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Sarto Almeida

2026-05-07T10:23:28Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting new stub - done

{{Short description|Indian architect (1924–2020)}}

{{Infobox architect
| name = Sarto Almeida
| image = Sarto Almeida.jpg
| caption = Sarto Almeida
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1924|7|5|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|5|26|1924|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Comba, Goa|Comba]], [[Margao]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = Seraulim, Goa, India
| practice =
| significant_buildings =
| significant_projects =
| awards =
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|J. J. School of Architecture]], [[Mumbai]]
| children =
| spouse = Therese Almeida
}}
'''Sarto Almeida''' (5 July 1924 – 26 May 2020) was an Indian architect who designed buildings and houses in Ahmedabad and [[Goa]].

==Biography==
Almeida's grandfather had a large plantation in East Africa. Sarto grew up with his father and brother [https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3052 Tony] in [[Dar es Salaam]] in [[Tanzania]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2017-07-01 |title=Getting an edge with age — that's Sarto for Goa! |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Goa-Social/Getting-an-edge-with-age-%E2%80%94-thats-Sarto-for-Goa/117043 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> He lost his mother at a very young age. His ancestral family hailed from [[Chinchinim]] in [[Goa]].<ref name=":0" />

Sarto was born on 5 July 1924<ref name=":0" /> in [[Comba, Goa|Comba]], [[Margao]], Goa, [[Portuguese India]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-04 |title=Arch. Sarto António da Piedade 'Sa de Almeida |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Arch-Sarto-Ant%C3%B3nio-da-Piedade-Sa-de-Almeida/6000000009742972770 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=geni_family_tree |language=en-US}}</ref> Soon after his birth, he travelled with his mother to Dar es Salaam to join his father. In 1930s, he studied at [https://sjscbse.edu.in/ St. Joseph's School], [[Bangalore]] and later at [https://xaviers.ac/ St. Xavier's College] in Mumbai.<ref name=":3" /> He joined [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], [[Mumbai]] where he studied sketching and drawing.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Satish |date=1987 |title=Sarto Almeida |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/d969f5595ba47e5301e05afd3252b6f3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816889 |journal=Architecture + Design |volume=II |issue=4 |page=16|id={{ProQuest|1816889}}}}</ref> He worked with [[Piloo Mody]] in Mumbai. Later he moved to [[Ahmedabad]] and worked with [[B. V. Doshi]]. He was influenced by [[Le Corbusier|Le Corbusie]]'s modernist architecture while working there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2020-05-27 |title=An architect of ethics, of heritage and of the land he loved |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/cafe/an-architect-of-ethics-of-heritage-and-of-the-land-he-loved/161099 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-30 |title=Goa's Guru, architect Sarto Almeida passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/goas-guru-architect-sarto-almeida-passes-away-6434796/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2020-06-03 |title=The joyous legacy of Sarto Almeida |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/06/03/goanews/the-joyous-legacy-of-sarto-almeida/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

In 1962 Sarto went on his grand tour of Greece, France, Monte Carlo, Italy, Spain, England, Egypt and the USA. He travelled on this study tour of great Architecture (and jazz festivals). He met with [[B. V. Doshi]] in the US, and visited [[Louis Kahn]] along with [[Vikram Sarabhai]] and attended the Design Conference at Aspen and the Jazz Festival in Newport.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

During his time in Ahmedabad with B. V. Doshi Sarto worked on many prestigious projects such as The Physical Research Laboratories and The Institute Of Indology. In 1960, Doshi was commissioned to build a campus for the Shreyas School by Leenaben Sarabhai. Shreyas was founded by [[Maria Montessori]] while she lived as a guest of the Sarabhai's during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Goanet] Sarto – Skilled Mentor, Dedicated Architect, and Husband for Five-Plus Decades.... (Therese Almeida) |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg138635.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.mail-archive.com}}</ref>

He returned to Goa from Ahmedabad in 1963.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> Initially he had his office and home in Margao.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He bought an old heritage house in Seraulim, South Goa and moved there with his family.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He designed several buildings in Goa during his career. He was the first Chairman of the South Goa Planning and Development Authority. He was a member of the Ecological Control Committee and the Conservation Committee in Goa.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-05-26 |title=Architect Sarto Almeida is no more |url=https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-193819-1589175203 |journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects|volume=61 |issue=1 |last1=Desai |first1=Madhavi |last2=Desai |first2=Miki |last3=Lang |first3=Jon }}</ref>

He died on 26 May 2020 in Seraulim, Goa.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

== Works ==
Almeida combined [[Modern architecture|modernism]] with regionalism and prioritized functionality and rationality.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> He also worked for conservation and environmental protection as well as conservation of heritage buildings.<ref name=":5" />

He had designed educational institutions, religious buildings, government buildings and several homes; mostly in Goa. These include Goa Chamber of Commerce and Industries building in [[Panaji]], the Goa College of Art in Panaji, Carmelite Monastery Church at Aqueum, Partagali Math in [[Canacona]], Laxmi Narayan Temple at [[Velinga (Veling)|Veling]], Goa International Centre in [[Dona Paula]], the auditorium at Father Agnel Polytechnic in Verna, SOS Children's Village, the Science Block at Carmel College, [[Padre Conceicao College of Engineering]] at Verna, Guardian Angel School at Sanvordem.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

==Personal life==
On a visit to the USA, to attend the International Design Conference, Sarto along with Doshi and Vikram Sarabhai went to meet the renowned architect Louis Kahn, to invite him to design the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|Indian Institute Of Management]] and Sarto was asked to work with Kahn in Ahmedabad. Soon after he married Therese Almeida so they opted to pursue better educational options. When they moved Goa, they founded the [https://manovikas.edu.in/ Manovikas] English Medium School https://manovikas.edu.in/.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

His brother [https://www.archdaily.com/960564/the-global-legacy-of-modernism-in-tanzania Anthony Almeida] was an [https://www.sharparchitects.co.uk/modernism-in-tanzania-the-work-of-anthony-almeida/ architect in Tanzania.] Cartoonist [[Mario Miranda]] and urban planner Edgar Rebeiro were his close friends.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Almeida, Sarto}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Artists from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian urban planners]]
[[Category:Indian architects]]
[[Category:Sir J. J. School of Art alumni]]
[[Category:Modernist architects]]
[[Category:Indian people of Portuguese descent]]

Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Show

2026-05-04T15:25:43Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: creating new data

{{short description|Indian Telly Award for Best Show Popular}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Show|timestamp=20260504152543|year=2026|month=May|day=4|substed=yes|help=off|outcome=redirecting|target=Indian Telly Awards #Popular awards}}


{{Notability|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{For|jury award|Indian Telly Award for Best Drama Series}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Fan Favorite Show
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Popular Fiction Show
| presenter =
| country = {{IND}}
| year = 2002
| holder = ''[[Anupamaa]]''
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Fan Favorite Show''' is an [[award]] given as a part of the annual [[Indian Telly Awards]]. The award is voted for by the fans.

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#d1e4fd"
! Year || TV show || Producer || Production House || Network
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| rowspan="4" | [[Ekta Kapoor]] & [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Star Plus]]
|-
|2003
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|-
|2004
|''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''
|-
|2005
|''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
|[[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]]
|[[DJ's a Creative Unit]]
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]
|{{cn|date=July 2025}}
|-
|2006
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|[[Ekta Kapoor]] & [[Shobha Kapoor]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
|Shyamashis Bhattacharya
& Neelima Bajpaie
|Shakuntalam Telefilms
|[[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
|Rajan Sahi
|[[Director's Kut Productions]]
|[[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' || Rajan Shahi || [[Director Kut's Productions]] || [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' || [[Ekta Kapoor]] & [[Shobha Kapoor]] || [[Balaji Telefilms]] || [[Zee TV]]
|
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' || Rashmi Sharma || Rashmi Sharma Telefilms || [[Colors TV|Colors]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php|title=Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php|archivedate=25 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Rajan Shahi
| [[Director Kut's Productions]]
| [[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|Rashmi Sharma
|Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited
|[[Star Plus]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/indian-telly-awards-2015-winners-list-karan-patel-sriti-jha-radhika-madan-siddharth-nigam-walk-away-with-trophies-644496/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2015 winners list: Karan Patel, Sriti Jha, Radhika Madan, Siddharth Nigam walk away with trophies!|date=2015-12-27|website=Bollywood Life|language=en-EN|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|[[Ekta Kapoor]]
|[[Balaji Telefilms]]
|[[Zee TV]]
|{{cn|date=July 2025}}
|-
|2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[Anupamaa]]''
| rowspan="2" |Rajan Shahi
| rowspan="2" |[[Director's Kut Productions]]
|[[Star Plus]]
|
|-
|[[Indian Telly Awards 2025|2025]]
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Telly Awards}}

[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]

Ramakrishnan Raman

2026-05-04T00:23:59Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Created A Entry

{{Short description|Vice Chancellor}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2025}}
{{COI|date=October 2025}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=October 2025}}
}}
'''Ramakrishnan Raman''' is an Indian academic administrator, currently{from Oct 2023} serving as vice-chancellor of [[Symbiosis International University]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Pune: Ramakrishnan Raman Appointed as New Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pune-ramakrishnan-raman-appointed-as-new-vice-chancellor-of-symbiosis-international-deemed-university/ |publisher=Punekar News}}</ref>

==Education==
Raman earned his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Management from [[Pune University]]. He also holds a [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) in Systems and Marketing and an engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering, both from the [[University of Madras]], as well as a Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) from Alagappa University.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Professor Ramakrishnan Raman |url=https://qshesummits.com/indiasummit/featured_speakers/professor-ramakrishnan-raman/ |publisher=QS India Summit}}</ref>

==Career ==
Raman has held several administrative roles at [[Symbiosis International University]], including dean of the Faculty of Management, director of the Symbiosis Centre for Information Technology, director of the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management in [[Pune]], and director of Strategy and Development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Vice Chancellor |url=https://ssbf.edu.in/the-vice-chancellor.php |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Symbiosis School of Banking & Finance}}</ref>

Raman has authored over 250 academic publications in areas such as information systems, IT strategy, entrepreneurship, artificial intelligence, and big data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramakrishnan Raman |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37089742633 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> Citation counts for Raman's research include Google Scholar listing over 26,000 citations,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishnan Raman — Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=DDSgOKEAAAAJ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Google Scholar}}</ref> Scopus reporting over 8,000,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishnan Raman — Scopus Author Profile |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/author/55808097300/raman-ramakrishnan |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Elsevier}}</ref> and ResearchGate showing over 1,500.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishnan Raman — ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Ramakrishnan-Raman-2245068265 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Lighthouse Learning

2026-05-02T07:21:31Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding new stub.

{{Short description|Indian private educational group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Lighthouse Learning
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| former_name = EuroKids International
| type = Private
| industry = [[Education]]
| genre =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2001}} in [[Mumbai]], India
| founder = Prajodh Rajan Vikas Phadnis
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Middle East]]
| key_people =
| brands = EuroKids Preschools Kangaroo Kids International Preschools Billabong High International Schools EuroSchool International Centre Point Schools Nagpur Mother's Pet Kindergarten Heritage Xperiential Learning Schools Phoenix Greens School of Learning Finland International School Maldives
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INR}}450 crore
| revenue_year = 2019 <ref name=A/>
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| owner = [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]] (90%)<ref name=A/>
| parent =
| divisions =
| website = {{URL|https://www.lighthouse-learning.com/|Official website}}
}}

'''Lighthouse Learning''' (formerly known as '''EuroKids International Group''') is a group of private educational institutions in India which runs a chain of schools and pre-schools with EuroKids, Kangaroo Kids, EuroSchool, Billabong High International School, Centre Point Group of Schools and Phoenix Greens School of Learning.<ref name=A/> It runs 1,850 pre-schools and 60 K-12 schools in [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name=nagpur/> It was founded in 2001. A variety of private equity firms including [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]], [[Partners Group]] have had or have stake in the company.<ref name=A/>

== History ==
The company was founded as EuroKids International in 2001 by Prajodh Rajan and Vikas Phadnis. It entered the K12 segment with a series of EuroSchools in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids- Setting Precedents for Preschool Education During COVID-19 |url=https://www.k12digest.com/eurokids-setting-precedents-for-preschool-education-during-covid-19/ |publisher=K12 Digest |date=30 June 2020}}</ref>
In 2013, its 50% stake was acquired by Gaja Capital along with its Swiss investor [[Partners Group]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Diksha |title=Gaja Capital-led investor consortium raising stake in EuroKids with further $8.3M deal |url=https://www.vccircle.com/gaja-capital-led-investor-consortium-raising-stake-eurokids-further-83m/ |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=18 July 2013}}</ref> later increasing their shareholding in the company to 75% as the company acquired Kangaroo Kids and Billabong International High Schools franchises in 2017 to expand its business.<ref name=A>{{cite news |last1=Lall |first1=Pavan |title=PE firm KKR enters education sector in India, buys 90% stake in EuroKids |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/pe-firm-kkr-enters-education-sector-in-india-buys-90-stake-in-eurokids-119081400031_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=b/> In November 2019, its 90% stake was acquired by US-based Private equity firm [[Kohlberg Kravis Roberts|KKR]] for {{INRConvert|1475|c|0}},<ref name=c>{{cite news |title=KKR buys 90% of EuroKids in Rs 1,475 crore deal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kkr-buys-90-of-eurokids-in-rs-1475-crore-deal/articleshow/71001958.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 September 2019}}</ref> making it one of the largest foreign investments in India's educational sector.<ref name=d/> The company was renamed Lighthouse Learning from EuroKids Group in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids Group unveils its new identity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/eurokids-group-unveils-its-new-identity/82915462 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

The company has appointed [[Ibibo]] founder Ashish Kashyap,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Brinda |title=EuroKids Group appoints Ashish Kashyap to its board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/eurokids-group-appoints-ashish-kashyap-to-its-board/articleshow/82144231.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=19 April 2021}}</ref> educationist Indu Shahani<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids International appoints Dr Indu Shahani to its board |url=https://hr.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/eurokids-international-appoints-dr-indu-shahani-to-its-board/81394071 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 March 2021}}</ref> and [[Retailers Association of India]] chairman Bijou Kurien<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Brinda |title=EuroKids appoints retail veteran Bijou Kurien to its board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/eurokids-appoints-retail-veteran-bijou-kurien-to-its-board/articleshow/81170387.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=23 February 2021}}</ref> to its board in 2021. In May 2021, it acquired [[Nagpur]]-based Centre Point Group of Schools (CPS). However, the company did not disclose the extent of dilution in holdings of the CPS Group.<ref name=nagpur>{{cite news |last1=Choudhari |first1=Abhishek |title=Nagpur's Centre Point school group partners with Lighthouse Learning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpurs-centre-point-school-group-partners-with-lighthouse-learning/articleshow/82950165.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 May 2021}}</ref> In September 2021, the company launched its first edition of Educator's Impact Awards on [[Teacher's day|Teacher's Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lighthouse Learning Launches Educator's Impact Awards |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Lighthouse-Learning-Launches-Educator-s-Impact-Awards/08-09-2021-403708/ |work=BW Education |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

== Operations ==
The company owns and operates preschool brands like EuroKids Preschool, Kangaroo Kids Pre-schools, Mother's Pet and K12 schools - EuroSchool International, Billabong High International School,<ref name=b/> Centre Point School in Nagpur serving more than 1,50,000 students<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroSchool Mumbai Students Excel Again! |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/euroschool-mumbai-students-excel-again/ |publisher=Indiaeducationdiary |date=13 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=c/> Kangaroo Kids has a network of 110 pre-schools, while Billabong High International School has a network of 35 schools, as of 2020.<ref name=d>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Arbind |title=Kangaroo Kids takes a fresh guard |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/kangaroo-kids-takes-a-fresh-guard |publisher=[[Business India]] |date=29 August 2020}}</ref> Billabong High International Schools, which offers the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) and [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) boards, from pre-school through Grade 12, has its presence in [[Qatar]], [[Dubai]], [[Maldives]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. The group operates and manages its own pre-schools and schools and also operates through the franchise model across India.<ref name=b>{{cite news |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Reghu |title=Gaja Capital puts preschool chain EuroKids on the block |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/gaja-capital-swiss-fund-put-eurokids-on-the-block/articleshow/65791071.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=13 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=d/>

== Financials ==
The group reported revenue of {{INR}}350 crore in FY2018 and in FY2019, its revenue was {{INR}}450 crore. It has been growing around 22% per year.<ref name=A/>

== Awards and recognition ==
* In January 2020, the company was awarded the Best Online Children's Learning Award at the Education Innovation Awards under a pre-school category by ''[[Entrepreneur India]]'' and ''Franchise India''.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids International Awarded As The 'Best Online Children's Learning At Education Innovation Awards 2022 |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/eurokids-international-awarded-as-the-best-online-childrens-learning-at-education-innovation-awards-2022/ |publisher=India Education Diary |date=28 January 2022}}</ref>
* It was named the Most Trusted Brand in the education category as per the TRA's Brand Trust Report 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids International emerges as the Most Trusted Brand in the Education category in TRA's Brand Trust Report (BTR) 2020 |url=https://www.highereducationdigest.com/eurokids-international-emerges-as-the-most-trusted-brand-in-the-education-category-in-tras-brand-trust-report-btr-2020/ |publisher=Higher Education Digest |date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
* It was named Education Company of the Year by the ''[[VCCircle]]'' in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids, SBI Life, Urban Ladder, A91, AZB, Brookfield among winners of VCCircle Awards |url=https://www.vccircle.com/eurokids-sbi-life-urban-ladder-a91-azb-brookfield-among-winners-of-vccircle-awards |publisher=[[VCCircle]] |date=27 February 2020}}</ref>
* It won the Leading Preschool Chain (National)' and 'Innovation in Curriculum in Early Childhood Development' Award at World Education Award 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids International wins big at World Education Awards 2019 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/hans/young-hans/hyderabad-eurokids-international-wins-big-at-world-education-awards-2019-586583 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=3 December 2019}}</ref>
* The company was awarded as the 'Best Education Brand of 2018: Pre-School & Nursery Category' by ''[[The Economic Times]]''. The award was bestowed by Maharshtra's Minister of Education, [[Vinod Tawde]].<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids Presented With 'The Best Education Brand' At ET Best Education Brands Awards 2018 |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/eurokids-presented-best-education-brand-et-best-education-brands-awards-2018/ |publisher=India Education Diary |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>
* The company was awarded the 'Pre-School Franchisor of The Year' in the ''[[Businessworld|Business World]] Education'''s 'Top Education Brands In India' list 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids wins Pre-School Franchisor of the Year award |url=https://www.educationworld.in/eurokids-wins-pre-school-franchisor-of-the-year-award/ |publisher=EducationWorld |date=13 November 2017}}</ref>
* In 2016, it won the Indian Education Awards 2016 under the category Innovation in Early Learning at the Indian Education Congress Awards 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=EuroKids International wins award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/eurokids-international-wins-award/articleshow/52559622.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 June 2016}}</ref>
* EuroKids, founded in 2001, celebrated 25 years of its early childhood education journey, marking a significant milestone in shaping preschool learning in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EuroKids |date=2026-02-27 |title=Celebrate 25 Years of EuroKids Legacy & Trust |url=https://www.eurokidsindia.com/blog/celebrate-25-years-of-eurokids-india.php |access-date=2026-03-27 |website=EuroKids |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Education|Schools|India}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.lighthouse-learning.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Private schools in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:International schools in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Central Board of Secondary Education]]
[[Category:Kohlberg Kravis Roberts companies]]

Battle of Pandu

2026-05-01T11:38:18Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: put up new data

{{Short description|1947 battle in the Indo-Pakistani war}}
{{For|the War in which the Battle of Pandu was fought in|Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Pandu
| place = Pandu, [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]]
| partof = [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]] and [[Kashmir conflict]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India]]
| casualties1 = 100 Killed{{sfn|Javaid|2023|p=15}}
| casualties2 = 309 Killed{{sfn|Javaid|2023|p=15}} 1–2 aircraft shot down{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=189}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Akbar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab8tWjdbWf4C |title=Raiders in Kashmir |date=1970 |publisher=Pak Publishers |pages=Page= 145 |language=en}}</ref>
| commander1 = [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]]{{Refn|Major General Akbar khan had disguised himself under the name General Tariq during the war and took over the command after [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]] was injured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=General Tariq and the Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case - II |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2021/01/08/general-tariq-and-the-rawalpindi-conspiracy-case-ii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319212151/https://thefridaytimes.com/08-Jan-2021/general-tariq-and-the-rawalpindi-conspiracy-case-ii |archive-date=2024-03-19 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>|group=note}} Lt. Zaman Lt. Colonel [[Malik Sher Bahadur]] Major A.H. Afridi{{sfn|Gulati|2000|p=339}} Captain Said Ghaffar Khan{{sfn|Gulati|2000|p=339}} [[Raja Muhammad Sarwar|Capt. Sarwar]]{{KIA}}{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=188}} Captain Khalid Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Ahmed|1998|p=221}} Subedar Kala Khan{{KIA}}{{sfn|Ahmed|1998|p=295}}
| date = (27 June – 24 July 1948)
| units1 = '''{{nowrap|{{army|Pakistan}}}}'''
* [[129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis|4/10th Baloch]]
* [[Baloch Regiment|7/10th Baluch]]
* [[Frontier Force Regiment|4 FF]]
* [[Azad Kashmir Regular Force| Azad forces]]
| units2 = {{air force|India}}
'''{{nowrap|{{army|India}}}}'''
* [[Bihar Regiment|2 Bihar]]
* [[Dogra Regiment|2 Dogra]]
* [[Sikh Regiment|7 Sikh]]
* [[Kumaon Regiment|4 Kumaon]]
* [[161st Indian Infantry Brigade|161 Brigade]]
* [[77th Indian Infantry Brigade|77 Brigade]]
| commander2 = Lt. Col. Tur{{sfn|Prasad|1987|pp=212-213}} [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy|Brig. Khanna]]{{WIA}} [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|Gen. K.S. Thimayya]] Sher Singh{{WIA}}{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=185}} Lt. Jasod{{WIA}}{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=181}}
| image = [[File:Location of Pandu village in Kashmir (Pakistan) on a map.png|285px|]]
| caption = Pandu in Azad Kashmir (Pakistan) on a map
| result = Pakistani victory{{sfn|Javaid|2023|p=15}}{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=185}}
| territory = Pandu captured by Pakistan Army
| coordinates = {{coord|34.1502|N|73.8896|E|display=inline,title}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''Battle of Pandu''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qadri |first=Colonel Azam |date=2024-03-04 |title=They Led from the Front |url=https://hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=6548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301053255/https://hilal.gov.pk/view-article.php?i=6548 |archive-date=2024-03-01 |website=hilal.gov}}</ref> also known as '''Operation Pandu''',{{Refn|Battle of Pandu's codename was Pandu operation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Babar |date=2023-08-17 |title=Second in command |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/17-Aug-2023/second-in-command |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317074450/https://www.nation.com.pk/17-Aug-2023/second-in-command |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref>|group=note}} was a pivotal engagement in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948|Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948]]. Fought in the Pandu massif along the [[Srinagar]]-[[Muzaffarabad]] road in [[Kashmir]], the battle centered on control of the strategically important high ground. The Pakistani forces at Chakothi faced a disadvantage to Indian troops on the dominating peaks,<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|pp=126–127}} :</ref> The Indian force planned an offensive towards Muzaffarabad through Pandu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prasad|1987|pp=180–183}} : {{Harvnb|Sinha|1977|pp=31–33}} : {{Harvnb|Sinha|1977|p=87}}</ref> Having earlier lost key positions in Pandu to an Indian offensive, Pakistan launched a counter-operation to retake the area, ultimately led to the capture of the Pandu area.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sinha|1977|pp=83–84}} : {{Harvnb|Praval|1976|p=185}}</ref>

After the unsuccessful summer offensive towards Muzaffarabad from Pandu, the Indian forces launched preparations for a new offensive originating from Jammu. This operation aimed to push westward and northward to relieve Poonch and other areas from Pakistani control.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=146}} Lieutenant General Bajwa of the Indian Army acknowledged the Pakistani forces for holding their positions. These posts, currently under Pakistani control, offer a strategically advantageous view of the Uri valley in Indian-administered Kashmir, south of the Jhelum River.<ref name=":2" />

== Background ==

=== Geography ===
The [[Jhelum River]] plunged 3,000 feet to the Indian troop's right, while a carved road snaked along the opposite bank, nestled against hills that rose between 7,000 and 8,000 feet. Turning left, Nanga Tek, a towering peak reaching 10,000 feet, dominated the view. Further along, Rosi Kuta stood at 11,500 feet, with Sing, a slightly closer peak at 10,500 feet. Finally, directly ahead, a long mountain range paralleled the river. Within its folds lay the village of Pandu, often shrouded in mist or rain clouds. This enigmatic presence added to the imposing character of the surrounding mountain stronghold.{{Sfn|Ahmed|1998|p=217}}{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=|pp=125-126}} Point 6873 and Pandu peak (9,178 feet), also known as the Pandu feature, on the eastern side are the two notable features. Below the peak the Pandu village resides in a saddle formation. Chhota Kazinag and Chinal Dori and the Pandu saddle is connected via a ridge. Towards the Jhelum River southern slopes drop sharply at 6,000 feet with dense pine forests blanket the massif.{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=12}}

=== Military situation ===
In August 1947, tensions rose in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The region, with a [[Muslim]]-majority population, was ruled by a [[Hindu]] [[Maharaja]].{{Refn|In India, a Hindu prince who is ranked higher than a raja is known as a maharaja or maharajah. When the term "maharaja" was used throughout history, it referred solely to the head of one of India's major native states. Maharani is the feminine form (maharanee).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2024-03-16 |title=Maharaja {{!}} Indian Ruler, Royalty & Monarch {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/maharaja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205053520/https://www.britannica.com/topic/maharaja |archive-date=2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|group=note}} The Maharaja's delay in choosing to accede to either Pakistan or India sparked unrest.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prasad|1987|p=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=643 Christopher Snedden, The forgotten Poonch uprising of 1947 |url=https://www.india-seminar.com/2013/643/643_christopher_snedden.htm |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.india-seminar.com}}</ref> The conflict escalated with the arrival of armed groups from the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. These groups took control of the western parts of the state. On 27 October India intervened militarily in Kashmir, reportedly in response to a request from the Maharaja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharaja Hari Singh's Letter to Mountbatten |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/documents/harisingh47.html |access-date=10 January 2020 |website=www.jammu-kashmir.com}}</ref> The irregular independence fighters were no match for a professional army, and the Indian force's quickly gained major territory. As they moved into Muzaffarabad in May 1948, Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Liaquat Ali Khan's]] government directed the Pakistan Army to counter the [[Military operations in Poonch (1948)|Indian offensive]], which constituted a direct threat to Pakistan.{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=10}}

== Prelude ==
In the latter part of 1947, estimates suggested that the Indian military presence in Kashmir had grown significantly, potentially reaching 90,000 troops.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lamb|1997|p=197}} : {{Harvnb|Sinha|1977|p=xiv}}</ref> In a summer offensive, Indian forces launched a two-pronged attack on Muzaffarabad via the Jhelum and [[Kishenganga]] ([[Neelum River|Neelum]]) River Valleys. The Indian 19th Division in Srinagar, consisting of three brigades, was tasked with capturing the town. Following the capture of [[Teetwal|Tithwal]], the 163rd Brigade stationed at [[Handwara]] was to advance along the Kishenganga River.{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|p=70}} The 77th Parachute Brigade at Mahura aimed to secure the high ground north of the Jhelum River, while the 161st Brigade planned to push along the Uri-Muzaffarabad route on the river's left bank. Up to this point, the Pakistan Army's involvement had been limited to supporting independence fighters. However, perceiving a direct threat posed by the Indian advance, General [[Sir Douglas Gracey]], [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], advocated for military engagement.<ref>{{Harvnb|Javaid|2023|p=10}} : {{Harvnb|Khan|1975|pages=100–101}}</ref>

[[Douglas Gracey]] quoted:-{{Blockquote|text=An easy victory of the Indian Army, particularly in the Muzaffarabad area, is almost certain to arouse the anger of tribesmen against Pakistan for its failure to render them more direct assistance and might well cause them to turn against Pakistan<ref>{{Cite journal |author=United Nations |date=1950 |title=Security Council official records, 5th year :: 464th meeting 8 February 1950, New York |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/632549 |journal=Security Council Official Records, 5th Year :: 464th Meeting 8 February 1950, New York |language=en |page=29 |via=digitallibrary}}</ref>|title=(Security Council S/P.V. 464, p. 29, 8 Feb. 1950).}}

The control of Muzaffarabad hinged on the forces stationed at [[Chakothi]]. This position, in turn, was vulnerable to attack from the heights of Pandu and Chhota Kazinag to the north and the forward spurs of [[Pīr Kanthi|Pir Kanthi]] to the south. On 24 May the Indian 77th Parachute Brigade captured Chhota Kazinag.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sinha|1977|pp=72–74}} : {{Harvnb|Singh|2010|p=180}}</ref> The same day, a Baloch patrol scouting Pandu detected an opposing force's presence. Reacting swiftly, they secured Point 6873 at the western edge of the massif. However, heavy fighting erupted on 29 May as Indian forces attempted to take control of Point 6873 from the Baloch regiment.<ref name=":0">Lt Col Rifat Nadeem Ahmad, History of the Baloch Regiment (Abbottabad: Baloch Regimental Centre, 2017), p. 147.</ref> Following their occupation of the Pandu massif, Indian forces gained a direct view of Chakothi, where Lieutenant Colonel Bashir Ahmad's [[13th Frontier Force Rifles|1/13th FF Rifles]] regiment had established defensive positions.{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|p=74}} Indian forces launched determined attacks on [[Chakothi]], supported by artillery and airstrikes but they were unable to dislodge the defenders.{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|p=75}} Unable to make a breakthrough on the frontal approach, Indian forces attempted to outflank Chakothi from the north. This maneuver was met with resistance from the 2nd (Muzaffarabad) Battalion, the [[Frontier Force Regiment|4th FF Rifles]], and the Azad Battalion (now known as the 2nd AK Battalion).<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=11}}

In response to the tense situation, the brigade commander employed a strategy of flanking and rear attacks to disrupt Indian forces. A company from the [[Baloch Regiment|Baluch regiment]], led by Captain Mohammad Akram, along with a platoon commanded by Subedar Kala Khan, and elements of the 4th Azad Battalion, executed successful operations against the Indian force's left flank. Additionally, irregular forces increased their activity behind enemy lines, leading to the dispersal of the Indian forces.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=140-142}} Early June saw the Khyber Rifles establish a presence within the Kandar Kuzi Forest. Operating from this position, they conducted ambushes that hampered the movement of opposing forces and facilitated intelligence gathering. An engagement occurred near Khatir Nar on 19 June, involving the Khyber Rifles and a contingent from the Baluch regiment, against a group from the Indian forces. The encounter resulted in 15 casualties. By the end of June, the summer military campaign was winded down.{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|p=77}} Forces opposed to Indian control launched a final maneuver to encircle Chakothi from the south.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=118}} This flanking maneuver required the redeployment of two battalions from the Indian 77th Parachute Brigade, consequently weakening their defenses in the Pandu area. On 29 June, Indian forces captured Pir Kanthi, which threatened both Chakothi and Bagh.<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=188}}</ref> In response, Brigadier [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] decided to capture Pandu.

== Plan ==

=== To capture Pandu ===
The capture of Pandu presented a significant obstacle. Brigadier Akbar Khan recognized the importance of achieving surprise for a successful outcome. Recognizing a frontal assault would be ineffective, Lieutenant Colonel Harvey-Kelly, Commanding Officer of the 4th Baluch Regiment, devised a well-conceived plan for taking Pandu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lamb|1997|pp=241–243}}</ref> The attack plan involved two columns of Baluchi troops advancing from the south, a challenging but potentially surprising approach. The right column, led by Major A.H. Afridi, comprised Delta Company of the 4th Baluch Regiment and Charlie Company of the 17th Baluch Regiment (now known as the 19th Baloch Regiment) under Captain Said Ghaffar Khan. Their objective was to capture Pandu Peak. The remaining forces of the battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Harvey-Kelly, would focus on capturing Pandu itself. To further isolate the Indian [[Bihar Regiment|2 Bihar regiment]] and prevent reinforcements from other Indian units in the area, a two-pronged infiltration operation was planned behind enemy lines. Captain Khalid Khan's Mahsud lashkar from Bib Dori would secure Point 6873, effectively cutting off the Indian forces stationed there from rejoining their battalion at Pandu. Simultaneously, a combined force consisting of one company from the 2nd Azad Battalion and tribesmen led by Captain Qudrat Ullah from Nanga Tak would capture Chham, establishing a blocking position between Khatir Nar and Sing.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The second prong of the infiltration operation involved a larger force under Major Karamat Ullah of the Khyber Rifles from Nardajian. This group comprised two companies from the 2nd Azad Battalion, two platoons from the Khyber Rifles, and two lashkars. Their objective was to reach Sufaida Forest and isolate the 2nd Bihar regiment from the [[Dogra Regiment|2nd Dogra regiment]].{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=|pp=13-14}} This complex operation demanded meticulous planning and coordination. However, on 17 July 1948 the British government recalled all British officers serving in Kashmir. This decision followed the death of Major A.M. Sloan in the Tithwal Sector on 10 July. Lieutenant Colonel Harvey-Kelly, who had devised the plan for capturing Pandu, was reassigned away from the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Pakistani General Headquarters]] and subsequently withdrew all [[British people|British]] officers from Kashmir in accordance with the orders, albeit with reservations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ahmed|1998|p=217}} </ref>{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=|pp=13-14}} Lieutenant Colonel [[Malik Sher Bahadur]] assumed command of the battalion in his place.

=== Reconnaissance mission ===
Pandu's defenses consisted of approximately half a battalion. Major Akbar Khan of the Pakistani forces estimated that a force of one and a half battalions would be necessary to secure Pandu. However, he was only able to assemble one and a half battalions for the assault. Due to the need for a reserve force, only one battalion would be directly involved in the attack, giving the defenders a two-to-one advantage.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=129}} The Pakistani forces spent several days preparing for the attack. This included transporting additional ammunition and supplies across the [[Jhelum River]] using a rope line erected by [[sapper]]. The rope system could ferry either two soldiers or up to 300 pounds of supplies in a single basket.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=129-130}}

Once across the river, additional manpower was required to transport supplies. Roughly 2,000 porters were recruited to assist with this logistical challenge. The Pakistani artillery was also repositioned closer to its intended targets. However, the Indian forces possessed a significant advantage in terms of artillery firepower, with an estimated 3,000 shells available to them compared to the Pakistani forces' 900.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=129-130}} Three hundred [[Mahsud|Mahsud tribesmen]] were available to participate in the operation. These men were organized into three lashkars, each with at least one hundred members. The first lashkar was assigned harassing duties, while the third, designated L3, would be responsible for pursuing the enemy in the event of a successful push. To facilitate movement across the stream near Bib-Dori, a wooden bridge was constructed and completed on the final night. By 17 July the Pakistani forces were prepared to execute their plan.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=130}}

== Battle ==
=== 1st day ===
[[File:Battle of Pandu (Map of Pakistani troop advance).png|left|thumb|Map showing 1st Day of Pakistani advance towards Pandu]]
Following nightfall the next day, 18 July,{{Refn|The Author in his book states they executed the plan next day after mentioning they were done gathering equipments for the battle on 17 July, making it clear that the operation on begun 18 July.{{sfn|Khan|1975|pp=130-131}}|group=note}} a Pakistani battalion discreetly entered the Indian sector, when they went across the stream. The unpreventable sounds were masked by the rain, but also set back further progress.{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|p=75}} The Pakistani troops established their concealed forward position and Communication was maintained with the headquarters as the troops advanced with the use of telephone lines with addition to wireless communication sets, however they were to be used in urgent situation.

=== 2nd day ===
[[File:Battle of Pandu (2nd day Map of Pakistani troop advance).png|thumb|Map showing 2nd Day of Pakistani troop advance towards Pandu]]
On the second day of the operation the Pakistani troops next advance was planned for the evening hours. To maintain radio silence, Pakistani artillery remained silent, avoiding any indication of imminent activity and took cover within their base until twilight.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=132}} Meanwhile at multiple locations at that morning, Scouts, Azad forces, and tribesmen were deployed by Brigadier Akbar Khan to carry out small harassing raids. Due to cloudy skies and rain throughout the day, Indian aircraft were absent from the area.{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|p=75}} These operations were intended to be low-key and not arouse suspicion.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|p=132}}</ref> The harassing parties would successfully engage with the Indian troops without complications, with only one near miss.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=132}}

However a mishap occurred, when the Pakistani forces local guide slipped in the mud and was captured by Indian troops. The Pakistani troops quickly withdrew from the area.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=132}} The guide was taken to the Indian headquarters in Pandu, he was interrogated extensively but revealed no information. While tensions ran high, the Indian forces eventually stood down by evening. Meanwhile, the Pakistani forces prepared to execute their next move that night.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=132}}

=== 3rd day ===
At dawn the following day, the right column successfully secured their objective, a 9,300-foot mountain overlooking Pandu Lake. The Indian forces responded quickly with a counter-attack, but it was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|p=134}}</ref> By afternoon, the right column had advanced to within 500 yards of Pandu, awaiting the left column's progress. The operation unfolded according to plan, exceeding Brigadier Khan's expectations. With the right column in position, the scene was set for the assault on Pandu.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=134}}

The left column's advance was delayed. The path proved to be extremely challenging, and their telephone wire drums had rolled down the slope in the darkness, severing communication after midnight. Subsequently, they suffered thirty casualties after inadvertently entering an Indian position called Kewa and engaging in a close-quarters battle at night.{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=14}} The Pakistani command remained unaware of the setbacks they had encountered.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|p=134}}</ref> By daybreak, they were still a considerable distance from their objective and faced heavy shelling as their movements were no longer concealed. Despite these difficulties, they continued their arduous advance until they were further disrupted by a group of fleeing Indian soldiers who ran through their midst.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|p=135}} : {{Harvnb|Javaid|2023|p=14}}</ref>

The Left Column encountered difficulties during its advance, leading to a breakdown in unit cohesion during the night. Discouraged and fatigued, soldiers lost contact with their officers.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=135}} Despite attempts to halt it, the entire Left Column disengaged around midnight and returned to their starting position near Bib-Dori by 4:00 am. Individual soldiers began to withdraw without orders, and this grew into a larger unauthorized retreat. Observing the Left Column's withdrawal at dawn, the harassing parties, Azads, Scouts, and tribesmen, also retreated, assuming the operation had been called off.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|p=135}} : {{Harvnb|Prasad|1987|p=205}} : {{Harvnb|Javaid|2023|p=14}}</ref>

=== 4th day ===
On the morning of the fourth day, the right-most column, almost half a battalion, remained the only Pakistani force in the forward position. Who were isolated on a 9,300-foot peak within indian territory, faced hostile artillery and aircraft attacks. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, Major Akbar Khan began reevaluating his strategy.<ref name=":1" /> The harassing parties resumed their original missions with the aim to disrupt Indian forces and maintain uncertainty amongst the Indian forces until the following day.<ref name=":1">{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|pp=135–136}}</ref>

=== 5th day ===
[[File:Battle of Pandu (3rd day Map of Pakistani troop advance).png|thumb|Map showing 5th Day of Pakistani troop advance towards Pandu]]
On the morning of the fifth day, reinforcements arrived and joined the right-most column.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ahmed|1998|p=222}}</ref> An imminent military operation was planned near Pandu. The objective involved encountering a reduced Indian force stationed there, with only half a battalion present. This strategy aimed to exploit a temporary numerical advantage by deploying a full battalion from the opposing side, creating a potential two-to-one advantage at a crucial point in the conflict. However, this plan ultimately went unrealized. As a result, the Pakistani forces no longer held the anticipated numerical advantage over the Indian defenders.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=137-139}}

Indian troops withdrew from their positions and reinforced the garrison at Pandu, which gave them a numerical advantage over the Pakistani forces. Recognizing the disparity in strength, the Right Column Commander anticipated the attack being called off.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=137-139}} Determined to act, Akbar khan ordered a bayonet charge led by officers on (Dehli){{Refn|The word (Dehli) was set as codename by Pakistani troops to refer Pandu and on the other side (Karachi) was the Indian codename to refer Pandu. See [[#Popular culture|Popular Culture]] for Further info.|group=note}} to leave no room for doubt or hesitation, he based this decision on his belief that the Indian forces were now confused, a state of mind unknown to him at the time.{{Sfn|Praval|1976|p=185}}

During earlier operations, harassing parties advancing under the cover of darkness mistakenly believed Indian forces were retreating. One tribal lashkar engaged in a nighttime skirmish after mistakenly entering Pandu itself. The resulting gunfire prompted another lashkar to approach from the opposite direction, leading to another clash.{{Sfn|Praval|1976|p=185}} These minor skirmishes, however, appeared to be interpreted by the Indian forces as full-scale attacks. Anticipating the right column's attack the following day, Pakistani troops disregarded usual caution and lit fires for warmth within the jungle. These fires were soon spotted by Indian troops, who perceived them as a surrounding ring. According to a local witness, the Indian forces, believing themselves encircled, spent a tense night and decided to withdraw at daybreak, seeing it as their only option.<ref>{{Harvnb|Praval|1976|pp=182–185}} :</ref>

Major Akbar Khan believed they had instilled fear in the Indian forces by minor skrimishes. Despite their numerical superiority, equipment, and air support, the Indian forces opted to withdraw.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=138-139}} The indian forces launched a sustained and heavy shelling barrage to obscure their movement as they abandoned Pandu and retreated into the dense jungle. When the right column advanced for the assault, Indian troops had already gone.

