title=Neeraj Chopra: Right now my full focus is on my game, biopic can wait, says Tokyo Olympics gold medallist Neeraj Chopra {{!}} Tokyo Olympics News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/right-now-my-full-focus-is-on-my-game-biopic-can-wait-says-tokyo-olympics-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra/articleshow/85168153.cms|access-date=2021-08-09|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809072509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/india-in-tokyo/right-now-my-full-focus-is-on-my-game-biopic-can-wait-says-tokyo-olympics-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra/articleshow/85168153.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Neeraj created the history by throwing his Javelin to 87.58 meters in the final at [[Tokyo]]. He became first track and field athlete of India, who won gold medal at Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch: Somdev Devvarman, Sunil Gavaskar And Others Salute Tokyo Olympics Gold Medallist Neeraj Chopra With Catchy Song {{!}} Olympics News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/watch-somdev-devvarman-sunil-gavaskar-and-others-salute-tokyo-olympics-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-with-catchy-song-2505498|access-date=2021-08-09|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809072511/https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2020/watch-somdev-devvarman-sunil-gavaskar-and-others-salute-tokyo-olympics-gold-medallist-neeraj-chopra-with-catchy-song-2505498|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DePasquale">{{Cite news|last=DePasquale|first=Ron|date=2021-08-07|title=India won its first gold in track and field.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/07/sports/olympics/neeraj-chopra-india-javelin.html|access-date=2021-08-09|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809072509/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/07/sports/olympics/neeraj-chopra-india-javelin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first indigenous Indians to compete at the games were sprinter [[Purma Bannerjee]], and distance runners [[Phadeppa Chaugule]] and [[Sadashir Datar]] at the [[1920 Antwerp Olympics]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092540/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1920/ India at the 1920 Olympics]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> The nation continued to send athletes to the [[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic athletics competition]] every four years, with [[Nilima Ghose]] and [[Mary D'Souza Sequeira]] becoming independent India's first female Olympians at the [[1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Helsinki Games]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417090239/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1952/ India at the 1952 Summer Olympics]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

At a regional level, India took part in the [[Athletics at the 1930 Far Eastern Championship Games|1930 Far Eastern Championship Games]], but failed to win any medals.<ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/fec.htm Far Eastern Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020235613/http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/fec.htm |date=October 20, 2021 }}. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> The nation hosted the [[Western Asiatic Games]] and won all but three of the athletics events.<ref>[http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1935/BODE29/BODE29d.pdf Results of the First Western Asiatic Games. Official Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912051039/http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1935/BODE29/BODE29d.pdf |date=September 12, 2016 }}. LA84. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> India was the host of the debut [[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|Asian Games in 1951]] and finished second to Japan in the athletics medal table, which included a men's sprint double by [[Lavy Pinto]] and two silvers in women's sprints by [[Roshan Mistry]].<ref>{{cite web|title=First Asian Games|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE27/BDCE27r.pdf|publisher=la84foundation|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=July 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711234331/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1951/BDCE27/BDCE27r.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The country was less successful at the [[Athletics at the 1954 Asian Games|1954 Asian Games]], though [[Parduman Singh Brar]] managed a shot put/javelin double and [[Christine Brown (athlete)|Christine Brown]], [[Stephie D'Souza]], [[Violet Peters]], Mary D'Souza Sequeira gave India its first women athletics gold medal, taking the [[4 × 100 metres relay]] title.<ref name=AG>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/asg.htm Asian Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018174930/http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/asg.htm |date=October 18, 2018 }}. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

[[Milkha Singh]] was India's first athlete to gain success at a global level, earning the nickname "The Flying Sikh".<ref>[https://www.indianathletics.in/halloffame/milkha-singh-flying-sikh Milka Singh - The Flying Sikh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422224046/http://www.indianathletics.in/halloffame/milkha-singh-flying-sikh |date=April 22, 2019 }}. Athletics Federation of India. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> He won a [[200 metres]]/[[400 metres]] double at the [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|1958 Asian Games]] before going on to take the [[440 yards]] title at the [[Athletics at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] – India's first winner at that competition.<ref name="bs">{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-first-celebrity-athlete-113070500965_1.html |title=India's first celebrity athlete |publisher=Business Standard |first=Aabhas |last=Sharma |date=5 July 2013 |access-date=2013-07-13 |archive-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710193849/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-first-celebrity-athlete-113070500965_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He finished fourth in the 400 m at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418115838/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/milkha-singh-1.html Milkha Singh]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> Decathlete [[Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]] won gold at the [[Athletics at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Asian Games]] and placed fifth in the [[110 metres hurdles]] final at the [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|1964 Olympic Games]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418005025/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/gurbachan-singh-randhawa-1.html Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> Throws athlete [[Praveen Kumar (actor)|Praveen Kumar]] was the sole Indian athletics medallist at the [[Athletics at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games|1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] and won back-to-back Asian Games discus titles from 1966 to 1970 (achievements that he converted into a film career).<ref>[https://thebridge.in/athlete-actor-bsf-personnel-the-many-faces-of-praveen-kumar-sobti/ Athlete, Actor, BSF Personnel: The many faces of Praveen Kumar Sobti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405095053/https://thebridge.in/athlete-actor-bsf-personnel-the-many-faces-of-praveen-kumar-sobti/ |date=April 5, 2019 }}. The Bridge (2018-12-01). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

In the 1970s, Indian athletes had increased regional success. [[Kamaljeet Sandhu]] became the first Indian female athlete to win an individual Asian Games gold medal, taking the 1970 title in the [[400 metres]].<ref>{{cite web|title=On International Women's Day, Kamaljeet Sandhu revisits 1970 Asian Games triumph|date=March 8, 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/on-international-women-s-day-kamaljeet-sandhu-revisits-1970-asian-games-triumph/story-wYyf6DACEmB9gcW0do157K.html|publisher=The Hindustan Times|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=July 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714021353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/on-international-women-s-day-kamaljeet-sandhu-revisits-1970-asian-games-triumph/story-wYyf6DACEmB9gcW0do157K.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Decathlete [[Vijay Singh Chauhan]] winning the [[Asian Athletics Championships]] and Asian Games titles in 1973 and 1974. Men's [[triple jump]]er [[Mohinder Singh Gill]] won at the [[1970 Asian Games]], took the first two decathlon titles of the [[Asian Athletics Championships]] (1973 and 1975), as well as taking two minor medals at the Commonwealth Games.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Im-pained-by-reported-scams-in-Commonwealth-Games-Gill/articleshow/6314754.cms I'm pained by reported scams in Commonwealth Games: Gill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505002952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Im-pained-by-reported-scams-in-Commonwealth-Games-Gill/articleshow/6314754.cms |date=May 5, 2022 }}. ''Times of India'' (2010-08-15). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> [[Sriram Singh]] established India in middle-distance running, winning two Asian Games golds and a silver that decade, three gold medals at the [[1975 Asian Athletics Championships]], and a seventh-place finish [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|1976 Olympic 800 m final]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120012/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/sri-ram-singh-1.html Sriram Singh]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref><ref name=ASC>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/asc.htm Asian Championships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923173114/http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/asc.htm |date=September 23, 2018 }}. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> [[Shivnath Singh]] won four distance medals at the Asian Championships, placed 11th at the [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|1976 Olympic Marathon]] and set a long-standing [[national records in the marathon|national marathon record]] in 1978.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Shivnath-Singh-was-a-brave-runner-with-a-heart-of-gold/articleshow/11983.cms? Shivnath Singh was a brave runner with a heart of gold] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907222230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Shivnath-Singh-was-a-brave-runner-with-a-heart-of-gold/articleshow/11983.cms |date=September 7, 2019 }}. ''Times of India'' (2003-06-07). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> In the second half of the decade, [[Hari Chand]] (long-distance), [[Bahadur Singh Chouhan]] (shot put), [[Hakam Singh]] (racewalking) and [[Suresh Babu (long jumper)|Suresh Babu]] (multi-events) each won multiple Asian medals and titles.<ref name=ASC/><ref name=AG/>

The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] was constructed as the national stadium in preparation for hosting the [[1982 Asian Games]], representing an improvement in India's elite level sports infrastructure. India was third in the athletics rankings at the competition, behind the regional leaders China and Japan. [[Charles Borromeo]] (long jump), [[Siri Chand Ram|Chand Ram]] (racewalking), Bahadur Singh Chouhan, and [[M. D. Valsamma]] (hurdles) all won gold with games record performances. The competition marked an era of increased success for India's women athletes: [[Geeta Zutshi]] took two silver medals in [[middle-distance running]] and 18-year-old [[P. T. Usha]] won her first major medals with two silvers in the sprints.<ref name=AG/> Usha reached the final of [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|Women's 400 metres hurdles]] at [[1984 Summer Olympics]], setting an [[List of Asian records in athletics|Asian record]] time in fourth place, and also helped the Indian women's [[4 × 400 metres relay]] to the final.<ref>Bobb, Dilip (1986-10-31). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19861031-p.t.-usha-the-unquestioned-queen-of-track-at-seoul-asian-games-801397-1986-10-31 P.T. Usha: The unquestioned queen of track at Seoul Asian Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712074028/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19861031-p.t.-usha-the-unquestioned-queen-of-track-at-seoul-asian-games-801397-1986-10-31 |date=July 12, 2020 }}. ''India Today''. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> Usha went on to win four gold medals at the [[1986 Asian Games]] and an unprecedented four individual titles at the [[1985 Asian Athletics Championships]]. She was the nation's leading athlete at the [[1989 Asian Athletics Championships]], held in New Delhi, winning four gold medals and one silver.<ref name=ASC/> Usha continued to win medals at continental level into the late 1990s.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Usha won three of India's six athletics medals at the [[Athletics at the 1990 Asian Games|1990 Asian Games]], but the emergence of Qatar and South Korea saw India fall down the country rankings. Women's runner [[Shiny Wilson]] led the nation with two golds and a silver at the [[1991 Asian Athletics Championships]]. Men's distance runner [[Bahadur Prasad]] set [[List of Indian records in athletics|national records]] and took a gold and a silver medal at the [[1993 Asian Athletics Championships]]. The [[Athletics at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Asian Games]] highlighted India's fall at regional level again: with zero golds, women's runners Usha, Wilson and [[Kutty Saramma]] were involved in the nation's minor medals. [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]] marked her breakthrough in middle-distance with India's sole gold medals at the [[1995 Asian Athletics Championships]] and the [[Athletics at the 1998 Asian Games|1998 Asian Games]]. Usha won the final gold medal of her career with the women's [[4 × 100 metres relay]] team at the [[1998 Asian Athletics Championships]], which was India's only gold that year.<ref name=AG/><ref name=ASC/>

===21st century===
[[File:15Anju-Bobby-George1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Anju Bobby George]] is one of India's few global athletics medallists]]
The start of the 21st century coincided with an improvement in the standard of performances in the sport in India. The country placed second at the [[2000 Asian Athletics Championships]], taking 21 of the medals available. It fell down the rankings at the [[2002 Asian Athletics Championships|2002 edition]], but still won ten medals and retained the women's 4 × 400 m relay title.<ref name=ASC/> After a long medal drought at the competition, discus thrower [[Neelam Jaswant Singh]] and long jumper [[Anju Bobby George]] reached the podium at the [[Athletics at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]], becoming the first Indian women to do so.<ref>[http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/cgw.htm Commonwealth Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926003305/http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/cgw.htm |date=September 26, 2018 }}. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> The [[2002 Asian Games]] saw India return as a force at regional level, winning seven gold and 17 medals overall in athletics. On the women's side, Singh and George both won gold, [[K. M. Beenamol]] won 800 m and 4 × 400 m relay gold, [[Saraswati Saha]] won the 200 m, and [[Sunita Rani]] set the current [[List of Asian Games records in athletics|Asian Games record]] in the [[1500 metres]]. [[Bahadur Singh Sagoo]] was the sole men's gold medallist in the shot put.<ref name=AG/>

Anju Bobby George made history when she won the bronze medal in [[2003 World Championships in Athletics|Women's long jump]] at the [[2003 World Championships in Athletics]] in Paris. With this achievement, she became the first Indian athlete ever to win a global athletics medal. Over the rest of the decade, she took fifth at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], made two more finals at the [[World Championships in Athletics]], won an Asian Championships title, and four more silver medals at Asian level.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/india/anju-bobby-george-174599 Anju Bobby George] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408043124/https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/india/anju-bobby-george-174599 |date=April 8, 2019 }}. IAAF. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> The Indian women's 4 × 400 metres relay team established itself as one of the best in the region in this decade, taking silver at the [[Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Commonwealth Games]], gold at the [[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Asian Games]], seventh at the 2004 Olympics, and two Asian Championships titles in 2005 and 2007.<ref name=ASC/> Among the Indian relay runners were several athletes with individual success: [[Manjeet Kaur]] (2004 Asian Games runner-up), [[Chitra Soman]] (2007 Asian Championships winner) and [[Sathi Geetha]] (2005 Asian Championships runner-up). Other athletes who were successful during this period included 2007 Asian Championships men's triple jump champion [[Renjith Maheshwary]], indoor and outdoor Asian men's shot put champion [[Navpreet Singh]], Asian heptathlon medallists [[J. J. Shobha]] and [[Soma Biswas]], and multiple Asian women's middle-distance runner [[Sinimole Paulose]]. Men's shot putter [[Om Prakash Karhana]] was India's sole winner at the [[2009 Asian Athletics Championships]], setting a championship record in the process.<ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/six-more-gold-for-china-in-guangzhou-asian Six more gold for China in Guangzhou - Asian champs, day 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000602/https://www.iaaf.org/news/news/six-more-gold-for-china-in-guangzhou-asian |date=February 21, 2019 }}. IAAF (2009-11-12). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