=== Fall of Pandu ===
Upon hearing that the Indian force had given up, Akbar Khan dispatched another lashkar in pursuit across the Indian force's who retreated. Other tribesmen in the vicinity of Pandu also joined the chase.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=139-140}} The Indian troops had been routed in confusion and fled down the slopes into the dense jungle. The tribesmen pursued them for twenty-four hours, primarily engaging in close-quarter combat with daggers. The Indian forces suffered significant casualties, estimated at three hundred. When the tribesmen returned, many were clad in captured Indian uniforms and carrying a substantial amount of enemy weapons, ammunition, and other equipment.<ref>{{Harvnb|Praval|1976|p=185}} : {{Harvnb|Prasad|1987|p=206}}</ref>

The Pakistani forces captured a significant amount of Indian supplies, including approximately 130 rifles and their ammunition.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=140}} Additionally, they seized stockpiles containing roughly half a million rounds of ammunition, two large mortars, fourteen mortars of various sizes, a machine gun, and around one thousand mortar and artillery shells. A large ration depot was also secured. With the capture of Pandu, a critical strategic point, the remaining Indian defenses crumbled rapidly.{{Sfn|Prasad|1987|p=206}} As Pakistani forces advanced towards the remaining two companies defending Sing (10,500 feet), those forces also withdrew from the position. Scouts and Azads operating in the area pursued them. A general advance then commenced, and after twelve hours, Pakistani troops reached a position just 200 yards from Chota Kazi Nag (10,000 feet), the final and highest peak in this range. This peak overlooks the Indian communication lines between Baramula and Uri (General Headquarters), at this point, Pakistani forces received orders to halt their advance.{{Sfn|Prasad|1987|p=206}}

=== Action of 3 October 1948 ===
In early July 1948, Pakistani forces in Chinari received their first two 40 mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns. These guns fired lightweight shells and had a limited effective range, along with a restricted field of view. Consequently, Indian aircraft initially enjoyed a significant advantage in the airspace. However, the effectiveness of these anti-aircraft guns in engaging aircraft is not well documented.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=143}} General Akbar Khan would prepare a trap for the Indian aircraft to be shot down.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=143-144}}

Khan directed the deployment of the anti-aircraft guns in locations that would maximize their range against Indian aircraft. A medium gun, firing 90-pound shells, was positioned furthest forward under the Chakoti ridge.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|pp=143-144}} Additionally, twelve machine guns and sixteen [[Bren light machine gun]]s were placed on the highest points, around 9,000 feet, to provide supporting fire. An artillery officer was stationed on the peak of the Pandu feature, at an elevation of 9,300 feet, offering a clear view of the [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] camp to monitor weather conditions to assess potential Indian aircraft activity and to signal the presence of aircraft to the troops.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=144}}

The Indian force's aircraft flew overhead but remained beyond the effective range of the Pakistani anti-aircraft defenses. On the following day, 3 October, three aircraft appeared in the area, seemingly intent on attacking Pandu, Pakistani troops began shelling the camp.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=189}} As they approached, the aircraft maneuvered by diving and circling. One aircraft sustained damage from machine gun fire and crashed. The pilot ejected safely using a parachute and was subsequently rescued by Indian forces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Singh|2010|p=189}} : {{Harvnb|Khan|1975|pp=143–145}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==

=== Conclusion of the battle ===
The Indian Air Force played a significant role in the conflict, due in part to the lack of a comparable air force and anti-aircraft defenses by Pakistani forces for a substantial period. This imbalance granted the Indian Air Force dominance in the airspace, impacting logistical operations and potentially influencing other activities across Kashmir.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=143}} The Indian forces suffered around 309 casualties during the battle, while Pakistani losses were approximately 100. The capture of Pandu marked a significant victory for Pakistan, which effectively eliminated the immediate Indian threat to Muzaffarabad. However, clashes continued in other areas.{{Sfn|Javaid|2023|p=15}} Following the unsuccessful summer offensive towards Muzaffarabad, Indian forces launched preparations for a new offensive originating from Jammu. This operation aimed to push westward and northward to relieve Poonch and other areas from Pakistani control.{{Sfn|Khan|1975|p=146}}{{Sfn|Sinha|1977|pp=80-102}}

{{Blockquote|text=The loss of Pandu was a serious setback. Coming as it did after the loss of the positions across the Kishanganga in Tithwal area, it showed the dangers of self-complacency. The temper of the enemy was unmistakable. He was becoming more and more aggressive Two major victories in quick succession helped to raise his morale considerably.<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=206}}</ref>|author=S.N Prasad|source=Pg: 206|title=History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48}}

The Indian force's then Planned the following operations:-

* [[Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)|Operation Duck and Bison]] (To capture Kargil and link-up with Leh){{Sfn|Sinha|1977|pp=86-87}}
* [[Military operations in Poonch (1948)#Operation Easy|Operation Easy]] (Link up Poonch from Rajauri){{Sfn|Sinha|1977|pp=86-87}}
* Operation Camel (To capture Haji-pir pass and link-up with Poonch from south){{Sfn|Sinha|1977|pp=86-87}}

In late December 1948, heavy snowfall in the Uri Sector caused significant logistical challenges for the Indian Army. After consulting with General Thimayya, Brigadier Henderson Brooks made the decision to withdraw troops from the Pir Kanthi and Ledi Galli and surrounding areas on 28 December.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Lt Gen JS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2M-BDwAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+pandu+1948&pg=PT251 |title=Indian Defence Review (Oct-Dec 2018) Vol 33.4 |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |isbn=978-1-940988-41-2 |language=en}}</ref> This cautious move aimed to preserve troop strength. However, on 30 December the 3rd Battalion (3 AK Battalion) recaptured strategically important villages in the Neja Galli area of the Pir Panjal Heights, which had been previously captured by Indian forces. When Indian troops returned to the area by the evening of 1 January, they faced heavy gunfire and found the Pakistani flag raised there. This territory, which provides a strategic view of the Uri Valley from the south bank of the Jhelum River, has remained under Pakistani control.<ref name=":2" />{{Sfn|Singh Ahlawat|2013|p=76}}

== Awards and trials ==

=== India ===
Following the withdrawal of 2 Bihar Battalion from Pandu, Lieutenant Colonel Tur, the Indian unit commander, was arrested by Brigadier Henderson Brooks and subsequently court-martialed. General Thimmaya held Lieutenant Colonel Tur accountable for the loss of Pandu to Pakistani forces.<ref>{{Harvnb|Prasad|1987|pp=212–213}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
Major A.H. Afridi was termed the Victor of Pandu along with his subordinates Captain Said Ghaffar Khan and Lieutenant Khan Zaman by the official Pakistani history, but they received no recognition or award for their great contribution. Generals like Rafiuddin Ahmed recognized their role in the war, expressing shock over it.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

General Rafiuddin Ahmed wrote in his book:-
{{Blockquote|text=For unknown reasons the two gallant company commanders do not seemed to have received their well deserved recognition{{sfn|Ahmed|1998|p=295}}|author=Rafiuddin Ahmed|title=History of the Baloch Regiment: 1939-1956}}His company was only 50 yards away from the fortified enemy position as the Indian Army's soldiers begin [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] shelling his positions, and received orders to lead the attack on the left side of the bunker where the shelling took place.{{Sfn|Mirza|1947|pp=88-89}} Moving towards the new position, his passage was jammed due to [[barbed wire]] and he decided to advance to cut the wire, taking six men with him.{{Sfn|Mirza|1947|pp=88-89}} During the firefight, Sarwar used a [[bolt cutter]] to cut the wire, and took a bullet from machine gun fire.{{Sfn|Mirza|1947|pp=88-89}} On 27 July 1948, Captain Sarwar was killed while clearing the passage from the wires.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=188}} Captain Sarwar Khan of Pakistan was then awarded the [[Nishan-e-Haider]] which is the highest military award of Pakistan.<ref name="PakistanToday">[https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/27/capt-sarwar-shaheed-pakistans-first-ever-nishan-e-haider-recipient-remembered/ Captain Sarwar Shaheed, Pakistan's first ever Nishan-e-Haider award recipient remembered] Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 27 July 2016, Retrieved 4 November 2018</ref>

== Popular culture ==
The Pakistani forces used the term "Pandu" to refer to the entire region generally. They assigned the code name "Delhi" to Pandu and later learned from Indian documents that the Indian forces had nicknamed it "Karachi." This highlighted the strategic significance both sides placed on Pandu's local tactical importance. The area also held high value for the local population. Local legend recounts how a Mughal emperor's army was stalled here centuries ago, forcing the Mughals to retreat over the Pir Panjal Pass. This tradition instilled a superstitious belief among the locals that Pandu was unconquerable.<ref>{{Harvnb|Khan|1975|p=127}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Pakistan|India|Kashmir|1940s}}

* [[Operation Datta Khel]]
* [[Siege of Skardu]]
* [[Battle of Muzaffarabad]]
* [[Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)|Operation Bison and Duck]]
* [[Battle of Chunj]]

== Sources ==

=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Rafiuddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMHeAAAAMAAJ&q=history%20of%20baloch%20regiment |title=History of the Baloch Regiment: 1939-1956 |publisher=Baloch Regimental Centre |year=1998 |language=en |archive-url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2324440W/History_of_the_Baloch_Regiment?edition=key%3A/books/OL18977735M |archive-date=2009-12-09}}
*{{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Military Plight of Pakistan |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170491231 |format=Hardcover}}
*{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Akbar |author-link=Akbar Khan (Pakistani general) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2xDAAAAYAAJ&q=raiders%20in%20kashmir%20by%20akbar%20khan%20%C2%B7%201975 |title=Raiders in Kashmir |publisher=National Book Foundation |year=1975 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/VSXt_raiders-in-kashmir-akbar-khan/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=2021-04-14}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Incomplete Partition The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute 1947-1948 |publisher=Roxford |year=1997 |isbn=9780907129080 |language=en |format=Paperback}}
*{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Sri Nandan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwNAAAAIAAJ |title=History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1987 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553361/page/n15/mode/2up |archive-date=2017-01-17}}
*{{Cite book |last=Praval |first=K. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdEDAAAAMAAJ&q=Valour+Triumphs.+A+History+of+the+Kumaon+Regiment |title=Valour Triumphs A History of the Kumaon Regiment |publisher=Thomson Press (India) |year=1976 |language=En |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/valour-triumphs-kumaon/page/347/mode/2up |archive-date=2023-06-03}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=S.K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMwBAAAAMAAJ |title=Operation Rescue Military Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-49 |publisher=Vision Books |year=1977 |language=En |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3501/page/n211/mode/2up |archive-date=2021-01-20}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Brig Jasbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4SBWc27AVmwC |title=Combat Diary |publisher=Amber Books Limited |year=2010 |isbn=9781935501183 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}
*{{Cite book |last=Singh Ahlawat |first=Sube |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4TS-MwHyogC |title=An Infantry Battalion in Combat A Critical Appraisal of Battle Situations Encountered by an Infantry Battalion |publisher=Lancer |year=2013 |isbn=9781935501367 |language=en |format=Hardcover}}
*{{Cite journal |year=2023 |editor-last=Javaid |editor-first=Hassan |title=9-Bugle-Trumpet-Summer-2023.pdf |url=https://www.aimh.gov.pk/kashmir-martyrs-day/ |journal=9-Bugle-Trumpet-Summer-2023.PDF |volume=v (summer 2023) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222101450/https://www.aimh.gov.pk/kashmir-martyrs-day/ |archive-date=2024-02-22 |via=Aimh.gov (Army Website)}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mirza |first=Yaqub |title=The golden jubilee celebrations of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |date=1947 |publisher=National Book Foundation |isbn=9789693701784 |location=Karachi, Sin. Pakistan |language=en-us}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/part-ii-kashmiris-fight-for-freedom-vol-2-1947-1978-by-yusuf-saraf |archive-date=2021-03-29 |location=Mirpur |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2|2015}} |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons}}
{{refend}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandu 1948}}
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:History of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:June 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:July 1948 in Asia]]

Sthal

2026-04-25T07:54:30Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Short description| 2025 Marathi drama film}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sthal
| image = Sthal (A Match).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| writer = {{ubl | Jayant Digambar Somalkar}}
| story =
| producer = {{ubl | Shefali Bhushan | Karan Grover | Riga Malhotra | Jayant Digambar Somalkar}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Nandini Chikte
}}
| cinematography = Manoj Karmarkar
| editing = Abhijeet Deshpande
| music = Madhav Agarwal
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Dhun Production
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* August Entertainment
* Fiza Films
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|09||TIFF|2025|03|7}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| runtime = 107 minutes
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sthal''''' ({{translation|A Match}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Jayant Digambar Somalkar and produced under the banner of Dhun Productions while it is presented by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Sthal: The Indian film showing the bride's 'humiliation' in arranged marriage |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cddyyyl4rm5o |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-04 |title=Sachin Pilgaonkar : सचिन पिळगांवकरांच्या स्थळ चित्रपटाचा रंजक टिझर रिलीज |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/sachin-pilgaonkar-presented-sthal-movie-teaser-released/846025/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref> It stars Nandini Chikte in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2025-02-06 |title=Sthal Movie Marathi {{!}} बहुचर्चित 'स्थळ' चित्रपट मार्चमध्ये प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/ata-thambaycha-naay-movie-release |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> The film explores the tradition of arranged marriage in rural India, where a girl's marriage takes precedence over basic survival. Told from the perspective of a young girl, Savita, ''Sthal'' highlights deep-rooted patriarchy and the harsh realities, including humiliation and societal pressures, faced by Indian brides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=How Marathi film Sthal is a commentary on the reality of arranged marriages and the awkward moments of selecting a bride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/how-marathi-film-sthal-is-a-commentary-on-the-reality-of-arranged-marriages-9872086/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The film had its world premiere in 2023 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], where it won the NETPAC Award for Best Film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-18 |title=Jayant Somalkar's 'Sthal' wins big at Toronto film festival for its 'sheer raw power' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jayant-somalkars-sthal-wins-big-at-toronto-film-festival-for-its-sheer-raw-power/articleshow/103761040.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-04 |title=Jayant Digambar Somalkar's 'Sthal' to premiere at TIFF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jayant-digambar-somalkars-sthal-to-premiere-at-tiff/articleshow/102418417.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was subsequently screened at several prestigious film festivals, including the [[Moscow International Film Festival]], [[Cairo International Film Festival]], the 15th Chicago South Asian Film Festival, the [[Zlín Film Festival|64th Zlín Film Festival]], and the [[Durban International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=A Match (Sthal) That Makes A Difference{{!}} Countercurrents |url=https://countercurrents.org/2023/10/a-match-sthal-that-makes-a-difference/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=countercurrents.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-01 |title=Marathi film's prestigious showcase {{!}} Made in heaven |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20230911-marathi-films-prestigious-showcase-made-in-heaven-2429757-2023-09-01 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 7 March 2025 on the occasion of [[International Women's Day|International Woman's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=2025-02-19 |title=बहुचर्चित 'स्थळ' चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर लाँच; सचिन पिळगांवकर निभावतायत महत्त्वाची भूमिका |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/sthal-marathi-movie-trailer-of-much-talked-about-film-sthal-launched-sachin-pilgaonkar-plays-an-important-role-in-this-movie-1345131 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> The film received widespread critical acclaim for its directorial debut, screenplay, raw authenticity, and the performances of its first-time actors, particularly Nandini Chikte and Taranath Khiratkar.

== Plot ==
Set in Dongargaon, a small town in Maharashtra, ''Sthal'' follows Savita, a young woman aspiring to complete her education and pursue a career. However, her father, Daulatrao Wandhare, a struggling cotton farmer, is determined to find her a suitable groom, as societal expectations prioritize her marriage over her ambitions.

The film portrays the deeply ingrained patriarchy and the humiliating experiences women endure in the arranged marriage system. Savita is repeatedly scrutinized based on superficial attributes like skin color, height, and caste, while her opinions remain unheard. Each meeting with a prospective groom's family follows the same degrading ritual—Savita is made to sit on a stool, examined, and judged, while the men of the groom's family hold the power in the decision-making process. The women in her household, including her mother, are reduced to serving food and observing silently.

As Savita navigates these pressures, she finds solace in her college education and shares a quiet, unspoken connection with her lecturer, who teaches about women's empowerment. However, the stark contrast between theory and reality becomes evident as her family's desperation grows. Despite her insistence on completing her studies, her father contemplates selling his land to secure a groom, believing that marriage is the only path for her future. Meanwhile, her brother, Mangya, is also eager for her marriage to be settled so he can introduce his own girlfriend to the family.

With each rejection, the pressure on Savita intensifies, highlighting the societal obsession with marriage as a woman's ultimate destiny. As the narrative unfolds, ''Sthal'' critiques the dowry system, caste hierarchy, and gender inequality, shedding light on the harsh realities many women in rural India continue to face.

== Cast ==

* Nandini Chikte as Savita
* Taranath Khiratkar as Daulatrao Wandhare
* Sangita Sonekar as Lilabai
* Suyog Dhawas as Mangya
* Sandip Somalkar as Kale Guruji
* Sandip Parkhi as Khapne sir
* Swati Ulmale as Gauri
* Gauri Badki as Ranju
* Mansi Pawar as Suman
* Sachin Tonge as Ganesh
* Shubham Shete as Pomya
* Vikrant Prakash Shinde as Iqbal
* Onkar Mohitkar as Dasrya
* Vinod Vatekar as Viththal

== Production ==

=== Development and pre-production ===
It marks the feature film debut of director Jayant Digambar Somalkar, who drew inspiration from his personal experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manga |first=Dhiren |date=2025-03-07 |title=How 'Sthal' explores the Humiliation of Brides in Arranged Marriages |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/how-sthal-explores-the-humiliation-of-brides-in-arranged-marriages |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=DESIblitz |language=en}}</ref> Encouraged by his wife, he chose to highlight the realities of arranged marriage after recalling his own experience within his family when he accompanied them to see a prospective bride for his cousin's marriage around 2014. Through ''Sthal'', he aims to challenge the glamorized portrayal of weddings in mainstream media and advocate for a more nuanced perspective on the struggles faced by many Indian women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title="Sthal: A Mirror to Arranged Marriages in India" |url=https://newskarnataka.com/india/sthal-a-mirror-to-arranged-marriages-in-india/07032025/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Somalkar wrote the story for the film in 2017, even before working on ''[[Guilty Minds]]'' (2022).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |date=2023-09-05 |title=Sthal, matchmaking in Suburbia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Sep/05/sthal-matchmaking-in-suburbia-2611877.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
The film features an entire cast of first-time actors from the village where it was shot.<ref name=":2" /> For the lead actress, extensive auditions were conducted in various colleges. Nandini Chikte auditioned on the very first day, confidently telling Somalkar that she could both dance and cry on cue. However, he remained undecided and told her he would get back to her. Determined to prove herself, Nandini auditioned again the following day, this time appearing more prepared, which ultimately convinced Somalkar to cast her in the role.<ref name=":0" /> [[Principal photography]] took place in the director's native village. Interestingly, the house where the film was shot is the very home where he was born, and the college attended by the protagonist, Savita, is the same one Somalkar studied at.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=2023-08-31 |title=TIFF Debut: Jayant Somalkar, with Marathi Film 'Sthal' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/film-festivals/toronto-international-film-festival/tiff-debut-jayant-somalkar-with-marathi-film-sthal |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en}}</ref> The entire film was completed within 22 days in a single schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=How Marathi film Sthal is a commentary on the reality of arranged marriages and the awkward moments of selecting a bride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-marathi-film-sthal-is-a-commentary-on-the-reality-of-arranged-marriages-9872086/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=Marathi debut film explores Maharashtra's match-making traditions at TIFF |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/match-point-23306985 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> One of the biggest challenges during filming was using [[sync sound]] in a raw village setting, where locals were unfamiliar with the concept. Background noise was a constant issue, as daily village activities carried on uninterrupted. Additionally, the first-time actors, unfamiliar with a structured shooting schedule, would often leave the set to tend to their farms or water their buffaloes, making the filming process even more demanding.<ref name=":3" />

=== Post-production ===
In 2024, when the film was screened at the Napa Valley Film Festival in the U.S., actor-director [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and his wife, actress [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]], were urged to watch it by their daughter, [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], who had already seen and appreciated the film at the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Didn't expect the acclaim 'Sthal' received, says director Jayant Somalkar |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!entertainment/didnt-expect-the-acclaim-the-film-sthal-received-says-director-jayant-somalkar-maharashtra-news-mhs25030304185 |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=ETV Bharat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=2025-01-03 |title=आंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तरावर गाजलेला 'स्थळ' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला; सचिन पिळगांवकरांची प्रस्तुती |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/internationally-acclaimed-sthal-to-hit-the-screen-on-womens-day-7th-march-2025-sachin-pilgaonkar-to-play-an-important-role-know-all-details-1336569 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> Impressed by its narrative and impact, they felt it deserved a wider audience and considered distributing the film for a theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-04 |title="अमेरिकेतील मराठी लोकांनी...", आंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तरावर गाजलेल्या 'या' मराठी चित्रपटाची प्रस्तुती करणार सचिन पिळगांवकर; म्हणाले... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/sachin-pilgaonkar-presents-this-international-marathi-film-sthal-sva-00-4807449/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The song is sung by Meerabai Yete, a woman from [[Chandrapur]] who has a passion for singing but is not a professional singer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maskar |first=Shreya |date=2025-02-12 |title=Sthal Movie : 'पाहुणे येत आहेत पोरी...' सचिन पिळगावकर यांच्या 'स्थळ' चित्रपटाचे गाणं सुपरहिट |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/sachin-pilgaonkar-sthal-movie-pahune-yet-aahe-pori-song-out-watch-video-sm2000 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 9:51
| title1 = Pahune Yet Aahe Pori
| length1 = 3:05
| lyrics1 = Jayant Somalkar
| music1 = Madhav Agarwal
| extra1 = Meerabai Yete, Ashish Narkhedkar
}}

== Release ==
''Sthal'' premiered at the [[2023 Toronto International Film Festival|48th Toronto International Film Festival]], where it was selected under [[the Discovery Programme]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Jayant Digambar Somalkar's Sthal, Tarsem Singh Dhandwar's Dear Jassi win big at TIFF 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/jayant-digambar-somalkars-sthal-tarsem-singh-dhandwars-dear-jassi-win-big-at-tiff-2023-8944842/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was subsequently screened at 29 Indian and international film festivals, including the [[Pune International Film Festival|22nd Pune International Film Festival]], where it was the opening film at the [[Habitat]] Film Festival, the [[4th Moscow International Film Festival|46th Moscow International Film Festival]], the [[Jeonju International Film Festival|25th Jeonju International Film Festival]], and the Cinevesture International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sthal' Set for 7th March Release, Premiered at TIFF and Won Global Awards |url=https://www.nagpurtrends.com/articles/sthal-set-for-7th-march-release-premiered-at-tiff-and-won-global-guAETH |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.nagpurtrends.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Punepulse |date=2024-01-02 |title=Pune International Film Festival 2024 : Seven Marathi films to feature in International Marathi Film Competition - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-international-film-festival-2024-seven-marathi-films-to-feature-in-international-marathi-film-competition/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |language=en}}</ref>

To mark the birth anniversary of [[Krantijyoti Savitribai Phule]], the film's poster was unveiled on 3 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-04 |title=Jayant Digambar Somalkar's award-winning film 'Sthal' set for theatrical release |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jayant-digambar-somalkars-award-winning-film-sthal-set-for-theatrical-release/article69060420.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The theatrical release teaser came out in early February 2025, followed by the trailer in mid-February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-02-03 |title=Sthal: आता मुलीला नाही मुलाला बघायला जाणार; गावातलं 'स्थळ' गाजणार, चित्रपटाचा हटके टीजर लाँच |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/sthal-marathi-movie-teaser-release-movie-releases-on-7th-march-psn14 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2025-02-19 |title=पाहुणे येत आहेत पोरी... ग्रामीण भागातील लग्नाची रंजक गोष्ट मांडणारा 'स्थळ' चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर समोर, काय आहे खास |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/sthal-marathi-movie-trailer-released-explores-rural-wedding-and-family-drama-psn14 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> The film was released in theaters on March 7, 2025, coinciding with [[International Women's Day]], and opened on 155 screens across [[Maharashtra]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Upon its release, ''Sthal'' received widespread praise from critics and audiences alike, including well-known personalities such as [[Avadhoot Gupte|Avdhoot Gupte]], [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]], and [[Jaya Bachchan]], who described it as "true cinema."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title="प्रत्येक भारतीयाच्या डोळ्यामध्ये अंजन घालणारा चित्रपट", अवधूत गुप्तेचं सचिन पिळगांवकरांच्या नव्या चित्रपटाबाबत वक्तव्य, म्हणाला… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/avadhoot-gupte-praised-sachin-pilgaonkar-new-movie-of-sthal-pps-98-4935475/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-07 |title=Jaya Bachchan praises Jayant Digambar Somalkar's award-winning Marathi film 'Sthal': 'This is true cinema' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jaya-bachchan-praises-jayant-digambar-somalkars-award-winning-marathi-film-sthal-this-is-true-cinema/articleshow/118791271.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Mihir Bhanage from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, stating that it "effectively calls out the lip service that society does, without being preachy." He further wrote, "if you rave about the simplicity and impact of Malayalam films, questioning why Marathi cinema doesn’t make such films, you need to head to cinemas and watch ''<nowiki/>'Sthal'''."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sthal Movie Review : Sthal effectively calls out the lip service that society does, without being preachy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/sthal/movie-review/118780433.cms |access-date=2025-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Praising the film's bold approach, [[Santanu Das]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Somalkar has created a bracingly defiant and powerful film, one that unleashes the broken discussion on arranged marriages in India with compassion and confidence."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Sthal review: A confident, unsparing look at the reality of Indian matchmaking |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/sthal-review-a-confident-unsparing-look-at-the-reality-of-indian-matchmaking-101699951576525.html |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In her review for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Nandini Ramnath commended the performances, direction, and music, noting, "The movie is neither preachy nor heavy-going. It has honesty and compassion, a deep understanding of social structures, and a clear-eyed view of Savita’s situation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-03-07 |title='Sthal' review: A memorable exploration of a woman's real place in society |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1079906/sthal-review-a-memorable-exploration-of-a-womans-real-place-in-society |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Describing it as the director's “scalding debut,” [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook''’s]] Debanjan Dhar wrote, "It keeps Savita’s roiling, seething spirit clamped down, all-enduring until the inevitable lashing point in its pummeling ending."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Sthal Review: An acutely observed takedown of Indian match-making |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sthal-review-an-acutely-observed-takedown-of-indian-match-making |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

Reviewing the film for ''[[The Quint]]'', Prateek Lidhoo lauded its storytelling and performances, stating, "With a story that tugs at your heartstrings, a pace that constantly reminds you of how layered our lives are, and a cast that gives its all to the film, ''Sthal'' stays with you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadhwani |first=Garima |date=2023-09-10 |title='Sthal' Premiers at TIFF: A Lesson on Patriarchy, Minus the Preachiness |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sthal-a-match-review-marathi-film-tiff |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Reshma Raikwar, writing for ''[[Loksatta]]'', described ''Sthal'' as an "important" film, emphasizing how "the audience remains hooked solely on the strength of its subject and the natural performances of the artists."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=आजही तीच ससेहोलपट |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sthal-marathi-movie-review-loksatta-css-98-4938714/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

Similarly, ''[[Mid-Day]]''<nowiki/>'s Meenakshi Shedde offered high praise for the screenplay, direction, and performances, calling it "a superb follow-up to Nagraj Manjule’s ''Sairat'', which explores women’s agency in marriage and life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=Sthal: marriage as low-hanging fruit |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/sthal-marriage-as-low-hanging-fruit-23496562 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Anuj Kumar, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', described it as "a sensitive exploration of organised social hypocrisy," adding, "Somalkar’s faith in untrained actors imparts the scenario a charming rawness and empathy to the characters. No one puts up an act."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2025-03-08 |title='Sthal' movie review: A sharp critique of traditional matchmaking practice |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sthal-movie-review-a-sharp-critique-of-traditional-matchmaking-practice/article69306148.ece |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Aishwarya Srinivasan from ''Social Ketchup'' described the film as "brutally honest," remarking, "the film keeps you hooked from the first frame to the last with some really hard hitting facts."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Aishwarya |title=Sthal review: A brutally honest portrayal on arranged marriages in India, colorism, dowry and many other vices of our society |url=https://www.socialketchup.in/review/sthal-review-1682372 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=www.socialketchup.in |language=en}}</ref>

Additionally, Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' wrote, "Sthal is not the most novel story to emerge out of India, but Somalkar tells it in a measured way."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sthal' Underlines the Humiliating, Transactional Nature of Arranged Marriages in a Patriarchal System |url=https://thewire.in/film/sthal-a-match-jayant-somalkar-marathi-cinema |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> A review from ''OTT Play'' observed, "Just like how details in this system are in the things left unsaid, ''Sthal'' too says a lot in its silence and absence."<ref>{{Cite web |title=At TIFF 2023, Marathi Film 'Sthal' Conducts A Thoughtful Interrogation Of Marriage & Womanhood In 'New India' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/at-tiff-2023-marathi-film-sthal-conducts-a-thoughtful-interrogation-of-marriage-womanhood-in-india/d0de42cdf7904 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]], in his review, compared the film to the critically acclaimed Malayalam film ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' and said, "Her violence against the collective is subtle, board melodramatic points about our society and reframes them from Savita’s point of view—that is the film’s success."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-05 |title=Jayant Digambar Somalkar's 'Sthal' is a look at the pressures and humiliations of arranged marriage through the girl's eyes |url=https://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2025/03/05/jayant-digambar-somalkars-sthal-is-a-look-at-the-pressures-and-humiliations-of-arranged-marriage-through-the-girls-eyes/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Baradwaj Rangan |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Ajanta-Ellora International Film Festival
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Best Film
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt26248528/awards/?ref_=tt_awd |title=A Match (2023) - Awards - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-04-21 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress
|Nandini Chikte
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Aurangabad International Film Festival
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Best Film
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Nandini Chikte
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]
|2024
|Best Film (Asian Film Competition)
|''A Match''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=15th Bengaluru International Film Festival winners list: MS Sathyu honoured with Lifetime Achievement award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/15th-bengaluru-international-film-festival-winners-list-ms-sathyu-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-9201838/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |City Cine Awards Marathi
| rowspan="3" |2026
|Game Changer
|Nandini Chikte
|{{pending}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Cine Awards Marathi 2026 at Radio City: Marathi Cinema's Finest Honoured |url=https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Radiocity |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Singer – Female
|Meerabai Yete (Punha Yet Aahe Pori)
|{{pending}}
|-
|Best Lyricist
|Jayant Digambar Somalkar (Punha Yet Aahe Pori)
|{{pending}}
|-
! scope="row" |FIPRESCI - India Grand Prix
|2024
|Top Ten Indian Films
|''A Match''
|{{nom}}
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
! scope="row" |Indian Film Festival Stuttgart
|2024
|Best Feature Film
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" |Indian National Cine Academy
| rowspan="7" |2026
|Best Film
|''Sthal''
|{{won}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Cine |date=2026-04-09 |title=INCA announces the winners of their first edition of Awards! - Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/inca-announces-the-winners-of-their-first-edition-of-awards/ |access-date=2026-04-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
| rowspan="2" |Jayant Digambar Somalkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|Taranath Khiratkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Nandini Chikte
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Production Design
|Vikram Singh
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Casting
|Ashish Narkhedkar, Chandanshesh Waghmare
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Indie Meme Film Festival
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Best Narrative Feature – Audience Award
|''A Match''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
|Best Narrative Feature – Jury Award
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Indo-German Film Week
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Best Feature Film
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
|Best Debut Director
|Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |Jaffna International Cinema Festival
|2024
|Best Debut Feature Film
|Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| {{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[London Indian Film Festival]]
|2024
|Best Film
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |Maharashtra Times Sanman
| rowspan="3" |2026
|Best Film
|''Sthal''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=आता थांबायचं नाय!, देवमाणूस, कुटुंब किर्रतन, बाई तुझ्यापायीचा 'मटा सन्मान'वर ठसा, पुरस्कार विजेत्यांची संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/mata-sanman-2026-tv-film-natak-web-series-award-winners-full-list-ata-thambaycha-naay-dev-manus-tops/articleshow/129535812.cms |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Jayant Digambar Somalkar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Nandini Chikte
|{{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[New York Indian Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3" |2024
|Best Film
|''A Match''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations – NYIFF – New York Indian Film Festival |url=https://www.nyiff.us/nominations/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Debut Film
|Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Nandini Chikte
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Pune International Film Festival]]
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Best International Marathi Film (Marathi Competition)
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=22nd Pune International Film Festival: 'Sthal' Wins Best Marathi Film, 'Citizen Saint' Awarded Best International Film - Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/22nd-pune-international-film-festival-sthal-wins-best-marathi-film-citizen-saint-awarded-best-international-film-check-out-full-list-of-winners |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Screenplay (Marathi Competition)
|Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Third Eye Asian Film Festival
| rowspan="2" |2024
|Best Film (Marathi Competition)
|''A Match''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2024-01-19 |title=Third Eye Asian Film Festival : २० व्या थर्ड आय आशियाई चित्रपट महोत्सवाचा सांगता |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/third-eye-asian-film-festival-ending |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actress (Marathi Competition)
|Nandini Chikte
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Toronto International Film Festival]]
| [[2023 Toronto International Film Festival|2023]]
| [[Toronto International Film Festival NETPAC Prize|NETPAC Award]]
| Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pond |first=Steve |date=2023-09-17 |title='American Fiction' Wins Toronto Film Festival's Audience Award |url=https://www.thewrap.com/american-fiction-wins-toronto-film-festivals-audience-award/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar
| rowspan="12" |2026
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Film|Best Film]]
|Sthal
| {{nom}}
| scope="row"rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ससाणे |first=सायली |date=2026-02-17 |title=‘झी नाट्य गौरव पुरस्कार सोहळा २०२६’ मोठ्या उत्साहात होणार साजरा; जाणून घ्या संपूर्ण नामांकन यादी! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/zee-chitra-gaurav-puraskar-2026-nominations-list-1146299.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झी चित्रगौरव पुरस्कार 2026 मध्ये दशावतारचा डंका, भरत जाधव यांच्या सिनेमावरही बक्षीसांचा पाऊस, विजेत्यांची यादी समोर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/zee-chitra-gaurav-purskar-2026-winners-list/articleshow/128754754.cms |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="4" |Jayant Digambar Somalkar
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="2" |Taranath Khiratkar
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Breakthrough Debut Actor
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Breakthrough Debut Actress
|Nandini Chikte
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|Madhav Agarwal
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Manoj Karmarkar
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Editor
|Abhijeet Deshpande
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Recordist
|Sanjay Chaturvedi
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|26248528|Sthal – A Match}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2025 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about race and ethnicity]]

Debabrata Majumdar

2026-04-25T00:50:45Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Short description|Indian politician }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Debabrata Majumdar
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 7 May 2021
| predecessor = [[Sujan Chakraborty]]
| constituency = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur, Kolkata]]
| majority = 38,869
| office1 = Member of the Mayor-in-Council, KMC
| 1blankname1 = Mayor
| 1namedata1 = [[Sovan Chatterjee]] Firhad Hakim
| subterm1 = 2010–
| suboffice1 = Solid Waste Management
| subterm2 = 2012
| suboffice2 = Assessment and Collection
| term_start1 = 2010
| constituency1 = [[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]] (2010-2015),(2021–present) [[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]] (2000–2010),(2015-2021)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|04|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bijoygarh]], [[Jadavpur]], West Bengal, India
| education = Chartered Accountant, F.C.A
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India|Institute of Chartered Accountants]] [[Calcutta University]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (2009–present)
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1990–2009)
| profession = Accountant
| occupation = Politician
| birth_name = Moloy Majumdar
| image =
| caption = Debabrata Majumdar in 2021
}}