The 2000s saw India begin to host major athletics events more frequently, with the [[2004 Asian Cross Country Championships]], [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]], [[2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships]], [[2007 Military World Games]], [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]] and [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] all representing the first time that India had hosted those competitions.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[Krishna Poonia]] created history by winning the [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|2010 Commonwealth women's discus throw]], becoming the first Commonwealth athletics gold medallist for India in 52 years and the first Indian woman to win an athletics gold at the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/krishna-poonia-creates-history-wins-gold-in-athletics/|title=Krishna Poonia creates history, wins gold in athletics|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 October 2010|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=July 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231848/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/krishna-poonia-creates-history-wins-gold-in-athletics/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was part of an Indian sweep of the women's discus, with [[Harwant Kaur]] and [[Seema Punia]] taking the minor medals. India won two athletics golds at a Commonwealth Games for the first time, as [[Manjeet Kaur]], [[Sini Jose]], [[Ashwini Akkunji]] and [[Mandeep Kaur (sprinter)|Mandeep Kaur]] secured the 4 × 400 m relay. That team returned at the [[Athletics at the 2010 Asian Games|2010 Asian Games]] and achieved a Games record time in that victory. India won the second highest number of athletics gold medals there, with Akkunji and [[Joseph Abraham]] winning the 400 m hurdles titles, and women's distance runners [[Preeja Sreedharan]] and [[Sudha Singh]] also topping the podium.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/golden-girls-preeja-and-sudha-sparkle/cid/468921 Golden girls Preeja and Sudha sparkle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420224741/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/golden-girls-preeja-and-sudha-sparkle/cid/468921 |date=April 20, 2023 }}. ''Telegraph India'' (2010-11-22). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> [[Mayookha Johny]] was India's best at the [[2011 Asian Athletics Championships]], winning the women's long jump and setting a triple jump national record.<ref>Mohan, K.P. (2011-07-10). [https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/mayookha-wins-bronze-in-triple-jump/article2214373.ece Mayookha wins bronze in triple jump] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420224742/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/mayookha-wins-bronze-in-triple-jump/article2214373.ece |date=April 20, 2023 }}. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> India performed well in the discus throw at the [[2012 London Olympics]], with Krishna Poonia and [[Vikas Gowda]] both making the finals. [[Irfan Kolothum Thodi]] also placed tenth in the men's [[20 km walk]] with a national record time.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417173308/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/2012/ATH/ India Athletics at the 2012 London Games]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

The [[2013 Asian Athletics Championships]] held in Pune saw India accrue 17 medals. Gowda and the women's 4 × 400 metres relay team brought the country its two gold medals of the competition. Gowda was again victorious at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], winning a men's discus gold medal, and won silver at the [[2014 Asian Games]]. The women's 4 × 400 metres relay team set an [[List of Asian Games records in athletics|Asian Games record]] at that competition, with [[Priyanka Pawar]], [[Tintu Lukka]], Mandeep Kaur, and [[M. R. Poovamma]] clocking 3:28:68. [[Seema Punia]] brought India another gold in the women's discus event. The nation's gold medals at the [[2015 Asian Athletics Championships]] were divided between men's throws ([[Inderjeet Singh]] and Vikas Gowda) and women's distance track events ([[Lalita Babar]] and Tintu Luka).<ref>[http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-athletics-championships/71-asian-athletics-championship-2015/file 2015 Asian Athletics Championships Results] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228054320/http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/results/asian-athletics-championships/71-asian-athletics-championship-2015/file |date=December 28, 2017 }}. Athletics Asia. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> [[Lalita Babar]] was the best performing Indian athlete at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], placing tenth in the women's steeplechase.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417171131/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/2016/ATH/ India Athletics at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Summer Games]. Sports Reference. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-in-olympics-2016/athletics/Rio-Olympics-Lalita-Babar-through-to-womens-3000m-steeplechase-final-with-national-mark/articleshow/53687991.cms|title=Rio Olympics: Lalita Babar through to women's 3000m steeplechase final with national mark|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 August 2016|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902042243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/rio-2016-olympics/india-in-olympics-2016/athletics/Rio-Olympics-Lalita-Babar-through-to-womens-3000m-steeplechase-final-with-national-mark/articleshow/53687991.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

India held the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] – its third time as host – and topped the medal table for the first time, beating China by twelve golds to eight. [[Govindan Lakshmanan]] won both the men's long-distance track events and [[Mohammad Anas]] and [[Arokia Rajiv]] took a men's 1–2 in the 400 m before winning the relay title. [[Neeraj Chopra]] won the men's javelin in a championship record of 85.23 m. [[Nirmala Sheoran]] was an individual and relay champion in women's 400 m. The remaining women's winners were [[P. U. Chitra]] (1500 m), Sudha Singh (steeplechase) and [[Swapna Barman]] (heptathlon).<ref>[http://athleticsasia.org/index.php/files/14/Results/1/22nd-asian-athletics-champ-final-results.pdf 22nd Asian Athletics Championships Final Results]{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Athletics Asia. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref> India extended its regional athletics success with second place at the [[2018 Asian Games]]: [[Manjit Singh (runner)|Manjit Singh]] and [[Jinson Johnson]] won the men's middle distance titles, [[Arpinder Singh]], [[Tejinder Pal Singh Toor]] and Neeraj Chopra won men's field titles, while the women' 4 × 400 m relay team and heptathlete [[Swapna Barman]] won the women's title. Throwing events proved to be India's forte at the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]], with Chopra adding a Commonwealth javelin title to his honours and Seema Punia making her fourth consecutive appearance on the Commonwealth women's discus podium.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[Hima Das]] became India's first athlete to win a medal in a track event at an IAAF competition with her 400 m gold medal at the [[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/hima-das-brings-it-home-with-a-sizzling-run/article24402077.ece|title=Hima Das brings home India's first ever track gold at the Worlds|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2018|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-date=July 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713175922/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/athletics/hima-das-brings-it-home-with-a-sizzling-run/article24402077.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wcu20">{{cite web|url=http://www.hotstar.com/sports/athletics/hima-wins-historic-gold-for-india/2001615696|title=Hima Wins Historic Gold for India|date=13 July 2018|publisher=[[Hotstar]]|access-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713073630/http://www.hotstar.com/sports/athletics/hima-wins-historic-gold-for-india/2001615696|archive-date=July 13, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is second gold medalist in athletics at [[IAAF World U20 Championships]] after [[Neeraj Chopra]], who won men's javelin throw gold at the [[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships]] with a [[List of world under-20 records in athletics|world junior record]] mark.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[File:Neeraj Chopra Of India(Javelin) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Neeraj Chopra]], javelin thrower and India's first Olympic Gold medallist in athletics.]]

[[Neeraj Chopra]] won India's first-ever Olympic gold medal in athletics at the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] (held in 2021) by throwing his best of 87.58 meters in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|javelin throw final]]. Chopra is the first javelin thrower from India who won a gold medal, and only the second Indian sportsperson after [[Abhinav Bindra]] to win an Olympic gold medal.<ref name="DePasquale"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-07|title=Chopra wins India's 1st gold in Olympic track and field|url=https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-track-and-field-javelin-neeraj-chopra-1f61c89175270ed5198166e808413f9f|access-date=2021-08-09|website=AP NEWS|language=en|archive-date=August 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808195835/https://apnews.com/article/2020-tokyo-olympics-track-and-field-javelin-neeraj-chopra-1f61c89175270ed5198166e808413f9f|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, [[Avinash Sable|Awinash Sable]] and [[Priyanka Goswami]] created history by winning silver medals in 3000 m and 10,000 m steeplechase and racewalking at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]], events in which India has historically been an underdog.<ref>{{Cite news |title=History on track |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=August 6, 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/history-on-track/articleshow/93398710.cms |access-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-date=October 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021033542/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/history-on-track/articleshow/93398710.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Para athletics===
[[File:Deepa Malik.jpg|thumb|[[Deepa Malik]] – India's first women's Paralympic medallist]]
{{see also|India at the Paralympics}}
India first sent athletes at the [[Athletics at the 1968 Summer Paralympics|1968 Paralympic Games]] and won its first medals in [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Paralympics|1984]], when [[Joginder Singh Bedi]] won medals in three throwing events and [[Bhimrao Kesarkar]] took the javelin silver medal. [[Devendra Jhajharia]] became the nation's first Paralympic athletics champion in 2004, and only the second Indian to win in any Paralympic sport, after the swimmer [[Murlikant Petkar]]. The [[2016 Summer Paralympics]] marked a new high for India as it win four medals, all in athletics: [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]] (high jump) and [[Devendra Jhajharia]] (javelin) won their events, [[Varun Singh Bhati]] took high jump bronze and [[Deepa Malik]] became India's first female Paralympic medallist with her shotput silver.<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/olympics/sachin-tendulkar-presents-gifts-to-paralympic-heroes-1298304.html Sachin Tendulkar Presents Gifts to Paralympic Heroes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124025040/https://www.news18.com/news/olympics/sachin-tendulkar-presents-gifts-to-paralympic-heroes-1298304.html |date=November 24, 2018 }}. News 18 (2016-10-03). Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

==Controversies ==
[[File:Dutee Chand.jpg|thumb|[[Dutee Chand]] won a landmark case on hyperandrogenism against the IAAF that had international impacts.]]
Indian athletes have been involved in several requests for [[Sex verification in sports|sex verification in athletics]] in the 21st century.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

In 2001, Indian athlete and swimmer [[Pratima Gaonkar]] committed suicide after disclosure and public commentary on her failed sex verification test.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/the-girl-before-dutee-chand-pratima-gaonkar-5346699/|title=The rising star who ended her life much before Dutee Chand challenged the rules|last=Koshie|first=Nihal|date=9 September 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=June 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630122238/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/the-girl-before-dutee-chand-pratima-gaonkar-5346699/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7&catid=220|title=Mystery of Pratima's suicide|last=Prabhudesai|first=Sandesh|date=11 October 2001|work=Goa News|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231007/http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7&catid=220|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2012/07/21/goas-pinki-pramanik|title=Goa's Pinki Pramanik|last=Nagvenkar|first=Mayabhushan|date=21 July 2012|work=Newslaundry|access-date=10 September 2018|archive-date=June 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630122231/https://www.newslaundry.com/2012/07/21/goas-pinki-pramanik|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Santhi Soundarajan]], who won the silver medal in the 800 m at the [[2006 Asian Games]], failed the sex verification test and was subsequently stripped of her medal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dreger|first=Alice|date=2010|title=Sex Typing for Sport|journal=The Hastings Center Report|volume=40|issue=2|pages=22–24|doi=10.1353/hcr.0.0250|issn=0093-0334|jstor=40663834|pmid=20391846|s2cid=43333211}}</ref> Another gold medallist at that competition, [[Pinki Pramanik]], underwent medical tests in November 2012 that indicated she was a "male [[Pseudohermaphroditism|pseudo-hermaphrodite]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/item/199193-tests-show-athlete-pinki-pramanik-charged-with-rape-is-male |title=Tests show athlete Pinki Pramanik, charged with rape, is male |access-date=June 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205172549/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/athletics/item/199193-tests-show-athlete-pinki-pramanik-charged-with-rape-is-male |archive-date=February 5, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Medical-experts-doubt-Pinki-Pramanik-can-rape/articleshow/17211823.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103180851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-14/athletics/35111300_1_pinki-pramanik-medical-experts-medical-report|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Medical experts doubt Pinki Pramanik can rape|date=14 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Dutee Chand]] was dropped from the 2014 Commonwealth Games at the last minute after the Athletic Federation of India stated that [[hyperandrogenism]] made her ineligible to compete as a female athlete. International policies on hyperandrogenism were suspended following the case of ''[[Dutee Chand]] v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations'', in the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]], decided in July 2015.<ref name="cas2015">{{Cite conference| publisher = [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]]| last = Court of Arbitration for Sport| title = CAS 2014/A/3759 Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)| date = July 2015| url = http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/award_internet.pdf| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170704221029/http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/award_internet.pdf| archive-date = July 4, 2017| access-date = June 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="bbc2014">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/athletics/29446276|title=Sport & gender: A history of bad science & 'biological racism'|last=Slater|first=Matt|date=28 July 2015|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721174449/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/athletics/29446276|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=live|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> The ruling found that there was insufficient evidence that testosterone increased female athletic performance. In doing so the court immediately suspended the practice of hyperandrogenism regulation used by the IAAF and declared it void unless the organization could present better evidence by July 2017.<ref name="IAAF ruling">{{cite news|last1=Branch|first1=John|title=Dutee Chand, Female Sprinter With High Testosterone Level, Wins Right to Compete|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/sports/international/dutee-chand-female-sprinter-with-high-male-hormone-level-wins-right-to-compete.html|access-date=22 May 2016|work=The New York Times|date=27 July 2016|quote=The Court of Arbitration for Sport, based in Switzerland, questioned the athletic advantage of naturally high levels of testosterone in women and therefore immediately suspended the practice of 'hyperandrogenism regulation' by track and field’s governing body, the International Association of Athletics Federations. It gave the organization, known as the I.A.A.F., two years to provide more persuasive scientific evidence linking 'enhanced testosterone levels and improved athletic performance.'|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814221355/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/28/sports/international/dutee-chand-female-sprinter-with-high-male-hormone-level-wins-right-to-compete.html|archive-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> The International Olympic Committee stated that it would not impose a maximum testosterone level for the 2016 Summer Olympics and, accordingly, Chand continued to compete internationally in the women's division.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html|title=The Humiliating Practice of Sex-Testing Female Athletes|last=Padawer|first=Ruth|date=28 June 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628124045/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/magazine/the-humiliating-practice-of-sex-testing-female-athletes.html|archive-date=28 June 2016|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Hosting rights==
India has hosted several major international athletics events. The first was the [[Western Asiatic Games]] in 1934. India's first global level athletics event came in the form of the [[2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships]].