'''Debabrata Majumdar''', also known as '''Moloy''' (born 25 April 1964), is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] from West Bengal, who has been serving as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal Assembly]] from the [[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]] seat since 7 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2023-10-09 |title=Agency not depositing amount, conservancy and regular KMC staff not getting benefits of ESI |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/agency-not-depositing-amount-conservancy-and-regular-kmc-staff-not-getting-benefits-of-esi-1503229581.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> A member of the [[Trinamool Congress]], he is a sitting ward corporator of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] from Ward No. [[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]] (since 2021) and Ward No. [[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]] (2000–2021).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-14 |title=Move to link trade licence with 'waste fee' draws ire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/move-to-link-trade-licence-with-waste-fee-draws-ire/articleshow/101742417.cms |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2021-11-27 |title=87 TMC ex-councillors get tickets for KMC poll |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/87-tmc-ex-councillors-get-tickets-kmc-poll-1503027003.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-05 |title=Jadavpur: CPI(M)'s battle to save its last bastion in southern suburbs of Kolkata |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/jadavpur-cpims-battle-to-save-its-last-bastion-in-southern-suburbs-of-kolkata/articleshow/81912672.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Early life==
Majumder was born on 25 April 1964 in Kolkata. His father was Keshab Majumdar. Before joining politics, he worked as a chartered accountant. He earned a B.Com (Hons) from the University of Calcutta in 1985 and completed his studies at the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debabrata Majumdar (Malay) (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)): Constituency - JADAVPUR (SOUTH 24 PARGANAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=710 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Career==
Majumder was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the late 1990s. In 2000, he was elected as a corporator from Ward 96 and was re-elected in 2005 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-06 |title=Congress defector Mala Roy named KMC chairperson |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/congress-defector-named-kmc-chairperson/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He later joined the Trinamool Congress and was re-elected as a ward corporator in the [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet members of new Kolkata Municipal Corporation board |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/meet-members-of-new-kolkata-municipal-corporation-board/cid/1844612 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-22 |title=House of heavyweights: 1 MP, 6 MLAs are Kolkata Municipal Corporation councillors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/house-of-heavyweights-1-mp-6-mlas-are-kmc-councillors/articleshow/88419486.cms |access-date=2024-02-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Since 2010, he has been a member of the Mayor-in-Council (MMiC) holding the charge of the Solid Waste Management department.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolkata |first=IANS |date=2023-02-26 |title=Penalty for littering garbage on roads in Kolkata hiked 100 times |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/penalty-for-littering-garbage-on-roads-in-kolkata-hiked-100-times-123022600450_1.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |work=The Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-04-06 |title=Jadavpur: CPI(M)'s battle to save its last bastion in southern suburbs of Kolkata |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Apr/06/jadavpur-cpims-battle-to-save-its-last-bastion-in-southern-suburbs-of-kolkata-2286508.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> From January to November 2012, he held additional responsibilities in the Assessment and Collection department.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-28 |title=After Cabinet, CM reshuffles civic team |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/after-cabinet-cm-reshuffles-civic-team/story-kLkrQIocc9aAxeXqyAHVSJ.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Debabrata}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]

Lolesara

2026-04-24T13:09:18Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding a article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lolesara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.753409|N|81.4906954|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bemetara district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bemetara]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 382
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2,004 1000/1004 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 326 174/152 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages <hr><li>[[Hindi]]</li>
<li>[[chhattisgarhi]]</li>
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_total_ha =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| iso_code =
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = https://elolesara.blogspot.com
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lolesara''' is a village in the [[Bemetara district]] of [[Durg]], [[Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh State]], India. It is located about {{convert|8|km}} away from [[Bemetara]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by [[Sarpanch]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): LOLESARA (लोलेसरा ) |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-lolesara-124164 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village had a total number of 382 houses and a population of 2004, of which 1000 are male and 1004 are female.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=493501|title=Census report published in 2011|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref> According to the [[2011 census of India]], 326 people (16.27% of the population) are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<ref name=census />

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Villages in Durg district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Vikram Prabhu

2026-04-23T19:44:08Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting article - done

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vikram Prabhu
| image = Vikram Prabhu at Arima Nambi Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Vikram Prabhu in 2014
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|1|15}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Lakshmi Ujjaini|2007}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
| relatives = {{ubl
| [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (grandfather)
| [[Ramkumar Ganesan]] (uncle)
}}
| awards =
}}

'''Vikram Prabhu''' is an Indian actor working in [[Tamil language]] films who made his debut in [[Prabhu Solomon]]'s ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012). He also played the protagonist in ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' (2013) and ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' (2014). He is the son of actor [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and grandson of the veteran actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/vaanam-kottatum-review-tamil-movie-22726| title = Vaanam Kottatum review. Vaanam Kottatum Tamil movie review, story, rating - IndiaGlitz.com| access-date = 12 March 2021| archive-date = 1 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201201111900/https://www.indiaglitz.com/vaanam-kottatum-review-tamil-movie-22726| url-status = live}}</ref>

==Career==

===2012–2015: Early career and recognition===

Vikram signed on for a venture under the direction of [[Prabhu Solomon]] to be produced by [[N. Linguswamy]]. Titled ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'', the film was based on elephants and the director thus sent Vikram to an elephant training camp in [[Ottapalam]] in Kerala to get himself accustomed to the animals. The film released in December 2012 to critical acclaim and commercial success, emerging as one of the biggest hits of the year.<ref name="indiatimes2">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Prabhus-son-turns-hero/articleshow/8974171.cms|title=Prabhu's son turns hero|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=5 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205075038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-24/news-interviews/29698513_1_elephants-wild-tuskers-fresh-face|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2153427.ece|title=Itsy-Bitsy – The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 July 2011 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910152229/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2153427.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic stated that Prabhu excels in the "intensely emotional scenes in the climax", while that "he is also at ease portraying angst, gratitude and rage". Furthermore, the critic wrote that "his physique is a major plus", giving the verdict that he "is expected to carry on the Ganesan family lineage" in films.<ref name="behindwoods2">{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kumki/kumki-review.html|title=Kumki Movie Review Kumki, Vikram Prabhu, lakshmi menon|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=18 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218013755/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kumki/kumki-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the making of ''Kumki'', Vikram Prabhu began work in ''[[Sattam Oru Iruttarai (2013 film)|Sattam Oru Iruttarai]]'', a remake of the [[Sattam Oru Iruttarai|1981 film of the same name]], produced by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]. He began filming and played the role of an angry young man who feels that the legal system is flawed. The film, which began production in May 2012 was directed by Sneha.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/news-interviews/31110559_1_sa-chandrashekar-vijay-ilayathalapathy|title=Vijay to produce Vikram Prabhu's film?|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722153952/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/news-interviews/31110559_1_sa-chandrashekar-vijay-ilayathalapathy|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> However the insistence of Prabhu Solomon to reshoot the climax of ''Kumki'', led to the actor leaving ''Sattam Oru Iruttarai'' during production and after a period of delay he was replaced by newcomer Thaman Kumar. Subsequently, he signed on to appear in [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]]'s action thriller film ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' and portrayed the role of a student amongst an ensemble cast also featuring [[Vamsi Krishna]] and [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]. The film opened in December 2013 to positive reviews, with a critic noting that Vikram Prabhu "is convincing as an action hero, especially in the raw and realistic climax fight scene, but has to work on his dance a bit more."<ref name="sify2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ivan-veramathiri-review-tamil-15045190.html |title=Movie Review : Ivan Veramathiri |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204035118/http://www.sify.com/movies/ivan-veramathiri-review-tamil-15045190.html |archive-date=4 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ivan-veramathiri-is-an-average-entertainer/20131213.htm|title=Review: Ivan Veramathiri is an average entertainer – Rediff.com Movies|work=rediff.com|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206142444/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ivan-veramathiri-is-an-average-entertainer/20131213.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

His first 2014 release was the action thriller ''[[Arima Nambi]]'', which was directed by [[Anand Shankar]], an assistant director to [[A. R. Murugadoss]]. Later that year, he was seen in Gaurav's ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'', a family action entertainer, which featured the actor in two distinct looks and alongside [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Monal Gajjar]]. He had a third release in 2014, ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'', directed by [[Ezhil]], that has [[Sridivya]] in the cast. This released on Christmas 2014, which was a rom-com and was considered a hit.<ref name="behindwoods3">{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/updates-on-vikram-prabhus-arima-nambi-and-sigaram-thodu.html|title=Updates on Vikram Prabhu's Arima Nambi and Sigaram Thodu|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109065122/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/updates-on-vikram-prabhus-arima-nambi-and-sigaram-thodu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, his next movie was ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'', a romantic comedy directed by [[A. L. Vijay]]. "Despite his good performance, actor Vikram Prabhu looks extremely awkward and out of place as a college student; said Rediff.com's review.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-idhu-enna-maayam-is-a-decent-entertainer/20150803.htm| title = Review: Idhu Enna Maayam is a decent entertainer - Rediff.com| access-date = 12 March 2021| archive-date = 7 July 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220707222458/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-idhu-enna-maayam-is-a-decent-entertainer/20150803.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>

===2016–2018: Setback===

In July 2016, Vikram Prabhu launched a production house named "First Artist", under which he would produce future films.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070716/i-am-proud-to-see-vikram-producing-on-his-own-prabhu.html | title=I am proud to see Vikram producing on his own: Prabhu | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=7 July 2016 | access-date=2 November 2016 | last=Janani | first=K | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714155102/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070716/i-am-proud-to-see-vikram-producing-on-his-own-prabhu.html | archive-date=14 July 2016}}</ref>

His next venture was an action film, ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' (2016). Sify described; "Vikram Prabhu is earnest in the film and tries hard to rise above a muddled script and poorly written dialogues".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wagah review: Irresponsible film-making |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/wagah-review-irresponsible-film-making-review-tamil-qimkBHgeffcgd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813041348/http://www.sify.com/movies/wagah-review-irresponsible-film-making-review-tamil-qimkBHgeffcgd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> His next film was ''[[Veera Sivaji]]'' (2016). Once again Vikram Prabhu is earnest with his performance but fail to rise above the severely flawed script.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veera Sivaji review:Tedious watch |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/veera-sivaji-reviewtedious-watch-review-tamil-qmqraqjjiaaei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216175037/http://www.sify.com/movies/veera-sivaji-reviewtedious-watch-review-tamil-qmqraqjjiaaei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2017, the gangster thriller ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' was released. Performance wise, Vikram Prabhu is perfect as the angry young man. His body language and dialogue deliver aptly suit his characterization, easily Sathriyan is his comeback film as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathriyan review-A gangster thriller which has its moments |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sathriyan-review-a-gangster-thriller-which-has-its-moments-review-tamil-rgjq65decahgf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609153321/http://www.sify.com/movies/sathriyan-review-a-gangster-thriller-which-has-its-moments-review-tamil-rgjq65decahgf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2017 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> Vikram Prabhu has ventured into production through ''[[Neruppu Da]]'' (2017), and their promotions promised to talk about the hardships and lifestyle of the firemen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-09 |title=Neruppu Da (aka) Neruppudaa review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/neruppu-da/neruppu-da-review.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711005006/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/neruppu-da/neruppu-da-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After acting in action and serious subjects, Vikram Prabhu appears in a comedy role in his movie ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' (2018). Vikram Prabhu has played a dual role. The movie has [[Nikki Galrani]] in the female lead with [[Bindu Madhavi]]' s Tamil fame enacting an important character. Then he appeared in [[Radha Mohan]]' s, ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' (2018) and action thriller ''[[Thuppakki Munai]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-31 |title=60 Vayathu Maaniram movie review: Prakash Raj, Vikram Prabhu in a heart-warming film with stellar performances |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/60-vayathu-maaniram-movie-review-prakash-raj-vikram-prabhu-in-a-heart-warming-film-with-stellar-performances-5089401.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125205728/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/60-vayathu-maaniram-movie-review-prakash-raj-vikram-prabhu-in-a-heart-warming-film-with-stellar-performances-5089401.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thuppakki-munai-review-this-vikram-prabhu-film-makes-for-a-bland-thriller/article25741680.ece| title = 'Thuppakki Munai' review: This Vikram Prabhu film makes for a bland thriller – The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 14 December 2018| last1 = S| first1 = Srivatsan| access-date = 12 March 2021| archive-date = 29 April 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220429214652/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thuppakki-munai-review-this-vikram-prabhu-film-makes-for-a-bland-thriller/article25741680.ece| url-status = live}}</ref>

===2020–present===

The next was a family ensemble cast led by veterans [[R. Sarathkumar]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], in Dhana Sekaran's ''[[Vaanam Kottatum]]'' (2020). [[Mani Ratnam]] producing and also co-writing. Vikram Prabhu's mature and believable performance is complemented by [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]. Then, ''[[Asuraguru]]'' (2020) is a below average heist thriller.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asuraguru review: Half baked action thriller |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/asuraguru-review--half-baked-action-thriller-review-tamil-udolmDdhffgee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314084157/https://www.sify.com/movies/asuraguru-review--half-baked-action-thriller-review-tamil-udolmDdhffgee.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2020 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> After, he starred in ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' (2021) and ''[[Taanakkaran]]'' (2022). The 2 films were released in OTT and received positive reviews. Following this, he was cast in the 2 part multi-starter ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (2022) and ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]'' (2023). Both were directed by Mani Ratnam and based on [[Kalki Krishnamurthy|Kalki]]'s [[Ponniyin Selvan|eponymous novel]]. They ended up with positive reviews and commercial success. His next movie was ''[[Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku]]'' (2023), ''[[Irugapatru]]'' (2023) and ''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]'' (2023). Vikram Prabhu made his Telugu cinema debut with ''[[Ghaati]]'' (2025),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-15 |title=Vikram Prabhu to play Desi Reju in Ghaati; makers unveil character poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/15/vikram-prabhu-to-play-desi-reju-in-ghaati-makers-unveil-character-poster |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> co-starring with [[Anushka Shetty]] and directed by [[Krish Jagarlamudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-06 |title=Anushka Shetty's Ghaati set to release on this date; makers unveil new trailer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/06/anushka-shettys-ghaati-set-to-release-on-this-date-makers-unveil-new-trailer |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Vikram studied [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] in [[London]], completing an engineering programme, and briefly returned to Chennai to help out in the production activities of his family's [[Sivaji Productions]] venture, ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005).<ref name="behindwoods">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/feb-06-03/08-02-06-prabu.html|title=Tamil movies : Instead of clapboard it's wedlock for Prabhu's son|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=17 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117180007/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/feb-06-03/08-02-06-prabu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vikram-Prabhu-is-fun-to-be-with-says-Karthika/articleshow/13131209.cms|title='Vikram Prabhu is fun to be with says,' Karthikga|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=18 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118091440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/news-interviews/31700698_1_actress-karthika-sivaji-ganesan-actor|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 26 February 2007, Vikram married Lakshmi Ujjaini, the daughter of Industrialist 'Cavalier' Dr. M.S. Mathivanan.<ref>https://www.ssmcas.ac.in/leadership.php</ref><ref>http://msmathi.com/</ref><ref name="indiaglitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/11677.html|title=Events – Vikram Prabhu Weds Lakshmi Ujjaini|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=9 February 2014|archive-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217003700/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/11677.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==

* ''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vikram Prabhu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' || Bomman ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' || Gunasekhar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Arima Nambi]]'' || Arjun Krishna ||
|-
| ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' || Muralipandiyan ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || Murugan ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' || Arun ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Wagah (film)|Wagah]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Veera Sivaji]]'' || Sivaji ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' || Guna ||
|-
| ''[[Neruppu Da]]'' || Guru || Also producer
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 ||''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Dhoni Kumar, Pandi ||
|-
| ''[[60 Vayadu Maaniram]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| ''[[Thuppakki Munai]]'' || Birla Bose ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 || ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]'' ||Selva ||
|-
| ''[[Asuraguru]]'' || Shakthi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Pulikkuthi Pandi || [[Television film|TV film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||''[[Taanakkaran]]''|| Arivu (a) Arivazhagan ||
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''|| rowspan="2" |Parthibendra Pallava||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 ||''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku]]'' || Aravind ||
|-
| ''[[Irugapatru]]'' || Manohar ||
|-
| ''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025 || ''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || Ramachandran "Ram" ||
|-
|''[[Ghaati]]'' || Desi Raju ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-15 |title=Vikram Prabhu to play Desi Reju in Ghaati; makers unveil character poster |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/15/vikram-prabhu-to-play-desi-reju-in-ghaati-makers-unveil-character-poster |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]'' || [[Constable]] V. Kathiravan || 25th Film
|-
|}
{{pending films key}}

==Awards==
* [[Kalaimamani]] (2022) <ref name="NIE_Kalaimamani2025">
{{cite web
|title=SJ Suryah, Sai Pallavi, Vikram Prabhu, music composer Anirudh among Kalaimamani awardees
|website=The New Indian Express
|date=24 September 2025
|author=Express News Service
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Sep/24/sj-suryah-sai-pallavi-vikram-prabhu-music-composer-anirudh-among-kalaimamani-awardees
|access-date=24 September 2025
}}
</ref>
* [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor]] – ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012)
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] – Best Actor – ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012)
* [[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards#Debutant awards|SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actor]] – ''[[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]'' (2012)
* Audi Ritz Icon Awards (2014)
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]] - ''[[Taanakkaran]]'' (2022)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm5076645}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Male Débutante}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhu, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:24Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: creating a entry...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyan Rural
| constituency_no = 144
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 144-Kalyan Rural.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| district = [[Thane district|Thane]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rajesh More|Rajesh Govardhan More]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =510,315
}}
'''Kalyan Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Thane district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" />

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Thane taluka]] that is Ward nos. 6
& 7 of [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] and Ward nos. 6 & 7 of [[Thane Municipal Corporation]], parts of [[Kalyan taluka]] that is ward nos. 31 to 34, 51 to
56, 66, 67 and 69 to 77 of [[Kalyan Dombivali Municipal Corporation]] and Nilje and Hedutane sajas of Kalyan revenue circle.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-09}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Ramesh Ratan Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Subhash Bhoir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Pramod Ratan Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Rajesh More]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}

|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan Rural<ref name="Kalyan Rural Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Kalyan Rural Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/kalyan-rural |access-date=19 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219041851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/kalyan-rural |archive-date=19 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalyan Rural">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalyan Rural |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13144.htm |accessdate=19 December 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219041926/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13144.htm |archivedate=19 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajesh More|Rajesh Govardhan More]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 1,41,164 |percentage = 48.13% |change={{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pramod Ratan Patil]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 74,768 |percentage = 25.49% |change={{decrease}}23.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Bhoir]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 70,062 |percentage = 23.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikas Prakash Ingle |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 3,330 |percentage = 1.14% |change={{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,734 |percentage = 0.93% |change={{decrease}}2.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 66,396 |percentage = 22.64% |change= {{increase}}18.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 2,96,039 |percentage = 58.01% |change= {{increase}}12.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 2,93,305}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,10,315|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan Rural<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Pramod Ratan Patil]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 93,927 |percentage = 48.97% |change={{increase}}23.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhatre Ramesh Sukrya |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 86,773 |percentage = 45.24% |change={{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amol Dhanraj Kendre |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,199 |percentage = 3.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 6,092 |percentage = 3.18% |change={{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shiva Krishnamurthy Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,156 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,154 |percentage = 3.73% |change= {{decrease}}23.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,97,939 |percentage = 46.58% |change= {{decrease}}0.58 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,91,822}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,24,976|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan Rural<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Subhash Bhoir]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 84,110 |percentage = 52.68% |change={{increase}}19.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Ratan Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 39,898 |percentage = 24.99% |change={{decrease}}16.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vandarsheth Pundlik Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 19,783 |percentage = 12.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sharda Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,213 |percentage = 5.77% |change={{decrease}}15.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 7,835 |percentage = 4.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagare Bharati Rajendra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,511 |percentage = 1.57% |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rohidas Bama Munde |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,401 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,212 |percentage = 27.69% |change= {{increase}}20.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,67,507 |percentage = 47.96% |change= {{decrease}}1.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,59,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,49,261|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{increase}}11.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kalyan Rural<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Ratan Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 51,149 |percentage = 41.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhatre Ramesh Sukarya |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 41,642 |percentage = 33.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravi Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 26,546 |percentage = 21.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wankhede Maruti Sukhaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,237 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vidyachandra Digambar Dixit |party=Independent politician |votes = 994 |percentage = 0.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajkant Parshuram Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 870 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,507 |percentage = 7.69% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,23,633 |percentage = 47.17% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,23,633}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,62,111|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.182|73.101|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Thane district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Politics of Thane district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Conversations with Waheeda Rehman

2026-04-11T09:25:47Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding post

{{short description|Biography by Nasreen Munni Kabir}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Conversations with Waheeda Rehman
| image = Conversations with Waheeda Rehman cover.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]]
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Waheeda Rehman]]
| genre = Biography
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]
| published = 19 February 2014
| media_type = Print
| pages = 256
| isbn = 978-06-70086-92-4
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
}}
'''''Conversations with Waheeda Rehman''''' is a biography by the producer of television documentaries and author [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]], documenting Kabir's extensive conversations with the actress [[Waheeda Rehman]] about the actress' life and career. The biography details Rehman's birth in 1938 in [[Chingleput]] (present-day Chengalpattu), her 54-year-long film career, and her 1974 marriage to the actor [[Kamaljeet]], with whom she has two children. It was published on 19 February 2014 by [[Penguin Books]]. The book generated positive reviews from [[Literary criticism|book critics]]; most of the praise was directed towards the book's question-and-answer format, and Kabir's and Rehman's style in questioning and answering, respectively.

In 1988, Kabir met Rehman while researching on [[Guru Dutt]]'s life. She met Rehman—his then frequent collaborator—to find more information about him for a documentary releasing the next year, ''[[In Search of Guru Dutt]]''. During these interactions, Kabir conceived the idea to write a book on the actress which later became ''Conversations with Waheeda Rehman''. Over the next decades, Kabir tried persuading Rehman to get involved in the book but was always rejected since Rehman believed her life was not interesting enough. While Kabir was nearly about to give up of the project, Rehman finally agreed to do so in 2012. Writing took place in [[Bandra]] from December 2012 to November 2013.

== Summary ==
The book begins with [[Waheeda Rehman]] telling [[Nasreen Munni Kabir]] about her early life and work. It includes her birth in 1938 in [[Chingleput]] (now Chengalpattu), her father Mohammed Abdur Rehman's death in 1951, and her appearance in the song "Eruvaaka Sagaroranno Chinnanna" from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film ''[[Rojulu Marayi]]'' (1955). The book later details how she got the opportunity, the shooting, and the song's popularity. Its success led a first meeting between her and the filmmaker [[Guru Dutt]], who would become her frequent collaborator. The two subsequently played starring roles in the romantic films ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960), and ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962)—she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for the first and last of these. After ''Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam'', she stopped collaborating with him and later starred in ''[[Guide (1965 film)|Guide]]'' (1965) and ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1968), both of which won her two [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] trophies at Filmfare. Rehman married to the actor [[Kamaljeet]] in 1974 and had two children. The book ends with information of her latest release, ''[[Delhi-6]]'' (2009), in which she portrayed a grandmother.

== Development and writing ==
Kabir was researching for Dutt's life, which resulted in two books—''[[Guru Dutt: A Life in Cinema]]'' (1996) and ''[[Yours Guru Dutt]]'' (2006)—and the documentary ''[[In Search of Guru Dutt]]'' (1989), when she had a desire to meet Rehman for the first time.{{sfn|Bamzai|2006}}{{sfn|Kabir|2014|p=vi}} According to Kabir, Rehman was an important part in the research regarding Dutt, as she had collaborated with him in most films he made. In 1987, having returned from [[London]], Kabir went to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and attempted many failed calls to Rehman through her telephone. When Rehman finally responded in mid-1988, Kabir explained about the documentary she would make and Rehman agreed to hold a meeting with her.{{sfn|Kabir|2014|p=vi}} In ''Conversations with Waheeda Rehman''{{'s}} foreword, Kabir stated that Rehman, however, was initially reluctant about the project, since documentaries on Indian film personalities were rare at the time.{{sfn|Kabir|2014|p=vi}}

{{quote box
| quote = Cinema is seductive; you see a film that is entertaining and you think it is great. But will you continue to think so 10 years later? You need time and reflection. And Waheedaji is just like [[Lata Mangeshkar]] or [[Gulzar]], [[Javed Akhtar]] or [[A. R. Rahman]] ... These are people who have the most to tell; the people I am interested in.
| source =[[Nasreen Munni Kabir]] on the idea of ''Conversations with Waheeda Rehman''{{sfn|Sarma|2014a}}
| align = left
| width = 25em
}}
Soon, Kabir arrived in Rehman's apartment in [[Bandra]]. She wrote of her experience, "When Waheeda Rehman opened the door, I was overwhelmed by images of her lifelike screen character ... [She] has had such an emotional impact of us all that it took a few minutes for the sheer excitement to settle."{{sfn|Kabir|2014|p=vii}} Kabir said that the purpose was to find more information on Dutt and an interview of hers would be featured in the documentary. Rehman spoke of her days with the filmmaker enthusiastically. Kabir met Rehman once more in 1990 for a documentary on the playback singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. Fifteen years later, she asked Rehman if she could write a book about her life, but the idea was later disapproved by the actress, thinking that it would not be interesting.{{sfn|Kabir|2014|p=ix}}{{sfn|Singh|2014}}

Kabir kept trying to persuade Rehman and, in 2012, she finally gave her permission while the two were having meal at an Iranian restaurant in [[Edgware Road]], London, telling her: "Maine kaafi taal diya, Nasreen ko" ("I have postponed it too many times, Nasreen").{{sfn|Sarma|2014a}}{{sfn|Ghose|2014}} The author sent copies for her ''[[Lata Mangeshkar ...in Her Own Voice]]'' (2009) and ''[[In the Company of a Poet]]'' (2012), so Rehman could know what book they would do. The conversations took place from December 2012 to November 2013 in Bandra, with more than twenty-five meetings and a two-hour duration for each sessions. Kabir noted Rehman's strong memory, adding, "... her insight into the craft of film-making shows a keen and alert intelligence."{{sfn|Kabir|2014|pp=ix–x}} The material—in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[English language|English]]—were recorded on her [[MacBook Pro]] and later transcribed.{{sfn|Kabir|2014|p=x}} ''Conversations with Waheeda Rehman'' was announced by the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' in 2013.{{sfn|Lalwani|2013}}

== Critical reception ==
Critics received the book positively.{{sfn|Usman|2014|p=341}} [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it three stars, writing that it chronicles well enough Rehman's journey from being a dancer in item numbers to an established actress. However, the critic was disappointed as the book mostly details her collaboration with Dutt only and lacks of information about her personal life.{{sfn|Bollywood Hungama|2014}} Reviewing for ''[[India Today]]'', Sharla Bazliel agreed its content primarily describes her works with Dutt, but praised Rehman for her honest and humorous speaking style.{{sfn|Bazliel|2014}} [[Rajeev Masand]] described it as a free-flowing question-and-answer biography and "an engaging and revealing account of her times".{{sfn|Masand|2014}} While suggesting Kabir to add more pictures of Rehman, Ramya Sarma from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote a positive review, stating that "she [Rehman] is not just a treasure that Indian cinemagoers have been fortunate enough to watch on screen, but from her conversations, a delightful person to know with a memory that is rich and varied ... "{{sfn|Sarma|2014b}} Saba Shabbir, who did a review for ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', referred to the book as "candid, real, and personal", and praised its vivid details on Rehman's life and career.{{sfn|Shabbir|2014}}

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] noted in his review for the magazine ''[[Tehelka]]'' that the book is a "befitting document of a glorious career", explaining that it is "as much a tribute to the eventful life of an exceptional actress as it is a lucid record of a period of moviemaking that set the bar so extraordinarily high that it has rarely been touched since."{{sfn|Chatterjee|2014}} [[Scroll.in]]'s Gautam Chintamani concluded the book is a "fascinating insight into ... one of Indian cinema's all-time greats ... and the greatest period of Hindi cinema".{{sfn|Chintamani|2014}} Vikas Datta of the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] wrote ''Conversations with Waheeda Rehman'' is not a biography nor an autobiography, "but goes far beyond their limitations to provide a fairly comprehensive account of a remarkable actress whose ethereal beauty has lit the screen in the many unforgettable roles she has essayed—but always on her terms." Datta felt the book was easy to read as well and appreciated Kabir's effort to collect Rehman's rare photographs.{{sfn|Datta|2014}} Calling it "a valuable addition to film lovers", Pallab Bhattacharya of ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', a newspaper based in Bangladesh, acclaimed the book for its "refreshing" format and revealing much unknown information of the subject.{{sfn|Bhattacharya|2014}} ''[[The Free Press Journal]]''{{'s}} P. P. Ramachandran said, "A slice of cinema history told through compelling anecdotes and observations, it provides a rare glimpse of the real Waheeda."{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014}}

Sidharth Bhatia of ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' stated that Rehman was often associated with Dutt before the latter's death in 1964,{{sfn|Usman|2021|pp=10–11}} and believed that it was the main reason why Kabir made the book partially focuses on their professional life. Bhatia took note of Kabir's gentle and understandable questioning style, claiming that those made the conversations were not boring and convoluted.{{sfn|Bhatia|2014}} In a review in ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Aradhika Sharma likened reading the book with looking at an old family album with pictures of familiar family members.{{sfn|Sharma|2014}} ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''{{'s}} Sathya Saran praised Kabir to be the only biographer who succeeded to make Rehman agreed for being interviewed,{{sfn|Saran|2014}} and Shubhra Gupta from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' labelled the book as an "intimate yet lively" work about her.{{sfn|Gupta|2014}} Vivek Tejuja of [[News18]] mentioned that the conversations was done clearly, candidly, and politely.{{sfn|Tejuja|2014}} In ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Indrajit Hazra elaborated, "To hear her speak in this book can only force us to rewatch the Waheeda Rehman that still holds us in a trance."{{sfn|Hazra|2014}} In her end-year column for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Saudamini Jain declared it as "the first book about one of Bollywood's most beautiful actresses ever".{{sfn|Jain|2014}}

== Publication history ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"|Region
! scope="col"|Release date
! scope="col"|Language
! scope="col"|Format
! scope="col"|Publisher
! scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |India
|19 February 2014
| rowspan="3" |English
|Hardcover
| rowspan="3" |[[Penguin Books]]
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Kabir|2014}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |15 March 2015
|Paperback
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Kabir|2015a}}
|-
|[[Amazon Kindle]]
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Kabir|2015b}}
|-
|1 July 2015
|Marathi
|Paperback
|Rohan Prakashan
| style="text-align: center;"|{{sfn|Kabir|2015c}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|20em}}
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* {{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pallab |date=12 May 2014 |title=Greatness wrapped in humility |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/greatness-wrapped-in-humility-23690 |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515002016/https://www.thedailystar.net/greatness-wrapped-in-humility-23690 |archive-date=15 May 2014}}
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* {{Cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Book review – Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-conversations-with-waheeda-rehman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407104458/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-conversations-with-waheeda-rehman/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |ref={{Sfnref|Bollywood Hungama|2014}}}}
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* {{Cite web |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=30 November 2014 |title=Star biographies: can a film-star's life be an open book? |url=https://scroll.in/article/692333/star-biographies-can-a-film-stars-life-be-an-open-book |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503121003/https://scroll.in/article/692333/star-biographies-can-a-film-stars-life-be-an-open-book |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Vikas |date=9 April 2014 |title='Conversations With Waheeda Rehman': The endearing story of a remarkable actress (Book Review) |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman-the-endearing-story-of-a-remarkable-actress-book-review-114040900414_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309035535/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman-the-endearing-story-of-a-remarkable-actress-book-review-114040900414_1.html |archive-date=9 March 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |date=23 June 2014 |title=The backstory of Waheeda Rehman's biography |work=[[Vogue India]] |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/backstory-waheeda-rehman-biography |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713191347/http://www.vogue.in/content/backstory-waheeda-rehman-biography |archive-date=13 July 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=26 April 2014 |title=Rosie Remembers |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rosie-remembers/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724092833/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rosie-remembers/ |archive-date=24 July 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last=Hazra |first=Indrajit |date=11 May 2014 |title=Dialogues with a Cinematic Diva |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2014/may/11/dialogues-with-a-cinematic-diva-610902.html |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702094633/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2014/may/11/Dialogues-with-a-Cinematic-Diva-610902.html |archive-date=2 July 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Saudamini |date=28 December 2014 |title=Looking back at 2014 in books |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/looking-back-at-2014-in-books/story-0tza9Z75S12QSbTm5apKTI.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726160902/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/looking-back-at-2014-in-books/story-0tza9Z75S12QSbTm5apKTI.html |archive-date=26 July 2017}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |date=19 February 2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-06-70086-92-4 |location=New Delhi, India |author-link=Nasreen Munni Kabir}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-01-43424-03-1 |location=New Delhi, India |ref={{Sfnref|Kabir|2015a}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |date=15 March 2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New Delhi, India |id={{ASIN|B06XYQ2YWR|country=in}} |ref={{Sfnref|Kabir|2015b}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Nasreen Munni |title=Waheeda Rehman: Hitagujatun Ulagadleli |date=1 July 2015 |publisher=Rohan Prakashan |isbn=978-93-82591-69-6 |language=Marathi |translator-last=Champanerkar |translator-first=Milind |ref={{Sfnref|Kabir|2015c}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |date=11 October 2013 |title=Nasreen Munni Kabir to pen Waheeda's story |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nasreen-munni-kabir-a-r-rahman-gulzar-waheeda-rehman/articleshow/23948017.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623080000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nasreen-munni-kabir-a-r-rahman-gulzar-waheeda-rehman/articleshow/23948017.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=23 June 2021}}
* {{Cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=24 March 2014 |title=Waheeda Rehman: "Dev Anand was always a decent flirt" |url=https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/video-vault/waheeda-rehman-dev-anand-was-always-a-decent-flirt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702072212/https://rajeevmasand.com/admin/video-vault/waheeda-rehman-dev-anand-was-always-a-decent-flirt/ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |publisher=RajeevMasand.com}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=P. P. |date=22 June 2014 |title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622130740/https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman |archive-date=22 June 2021}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=29 March 2014 |title=Nasreen Munni Kabir {{!}} My biggest problem is, who next? |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vszsnH7XCQCnC8PoE2oSoN/Nasreen-Munni-Kabir--My-biggest-problem-is-who-next.html |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002034329/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vszsnH7XCQCnC8PoE2oSoN/Nasreen-Munni-Kabir--My-biggest-problem-is-who-next.html |archive-date=2 October 2019}}
* {{Cite news |last=Saran |first=Sathya |date=28 April 2014 |title=Mirror On A Full Moon |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mirror-on-a-full-moon/290301 |url-status=dead |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022538/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mirror-on-a-full-moon/290301 |archive-date=12 March 2018}}
* {{Cite news |last=Sarma |first=Ramya |date=12 April 2014 |title=Looking back at a lifetime |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/looking-back-at-a-lifetime/article5905090.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624030007/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/looking-back-at-a-lifetime/article5905090.ece |archive-date=24 June 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Sarma|2014a}}}}
* {{Cite news |last=Sarma |first=Ramya |date=14 April 2014 |title=Down memory lane with a soulful actor |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/down-memory-lane-with-a-soulful-actor/article5912132.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421061205/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/down-memory-lane-with-a-soulful-actor/article5912132.ece |archive-date=21 April 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Sarma|2014b}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jai Arjun |author-link=Jai Arjun Singh |date=8 April 2014 |title=Stillness and tehzeeb: Nasreen Munni Kabir on Waheeda Rehman |url=http://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/2014/04/stillness-and-tehzeeb-nasreen-munni.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325011134/http://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/2014/04/stillness-and-tehzeeb-nasreen-munni.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=2 July 2021 |publisher=Jabberwock}}
* {{Cite news |last=Shabbir |first=Saba |date=17 August 2014 |title=Review: Conversations with Waheeda Rehman by Nasreen Munni Kabir |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1125715 |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007022853/http://www.dawn.com/news/1125715 |archive-date=7 October 2014}}
* {{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Aradhika |date=29 June 2014 |title=The mettle of a true star |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140629/spectrum/book3.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707181155/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140629/spectrum/book3.htm |archive-date=7 July 2014}}
* {{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar |title-link=Rajesh Khanna: The Untold Story of India's First Superstar |date=5 December 2014 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-9-351-18875-9 |location=Gurgaon, India |author-link=Yasser Usman}}
* {{Cite book |last=Usman |first=Yasser |title=[[Guru Dutt: An Unfinished Story]] |date=7 January 2021 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-93-86797-89-6 |location=Noida, India}}
* {{Cite news |last=Tejuja |first=Vivek |date=28 March 2014 |title='Conversations with Waheeda Rehman': You will be left thinking about it |publisher=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman-you-will-be-left-thinking-about-it-676913.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622130747/https://www.news18.com/news/books/conversations-with-waheeda-rehman-you-will-be-left-thinking-about-it-676913.html |archive-date=22 June 2021}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|id=tqfzAgAAQBAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographies about actors]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]

Savitri Khanolkar

2026-04-06T08:26:44Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting new data - done

{{Short description|Swiss-Indian designer (1913-1990)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Savitri Khanolkar
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Eve Yvonne Maday de Maros
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1913|07|20}}
| birth_place = [[Neuchâtel]], Switzerland
| baptised = 
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|11|26|1913|07|20}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| citizenship = {{hlist|Swiss|Indian}}
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for = Designer of [[Param Vir Chakra]]
| notable_works = 
| style =
| spouse = {{marriage |[[Major general|Maj. Gen.]] [[Vikram Ramji Khanolkar]]|1932|1952|end=died}}
| children =
| mother = Marthe Hentzelt
| father = André de Maday
| relatives =
| family =
| awards =
| module =
| signature =
| signature_size =
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| footnotes =
}}
'''Savitri Bai Khanolkar''' (born '''Eve Yvonne Maday de Maros''', 20 July 1913 – 26 November 1990)<ref name=tribune/> was a Swiss-Indian designer, best known for designing the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest [[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|military decoration]], awarded for displaying distinguished acts of valour during [[wikt:wartime|wartime]]. Khanolkar also designed several other major gallantry medals including the Ashok Chakra (AC), Maha Vir Chakra (MVC), Kirti Chakra (KC), Vir Chakra (VrC) and Shaurya Chakra (SC). She had also designed the General Service Medal 1947, which was used until 1965.<ref name="Veer Gatha"/> Khanolkar was also a painter and an artist.

Born Eve Yvonne Maday de Maros in [[Neuchâtel]], Switzerland, she married Indian Army [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]] (later [[Major General]]) [[Vikram Ramji Khanolkar]] in 1932, and subsequently changed her name to Savitri Bai Khanolkar, became a [[Hindu]] and acquired Indian citizenship.

Soon after [[independence of India|Indian independence]], she was asked by the Adjutant General [[Major General]] [[Hira Lal Atal]] to design India's highest award for bravery in combat, the [[Param Vir Chakra]].<ref name=tribune>{{cite web | title = Honouring the Bravest of the Brave |author=Satyindra Singh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun20/sunday/head2.htm |newspaper=The Tribune, Chandigarh |date=20 June 1999| access-date = 2014-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = The first Param Vir Chakra | url = http://www.sify.com/news/the-first-param-vir-chakra-news-national-jegtl2hjjdg.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101027204532/http://sify.com/news/the-first-param-vir-chakra-news-national-jegtl2hjjdg.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 27, 2010 |author=Sumit Walia|website=[[Sify]]|date=Jan 23, 2009| access-date = 2014-08-13 }}</ref> Major General Atal had been given the responsibility of creating and naming independent India's new military decorations. His reasons for choosing Khanolkar were her deep and intimate knowledge of Indian culture, [[Sanskrit]] and [[Vedas]], which he hoped would give the design a truly Indian ethos.

Coincidentally, the first [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]] was awarded to her elder daughter Kumudini Sharma's brother-in-law [[Somnath Sharma|Major Somnath Sharma]] from 4 [[Kumaon Regiment]] who was [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]] awarded the decoration on 3 November 1947 during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] in [[Kashmir]].<ref name="Veer Gatha"/>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Neuchâtel]], Switzerland to a [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] father André de Maday, professor of sociology at [[Geneva University]] and President of the Société de Sociologie de Genève, and [[Russians|Russian]] mother Marthe Hentzelt, who taught at the [[Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau ('''Rousseau Institute''')]], she spent her early childhood in [[Geneva]], where she grew to be a compassionate girl with a love of nature and the outdoors. In 1929, when she was still a teenager, she met [[Vikram Ramji Khanolkar]]. From a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family, Khanolkar was a young [[Indian Army]] cadet undergoing training at the [[Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst]] in the United Kingdom, and was visiting Switzerland during a term break. Although he was many years older than she was, Eve fell in love with him. Her father however, did not agree to let her go away to a faraway country like India but Eve was a determined young woman, and her love was strong. She followed Vikram to India a few years later, and in 1932, she married him in Lucknow.<ref>{{citation|title=Param Vir|first= Ian|last= Cardozo|publisher= Lotus|year= 2003|isbn= 978-8174362629}}</ref> She subsequently changed her name to Savitri Bai Khanolkar.

== Indian connection ==
Savitri Bai identified so closely with Hindu traditions and ideals, that her integration into Indian society was simple. She was a [[vegetarian]], learned to speak fluent [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit]] and [[Hindi]] and learned [[Music of India|Indian music]], dance and painting. She always claimed she had been "born in Europe by mistake" as she was an “Indian soul” and disliked being referred to as a “foreigner.” She was so fascinated with Indian culture she read extensively from [[Hindu]] scriptures and had a deep knowledge of India's ancient history and legends. It was this knowledge which led [[Major General]] [[Hira Lal Atal]], the creator of the [[Param Vir Chakra]], to ask for Savitri Bai's help in designing a medal that would truly symbolize the highest bravery.

== The design of Param Vir Chakra ==

Savitribai thought of the sage [[Dadhichi]] – a vedic rishi who made the ultimate sacrifice to the Gods. He gave up his body so the Gods could fashion a deadly weapon – a [[Vajra]], or thunderbolt, from his spine. Savitribai gave [[Major General]] [[Hira Lal Atal]], the design of the double [[Vajra]], common in [[Tibet]]. It is said that Savitri Bai Khanolkar, after studying India's history, wanted to make a mark of [[Shivaji]] to give him a tribute, whom she found out was one of the greatest [[Hindu]] warriors ever born, so she ensured [[Shivaji]] sword bhavani was placed into India's highest wartime medal, she made a design in which Indra's vajra was surrounded on two sides by Shivaji's sword bhavani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Param Vir Chakra: Story of India's Highest Gallantry Award|url=https://www.jammukashmirnow.com/Encyc/2020/9/1/Param-Vir-Chakra-Story.amp.html|access-date=2021-02-10|website=www.jammukashmirnow.com|language=en}}</ref>

The medal itself is a small one. It is cast in [[bronze]] with a diameter of {{convert|13/8|in|mm}}. In the centre, on a raised circle, is the state emblem, surrounded by four replicas of Indra's [[Vajra]], flanked by swords. The decoration is suspended from a straight swiveling suspension bar, and is held by a 32 mm [[purple]] ribbon.

== Later life ==
Savitri Bai had always done a lot a social work which she continued in her later years, working with soldiers and their families and refugees who had been displaced during the [[Partition of India|Partition]]. After her husband's death in 1952, she found refuge in spirituality, and retired to the [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Math]]. She wrote a book on the Saints of [[Maharashtra]] that is still popular today.

== Death ==
Savitri Bai Khanolkar died on 26 November 1990.<ref name="Veer Gatha">{{cite web|title=Veer Gatha:Stories of Param Vir Chakra Awardees|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/publication/Miscellaneous/pdf_files/veergatha.pdf|website=NCERT|access-date=18 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|title=The Swiss-born who crafted Param Vir Chakra|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-swiss-born-who-crafted-param-vir-chakra-113072000005_1.html|access-date=11 February 2018|work=Business Standard India|date=20 July 2013}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040109003519/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov01/os3.asp |date=9 January 2004 |title=The Paramvir Chakra and A Young Girl's Compassion }}
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun20/sunday/head2.htm Lt. Gen Harbaksh Singh's account]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanolkar, Savitri}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Neuchâtel]]
[[Category:Swiss designers]]
[[Category:Swiss women painters]]
[[Category:Swiss people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Swiss people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Swiss emigrants to India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Indian people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of India]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century women painters]]

D.K. Tiwari

2026-04-04T04:21:26Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding a details - done

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Infobox civil servant
| name = Devendra Kumar Tiwari
| office = State Election Commissioner of Jharkhand
| term_start = 10 February 2021
| term_end = 31 March 2025
| predecessor = N N Pandey
| successor =Alka Tiwari
| office2 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| term_start2 = 1 April 2019
| term_end2 = 31 March 2020
| predecessor2 = Sudhir Tripathi
| successor2 = Sukhdev Singh
| birth_name = Devendra Kumar Tiwari
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|03|26|df=y}}
| spouse = Alka Tiwari
| alma_mater = [[King George's Medical University]] [[Ranchi University]] [[University of Manchester]]
| occupation = [[IAS officer]], [[Civil servant]]
| relatives = [[R. K. Tiwari]] (brother)<ref>{{cite news |title=यूपी के इस घर में हैं 4 IAS अधिकारी, कौन है ये तिवारी परिवार? बहू भी बनी झारखंड की मुख्य सचिव |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mahoba-mahoba-tiwari-family-four-ias-officers-daughter-in-law-alka-tiwari-new-chief-secretary-of-jharkhand-8811732.html |work=News18 हिंदी |date=4 November 2024 |language=hi}}</ref>
}}

'''Devendra Kumar Tiwari''' (born March 26, 1960) is a retired Indian [[civil servant]] and a 1986 batch officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] from the [[Jharkhand]] cadre. He served as the State Election Commissioner of Jharkhand from 10 February 2021 till 31 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alka Tiwari appointed State Election Commissioner in Jharkhand |url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/147511/alka-tiwari-appointed-state-election-commissioner-in-jharkhand.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.crosstownnews.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=Dr DK Tiwari appointed State Election Commissioner |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/dr-dk-tiwari-appointed--state-election-commissioner.html |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> Previously, he was the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of Jharkhand, holding the office from 1 April 2019 to 31 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title=DK Tiwari takes charge as new CS |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dk-tiwari-takes-charge-as-new-cs.html |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=झारखंड: मुख्य सचिव डॉ डीके तिवारी हुए रिटायर, सुखदेव सिंह ने ली जगह |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-chief-secretary-dr-dk-tiwari-retired-sukhdev-singh-replaced-him-jhnj-2978056.html |work=News18 हिंदी |date=1 April 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==

Tiwari holds an MBBS degree from [[King George's Medical University]], a Bachelor of Laws degree from Chotanagpur Law College and a Master of Arts in Economics from the [[University of Manchester]].<ref>{{cite news |title=डॉ. डीके तिवारी झारखंड के नए मुख्य सचिव बनाए गए |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/story-jharkhand-dk-tiwari-becomes-new-chief-secretary-after-becoming-an-ias-studying-abroad-everything-about-him-2469682.html |publisher=Hindustan |date=31 March 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Tiwari has held several key positions in the [[Government of Bihar]] and the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. He was District Magistrate and Collector of Kishanganj and Chhapra districts in Bihar. In Jharkhand, he served as Secretary in departments such as Building Construction, Water Resources, and Health, as well as Principal Secretary to the Chief Minister. He has also worked as Principal Secretary (Human Resources and Planning) and Principal Resident Commissioner at Jharkhand Bhavan, New Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In June 2018, he was appointed as the Development Commissioner of Jharkhand, and in April 2019, as Chief Secretary of Jharkhand, where he served until March 31, 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=D K Tiwari IAS appointed Development Commissioner- Jharkhand {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/d-k-tiwari-ias-appointed-development-commissioner-jharkhand/ |date=7 June 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, D.K.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:King George's Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]

Ajay Singh Kilak

2026-04-02T04:12:30Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Singh Kilak
| office = Member of [[13th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Degana Assembly constituency|Degana]]
| predecessor = Richpal Singh Mirdha
| successor =
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2013
| office1 = Member of [[14th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Degana Assembly constituency|Degana]]
| predecessor1 = Richhpal Singh
| successor1 = [[Vijaypal Mirdha]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| office2 = Member of [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Degana Assembly constituency|Degana]]
| country = India
| assembly = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor2 = [[Vijaypal Mirdha]]
| successor2 =
| term_start2 = 16 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| source =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father =
| mother =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Ajay Singh Kilak''' is an Indian politician currently serving as a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Degana-112|title=Degana Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> representing the [[Degana Assembly constituency]] as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/degana-constituency/|title=Degana Election 2023: Get Latest News Updates of the Degana Constituency Seat in Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023.|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Political career==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as an MLA from the Degana Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/degana-assembly-result-20112|title=Degana Assembly Election Results 2023: Degana Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi | डेगाना विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 – AajTak|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref> He defeated [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate Vijaypal Mirdha with 7,755 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/degana|title=Degana Constituency Election Results 2023: Degana Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/degana-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470727-2023-12-03|title=Degana Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Ajay Singh wins Degana with 87919 votes|website=India Today|date=3 December 2023 }}</ref>

From 2008 to 2018, he was MLA from Degana Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/degana-constituency-112|title=Rajasthan Degana Assembly Election Result 2023 Live: Date, Candidates, Vote Percentage, राजस्थान डेगाना विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kilak, Ajay Singh}}
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur]]

Vidisha Srivastava

2026-03-28T16:33:18Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting new details - done

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vidisha Srivastava
| image = Vidisha Srivastava.jpeg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 28 April 1988
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| relatives = [[Shanvi Srivastava]] (sister)
| spouse = {{marriage|Sayak Paul|December 2016}}
| children = 1
| website =
| yearsactive = 2004–present
}}
'''Vidisha Srivastava''' is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films and [[Hindi]] television. She is known for playing Anita Mishra in ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]].''

==Early life==
Vidisha hails from [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="TOI_Jun2022"/> She has one elder brother and one younger sister actress [[Shanvi Srivastava]]. She graduated with a degree in [[biotechnology]] and did a course in business management.<ref name="archive1">{{cite web|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=25&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar02501&publabel=TOI |title=Times of India Publications |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=16 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216205336/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=25&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIA&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar02501&publabel=TOI |archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Vidisha was an aspiring actor but started her career as a model.<ref name="archive1"/> She made her television debut at 16 with ''Chaudah Phere'' in 2004 , A Doordarshan Serial in which she played the lead character.<ref name="TOI_Mar2022">{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |date=Mar 24, 2022 |title=Exclusive - Bhabi Ji's Vidisha Srivastava on facing rejections: Once I had packed my bags to leave for shoot & I learnt someone else was cast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tellyblazer-exclusive-bhabi-jis-vidisha-srivastava-on-facing-rejections-once-i-had-packed-my-bags-to-leave-for-shoot-i-learnt-someone-else-was-cast/articleshow/90414684.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=Mar 6, 2026}}</ref>

She made her film debut at 19 <ref name="archive1"/> in [[SP Entertainments]]'s ''Maa Iddari Madhya''. In 2007, she had three releases in early 2007, ''Alaa'', ''Prem'' and in [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]'s ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]'', out of which ''Athili Sattibabu LKG'' was a hit.
Oneindia in its ''Alaa'' review wrote that Vidisha "looked gorgeous and she is the only saving grace adding to the film the glamour quotient of the film". About her performance in ''Athili Sattibabu LKG'', [[Sify]] wrote, "Vidisha is superb in dance sequences and proved her mettle as a good dancer. She also has enough scope to display her talents". Similarly, Indiaglitz wrote, "Vidisha had performed well, besides filling the glamour slot".

Later in 2007 she made her Kannada debut in ''[[Nali Naliyutha]]'' (2007). [[The Times of India]] wrote, "Vidisha is a perfect choice for the role",<ref>{{cite news |title=Nali Naliyutha Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nali-naliyutha/movie-review/2328368.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> while [[Rediff]] wrote that she "is yet to learn what acting is all about though she looks glamorous".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vijayasarathy |first1=R. G. |title=Nali Naliyutha: Just average |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/nali/20070903.htm |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=Rediff |date=3 September 2007}}</ref> Her first Tamil film was ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'', released in 2008 <ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Pavithra |title=Kathavaraayan, a mindless outing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/03ssk.htm |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=Rediff |date=3 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-k-factor-kaathavaraayan/article1434463.ece |title=The K factor - Kaathavaraayan |work=The Hindu |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=16 February 2014}}</ref> and her first Malayalam film ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'' released in 2011. She returned to Telugu cinema in 2012 with ''[[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]]'' and 123telugu.com wrote that she was good and "may have some future in the industry if she takes care of her projects". She also worked in a Kannada film, ''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'', again.

After 13 years, She returned to television with [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]] as Roshni Bhalla in 2017. Later in 2019 she played the role of Ratri Gujral in [[Meri Gudiya]] which gone off air in 2020, due Covid 19 Outbreak in India. She also played the role of Sita in
[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran ]] and Devi Parvati in Kahat Hanuman Jai Shri Ram 2020 and [[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]] in 2021 and Shiu Krishna Joshi in [[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]] from 2021 to 2022.

Since 2022 , She is playing the lead role of Anita Vibhuti Narayan Mishra in Popular Hindi Sitcom [[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain]] opposite [[Aasif Sheikh ]] for which she got praised by the audience over the years.

In 2026, She made her comeback in films from [[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun On The Run]] based on her longest Indian television series [[Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hain]] opposite [[Aasif Sheikh]].

==Personal life==
Vidisha married Sayak Paul in December 2016 in her hometown Varanasi.<ref name="TOI_Jun2022">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Exclusive: I didn't hide my marriage. I just didn't speak about it, says Vidisha Srivastava aka Anita Bhabhi of Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-didnt-hide-my-marriage-i-just-didnt-speak-about-it-says-vidisha-srivastava-aka-anita-bhabhi-of-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai/articleshow/92033789.cms |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B51F259nNMu/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D |title=Happy 3rd my love @vidishasrivastava |date=9 December 2019 |website=Instagram |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> Paul works in a mining company in Ranchi and is from [[Kolkata]].<ref name="TOI_Jun2022"/><ref name="TOI_Mar2023">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Exclusive! Vidisha Srivastava aka Anita Bhabhi of Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai! is expecting; the baby is due in June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-vidisha-srivastava-aka-anita-bhabhi-of-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-is-expecting-the-baby-is-due-in-june/articleshow/98729434.cms |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=18 March 2023}}</ref> She gave birth to a daughter in July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Vidisha Srivastava aka Gori Mem of Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai! blessed with a baby girl; plans to resume the shoot a month-and-a-half later |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vidisha-srivastava-aka-gori-mem-of-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-plans-to-resume-the-shoot-a-month-and-a-half-later/articleshow/101755697.cms |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007 || ''Maa Iddari Madhya''|| Shivani || rowspan=4|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|-
| ''Alaa'' || ||
|-
| ''Prem'' || Pavithaa||
|-
| ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]'' || Ammulu ||
|-
| ''[[Nali Naliyutha]]'' || Jennifer || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' || Malti || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'' || Lakshmi Thampuratty || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]]'' || Swapna || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'' || Spoorthi|| Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || Riya Rana || Telugu ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain! Fun On The Run]]''
|Anita Vibhuti Narayan Mishra
|Hindi
|
|-
|}

===Television===
[[File:Vidisha Srivastava.gif|thumb|right|[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]] 1500 Episode Celebration with Bhangra Dance]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
|2004
|'' Chaudah Phere''
|
| <ref name="TOI_Mar2022"/>
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| Roshni Bhalla
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Meri Gudiya]]''
| Ratrita "Ratri" Arora Gujral
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
| [[Sita]]
|
|-
| ''Kahat Hanuman Jai Shri Ram''
| rowspan="2" | Devi [[Parvati]]
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Vidisha Srivastava replaces Akangsha Rawat to play Parvati in 'Kahat Hanuman Jai Shri Ram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vidisha-srivastava-replaces-akangsha-rawat-to-play-parvati-in-kahat-hanuman-jai-shri-ram/articleshow/76786821.cms |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=5 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]''
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]''
| Shiu Krishna Joshi
|
|-
| 2022–present
| ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
| Anita Vibhuti Narayan Mishra
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farzeen |first1=Sana |title=Vidisha Srivastava on playing the new Anita in Bhabiji Ghar Par Hai: 'Will add my own tadka to the role' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vidisha-srivastava-on-playing-the-new-anita-in-bhabiji-ghar-par-hai-7799572/ |access-date=14 July 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vidisha Srivastava|Vidisha}}
*{{IMDb name|3170184|name=Vidisha}}
*{{Instagram|vidishasrivastava}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidisha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
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British Armed Forces

2026-03-27T12:50:02Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{short description|Combined military forces of the United Kingdom}}
{{Redirect|His Majesty's Armed Forces|the military of Tonga|His Majesty's Armed Forces (Tonga)}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox national military
| name = British Armed Forces
| image = [[File:MinistryofDefence.svg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
| caption = Badge of the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]
| image2 = [[File:Flag of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom).svg|190px]]
| caption2 = [[List of United Kingdom flags#Combined Forces|Flag of the Ministry of Defence]]
| branches = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|size=23px}} [[His Majesty's Naval Service|HM Naval Service]]
** {{navy|United Kingdom}}
** {{marines|United Kingdom}}
* {{army|United Kingdom}}
* {{air force|United Kingdom}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| headquarters = [[Ministry of Defence Main Building (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]], [[London]]
| commander-in-chief = {{Flagicon image|Royal standard of the United Kingdom.svg|size=25px}} [[Charles III|King Charles III]]
| commander-in-chief_title = [[Head of the Armed Forces]]
| chief minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|size=25px}} [[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]]
| chief minister_title = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]
| minister = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the British Secretary of State for Defence.svg|size=25px}} [[John Healey (politician)|John Healey]]
| minister_title = [[Secretary of State for Defence]]
| commander = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of the Defence Staff.svg|size=25px}} [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Rich Knighton|Sir Rich Knighton]]
{{Infobox |child=yes
| label1 = [[Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff]]
| data1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|size=25px}} [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Sharon Nesmith|Dame Sharon Nesmith]]
| label2 = [[Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| data2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|size=25px}} [[Warrant officer (United Kingdom)|Warrant Officer Class 1]] Sarah Cox
}}
| commander_title = [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
| age = {{nowrap|16–17 (with parental consent)}} 18 (without and to serve in combat)
| conscription = No{{efn|[[National Service Act 1948|National Service]] ended in 1960, though periods of deferred service still had to be completed. The last national servicemen were discharged in 1963.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National Service |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/overview/nationalservice/ |website=UK Parliament |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref>
| active = {{plainlist|
*137,100 regular forces personnel (October 2025)<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2025/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-october-2025#uk-service-personnel|title=Quarterly service personnel statistics 1 January 2025|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>
* 4,230 [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gurkhas]] (October 2025)<ref name="stats"/>
}}
| ranked =
| reserve = 31,940 [[Volunteer Reserves (United Kingdom)|volunteer reserve]] personnel (January 2025)<ref name="stats"/>
| deployed =
| amount = £62.0 billion (2025/26)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8175/|title=UK defence spending|date=28 May 2025|accessdate=26 July 2025|language=en}}</ref> (~US$83.3 billion)
| percent_GDP = 2.33% (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2024/6/pdf/240617-def-exp-2024-en.pdf#page=9/ |title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2024) |publisher=nato.int|date=17 June 2024|accessdate=18 June 2024|language=en}}</ref>
| domestic_suppliers = * [[Babcock International]]
* [[BAE Systems]]
* [[MBDA]]
* [[Qinetiq]]
* [[Rolls-Royce Holdings]]
* [[Serco]]
| foreign_suppliers = {{flag|United States}} {{flag|Israel}} {{flag|South Korea}} {{flag|Germany}} {{flag|France}} {{flag|Netherlands}} {{flag|Sweden}} {{flag|Spain}} {{flag|Finland}} {{flag|Canada}} {{flag|Croatia}} {{flag|Norway}}
| imports = $568.1 million (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_United Kingdom"/>
| exports = $1.074 billion (2014–2022)<ref name="SIPRI_United Kingdom">{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php|title=TIV of arms imports/exports data for United Kingdom, 2010-2021|date=7 February 2022|work=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref>
| history = [[Military history of the United Kingdom]] [[:Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Warfare directory of the United Kingdom]] [[List of conflicts involving the United Kingdom|Conflicts involving the United Kingdom]] [[:Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom|Battles involving the United Kingdom]]
| ranks = {{plainlist|
* '''Officer ranks'''
** [[Royal Navy officer rank insignia|Navy]]
** [[British Army officer rank insignia|Army]]
** [[RAF officer ranks|Air Force]]
* '''Other ranks'''
** [[Royal Navy other rank insignia|Navy]]
** [[British Army other ranks rank insignia|Army]]
** [[RAF other ranks|Air Force]]
}}
| founded = 1546 (Royal Navy) 1660 (British Army) 1918 (Royal Air Force)
}}

The '''British Armed Forces''' are the unified [[military|military forces]] responsible for the [[Defense (military)|defence]] of the [[United Kingdom]], its [[British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories]] and the [[Crown Dependencies]]. They also promote the UK's wider interests, support international [[peacekeeping]] efforts and provide [[humanitarian aid]].<ref>[http://www.armedforces.co.uk/mod/listings/l0002.html The Mission of the Armed Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202073054/http://www.armedforces.co.uk/mod/listings/l0002.html |date=2 February 2007 }}, armedforces.co.uk</ref> The force is known as '''His Majesty's Armed Forces''' due to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom | British monarch]]'s status as [[Head of the Armed Forces|commander-in-chief]] of the Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Forces Day |url=https://armybenevolentfund.org/celebrations/armed-forces-day/ |website=Army Benevolent Fund |access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ancre Somme Association |url=https://www.asauk.org/armed-forces |website=www.asauk.org |publisher=Ancre Somme Association Charity |access-date=16 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Since the formation of the united [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in [[Acts of Union 1707 | 1707]] (later succeeded by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] in [[Acts of Union 1800|1801]], and finally by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] in [[Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927|1927]]),<ref name=Union1707/> the British Armed Forces have seen action in most major wars involving the world's [[great power]]s, including the [[Seven Years' War]], the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[Crimean War]], the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]]. Britain's victories in most of these wars allowed it to influence world events and establish itself as one of the world's leading military and [[Economy|economic]] powers.<ref name=Johnston/> The British Armed Forces consist of: the [[Royal Navy]], a [[blue-water navy]] with a fleet of 62 commissioned and active ships, together with the [[Royal Marines]], a highly specialised amphibious light infantry force; the [[British Army]], the UK's [[land warfare]] branch; and the [[Royal Air Force]], a technologically sophisticated [[air force]] with a diverse operational fleet consisting of both fixed-wing and rotary aircraft. The British Armed Forces include standing forces, the [[Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)|Regular]], [[Volunteer Reserves (United Kingdom)|Volunteer]] and [[Sponsored Reserves|Sponsored]] Reserves.

[[King Charles III]], [[sovereign of the United Kingdom]], is the [[commander-in-chief]] and is styled as [[Head of the British Armed Forces|Head of the Armed Forces]],<ref name="Forces Queen and Armed Forces">[https://www.royal.uk/search?tags[0]=Queen%20and%20Armed%20 Forces Queen and Armed Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022030320/https://www.royal.uk/search?tags%5B0%5D=Queen%20and%20Armed%20 |date=22 October 2016 }}, royal.uk.</ref><ref name="army.mod.uk">[https://www.army.mod.uk/news-and-events/news/2023/05/the-kings-long-links-to-the-army/], May 2023. Retrieved on 24 November 2023.</ref> with officers and personnel swearing [[allegiance]] to him. Long-standing constitutional convention, however, has vested ''de facto'' executive authority, by the exercise of [[Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom|royal prerogative]], in the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] and the [[Secretary of State for Defence|secretary of state for defence]]. The Prime Minister (acting with the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]]) makes the key decisions on the use of the armed forces.<ref>[http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm71/7170/7170.pdf Governance of Britain], July 2007. Retrieved on 12 May 2013.</ref><ref>[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091111115352/http://www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/royal-prerogative.pdf Review of the Royal Prerogative Powers: Final Report], [[Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Justice]], October 2009. Retrieved on 12 May 2013.</ref> The [[UK Parliament]] approves the continued existence of the British Army by passing an [[Armed Forces Act]] at least once every five years, as required by the [[Bill of Rights 1689]]. Only a "standing army" requires reapproval by Parliament; the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and the Royal Marines and any other forces are not included in the requirement. The armed forces are managed by the [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]].

The [[United Kingdom]] is one of five [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|recognised nuclear powers]], a permanent member on the [[United Nations Security Council]], a founding and leading member of [[NATO]] and party to the [[AUKUS]] security pact and the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]]. Overseas garrisons and training facilities are maintained at [[Ascension Island]], [[Bahrain]], [[Belize]], [[Bermuda]], [[British Indian Ocean Territory]], [[Brunei]], [[Canada]], [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Cyprus]], the [[Falkland Islands]], [[Germany]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Kenya]], [[Montserrat]], [[Nepal]], [[Qatar]], [[Singapore]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=europarl/> The British Armed Forces provided military training to approximately 140 countries in 2024–25.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pollard |first=Luke |author-link=Luke Pollard |title=Answer to: Military Aid, Question for Ministry of Defence, UIN 60404, tabled on 16 June 2025 |website=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |date=24 June 2025 |access-date=23 August 2025 |url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2025-06-16/60404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823204259/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2025-06-16/60404 |archive-date=23 August 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Royal Navy|History of the British Army|History of the Royal Air Force}}
[[File:Jan Willem Pieneman00.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], 1815]]
[[File:Ourworldindata uk-defence-spending-as-a-percentage-of-gdp.png|thumb|Defence spending in the UK]]

===Organisation===
With the [[Acts of Union 1707]], the armed forces of England and Scotland were merged into the armed forces of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].<ref name=Union1707>[http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ Acts of Union 1707] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130147/http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |date=29 May 2012 }} parliament.uk, accessed 31 December 2010; [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm Uniting the kingdom?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308174527/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/uniting.htm |date=8 March 2016 }} nationalarchives.gov.uk, accessed 31 December 2010; [http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf Making the Act of Union 1707] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511140052/http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }} scottish.parliament.uk, accessed 31 December 2010</ref>

There were originally several naval and several military regular and reserve ''forces'', although most of these were consolidated into the Royal Navy or the British Army during the 19th and 20th Centuries (the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] and [[Royal Flying Corps|Flying Corps]] of the British Army, by contrast, were separated from their parent forces in 1918 and amalgamated to form a new force, the [[Royal Air Force]], which would have complete responsibility for naval, military and strategic aviation until the [[Second World War]]).

Naval forces included the [[Royal Navy]], the [[Waterguard]], later renamed the [[HM Coastguard]], and [[Sea Fencibles]] and ''River Fencibles'' formed as and when required for the duration of emergencies. The [[Merchant Navy]] and offshore fishing boat crews were also important manpower reserves to the armed naval forces. Any seaman was liable to [[impressment]], with many so conscripted especially during the two decades of conflict from the French Revolution until the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and from 1835 registered on the ''Register of Seamen'' to identify them as a potential resource, and many of their seamen would serve part time in the [[Royal Navy Reserve]], created under the Naval Reserve Act 1859, and [[Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve]], created in 1903.

The British military (those parts of the British Armed Forces tasked with land warfare, as opposed to the naval forces)<ref>{{citation |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1917/feb/12/naval-and-military-pensions-and-grants |title=NAVAL AND MILITARY PENSIONS AND GRANTS |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=12 February 1917 |volume=90 |at=cc248-51 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521061200/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1917/feb/12/naval-and-military-pensions-and-grants |url-status=live }}</ref> historically was divided into a number of [[Units of the British Army#Forces|military forces]], of which the British Army (also referred to historically as the 'Regular Army' and the 'Regular Force') was only one.<ref>''A LIST OF THE OFFICERS of the ARMY, (WITH AN ALPHABETICAL INDEX;) OF THE OFFICERS of the ROYAL ARTILLERY, THE ENGINEERS, the MARINE FORCES, AND OF THE OFFICERS on HALF-PAY; AND A SUCCESSION of COLONELS. THE THIRTY-SECOND EDITION''. War-Office. 31 March 1784</ref><ref>{{citation |title=THE NEW ANNUAL ARMY LIST, MILITIA LIST |date= 1854  |author=Major H. G. Hart, 49TH REGT |publisher=John Murray |location=London}}</ref> The oldest of these organisations was the [[Militia (Great Britain)|Militia Force]] (also referred to as the ''Constitutional Force''),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1852/apr/23/militia-bill |title=''MILITIA BILL''. House of Commons Debate 23 April 1852. Volume 120 cc1035-109. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524093720/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1852/apr/23/militia-bill |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=23 April 1852 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1855/may/04/the-militia |title=''THE MILITIA''. House of Commons Debate 4 May 1855. Volume 138 cc116-32. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425093514/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1855/may/04/the-militia |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=4 May 1855 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1856/jul/11/the-militia-question |title=''THE MILITIA—QUESTION''. House of Lords Debate 11 July 1856. Volume 143 cc625-32. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309065917/https://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1856/jul/11/the-militia-question |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=11 July 1856 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1878/jun/13/army-auxiliary-forces-the-militia |title=''ARMY—AUXILIARY FORCES—THE MILITIA.—OBSERVATIONS''. House of Commons Debate 13 June 1878. Volume 240 cc1418-33. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523113730/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1878/jun/13/army-auxiliary-forces-the-militia |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=13 June 1878 |url-status=live }}</ref> which (in the [[Kingdom of England]]) was originally the main military defensive force (there otherwise were originally only royal bodyguards, including the [[Yeomen Warders]] and the [[Yeomen of the Guard]], with armies raised only temporarily for expeditions overseas), made up of civilians embodied for annual training or emergencies, and had used various schemes of compulsory service during different periods of its long existence.

The Militia was originally an all infantry force, organised at the city or county level, and members were not required to serve outside of their recruitment area, although the area within which militia units in Britain could be posted was increased to anywhere in the Britain during the 18th century, and [[Militia Artillery units of the United Kingdom and Colonies|Militia coastal artillery]], field artillery, and engineers units were introduced from the 1850s.<ref name="norman1987">''The Militia Artillery 1852-1909'', by Norman EH Litchfield. The Sherwood Press (Nottingham) Ltd. 1987</ref> The [[Yeomanry]] was a mounted force that could be mobilised in times of war or emergency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1903/may/26/an-imperial-yeomanry-reserve |title=''AN IMPERIAL YEOMANRY RESERVE''. House of Lords Debate 26 May 1903. Vol 122 cc1767-71. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816133114/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1903/may/26/an-imperial-yeomanry-reserve |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=26 May 1903 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Volunteer Force]] units were also frequently raised during wartime, which did not rely on compulsory service and hence attracted recruits keen to avoid the Militia. These were seen as a useful way to add to military strength economically during wartime, but otherwise as a drain on the Militia and so were not normally maintained in peacetime, although in Bermuda prominent propertied men were still appointed ''Captains of Forts'', taking charge of maintaining and commanding fortified [[coastal artillery]] batteries and manned by volunteers (reinforced in wartime by embodied militiamen), defending the colony's coast from the 17th century to the 19th century (when all of the batteries were taken over by the regular Royal Artillery).<ref>''Bermuda Forts 1612–1957'', Dr. Edward Cecil Harris, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, {{ISBN|0-921560-11-7}}</ref><ref>''Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920'', Lt.-Col. Roger Willock, USMC, The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, The Bermuda Maritime Museum. {{ISBN|978-0-921560-00-5}}</ref> The militia system was extended to a number of English (subsequently ''British'') colonies, beginning with [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]] and [[Bermuda]]. In some colonies, ''Troops of Horse'' or other mounted units similar to the Yeomanry were also created.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bermudastamps.co.uk/1988/11/10/military-uniforms-bermuda |title=''1988 Military Uniforms of Bermuda'', By Neil Rigby on November 10, 1988 in First Day Covers, Queen Elizabeth II. Bermuda Stamps website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423020210/http://www.bermudastamps.co.uk/1988/11/10/military-uniforms-bermuda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The militia and volunteer units of a colony were generally considered to be separate forces from the ''Home'' Militia Force and Volunteer Force in the United Kingdom, and from the militia forces and volunteer forces of other colonies. Where a colony had more than one militia or volunteer unit, they would be grouped as a militia or volunteer force for that colony, such as the Jamaica Volunteer Defence Force, which comprised the St. Andrew Rifle Corps, or Kingston Infantry Volunteers, the Jamaica Corps of Scouts, and the Jamaica Reserve Regiment,<ref>[https://www.jdfweb.com/third-battalion-duties/ ''Jamaica Defence Force: Third Battalion Duties''. Jamaica Defence Force website]</ref> but not the [[Jamaica Militia Artillery]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/jamaica/ |title=''Jamaica in 1914: War effort'' The National Archives, Kew |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608121902/https://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/jamaica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In smaller colonies with a single militia or volunteer unit, that single unit would still be considered to be listed within a force, or in some case might be named a force rather than a regiment or corps, such as is the case for the [[Falkland Islands Defence Force]] and the [[Royal Montserrat Defence Force]]. The militia, yeomanry and volunteer forces collectively were known as the ''reserve forces'', ''auxiliary forces'', or ''local forces''. Officers of these forces could not sit on courts martial of regular forces personnel. The [[Mutiny Act]] did not apply to members of the Reserve Forces.

The other regular military force that existed alongside the British Army was the [[Board of Ordnance]], which included the ''Ordnance Military Corps'' (made up of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and the Royal Sappers and Miners), as well as the originally-civilian [[Commissariat#19th century|Commissariat Stores]] and transport departments, as well as barracks departments, ordnance factories and various other functions supporting the various naval and military forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/3224/department-of-the-master-general-of-the-ordnance |title=''Unit History: Department of the Master-General of the Ordnance''. Forces War Records |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005123115/https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/units/3224/department-of-the-master-general-of-the-ordnance |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210511140506/https://www.navalhistoryarchive.org/index.php/Board_of_Ordnance ''Board of Ordnance''. Naval History Archive]}}</ref> The English Army, subsequently the British Army once Scottish regiments were moved onto its establishment following the Union of the Kingdoms of Scotland and England, was originally a separate force from these, but absorbed the Ordnance Military Corps and various previously civilian departments after the Board of Ordnance was abolished in 1855.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44220102 | jstor=44220102 | title=The Honorable the Board of Ordnance. 1299—1855 | last1=Leslie | first1=J. H. | journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research | date=1925 | volume=4 | issue=17 | pages=100–104 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/corps-royal-engineers ''Corps of Royal Engineers''. National Army Museum]</ref> The ''Reserve Forces'' (which referred to the Home Yeomanry, Militia and Volunteer Forces before the 1859 creation of the [[Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)#Army Reserve (Regular)|British Army ''Regular Reserve'']] by [[Secretary of State for War]] [[Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea|Sidney Herbert]], and re-organised under the [[Reserve Force Act 1867]])<ref>''The Army Book For The British Empire'', by Lieutenant-General WH Goodenough, Royal Artillery, CB, and Lieutenant-Colonel JC Dalton (HP), Royal Artillery, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. 1893.</ref> were increasingly integrated with the British Army through a succession of reforms over the last two decades of the 19th century (in 1871, command of the Auxiliary Forces in the British Isles was taken from the [[Lord-Lieutenant|Lords-Lieutenant of counties]] and transferred to the [[War Office]], though colonial governors retained control of their militia and volunteer forces, and by the end of the century, at the latest, any unit wholly or partly funded from Army funds was considered part of the British Army) and the early years of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1895/mar/15/the-army-estimates |title=''THE ARMY ESTIMATES''. House of Commons Debate 15 March 1895. Vol 31 cc1157-209. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818023526/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1895/mar/15/the-army-estimates |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=15 March 1895 |url-status=live }}</ref> whereby the Reserve Forces units mostly lost their own identities and became numbered [[Territorial Force]] sub-units of regular British Army corps or regiments (the Home Militia had followed this path, with the Militia Infantry units becoming numbered battalions of British Army regiments, and the Militia Artillery integrating within Royal Artillery territorial divisions in 1882 and 1889, and becoming parts of the [[Royal Field Artillery]] or [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] in 1902 (though retaining their traditional corps names), but was not merged into the Territorial Force when it was created in 1908 (by the merger of the Yeomanry and Volunteer Force). The Militia was instead renamed the ''Special Reserve'',<ref>''Hart's Annual Army List, Special Reserve List, and Territorial Force List, for 1911: (Being the Seventy-Second Annual Volume,) Containing Dates of Commissions, and a Summary of the War Services of Nearly Every Officer in the Army, Supply &c. Departments, Marines, and Indian Army, and Indian Local Forces. With an Index.'' By the late Lieutenant general H. G. Hart. John Murray, Albemarle Street, London. 1911</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1908/feb/18/the-territorial-forces-act-the-militia |title=''THE TERRITORIAL FORCES ACT—THE MILITIA''. House of Lords Debate 18 February 1908. Volume 184 cc578-605. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308220253/https://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1908/feb/18/the-territorial-forces-act-the-militia |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=18 February 1908 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1913/apr/09/british-army-home-and-colonial-military |title=''BRITISH ARMY.—HOME AND COLONIAL MILITARY FORCES''. House of Commons Debate 9 April 1913. Volume 51 cc1196-8W. British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818113804/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1913/apr/09/british-army-home-and-colonial-military |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=9 April 1913 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was permanently suspended after the First World War (although a handful of Militia units survived in the United Kingdom, its colonies, and the Crown Dependencies). Unlike the Home, Imperial Fortress and Crown Dependency Militia and Volunteer units and forces that continued to exist after the First World War, although parts of the British military, most were not considered parts of the [[British Army]]<ref>[https://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/10/01/guyana-review/the-british-guiana-volunteer-force ''The British Guiana Volunteer Force''. Stabroek News. 1 October, 2008]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.colonialforces.org/batteries-companies-regiments-and-c |title=''Batteries, Companies, Regiments and Corps (Land): Defending the colony'', Colonial Forces Study Group (Queensland) Inc |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127130254/https://www.colonialforces.org/batteries-companies-regiments-and-c |url-status=usurped }}</ref> unless they received Army funds, as was the case for the [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]] and the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]],<ref>''History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army'', by Colonel KW Maurice-Jones, DSO, RA. Royal Artillery Institution. 1959</ref><ref name="norman1987" /> which was generally only the case for those in the Channel Islands or the Imperial Fortress colonies (Nova Scotia, before [[Canadian Confederation]], Bermuda, Gibraltar, and Malta).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/bermuda |title=''Bermuda in 1914'' The National Archives, Kew |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617014624/https://livelb.nationalarchives.gov.uk/first-world-war/a-global-view/the-caribbean/bermuda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>''The Quarterly Army List'' Part I, January 1945. Order of Precedence of the British Army. Page xiii. His Majesty's Stationery Office</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1899/mar/17/army-estimates-1899-1900#division_48 |title=''ARMY ESTIMATES, 1899–1900''. House of Commons Debate 17 March 1899. Vol 68 cc1161-287 British Parliament website |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816203541/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1899/mar/17/army-estimates-1899-1900/division_48 |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=17 March 1899 |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, the British Army is the only Home British military force (unless the [[Army Cadet Force]] and the [[Combined Cadet Force]] are considered), including both the regular army and the forces it absorbed, though British military units organised on Territorial lines remain in British Overseas Territories that are still not considered formally part of the British Army, with only the [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]] and the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] (an amalgam of the old Bermuda Militia Artillery and Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps) appearing on the British Army order of precedence and in the Army List.