*[[1934 Western Asiatic Games]]
*[[Athletics at the 1951 Asian Games|1951 Asian Games]]
*[[Athletics at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]
*[[Athletics at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987 South Asian Games]]
*[[1989 Asian Athletics Championships]]
*[[1992 Asian Junior Athletics Championships]]
*[[Athletics at the 1995 South Asian Games|1995 South Asian Games]]
*[[1996 Asian Junior Athletics Championships]]
*[[Athletics at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003 Afro-Asian Games]]
*[[2004 Asian Cross Country Championships]]
*[[2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships]]
*[[Track and field at the 2007 Military World Games|2007 Military World Games]]
*[[Athletics at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games|2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]]
*[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games]]
*2010 [[Asian Marathon Championships]]
*[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships]]
*2013 South Asian Junior Athletics Championships<ref>Chaudhury, Sumedha (2013-07-26). [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/jharkhand-keen-to-host-junior-saf-athletics-championship.html Jharkhand keen to host Junior SAF Athletics Championship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409141802/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/jharkhand-keen-to-host-junior-saf-athletics-championship.html |date=April 9, 2022 }}. Daily Pioneer. Retrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>
*[[Athletics at the 2014 Lusophony Games|2014 Lusophony Games]]
*[[Athletics at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 South Asian Games]]
*[[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]]

==Venues==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi.png|thumb|300px|The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] was the centerpiece for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] in Delhi.]]
Numerous low-level athletics facilities exist in India, along with several large stadia for major athletics events. It is common for [[multi-purpose stadium]]s in India to include a running track for athletics.

*[[Angul Stadium]]
*[[Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium]]
*[[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]]
*[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
*[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
*[[Indira Gandhi Stadium, Alwar]]
*[[Jaipal Singh Stadium]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)]]
*[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
*[[Judges Field]]
*[[Kalinga Stadium]]
*[[Major Dhyan Chand Hockey Stadium, Jhansi]]
*[[MGR Race Course Stadium]]
*[[Nehru Stadium, Kottayam]]
*[[Shilaroo Hockey Stadium]]

==National events==
[[File:Open10K.jpg|thumb|Start of the public race at the 2016 [[World 10K Bangalore]]]]

;National championships
*[[Indian National Open Athletics Championships]]
*[[Indian Inter State Senior Athletics Championships]]
*[[Indian Marathon Championships]]
*[[Indian Cross Country Championships]]
*[[Indian Racewalking Championships]]

;Road races
*[[Delhi Half Marathon]]
*[[Kashmir International Half Marathon]]
*[[Pinkathon]]
*[[World 10K Bangalore]]

;Marathons
*[[Auroville Marathon]]
*[[Bangalore Marathon]]
*[[Calicut Mini Marathon]]
*[[Chennai Marathon]]
*[[GiveLife Chennai Marathon]]
*[[Goa Marathon]]
*[[Great Tibetan Marathon]]
*[[Hyderabad Marathon]]
*[[Indian Marathon]]
*[[Indira Marathon]]
*[[Indore Marathon]]
*[[Jaipur Marathon]]
*[[Kolkata Marathon]]
*[[Ladakh Marathon]]
*[[Mumbai Marathon]]
*[[Patna Marathon]]
*[[Pune International Marathon]]
*[[Sabarmati Marathon]]
*[[Vadodara Marathon]]
*[[Vasai-Virar Mayor's Marathon]]

==International medalists==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Competition
!Athlete
!Medal
!Event
!Year
|-
|rowspan=4|[[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]]
|[[Norman Pritchard]] ||{{silver2}} || 200m || 1900
|-
|[[Norman Pritchard]] ||{{silver2}} || 200m hurdles || 1900
|-
|[[Neeraj Chopra]] ||{{gold1}} || Javelin throw || 2020
|-
|[[Neeraj Chopra]] ||{{silver2}} || Javelin throw || 2024
|-
|rowspan=3|[[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Anju Bobby George]] ||{{bronze3}} || Long jump || 2003
|-
|[[Neeraj Chopra]] ||{{silver2}} || Javelin throw || 2022
|-
|[[Neeraj Chopra]] ||{{gold1}} || Javelin throw || 2023
|-
|rowspan=36|[[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] 
|[[Milkha Singh]] || {{gold1}} || 440 yards || 1958
|-
|[[Praveen Kumar (actor)|Praveen Kumar]] || {{silver2}} || Hammer throw || 1966
|-
|[[Mohinder Singh Gill]] || {{bronze3}} || Triple jump || 1970
|-
|[[Mohinder Singh Gill]] || {{silver2}} || Triple jump || 1974
|-
|[[Suresh Babu (long jumper)|Suresh Babu]] || {{bronze3}} || Long jump || 1978
|-
|[[Neelam Jaswant Singh]] || {{silver2}} || Discus throw || 2002
|-
|[[Anju Bobby George]] || {{bronze3}} || Long jump || 2002
|-
|[[Seema Punia]] || {{silver2}} || Discus throw || 2006
|-
|[[Rajwinder Kaur (sprinter)|Rajwinder Kaur]] [[Chitra Soman]] [[Manjeet Kaur]] [[Pinki Pramanik]] || {{silver2}} || 4 × 400 m relay || 2006
|-
|[[Ranjith Kumar Jayaseelan]] || {{bronze3}} || Discus throw ([[disabled sports|EAD]]) || 2006
|-
|[[Krishna Poonia]] || {{gold1}} || Discus throw || 2010
|-
|[[Manjeet Kaur]] [[Sini Jose]] [[Ashwini Akkunji]] [[Mandeep Kaur (sprinter)|Mandeep Kaur]] [[Jauna Murmu]] [[Chitra Soman]] || {{gold1}} || 4 × 400 m relay || 2010
|-
|[[Vikas Gowda]] || {{silver2}} || Discus throw || 2010
|-
|[[M. A. Prajusha]] || {{silver2}} || Long jump || 2010
|-
|[[Harwant Kaur]] || {{silver2}} || Discus throw || 2010
|-
|[[Kavita Tungar]] || {{bronze3}} || 10,000 m || 2010
|-
|[[Harminder Singh]] || {{bronze3}} || 20 km walk || 2010
|-
|[[Seema Punia]] || {{bronze3}} || Discus throw || 2010
|-
|[[Geetha Saati]] [[Srabani Nanda]] [[P. K. Priya]] [[H. M. Jyothi]] || {{bronze3}} || 4 × 100 m relay || 2010
|-
|[[Rahamatulla Molla]] [[Suresh Sathya]] [[Shameer Mon]] [[Abdul Najeeb Qureshi]] || {{bronze3}} || 4 × 100 m relay || 2010
|-
|[[Renjith Maheshwary]] || {{bronze3}} || Triple jump || 2010
|-
|[[Kashinath Naik]] || {{bronze3}} || Javelin throw || 2010
|-
|[[Vikas Gowda]] || {{gold1}} || Discus throw || 2014
|-
|[[Seema Punia]] || {{silver2}} || Discus throw || 2014
|-
|[[Arpinder Singh]] || {{bronze3}} || Triple jump || 2014
|-
|[[Neeraj Chopra]] || {{gold1}} || Javelin throw || 2018
|-
|[[Seema Punia]] || {{silver2}} || Discus throw || 2018
|-
|[[Navjeet Dhillon]] || {{bronze3}} || Discus throw || 2018
|-
| [[Eldhose Paul]]|| {{gold1}}|| Triple jump || 2022
|-
| [[Murali Sreeshankar]]|| {{Silver2}}|| Long jump || 2022
|-
| [[Priyanka Goswami]]|| {{Silver2}}|| 10,000 m walk || 2022
|-
| [[Avinash Sable]]|| {{Silver2}}|| Steeplechase || 2022
|-
| [[Abdulla Aboobacker]]|| {{Silver2}}|| Triple jump || 2022
|-
| [[Tejaswin Shankar]]|| {{bronze3}}|| High jump || 2022
|-
| [[Sandeep Kumar (racewalker)|Sandeep Kumar]]|| {{bronze3}}|| 10,000 m walk || 2022
|-
| [[Annu Rani]]|| {{bronze3}}|| Javelin throw || 2022
|-
|}

==Notable Olympics performances==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Event !! Player !! Result
|-
| [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]
| [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|Men's 400 metres]]
| [[Milkha Singh]]
| '''4th'''
|-
| [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]
| [[Athletics at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|Men's 110 metres hurdles]]
| [[Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]]
| 5th
|-
| [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]
| [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's 800 metres|Men's 800 metres]]
| [[Sriram Singh]]
| 7th
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]
| [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|Women's 400 metres hurdles]]
| [[P. T. Usha]]
| '''4th'''
|-
| [[Athletics at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's 4 × 400 metres relay]]
| [[P. T. Usha]] [[Shiny Abraham]] [[Vandana Rao]] [[M. D. Valsamma]]
| 7th
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]
| [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|Women's long jump]]
| [[Anju Bobby George]]
| 5th
|-
| [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|Women's 4 × 400 metres relay]]
| [[K. M. Beenamol]] [[Sathi Geetha]] [[Chitra Soman]] [[Rajwinder Kaur (sprinter)|Rajwinder Kaur]]
| 7th
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]
| [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Women's discus throw]]
| [[Krishna Poonia]]
| 6th
|-
| [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's discus throw|Men's discus throw]]
| [[Vikas Gowda]]
| 8th
|-
| [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]
| [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|Women's 3000 metres steeplechase]]
| [[Lalita Babar]]
| 10th
|-
| rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]
| [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Men's javelin throw]]
! [[Neeraj Chopra]]
| {{OG1}}
|-
| [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's discus throw|Women's discus throw]]
| [[Kamalpreet Kaur]]
| 6th
|-
| [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|Men's 4 × 400 metres relay]]
| [[Muhammed Anas]] [[Noah Nirmal Tom]] [[Amoj Jacob]] [[Arokia Rajiv]]
| 9th '''{{AthAbbr|AR}}'''
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024]]
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Men's javelin throw]]
! [[Neeraj Chopra]]
| {{OG2}}
|-
| [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|Men's 3000 metres steeplechase]]
| [[Avinash Sable]]
| 11th
|}

==Medal table==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Competition
! Gold
! Silver
! Bronze
! Total
|-
|[[Athletics at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|1
|3
|0
|3
|-
|[[Athletics at the Summer Paralympics|Paralympic Games]]
|8
|16
|13
|35
|-
|[[World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|1
|1
|1
|3
|-
|[[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|85
|102
|96
|283
|-
|[[Asian Para Games]]
|?
|?
|?
|?
|-
|[[Athletics at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|6
|14
|16
|36
|-
|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|94
|120
|140
|354
|-
|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|16
|31
|21
|68
|-
|[[Asian Marathon Championships]]
|3
|1
|3
|7
|-
|[[Asian Cross Country Championships]]
|7
|15
|13
|35
|-
|[[Asian Race Walking Championships]]
|2
|2
|5
|9
|-
!Total
!215
!288
!295
!798
|}
* Updated till 11 August 2024

==Arjuna awardees==
[[File:Lalita Babar - Rio 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Lalita Babar]], an Indian long-distance runner, was honoured with [[Arjuna Award]] in 2016.]]
[[File:Mercy kuttan1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Long jumper [[Mercy Kuttan]] received the award in 1989]]
[[File:Reeth and Beedu.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Multi-eventer [[Reeth Abraham]] (with coach Beedu) was a 1997 awardee.]]
The [[Arjuna Award]]s are given by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], Government of India each year to recognize outstanding achievement in sports. A significant number of athletics competitors have been given the award. This has included both able-bodied athletes and [[disabled sports]]people.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm Arjuna Awardees]. YAS.NIC.IN. sRetrieved 2019-06-29.</ref>

‡ - Para Athlete
§ - Lifetime Contribution
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No.
! Year
! Name
|-
| 1
| 1961
| [[Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]]
|- style=""
| 2
| 1962
| [[Tarlok Singh (athlete)|Tarlok Singh]]
|- style=""
| 3
| 1963
| [[Stephie D'Souza]]
|- style=""
| 4
| 1964
| [[Makhan Singh (sprinter)|Makhan Singh]]
|- style=""
| 5
| 1965
| [[Kenneth Powell (sprinter)|Kenneth Powell]]
|- style=""
| 6
| 1966
| [[Ajmer Singh (sprinter)|Ajmer Singh]]
|- style=""
| 7
| 1966
| [[Bhogeswar Baruah]]
|- style=""
| 8
| 1967
| [[Praveen Kumar (actor)|Praveen Kumar]]
|- style=""
| 9
| 1967
| [[Bhim Singh (athlete)|Bhim Singh]]
|- style=""
| 10
| 1968
| [[Joginder Singh (athlete)|Joginder Singh]]
|- style=""
| 11
| 1968
| [[Manjit Walia]]
|- style=""
| 12
| 1969
| [[Harnek Singh]]
|- style=""
| 13
| 1970
| [[Mohinder Singh Gill]]
|-
| 14
| 1971
| [[Edward Sequeira]]
|-
| 15
| 1972
| [[Vijay Singh Chauhan]]
|-
| 16
| 1973
| [[Sriram Singh]]
|-
| 17
| 1974
| [[T. C. Yohannan]]
|-
| 18
| 1974
| [[Shivnath Singh]]
|-
| 19
| 1975
| [[Hari Chand]]
|-
| 20
| 1975
| [[V. Anusuya Bai]]
|-
| 21
| 1976
| [[Bahadur Singh Chouhan|Bahadur Singh]]
|-
| 22
| 1976
| [[Geeta Zutshi]]
|-
| 23
| 1977–78
| [[Satish Kumar (athletics)|Satish Kumar]]
|-
| 24
| 1978–79
| [[Suresh Babu (long jumper)|Suresh Babu]]
|-
| 25
| 1978–79
| [[Angel Mary Joseph]]
|-
| 26
| 1979–80
| [[Ramaswamy Gnanasekaran]]
|-
| 27
| 1980–81
| [[Gopal Saini]]
|-
| 28
| 1981
| [[Sabir Ali (decathlete)|Sabir Ali]]
|-
| 29
| 1982
| [[Charles Borromeo (athlete)|Charles Borromeo]]
|-
| 30
| 1982
| [[Siri Chand Ram|Chand Ram]]
|-
| 31
| 1982
| [[M. D. Valsamma]]
|-
| 32
| 1983
| [[Suresh Yadav]]
|-
| 33
| 1983
| [[P. T. Usha]]
|-
| 34
| 1984
| [[Raj Kumar (athlete)|Raj Kumar]]
|-
| 35
| 1984
| [[Shiny Abraham]]
|-
| 36
| 1985
| [[Raghubir Singh Bal]]
|-
| 38
| 1985
| [[Asha Agarwal]]
|-
| 39
| 1985
| [[Adille Sumariwala]]
|-
| 39
| 1986
| [[Suman Rawat]]
|-
| 40
| 1987
| [[Balwinder Singh (athlete)|Balwinder Singh]]
|-
| 41
| 1987
| [[Vandana Rao]]
|-
| 42
| 1987
| [[Bagicha Singh]]
|-
| 43
| 1987
| [[Vandana Shanbagh]]
|-
| 44
| 1988
| [[Ashwini Nachappa]]
|-
| 45
| 1989
| [[Mercy Kuttan]]
|-
| 46
| 1990
| [[Deena Ram]]
|-
| 47
| 1992
| [[Bahadur Prasad]]
|-
| 48
| 1993
| [[K. Saramma]]
|-
| 49
| 1994
| [[Rosa Kutty]]
|-
| 50
| 1995
| [[Shakti Singh (athlete)|Shakti Singh]]
|-
| 51
| 1995
| [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
|-
| 52
| 1995
| [[Malathi Krishnamurthy Holla]] ‡
|-
| 53
| 1996
| [[Kallegowda]] ‡
|-
| 54
| 1996
| [[Ajit Bhaduria]]
|-
| 55
| 1996
| [[Padmini Thomas]]
|-
| 56
| 1997
| [[M. Mahadeva]] ‡
|-
| 57
| 1997
| [[Reeth Abraham]]
|-
| 58
| 1998
| [[Sirichand Ram]]
|-
| 59
| 1998
| [[Neelam Jaswant Singh]]
|-
| 60
| 1998
| [[S. D. Eshan]]
|-
| 61
| 1998
| [[Rachita Mistry]]
|-
| 62
| 1998
| [[Paramjit Singh (athlete)|Paramjit Singh]]
|-
| 63
| 1999
| [[Gulab Chand]]
|-
| 64
| 1999
| [[G. Venkataravanappa]] ‡
|-
| 65
| 1999
| [[Gurmit Kaur]]
|-
| 66
| 1999
| [[Parduman Singh]]
|-
| 67
| 1999
| [[Sunita Rani]]
|-
| 68
| 2000
| [[K. M. Beenamol]]
|-
| 69
| 2000
| [[Yadvendra Vashishta]] ‡
|-
| 70
| 2000
| [[Joginder Singh Bedi]] ‡ §
|-
| 71
| 2001
| [[K.R. Shankar Iyer]] ‡
|-
| 72
| 2002
| [[Anju Bobby George]]
|-
| 73
| 2002
| [[Saraswati Saha]]
|-
| 74
| 2003
| [[Soma Biswas]]
|-
| 75
| 2003
| [[Madhuri Saxena]]
|-
| 76
| 2004
| [[Anil Kumar Prakash|Anil Kumar]]
|-
| 77
| 2004
| [[J. J. Shobha]]
|-
| 78
| 2004
| [[Devendra Jhajharia]] ‡
|-
| 79
| 2005
| [[Manjeet Kaur]]
|-
| 80
| 2006
| [[K. M. Binu]]
|-
| 81
| 2007
| [[Chitra Soman]]
|-
| 82
| 2009
| [[Sinimole Paulose]]
|-
| 83
|2010
| [[Joseph Abraham]]
|-
| 84
|2010
| [[Krishna Poonia]]
|-
| 85
|2010
| [[Jagseer Singh]] ‡
|-
| 86
|2011
| [[Preeja Sreedharan]]
|-
| 87
|2012
| [[Sudha Singh]]
|-
| 88
|2012
| [[Kavita Tungar]]
|-
| 89
|2012
| [[Deepa Malik]] ‡
|-
| 90
|2012
| [[Ramkaran Singh]] ‡
|-
| 91
|2013
| [[Amit Kumar Saroha]]
|-
| 92
|2014
| [[Tintu Lukka]]
|-
| 93
|2015
| [[M. R. Poovamma]]
|- style=""
| 94
|2016
| [[Lalita Babar]]
|-
|95
|2016
|[[Sandeep Singh Maan]] ‡
|-
|96
|2017
|[[Khushbir Kaur]]
|-
|97
|2017
|[[Arokia Rajiv]]
|-
|98
|2017
|[[Mariyappan Thangavelu]] ‡
|-
|99
|2017
|[[Varun Singh Bhati]] ‡
|-
|100
|2018
|[[Jinson Johnson]]
|-
|101
|2018
|[[Hima Das]]
|-
|102
|2018
|[[Neeraj Chopra]]
|-
|103
|2018
|[[Ankur Dhama]] ‡
|-
|104
|2019
|[[Muhammed Anas]]
|-
|105
|2019
|[[Swapna Barman]]
|-
|106
|2019
|[[Tejinder Pal Singh Toor]]
|-
|107
|2019
|[[Sundar Singh Gurjar]] ‡
|-
|108
|2020
|[[Dutee Chand]]
|-
|109
|2020
|[[Sandeep Chaudhary]] ‡
|-
|110
|2021
|[[Arpinder Singh]]
|-
|111
|2021
|[[Yogesh Kathuniya]] ‡
|-
|112
|2021
|[[Nishad Kumar]] ‡
|-
|113
|2021
|[[Praveen Kumar (para-athlete, born 2003)|Praveen Kumar]] ‡
|-
|114
|2021
|[[Sharad Kumar (athlete)|Sharad Kumar]] ‡
|-
|115
|2022
|[[Seema Punia]]
|-
|116
|2022
|[[Eldhose Paul]]
|-
|117
|2022
|[[Avinash Sable]]
|-
|118
|2023
|[[Parul Chaudhary]]
|-
|119
|2023
|[[M Sreeshankar]]
|-
|}

==See also==

* [[Sport in India]]
*[[India at the Olympics]]
*[[List of Indian records in athletics]]
*[[List of National Sports Award recipients in athletics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indianathletics.in/ Athletics Federation of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608162329/https://www.indianathletics.in/ |date=June 8, 2019 }} website

{{Sport in India}}
{{Athletics by country}}

[[Category:Athletics in India| ]]
[[Category:Sport in India by sport|Athletics]]
[[Category:Sport of athletics by country|India]]
[[Category:Sport of athletics in Asia|India]]

National Academy of Agricultural Sciences

2025-12-30T13:52:16Z

Nina: New basic article w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Government agency in Delhi, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| native_name =
| image_name = Logo_of_the_National_Academy_of_Agricultural_Sciences.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| punch line =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1990
| closed =
| type =
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge = President, NAAS,
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president = Dr. [[Himanshu Pathak]]
| director_general =
| total_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[Pusa]], [[New Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| province =
| country = India
| coor = {{coord| 28.080|N|77.120|E|display=inline}}
| campus = NASC Complex
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = NAAS
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://naas.org.in|Official Web Site}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''The National Academy of Agricultural Sciences''' (NAAS)<ref name="acronym">{{cite web | url=http://www.allacronyms.com/NAAS/National_Academy_of_Agricultural_Sciences | title=acronym | publisher=Allacronyms | date=2014 | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref> is a [[Government of India]] funded agency, established in 1990, is a research platform in the fields of crop husbandry, animal husbandry, fisheries and agro-forestry. It acts as a research base for agro-scientists to formulate their advice to the policy makers in discussion with the agricultural and agro industrial communities.<ref name="conference">{{cite web | url=http://agricongress2015.in/ | title=conference | accessdate=July 11, 2014 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714133540/http://agricongress2015.in/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="conference 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.allconferences.com/search/index/Venue__country:India/Venue__state:Delhi/Venue__city:Delhi/Venue__name:National+Academy+of+Agricultural+Sciences,+Delhi | title=conference 2 | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref> The Academy is located at the National Agricultural Science Centre Complex,<ref name="NASC Complex">{{cite web | url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/305 | title=NASC | publisher=ICAR | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref> Pusa, in [[New Delhi]], India.

== Profile ==
{{quotebox
| align = left
| width = 30em|{{center|'''Mission'''<ref name="Mission">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/ | title=Mission | publisher=NAAS | date=2004 | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref> To gain recognition as a credible think tank to provide views of the scientific community on all agriculture- related policy issues, to encourage talent and promote excellence in science, making it a powerful instrument for the growth of national economy with a vibrant farm sector.}}
}}
{{quotebox
| align = right
| width = 30em|{{center|'''Objectives'''<ref name="Objectives">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/ | title=Objectives | publisher=NAAS | date=2004 | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>}}
* promote ecologically sustainable agriculture,
* recognize and promote excellence of individual scientists in the field of agriculture,
* promote interaction among research workers in different institutions and organizations within the country and with the world scientific community,
* publish specific studies including those intended for policy-makers for the advancement of agricultural research and development, and
* carry out such activities as are relevant to the accomplishment of the above goals.
}}

The National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) owes it origin to the vision of the late [[B. P. Pal|Dr. B. P. Pal]], noted [[India]]n agricultural scientist, who first put forth the idea of setting up a back-end chat room for assisting the decision makers on policies aimed at the development of agriculture in India. Tailing his advice, the Academy was formed in 1990 to assist research in agricultural and related sciences, to provide a forum for agricultural scientists for deliberations, and to organize seminars, congresses and conferences for the propagation of the philosophy of agriculture, which it has been carrying out since inception.<ref name="conference" /><ref name="conference 2" /> It also maintains a ''Corporate Membership'' scheme for the corporate sector.

==Projects==
The Academy undertakes several projects, planned in advance, every year. The major projects selected for research for the year 2014 are:
* Climate Resilient [[Livestock]] Production
* Breaking low-productivity syndrome of [[soybean]] in India
* Reservoir Fisheries Development in India: Policy and Management Options
* Practical and affordable approaches in implement precision
* Carbon Economy in Indian Agriculture
* [[Hydroponic]] [[Fodder]] Production in India
* Together with Farm Industry
* Livestock Breeding Policy in India
* Monitoring and Evaluation on AREE4D
* Linking Farmers with Market

==Regional chapters==
NAAS spreads its activities across the country through twelve regional chapters, located at various agriculturally important places in India. The regional offices are mandated to create public awareness through lectures, seminars, conferences and workshops, publish magazines, journals and other print media methods and prepare databases of agricultural scientists region wise and generate interest among aspiring scientists. The regional offices are located at [[Barapani]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Bhopal]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Cuttack]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Karnal]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Pune]] and [[Varanasi]].

==Awards==
NAAS encourages research in Agricultural, environmental and nutrition Sciences, by way of awards and medals bi-annually.<ref name="awards">{{cite web | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1607.pdf | title=awards | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>
* Memorial Awards
* Recognition Awards
* Young Scientists Awards
* Endowment Awards

Further, the Academy has put in place five research fellowships of three-year tenure, ''NAAS –TATA Young Scientists’ Research Fellowship'', aimed at supporting young scientists working in various research centres, State agricultural universities and other [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] organizations. The fellowships are funded by [[Sir Dorabji Tata Trust]].

== Journal Scoring ==
The academy for assessing the quality of the published work of the fellow nominees had developed a 'Score' with which it rates various journals. It has two categories with two different criteria. For the journals which has the [[Thomson Reuters]]' [[Impact factor|Impact Factor]] ([[Journal Citation Reports]]) it assigns a score of 6.00 plus the journal’s Impact Factor with capping on 20.00. And for others which does have any Impact Factor, it uses various measures like frequency of publication, editorial board constitution, article contributions from overseas, citation analysis of articles etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naasindia.org/page.php?pageid=54|title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|website=naasindia.org|access-date=2016-08-12}}</ref> The year 2016 scored/rated journals are found [http://naasindia.org/documents/journal2016.pdf here].

==Publications==
NAAS has published several books, journals and reports, of which some of the notable ones are:

* Felicitation Volume on Occasion of [[M. S. Swaminathan|Dr. M. S. Swaminathan’s]] 70th Birthday.
* Uncommon Opportunities for Achieving Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security. An Agenda for Science and Public policy
* Invited and Contributed Papers (Two volumes) of Third Agricultural Science Congress held at PAU Ludhiana
* Action Plan on Conservation, Management and Use of Agro-Biodiversity
* Converting Deserts into Oasis.
* State of Indian Agriculture.
* Revival of the Agricultural Crescent of Bihar – a Study Report.
* Degraded and Wastelands of India – Status and Spatial Distribution
* Conservation Agriculture – Innovations for Improving Efficiency, Equity and Environment – Selected Papers of 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture
* State of Indian Agriculture – Indo-Gangetic Plains.
* Proceedings of the X Agricultural Science Congress on the theme Soil, Plant and Animal Health for Enhanced and Sustained Agricultural Productivity

In addition, the Institute has been publishing ''NAS Year Book''<ref name="Yearbook">{{cite web | url=http://www.docin.com/p-505864707.html | title=NAAS yearbook | publisher=NAAS | accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref> since 1994, ''NAAS News'', a quarterly journal, ''Agricultural News'', a journal based on agricultural news on dailies, Policy Papers and Year Planners.