Confusingly, and similarly to the dual meaning of the word [[Corps#United Kingdom|Corps]] in the British Army. As an example, the 1st Battalion of the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] was in 1914 part of the 6th Brigade that was part of the [[2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Infantry Division]], which was itself part of [[I Corps (United Kingdom)|1st Army Corps]]), the British Army sometimes also used the term [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary force]] or [[field force]] to describe a body made up of British Army units, most notably the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]], or of a mixture of British Army, Indian Army, or Imperial auxiliary units, such as the [[Siege of Malakand#Malakand Field Force|Malakand Field Force]] (this is similarly to the naval use of the term [[task force]]). In this usage, ''force'' is used to describe a self-reliant body able to act without external support, at least within the parameters of the task or objective for which it is employed.

===British Empire===
[[File:The Siege of Gibraltar, 1782 by George Carter.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Great Siege of Gibraltar]], showing the defeat of the Franco-Spanish assault in September 1782]]
During the later half of the 17th century, and in particular, throughout the 18th century, British foreign policy sought to contain the expansion of rival European powers through military, diplomatic and commercial means, especially of its chief competitors [[Spain]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[France]]. This saw Britain engage in a number of intense conflicts over colonial possessions and world trade, including a long string of Anglo-Spanish and Anglo-Dutch wars, as well as a series of "world wars" with France, such as; the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763), the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] (1792–1802) and the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1803–1815). During the Napoleonic wars, the Royal Navy victory at [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] (1805) under the command of [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] (aboard [[HMS Victory|HMS ''Victory'']]) marked the culmination of British maritime supremacy, and left the Navy in a position of uncontested hegemony at sea.<ref>Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men, and Organization, 1793-1815Brian Lavery</ref> By 1815 and the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Britain had risen to become the world's dominant [[great power]] and the [[British Empire]] subsequently presided over a period of relative peace, known as [[Pax Britannica]].<ref name=Johnston>{{cite book|last1=Johnston|first1=Douglas M.|last2=Reisman|first2=W. Michael|title=The Historical Foundations of World Order|date=2008|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9047423935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA508|ref=refJohnston2008}}, pp. 508–10.</ref><ref>[[Brison D. Gooch]], ''Recent Literature on Queen Victoria's Little Wars'' ''Victorian Studies,'' 17#2 (1973): 217-224 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3826186 online].</ref>

With Britain's old rivals no-longer a threat, the 19th century saw the emergence of a new rival, the [[Russian Empire]], and a strategic competition in what became known as [[The Great Game]] for supremacy in [[Central Asia]].<ref name=keay419>{{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=India: A History|year=2010|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8021-4558-1|edition=revised|author-link=John Keay|pages=418–9}}</ref> Britain feared that Russian expansionism in the region would eventually threaten the [[British Raj|Empire]] in India.<ref name=keay419/> In response, Britain undertook a number of pre-emptive actions against perceived Russian ambitions, including the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1839–1842), the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] (1878–1880)<ref name=Schmidt>{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Karl J.|title=An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1563243332|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/74 74]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/atlassurveyofsou0000schm/page/74}}</ref> and the [[British expedition to Tibet]] (1903–1904). During this period, Britain also sought to maintain the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in Europe, particularly against Russian expansionism,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hew Strachan | first1 = Hew | year = 1978 | title = Soldiers, Strategy and Sebastopol | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 303–325 | doi=10.1017/s0018246x00000558 | jstor=2638262| s2cid = 154085359 }}</ref> who at the expense of the waning [[Ottoman Empire]] had ambitions to "carve up the European part of Turkey".<ref name=ALambert>{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=Andrew|title=The Crimean War|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/crimea_01.shtml|website=The BBC - History|publisher=The BBC|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210171630/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/crimea_01.shtml|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This ultimately led to British involvement in the [[Crimean War]] (1854–1856) against the Russian Empire.<ref name=ALambert/>

[[File:Royal Irish Rifles ration party Somme July 1916.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Irish Rifles]] soldiers at the [[Battle of the Somme]] in 1916]]

===First World War===
The beginning of the 20th century served to [[Anglo-Russian Entente|reduce tensions]] between Britain and the Russian Empire, partly due to the emergence of a unified [[German Empire]]. The era brought about an [[Anglo-German naval arms race]], which encouraged significant advancements in maritime technology, including [[Dreadnought]]s, [[torpedo]]es, [[submarine]]s), and, in 1906, Britain determined that its only likely naval enemy was Germany.<ref>Herwig p. 48–50</ref> The [[Causes of World War I|accumulated tensions]] in European relations finally broke out into the hostilities of the [[First World War]] (1914–1918), in what is recognised today, as the most devastating war in British military history, with nearly 800,000 men killed and over 2 million wounded.<ref>{{citation |last=Willmott |first=H.P. |year=2003 |title=World War I |location=New York |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-7894-9627-0 |oclc=52541937}}</ref> [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory resulted in the defeat of the [[Central Powers]], the end of the German Empire, the [[Treaty of Versailles]] and the establishment of the [[League of Nations]].

===Second World War===
[[File:Operation Overlord (the Normandy Landings)- D-day 6 June 1944 B5098.jpg|thumb|right|Men of [[No. 4 Commando]] being briefed before the [[Normandy landings]] in 1944]]
Germany was defeated in the First World War, but by 1933 [[fascism]] had given rise to [[Nazi Germany]], which under the leadership of [[Adolf Hitler]] re-militarised in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles. Once again [[Causes of World War II|tensions accumulated]] in European relations, and following Germany's [[invasion of Poland]] in September 1939, the [[Second World War]] began (1939–1945).<ref>{{cite book|last=Mallinson |first=Allan |year=2009 |title=The Making of the British Army |publisher=Bantam Press |isbn=978-0-593-05108-5}}</ref> The conflict was the most widespread in British history, with British Empire and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] troops engaged in military campaigns in Europe, [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[Far East]]. Approximately 390,000 British Empire and Commonwealth troops died.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2014–2015 p. 38|url=https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448/31764375|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625000629/https://issuu.com/wargravescommission/docs/ar_2014-2015?e=4065448%2F31764375|archive-date=25 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory resulted in the defeat of the [[Axis powers]] and the establishment of the [[United Nations]], replacing the League of nations.

===Cold War===
{{Main|Outline of the British Armed Forces at the end of the Cold War}}

[[File:Avro Vulcan Bomber RAF.JPEG|thumb|The [[Vulcan Bomber]] was the mainstay of Britain's airborne nuclear capability for much of the [[Cold War]].]]
Post–Second World War economic and political decline, as well as changing attitudes in British society and government, were reflected by the armed forces' contracting global role,<ref>Colman (2005), ''A 'Special Relationship'?: Harold Wilson, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Anglo-American Relations' at the Summit', 1964–68'', p77</ref><ref name="Focus on Euope">[http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21E81DC_E902_D3CE_488720FE8488434D.pdf Focus on Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222004546/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21E81DC_E902_D3CE_488720FE8488434D.pdf |date=22 February 2007 }}, raf.mod.uk</ref> and later epitomised by its political defeat during the [[Suez Crisis]] (1956).<ref>Johnman & Gorst (1997), ''The Suez Crisis'', p166</ref> Reflecting [[British Empire#Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997)|Britain's new role in the world]] and the escalation of the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991), the country became a founding member of the [[NATO]] military alliance in 1949. [[Defence Review]]s, such as those in [[1957 Defence White Paper|1957]] and [[1966 Defence White Paper|1966]], announced significant reductions in conventional forces,<ref>Lider (1985), ''British Military Thought After World War II'', p525</ref> the pursuement of a doctrine based on [[nuclear deterrence]],<ref>Lee (1996), ''Aspects of British Political History 1914–1995'', 273</ref><ref>Pierre (1972), ''Nuclear Politics: the British experience with an independent strategic force: 1939–1970'', p100</ref> and a permanent military withdrawal [[east of Suez]].<ref>Hack (2000), ''Defence and Decolonisation in South-East Asia: Britain, Malaya, Singapore, 1941–1968'', p285</ref><ref>Chandler & Beckett (2003), p345</ref> By the mid-1970s, the armed forces had reconfigured to focus on the responsibilities allocated to them by NATO.<ref name="Focus on Euope" /><ref name="Navy-45-2000">[http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3867 Vanguard to Trident 1945–2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310224429/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3867 |date=10 March 2007 }}, royal-navy.mod.uk</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>Kennedy (2004), ''British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900–2000: Influence and Actions'', p193</ref> The [[British Army of the Rhine]] and [[RAF Germany]] consequently represented the largest and most important overseas commitments that the armed forces had during this period,<ref>Chandler & Beckett (2003), p421</ref> while the Royal Navy developed an [[anti-submarine warfare]] specialisation, with a particular focus on countering [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] submarines in the Eastern Atlantic and [[North Sea]].<ref name="Navy-45-2000" />

While NATO obligations took increased prominence, Britain nonetheless found itself engaged in a number of low-intensity conflicts, including a spate of insurgencies against colonial occupation.<ref name="Insurgencies">Chandler & Beckett (2003), pp350–351</ref> However the [[Dhofar Rebellion]] (1962–1976) and [[The Troubles]] (1969–1998) emerged as the primary operational concerns of the armed forces.<ref name="Insurgencies"/> Perhaps the most important conflict during the Cold War, at least in the context of British defence policy, was the [[Falklands War]] (1982).<ref name="Gibran">{{cite book|last1=Gibran|first1=Daniel K.|title=The Falklands War : Britain versus the past in the South Atlantic|date=1998|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0786404063|page=161}}</ref>

Since [[Cold War (1985–91)|the end of the Cold War]], an increasingly international role for the armed forces has been pursued, with re-structuring to deliver a greater focus on [[expeditionary warfare]] and [[power projection]].<ref name="Adrian"/> This entailed the armed forces often constituting a major component in [[peacekeeping]] and humanitarian missions under the auspices of the United Nations, NATO, and other multinational operations,<ref>Frantzen (2005), ''Nato And Peace Support Operations, 1991–1999: Policies And Doctrines'', p104</ref> including: peacekeeping responsibilities in the [[Balkans]] and [[Cyprus]], the 2000 [[Operation Palliser|intervention in Sierra Leone]] and participation in the UN-mandated [[Libyan no-fly zone|no-fly zone over Libya]] (2011). Post-[[September 11 attacks|9/11]], the armed forces became heavily committed to the [[war on terror]] (2001–present), with lengthy campaigns in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]] (2001–2021) and [[Iraq War|Iraq]] (2003–2009), and more recently as part of the [[Military intervention against ISIL]] (2014–present). Britain's military intervention against [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]] was expanded following a parliamentary vote to launch a bombing campaign over [[Syria]]; an extension of the bombing campaign requested by the Iraqi government against the same group. In addition to the aerial campaign, the British Army has trained and supplied allies on the ground and the [[Special Air Service]], the [[Special Boat Service]], and the [[Special Reconnaissance Regiment]] (British special forces) has carried out various missions on the ground in both Syria and Iraq.

The armed forces have also been called upon to assist with national emergencies through the provisions of the [[military aid to the civil authorities]] (MACA) mechanism. This has seen the armed forces assist government departments and civil authorities responding to flooding, food shortages, wildfires, terrorist attacks and the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]];<ref>{{cite web |title=2015 to 2020 government policy: Military Aid to the Civil Authorities for activities in the UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2015-to-2020-government-policy-military-aid-to-the-civil-authorities-for-activities-in-the-uk/2015-to-2020-government-policy-military-aid-to-the-civil-authorities-for-activities-in-the-uk |website=GOV.UK |access-date=12 August 2021 |date=4 August 2016}}</ref> the armed forces' support to the latter falls under [[Operation Rescript]], described as the UK's "biggest ever homeland military operation in peacetime" by the Ministry of Defence.<ref name="peacetime">{{cite news |title=COVID Response Becomes Military's 'Biggest Homeland Operation In Peacetime' |url=https://www.forces.net/news/covid-response-militarys-biggest-homeland-operation-peacetime |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=[[BFBS]] |date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

Figures released by the Ministry of Defence on 31 March 2016 show that 7,185 British Armed Forces personnel have lost their lives in [[Military awards and decorations of the United Kingdom|medal earning]] theatres since the end of the Second World War.<ref name="Deaths">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf UK Armed Forces Deaths: Operational deaths post World War II 3 September 1945 to 17 February 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911093201/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/512070/20160331_UK_Armed_Forces_Operational_deaths_post_World_War_II.O.pdf |date=11 September 2016 }}, Ministry of Defence, gov.uk, Published 31 March 2016</ref>

In 2025, under Prime Minister Keir Starmer, the UK published a new [[Strategic Defence Review (2025)|Strategic Defence Review]] (SDR) calling for a shift to "warfighting readiness". Major investments were announced, including the expansion of the [[SSN-AUKUS]] attack submarine program to up to 12 boats, acquisition of long-range weapons and advanced air-defence systems, and a possible entry into NATO's nuclear-sharing scheme via the F-35A platform.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Britain's ambitious plan to rearm looks underfunded |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2025/06/02/britains-ambitious-plan-to-rearm-looks-underfunded |access-date=8 June 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==Today==
===Command===
[[File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse|Then Commander-in-Chief Queen Elizabeth II riding [[Burmese (horse)|Burmese]] at the 1986 [[Trooping the Colour]] ceremony]]
{{See also|UK parliamentary approval for military action}}
[[File:Ministry of Defence Main Building MOD 45150121.jpg|thumb|The [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] building at [[Whitehall]], [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], [[London]]]]
[[King Charles III]], [[sovereign of the United Kingdom]], is the [[Head of the British Armed Forces|Head of the Armed Forces]],<ref name="Forces Queen and Armed Forces"/><ref name="army.mod.uk"/> with officers and personnel swearing [[allegiance]] to him. Long-standing constitutional convention, however, has ''de facto'' vested military authority and associated [[Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom|royal prerogative powers]] in the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] and the [[Secretary of State for Defence|secretary of state for defence]], with the former (acting with the support of the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]]) making the key decisions on the use of the armed forces. As the prime minister is not the formal head of the armed forces, the chief of the defence staff could refuse a direction by them to use the [[Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom|UK's nuclear arsenal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7758314.stm|title=Whose hand is on the button?|access-date=14 March 2009|date=2 December 2008|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221035555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7758314.stm|archive-date=21 February 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]{{efn|The current structure of defence management in Britain was set in place in 1964 when the modern day Ministry of Defence (MoD) was created (an earlier form had existed since 1940). The MoD assumed the roles of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]], the [[War Office]] and the [[Air Ministry]] }} is the government department charged with formulating and executing defence policy. It currently employs 56,860 civilian staff members as of 1 October 2015.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/mod-civilian-personnel-quarterly-report-2015 MOD civilian personnel quarterly report: 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311014359/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/mod-civilian-personnel-quarterly-report-2015 |date=11 March 2016 }}, gov.uk, 1 October 2015</ref> The department is administered by the secretary of state for defence who is assisted by the [[Minister of State for the Armed Forces]], [[Minister of State for Defence Procurement (UK)|Minister for Defence Procurement]], and Minister for Veterans' Affairs. Responsibility for the management of the forces is delegated to a number of committees: the [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]], [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]], Defence Management Board and three single-service boards. The Defence Council, composed of senior representatives of the services and the Ministry of Defence, provides the "formal legal basis for the conduct of defence". The three constituent single-service committees ([[Admiralty Board]], [[Army Board]] and [[Air Force Board]]) are chaired by the secretary of state for defence.

The [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|chief of the defence staff]] (CDS) is the senior-most officer of the armed forces and is an appointment that can be held by an [[admiral]], [[air chief marshal]] or [[general]]. Before the practice was discontinued in the 1990s, those who were appointed to the position of CDS had been elevated to the [[Five-star rank|most senior rank]] in their respective service.<ref>Hansard (1998), [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980512/text/80512w06.htm House of Commons Written Answers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213955/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmhansrd/vo980512/text/80512w06.htm |date=17 September 2017 }}, publications.parliament.uk</ref> The CDS, along with the permanent under secretary, are the principal military advisers to the secretary of state. All three services have their own respective professional chiefs; the [[First Sea Lord]] for the [[Royal Navy]], the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|chief of the general staff]] for the [[British Army|Army]] and the [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|chief of the air staff]] for the [[Royal Air Force]].

===Personnel===
[[File:Soldiers Trooping the Colour, 16th June 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Welsh Guards]] [[Trooping the Colour]]]]
As of 1 July 2025 the British Armed Forces are a professional force with a total strength of 180,779 personnel, consisting of 136,117 UK Regulars and 4,127 [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gurkhas]], 31,967 [[Volunteer Reserves (United Kingdom)|Volunteer Reserve]]s and 8,568 "Other Personnel".{{efn|Other Personnel includes personnel of the [[Military Provost Guard Service]], [[Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)|Regular Reserves]] called up for duty and the [[Sponsored Reserves]].<ref name="quarterly personnel report"/>}}<ref name="quarterly personnel report">[https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-2023/quarterly-service-personnel-statistics-1-july-2023#uk-service-personnel]. UK Armed Forces: Quarterly Service Personnel Statistics. 1 July 2023. MoD. Published 17 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.</ref> As a percentage breakdown of UK Service Personnel, 77.1% are UK Regulars and Gurkhas, 18.8% are Volunteer Reserves and 4.1% are composed of Other Personnel.<ref name="quarterly personnel report"/> In addition, all ex-Regular personnel retain a "statutory liability for service" and are liable to be recalled (under Section 52 of the Reserve Forces Act (RFA) 1996) for duty during wartime, which is known as the [[Regular Reserve (United Kingdom)|Regular Reserve]]. MoD publications since April 2013 no longer report the entire strength of the Regular Reserve, instead they only give a figure for Regular Reserves who serve under a fixed-term reserve contract. These contracts are similar in nature to those of the Volunteer Reserve.<ref name="Regular Reserve">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf gov.uk MoD – reserves and cadet strengths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308182849/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/314795/uk_reserve_force_cadets_2014.pdf |date=8 March 2016 }}, table 4 page 13. See note 2. April 2014.</ref>

The distribution of personnel between the services and categories of service on 1 October 2025 was as follows:<ref name="quarterly personnel report" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Service !! Regular !! Volunteer Reserve !! Other personnel !! Total
|-
| Navy || align="right"| 32,160 || align="right"| 3,210 || align="right"| 2,520 || align="right"| '''37,880'''
|-
| Army and Gurkhas|| align="right"| 78,500 || align="right"| 25,710 || align="right"| 4,840 || align="right"| '''109,060'''
|-
| Air Force || align="right"| 30,670 || align="right"| 3,020 || align="right"| 1,430 || align="right"| '''35,130'''
|-
| '''Total''' || align="right"| '''141,330''' || align="right"| '''31,940''' || align="right"| '''8,790''' || align="right"| '''182,060'''
|}
On 1 April 2024, most personnel in the UK Regular Forces were stationed in the United Kingdom (around 96%).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=13 August 2024 |title=UK defence personnel statistics - House of Commons Library |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7930/ |last1=Kirk-Wade |first1=Esme }}</ref>

Of the 5,700 personnel stationed overseas, around two thirds were in Europe (66%), while 14% were stationed in North America, 6% in North Africa and the Middle East, 6% in Asia and 5% in Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name=":3" /> 1,230 personnel were distributed across several regions in Germany, primarily [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] as part of [[British Army Germany]]. However, up to 750 of these were Locally Engaged Civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=George |date=26 October 2024 |title=British troops in Germany draws down to 1,200 from 30,000 |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/british-troops-in-germany-draws-down-to-1200-from-30000/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Defence expenditure===
{{See also|List of countries in Europe by military expenditures}}[[File:Top ten military expenditures in US$ Bn. in 2014, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies.PNG|thumb|Top ten military expenditures in billion US$ in 2014]]
According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], the United Kingdom is in sixth place in the world's military spending list in 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date= |title=Trends in World Military expenditure 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=sipri.org |format=PDF}}</ref> For comparison: Great Britain spends more in absolute terms than Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, France or Japan, but less than India, Germany, Russia, China or the United States.<ref name=":2" /> In September 2011, according to Professor Malcolm Chalmers of the [[Royal United Services Institute]], current "planned levels of defence spending should be enough for the United Kingdom to maintain its position as one of the world's top military powers, as well as being one of NATO-Europe's top military powers. Its edge – not least its qualitative edge – in relation to rising Asian powers seems set to erode, but will remain significant well into the 2020s, and possibly beyond."<ref>[https://rusi.org/system/files/RUSIBriefingPaperSept2011.pdf RUSI Briefing Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816202255/https://rusi.org/system/files/RUSIBriefingPaperSept2011.pdf |date=16 August 2016 }}, Is the UK Defence Budget Crisis Really Over?. Malcolm Chalmers. Published September 2011, p. 18</ref> The [[Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015]] committed to spending 2% of GDP on defence and announced a £178 billion investment over ten years in new equipment and capabilities.<ref>{{cite news|title=UK announces rapid strike forces, more warships in new defence plan|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-defence-idUKKBN0TC0V120151123|access-date=23 November 2015|work=Reuters|date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124125230/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/11/23/uk-britain-defence-idUKKBN0TC0V120151123|archive-date=24 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PM pledges £178 billion investment in defence kit|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-pledges-178-billion-investment-in-defence-kit|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 November 2015|date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123145305/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-pledges-178-billion-investment-in-defence-kit|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 March 2023 Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]] announced a further £5bn in defence spending with a long-term goal of an increased spending to 2.5% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak: China represents challenge to world order |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-64943445 |access-date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

===Nuclear weapons===
{{Main|Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Trident II missile image.jpg|thumb|A [[UGM-133 Trident II|Trident II SLBM]] being launched from a {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|2}}]]
The United Kingdom is one of five recognised nuclear weapon states under the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and maintains an independent [[Deterrence theory|nuclear deterrent]], currently consisting of four {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]]s, [[UGM-133 Trident II]] [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s, and 160 operational [[Thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear warheads]]. This is known as [[Trident nuclear programme|Trident]] in both public and political discourse (with nomenclature taken after the UGM-133 Trident II ballistic missile). Trident is operated by the [[Royal Navy Submarine Service]], charged with delivering a 'Continuous At-Sea Deterrent' (CASD) capability, whereby one of the ''Vanguard''-class strategic submarines is always on patrol.<ref name="CASD">[http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/operations/global/continuous-at-sea-deterrent Royal Navy – Continuous at sea deterrent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209103234/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/news-and-latest-activity/operations/global/continuous-at-sea-deterrent |date=9 December 2014 }}, royalnavy.mod.uk, Accessed 6 December 2014</ref> According to the British Government, since the introduction of [[UK Polaris programme|Polaris]] (Trident's predecessor) in the 1960s, from April 1969 "the Royal Navy's ballistic missile boats have not missed a single day on patrol",<ref name="CASD"/> giving what the [[Defence Council of the United Kingdom|Defence Council]] described in 1980 as a deterrent "effectively invulnerable to pre-emptive attack".<ref name="Future Deterrent">{{cite web | url=http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/6AC6FE79AE5E485DB3A2B579B6AE0654.pdf | title=The Future United Kingdom Strategic Deterrent Force | publisher=The Defence Council | date=July 1980 | access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> As of 2015, it has been British Government policy for the ''Vanguard''-class strategic submarines to carry no more than 40 nuclear warheads, delivered by eight UGM-133 Trident II ballistic missiles.<ref>[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/cm150120/wmstext/150120m0001.htm#15012039000004 House of Commons Hansard - Written Statements - Nuclear Deterrent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213853/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmhansrd/cm150120/wmstext/150120m0001.htm#15012039000004 |date=17 September 2017 }}, publications.parliament.uk, 20 January 2015</ref> In contrast with the other recognised nuclear weapon states, the United Kingdom operates only a submarine-based delivery system, having decommissioned its tactical [[WE.177]] free-fall bombs in 1998.

The [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] voted on 18 July 2016 in favour of replacing the ''Vanguard''-class submarines with a new generation of {{sclass|Dreadnought|submarine|1}}s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36830923 |date=19 July 2016 |newspaper=[[BBC News Online]] |title=MPS vote to renew Trident weapons system - BBC News |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718213716/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36830923 |archive-date=18 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The programme will also contribute to extending the life of the UGM-133 Trident II ballistic missiles and modernise the infrastructure associated with the CASD.<ref name="WhitePaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/AC00DD79-76D6-4FE3-91A1-6A56B03C092F/0/DefenceWhitePaper2006_Cm6994.pdf|title=The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent|date=4 December 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]|access-date=5 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206004317/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/AC00DD79-76D6-4FE3-91A1-6A56B03C092F/0/DefenceWhitePaper2006_Cm6994.pdf|archive-date=6 December 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

Former [[United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction possessed by the United Kingdom]] include both biological and [[Chemical weapons and the United Kingdom|chemical weapons]]. These were renounced in 1956 and subsequently destroyed.

===Overseas military installations===
{{Main|Overseas military bases of the United Kingdom}}

[[File:United Kingdom overseas military installations and operations.png|thumb|British overseas military installations]]
{{Legend|#0000FF|Overseas military installations of the United Kingdom, and locally raised units of [[British Overseas Territories]].}}
{{Legend|#F0002B|Military interventions since 2000: [[British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War|Palliser]] (Sierra Leone); [[Operation Herrick|Herrick]] (Afghanistan); [[Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa|Enduring Freedom]] (Horn of Africa); [[Operation Telic|Telic]] (Iraq); [[Operation Ellamy|Ellamy]] (Libya); and [[Operation Shader|Shader]] (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant).}}

The British Armed Forces historically relied on four [[Imperial fortress]] colonies (Bermuda,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Edward C. |author-link=Edward C. Harris |title=Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 |year=1997 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560111}}</ref> Gibraltar, Halifax and its environs in Nova Scotia, and Malta),<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction=Parliament of the United Kingdom |title=SUPPLY—ARMY ESTIMATES |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1839/mar/22/supply-army-estimates |house=House of Commons |date=22 March 1839 |volume=46 |column_start=1141 |column_end=1142 |speaker=Sir Henry Hardinge |position=MP for Launceston}}</ref> where dockyards were established, naval squadrons based, soldiers garrisoned,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy, R.N. |first=Captain W. R. |date=1 July 1885 |title=An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies |url= |magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |location= |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh, Scotland, and 37 Paternoster Row, London, England |access-date= |page=111}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=VERAX |first=(anonymous) |date=1 May 1889 |title=The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine) |url= |magazine=The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs |location= |publisher=LR Hamersly & Co., 1510 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; subsequently LR Hamersly, 49 Wall Street, New York City, New York, USA; BF Stevens & Brown, 4 Trafalgar Square, London, England |access-date= |page=552}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Alexander |author-link= |date=1898 |title=MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies |url= |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co., Limited, London, England, UK; The MacMillan Company, New York City, New York, USA |page=184 |isbn= }}</ref> and naval and military stores stockpiled.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willock [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Roger |title=Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920 |year=1988 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Donald Craigie |author-link= |date=1965 |title=The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870-1914 |url= |location=Baltimore, Maryland, USA |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |page=14 |isbn= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Thomas |author-link= |date=1891 |title=Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation |url= |location=Ottawa |publisher=James Hope & Co., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |page=29 |isbn= }}</ref> These acted as lynchpins in maintaining British naval supremacy on the Atlantic and its connected seas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Attack on Baltimore launched from Bermuda in 'War of 1812'|publisher=Atlas Communications|url=http://www.atlascom.us/defender.htm|year=2005|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003233516/http://www.atlascom.us/defender.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>''The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975'', by Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D. Stranack. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm |title=Bermuda Online: British Army in Bermuda from 1701 to 1977; 1881 to 1883 |access-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821111911/http://www.bermuda-online.org/britarmy.htm |archive-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Dr. Edward Cecil |date=21 January 2012 |title=Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/archive/lifestyle/article/20120121/bermudas-role-in-the-sack-of-washington/ |work=The Royal Gazette |location=City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grove |first=Tim |date=22 January 2021 |title=Fighting The Power |url=https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/fighting-the-power/ |magazine=Chesapeake Bay Magazine |location=Annapolis |publisher=Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC |access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> As, until the end of the First World War, it was presumed the only navies that might prove a threat were all of countries on, or off, the Atlantic, no Imperial fortress was established in the Pacific or Indian Oceans, to which power would be extended from Bermuda and Malta following the completion of the Panama and Suez canals. Local-service military reserve units were raised in some of the Imperial fortresses (notably Bermuda and Malta), which could be embodied for full time service in war time to reinforce the regular garrisons, and these were funded by the War Office as part of the British Army. After the First World War, the growing belligerence and naval power of the Japanese Empire led to the construction of the Singapore Naval Base. The regular British Armed Forces otherwise were distributed around the world, were required to guard against invasion or rebellion, reinforced in some colonies by locally raised reserve forces. In colonies where there was no strategic requirement, regular forces were rarely stationed, with local governments encouraged to maintain and fund military reserve units as contributions to their own defence (although these units were ultimately under the control of the national, i.e. British, Government via the colonial Governors as defence is not a competency that has been delegated to local governments). Under the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation alliance, and with the steady reduction of both the British Empire and the British Armed Forces over the decades that followed the Second World War, the significance of the three remaining Imperial fortresses (military control of Halifax having passed to the new Dominion government following the 1867 [[Confederation of Canada]], and naval control transferred in 1905 to what was to become the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]) rapidly faded. The Bermuda-based [[North America and West Indies Station]] was abolished in 1956, and the last regular army units removed from the Bermuda Command in 1957 (leaving only two part-time reserve units), with the naval dockyard in Bermuda reduced to a base,<ref>{{cite book |last=Stranack, Royal Navy |first=Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D |date=1977 |title=The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975 |url= |location=Bermuda |publisher=Island Press Ltd  |page= |isbn=9780921560036}}</ref> without repair or refit capabilities, in 1951 and finally closed in 1995, following the Cold War (United States and Canadian bases in Bermuda closed in the same period), leaving only the [[Royal Bermuda Regiment]] and the [[Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps]] there today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/983/multiple=1&unique_number=1147 |title=World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda |author= |date= |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=28 July 2021 }}</ref> Malta became independent in 1964, and the last British armed forces personnel were removed from the former colony in 1979. Gibraltar continues to be used by the regular British Armed Forces, though the naval and military establishment in the colony (now termed a ''British Overseas Territory'') has been reduced to several Royal Naval patrol craft, the locally raised [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]], and a [[Royal Air Force Station]] without aircraft based on it.
[[File:Two RAF E-3D Sentry Aircraft at RAF Akrotiri.jpg|thumb|Two [[Boeing E-3 Sentry]] aircraft at [[RAF Akrotiri]] in Cyprus]]
The British Armed Forces today maintain a number of overseas garrisons and military facilities which enable the country to conduct operations worldwide. The majority of Britain's permanent military installations are located on [[British Overseas Territories]] (BOTs) or [[British Empire|former colonies]] which retain close diplomatic ties with the United Kingdom, and located in areas of strategic importance.<ref name=europarl/> The most significant of these are the "Permanent Joint Operating Bases" (PJOBs), located on the four overseas territories of Cyprus ([[British Forces Cyprus]]), Gibraltar ([[British Forces Gibraltar]]), the Falkland Islands ([[Military of the Falkland Islands|British Forces South Atlantic Islands]]) and Diego Garcia ([[British Forces British Indian Ocean Territories]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/permanent-joint-operating-bases-pjobs/permanent-joint-operating-bases-pjobs |title=Permanent Joint Operating Bases (PJOBs) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322052411/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/permanent-joint-operating-bases-pjobs/permanent-joint-operating-bases-pjobs |archive-date=22 March 2016 |publisher=Government of the United Kingdom |date=12 December 2012}}</ref> While not a PJOB, Ascension Island (another BOT) is home to the airbase [[RAF Ascension Island]], notable for use as a staging post during the 1982 [[Falklands War]], the territory is also the site of a joint UK-US [[signals intelligence]] facility.<ref name=europarl>{{cite journal|title=The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union|journal=Policy Department External Policies|date=February 2009|pages=13–14|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf|access-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052522/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Qatar is home to [[RAF Al Udeid]], a Royal Air Force outpost at [[Al Udeid Air Base]] which serves as the operational headquarters for [[No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)|No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group]] and its operations across the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK and Qatar sign pact to combat jihadis and cyber warfare |url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d16d268-629b-11e4-9838-00144feabdc0.html |access-date=3 November 2015 |agency=Financial Times |date=2 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108184343/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d16d268-629b-11e4-9838-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> A large Royal Navy [[HMS Jufair|Naval Support Facility]] (NSF) is located in Bahrain, established in 2016 it marks the British return East of Suez.<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal Navy's new Bahrain base seriously enhances Britain's ability to defend the Gulf|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/10/todays-opening-of-the-royal-navys-new-bahrain-base-seriously-enh/|access-date=17 November 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211730/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/10/todays-opening-of-the-royal-navys-new-bahrain-base-seriously-enh/|archive-date=17 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In support of the [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] (FPDA), the United Kingdom retains a naval repair and logistics support facility at [[Sembawang|Sembawang wharf]], Singapore.<ref name=europarl/><ref name="NP1022">{{cite book|title=Navy News (Magazine)|date=June 2011|publisher=Royal Navy|location=United Kingdom|page=11 Eastern Outpost|url=https://issuu.com/magarchive/docs/201106|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325173731/https://issuu.com/magarchive/docs/201106|url-status=dead}} ("''The White Ensign is still flying above the operations of Naval Party 1022 (NP1022), based at Sembawang Wharves in Singapore.''")</ref> Other overseas military installations include; [[British Forces Brunei]],<ref name="Brunei">{{cite web|title=The British Army in Brunei|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22792.aspx|website=www.army.mod.uk/|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609090139/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22792.aspx|archive-date=9 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[British Army Germany]],<ref name="Germany">{{cite web|title=The British Army in Germany|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22729.aspx|website=www.army.mod.uk/|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063435/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22729.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[British Army Training Unit Kenya]],<ref name="Africa">{{cite web|title=The British Army in Africa|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx|website=www.army.mod.uk/|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630055845/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22724.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[British Army Training Unit Suffield]] in Canada,<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|title=The British Army in Canada|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22727.aspx|website=www.army.mod.uk/|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=20 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063606/http://www.army.mod.uk/operations-deployments/22727.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[British Army Training and Support Unit Belize]], and [[British Gurkhas Nepal]].<ref name="Nepal">{{cite web|title=British Gurkhas Nepal|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/gurkhas/27825.aspx|website=www.army.mod.uk/|publisher=Ministry of Defence|access-date=23 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704143134/http://www.army.mod.uk/gurkhas/27825.aspx|archive-date=4 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some British Overseas Territories also maintain locally raised units and regiments; [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment]], the [[Falkland Islands Defence Force]], the [[Royal Gibraltar Regiment]], the [[Royal Montserrat Defence Force]], the [[Cayman Islands Regiment]], and the [[Turks and Caicos Regiment]]. Though their primary mission is "home defence", individuals have volunteered for operational duties. The Royal Bermuda Regiment is an amalgam of the [[Bermuda Militia Artillery]] (which had been part of the [[Royal Regiment of Artillery]]) and the [[Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ingham-Hind |first=Jennifer M. |title=Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps |year=1992 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Island Press |isbn=0969651716}}</ref> raised in the 1890s as Imperial forces funded by the War Office as part of the British Army,<ref>{{cite book |last=Maurice-Jones|first=Colonel |author-link= |date=1959 |title=History of The Coast Artillery in the British Army |url= |location=UK |publisher=Royal Artillery Institution |page= |isbn=1781491151}}</ref> and both antecedent units sent contingents to the Western Front during the First World War. They also sent contingents that served in North-Western Europe, and Italy and North Africa during the Second World War. The Royal Gibraltar Regiment mobilised section-sized units for attachment to British regiments deployed during the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1rg.gi/theregiment/regular/operations.qxp |title=The Royal Gibraltar Regiment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004525/http://www.1rg.gi/theregiment/regular/operations.qxp |archive-date=28 September 2007 |website=1rg.gi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panorama.gi/archive/050110/updates.htm#More%20soldiers |url-status=dead |title=More soldiers from Royal Gibraltar Regiment in overseas duties in regiment's history |work=Gibraltar Panorama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004314/http://www.panorama.gi/archive/050110/updates.htm#More%20soldiers |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> The [[Isle of Man]], a [[Crown dependency]] hosts a multi-capability recruiting and training unit of the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|British Army Reserve]].<ref name="Isle of Man Army Reserve">{{Cite news|title=British Army opens first reserve unit opens on Isle of Man since 1968|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-34401508|journal=BBC News|access-date=24 October 2016|date=October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025115619/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-34401508|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 1969 Britain has had a military satellite communications system, [[Skynet (satellite)|Skynet]], initially in large part to support [[East of Suez]] bases and deployments. Since 2015 Skynet has offered near global coverage.<ref name=defenceconnect-20160516>{{cite news |url=https://www.defenceconnect.com.au/intel-cyber/4-skynet-in-australia |title=Skynet in Australia |website=Defence Connect |date=16 May 2016 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

===Expeditionary forces===
The British Armed Forces place significant importance in the ability to conduct [[expeditionary warfare]].<ref name="Adrian">{{cite book|last1=Hyde-Price|first1=Adrian (Professor)|title=European Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenge of Multipolarity|date=9 January 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134164400|page=Chapter - Britain, France and the multipolar challenge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqE4ssDSrOAC&q=European+Security+in+the+Twenty-First+Century:+The+Challenge+of+Multipolarity|access-date=26 June 2016}} Professor of International Politics, Adrian Hyde-Price, highlights that in the post-[[Cold War]] era both Britain and France have re-focused their attention ''"towards [[expeditionary warfare]] and [[power projection]]. Power projection has always been an element of British and French military thinking given their residual overseas interests, but it has now moved centre stage."''</ref> While the armed forces are expeditionary in nature, it maintains a core of "high readiness" forces trained and equipped to deploy at very short notice, these include; the [[Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime)]] (Royal Navy), [[United Kingdom Commando Force|UK Commando Force]] (Royal Marines), and [[16 Air Assault Brigade]] (British Army). Frequently, these forces will act as part of a larger tri-service effort, under the direction of [[Permanent Joint Headquarters]], or along with like-minded allies under the [[Joint Expeditionary Force]]. Similarly, under the auspices of [[NATO]], such expeditionary forces are designed to meet Britain's obligations to the [[Allied Rapid Reaction Corps]] and other NATO operations.