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture|India}}
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.karmayog.org/nonmumbaiprofiles/nonmumprodis.asp?r=149&nonnpoproid=1458&state=Delhi&city=Delhi | title=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences on Karmayog | publisher=Karmayog | date=2016 | accessdate=April 20, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041158/http://www.karmayog.org/nonmumbaiprofiles/nonmumprodis.asp?r=149&nonnpoproid=1458&state=Delhi&city=Delhi | archive-date=December 1, 2017 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/journal/40011 | title=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences | publisher=Springer | date=2016 | accessdate=April 20, 2016}}

{{Higher education in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]

Munna Khan

2025-11-18T14:27:57Z

Nina:

{{Short description|Indian actor and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Munna Khan
| native_name =
| image = Munna Khan.jpg
| caption = Khan during Odisha State Film Awards 2014

| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha |Odisha]]
| term_start1 = 3 April 2020
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =

| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|01|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nabarangpur District |Nabarangpur]], [[Odisha]], India
| otherparty =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| spouse =
| father =
| children =
| mother =
}}

'''Munna Khan''', also known as '''Muzibulla Khan''', is a member of parliament of India ([[Rajya Sabha]]) elected unopposed from Odisha on the ticket of [[Biju Janata Dal]] during [[2020 Rajya Sabha elections]]. He was one of the four new elect MPs of Biju Janata Dal elected unopposed since the major opposition party [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] refused to field any candidate from the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=March 11, 2020|first=Mohammad|last=Suffian|title=BJD names four candidates, including former Odia film star, as Rajya Sabha candidates from Odisha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjd-names-four-candidates-including-former-odia-film-star-as-rajya-sabha-candidates-from-odisha-1654546-2020-03-11|access-date=2020-06-12|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/odisha-all-4-bjd-nominees-to-rajya-sabha-sail-through-unopposed-1657145-2020-03-18|title=Odisha: All 4 BJD nominees to Rajya Sabha sail through unopposed|first=Mohammad|last=Suffian|website=India Today}}</ref>

He was with [[Janata Dal]] earlier and joined [[Biju Janata Dal]] after its formation. He was also BJD’s minority cell president for a brief period.<ref name=":0" />

Before becoming full time politician Munna Khan started his career as an Odia film actor and moved to politics at the age of 23. He is best known for ''Mamata Ra Dori (1989)'', ''Kie Kahara(1997)'', ''Mu Premi Mu Pagala (2011)'' and ''Mu Kana Ete Kharap (2010)''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ollywood Directory|url=http://www.ollywooddiary.com/details.php?id=316|access-date=2020-06-12|website=www.ollywooddiary.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Munna Khan}}
*{{IMDb name|nm3455073}}

{{Rajya Sabha Members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Munna}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Odisha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]

Swarnamukhi

2025-11-18T11:04:48Z

Nina: minor changes

{{short description|River in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Swarnamukhi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology = 
| image = Srikalahasti temple and Hill.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Swarnamukhi River at [[Srikalahasti]]
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]

| length = 130 km
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation = 300m
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]], [[India]]
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates =
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = 3,225 km²
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Swarnamukhi''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: స్వర్ణముఖి, [[Sanskrit]]: स्वर्णमुखी, IAST: Svarṇamukhī, pronounced [sʋɐrɳɐmʊkʰiː]) is an independent east-flowing river in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It originates in the [[Eastern Ghats]] near [[Pakala, Tirupati district]], and flows for about 130 km before draining into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Unlike many other rivers of the region, it does not join a major river system and its flow is largely dependent on seasonal rainfall.

The Swarnamukhi basin encompasses two of the most sacred pilgrimage centers in South India — [[Tirumala]], home of the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Swami Temple]], and [[Srikalahasti]], famed for the [[Srikalahasteeswara temple]] — underscoring the river’s deep cultural and religious significance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rangarajan|first1=A. D.|title=Swarnamukhi 'flows' after a decade|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/remember-a-river-called-swarnamukhi/article7891833.ece|access-date=20 January 2016|work=The Hindu|date=18 November 2015|location=Tirupati|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The Swarnamukhi rises at about 300 m above sea level and flows northeast through forested areas, farmlands, and temple towns before reaching the sea. It drains a basin of roughly 3,225 km².<ref name="vajiram">{{Cite web|title=Swarnamukhi River|url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/swarnamukhi-river/|website=Vajiram IAS Current Affairs}}</ref><ref name="wris">{{Cite web|title=Swarnamukhi|url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=swarnamukhi|website=India-WRIS}}</ref>

Annual rainfall is uneven: around 1,270 mm in the eastern basin, tapering to 762 mm in the west. The river is non-perennial and highly seasonal.<ref name="wris" />

== Cultural significance ==
The basin is home to several of South India’s most revered pilgrimage centers:
* [[Tirumala]], where the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Temple]] is located.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* [[Srikalahasti]], home to the [[Srikalahasteeswara temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva]] and often called ''Dakshina Kailasam''.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The poet [[Dhurjati]] referred to the river as '''Mogaleru''' in his works.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Infrastructure ==
The [[Kalyani Dam]] was constructed in 1977 across the Kalyani River,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Kalyani_Dam_D03636 |title= Kalyani Dam D03636|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> a tributary of Swarnamukhi. The gravity dam has a live storage capacity of 25 million cubic metres and supplies water to [[Tirupati]] city, often sufficient for up to two years.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Environmental challenges ==
=== Heavy metal contamination ===
A 2018 study found that while river water was mostly free of contamination except for mild iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), the sediments showed considerable to very high levels of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), posing eco-toxicological risks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ramesh|first1=R.|title=Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin, India: risk assessment and environmental implications|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|year=2018|volume=40 |issue=2 |page=609 |doi=10.1007/s10653-017-0006-7 |bibcode=2018EnvGH..40..609P |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318328620}}</ref>

=== Illegal sand mining ===
Illegal sand excavation is widespread in [[Naidupeta]], [[Pellakuru]], and [[Ozili]] mandals. Reports highlight the role of the sand mafia and lack of enforcement, with sand transported illegally to markets like [[Chennai]].<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite news|title=Illegal sand excavation from Swarnamukhi river continues|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/illegal-sand-excavation-from-swarnamukhi-river-continues-1849656|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
A geospatial study identified nine sand-mining hotspots in [[Srikalahasti]] and Thotambedu areas, revealing over-exploitation is affecting river discharge capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reddy |first1=B. Muralidhara |last2=Guddeti |first2=Sravya Sai |last3=Nagamani |first3=K. |title=Sand mining impact on Swarnamukhi river basin|journal=The Bioscan|date=2020 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |url=https://thebioscan.com/index.php/pub/article/view/547}}</ref>

=== Encroachment and land grabbing ===
Encroachments include illegal construction in buffer zones, blocked ''nalas'', and diverted channels. Such activities worsened flooding in 2021 and damaged the river’s ecological balance.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TUDA launches Operation Swarna to revive Swarnamukhi river|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/tuda-launches-operation-swarna-to-revive-swarnamukhi-river-1900939|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=2 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="gktoday">{{Cite web|title=Operation Swarna|url=https://www.gktoday.in/operation-swarna/|website=GKToday}}</ref>

== Conservation efforts ==
In 2025, the [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) launched '''Operation SWARNA''' (Swarnamukhi Waterbody Action for River and Nala Awareness), Andhra Pradesh’s first river rejuvenation programme.
The plan includes:
* A drone survey from [[Thondavada]] to [[Srikalahasti]] to mark river boundaries and 50 m buffer zones.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TUDA plans drive to clear encroachments along Swarnamukhi river|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tuda-plans-drive-to-clear-encroachments-along-swarnamukhi-river/articleshow/123639209.cms|work=Times of India|date=3 September 2025}}</ref>
* Removal of illegal structures, with criminal cases filed against offenders.<ref name="deccanchronicle" />
* Riverfront beautification at [[Tiruchanur]] to benefit pilgrims.<ref name="gktoday" />

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|Swarnamukhi}}

{{Tirupati topics}}

[[Category:Rivers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirupati district]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Jamshedpur Women's University

2025-11-10T13:06:48Z

Nina:

{{Short description|Women's College in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Jamshedpur Women’s University
| image_name = Jamshedpur Women's University logo.png
| established = {{ubl|{{start date and age|1953}} as Jamshedpur Women’s College |{{start date and age|2019}} as Jamshedpur Women’s University}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] (A)
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India) |UGC]]
| type = [[Public University| Public State University]]
| caption = University Logo
| other_name = JWU
| motto =
| motto_lang = [[Sanskrit]]
| mottoeng =
| city = [[Jamshedpur]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| dean =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Jharkhand]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Anjila Gupta
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 126
| administrative_staff = 210
| students = 4,800+
| undergrad = 2,600+
| postgrad = 1,400+
| doctoral = 1,100+
| other =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| postcode = 831001
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7969829|N|86.1805778|E|region:LK_type:edu|display=inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{url|https://jwu.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jamshedpur Women’s University''' formerly '''Jamshedpur Women's College''', established in 1953, was a general degree women's college in the [[Jharkhand]] state of [[India]]. Perin C. Mehta founded it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/kashifnawaid/docs/perincmehta|website=issuu.com|access-date=2019-12-08|title=Perin C Mehta}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1962 the college acquired its own campus which was gifted by philanthropist [[Ratan Tata]].

It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in arts, commerce and sciences. Affiliated with [[Kolhan University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Kolhan University | url=http://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/index.php/college/constituent-colleges.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330000516/http://www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in/index.php/college/constituent-colleges.html| url-status=usurped| archive-date=30 March 2013}}</ref> the university has grade 'A' accreditation from NAAC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/about.htm|title=JSR Women's College|website=jsrwomenscollege.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208094114/http://jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/about.htm|archive-date=8 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It has been recognized by the University Grants Commission as a Center with Potential for Excellence (CPE).<ref name=":0" />

The college aims to provide holistic education for its students while giving special attention to SC and ST students.<ref name=":0" /> Under the Jharkhand State University Amendment Act 2017, the college will become the first university for women in Jharkhand.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/jamshedpur-womens-college-is-now-the-jamshedpur-womens-university/129305/|title=Jamshedpur Women's College is now the Jamshedpur Women's University|date=2019-02-19|website=Avenue Mail|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208094102/https://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/jamshedpur-womens-college-is-now-the-jamshedpur-womens-university/129305/|archive-date=8 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The upgrade was approved by the governor and chancellor of the State Universities, Draupadi Murmu.<ref name=":1" />

==Location==
The college is located in the town of [[Jamshedpur]] in [[Jharkhand]] state. Jamshedpur was previously a village called [[Sakchi]] which was renamed by [[Viscount Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]] in 1919. The city is named Jamshedpur after the founder of Tata Steel, [[Jamsetji Tata|Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata]].

==Departments==
The college began with an arts department. The science and the commerce departments were added in 1972 and 1974 respectively. Honours courses were also included in various subjects during the 1960s.

The university has added vocational courses such as B.Ed. & M.Ed., Environment and Water Management, Bio technology, Mass Communication and Journalism, Bachelor in Library and Information Science, BBA, MBA, Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics. Additional courses in Electronics, Communicative English, Banking and Human Rights and Value in Education are offered. The college also promotes research by the Gandhian Study Centre for Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/history.htm|title=JSR Women's College|website=jsrwomenscollege.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211112019/http://www.jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The UG courses follow a typical six semester trajectory. The dean of Social Sciences is Bina Lakara, Dr Anjali Srivastava for Science and Dr. Deepa Sharan for Commerce.

=== Science ===

*Chemistry
*Physics
*Mathematics
*Botany
*Zoology

===Arts and Commerce===

*Bengali
*Hindi
*English
*History
*Oriya
*Urdu
*Sanskrit
*Home Science
*Political Science
*Economics
*Philosophy
*Psychology
*Music
*Education
*Commerce

== Scholarships and stipends ==

* (i) Post Matric Scholarship for SC/ST/BC{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=February 2021}} and minority communities etc.{{clarify|What is meant by etc in this instance? Be specific|date=February 2021}}
* (ii) Maulana Azad National Scholarship for girl student belonging to minority community.
* (iii) Indira Gandhi Scholarship for single girl child exclusively for PG Students.
* (iv) Scholarship for minority students.
* The Dr. Anju Priya Akhouri Memorial Scholarship is for the PG topper from the botany department.
* The Dr. Prabhat Kumar Memorial Scholarship is for toppers from intermediate, undergraduate and postgraduate.
* Students who belongs to SC, ST, OBC{{clarify|What do these letters mean?|date=February 2021}} or are handicapped, will be recommended to the governments of Bihar/Bengal/Orissa and other states as well.

== Facilities ==

=== Library ===

The Perin Mehta library is automated and provides internet service, which is available to the students at a nominal rate. Books as well as national and international journals are available. The E-Library is associated with the [[British Council]], [[INFLIBNET Centre|INFLIBNET]] and the American Center.

=== Travel Concessions===
Institution rail travel concessions to facilitate travel to their homes or home regions.<ref name="JSR Women's College"/>

=== Student Welfare Services===
A variety of social services are available to support the students.<ref name="JSR Women's College">{{Cite web|url=http://jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/facilities.htm|title=JSR Women's College|website=jsrwomenscollege.ac.in|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011239/http://www.jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/facilities.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Placement Cell. Provides employment placement, which has included multinational companies
* Grievance Redressal Cell
* Women's Cell
* Counselling Cell
* Cultural Cell
* Freeship Committee
* SC/ST Committee
* Internal Quality Assurance Cell
* Anti-ragging Cell as per U.G.C. Notification
* Cultural Society
* Sports Committee
* Legal Aid Clinic

=== Hostel===
The hostel is affiliated with [[Youth Hostels Association of India|Youth Hostel Association of India]]. The organisation organizes treks and adventures at a local as well as national level. There are two hostels featuring TV, Internet, Newspaper, Magazine, Telephones and Indoor games, both on campus. The Mahadevi Verma hostel can accommodate 50 students. The CV Raman hostel can house 100 students.<ref name="Chamecki 171–180">{{Citation|last=Chamecki|first=Alvaro|chapter=The elite indoor volleyball athlete|date=2017-05-12|pages=171–180|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=978-1-119-22704-5|doi=10.1002/9781119227045.ch14|title=Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science}}</ref>

=== Sports and NCC===
Sport facilities on the campus include cricket, volleyball, archery, basketball, khokho, kabaddi, karate and indoor games. There are scholarships provided by the [[Sports Authority of India]].<ref name="Chamecki 171–180"/> Students can also join the NCC.