In 2010, the governments of the United Kingdom and [[France]] signed the [[The Lancaster House Treaties (2010)|Lancaster House Treaties]] which committed both governments to the creation of a Franco-British [[Combined Joint Expeditionary Force]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/02/britain-france-landmark-50-year-defence-deal|location=London|work=The Guardian|first=Patrick|last=Wintour|title=Britain and France sign landmark 50-year defence deal|date=2 November 2010|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202112114/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/02/britain-france-landmark-50-year-defence-deal|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is envisaged as a deployable joint force, for use in a wide range of crisis scenarios, up to and including high intensity combat operations. As a joint force it involves all three armed Services: a land component composed of formations at national brigade level, maritime and air components with their associated Headquarters, together with logistics and support functions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/statements-and-articles/2010/11/uk%E2%80%93france-summit-2010-declaration-on-defence-and-security-co-operation-56519 |title=Tuesday 2 November 2010 UK–France Summit 2010 Declaration on Defence and Security Co-operation |publisher=Number10.gov.uk |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102530/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/statements-and-articles/2010/11/uk%e2%80%93france-summit-2010-declaration-on-defence-and-security-co-operation-56519 |archive-date=5 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Branches==
===Royal Navy===
{{Main|Royal Navy}}

[[File:HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) underway during trials with HMS Sutherland (F81) and HMS Iron Duke (F234) on 28 June 2017 (45162784).jpg|thumb|{{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|R08|6}}, a [[Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier|''Queen Elizabeth''-class]] [[supercarrier]] on sea trials in June 2017]]

The Royal Navy is a technologically sophisticated naval force,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/ |title=Royal Navy |publisher=royalnavy.mod.uk |access-date=1 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930153653/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/ |archive-date=30 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> and as of February 2026 consists of [[List of active Royal Navy ships|63 commissioned ships]] with an additional 9 support vessels of various types operated by the [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]. Command of deployable assets is exercised by the [[Fleet Commander]] of the [[His Majesty's Naval Service|Naval Service]].<ref>[http://www.armedforces.co.uk/navy/listings/l0006.html Fleet Command and Organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202121128/http://www.armedforces.co.uk/navy/listings/l0006.html |date=2 February 2007 }}, armedforces.co.uk</ref> Personnel matters are the responsibility of the [[Second Sea Lord]]/Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command, an appointment usually held by a vice-admiral.<ref>[https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/static/content/209.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514111544/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/static/content/209.html|date=14 May 2005}}</ref>

The Surface Fleet consists of [[aircraft carrier]]s, [[destroyer]]s, [[frigate]]s, [[Patrol boat|patrol vessels]], [[Minesweeper|mine-countermeasure vessels]], and other miscellaneous vessels. The Surface Fleet has been structured around a single fleet since the abolition of the [[Eastern Fleet|Eastern]] and [[Western Fleet (United Kingdom)|Western]] fleets in 1971.<ref>Hampshire (1975), ''The Royal Navy Since 1945: its transition to the nuclear age'', p248</ref> The recently built [[Type 45 destroyer]]s are stealthy and technologically advanced air-defence destroyers. The Royal Navy has commissioned two {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|aircraft carrier|2}}<nowiki/>s, embarking an air-group including the advanced fifth-generation multi-role fighter, the [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35B Lightning]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6914788.stm|work=BBC News|title=MoD confirms £3.8bn carrier order|date=25 July 2007|access-date=27 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911215317/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6914788.stm|archive-date=11 September 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

A submarine service has existed within the Royal Navy for more than 100 years. The [[Royal Navy Submarine Service|Submarine Service]]'s four {{sclass|Vanguard|submarine|0}} nuclear-powered submarines carry [[UGM-133 Trident II|Trident II ballistic missiles]], forming the [[Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent]]. Seven {{sclass|Astute|submarine|0}} nuclear-powered fleet (attack) submarines have been ordered, with six completed and one under construction. The ''Astute'' class are the most advanced and largest fleet submarines ever built for the Royal Navy and will maintain Britain's nuclear-powered submarine fleet capabilities for decades to come.

====Royal Marines====
{{Main|Royal Marines}}
[[File:FOB Jackson 2009.jpg|thumb|Royal Marines of [[45 Commando]] at FOB Jackson, Helmand Province, 2009]]
The Royal Marines are the Royal Navy's amphibious troops. Consisting of a single manoeuvre brigade (UK Commando Force) and various independent units, the Royal Marines specialise in [[amphibious warfare|amphibious]], [[arctic warfare|arctic]], and [[mountain warfare]].<ref>BBC News (19 March 2002), "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1593996.stm UK's mountain warfare elite]". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221144849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1593996.stm |date=21 February 2007 }}.</ref> Contained within UK Commando Force are three attached army units; 383 Commando Petroleum Troop RLC, [[29th Commando Regiment Royal Artillery]], a field artillery regiment based in Plymouth, and [[24 Commando Regiment Royal Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regts/the_rifles/rifles_hq/commando_role.htm |title=The Commando Role for 1 RIFLER |website=The British Army |date=30 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018102124/http://army.mod.uk/infantry/regts/the_rifles/rifles_hq/commando_role.htm |archive-date= 18 October 2007 }}</ref> The [[Commando Logistic Regiment]] consists of personnel from the Army, Royal Marines, and Royal Navy.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/static/content/2540.html |title=Commando Logistic Regiment: About the Regiment |website= Royal Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050514133822/https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/static/content/2540.html |archive-date=14 May 2005 }}</ref>

===British Army===
{{Main|British Army}}

The British Army is the land force of the British Armed Forces, and is made up of the Regular Army and the part-time [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Army Reserve]]. The Army is commanded by the [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]], a [[four-star general]] within [[Army Headquarters (United Kingdom)|Army Headquarters]], based at [[Marlborough Lines|Andover]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Command Structure |website= The British Army |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/command-structure/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216063710/https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/command-structure/ |archive-date= 16 December 2023 }}</ref>
[[File:ILauncher (within Sky Sabre).jpg|thumb|[[Sky Sabre]] (with ''Land Ceptor'' missiles) ground-based air defence system as operated by [[7th Air Defence Group]].]]
Deployable combat formations are;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formations, Divisions & Brigades |website= The British Army |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/formations-divisions-brigades/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216113424/https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/formations-divisions-brigades/ |archive-date= 16 December 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Future Soldier: Transforming the British Army |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-soldier-transforming-the-british-army |date=25 November 2021 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

* [[1st (United Kingdom) Division|1st (UK) Division]], consisting of [[16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team]] and four other Light or Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Teams, with supporting engineering, logistic, intelligence and signals units.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2019 |title=Army restructures to confront evolving threats |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/army-restructures-to-confront-evolving-threats |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>
* [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division|3rd (UK) Division]], consisting of [[3rd Deep Reconnaissance Strike Brigade]], [[7th Air Defence Group|7 Air Defence Group]], and two Armoured Brigade Combat Teams, with supporting engineering, logistic, intelligence and signals units.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Field Army Troops]], consisting of the new [[Ranger Regiment (United Kingdom)|Ranger Regiment]], in [[Army Special Operations Brigade]]; Security Force Assistance Brigade and [[77th Brigade (United Kingdom)|77 Brigade]], a [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]] unit.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Boxer MIV on 2019 Army Combat Power Demonstration (ACPD) - 9.jpg|thumb|[[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer]] [[Mechanised Infantry Vehicle|mechanised infantry vehicle]] (MIV) with [[remote weapon station]] (RWS).]]
The [[Infantry of the British Army]] has a strength of 48 battalions (32 regular and 16 reserve), structured under 17 unique regiments.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-equipment-and-formations-2023 | title=UK armed forces equipment and formations 2023 |website=GOV.UK |date=21 September 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240103143515/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-equipment-and-formations-2023 |archive-date= 3 January 2024 }}</ref> These battalions are trained and equipped for specific roles within their respective Brigade Combat Teams (BCT); [[Light infantry|Light Infantry]], such as the famous 1st Battalion [[Grenadier Guards]], within the [[4th Light Brigade Combat Team]], fight on foot without armoured vehicles; [[Mechanized infantry|Light Mechanised Infantry]], such as the 1st Battalion [[Royal Yorkshire Regiment]], within the [[7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team]], operate the [[Ocelot (vehicle)|Foxhound]] protected mobility vehicle; Armoured Infantry (to become Heavy Mechanised Infantry under [[Future Soldier (British Army)|Future Soldier]]), such as the 1st Battalion [[Royal Regiment of Fusiliers]], within the [[20th Armoured Brigade Combat Team (United Kingdom)|20th Armoured Infantry Brigade Combat Team]], operate the [[Warrior tracked armoured vehicle|Warrior]] infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), but will be equipped with the new [[Boxer (armoured fighting vehicle)|Boxer]] mechanised infantry vehicle from 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infantry |website= The British Army |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212180557/https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/ |archive-date= 12 December 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=ERR |first=Joakim Klementi {{!}} |date=23 October 2023 |title=Brigade assigned to Estonia likely to be one of British Army's strongest |url=https://news.err.ee/1609141828/brigade-assigned-to-estonia-likely-to-be-one-of-british-army-s-strongest |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=ERR |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:B Company 2 Battalion the Parachute Regiment MOD 45167489.jpg|thumb|[[2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment|2PARA]] on a [[live fire exercise]] operating the [[Javelin ATGM|Javelin anti-tank guided missile]], [[FN MAG|GPMG]], and [[Heckler & Koch GMG|GMG]] from a [[Land Rover Wolf|RWMIK]].]]
The four battalions of the [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]], forming [[16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team]] and part of [[Special Forces Support Group]], are the British Army's elite airborne infanteers, held at high readiness and specialising in rapid deployment by parachute and helicopter, widely regarded as the "fittest, most aggressive, resilient and disciplined regiment in the British Army."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Betts |first=Nick |date=9 January 2019 |title=Inside the Parachute Regiment, 'the last outpost for hard men willing to do bad things to bad people' |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/inside-parachute-regiment-last-outpost-hard-men-willing-do-bad/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Parachute Regiment {{!}} National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/paras |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Forces Support Group {{!}} SFSG |url=https://www.eliteukforces.info/sfsg/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=www.eliteukforces.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2011 |title=BBC Four - Regimental Stories, The Parachute Regiment, An Introduction to The Parachute Regiment |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00kkqhg |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The [[Royal Armoured Corps]] provides the armoured capability of the British Army. The [[Royal Tank Regiment]], [[Queen's Royal Hussars]] and [[Royal Wessex Yeomanry]] (of the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Army Reserve]]) operate [[Challenger 2]] main battle tanks, which are being upgraded to [[Challenger 3]], and are part of [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division|3rd (UK) Division]]'s Armoured Brigade Combat Teams. Armoured Cavalry regiments, such as the [[Royal Dragoon Guards]], currently operate the [[Warrior tracked armoured vehicle|Warrior IFV]] on an interim basis, until [[General Dynamics Ajax|Ajax]] reaches [[full operating capability]]. There are six Light Cavalry regiments (three Regular + three Reserve) equipped with the [[Jackal (vehicle)|Jackal 2]] and [[Jackal (vehicle)#Coyote|Coyote TSV]], tasked with providing reconnaissance and fire support. The [[Household Cavalry]], made up of the [[Life Guards (United Kingdom)|Life Guards]] and the [[Blues and Royals]], operate in a dual role of Armoured Cavalry and Mounted Ceremonial on [[Horse Guards (building)|Horse Guards]] in London, and for state occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceremonial |url=https://www.hcavfoundation.org/about/about-the-household-cavalry/ceremonial/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Household Cavalry |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Dragoon Guards {{!}} National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/royal-dragoon-guards |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Squadrons |url=https://royaltankregiment.com/what-we-do/squadrons/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=Royal Tank Regiment |date=9 September 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Armoured Corps |website= The British Army |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-armoured-corps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215212336/https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/royal-armoured-corps/ |archive-date= 15 December 2023 }}</ref>

===Royal Air Force===
{{Main|Royal Air Force}}

[[File:Royal Air Force Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon F2 Lofting-1.jpg|thumb|The [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] [[multirole combat aircraft]]]]

The Royal Air Force has a large operational fleet that fulfils various roles, consisting of both [[List of active United Kingdom military aircraft|fixed-wing and rotary aircraft]].<ref>{{cite hansard|title=Military Aircraft|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120131/text/120131w0002.htm#120131143001971|house=House of Commons|date=31 January 2012|speaker=Nick Harvey|position=Minister of State for the Armed Forces|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213512/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120131/text/120131w0002.htm#120131143001971|archive-date=17 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Frontline aircraft are controlled by [[RAF Air Command|Air Command]], which is organised into five [[Group (air force)|groups]] defined by function: [[No. 1 Group RAF|1 Group]] (Air Combat), [[No. 2 Group RAF|2 Group]] (Air Support), [[No. 11 Group RAF|11 Group]] (Air and Space operations),<ref name="RAF">{{Cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/ |title=RAF – Structure |access-date=20 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221205633/http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/ |archive-date=21 February 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[No. 22 Group|22 Group]] (training aircraft and ground facilities) and [[No. 38 Group RAF|38 Group]] (Royal Air Force's Engineering, Logistics, Communications and Medical Operations units).<ref name="RAF" /> In addition [[No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group (United Kingdom)|83 Expeditionary Air Group]] directs formations in the Middle East and the [[No. 38 Group RAF|38 Group]] combines the expeditionary [[Combat Support|combat support]] and [[Combat Service Support|combat service support]] units of the RAF. Deployable formations consist of Expeditionary Air [[Wing (air force unit)|Wings]] and [[Squadron (aviation)|squadrons]]—the basic unit of the Air Force.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/628864A8_EC65_BEBF_C4C64EC02534493A.pdf Transforming the Royal Air Force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610172134/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/628864A8_EC65_BEBF_C4C64EC02534493A.pdf |date=10 June 2007 }}, raf.mod.uk</ref><ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/squadrons.cfm Royal Air Force Squadrons], raf.mod.uk {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219044631/http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/squadrons.cfm |date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> Independent [[Flight (military unit)|flights]] are deployed to facilities in Brunei, the Falkland Islands, Iraq, and the United States.<ref>[http://www.scramble.nl/uk.htm Aircraft Order of Battle], Scramble (magazine) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730094243/http://www.scramble.nl/uk.htm|date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

The Royal Air Force operates multi-role and single-role fighters, reconnaissance and patrol aircraft, tankers, transports, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, and various types of training aircraft.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment Royal Air Force – Equipment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217000203/http://www.raf.mod.uk/equipment/ |date=17 February 2007 }}, raf.mod.uk</ref>

Ground units are also maintained by the Royal Air Force, most prominently the [[RAF Police]] and the [[Royal Air Force Regiment]] (RAF Regt). The Royal Air Force Regiment essentially functions as the ground defence force of the RAF, optimised for the specialist role of fighting on and around forward airfields, which are densely packed with operationally vital aircraft, equipment, infrastructure and personnel.<ref>[http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/rafregiment.cfm The Royal Air Force Regiment], raf.mod.uk {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005150508/http://www.raf.mod.uk/structure/rafregiment.cfm |date=5 October 2012 }}</ref> The Regiment contains nine regular squadrons, supported by five squadrons of the [[Royal Auxiliary Air Force]] Regiment. In addition, it provides [[Forward air control|Forward Air Controllers]] to defence as well as a contribution to the [[Special Forces Support Group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forward Air Controllers {{!}} British FAC {{!}} JTAC |url=https://www.eliteukforces.info/forward-air-controllers/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=www.eliteukforces.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immersive Close Air Support Simulator delivered to British military - UPI.com |url=https://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2015/04/01/British-military-gets-simulator-training-system-from-Selex-ES/1751427897019/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministry of Defence==
{{Main|Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)}}

[[File:RFA Argus, FS Meuse and RS Regina Maria at anchor in the Solent, in readiness for the International Fleet Review. MOD 45145024.jpg|thumb|{{ship|RFA|Argus|A135|6}} (left), the fleet's [[Flight training|aviation training]] and [[hospital ship]]]]

The Ministry of Defence maintains a number of civilian agencies in support of the British Armed Forces. Although they are civilian, they play a vital role in supporting Armed Forces operations, and in certain circumstances are under military discipline:

* The '''[[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]]''' (RFA) operates 9 ships which primarily serve to replenish Royal Navy warships at sea, and also provides an amphibious warfare capability through its three {{sclass2|Bay|landing ship dock}} vessels. It is manned by 1,750 civilian personnel and is funded and run by the Ministry of Defence.
* The '''[[Ministry of Defence Police]]''' (MDP) has an established strength of 2,700 police officers which provide armed security, counter terrorism, uniformed policing and investigative services to Ministry of Defence property, personnel, and installations throughout the United Kingdom.
* The '''[[Defence Equipment and Support]]''' (DE&S) is the merged procurement and support organisation within the UK [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)]]. It came into being on 2 April 2007, bringing together the MoD's [[Defence Procurement Agency]] and the [[Defence Logistics Organisation]] under the leadership of General Sir [[Kevin O'Donoghue]] as the first [[Chief of Defence Materiel]]. {{As of|2012}} it has a civilian and military workforce of approx. 20,000 personnel. DE&S is overseen by the [[Minister for Defence Equipment, Support and Technology]].
* The '''[[UK Hydrographic Office]]''' (UKHO) is an organisation within the [[UK government]] responsible for providing [[navigational]] and other hydrographic information for national, civil and defence requirements. The UKHO is located in [[Taunton]], [[Somerset]], on Admiralty Way and has a workforce of approximately 1,000 staff.

==Recruitment==
{{Further|Recruitment in the British Army}}
[[File:Royal Marine During Passing Out Parade MOD 45154046.jpg|thumb|A newly qualified [[Royal Marine]] of 122 Troop Kings Squad is pictured during a [[Passing out (military)|passing out parade]] in 2011, having undergone the recruitment process and selection and training]]
All three services of the British Armed Forces recruit primarily from within the United Kingdom, although citizens from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] are equally eligible to join.<ref name="Times">Evans (2005), [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article589974.ece How British Army is fast becoming foreign legion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529145600/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article589974.ece |date=29 May 2010 }}, timesonline.co.uk</ref> The minimum recruitment age is 16 years (although personnel may not serve on armed operations below 18 years, and if under 18 must also have parental consent to join); the maximum recruitment age depends whether the application is for a regular or reserve role; there are further variations in age limit for different corps/regiments. The normal term of engagement is 22 years; however, the minimum service required before resignation is 4 years, plus, in the case of the Army, any service person below the age of 18. A note to add is that in the United Kingdom, people may join the "Cadet Forces" such as the army cadets, Royal Air Force Air Cadets or the sea and Royal Marine Cadets. Young people may join these organisations which are either funded or affiliated with the MOD from the age of 13-18, there is no obligation to then join the armed forces however it teaches key skills in both civilian and military life and is a key recruitment drive for the armed forces.<ref>BBC News (6 January 2007), "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6236345.stm Recruitment Age for Army Raised]". {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208183807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6236345.stm |date=8 February 2012 }}.</ref> At present, the yearly intake into the armed forces is 11,880 (per the 12 months to 31 March 2014).<ref name="PersonnelGOV">[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/310468/quarterly_personnel_report_apr14.pdf UK Armed Forces Quarterly Personnel Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204554/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/310468/quarterly_personnel_report_apr14.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }}, gov.uk, 1 April 2014</ref>

Excluding the [[Brigade of Gurkhas]] and the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]], as of 1 April 2014 there are approximately 11,200 Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) persons serving as Regulars across the three service branches; of those, 6,610 were recruited from outside the United Kingdom. In total, Black and Minority Ethnic persons represent 7.1% of all service personnel, an increase from 6.6% in 2010.<ref name="PersonnelGOV" />

Since the year 2000, [[Sexual orientation and the military of the United Kingdom|sexual orientation has not been a factor considered in recruitment]], and homosexuals can serve openly in the armed forces. All branches of the forces have actively recruited at [[Gay Pride]] events.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4189634.stm|title=Army marches with Pride parade|work=BBC News|date=27 August 2005|access-date=6 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218115212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/4189634.stm|archive-date=18 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pridelondon.org/blog.php?b=1216 |title=The LGBT community in the Armed Forces |date=11 June 2008 |publisher=London Gay Pride official website |access-date=6 November 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227165621/http://www.pridelondon.org/blog.php?b=1216 |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref> The forces keep no formal figures concerning the number of gay and lesbian serving soldiers, saying that the sexual orientation of personnel is considered irrelevant and not monitored.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article559936.ece|title=Army on parade for gay recruits|first=Jonathan|last=Leake|author2=Philip Cardy|newspaper=[[The Times]]|access-date=6 November 2009|date=28 August 2005|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529145528/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article559936.ece|archive-date=29 May 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Role of women===
{{Further|Women in the military by country#United Kingdom}}
[[File:Hrh Princess Elizabeth Undergoing Instruction at the Auxiliary Territorial Service Training Centre, April 1945 H41676.jpg|thumb|right|[[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]] (later Queen Elizabeth II) in the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]], April 1945]]
[[Women]] have been part of the armed forces, on and off, for centuries, more fully integrated since the early 1990s, including flying fast jets and commanding warships or artillery batteries. As of 1 April 2014, there were approximately 15,840 women serving in the armed forces, representing 9.9% of all service personnel.<ref name="PersonnelGOV"/> The first female military pilot was [[Flight Lieutenant]] [[Julie Ann Gibson]] while Flight Lieutenant [[Jo Salter]] was the first fast-jet pilot, the latter flying a Tornado GR1 on missions patrolling the then [[Iraqi no-fly zones|Northern Iraqi No-Fly Zone]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Haynes|first=Deborah|author-link=Deborah Haynes|date=23 May 2009|title=The Top Gun girl and the Tornado fast jet|work=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/defence/article/the-top-gun-girl-and-the-tornado-fast-jet-svdtwdzbm8b|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=31 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512175444/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/article6344981.ece|archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> Flight Lieutenant Juliette Fleming and [[Squadron Leader]] Nikki Thomas recently{{when|date=February 2024}} were the first Tornado GR4 crew.<ref>[http://www.thisisdevon.co.uk/news/Tornados-Taliban-day-s-work-Nikki-navigator/article-1652922-detail/article.html Tornados and Taliban are all in a day's work] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513182051/http://www.thisisdevon.co.uk/news/Tornados-Taliban-day-s-work-Nikki-navigator/article-1652922-detail/article.html |date=13 May 2011 }}. This is Devon (29 December 2009). Retrieved on 24 August 2013.</ref> While enforcing the Libyan No-Fly Zone, Flight Lieutenant Helen Seymour was identified as the first female Eurofighter Typhoon pilot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8402845/First-woman-to-fly-Typhoon-enforces-no-fly-zone.html|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Nick|last=Collins|title=First woman to fly Typhoon enforces no-fly-zone|date=24 March 2011|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211152403/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/8402845/First-woman-to-fly-Typhoon-enforces-no-fly-zone.html|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2011, it was announced that a female lieutenant commander, [[Sarah West]], was to command the [[frigate]] {{HMS|Portland|F79|6}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14444808|work=BBC News|title=Royal Navy appoints first female warship commander|date=8 August 2011|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112195203/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14444808|archive-date=12 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2016, it was announced that women would be allowed to serve in close combat, starting with the Royal Armoured Corps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ban-on-women-in-ground-close-combat-roles-lifted|work=UK Ministry of Defence|title=Ban on women in ground close combat roles lifted|date=8 July 2016|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150054/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ban-on-women-in-ground-close-combat-roles-lifted|archive-date=9 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017, the Secretary of Defence announced that women would be allowed to enlist in the [[RAF Regiment]] from September 2017, a year ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/raf-opens-close-combat-role-to-women-ahead-of-schedule|work=UK Ministry of Defence|title=RAF opens close combat role to women ahead of schedule|date=13 July 2017|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728225958/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/raf-opens-close-combat-role-to-women-ahead-of-schedule|archive-date=28 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, women were allowed to apply for all roles in the British military, including the [[United Kingdom Special Forces|special forces]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Lizzie Dearden Home Affairs Correspondent @lizziedearden |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/women-soldiers-army-military-sas-defence-government-infantry-frontline-gavin-williamson-female-a8601371.html |title=Women now allowed to apply for Royal Marines and all other frontline military roles, defence secretary announces |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025225835/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/women-soldiers-army-military-sas-defence-government-infantry-frontline-gavin-williamson-female-a8601371.html |archive-date=25 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{as of|2024|June|10}}, the [[List of senior female officers of the British Armed Forces|most senior serving woman]] is [[Four star rank|four-star]] General [[Sharon Nesmith|Dame Sharon Nesmith]].

== Music ==
{{Main|List of marches of the British Armed Forces}}

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|Aviation}}
* [[Armed Forces Day (United Kingdom)]]
* [[Armed forces in Scotland]]
* [[Armed forces in Wales]]
* [[Atholl Highlanders]] – The only legal [[private army]] in Europe under the command of the [[Duke of Atholl]] in [[Scotland]]
* [[Banknotes of the British Armed Forces]]
* [[British Forces Broadcasting Service]]
* [[Community Cadet Forces]]
* [[List of military equipment of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Military Covenant]] – The mutual obligations between the nation and its Armed Forces.
* [[Network-enabled capability]] – British military concept of achieving enhanced military effect through the better use of [[information systems]]. Similar to the US concept of [[network-centric warfare]].
* [[Structure of the British Armed Forces]]
* [[Uniforms of the British Armed Forces]]
* [[Military history of Scotland]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Military of the United Kingdom}}
{{wiktionary|Appendix:Glossary of British military slang and expressions}}
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ministry-of-defence British Ministry of Defence] (gov.uk)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091204170712/http://da.mod.uk/mk Defence Academy of the United Kingdom] (.da.mod.uk)
* [http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/ Royal Navy official website] (royalnavy.mod.uk)
* [http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/the-fighting-arms/royal-marines Royal Marines official webpage] (royalnavy.mod.uk)
* [http://www.army.mod.uk/ British Army official website] (army.mod.uk)
* [http://www.raf.mod.uk/ Royal Air Force official website] (raf.mod.uk)

{{British Armed Forces}}
{{United Kingdom topics}}
{{British Military}}
{{Military of Europe}}
{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}

[[Category:British Armed Forces| ]]
[[Category:Military of the United Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:British Armed Forces deployments|British Armed Forces deployments]]

Anandaraj

2026-03-25T15:10:17Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1963)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anandaraj
| image = Anand-raj-20180907124227-31266.jpg
| alma_mater = [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|11|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India
| birthname = 
| years_active = 1988{{ndash}}present
| occupation = Actor
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| partner = Thilakavathi
| children = 2
| website =
}}
'''Anandaraj''' (born 10 November 1958) is an Indian [[actor]]. He has acted in mainly in villain roles and few comedic roles in several [[Tamil films]] and appeared in over a three hundred films in different languages including [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/anandaraj|title=Kollywood Movie Actor Anandaraj Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref>

==Career==

Anandaraj was born and brought up in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. After schooling, his father wanted him to become a police officer, but Anandaraj wanted to try something different as he was fascinated with films. His family supported his dreams. He joined [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]], [[Chennai]] for a course. [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] actor [[Shiva Rajkumar]] was his classmate.

Anandaraj was under the impression that offers would come his way, but later he had to struggle for an opportunity and finally started off with the 1988 film ''[[Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam]]'', starring [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Sivakumar]], and later ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]'', directed by [[P. Vasu]], gave him the much-needed break in all the four south Indian languages.<ref name="AnandRaj">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/My-wife-is-happy-that-I-am-a-villain-Anand-Raj/articleshow/45098013.cms|title=My wife is happy that I am a villain Anand Raj|work=The Times of India|date=2014-11-11|access-date=2014-11-12}}</ref> He did [[Suresh Krissna]]’s ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' (1990) with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], in which he essayed a positive role. However, he appeared with [[Vijayakanth]] and starred in several films together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/nov/11/films-are-too-hero-centric-these-days-8709.html|title="Films are too hero-centric these days"|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=11 November 2018 }}</ref>

On playing the hero roles, Anand Raj mentioned: "When one gets popular being a villain, people around you always push you to take the next step and it was one of those phases when I took up offers to play the lead role". He went on to play lead roles in the films ''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]'', ''[[Kaaval Nilayam]]'', ''Thambi Oorukku Puthusu'', ''[[Government Mappillai]]'', ''[[Pokkiri Thambi]]'', ''Kizhakku Veluthathchu'', ''[[David Uncle]]'', ''[[En Rajangam]]'', ''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]'' and ''My India''. Even though directors offered him good scripts, the films just didn't work well at the box office.<ref name=AnandRaj/><ref name="news">{{Citation|last=M. K. Megan|title=Graduating from acting as crook to hero|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2 October 1992|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nllPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GZADAAAAIBAJ&hl=fr&pg=4302%2C779516|access-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> The huge popularity that Anandaraj gained during the late eighties elevated him to the status of hero and he and [[R. Sarathkumar]] together starred in a few action films. While Sarathkumar hit stardom, Anandaraj who was billed above him in their films together did not sustain his position and went back to playing small roles.

He has acted as a villain alongside most of the top actors, like [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] (''[[Muddula Mavayya]]''), [[Vijayakanth]] (''[[Pulan Visaranai]]''), [[Chiranjeevi]] (''[[Gang Leader]]''), [[Rajinikanth]] (''[[Baashha]]''), [[Mammootty]] (''[[Makkal Aatchi]]''), [[R. Sarathkumar]] (''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]''), [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] (''[[Ezhumalai]]'') and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] (''[[Pokkiri]]'').

Many years later, Anandaraj made a sudden switch to comedy in ''[[Mundasupatti]]'' directed by Ramkumar released in 2014 that had audiences falling off their seats and there had been no looking back since then. Anandaraj has become a hot favorite of young directors who write quirky characters for him which he performs with his signature style that has gained him a huge fan following in the younger generation of movie goers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-anandaraj-special-article-tamil-news-273749|title=Happy Birthday Ananadaraj from terrifying villain to hilarious comedian - Tamil News|date=10 November 2020|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

Director [[Prabhu Deva]] offered Anandaraj the lead in the role and asked him not to react to anything, even though a baddie is expected to give exaggerated expressions. [[Prabhu Deva]] wanted Anandaraj to sport a certain look, so he underwent intense training for a year and lost about 12 kilos and fulfilled Prabhu Deva's expectation to get signed for ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]'' (2014). He played a don in the film and his look was completely different from the one he had tried in the south, as he spots a lizard tattoo on his head.<ref name=AnandRaj/>

He joined [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Nayanthara]] starrer ''[[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]'' (2015). Though Anandaraj doesn't play the main antagonist role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/anandaraj-joins-naanum-rowdy-thaan/|title=Anandaraj joins Naanum Rowdy Thaan|date=2 January 2015|website=Only Kollywood}}</ref> His other films include ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' (2017) ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]]'' (2017), ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' (2017) and ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' (2018). He's almost perfected the role of the comic villain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/jun/18/the-villain-who-isnt-634.html|title=The villain who isn't: Anandraj|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=18 June 2017 }}</ref> For the film ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2019), Anandaraj received Best comedian from [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Vikatan]]. He played a role in ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019) has expressed his disappointment over the filmmaker for the way he approached his character in the film in post production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/actor-anand-raj-regrets-for-acting-in-bigil/|title = இன்ட்ரோ வைக்க கூட மனசில்லயா. ஏன் இதுல நடிச்சனு திட்னாங்க. பிகில் படத்தால் ஆனந்த் ராஜ் வேதனை. வீடியோ| date=28 January 2020 }}</ref> He acted in [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]'s films subsequently such as ''[[Biskoth]]'' (2020), ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' (2021) and ''[[80s Buildup]]'' (2023).

==Personal life==

Anandaraj was born in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]. He is the second son in the family of eight.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actor/anandaraj|title=Kollywood Movie Actor Anandaraj Biography, News, Photos, Videos}}</ref> He is married and has a daughter, a son and a grandson

== Politics ==
Actor Anandraj is loyal to [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] and has joined [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] under her leadership. He supported [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and stated that he will personally vote for the party in 2014. After Jayalalitha's death he quit ADMK. He later said Mudaliar community should vote for [[None of the above|NOTA]].

==Filmography==
===Tamil films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="7"|1988 || ''[[Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam]]'' || Henchmen ||
|-
| ''[[Thaimel Aanai]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Jeeva (1988 film)|Jeeva]]'' || Main Henchmen ||
|-
| ''[[En Thangachi Padichava]]'' || Gaja ||
|-
| ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' || Udayappan ||
|-
| ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]'' || Autorickshaw driver ||
|-
| ''[[Kalicharan (1988 film)|Kalicharan]]'' || Anandraj ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1989 || ''[[Pillaikkaga]]'' || Nagadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || Kangeyan ||
|-
|''Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu'' || Maruthupandi ||
|-
|rowspan="15"|1990 ||''[[Nalla Kaalam Porandaachu]]'' || Joe ||
|-
| ''[[Pulan Visaranai]]'' || Dharma ||
|-
| ''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]'' || Vajervelu ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhu Padagan]]'' || Arumugam || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Thangathin Thangam]]'' || Mariappan's Son ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Rasi]]'' || Periyathambi ||
|-
| ''[[Urudhi Mozhi]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Periya Idathu Pillai]]'' || Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]'' || Baasha ||
|-
| ''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]'' || Machi ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Thevan]]'' || Semmangkalai ||
|-
| ''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]'' || Rajappa ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]'' || Japan ||
|-
| ''[[Ethir Kaatru]]'' || Devaraj ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1991 || ''[[Kaaval Nilayam]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]'' || Robin ||[[12th Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Villain]]
|-
| ''Iravu Sooriyan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]]'' || Amirtharajah ||
|-
| ''Thambi Oorukku Pudhusu'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|1992 || ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' || Sundarapandian ||
|-
| ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]'' || Maarithevan ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathan (1992 film)|Bharathan]]'' || Gangadharan ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Thambi]]'' || Thambidurai ||
|-
| ''Kizhakku Velathachu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaali Kattiya Raasa]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[David Uncle]]'' || David ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993 || ''[[Kattalai (film)|Kattalai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajadurai (film)|Rajadurai]]'' || Mayandi ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1994 || ''[[En Rajangam]]'' || Gopalakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Vandicholai Chinraasu]]'' || Santhanapandian ||
|-
| ''[[Jallikattu Kaalai]]'' || Loose Gounder ||
|-
| ''[[Magudikkaran]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="13"|1995 || ''[[Baashha]]'' || Indaran ||
|-
| ''[[Kattumarakaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thottil Kuzhandhai]]'' || Rajarathnam ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Aatchi]]'' || Marappan ||
|-
| ''[[Nandhavana Theru]]'' || Rajasekhar ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Thedi Vandha Raasa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Madras]]'' || Thiruttani ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal Aatchi]]'' || Rangachari ||
|-
| ''[[Ragasiya Police]]'' || Azhagam Perumal ||
|-
| ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'' || Paramasivam ||
|-
| ''[[Thondan (1995 film)|Thondan]]'' || Ilavenil ||
|-
| ''[[Varraar Sandiyar]]'' || Maruthu ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1996 || ''[[Aruva Velu]]'' || Alavanthar ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]'' || Nagaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]'' || Inspector Thangamani || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Manikkam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Andha Naal'' || Father James ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|1997 || ''[[Aravindhan]]'' || Ramanathan ||
|-
| ''My India'' ||||
|-
| ''[[Suryavamsam (1997 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' || Dharamalingam Gounder || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]] Cinema Express Award for Best Villain
|-
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1997 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Adimai Changili]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Janakiraman]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arasiyal]]'' || Vikram || Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan="9"|1998 ||''[[Moovendhar]]'' || Velliangiri ||
|-
| ''[[Naam Iruvar Nammaku Iruvar]]'' || Thief ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhippoma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Galatta]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Simmarasi]]'' || Maragatham || Dinakaran Cinema Award for Best Villain Actor
|-
| ''[[Desiya Geetham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Urimai Por]]'' || J. K. B. ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Pooveli]]'' || Maha's uncle ||
|-
|rowspan="9"|1999 || ''[[Periyanna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kummi Paattu]]'' || Pachhamalayan ||
|-
| ''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]'' || Peter Fernandez ||
|-
| ''[[Malabar Police]]'' || Varadappan ||
|-
| ''[[Kannupada Poguthaiya]]'' || Maniyaandar ||
|-
| ''[[Kanmani Unakkaga]]'' || Prathap ||
|-
| ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'' || Jamindar ||
|-
| ''[[Paattali]]'' || Rajarathinam ||
|-
| ''[[Time (1999 film)|Time]]'' || Local Rogue ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2000 || ''[[Vaanathaippola]]'' || Rajadurai ||
|-
|''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' || Dubai Job Agency's Middleman ||
|-
|''[[Krodham 2]]'' || Yogaraj ||
|-
|''[[Anbudan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' || Rasappan ||
|-
| ''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || Thilagarnambi ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2002 || ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' || Police Inspector || Guest Appearance
|-
| ''[[Ezhumalai]]'' || Nagalingam's brother in law ||
|-
| ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]'' || Marthandam ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2003 || ''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' || Commissioner Srinivas IPS||
|-
|''[[Kadhaludan]]'' || || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sena (film)|Sena]]'' || Mastan Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || Meenakshi's father ||
|-
| ''Vadakku Vaasal'' || Inspector Alex Pandian ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2004 || ''[[Campus (film)|Campus]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Engal Anna]]'' || Durairaj ||
|-
| ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || Advocate Brammanadham ||
|-
| ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Pasupathy, Pasupathy's father ||
|-
| ''[[Meesai Madhavan]]'' || Rani's father ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Iyer IPS]]'' || Pasupathy ||
|-
| ''[[Kannadi Pookal]]'' || Sakthivel's Friend ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || DCP Kesavan Nair ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2007 || ''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Narasimha ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008 || ''[[Ashoka (2008 film)|Ashoka]]'' || Chandramohan ||
|-
| ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]'' || Nandita's father ||
|-
| ''[[Nayagan (2008 film)|Nayagan]]'' || Gang leader ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || J.D ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2010 || ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]'' || Veerappan ||
|-
| ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' || Village Rowdy ||
|-
| ''Indrasena'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agam Puram]]'' || Muthuraj || Guest appearance
|-
| 2011 || ''En Ullam Unnai Theduthey'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mundasupatti]]'' || Zamindar Ekambaram ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015 || ''[[Pulan Visaranai 2]]'' || John ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || Inspector Manikandan ||
|-
| ''[[Naanum Rowdydhaan]]'' || Pondicherry Don ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' || Kumar's father ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2017 || ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]'' || Inspector Shanmugapandiyan ||
|-
| ''[[Maragadha Naanayam]]'' || 'Twinkle' Ramanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]]'' || Dubai Sheik ||
|-
| ''[[Sathya (2017 Tamil film)|Sathya]]'' || Inspector Chowdhary ||
|-
|rowspan="8"|2018 || ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' || Munish's boss ||
|-
| ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam]]'' || Gandhi Appa (Kuthaalingam) ||
|-
| ''[[Pakka (film)|Pakka]]'' || Nattamai ||
|-
| ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || Murugesan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavani Mappillai]]'' || Thulasi's father ||
|-
| ''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]'' || Annachi ||
|-
| ''[[Johnny (2018 film)|Johnny]]'' || Prakash ||
|-
| ''[[Silukkuvarupatti Singam]]'' || Share Auto Chandran ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Ayogya (2019 film)|Ayogya]]'' || 'Bullet' Rajendran ||
|-
| ''[[Gurkha (2019 film)|Gurkha]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Maanasthan / Inspector Maanasthi || [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards|Ananda Vikatan Cinema Award for Best comedian]]
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]'' || Anand (Rock) ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Biskoth]]'' || Narasimhan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021 || ''[[Vanakkam Da Mappilei]]'' || Ramachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || Arivu's Boss ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]'' || Raasu Gounde ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || Laundry Man ||
|-
| ''[[Prince (2022 film)|Prince]]'' || Inspector Muthupandi ||
|-
|''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' || Dass
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Vallavanukkum Vallavan]]'' || Inspector Poonthamalli ||
|-
|''[[Rayar Parambarai]]'' || Gopal, Mortuary worker ||
|-
| ''[[80s Buildup]]'' || Gopal ||
|-
| ''[[Conjuring Kannappan]]'' || Devil Armstrong ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2024 || ''[[Vithaikkaaran]]'' || ‘Dollar’ Azhagu ||
|-
| ''[[Uyir Thamizhukku]]'' || Pazhakadai Ramachandran ||
|-
|''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' || Lakshana's father ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2025 || ''[[Baby and Baby]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai City Gangsters]]'' || Split Soosai ||<ref>{{cite web|date=2024-09-05 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/05/anand-raj-to-play-split-soosai-in-chennai-city-gangsters |title=Anand Raj to play Split Soosai in Chennai City Gangsters|website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en|access-date=2024-09-22 |archive-date=2024-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240922074759/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/05/anand-raj-to-play-split-soosai-in-chennai-city-gangsters|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-05 |title=Vaibhav-Athulya Ravi's Chennai City Gangsters gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/05/vaibhav-athulya-ravis-chennai-city-gangsters-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Madharas Mafia Company]]'' || Pungavanam ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-11-08 |title=ஆனந்தராஜின் “மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி” படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/anandarajs-madras-mafia-company-release-date-announced-1189121 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2026 ||''[[Vaa Vaathiyaar]]'' || ||
|-




|}
{{pending films key}}

=== Telugu films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="6"|1989 || ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]'' || Anasuya's husband ||
|-
| ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' || Gaja ||
|-
| ''Palnati Rudraiah'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lankeswarudu]]'' || Ananth Raj ||
|-
| ''[[Ontari Poratam]]'' || Govinda Yadav ||
|-
| ''[[Two Town Rowdy]]'' || Rowdy ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1990 ||''[[Prananiki Pranam]]'' || Bahadoor ||
|-
| ''[[Iddaru Iddare (1990 film)|Iddaru Iddare]]'' || Teja ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1991 || ''[[Sathruvu]]'' || Satya Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[Gang Leader]]'' || Kanakambaram ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Bava Bavamaridi]]'' || Bhoopati ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Pedarayudu]]'' || Bhupathi ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Ramudochadu]]'' || Gavaraju ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997 || ''[[Shubhakankshalu]]'' || Moses||
|-
| ''[[Taraka Ramudu]]'' || Gajapati's brother-in-law ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' || Singaraju Lingaraju ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2002 || ''[[Seema Simham]]'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
| ''[[Bharatasimha Reddy]]'' || Devudayya's brother-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Siva Rama Raju]]'' || Veeraju Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' || Dhanunjaya Reddy ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2003 || ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' || Ankineedu ||
|-
| ''Inspector'' || Pandey || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-inspector.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Inspector - Brahmaji, Sindhu Menon - KS Nageswara Rao - Mahendra|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Avuna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]'' || Killer Koteswar Rao ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[786 Khaidi Premakatha]]'' || Harischandra Prasad || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-786.html|title=Movie review - 786 (Khaidi Premakatha)|date=4 February 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Adhineta]]'' || Mahendra Bhupati ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Parvathipuram'' || || Dubbed in Telugu as ''Veera Khadgam'' (2023)
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Inti No. 13]]'' || Gajanand ||
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
|-
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' || Raja || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Jaana (film)|Jaana]]'' || Anand || rowspan="9"|[[Kannada]]
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Palegara]]'' ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Raaja'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2000 || ''Mahathma'' ||
|-
| ''Papigala Lokadalli'' ||
|-
| ''Krishnarjuna'' ||
|-
| ''[[Independence Day (2000 film)|Independence Day]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003 || ''[[Kiccha]]'' || Minister
|-
| ''Vijaya Dashami'' ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]'' || Commissioner Mambally Mukundan Menon || rowspan="2"|Malayalam
|-
| 2006 || ''Jayam'' || Bharathan
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Indra (2008 film)|Indra]]'' || || rowspan="3"|Kannada
|-
| 2009 || ''Machaa'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''Meshtru'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || Pathan || Malayalam
|-
| 2012 || ''Swaranjali'' || || Kannada
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Action Jackson (2014 film)|Action Jackson]]'' || Xavier Fonseca || Hindi
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Pondicherry]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni]]