=== Special Features ===
* On site daycare center, serving both students and staff
* Audio-Visual Room
* Communicative English classes are conducted for the UG students during the college's three academic years.
* Water cooler facility
* Common room for girls - Under Construction
* Student feedback system
* Placement cell and counseling center
* Internet Facility in the Computer Center & in all Departments
* Education Loans provided to needy & BPL Students upon presentation of Income Certificate.<ref name="JSR Women's College"/>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Arati Bhattacharya]]
* [[G. S. Lakshmi]]

==See also==
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.jsrwomenscollege.ac.in/
{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{Kolhan University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamshedpur Women's College}}
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Kolhan University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1953]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Education in Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in Bihar]]

2024 Mumbai Open – Singles

2025-07-11T06:23:10Z

Nina: Pg - done

{{Short description|Draw of a professional tennis tournament}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Tennis events|2024|Mumbai Open|
| champ = {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]]
| runner = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]]
| score = 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 6–2
| type = singles doubles
| after_year=2025
| before_year=2018
}}

{{main article|2024 Mumbai Open}}

[[Darja Semeņistaja]] won her first [[WTA 125 tournaments|WTA 125]] singles title, defeating [[Storm Hunter]] in the final, 5–7, 7–6(8–6), 6–2. She saved a championship point in the second-set tiebreak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semenistaja saves championship point en route to Mumbai WTA 125 title |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/3891944/semenistaja-saves-championship-point-en-route-to-mumbai-wta-125-title |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref>

[[Luksika Kumkhum]] was the defending champion from when the tournament was last held in 2018, but she chose not to participate.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kayla Day]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Tamara Zidanšek]] ''(withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova]] ''(second round)''
# {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Laura Pigossi]] ''(second round)''
# '''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]] (champion)'''
# {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]] ''(semifinals)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

===Finals===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3-v2
|RD1=Semifinals
|RD2=Final

|team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=6
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''7'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono]]
| RD1-score2-1=5
| RD1-score2-2=4
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=8
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets]]
| RD1-score3-1=4
| RD1-score3-2=64
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4= 
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''77'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=6
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD2-score1-1=5
| RD2-score1-2='''78'''
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter]]
| RD2-score2-1='''7'''
| RD2-score2-2=66
| RD2-score2-3=2
}}

===Top half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01={{flagicon|USA}} [[Kayla Day|K Day]]
| RD1-score01-1=4
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=4
| RD1-seed02=WC
| RD1-team02='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]'''
| RD1-score02-1='''6'''
| RD1-score02-2=1
| RD1-score02-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Zakharova|A Zakharova]]
| RD1-score03-1=68
| RD1-score03-2=0
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|}} [[Polina Kudermetova|P Kudermetova]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''710'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=Q
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko|L Glushko]]
| RD1-score05-1=1
| RD1-score05-2=1
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=Q
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Amandine Hesse|A Hesse]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2='''6'''
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Panna Udvardy|P Udvardy]]
| RD1-score07-1=5
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=2
| RD1-seed08=6
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''7'''
| RD1-score08-2=3
| RD1-score08-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed09=4
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova|Ar Rodionova]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''7'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|NED}} [[Suzan Lamens|S Lamens]]
| RD1-score10-1=2
| RD1-score10-2=5
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|ROU}} [[Irina Bara|I Bara]]
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2=4
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''6'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Carole Monnet|C Monnet]]
| RD1-score13-1=3
| RD1-score13-2=3
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Moyuka Uchijima|M Uchijima]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Dalma Gálfi|D Gálfi]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''6'''
| RD1-score15-2=4
| RD1-score15-3='''7'''
| RD1-seed16=7
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Kimberly Birrell|K Birrell]]
| RD1-score16-1=2
| RD1-score16-2='''6'''
| RD1-score16-3=5

| RD2-seed01=WC
| RD2-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahaja Yamalapalli|S Yamalapalli]]
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2=3
| RD2-score01-3=5
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02='''{{flagicon|}} [[Polina Kudermetova|P Kudermetova]]'''
| RD2-score02-1=1
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3='''7'''

| RD2-seed03=Q
| RD2-team03={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Amandine Hesse|A Hesse]]
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2=4
| RD2-score03-3=4
| RD2-seed04=6
| RD2-team04='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD2-score04-1=2
| RD2-score04-2='''6'''
| RD2-score04-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed05=4
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Arina Rodionova|Ar Rodionova]]
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2=4
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07= 
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Moyuka Uchijima|M Uchijima]]'''
| RD2-score07-1='''6'''
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Dalma Gálfi|D Gálfi]]
| RD2-score08-1=2
| RD2-score08-2=1
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|}} [[Polina Kudermetova|P Kudermetova]]
| RD3-score01-1=4
| RD3-score01-2=3
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=6
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''6'''
| RD3-score03-2=4
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Moyuka Uchijima|M Uchijima]]
| RD3-score04-1=3
| RD3-score04-2=3r
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=6
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Darja Semeņistaja|D Semeņistaja]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''7'''
| RD4-score01-2='''6'''
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|NED}} [[Arianne Hartono|A Hartono]]
| RD4-score02-1=5
| RD4-score02-2=4
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

===Bottom half===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| RD4=Semifinals

| RD1-seed01=8
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets|K Volynets]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=WC
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina|A Raina]]
| RD1-score02-1=4
| RD1-score02-2=2
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=Q
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech|P Plipuech]]
| RD1-score03-1=4
| RD1-score03-2=5
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=WC
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''7'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=WC
| RD1-team05={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar|V Adkar]]
| RD1-score05-1=2
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=1
| RD1-seed06=LL
| RD1-team06='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]'''
| RD1-score06-1='''6'''
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07={{flagicon|}} [[Anastasia Tikhonova|A Tikhonova]]
| RD1-score07-1=5
| RD1-score07-2='''6'''
| RD1-score07-3=2
| RD1-seed08=LL
| RD1-team08='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello|C Rosatello]]'''
| RD1-score08-1='''7'''
| RD1-score08-2=3
| RD1-score08-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed09=5
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Laura Pigossi|L Pigossi]]'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2=3
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|}} [[Ekaterina Makarova (tennis player, born 1996)|E Makarova]]
| RD1-score10-1=1
| RD1-score10-2=0r
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=Q
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|HUN}} [[Fanny Stollár|F Stollár]]
| RD1-score11-1=0r
| RD1-score11-2=
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]]'''
| RD1-score12-1=3
| RD1-score12-2=
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|}} [[Alina Korneeva|A Korneeva]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''6'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Chloé Paquet|C Paquet]]
| RD1-score14-1=1
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=Q
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]'''
| RD1-score15-1=2
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''
| RD1-score15-3='''77'''
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino|N Hibino]]
| RD1-score16-1='''6'''
| RD1-score16-2=1
| RD1-score16-3=65

| RD2-seed01=8
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets|K Volynets]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''710'''
| RD2-score01-2=2
| RD2-score01-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed02=WC
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale|R Bhosale]]
| RD2-score02-1=68
| RD2-score02-2='''6'''
| RD2-score02-3=1

| RD2-seed03=LL
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2=5
| RD2-score03-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed04=LL
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello|C Rosatello]]
| RD2-score04-1=3
| RD2-score04-2='''7'''
| RD2-score04-3=3

| RD2-seed05=5
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|BRA}} [[Laura Pigossi|L Pigossi]]
| RD2-score05-1=3
| RD2-score05-2=3
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07='''{{flagicon|}} [[Alina Korneeva|A Korneeva]]'''
| RD2-score07-1=5
| RD2-score07-2='''6'''
| RD2-score07-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed08=Q
| RD2-team08={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty|S Bhamidipaty]]
| RD2-score08-1='''7'''
| RD2-score08-2=4
| RD2-score08-3=4

| RD3-seed01=8
| RD3-team01='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets|K Volynets]]'''
| RD3-score01-1='''6'''
| RD3-score01-2='''6'''
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=LL
| RD3-team02={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|S-h Park]]
| RD3-score02-1=1
| RD3-score02-2=2
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]]'''
| RD3-score03-1=w/o
| RD3-score03-2=
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|}} [[Alina Korneeva|A Korneeva]]
| RD3-score04-1=
| RD3-score04-2=
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=8
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|USA}} [[Katie Volynets|K Volynets]]
| RD4-score01-1=4
| RD4-score01-2=64
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Storm Hunter|S Hunter]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''6'''
| RD4-score02-2='''77'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==Qualifying==
===Seeds===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Himeno Sakatsume]] ''(qualified, withdrew)''
# {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Valentini Grammatikopoulou]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Nigina Abduraimova]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejana Radanović]] ''(first round, retired)''
# {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Fanny Stollár]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Sapfo Sakellaridi]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Diāna Marcinkēviča]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Amandine Hesse]] (qualified)'''
# {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|Park So-hyun]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello]] ''(qualifying competition, '''''lucky loser''''')''
# {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Conny Perrin]] ''(first round)''
}}

===Qualifiers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# <s>{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Himeno Sakatsume]]</s>
# {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]'''
# {{flagicon|THA}} '''[[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Amandine Hesse]]'''
# {{flagicon|ISR}} '''[[Lina Glushko]]'''
# {{flagicon|HUN}} '''[[Fanny Stollár]]'''
}}

===Lucky losers===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[Park So-hyun (tennis)|Park So-hyun]]'''
# {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Camilla Rosatello]]'''
}}

===Qualifying draw===

====First qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=1
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Himeno Sakatsume]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''6'''
| RD1-score1-2='''6'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=WC
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} Akanksha Dileep Nitture
| RD1-score2-1=3
| RD1-score2-2=1
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=WC
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeel Desai]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=7
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Sapfo Sakellaridi]]
| RD1-score4-1=2
| RD1-score4-2=1
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=1
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Himeno Sakatsume]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''7'''
| RD2-score1-2=0
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=WC
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeel Desai]]
| RD2-score2-1=5
| RD2-score2-2=0r
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Second qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=2
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|GRE}} [[Valentini Grammatikopoulou]]
| RD1-score1-1=3
| RD1-score1-2=2
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''6'''
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|SVK}} Viktória Morvayová'''
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed4=12
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Conny Perrin]]
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2=4
| RD1-score4-3=1

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shrivalli Bhamidipaty]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3='''6'''
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|SVK}} Viktória Morvayová
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=3
}}

====Third qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=3
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|UZB}} [[Nigina Abduraimova]]
| RD1-score1-1='''7'''
| RD1-score1-2=65
| RD1-score1-3=2
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tsao Chia-yi]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=5
| RD1-score2-2='''77'''
| RD1-score2-3='''6'''

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2='''6'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|LAT}} [[Diāna Marcinkēviča]]
| RD1-score4-1=2
| RD1-score4-2=0
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tsao Chia-yi]]
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=3
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2= 
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Peangtarn Plipuech]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Fourth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejana Radanović]]
| RD1-score1-1=2r
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} Vaidehi Chaudhari'''
| RD1-score2-1=3
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=WC
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} Sameeksha Shroff
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2=0
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=9
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Amandine Hesse]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} Vaidehi Chaudhari
| RD2-score1-1=3
| RD2-score1-2=1
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=9
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Amandine Hesse]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''6'''
| RD2-score2-2='''6'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Fifth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=5
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]
| RD1-score1-1='''7'''
| RD1-score1-2=1
| RD1-score1-3=65
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=5
| RD1-score2-2='''6'''
| RD1-score2-3='''77'''

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Zhibek Kulambayeva]]
| RD1-score3-1='''6'''
| RD1-score3-2=4
| RD1-score3-3=3
| RD1-seed4=11
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=4
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3='''6'''

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Lina Glushko]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=11
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Camilla Rosatello]]
| RD2-score2-1=3
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

====Sixth qualifier====
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Qualifying competition
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=6
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Fanny Stollár]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=5
| RD1-score1-2='''7'''
| RD1-score1-3='''6'''
| RD1-seed2= 
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Naiktha Bains]]
| RD1-score2-1='''7'''
| RD1-score2-2=5
| RD1-score2-3=1

| RD1-seed3=WC
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} Madhurima Sawant
| RD1-score3-1=1
| RD1-score3-2=1
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=10
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|Park So-hyun]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''6'''
| RD1-score4-2='''6'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=6
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Fanny Stollár]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''6'''
| RD2-score1-2='''6'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=10
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park So-hyun (tennis)|Park So-hyun]]
| RD2-score2-1=4
| RD2-score2-2=3
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/1100/mumbai-125/2024/draws Main and Qualifying Draw]

{{2024 WTA 125 tournaments}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024 Mumbai Open - Singles}}

[[Category:2024 WTA 125 tournaments|Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:Mumbai Open]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2020s in Mumbai]]

Swami Shivom Tirtha

2025-06-28T17:21:19Z

Nina: put up!

{{Short description|Hindu guru (1924–2008)}}
{{morefootnotes|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=October 2019}}
'''Swami Shivom Tirth Maharaj''' (15 January 1924–2008) was a noted guru of the Tirtha lineage of [[Siddhayoga|Siddha Yoga]]. Born in a small village in Punjabi [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]] in present-day [[Pakistan]], his name before he entered the life of renunciation ''([[sannyas]])'' was Om Prakash.

He completed his undergraduate degree at Lahore and lived a householder's life for many years, relocating on the Indian side of the border with his wife and family at the time of independence and partition in 1947. After coming in contact with [[Swami Vishnu Tirtha]] he entered the path of spirituality, living with the guru as a disciple. Initially he was assigned everyday work in the [[Ashram]] but over time he became the favored disciple who would inherit the lineage. In 1959, when his Guru Ji made him a celibate ([[Brahmacharya|brahmachari]]), he took the name Bramchari Shivom Prakash.

Brahmchari Shivom Prakash took formal [[sannyas]] [[diksha]] from Swami Narayan Tirtha of Kashi in 1963, becoming Swami Shivom Tirtha. After that he took care of the Yog Shri Peeth Ashram in Rishikesh and Narayan Kuti Ashram in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh.

In his later years Swami Shivom Tirtha gave up his public life, left the ashram and started living in an isolated place near Indore, with two celibate disciples, writing many books. He gave up his earthly body on 6 April 2008 at Coimbtore: his body being committed to the Ganges at Rishikesh.<ref>[http://www.kundalini-gateway.org/kurt/k-shivom.html Biographical information from]</ref>

==Books by Swami Shivom Tirtha==

A Guide to Shaktipat 
Shivom Vani 
Churning of Heart ({{langx|hi|Hryidaya Manthan}}) 
Sadhan Path 
Shri Narayan Updeshamrat 
Guru Parampara 
Yog Vibhuti 
Shaktipat Prishnottary 
Shaktipat Path Pradarshika (3 parts) 
Patyanjal Yog Darshan 
Shri Guru Gita 
Guru Chalisa Vyakhya 
Antar Pravahavalokan (2 parts) 
Param Premalok (Narad Bhakti Sutra) 
Sadhak Nirdeshika (3 parts) 
Mukt Chintan 
Shri Japuji Saheb 
Shri Vishnu Tirth Saddarshan 
Pratyagaman 
Chitti Lika (Shaktipat Vigyan) 
Gyan Kiran 
Sopaan 
Antarvithi 
Antravalokan 
Punruday 
Sadhan Shikhar 
Sugam Gita Preveshika (Preface writing)
Antim rachana

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shrinarayankutisanyasashram.org/ Official website - Shri Narayan Kuti Sanyas Ashram - Dewas]
* [http://www.swamishivomtirthashram.org Swami Shivom Tirth Ashram - Pond Eddy, NY, USA]
* [http://www.swamishivomtirth.org Swami Shivom Tirthji Maharaj - Photos, Audios, Videos ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirtha, Swami Shivom}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Gujrat District]]

A. P. B. Sinha

2025-06-23T07:25:44Z

Nina: Created

{{Short description|Indian chemist (1928–2021)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sandeep Sinha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|09|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|07|04|1928|09|23|df=y}}
| death_place = United States
| fields = {{ublist | [[Solid state chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] | Morris Innovative Research }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of London]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on manganite synthesis and semiconductor theories
| awards = {{ublist | 1972 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1978 [[National Research Development Corporation|NRDC]] Meritorious Invention Award }}
}}

'''Akhoury Purnendu Bhusan Sinha''' (23 September 1928 – 4 July 2021) was an Indian solid state chemist who was the head of the Physical Chemistry Division of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune.<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N78-0776 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112211609/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N78-0776 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his theories on semiconductors and his studies on synthesis of [[manganite]]s.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=313 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=October 12, 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N78-0776 |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112211609/http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N78-0776 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded Sinha the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1972, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
A. P. B. Sinha, born on 27 December 1928, joined the [[University of London]] from where he secured a PhD in 1954; his thesis was based on solid state chemistry.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Later, he served the [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune as a director's grade scientist and headed the Physical Chemistry division of the institution. Continuing his researches on solid state chemistry, Sinha studied low mobility semiconductors with respect to its electron transport and crystal distortions caused by electron lattice transitions, switching, magnetic ordering and memory effects. He is known to have synthesized new manganites and reportedly developed a number of solid state products such as [[thermistors]], photocells, magnets and photovoltaic products. Based on his studies on electron lattice interaction, Sinha proposed support theories for the [[ferroelectricity]] theory and developed new theories on the ''thermoelectrical power and mobility in semiconductors''.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=October 5, 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His researches are reported to have widened the understanding of conduction in semiconductors. The body of his literary work is composed of one book, ''Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry'',<ref name="Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry">{{Cite book |title=Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry |author=Carl Johan Ballhausen, D R Eaton |author2=J W Hastie |author3=R H Hauge |author4=J L Margrave |author5=A S N Murthy |author6=William L Baun |author7=David W Fischer |author8=A Chakravorty |author9=Harry D Schultz |author10=H B Mathur |author11=Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao, Chemiker Indien |author12=Jack M Williams |author13=S W Peterson |author14=John R Ferraro |author15=Johannes Arnoldus Koningstein |author16=K D J Root |author17=Max T Rogers |author18=H A Kuska |author19=Brian G Ramsey |author20=A P B Sinha |publisher=Academic Press |year=1970 |oclc=636106622}}</ref> chapters to the book, ''A study of the growth and structure of layers of oxides, sulphides and related compounds, with special reference to the effect of temperature'', edited by [[C. N. R. Rao]],<ref name="Sinha1954">{{cite book|author=Akhoury Purnendu Bhusan Sinha|title=A study of the growth and structure of layers of oxides, sulphides and related compounds, with special reference to the effect of temperature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oarVjgEACAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, Imperial College London}}</ref> and several articles published in peer reviewed journals.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=https://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Sinha=3AAkhoury_Purnendu_Bhusan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} His work has been cited by several authors.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Citations'' section}}

Sinha was associated with journals such as ''Bulletin Materials Science'' and ''Indian Journal of Pure Applied Physics'' as a member of their editorial boards.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1972.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |title=Chemical Sciences |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |date=2016 |access-date=November 7, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=September 12, 2012 }}</ref> Sinha was elected by the Indian Academy of Sciences as their fellow in 1974 before he became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1978.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> He is also an elected fellow of the [[Maharashtra Academy of Sciences]] and a recipient of the Meritorious Invention Award of the [[National Research Development Corporation]] which he received in 1978.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> After his stint at NCL, Sinha migrated to the US and is associated with the Morris Innovative Research.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" />

Sinha died in the United States on 4 July 2021, at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akhoury Purnendu Bhusan Sinha (1928–2021) |url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/121/10/1365.pdf |website=Current Science |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref>

== Citations ==
* {{cite book|author=P Day|title=Electronic Structure and Magnetism of Inorganic Compounds|date=January 1972|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85186-251-4|pages=108–}}
* {{cite book|author=J. C. Toledano|title=Defects|date=January 1988|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-677-25660-3|pages=8–}}
* {{cite book|author1=T.A. Kaplan|author2=S.D. Mahanti|title=Physics of Manganites|date=11 April 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-306-47091-2|pages=239–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Gerhard Neumann|author2=Cornelis Tuijn|title=Self-diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Pure Metals: Handbook of Experimental Data|date=19 August 2011|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-056004-5|pages=96–}}
* {{cite book|author1=G.J. Long|author2=F. Grandjean|title=Mössbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Inorganic Chemistry|date=11 November 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4899-2289-2|pages=176–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Boris Ildusovich Kharisov|author2=Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova|author2-link=Oxana Kharissova|author3=Ubaldo Ortiz-Mendez|title=CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology|date=6 January 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-8089-3|pages=1007–}}

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=Akhoury Purnendu Bhusan Sinha|title=A study of the growth and structure of layers of oxides, sulphides and related compounds, with special reference to the effect of temperature|year=1954|publisher=Department of Applied Physical Chemistry, Imperial College London}}
* {{Cite book |title=Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry |author1=Carl Johan Ballhausen |author2=D R Eaton |author3=J W Hastie |author4=R H Hauge |author5=J L Margrave |author6=A S N Murthy |author7=William L Baun |author8=David W Fischer |author9=A Chakravorty |author10=Harry D Schultz |author11=H B Mathur |author12=Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao |author13=Jack M Williams |author14=S W Peterson |author15=John R Ferraro |author16=Johannes Arnoldus Koningstein |author17=K D J Root |author18=Max T Rogers |author19=H A Kuska |author20=Brian G Ramsey |author21=A P B Sinha |publisher=Academic Press |year=1970 |oclc=636106622}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=A. P. B. Sinha |author2=N. R. Sanjana |author3=A. B. Biswas |year=1957 |title=On the structure of some anganites |journal=Acta Crystallogr. |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=439–440 |doi=10.1107/S0365110X57001450|bibcode=1957AcCry..10..439S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=G. I. Finch |author2=A. P. B. Sinha |author3=K. P. Sinha |year=1957 |title=Crystal Distortion in Ferrite-Manganites |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=242 |issue=1228 |pages=28–35 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1957.0151|bibcode=1957RSPSA.242...28F |s2cid=98289074 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=A.P.B. Sinha |author2=G.V. Chandrashekhar |author3=J.M. Honig |year=1975 |title=On the mechanism of electron transport in Cr-doped V2O3 |journal=Journal of Solid State Chemistry |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |page=a |doi=10.1016/0022-4596(75)90348-5|bibcode=1975JSSCh..12..402S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Chandrachood M. R. |author2=Sinha A. P. B. |author3=Morris D. E. |author4=Surnow J. S. |year=1992 |title=Lithium substituted superconducting Y1Ba2Cu4O8 formed in elevated oxygen pressure |journal=Physica C: Superconductivity |volume=192 |issue=1–2 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.1016/0921-4534(92)90749-3|bibcode=1992PhyC..192..103C }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Liu H. B. |author2=Chen X. D. |author3=Jiang X. P. |author4=Morris D. E. |author5=Sinha A. P. B. |year=1994 |title=Effect of lead addition to Bi-based 2222 superconducting cuprates Bi2-xPbxSr2(Y, Ce)2Cu2O10+δ |journal=Physica C: Superconductivity |volume=220 |issue=3–4 |pages= 265–270 |doi=10.1016/0921-4534(94)90912-1|bibcode=1994PhyC..220..265L }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Zhao Guo-meng |author2=Singh K. K. |author3=Sinha, A. P. B. |author4=Morris D. E. |year=1995 |title=Oxygen isotope effect on the effective mass of carriers from magnetic measurements on La2-xSrxCuO4 |journal=Physical Review B |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=6840–6844 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.52.6840|pmid=9981913 |bibcode=1995PhRvB..52.6840Z }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Zhao Guo-meng |author2=Kirtikar Vidula |author3=Singh K. K. |author4=Sinha A. P. B. |author5=Morris Donald E. |year=1996 |title=Large copper isotope effect in oxygen depleted YBa2Cu3Oy: importance of Cu-dominated phonon modes in the pairing mechanism |journal= Physical Review B|volume=54 |issue=21 |pages=14956–14959 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.54.14956|pmid=9985545 |bibcode=1996PhRvB..5414956Z }}

== See also ==
* [[Manganite]]
* [[Ferroelectricity]]
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|author=A. V. Narlikar|title=Studies of High Temperature Superconductors: Advances in Research and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJByrMMluBkC&pg=PA431|date=January 1993|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-132-1|pages=431–}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Finch |first1=G. I. |last2=Sinha |first2=A. P. B. |last3=Sinha |first3=K. P. |title=Crystal Distortion in Ferrite-Manganites |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |date=1957 |volume=242 |issue=1228 |pages=28–35 |jstor=100380 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1957.0151|bibcode=1957RSPSA.242...28F |s2cid=98289074 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, A. P. B.}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Solid-state chemistry]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]

Golconde Dormitory

2025-06-06T12:08:06Z

Nina:

{{coord|11.9381330761|79.834042576|display=title}}

[[File:Golconde Ashram.jpeg|thumb|Golconde dormitory of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry]]
{{redirect|Golconde|the painting|Golconda (Magritte)}}
{{notability|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
'''Golconde Dormitory''', or '''Golconde''', is a private residence for the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] in the town of [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry, India]] designed by architect [[Antonin Raymond]], completed in 1942. Raymond designed the building to mitigate the effects of the hot and humid climate using [[reinforced concrete]], the first building in India to use this technique, recognized as "The first modernist building in India".<ref name="Metropolis">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/golconde-the-first-modernist-building-in-india/|title=Golconde: The First Modernist Building in India|last=Sharma|first=Komal|magazine=Metropolis Magazine|date=14 February 2017|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref>

Raymond first came to Japan in 1919 to work as project architect for [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]'s [[Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]] in Tokyo. [[George Nakashima]] worked for Raymond to conduct site visits in Japan, and was later assigned to supervise the Golconde project, along with Czech architect Francois Sammer.<ref name="Golconde book">{{cite book|title=Golconde: The Introduction of Modernism in India|publisher=Urban Crayon Press|year=2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pondicherry (city)]]

Land development bank

2025-04-27T10:34:29Z

Nina: New first post first draft

{{Short description|Special kind of development bank in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}

A '''land development bank''' , abbreviated '''LDB''', is a special kind of [[development bank]] in [[India]]. It is a quasi-commercial type that provides services such as accepting deposits, making business loans, and offering basic investment products. The main objective of the LDB is to promote the [[land development|development of land]], [[agriculture]] and increase the [[agricultural production]]. The LDB provides long-term finance to members directly through its branches.<ref name="agritech">{{cite web | url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/banking/crbank_land_dvpt_bank.html | title=LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK | publisher=TNAU Agritech Portal | accessdate=8 January 2014 | author=TNAU}}</ref>

Depending on their [[By-law|bye-laws]] or constitutions they provide different functions and structures. Some are organized on a [[Sovereign state|state]] basis, some on a [[co-operative]] basis and some on a [[Private property|private]] basis, incorporating joint stock principles.

== History ==
The first Land Development Bank was started at Jhang in [[Punjab]] in 1920. However, real progress began when the land development bank was established in [[Chennai]] in 1929.<ref name="preserve">{{cite web | url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2012033129449/short-notes-on-land-development-banks.html | title=Co-operative Banking in India | publisher=Preserve Articles | accessdate=9 January 2014 | author=Nupur Singh| date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Not only that, land banks, land mortgage banks, agriculture banks, agriculture development banks are now called land development banks in modern world.