Lok Bhavan, Jaipur

2026-03-21T03:39:53Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding article

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Lok Bhavan, Rajasthan
|image =
|caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|26.907675|75.785930|display=inline,title}}
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date =
|number_of_rooms =
|elevator_count =
|current_tenants =
|building_type = Main residence
|cost =
|floor_area =
|architect =
|engineer =
|main_contractor =
|developer =
|owner = [[Government of Rajasthan]]
|operator =
|references = [http://www.rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en.html Website]
|pushpin_map = India Jaipur
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
}}
''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan''' ([[translation]]: ''Government House'') serves as the [[official residence]] of the Governor of Rajasthan Harinbhau Bagade, situated in the capital city, [[Jaipur]]. Established on November 1, 1956, following the appointment of Sardar Gurumukh Nihal Singh as the state's first Governor, the estate was formed by amalgamating two erstwhile Civil Lines bungalows, Kothis No. 9 and 10. The property spans a substantial area, distinguished by its architectural elegance and meticulously maintained landscapes.<ref name="rbjaipur">{{cite web|title=Raj Bhawan|url=https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/heritage/rajbhawanjaipur.html|website=rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in|accessdate=8 Apr 2025}}</ref> The present governor of Rajasthan is [[Haribhau Bagade]].<ref name="thehindunews">{{cite web|title=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/haribhau-kisanrao-bagde-sworn-in-as-rajasthan-governor/article68469251.ece|website=thehindu.comn|accessdate=8 Apr 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire|Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en.html Website]

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jaipur]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}
{{Rajasthan-stub}}

Pervez Musharraf

2026-03-19T07:02:19Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|President of Pakistan from 2001–2008}}
{{Redirect|Musharraf|the given name|Musharraf (name)}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| name = Pervez Musharraf
| native_name = {{nobold|پرویز مشرف}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]] [[Tamgha-e-Basalat|TBt]]
| image = Pervez Musharraf 2004 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Musharraf in 2004
| order = 10th
| office = President of Pakistan
| term_start = 20 June 2001
| term_end = 18 August 2008
| primeminister = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
| [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]
| [[Shujaat Hussain]]
| [[Shaukat Aziz]]
| [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] ([[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|caretaker]])
| [[Yusuf Raza Gilani]]
}}
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] (acting)
| office1 = [[Chief Executive of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 12 October 1999
| term_end1 = 21 November 2002
| president1 = Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
| predecessor1 = [[Nawaz Sharif]] (Prime Minister)
| successor1 = Zafarullah Khan Jamali (Prime Minister)
| office2 = [[Minister of Defence (Pakistan)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start2 = 12 October 1999
| term_end2 = 23 October 2002
| predecessor2 = Nawaz Sharif
| successor2 = [[Rao Sikandar Iqbal]]
| order3 = 10th
| office3 = Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
| term_start3 = 8 October 1998
| term_end3 = 7 October 2001
| predecessor3 = [[Jehangir Karamat]]
| successor3 = [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]]
| office4 = 7th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| term_start4 = 6 October 1998
| term_end4 = 29 November 2007
| president4 = {{plainlist|
* Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
* Himself
}}
| primeminister4 = {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}
| Nawaz Sharif
| Zafarullah Khan Jamali
| Shaukat Aziz
| Muhammad Mian Soomro (caretaker)
}}
| predecessor4 = [[Jehangir Karamat]]
| successor4 = [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]]
| birth_name = Syed Pervez Musharraf
| birth_date = {{birth date|1943|08|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|2|05|1943|8|11|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| death_cause = 
| party = [[All Pakistan Muslim League]]
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sehba|1968}}
| children = 2
| residence =
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakistan Military Academy]]
* [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]
* [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]]
* [[Royal College of Defence Studies|Royal College of Defence]]
}}
| awards = [[Pervez Musharraf#Awards and decorations|Full list]]
| nickname = 
| allegiance = {{PAK}}
| branch = {{army|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1964–2007
| rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|20px]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| unit = [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|Regiment of Artillery]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]]
* [[Special Services Group]]
* Director General Military Operations
* 40th Infantry Division
}}
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|War of 1965]]
** [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|War of 1971]]
* [[Siachen conflict|Siachen War]]
* [[Kargil War]]
* [[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)|Afghan Civil War]]
* [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
* [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]]
* [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|India–Pakistan standoff (2001)]]
* [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|War on terror]]
** [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[Insurgency in Balochistan]]
{{tree list/end}}
| relatives =
| relations = [[Asim Raza]] (son-in-law)
| education =
| resting_place = Army Graveyard, [[Karachi]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Urdu}}
{{Pervez Musharraf sidebar}}

'''Pervez Musharraf'''{{Efn|{{langx|ur|پرویز مشرف|Parvez Muśharraf}}}} (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani politician and a military officer who served as the tenth [[president of Pakistan]] from 2001 to 2008. He overthrew [[Second Nawaz Sharif government|Nawaz Sharif's government]] in the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|1999 coup d'état]] and proclaimed himself the [[Chief Martial Law Administrator|chief executive of Pakistan]], under [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]].

Prior to his career in politics, he was a four-star general and [[:Category:Pakistan Army appointments|appointed]] as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of Army Staff]] and, later, the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs of Staff]] by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 1998. He was the leading architect of the [[Kargil War]] between India and Pakistan in 1999. When prime minister Nawaz unsuccessfully attempted to dismiss general Musharraf, after the war, from his command assignments, the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|took over]] the control of the civilian government, which allowed him to control the military and the civilian government.

In 2001, Musharraf seized the presidency through a [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|legal order]] and a [[2002 Pakistani referendum|referendum]] but was constitutionally [[2004 Pakistani confidence vote|confirmed in this capacity]] in 2004. With a new [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], his presidency sponsored the premierships of [[Zafarullah Jamali]] and later [[Shaukat Aziz]] and played a [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|major role]] in the American-led [[war on terror]] in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]].

On social issues, his presidency promoted the [[Third Way]]<ref>https://strafasia.com/musharrafs-trial-travesty-of-justice/</ref> and [[social liberalism]]<ref>https://www.dw.com/en/pervez-musharraf-a-soldier-on-many-fronts/a-64614760</ref> under his [[enlightened moderation]] program; and on economic front, the [[Privatisation in Pakistan|privatisation]] and [[Economic liberalisation in Pakistan|economic liberalisation]] was aggressively pursued though the [[Premiership of Shaukat Aziz|Aziz's premiership]] that sharply rose the overall [[gross domestic product]] (GDP). However, with continued bans on [[Trade unions in Pakistan|trade unions]] and the decline of [[Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Division (Pakistan)|social security]], [[economic inequality]] rose at a rapid rate. The Musharraf presidency also suffered with containing the religiously-motivated [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism]], [[List of violent incidents in Pakistan (2006–2009)|violence]], tribal nationalism, and [[Islamic fundamentalism]]. His presidency was also accused of violating the [[Fundamental rights in Pakistan|fundamental rights]] granted in the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]]. In 2007, he attempted to seize control of the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] by approving the [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|relieve]] of the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan]], and later suspended the writ of the constitution, which led to fall of his presidency dramatically when he resigned to avoid [[Effort to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]] in 2008.

In 2013, Musharraf returned to Pakistan to participate in the [[2013 Pakistani general election|general election]] but was later disqualified from participating when lawsuits were filed against him in the country's [[High courts of Pakistan|high courts]] alleging involvement in the assassinations of politicians [[Nawab Akbar Bugti|Akbar Bugti]] and [[Assassination of Benazir Bhutto|Benazir Bhutto]]. Furthermore, Prime Minister Sharif instructed [[Third Nawaz Sharif government|his administration]] to open an inquiry and [[Musharraf high treason case|filed a proceeding]] in Supreme Court regarding the suspension of the writ of the constitution in 2007.

In 2014, Musharraf was declared an "[[wiktionary:absconder|absconder]]" in the Bugti and Bhutto assassination cases by virtue of moving to [[Dubai]] due to failing health.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boone |first=Jon |date=18 February 2014 |title=Pervez Musharraf makes first court appearance in treason case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/18/pervez-musharraf-court-treason-islamabad-pakistan |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Finally in 2019, the Special Court found Musharraf of guilty of [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency|violating the constitution]] in 2007, and upheld a verdict that sentenced him to [[Capital punishment in Pakistan|death]] [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title=Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan ex-leader sentenced to death for treason |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=BR Web |date=10 January 2024 |title=SC upholds Pervez Musharraf's death sentence in treason case |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40282990 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref> Musharraf died at age 79 in Dubai in 2023 after a prolonged case of [[amyloidosis]]. His legacy is seen as mixed; his time in power saw the emergence of a more assertive middle class, but his open disregard for civilian institutions greatly weakened democracy and the state of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Reuters |date=5 February 2023 |title=Former military ruler Pervez Musharraf passes away in Dubai |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1735449 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=5 February 2023 |title=Profile: Musharraf — from military strongman to forgotten man of politics |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1694796 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

===British India===
Musharraf was born on 11 August 1943 to an [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu-speaking family]] in Delhi, British India,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Profile: Pervez Musharraf|newspaper=BBC News|date=16 June 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4797762.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721102000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4797762.stm|archive-date=21 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="babyzarin">{{Cite news|title=India Remembers 'Baby Musharraf'|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 April 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4449519.stm|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511082705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4449519.stm|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dixit">{{Cite book|author=Dixit, Jyotindra Nath|year=2002|chapter=Implications of the Kargil War|title=India-Pakistan in War & Peace|edition=2nd|location=London |publisher=Routledge|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC&pg=PA28 28–35] |isbn=978-0-415-30472-6}}</ref> the son of Syed Musharrafuddin<ref name="DEH">{{cite book |last=Harmon |first=Daniel E. |date=13 October 2008 |title=Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&q=pervez+musharraf+mother+zarin&pg=PA1 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |page=1 |edition=Easyread Super Large 20pt |isbn=978-1-4270-9203-8 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133803/https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&q=pervez+musharraf+mother+zarin&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and his wife Begum Zarin Musharraf ({{c.|1920}}–2021).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arynews.tv/en/musharrafs-mother-begum-zareen-musharraf-reaches-karachi/|title=Musharraf's mother reaches Karachi|author=Kashif, Imran|date=28 October 2014|location=Karachi|publisher=Arynews|access-date=17 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051451/https://arynews.tv/en/musharrafs-mother-begum-zareen-musharraf-reaches-karachi/|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="duggerbio" /><ref name="mombbc" /><ref>{{cite web| url = https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/15-Jan-2021/gen-pervez-musharraf-s-mother-dies-in-dubai| title = Gen Pervez Musharraf's mother dies in Dubai| date = 15 January 2021| access-date = 15 January 2021| archive-date = 17 August 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210817215444/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/15-Jan-2021/gen-pervez-musharraf-s-mother-dies-in-dubai| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVBtrZrxuDcC&q=pervez+musharraf | title=Pervez Musharraf | isbn=9781438104720 | last1=Worth | first1=Richard | last2=Kras | first2=Sara Louise | year=2007 | publisher=Infobase | access-date=5 February 2023 | archive-date=5 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133805/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVBtrZrxuDcC&q=pervez+musharraf | url-status=live }}</ref> His family were Muslims who were also [[Sayyid]]s, claiming descent from the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Syed Musharraf graduated from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and entered the [[Indian Civil Service|civil service]], which was an extremely prestigious career under [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name="ajamidog">{{Cite news|author=Ajami, Fouad|date=15 June 2011|title=Review: ''In the Line of Fire: A Memoir'' by Pervez Musharraf|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/books/review/ajami.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204921/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/books/review/ajami.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> He came from a long line of government officials as his great-grandfather was a tax collector while his maternal grandfather was a ''qazi'' (judge).<ref name="DEH"/> Musharraf's mother Zarin, born in the early 1920s, grew up in [[Lucknow]] and received her schooling there, after which she graduated from [[Indraprastha College]] at [[Delhi University]], taking a bachelor's degree in English literature. She then married and devoted herself to raising a family.<ref name="babyzarin" /><ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> His father, Syed, was an accountant who worked at the foreign office in the British Indian government and eventually became an accounting director.<ref name="DEH"/>

Musharraf was the second of three children, all boys. His elder brother, Javed Musharraf, based in [[Rome]], is an economist and one of the directors of the [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]].<ref name="Family">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22us1.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: My brother, the general|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182158/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22us1.htm|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> His younger brother, Naved Musharraf, is an anaesthesiologist based in the state of [[Illinois]], in the United States.<ref name="Family"/>

At the time of his birth, Musharraf's family lived in a large home that belonged to his father's family for many years called ''Nehar Wali Haveli'', which means "House Next to the Canal".<ref name="DEH"/> Sir [[Syed Ahmed Khan]]'s family lived next door. It is indicative of "the family's western education and social prominence" that the house's title deeds, although written entirely in Urdu, were signed by Musharraf's father in English.<ref name="haveli">{{Cite news|last=Jacob|first=Satish|title=Musharraf's Family Links to Delhi|newspaper=BBC News|date=13 July 2001|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1436723.stm|access-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325012747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1436723.stm|archive-date=25 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Pakistan and Turkey===
Musharraf was four years old when India achieved independence and [[Partition of India|Pakistan was created]] as the homeland for India's Muslims. His family left for [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in August 1947, a few days before independence.<ref name="duggerbio">{{Cite news|author=Dugger, Celia W.|title=Pakistan Ruler Seen as 'Secular-Minded' Muslim|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 October 1999|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/26/world/pakistan-ruler-seen-as-secular-minded-muslim.html|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911120229/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/26/world/pakistan-ruler-seen-as-secular-minded-muslim.html|archive-date=11 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="haveli" /><ref name="bbcfour">{{Cite news|title=Profile – Pervez Musharraf|newspaper= BBC 4|date=12 August 2003|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/pervez-musharraf.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412102319/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/pervez-musharraf.shtml|archive-date=12 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father joined the [[Pakistan Civil Services]] and began to work for the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]]; later, his father joined the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign Ministry]], taking up an assignment in [[Turkey]].<ref name="duggerbio"/> In his autobiography ''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]'', Musharraf elaborates on his first experience with death, after falling off a mango tree.<ref>{{cite book |last=Musharraf |first=Pervez |title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir |year=2006 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9780743298438 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&q=Musharraf%20mango%20tree&pg=PA34 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&lpg=PA33&dq=Musharraf%20mango%20tree&pg=PA34 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Musharraf's family moved to [[Ankara, Turkey|Ankara]] in 1949, when his father became part of a diplomatic deputation from Pakistan to Turkey.<ref name="ajamidog" /><ref name="CNNprofile">{{cite news |title=Pakistan's Self-appointed Democratic Leader |publisher=CNN |date=4 May 2003 |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-10/world/musharraf.biog_1_sehba-musharraf-chief-of-army-staff-indo-pakistan-war?_s=PM:asiapcf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403225221/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-07-10/world/musharraf.biog_1_sehba-musharraf-chief-of-army-staff-indo-pakistan-war?_s=PM%3Aasiapcf |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He learned to speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref name="worth">Worth, Richard. "Time of Trials". Pervez Musharraf. New York: Chelsea House, 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IVBtrZrxuDcC&pg=PA32 pp. 32–39] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=IVBtrZrxuDcC&pg=PA32 |date=1 January 2016}} {{ISBN|1438104723}}</ref><ref name="chitkara">Chitkara, M. G. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr5IoddTKb8C&pg=PA135 Pervez Bonaparte Musharraf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr5IoddTKb8C&pg=PA135 |date=1 January 2016}}". Indo-Pak Relations: Challenges before New Millennium. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub., 2001. pp. 135–36 {{ISBN|8176482722}}</ref> He had a dog named Whiskey that gave him a "lifelong love for dogs".<ref name="ajamidog" /> He played sports in his youth.<ref name="duggerbio" /><ref name="factbox1" /> In 1956, he left Turkey<ref name="ajamidog" /><ref name="CNNprofile" /> and returned to Pakistan in 1957<ref name="worth"/> where he attended [[Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi|Saint Patrick's School]] in Karachi and was accepted at the [[Forman Christian College University]] in Lahore.<ref name="ajamidog" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN.com - General Pervez Musharraf, President and Chief Executive of Pakistan - June 28, 2001|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/06/20/musharraf.biog/|access-date=10 January 2024|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>Adil, Adnan. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3850039.stm "Profile: Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112123005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3850039.stm |date=12 November 2012}}. BBC News (29 June 2004).</ref> At Forman, Musharraf chose mathematics as a major in which he excelled academically, but later developed an interest in economics.<ref>Musharraf Regime and Governance Crises. United States: Nova Science Publishers. p. 275. {{ISBN|1-59033-135-4}}. Retrieved 6 June 2012</ref>

==Military career==
In 1961, at the age of 18,<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Musharraf entered the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] at [[Kakul]].<ref name="factbox1">[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistani-politics-musharraf-idUKMOL84968820080818 "FACTBOX – Facts about Pakistani Leader Pervez Musharraf"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018080905/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/08/18/uk-pakistani-politics-musharraf-idUKMOL84968820080818 |date=18 October 2012}}. Reuters (18 August 2008).</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Q&A on What's Happening in Pakistan |date=5 November 2007 |publisher=MSNBC |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna21641531|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224043021/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21641531/ns/world_news-south_and_central_asia/t/qa-whats-happening-pakistan/|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> At the Academy, General Musharraf formed a deep friendship with [[General (Sri Lanka)|General]] [[Srilal Weerasooriya]], who went on to become the 15th Commander of the Sri Lankan Army. This enduring camaraderie between the two officers played a pivotal role in cultivating robust diplomatic and military ties between Pakistan and Sri Lanka in the years that followed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/515515/tricks-of-the-trade-from-a-sri-lankan-general-and-some-secrets | title=Tricks of the trade from a Sri Lankan general, and some secrets | date=3 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/991017/frontm.html|title=The Sunday Times Front Section|website=sundaytimes.lk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.themorning.lk/articles/DhoICUtzjKnARsoOdeKr | title=Profile: Pervez Musharraf the cowboy who saved us | date=25 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/article/16123/meeting-sri-lanka%E2%80%99s-ex-army-chief|title=Meeting Sri Lanka's ex-army chief|date=19 February 2013|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sangam.org/pervez-musharraf-an-adversary-of-the-eelam-state/|title=Pervez Musharraf, an Adversary of the Eelam State – Ilankai Tamil Sangam|website=sangam.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/if-india-cant-pakistan-mightpakistan-india-sri-lanka/|title=IF INDIA CAN'T, PAKISTAN MIGHT|date=1 September 2000|website=Himal Southasian}}</ref>

Also during his college years at PMA and initial joint military testings, Musharraf shared a [[Dormitory|room]] with [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi|PQ Mehdi]] of the [[Pakistan Air Force]] and [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]] of the [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]] (both reached four-star assignments and served with Musharraf later on) and after giving the exams and entrance interviews, all three cadets went to watch a world-acclaimed Urdu film, ''[[The Day Shall Dawn|Savera]]'' ({{lit|Dawn}}), with his inter-services and college friends, Musharraf recalls, ''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|In the Line of Fire]]'', published in 2006.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)">{{cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=Pakistan|isbn=074-3283449|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush/page/40 40]–60|url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush|url-access=registration|edition=1|access-date=17 May 2012|date=25 September 2006}}</ref>

With his friends, Musharraf passed the standardised, physical, psychological, and officer-training exams, he also took discussions involving [[socioeconomics]] issues; all three were interviewed by joint military officers who were designated as Commandants.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)" /> The next day, Musharraf along with PQ Mehdi and Mirza, reported to PMA and they were selected for their respective training in their arms of commission.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)" />

Finally, in 1964, Musharraf graduated with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in his class of 29th PMA Long Course together with [[Ali Kuli Khan]] and his lifelong friend Abdul Aziz Mirza.<ref name="nytsoldier"/> He was commissioned in the [[Pakistan Army Regiment of Artillery|artillery regiment]] as second lieutenant and posted near the [[India-Pakistan Border|Indo-Pakistan]] border.<ref name="nytsoldier">Crossette, Barbara. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/world/coup-pakistan-man-soldier-s-soldier-not-political-general-pervez-musharraf.html "Coup in Pakistan – Man in the News; A Soldier's Soldier, Not a Political General"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728104340/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/world/coup-pakistan-man-soldier-s-soldier-not-political-general-pervez-musharraf.html |date=28 July 2017}}. ''The New York Times'' (13 October 1999).</ref><ref name="straits"/> During this time in the artillery regiment, Musharraf maintained his close friendship and contact with Mirza through letters and telephones even in difficult times when Mirza, after joining the [[Special Service Group Navy|Navy Special Service Group]], was stationed in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/>

===Indo-Pakistani conflicts (1965–1971)===
{{further|Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts}}
His first battlefield experience was with an artillery regiment during the intense fighting for the [[Khemkaran]] sector in the [[Second Kashmir War]].<ref>Schmetzer, Uli. [https://www.chicagotribune.com/1999/10/13/coup-leader-is-hawkish-toward-india/ "Coup Leader Is Hawkish Toward India"] . ''Chicago Tribune''. Battle of Asal Uttar (13 October 1999).</ref> He also participated in the [[Lahore]] and [[Sialkot]] war zones during the conflict.<ref name="chitkara"/> During the war, Musharraf developed a reputation for sticking to his post under shellfire.<ref name="bbcfour"/> He received the [[Imtiazi Sanad]] medal for gallantry.<ref name="CNNprofile" /><ref name="factbox1" />

Shortly after the end of the War of 1965, he joined the elite [[Special Service Group|Special Service Group (SSG)]].<ref name="worth"/><ref name="nytsoldier"/> He served in the SSG from 1966 to 1972.<ref name="worth"/><ref name="weaver"/> He was promoted to [[Captain (army)|captain]] and to major during this period.<ref name="worth"/> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]] with India, he was a [[company commander]] of an SSG [[commando]] battalion.<ref name="chitkara"/> During the 1971 war he was scheduled to depart to East Pakistan to join the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|army-navy]] joint military operations, but the deployment was cancelled after Indian Army advances towards [[Southern Pakistan]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/>

===Staff appointment, student officer, professorship and brigade commander (1972–1990)===
Musharraf was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] in 1974;<ref name="worth" /> and to [[colonel]] in 1978.<ref name="harmon">Harmon, Daniel E. "A Nation Under Military Rule". Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan. New York: Rosen Pub., 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&pg=PA45 pp. 44–47] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=lgJ03ubVAN0C&pg=PA45 |date=1 January 2016}} {{ISBN|1404219056}}</ref> As [[staff officer]] in the 1980s, he studied [[political science]] at the [[National Defence University, Islamabad|National Defence University]] (NDU), and then briefly tenured as assistant professor of [[war studies]] at the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] and then assistant professor of political science also at NDU.<ref name="nytsoldier" /><ref name="straits">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3934,108921&dq=musharraf+command+and+staff+college+quetta&hl=en "Pakistan's Chief Executive a Former Commando"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117041208/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4k1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3934,108921&dq=musharraf+command+and+staff+college+quetta&hl=en |date=17 November 2015}}. ''New Straits Times'' (16 October 1999).</ref><ref name="weaver" /> One of his professors at NDU was general [[Jehangir Karamat]] who served as Musharraf's guidance counsellor and instructor who had significant influence on Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.<ref name="Free Press 79">{{cite book |last=Musharraf |first=Pervez |title=In the Line of Fire |year=2006 |publisher=Free Press |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |isbn=0-7432-8344-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush/page/79 79] |url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush |url-access=registration |access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> He did not play any significant role in Pakistan's [[proxy war]] in the 1979–1989 [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]].<ref name="weaver">Weaver, Mary Anne. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=9QELJpZuuswC&pg=PA25 General On Tightrope] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=9QELJpZuuswC&pg=PA25 |date=1 January 2016}}". Pakistan: in the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. pp. 25–31 {{ISBN|0374528861}}</ref> In 1987, he became a [[brigade commander]] of a new brigade of the SSG near [[Siachen Glacier]].<ref name="dixit" /> He was personally chosen by then-President and Chief of Army Staff general Zia-ul-Haq for this assignment due to Musharraf's wide experience in [[Mountain warfare|mountain]] and [[arctic warfare]].<ref name="Pentagon Press">{{cite book |last=John |first=Wilson |title=The General and Jihad |year=2002 |publisher=Pentagon Press |location=Washington D.C. |isbn=81-8274-158-0 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FROoqAp2QJsC&pg=PT45 |edition=1 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=FROoqAp2QJsC&pg=PT45 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 1987, Musharraf commanded an assault at [[Bilafond La]] before being pushed back.<ref name="dixit" />

He studied at the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] (RCDS) in Britain during 1990–91.<ref name="chitkara" /> His course-mates included Major-generals B. S. Malik and [[Ashok K. Mehta|Ashok Mehta]]<ref name="Pentagon Press" /> of the Indian Army, and Ali Kuli Khan of Pakistan Army.<ref name="Pentagon Press" /> In his course studies, Musharraf performed extremely in relation to his classmates, submitted his master's degree thesis, titled "Impact of Arm Race in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent", and earned good remarks.<ref name="Pentagon Press" /> He submitted his thesis to Commandant General [[Antony Walker]] who regarded Musharraf as one of his finest students he had seen in his entire career.<ref name="Pentagon Press" /> At one point, Walker described Musharraf: "A capable, articulate and extremely personable officer, who made a valuable impact at RCDS. His country is fortunate to have the services of a man of his undeniable quality."<ref name="Pentagon Press" /> He graduated with a master's degree from RCDS and returned to Pakistan soon after.<ref name="Pentagon Press" /> Upon returning in the 1980s, Musharraf took an interest in the emerging [[Pakistani rock]] music genre, and often listened to rock music after leaving duty.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)" /> During that decade, regarded as the time when rock music in Pakistan began, Musharraf was reportedly keen on the popular [[1980s in fashion|Western fashions of the time]], which were then very popular in government and public circles.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)" /> While in the Army he earned the nickname "Cowboy" for his westernised ways and his fashion interest in Western clothing.<ref name="weaver" /><ref name="harmon" />

===Higher commands (1991–1995)===
Earlier in 1988–89, as Brigadier, Musharraf proposed the Kargil infiltration to Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] but she rebuffed the plan.<ref name="kapur">Kapur, S. Paul. "The Covert Nuclear Period". Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia. Singapore: NUS, 2009. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 pp. 117–18] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA118 |date=1 January 2016}} {{ISBN|9971694433}}</ref> In 1991–93, he secured a two-star promotion, elevating him to the rank of major general and held the command of [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|40th Division]] as its [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]], stationed in [[Okara Cantonment|Okara Military District]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> In 1993–95, Major-General Musharraf worked closely with the Chief of Army Staff as Director-General of Pakistan Army's Directorate General for the Military Operations (DGMO).<ref name="harmon"/> During this time, Musharraf became close to engineering officer and director-general of ''[[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI]]'' lieutenant-general [[Javed Nasir]] and had worked with him while directing operations in [[Bosnian war]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/><ref>Wilson John, pp209</ref> His political philosophy was influenced by Benazir Bhutto<ref name="War"/> who mentored him on various occasions, and Musharraf generally was close to Benazir Bhutto on military policy issues on India.<ref name="War"/> From 1993 to 1995, Musharraf repeatedly visited the United States as part of the delegation of Benazir Bhutto.<ref name="War">Journalist and author George Crile's book, ''[[Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History]]'' (Grove Press, New York, 2003)</ref> It was Maulana [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]] who lobbied for his promotion to Benazir Bhutto, and subsequently getting Musharraf's promotion papers approved by Benazir Bhutto, which eventually led to his appointment in Benazir Bhutto's key staff.<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=Apocalyptic realm: jihadists in South Asia |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven, CT |isbn=978-0300173789 |pages=200–210 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&pg=PA200 |date=17 April 2012 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QqOMnCAq0C&pg=PA200 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1993, Musharraf personally assisted Benazir Bhutto to have a secret meeting at the [[Pakistani embassy in Washington, D.C.]], with officials from the [[Mossad]] and a special envoy of Israeli premier [[Yitzhak Rabin]].<ref name="War"/> It was during this time Musharraf built an extremely cordial relationship with Shaukat Aziz who, at that time, was serving as the [[executive president]] of global financial services of the [[Citibank]].<ref name="War"/><ref name="BBC News, Islamabad">{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Chris |date=18 August 2008 |title=Pervez Musharraf's mixed legacy |work=Special report published by Chris Morris BBC News, Islamabad |publisher=BBC News, Islamabad |agency=BBC News, Islamabad |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105135550/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567592.stm |archive-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

After the collapse of the fractious Afghan government, Musharraf assisted General [[Naseerullah Babar|Babar]] and the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)]] in devising a policy of supporting the newly formed [[Taliban]] in the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)|Afghan civil war]] against the [[Northern Alliance]] government.<ref name="weaver"/> On policy issues, Musharraf befriended [[List of Justices of Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justice]] of the Supreme Court of Pakistan Justice [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar|Rafiq Tarar]] (later president) and held common beliefs with the latter.<ref name="Pentagon Press"/>

His last military field operations posting was in the [[Mangla]] region of the [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir Province]] in 1995 when Benazir Bhutto approved the promotion of Musharraf to three-star rank, [[Lieutenant-General]].<ref name="Pentagon Press"/> Between 1995 and 1998, Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander of [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I ''Strike'' Corps]] (CC-1) stationed in Mangla, [[Mangla Cantonment|Mangla Military District]].<ref name="nytsoldier"/>

==Four-star appointments (1998–2007)==

===Chief of Army Staff and Chairman Joint Chiefs===
There were three lieutenant-generals potentially in line to succeed General [[Jehangir Karamat]] as chief of army staff. Musharraf was third-in-line and was well regarded by the general public and the armed forces. He also had an excellent academic standing from his college and university studies.<ref name="Yale University Press"/> Musharraf was strongly favoured by the Prime Minister's colleagues: a straight officer with democratic views.<ref name="Yale University Press"/> [[Nisar Ali Khan]] and [[Shahbaz Sharif]] recommended Musharraf and Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif personally promoted Musharraf to the rank of four-star general to replace Karamat.<ref name="nytsoldier"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Constable |first=Pamela |author-link=Pamela Constable |date=28 November 2007 |title=Musharraf Steps Down as Head of Pakistani Army |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/27/AR2007112702242.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927010739/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/27/AR2007112702242.html |archive-date=27 September 2016 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2002 |title=Pakistan's Dubious Referendum |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/opinion/pakistan-s-dubious-referendum.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819064119/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/01/opinion/pakistan-s-dubious-referendum.html |archive-date=19 August 2017 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" />

After the Kargil incident, Musharraf did not wish to be the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs:<ref name="Yale University Press"/> Musharraf favoured the chief of naval staff [[Fasih Bokhari|Admiral Bokhari]] to take on this role, and claimed that: "he did not care"<ref name="Yale University Press"/> Prime minister Sharif was displeased by this suggestion, due to the hostile nature of his relationship with the Admiral. Musharraf further exacerbated his divide with Nawaz Sharif after recommending the forced retirement of senior officers close to the Prime minister,<ref name="Yale University Press"/> including Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez (also known by his name's initials as ''TP''), commander of [[XII Corps (Pakistan)|XII Corps]], who was a brother-in-law of a high profile cabinet minister.<ref name="Yale University Press"/> According to Musharraf, lieutenant-general TP was an ill-mannered, foul-mouthed, ill-disciplined officer who caused a great deal of dissent within the armed forces.<ref name="Yale University Press"/> Nawaz Sharif's announcement of the promotion of General Musharraf to Chairman Joint Chiefs caused an escalation of the tensions with Admiral Bokhari: upon hearing the news, he launched a strong protest against the Prime minister. The next morning, the Prime minister relieved Admiral Bokhari of his duties.<ref name="Yale University Press"/> It was during his time as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs that Musharraf began to build friendly relations with the [[United States Army]] establishment, including General [[Anthony Zinni]], [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]], General [[Tommy Franks]], General [[John Abizaid]], and [[General Colin Powell]] of the US Army, all of whom were premier four-star generals.<ref name=Putnam>{{cite book|author1=Tony Zinni|author2=Tom Clancy |author3=Tony Koltz |title=Battle ready|year=2004|publisher=Putnam|location=New York|isbn=0-399-15176-1|edition=Berkley trade pbk.}}</ref>

===Kargil War===
{{Main|Kargil War}}

The Pakistan Army originally conceived the Kargil [[Military operation plan|war plan]] after the [[Siachen conflict]] but the plan was rebuffed repeatedly by senior civilian and military officials.<ref name="kapur"/> Musharraf was a leading strategist behind the [[Kargil War]].<ref name="chitkara"/> From March to May 1999, he ordered secret infiltration of forces into the [[Kargil district]].<ref name="weaver"/> After India discovered the infiltration, a fierce Indian offensive nearly led to a full-scale war.<ref name="weaver"/><ref name="kapur"/> However, Sharif withdrew support for the insurgents in July because of heightened international pressure.<ref name="weaver"/> Sharif's decision antagonised the Pakistan Army and rumours of a possible coup began emerging soon afterward.<ref name="weaver"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=A Bleak Day for Pakistan|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 October 1999|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/13/pakistan.india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824021124/http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/13/pakistan.india|archive-date=24 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Sharif and Musharraf dispute on who was responsible for the Kargil conflict and Pakistan's withdrawal.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying?|newspaper=The Weekly Voice|date=2 October 2006|url=http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