== Sources of funds ==
The sources of funds of land development banks can include:
# Share capital from state or private sources
# Deposits from members or non-members
# Issue of debentures
# Accepting deposits
# Reimbursements of subsidies from the government
# Other funds

== Loans and advances ==

Land development banks provide long-term funds for various agriculture related projects besides development of land and business. The borrowing capacity of a member is generally determined according to the number of shares he holds in the bank. The loans granted by land development bank is typically repayable within a 20 to 30-year period. Normally, loans are granted up to 50% of the value of the land or up to 30 times the revenue. Loans are granted only after a thorough verification of security title-deeds as well as the necessity for the loan. The rates of interest for LT loans are generally low and within the paying capacity of farmers. They are around 11 to 12%.

== Notable LDBs ==
* Gujarat State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank; see {{slink|List of co-operative federations|India}}
* Progoti Co-operative Land Development Bank Limited
* National Co-operative Agriculture & Rural Development Banks Federation Limited
* Orissa Provincial Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank Limited
* Delta Land Development Limited
* [[Land and Agricultural Development Bank of South Africa]]
* Kerala State Co Operative Agricultural and Rural Development Bank (KSCARDB)

== References ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
{{reflist}}

{{land use}}

[[Category:Banks of India]]
[[Category:Banking in India]]
[[Category:Legal entities]]

Bobbili

2025-02-04T08:02:55Z

Nina: brief expand details for consistency further and fixed typos for consistency

{{Other uses}}
{{For|the village in the Central African Republic|Bobili}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bobbili
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = This is place for recreation or Musical concerts in the olden days.Side View..JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Musical concert Mandapam at Bobbili
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh,
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5667|N|83.3667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = Bobbili Municipality, [[Bobbili Urban Development Authority|BUDA]]
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ravu Venkata Swethachalapathi Kumara Krishna Ranga Rao (Baby Nayana)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="municipality profile">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/BOBBILI/Basic_information_Municipality.html| publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 25.60
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 103
| population_total = 56819
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=620244|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 535 558
| area_code = 91–8944
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP35 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1:1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/BOBBILI/|Bobbili Municipality}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

[[File:Thandra Paparayudu of Bobbili.jpg|thumb|Statue of ''Thandra Paparayudu'' at [[RK Beach]]]]

'''Bobbili''' is a town in [[Vizianagaram district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=12
|title=Mandals in Vizianagaram district
|access-date=2007-02-26
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310234716/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=12
|archive-date=10 March 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Geography==

Bobbili is located at {{Coord|18.5667|N|83.3667|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Bobbili.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Bobbili]</ref> It has an average elevation of 103 metres (337 feet).

==History==

The town of Bobbili was founded during the 17th century by Pedda Rayudu, the 15th descendant of the [[Venkatagiri estate|Rajah of Venkatagiri]]. However, with time, the town became known as "Pebbuli", then "Bebbuli" and finally "Bobbili".

[[File:Meesalasimham.JPG|thumb|A lion sculpture atop the celebrated Venugopala Swamy temple]]

Bobbili was once a [[zamindari estate]] under the rule of its most famous resident, [[Ramakrishna Ranga Rao of Bobbili]], who was better known as the [[Raja of Bobbili]].

==Battle of Bobbili==

{{main|Battle of Bobbili}}

[[The battle of Bobbili]] in 1757, is one of the significant episodes in the history of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. [[Vizianagaram]] kings won the war with the help of [[France|French]] General [[Marquis de Bussy]].

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the town had a population of {{formatnum:56819}}. The total population constitute, {{formatnum:28285}} males, {{formatnum:28534}} females and {{formatnum:5693}} children in the age group of 0–6 years. The average literacy rate stands at 76.66% with {{formatnum:39193}} literates, higher than the national average of 74%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>

==Education==

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu.

Bobbili is known for its quality education.
An age old college in the form of Rajah R.S.R.K. Ranga Rao College (1962)
and even older school in the form of Samsthanam High School (1864)

==Governance==

{{main|Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
{{Main|Bobbili (Assembly constituency)}}

'''Parliamentary and assembly constituencies'''

Bobbili is a parliamentary constituency in Indian [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>[[Bobbili (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bobbili Lok Sabha Constituency]]</ref>
It had 9,70,612 voters during the [[2004 Indian general elections|elections]], held during April–May 2004 for the [[14th Lok Sabha]]. Since 2009 Bobbili Parliamentary Constituency no longer exists and is replaced with Vizianagaram Parliamentary constituency. Bobbili is an assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh. There are 1,20,173 registered voters in this constituency in 1999 elections.

==Industries==

[[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]] has set up Industrial Development area at Bobbili in 2008. Nearly 200 units will be set up in an area of over 1,000 acres of land. The state government has spent about Rs. 20 crore is on infrastructure like roads, water supply, power transmission including a 33 kV sub-station. The major projects in the pipeline include Berry Alloys Ltd., B.K. Steels and Vizag Profiles The Growth Centre has a potential to employ 10,000 people directly and a few thousands indirectly through the ancillary industries.

==Transport==

[[File:Salur-Bobbili Railbus.jpg|thumb|Salur-Bobbili Railbus]]

Bobbili [[Railway junction]] is in Visakhapatnam division of [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It is at Mallampeta (which is named after the goddess Mallamma). It is on the [[Vizianagaram]]-[[Raipur]] railway line. There is a broad-gauge railway line between Bobbili and [[Salur]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

== See also ==

*[[Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Vizianagaram district]]
*[[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Commons category|Bobbili}}
{{EB1911 poster|Bobbili}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}
{{Vizianagaram district}}

[[Category:17th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Towns in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]

Chennai ITIR

2025-01-01T23:05:25Z

Nina: adjusted layout also and updated info

{{Short description|Planned mega city in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
The '''Chennai ITIR''' or "Information Technology Investment Region" is a planned mega city covering an area of about 1,600 km2 (395,368.61 acre). It will be a specifically notified zone that will include IT/BPOs, electronics hardware manufacturing units, public utilities, residential areas, social infrastructure and administrative units.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/07/stories/2008060759590400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607083754/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/07/stories/2008060759590400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 June 2008 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Exclusive IT Investment Region corridor proposed| date=7 June 2008}}</ref> The ITIR is bordered by [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT corridor]] and [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH4]]. The [[NH45]] runs through the heart of the proposed city.

==Proposed infrastructure facilities==
The cities of [[Chennai]], [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Mamallapuram]] will be connected with roadways and railways as a part of the project.

===Proposed road connectivity===
* Extension of [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH4]] from Chennai to Mamallapuram.{{cn|date=March 2024}}
* A single road connecting Mahabalipuram, Tirukazhukundram, Chengalpattu and Kanchipuram would be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid%3D16608 |title=Tidco to develop ITIR in Chennai |accessdate=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114173112/http://projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=16608 |archivedate=2010-01-14 }}</ref>

===Proposed rail connectivity===
* Extension of [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|MRTS]] from Chennai till Mamallapuram. [50 km]
* A new railway line from [[Anna Nagar]] to [[Sriperumbudur]]. [75 km]

===Proposed air connectivity===
* A new international airport at [[Sriperumbudur]] at a cost of INR 3000 crores.

===New townships===
Three new townships are proposed in the following areas.
* Two townships in areas flanked by [[National Highway 4 (India)|NH4]] and [[GST Road]].
* One township in area flanked by [[GST Road]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|IT corridor]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{High-technology business districts in Chennai}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Information technology industry of Chennai]]
[[Category:Information Technology Investment Regions]]

D. K. Bandyopadhyay

2024-12-24T13:02:18Z

Nina: quick update

{{Short description|Vice-chancellor of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr.Dilip K. Bandyopadhyay
| image =
| caption =
| order =
Present Title = Chief Advisor(FPO), Chairman Law and Eng Technology (IP) of Amity Group of Institutions
| title =Former Vice-chancellor of the [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
|
|
|
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]]
| residence = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| profession = Professor Academic administrator
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dilip K. Bandyopadhyay''' is a [[professor]], [[scientific management]] researcher and an academic administrator of repute. Presently he is the Chief Advisor to the office of the Founder President of Amity Group of Institutions. He was second vice-chancellor of the [[Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]. His term of the Vice-Chancellor office started on 9 December 2008 and ended on 8 December 2013. Prof. Bandyopadhyay was the director of the [[Indian Institute of Forest Management]], [[Bhopal]], from 2004 to 2008.<ref name="indiaprwire">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/2008122217202.htm | title=Prof. D. K. Bandyopadhyay takes over as VC of GGSIPU | accessdate=2011-02-25 | date=2008-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025208/http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/education/2008122217202.htm | archive-date=13 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

He is a fellow of [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], [[Paris]].<ref name="ipu">{{cite web | url=http://ggsipu.nic.in/vc/vc_ipu.htm | title=Vice Chancellor | accessdate=2011-02-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221071618/http://ggsipu.nic.in/vc/vc_ipu.htm | archive-date=21 February 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Prior to joining to IIFM, he was a Professor (1986- 2008), Dean and Acting director (2000–2003) at the [[Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandyopadhyay, D. K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University]]
[[Category:ESSEC Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Khirasra state

2024-09-29T14:30:46Z

Nina: made the article initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = The State of Khirasra
|common_name = Khirasara
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision =[[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1712
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end = 15 April
|event_end= [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]
|today = [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Dhrol State
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 = Dhrol flag.png
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat = Khirasra coat of arms.png
|image_map = SaurashtraKart.jpg
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 =34<ref name="gazetteer"/><ref name="imperial">{{cite book |author1=William Wilson Hunter |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India Volume 8 |date=1886 |publisher=Trübner & Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtQMAAAAIAAJ&dq=Khirasra+state&pg=PA202 |language=English}}</ref>
|stat_year1 =
|stat_pop1 = 4,377 (1881)<ref name="imperial"/><ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Káthiáwar |date=1884 |publisher=Government Central Press |page=705 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgIAQAAIAAJ&dq=Khirasra+state&pg=PA432 |language=English}}</ref>
|stat_pop2 = 3,659 (1921)
|footnotes =
}}

'''Khirasra state''' was one of the princely states of [[British India]]. It was an offshoot of the [[Dhrol State|Dhrol state]].<ref name="worldstatesmen">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref>

It consisted of 13 villages, covering an area of 34 km and a population of 3,659 (1921).<ref name="imperial"/><ref name="gazetteer"/><ref name="rajput"/> It had a supposed revenue of 1900 pounds.<ref name="gazetteer"/><ref name="imperial"/>

==History==
Khirasra was founded by a scion of the [[Dhrol State|Dhrol state]]. The rulers of Khirasra were from the [[Jadeja]] clan of the [[Rajput|Rajput Kshatriya]].<ref name="rajput"/> They bore the title of ''[[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]''.<ref name="worldstatesmen">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref> Khirasra Palace was built by Thakur Ranmalji, a mighty ruler of Khirasra.<ref name="rajput">{{cite web |title=Khirasra: Princely State |url=http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/khirasra |website=Indian Rajputs |publisher=Indian Rajputs}}</ref> [[Junagadh State|Mohammad Mahabat Khanji]] I, the [[Nawab of Junagadh]], attacked Khirasra twice but was repelled by the strategy and bravery of Thakur Ranmalji.<ref name="rajput"/><ref name="past">{{cite web |title=Glorious Past of Heritage Khirasara Palace |url=https://khirasarapalace.in/glorious-past/ |website=Khirasara Palace |publisher=Khirasara Palace}}</ref> Once [[Nawanagar State|Meraman Khawas of Jamnagar]] also attacked Khirasra, but was defeated.<ref name="rajput"/><ref name="past"/>

In 188, the ruler of Khirasra (probably Dungarji Hathiji) was demoted from the fourth class to the seventh class in the table of precedence, as a punishment for not maintaining order in his state.<ref name="politics">{{cite book |author1=John McLeod |title=Sovereignty, Power, Control Politics in the State of Western India |date=1999 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004113435 |page=261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXpzWlPpE1cC&dq=Khirasra+state&pg=PA261 |language=English}}</ref>

The last ruler, Thakur Sursinhji made efforts to revive the Khirasra Palace. He improved the conditions of farmers, which led to an increase in the production. He also established agencies for benefit of his subjects. He introduced Khirasra to [[India]]'s post-independence development and progress.<ref name="rajput"/><ref name="past"/> He signed the accession to the Union of India on 15 April 1948. After the abolition of the monarchy, the royal family members of Khirsra received a privy purse of rupees 30,000, until the abolition of all royal titles, privileges and privy purses in 1972.<ref name="rajput"/>

==List of rulers==

This is the list of the rulers of Khirasra-<ref name="worldstatesmen"/><ref name="rajput"/><ref name="past"/>

*Bhimji Kaloji (first ruler)
*Sangaji Bhimji
*Ranmalji Sangaji
*Hathiji Ranmalji (c.1808)
*Dungarji Hathiji
*Jijibhai Dungarji (?- 1872)
*Raisinhji Jijibhai (1 Jan 1872<ref name="golden">{{cite book |author1=Sir Roper Lethbridge |title=The Golden Book of India |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |page=250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Khirasra+state&pg=PA250}}</ref>-?) He was born in 1850<ref name="golden"/> and died because of [[Atrial fibrillation]] in 1891.
*Balsinhji Raisinhji (?- 1920)
*Sursinhji Balsinhji (24 Feb 1920 - 1947) Born in 1890. He was the last ruler of Khirasra, and signed the accession to the Union of India on 15 April 1948.<ref name="rajput"/>

The current titular head of Khirasra is Thakur Shri Prabatsinhji Sursinhji. He is the tenth Thakur Shri of Khirasra, born on 7 September 1918.<ref name="rajput"/>

==See also==
*[[Nawanagar State]]
*[[Dhrol State]]
*[[Jadeja]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]