This strategic operation met with great hostility in the public circles and wide scale disapproval in the [[Media of Pakistan|media]] who roundly criticised this operation.<ref>
* {{cite news |last=Amir |first=Ayaz |url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990709.htm |title=Victory in reverse: the great climbdown |date=9 July 1999 |access-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217075137/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990709.htm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}
* {{cite news |last=Amir |first=Ayaz |url=http://dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990723.htm |title=For this submission what gain? |date=23 July 1999 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204085204/http://dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/990723.htm |archive-date=4 February 2007 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref> Musharraf had severe confrontation and became involved in serious altercations with his senior officers, chief of naval staff Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]],<ref name="Daily Times, Pakistan">{{cite news |title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari |url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm |access-date=16 May 2012 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=9 October 2002 |quote=Former Navy chief says the general feared court martial for masterminding Kargil |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013903/http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> chief of air staff, [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pervaiz Mehdi Qureshi]] and senior [[lieutenant-general]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]].<ref name="kuli"/> Admiral Bokhari ultimately demanded a full-fledged joint-service court martial against General Musharraf,<ref name="Daily Times, Pakistan"/> while on the other hand General Kuli Khan lambasted the war as "a disaster bigger than the East-Pakistan [[Bangladesh Liberation War|tragedy"]],<ref name="kuli">[http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056536 Kargil was a bigger disaster than 1971] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406092138/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1056536 |date=6 April 2008}} – Interview of Lt Gen [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak]].</ref> adding that the plan was "flawed in terms of its conception, tactical planning and execution" that ended in "sacrificing so many soldiers".<ref name="kuli" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Haleem, S. A.|date=19 October 2006|title=Sweet and bitter memories (Review of ''In the Line of Fire'' by Pervez Musharraf)|newspaper=Jang|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2006-weekly/books&people-19-10-2006/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124225759/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/oct2006-weekly/books%26people-19-10-2006/index.html|archive-date=24 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Problems with his lifelong friend, [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|chief of air staff]] air chief marshal Pervez Mehdi also arose when air chief refrained to participate or authorise any air strike to support the elements of army operations in the Kargil region.<ref name="PAF Directorate for Public Relations"/>

During the last meeting with the Prime minister, Musharraf faced grave criticism on results produced by Kargil infiltration by the principal [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|military intelligence (MI)]] director lieutenant-general [[Jamshed Gulzar Kiani]] who maintained in the meeting: "(...) whatever has been written there is against logic. If you catch your enemy by the jugular vein he would react with full force... If you cut enemy supply lines, the only option for him will be to ensure supplies by air... (sic).. at that situation the Indian Army was unlikely to confront and it had to come up to the occasion. It is against wisdom that you dictate to the enemy to keep the war limited to a certain front...."<ref name="GEO News Network">{{cite news |last=Masood |first=Shahid |title=Former general for making an example of Musharraf |newspaper=GEO News Network |date=3 June 2008 |url=http://www.geo.tv/6-3-2008/18848.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606010200/http://www.geo.tv/6-3-2008/18848.htm |archive-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Nawaz Sharif has maintained that the operation was conducted without his knowledge. However, details of the briefing he got from the military before and after the Kargil operation have become public. Before the operation, between January and March, Sharif was briefed about the operation in three separate meetings. In January, the army briefed him about the Indian troop movement along the LOC in [[Skardu]] on 29 January 1999, on 5 February at [[Kel, Azad Kashmir|Kel]], on 12 March at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]], and finally on 17 May at the ISI headquarters. During the end of the June DCC meeting, a tense Sharif turned to the army chief and said "you should have told me earlier", Musharraf pulled out his notebook and repeated the dates and contents of around seven briefings he had given him since the beginning of January.<ref name="Media Monitors Network">{{Cite news|last=Zehra|first=Nasim|title=Nawaz Sharif Not A Kargil Victim|newspaper=Media Monitors Network|date=29 July 2004|url=http://usa.mediamonitors.net/Headlines/Nawaz-Sharif-Not-A-Kargil-Victim|access-date=3 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511012534/http://usa.mediamonitors.net/Headlines/Nawaz-Sharif-Not-A-Kargil-Victim|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Chief Executive (1999–2002)==

===1999 coup===
{{Main|1999 Pakistani coup d'état}}

Military officials from Musharraf's Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ) met with regional corps commanders three times in late September in anticipation of a possible coup.<ref name="weinercoup">Weiner, Tim. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air", ''The New York Times''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306233349/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016}} (17 October 1999).</ref> To quieten rumours of a fallout between Musharraf and Sharif, Sharif officially certified Musharraf's remaining two years of his term on 30 September.<ref name="weinercoup" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Neilan |first=Terence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/01/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=2 |title=World Briefing |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 October 1999 |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423125607/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/01/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=2 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pentagon Press, 2007">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=John |title=The General and Jihad |date=2007 |publisher=Pentagon Press, 2007 |isbn=978-0-520-24448-1 |location=Washington D.C. |chapter=General Pervez Musharraf— A Profile}}</ref><ref name="BBC Pakistan, 2008">{{cite news |last1=Dummett |first1=Mark |date=18 August 2008 |title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down |work=Work and report completed by BBC correspondent for Pakistan Mark Dummett |publisher=BBC Pakistan, 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929222334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |date=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-1-84614-585-8 |pages=6, 21, 31, 35–38, 42, 52, 147, 165, 172, 185, 199, 205}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Pervez Musharraf kon hain ? {{pipe}} Daily Jang |url=https://jang.com.pk/roman/news/6112-Syed-Pervez-Musharrafkon-hain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826114748/https://jang.com.pk/roman/news/6112-Syed-Pervez-Musharrafkon-hain |archive-date=26 August 2019 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=jang.com.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pervez Musharraf Biography President (non-U.S.), General (1943–) |url=http://www.biography.com/people/pervez-musharraf-9419281#military-service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095911/https://www.biography.com/people/pervez-musharraf-9419281#military-service |archive-date=10 October 2018 |access-date=21 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pervez Musharraf: president of Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pervez-Musharraf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110085607/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pervez-Musharraf |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref>

Musharraf left for a weekend trip to take part in [[Sri Lanka Army|Sri Lanka's Army]]'s 50th-anniversary celebrations.<ref name="timecoup">[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053991,00.html "Under the Gun"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018002237/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053991,00.html |date=18 October 2011 }} ''Time'' (25 October 1999).</ref> When Pervez Musharraf was returning from his visit to [[Colombo]] his flight was denied landing permissions at Karachi International Airport on orders from the Prime Minister's office.<ref name="bbccoup"/> Upon hearing the announcement of Nawaz Sharif replacing Pervez Musharraf with [[Khwaja Ziauddin]], the third replacement of the top military commander of the country in less than two years,<ref name="bbccoup"/> local military commanders began to mobilise troops towards [[Islamabad]] from nearby [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="timecoup"/><ref name="bbccoup">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6960670.stm "How the 1999 Pakistan Coup Unfolded"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129092848/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6960670.stm |date=29 January 2012 }}. BBC News (23 August 2007).</ref> The military placed Sharif under house arrest,<ref name="coupNYT">Dugger, Celia W. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/world/coup-pakistan-overview-pakistan-army-seizes-power-hours-after-prime-minister.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Coup in Pakistan: The Overview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040742/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/world/coup-pakistan-overview-pakistan-army-seizes-power-hours-after-prime-minister.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (13 October 1999)</ref> but in a last-ditch effort Sharif privately ordered Karachi air traffic controllers to redirect Musharraf's flight to India.<ref name="weinercoup"/><ref name="bbccoup"/> The plan failed after soldiers in Karachi surrounded the airport [[control tower]].<ref name="bbccoup"/><ref name="coupcomplete">Dugger, Celia W., and Raja Zulfikar. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/15/world/pakistan-military-completes-seizure-of-all-authority.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan Military Completes Seizure of All Authority"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812174346/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/15/world/pakistan-military-completes-seizure-of-all-authority.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=12 August 2017 }}. ''The New York Times'' (15 October 1999)</ref> At 2:50&nbsp;am on 13 October,<ref name="coupNYT"/> Musharraf addressed the nation with a recorded message.<ref name="bbccoup"/>

Musharraf met with President [[Rafiq Tarar]] on 13 October to deliberate on legitimising the coup.<ref>Dugger, Celia W. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule". ''The New York Times''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306045657/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }} (14 October 1999).</ref> On 15 October, Musharraf ended emerging hopes of a quick transition to democracy after he declared a state of emergency, suspended the Constitution and assumed power as Chief Executive.<ref name="coupcomplete"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goldenberg|first=Suzanne|date=16 October 1999|title=Musharraf strives to soften coup image|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/16/pakistan.suzannegoldenberg|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He also quickly purged the government of political enemies, notably Ziauddin and national airline chief [[Shahid Khaqan Abbassi]].<ref name="coupcomplete"/> On 17 October, he gave his second national address and established a seven-member military-civilian council to govern the country.<ref>Weiner, Tim, and Steve Levine. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/18/world/pakistani-general-forms-new-panel-to-govern-nation.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistani General Forms New Panel to Govern the Nation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812174714/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/18/world/pakistani-general-forms-new-panel-to-govern-nation.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=12 August 2017 }}. ''The New York Times'' (18 October 1999).</ref><ref name="confusedcoup">Dugger, Celia W. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/24/world/pakistan-s-new-leader-is-struggling-to-assemble-his-cabinet.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan's New Leader Is Struggling to Assemble His Cabinet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205926/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/24/world/pakistan-s-new-leader-is-struggling-to-assemble-his-cabinet.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (23 October 1999).</ref> He named three retired military officers and a judge as provincial administrators on 21 October.<ref>Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/22/world/pakistan-s-leaders-appoint-regional-governors.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan's Leaders Appoint Regional Governors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306205547/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/22/world/pakistan-s-leaders-appoint-regional-governors.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (22 October 1999).</ref> Ultimately, Musharraf assumed executive powers but did not obtain the office of the Prime minister.<ref name="confusedcoup"/> The Prime minister's secretariat (official residence of Prime minister of Pakistan) was closed by the military police and its staff was fired by Musharraf immediately.<ref name="confusedcoup"/>

There were no organised protests within the country to the coup,<ref name="confusedcoup"/><ref name="ban"/> that was widely criticised by the international community.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12966786| work=BBC News| title=Pakistan profile – Timeline| date=28 November 2011| access-date=21 June 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525074748/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12966786| archive-date=25 May 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, Pakistan was suspended from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/493431.stm "Pakistan 'disappoints' Commonwealth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018195214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/493431.stm |date=18 October 2012 }}. BBC News (29 October 1999).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Tran|first=Mark|date=2 May 2000|title=Hold elections or face sanctions, Cook tells Zimbabwe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/02/zimbabwe.marktran|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sharif was put under house arrest and later exiled to [[Saudi Arabia]] on his personal request and under a contract.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472997.stm SOUTH ASIA | Profile: General Pervez Musharraf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820234331/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/472997.stm |date=20 August 2006 }}. BBC News (24 September 2001). Retrieved 23 January 2011.</ref>

===First days===
The senior military appointments in the inter-services were extremely important and crucial for Musharraf to keep the legitimacy and the support for his coup in the joint inter-services.<ref name="AuthorHouse TradeMark"/> Starting with the PAF, Musharraf pressured President Tarar to appoint most-junior [[air marshal]] to [[four-star rank]], particularly someone with Musharraf had experienced working during the inter-services operations.<ref name="PAF Directorate for Public Relations"/> Once Air-chief Marshal [[Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi|Pervez Kureshi]] was retired, the most junior air marshal [[Mushaf Ali Mir|Muschaf Mir]] (who worked with Musharraf in 1996 to assist [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] in Taliban matters) was appointed to four-star rank as well as elevated as Chief of Air Staff.<ref name="PAF Directorate for Public Relations">{{cite web|title=Air Chief Marshal Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi, NI(M), S Bt|url=http://www.paffalcons.com/cas/parvaiz-mehdi.php|work=PAF Directorate for Public Relations|publisher=PAF Gallery and Press Release|access-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116074508/http://www.paffalcons.com/cas/parvaiz-mehdi.php|archive-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> There were two extremely important military appointments made by Musharraf in the Navy. Although Admiral Aziz Mirza (a lifelong friend of Musharraf, he shared a dorm with the admiral in the 1960s and they graduated together from the academy) was appointed by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif, Mirza remained extremely supportive of Musharraf's coup and was also a close friend of Musharraf since 1971 when both participated in a joint operation against the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="AuthorHouse TradeMark">{{cite book|last=Anwar|first=Muhammad|title=Stolen Stripes and Broke Medals|publisher=AuthorHouse TradeMark|location=Bloomington, Indiana (state), United States|isbn=978-1-4259-0020-5|pages=252–253;260/273|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2IQ7bkak5wC&pg=PA252|edition=1|year=2008|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101105835/https://books.google.com/books?id=U2IQ7bkak5wC&pg=PA252|archive-date=1 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> After Mirza's retirement, Musharraf appointed Admiral Shahid Karimullah, with whom Musharraf had trained together in [[Special Service Group Navy|special forces]] schools during the 1960s,<ref name="AuthorHouse TradeMark"/> to four-star rank and chief of naval staff.<ref name="CNN, 2012">{{cite news |title=Former Admirals wants Musharraf to come back home. |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/01/22/world/asia/pakistan-musharraf/index.html |date=22 January 2012 |publisher=CNN |access-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623131911/https://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-22/asia/world_asia_pakistan-musharraf_1_zardari-and-bhutto-pakistan-s-musharraf-powerful-inter-services-intelligence-agency?_s=PM%3AASIA |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>

Musharraf's first foreign visit was to Saudi Arabia on 26 October where he met with [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd]].<ref name="strait"/><ref name="simplevisit"/> After meeting senior Saudi royals, the next day he went to [[Medina]] and performed [[Umrah]] in [[Mecca]].<ref name="strait"/> On 28 October, he went to the [[United Arab Emirates]] before returning home.<ref name="strait">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7E1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6752,5793608&dq=musharraf+saudi+arabia&hl=en "Musharraf Holds Talks with the Saudis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023857/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7E1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6752,5793608&dq=musharraf+saudi+arabia&hl=en |date=17 November 2015 }}. ''[[New Straits Times]]'' Malaysia (26 October 1999).</ref><ref name="simplevisit">Dugger, Celia W. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/26/world/pakistan-military-says-7-civilians-will-join-new-government.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan Military Says 7 Civilians Will Join New Government"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305141655/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/26/world/pakistan-military-says-7-civilians-will-join-new-government.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (26 October 1999).</ref>

By the end of October, Musharraf appointed many technocrats and bureaucrats in his Cabinet, including former Citibank executive Shaukat Aziz as [[Finance Minister of Pakistan|Finance Minister]] and [[Abdul Sattar (diplomat)|Abdul Sattar]] as [[Foreign Minister of Pakistan|Foreign Minister]].<ref name="burke"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/06/world/Pakistanis-eager-for-change-are-left-frustrated-after-coup.html?ref=pervezmusharraf | work=The New York Times | first=Celia W. | last=Dugger | title=Pakistanis, Eager for Change, Are Left Frustrated After Coup | date=6 March 2000 | access-date=11 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914220343/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/06/world/pakistanis-eager-for-change-are-left-frustrated-after-coup.html?ref=pervezmusharraf | archive-date=14 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> In early November, he released details of his assets to the public.<ref>Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Ländler. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/04/world/pakistan-s-ruler-rejects-calls-for-referendum.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan's Ruler Rejects Calls for Referendum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306213013/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/04/world/pakistan-s-ruler-rejects-calls-for-referendum.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }} ''The New York Times'' (4 November 1999).</ref>

In late December 1999, Musharraf dealt with his first international crisis when India accused Pakistan's involvement in the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] hijacking.<ref>{{Cite news | first=Jane | last=Perlez | title=Pakistanis Lost Control Of Militants, U.S. Hints | date=26 January 2000 | newspaper=The New York Times | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/world/Pakistanis-lost-control-of-militants-us-hints.html?ref=pervezmusharraf | access-date=11 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914234850/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/world/pakistanis-lost-control-of-militants-us-hints.html?ref=pervezmusharraf | archive-date=14 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Time|title=Fallout from Flight 814|date=1 January 2000|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054784,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018000706/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C2054784%2C00.html|archive-date=18 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> Though United States president [[Bill Clinton]] pressured Musharraf to ban the alleged group behind the hijacking — [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/25/world/us-asserts-pakistan-backed-hijacking-of-air-india-jetliner.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm | work=The New York Times | title=U.S. Asserts Pakistan Backed Hijacking of Air India Jetliner | date=25 January 2000 | first=Jane | last=Perlez | access-date=11 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080207/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/25/world/us-asserts-pakistan-backed-hijacking-of-air-india-jetliner.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm | archive-date=6 March 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistani officials refused because of fears of reprisal from political parties such as [[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan|Jamaat-e-Islami]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/world/Pakistanis-lost-control-of-militants-us-hints.html?ref=pervezmusharraf Pakistanis Lost Control Of Militants, U.S. Hints] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914234850/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/26/world/pakistanis-lost-control-of-militants-us-hints.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=14 September 2013 }}. NYTimes (26 January 2000)</ref>

In March 2000, Musharraf banned political rallies.<ref name="ban">{{Cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Rory|date=1 April 2000|title=Sharif family alone against the military|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/01/pakistan.rorymccarthy|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In a [[Pakistan Television|television interview]] given in 2001, Musharraf openly spoke about the negative role of a few high-ranking officers in the Pakistan Armed Forces in [[Politics of Pakistan|state's affairs]].<ref name="Pakistan Herald Megazine">{{cite news|title=Profile: Gen. (R) Mirza Aslam Beg|year=2009|newspaper=Pakistan Herald|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/gen-r-mirza-aslam-beg-602|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102141150/http://pakistanherald.com/Profile/Gen-R-Mirza-Aslam-Beg-602|archive-date=2 January 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> Musharraf labelled many of his senior professors at NDU as "pseudo-intellectuals", including the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|NDU]]'s notable professors, General [[Mirza Aslam Beg|Aslam Beg]] and Jehangir Karamat under whom Musharraf studied and served well.<ref name="Pakistan Herald Megazine"/>

===Sharif trial and exile===
The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|Military Police]] held former prime minister Sharif under house arrest at a government guesthouse<ref name="trial1"/> and opened his Lahore home to the public in late October 1999.<ref name="burke">{{Cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=29 October 1999|title=Army throws open first family's palace|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/oct/29/pakistan.jasonburke|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He was formally indicted in November<ref name="trial1">Dugger, Celia W. (11 November 1999) [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/11/world/treason-charge-for-pakistan-s-ousted-premier.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Treason Charge For Pakistan's Ousted Premier"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306180407/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/11/world/treason-charge-for-pakistan-s-ousted-premier.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> on charges of hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, and treason for preventing Musharraf's flight from landing at Karachi airport on the day of the coup.<ref name="trial2">Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/12/opinion/pakistan-on-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Pakistan on Trial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307031735/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/12/opinion/pakistan-on-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=7 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (12 November 1999).</ref><ref>Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110201031558/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/24/opinion/justice-on-trial-in-pakistan.html Justice on Trial in Pakistan]". ''The New York Times'' (24 December 1999).</ref> His trial began in early March 2000 in an anti-terrorism court,<ref name="trial3"/> which is designed for speedy trials.<ref>Bearak, Barry (20 November 1999). [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/20/world/ousted-leader-in-pakistan-appears-in-public-for-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Ousted Leader in Pakistan Appears in Public for Trial"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306193952/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/20/world/ousted-leader-in-pakistan-appears-in-public-for-trial.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=6 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> He testified Musharraf began preparations of a coup after the Kargil conflict.<ref name="trial3">Kershner, Isabel, and Mark Landler. [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/09/world/clash-over-india-led-to-coup-pakistan-s-ex-premier-testifies.html?ref=pervezmusharraf "Clash Over India Led to Coup, Pakistan's Ex-Premier Testifies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305095416/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/09/world/clash-over-india-led-to-coup-pakistan-s-ex-premier-testifies.html?ref=pervezmusharraf |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''The New York Times'' (9 March 2000)</ref> Sharif was placed in Adiala Jail, infamous for hosting Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's trial, and his leading defence lawyer, Iqbal Raad, was shot dead in Karachi in mid-March.<ref name="trial4"/> Sharif's defence team blamed the military for intentionally providing their lawyers with inadequate protection.<ref name="trial4">{{Cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Rory|date=11 March 2000|title=Gunmen shoot dead lawyer of deposed Pakistani leader Sharif|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/11/pakistan.rorymccarthy|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The court proceedings were widely accused of being a [[show trial]].<ref>Smith, Alex Duval. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/cook-warning-over-show-trial-for-sharif-740015.html "Cook Warning over Show Trial for Sharif Asia, World – The Independent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010093538/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/cook-warning-over-show-trial-for-sharif-740015.html |date=10 October 2017 }}. (12 November 1999).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=12 November 1999|title=Cook warns against Pakistan 'show trial'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/nov/12/pakistan|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>"Show Trial in Pakistan". ''The Guardian'' (22 November 1999).</ref> Sources from Pakistan claimed that Musharraf and his military government's officers were in full mood to exercise tough conditions on Sharif, and intended to send Nawaz Sharif to the [[gallows]] to face a similar fate to that of [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] in 1979. It was the pressure on Musharraf exerted by Saudi Arabia and the United States to exile Sharif after it was confirmed that the court is about to give its verdict on Nawaz Sharif over treason charges, and the court would sentence Sharif to death. Sharif signed an agreement with Musharraf and his military government and his family was exiled to Saudi Arabia in December 2000.<ref>Ahmed Rashid. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1377887/Pakistani-fury-as-army-lets-Sharif-fly-into-exile.html "Pakistani fury as army lets Sharif fly into exile"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102104723/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/1377887/Pakistani-fury-as-army-lets-Sharif-fly-into-exile.html |date=2 November 2019}}. ''The Telegraph'' (11 December 2000).</ref>

===Constitutional changes===
{{See also|Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan}}
Shortly after Musharraf's takeover, Musharraf issued [[The Oath of Judges Order 2000|Oath of Judges Order No. 2000]], which required judges to take a fresh oath of office.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-AqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Law, State and Inequality in Pakistan: Explaining the Rise of the Judiciary |last=Azeem |first=Muhammad |date=2 July 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-3845-7 |pages=220 |language=en |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133810/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-AqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court asked Musharraf to hold national elections by 12 October 2002.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistantraditio00mumt |url-access=registration |title=Pakistan: Tradition and Change |last1=Mumtaz |first1=Khawar |last2=Mitha |first2=Yameema |last3=Tahira |first3=Bilquis |date=2003 |publisher=Oxfam |isbn=978-0-85598-496-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pakistantraditio00mumt/page/61 61] |language=en}}</ref> After President Rafiq Tarar's resignation, Musharraf formally appointed himself as President on 20 June 2001.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HdeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275|title=The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority|last=Rieck|first=Andreas|date=15 January 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-061348-8|pages=275|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133810/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HdeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA275|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2002, he issued the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|Legal Framework Order No. 2002]], which added numerous amendments to the [[Constitution (Pakistan)|Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sYo0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|title=The Dynamics of Judicial Independence: A Comparative Study of Courts in Malaysia and Pakistan|last=Neudorf|first=Lorne|date=22 February 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-49884-3|pages=181|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133810/https://books.google.com/books?id=sYo0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|url-status=live}}</ref>

====2002 general elections====
{{Main|Shaukat Aziz#Prime minister|l1 = Government of prime minister Shaukat Aziz (2004-2007)|Pakistani general elections, 2002}}

Musharraf called for nationwide political elections in the country after accepting the ruling of the Supreme Court of Pakistan.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Musharraf was the first military president to accept the rulings of the Supreme Court and holding free and fair elections in 2002, part of his vision to return democratic rule to the country.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> In October 2002, Pakistan held [[2002 Pakistani general elections|general elections]], which the pro-Musharraf [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML-Q]] won wide margins, although it had failed to gain an absolute majority. The PML-Q formed a government with far-right religious parties coalition, the [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]] and the liberals [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]]; the coalition legitimised Musharraf's rule.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/>

After the elections, the PML-Q nominated [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]] for the office of prime minister, which Musharraf also approved.<ref name="Free Press 368">{{cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|year=2006|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=Pakistan|isbn=074-3283449|url=https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush|url-access=registration|edition=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush/page/145 145]–146; 179; 234–235; 277, 368|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> After first session at the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]], Musharraf voluntarily transferred the powers of chief executive to Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Musharraf succeeded to pass the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XVII amendment]], which grants powers to dissolve the parliament, with approval required from the Supreme Court.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Within two years, Jamali proved to be an ineffective prime minister as he forcefully implemented his policies in the country and caused problems with the business class elites. Musharraf accepted the resignation of Jamali and asked his close colleague [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]] to appoint a new prime minister in place.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Hussain nominated Finance minister Shaukat Aziz, who had been impressive due to his performance as finance minister in 1999. Musharraf regarded Aziz as his right hand and preferable choice for the office of Prime minister.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> With Aziz appointed as Prime minister, Musharraf transferred all executive powers to Aziz as he trusted Shaukat Aziz.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Aziz proved to be extremely capable in running the government; under his leadership economic growth reached to a maximum level, which further stabilised Musharraf's presidency.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan ">{{cite news |title=Profile: Shaukat Aziz |publisher=BBC South Asia Directorate |quote=Pakistan's Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz is a former private banker credited with recent reforms of his country's economy... British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) remarks |date=19 August 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm |format=STM |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3941185.stm |archive-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Aziz swiftly, quietly and quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf, which became a factor in Musharraf's trust in him.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/> Between 2004 and 2007, Aziz approved many projects that did not require Musharraf's permission.<ref name="South Asia: BBC Pakistan "/>

In 2010, all constitutional changes carried out by Musharraf and Aziz's policies were reverted by the 18th Amendment, which restored the powers of the Prime Minister and reduced the role of the President to levels below that of even the pre-Musharraf era.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/window-on-pak-press/story/pak-deletes-dictators-from-constitution-71340-2010-04-09 |title=Pak deletes dictators from Constitution |last=Farzand |first=Ahmed |date=9 April 2010 |website=India Today |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095909/https://www.indiatoday.in/window-on-pak-press/story/pak-deletes-dictators-from-constitution-71340-2010-04-09 |archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/index.html |title=Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers |last=Khalid |first=Kiran |date=9 April 2010 |publisher=CNN |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210202449/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/index.html |archive-date=10 December 2019}}</ref>

He suspended the country's democratic process and imposed two states of emergency, leading to his conviction for treason. During his rule, he implemented both liberal reforms and authoritarian measures, while also forming alliances and impacting the situation in Balochistan. The legacy of Musharraf's era serves as a cautionary tale for future leaders in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1735587|title=The Musharraf enigma|date=6 February 2023|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206112308/https://www.dawn.com/news/1735587|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Presidency (2001–2008)==
The presidency of Pervez Musharraf helped bring the [[Liberalism|liberal forces]] to the national level and into prominence, for the first time in the [[history of Pakistan]].<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> He granted national amnesty to the political workers of the liberal parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement and Pakistan Muslim League (Q), and supported MQM in becoming a central player in the government. Musharraf disbanded the cultural policies of the previous Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and quickly adopted Benazir Bhutto's cultural policies after disbanding [[Indian media|Indian channels]] in the country.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/>

His cultural policies liberalised Pakistan's [[Media of Pakistan|media]], and he issued many television licences to the [[Privatization in Pakistan|private-sector]] to open television centres and media houses.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> The [[Pakistani drama|television dramas]], [[Pakistan film industry|film industry]], [[Theatre of Pakistan|theatre]], [[Music of Pakistan|music]] and literature activities, were personally encouraged by Pervez Musharraf.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> Under his policies, the rock music bands gained a following in the country and many concerts were held each week.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> His cultural policies, the film, theatre, rock and folk music, and television programs were extremely devoted to and promoted the [[Nationalism in Pakistan|national spirit]] of the country.<ref name="Free Press (publisher)"/> In 2001, Musharraf got on stage with the rock music band, [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]], and sang the national song with the band.<ref name="Washington Post, Salman Ahmad">{{cite news |author=Ahmad, Salman |title=A False Choice for Pakistan |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 November 2007|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/18/AR2007111800948.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012439/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/18/AR2007111800948.html|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On political fronts, Musharraf faced fierce opposition from the ultra-conservative alliance, the MMA, led by clergyman [[Shah Ahmad Noorani|Maulana Noorani]].<ref name="Yale University Press" /> In Pakistan, Maulana Noorani was remembered as a mystic religious leader and had preached spiritual aspects of Islam all over the world as part of the [[World Islamic Mission]].<ref name="Yale University Press" /> Although the political deadlock posed by Maulana Noorani was neutralised after [[Shah Ahmad Noorani|Noorani]]'s death, Musharraf yet had to face the opposition from [[Alliance for Restoration of Democracy|ARD]] led by Benazir Bhutto of the PPP.<ref name="Yale University Press" />

On 18 September 2005, Musharraf made a speech before a broad based audience of Jewish leadership, sponsored by the [[American Jewish Congress]]'s Council for World Jewry, in New York City. He was widely criticised by Middle Eastern leaders, but was met with some praise among Jewish leadership.<ref>Barbara Ferguson [http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=70295&d=19&m=9&y=2005 Musharraf Talks to Jewish Leaders], Arab News (19 September 2005) {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===

==== Support for the war on terror ====
{{Main|Pakistan in the war on terror}}

[[File:Bush in Islamabad,.jpeg|thumb|Musharraf with U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] in Islamabad, March 2006. Musharraf was an ardent support of Bush's [[war on terror]] following the [[September 11 attacks]], abandoning his support for the [[Taliban]]-led [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]].]]
Musharraf allied with the United States against the [[Taliban]] in [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghanistan]] after [[September 11 attacks|9/11]].<ref name="Washington Post, Salman Ahmad" /> As the closest state to the Taliban government, Musharraf was in negotiations with them in the aftermath of the attacks regarding the severity of the situation<ref>{{Cite news |title=Text: Pakistan President Musharraf |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/pakistantext_091901.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306092619/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/pakistantext_091901.html |url-status=live }}</ref> before allying with the U.S. and declaring to stamp out extremism.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2003 |title=Musharraf vows to root out Islamism: Banned outfits won't be allowed to resurface |newspaper=Dawn |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2003/12/05/top8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422174213/http://www.dawn.com/news/128137/musharraf-vows-to-root-out-extremism-banned-outfits-won |archive-date=22 April 2014}}</ref> He was, however, criticised by [[NATO]] and the Afghan government of not doing enough to prevent activities by Taliban and [[al-Qaeda]] militants in the Pakistan-Afghanistan border region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2013 |title=Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan's military leader who was found guilty of treason |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21861989 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225034710/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21861989 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2007 |title=The economy under Pervez Musharraf |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925020133/http://www.dawn.com/news/271347/the-economy-under-pervez-musharraf |archive-date=25 September 2016 |access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=The myth of Musharraf's 'economic boom' needs to die |url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218101243/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/20584/the-myth-of-musharrafs-economic-boom-needs-to-die/ |archive-date=18 February 2018 |access-date=21 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2013 |title=Pakistan: Hold Musharraf Accountable for Abuses |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021020143/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/23/pakistan-hold-musharraf-accountable-abuses |archive-date=21 October 2016 |access-date=3 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2008 |title=Labour leaders urge Musharraf to quit |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001402/http://www.dawn.com/news/939190/labour-leaders-urge-musharraf-to-quit |archive-date=27 September 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" />

Tensions with the new [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] increased, with [[President of Afghanistan|Afghan President]] [[Hamid Karzai]] accusing Musharraf of failing to act against Taliban leaders in Pakistan, claiming that the Taliban leader [[Mullah Omar]] was based in [[Quetta]], Pakistan. In response, Musharraf hit back saying "None of this is true and Karzai knows it."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pilkington |first1=Ed |last2=Walsh |first2=Declan |date=28 September 2006 |title=Bush referees as Karzai and Musharraf meet for dinner |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/28/usa.pakistan |access-date=6 February 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127084812/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/28/usa.pakistan |url-status=live }}</ref> U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] encouraged the two leaders to unite in the war on terror during a trilateral meeting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bush Urges Musharraf, Karzai to Unite in War on Terror |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2006-09-28-voa2/398028.html |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=VOA |date=31 October 2009 |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206053540/https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2006-09-28-voa2/398028.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Violence in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] escalated in the late 2000s amid fighting between militants and Pakistani forces backed by the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Line of Fire: Are Things Getting too Hot for Musharraf? |url=https://www.rusi.orghttps//www.rusi.org |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=rusi.orghttps |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901190943/https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/russias-iranian-made-uavs-technical-profile |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Relations with India ====
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the President of Pakistan, General Parvez Musharraf in New Delhi on April 17, 2005 (1).jpg|thumb|Musharraf meeting with Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in [[New Delhi]], April 2005.]]

Musharraf was described to have had a "[[love–hate relationship]]" with [[India]] during his presidency and throughout his life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-05 |title=Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan leader's love-hate relationship with India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61769226 |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Early into his rule, Musharraf's relationship with India was tense due to his role in instigating the 1999 [[Kargil War]], as well as India's allegations of his involvement in the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} SOUTH ASIA {{!}} Indian hijack drama over |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/584729.stm |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} SOUTH ASIA {{!}} Kargil conflict timeline |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/387702.stm |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> After the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], Musharraf expressed his sympathies to Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and sent a plane load of relief supplies to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quake may improve India Pakistan ties |date=2 February 2001 |publisher=CNN |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/02/india.quake.02/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821221743/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/02/india.quake.02 |archive-date=21 August 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 February 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Rival Pakistan offers India help |date=30 January 2001|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1139807.stm |access-date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215054810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1139807.stm |archive-date=15 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010203/ina03028.html Gujarat gets Musharraf to dial PM in New Delhi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004045012/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/20010203/ina03028.html |date=4 October 2012}}. Expressindia.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</ref> Musharraf described this move as a major factor in the [[détente]] that occurred between the two countries shortly after, and his first official visit to India.<ref name=":0" />
In July 2001, Musharraf visited [[Agra]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], meeting with Vajpayee in a [[Agra Summit|two-day summit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2012-02-21 |title=Agra Summit {{!}} A Historic Meeting between Head of States of Pakistan and India in Agra. |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/staging/1903/agra-summit/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Story Of Pakistan |language=en-US}}</ref> The two leaders held several rounds of one-to-one talks to address and resolve the decades-long [[Kashmir conflict]] alongside other areas of contention such as accusations of [[cross-border terrorism]] by both sides, the risk of nuclear war, and the release of [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] from [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|previous wars and conflicts]].<ref name=":1" /> Despite initiatives to compromise, the summit ended without any settlement and Musharraf returned to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Agra Summit |url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/csis/sam/sam36/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu}}</ref>

A few months after the summit, Musharraf presided over a brief [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|standoff]] with India caused by the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], which India blamed on Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lavoy |first=Peter R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&pg=PA326#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict |date=2009-11-12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76721-7 |language=en}}</ref> India began a large-scale mobilisation of military personnel and assets along the Pakistani border, which it codenamed ''Operation Parakram''. Musharraf responded with a mobilisation of the Pakistani military, deploying 300,000 personnel to the [[Line of Control]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 - Kashmir Crisis |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kashmir-2002.htm |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> However, tensions were defused in January 2002 after Musharraf vowed to act against terror infrastructure located in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2002-12-23 |title=Twice in 2002, India was on the verge of striking against Pakistan. Here's why it didn't |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20021223-twice-in-2002-india-was-on-the-verge-of-striking-against-pakistan-793809-2002-12-22 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2004, Musharraf began a series of talks with India to resolve the [[Kashmir dispute]] on the sidelines of the 12th [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] summit in Islamabad.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Indurthy |first1=Rathnam |last2=Haque |first2=Muhammad|year=2010|title=The Kashmir Conflict: Why It Defies Solution |journal=International Journal on World Peace |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=17–18 |issn=0742-3640 |jstor=20752914}}</ref> That same year, the two sides agreed to a ceasefire along the Line of Control.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |date=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=9781846145858 |page=52}}</ref>

==== Relations with Saudi Arabia ====
In 2006, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia visited Pakistan for the first time as King. Musharraf honoured King Abdullah with the ''[[Nishan-e-Pakistan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page855.aspx |title=King Abdullah ends Asian tour with state visit to Pakistan |publisher=Saudiembassy.net |date=1 February 2006 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232551/http://www.saudiembassy.net/archive/2006/news/page855.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf received the King Abdul-Aziz Medallion in 2007.<ref name="Rasooldeen">Rasooldeen, Mohammed (22 January 2007). {{cite web |url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=91233&d=22&m=1&y=2007 |title=Saudi-Pak Talks Focus on ME |access-date=11 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811002310/http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1&section=0&article=91233&d=22&m=1&y=2007 |archive-date=11 August 2011 }}. arabnews.com</ref>

===Domestic affairs===
Musharraf instituted prohibitions on foreign students' access to studying Islam within Pakistan, an effort that began as an outright ban but was later reduced to restrictions on obtaining [[Visa (document)|visas]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Sappenfield, Mark |author2=Montero, David |name-list-style=amp |date=19 June 2007 |title=Could Pakistan fall to extremists? |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0619/p07s01-wosc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621183758/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0619/p07s01-wosc.html |archive-date=21 June 2007}}</ref>

In December 2003, Musharraf made a deal with [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]], a six-member coalition of hardline [[Islamist]] parties, agreeing to leave the army by 31 December 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2004|title=Musharraf's rule in Pakistan: Consolidation and controversy|journal=Strategic Comments|language=en|volume=10|issue=10|pages=1–2|doi=10.1080/1356788041004|s2cid=219693530|issn=1356-7888}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAR1QiGaLPYC&q=%22Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal%22+%22December+31,+2004%22|title=Strategic Digest|date=2005|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.|volume=35|pages=130|language=en|issue=1–6|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133814/https://books.google.com/books?id=cAR1QiGaLPYC&q=%22Muttahida+Majlis-e-Amal%22+%22December+31,+2004%22|url-status=live}}</ref> With that party's support, pro-Musharraf legislators were able to muster the two-thirds [[supermajority]] required to pass the Seventeenth Amendment, which retroactively legalised Musharraf's 1999 coup and many of his decrees.<ref name="The Irish Times">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/pakistan-s-musharraf-wins-vote-of-confidence-1.964780|title=Pakistan's Musharraf wins vote of confidence|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084158/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/pakistan-s-musharraf-wins-vote-of-confidence-1.964780|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chhabra-2006">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhsMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Seventeenth+Amendment%22|title=World Focus|last=Chhabra|first=Hari Sharan|date=2006|volume=27|pages=29|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133811/https://books.google.com/books?id=UhsMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Seventeenth+Amendment%22|url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf reneged on his agreement with the MMA<ref name="Chhabra-2006" /> and pro-Musharraf legislators in the Parliament passed a bill allowing Musharraf to keep both offices.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3971785.stm|title=Musharraf dual role bill passed|last=Abbas|first=Zaffar|date=1 November 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217104324/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3971785.stm|archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>

On 1 January 2004, Musharraf had won a [[confidence vote]] in the [[Electoral College of Pakistan]], consisting of both houses of Parliament and the four provincial assemblies. Musharraf received 658 out of 1170 votes, a 56% majority, but many opposition and Islamic members of parliament walked out to protest the vote. As a result of this vote, his term was extended to 2007.<ref name="The Irish Times" />

Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned on 26 June 2004, after losing the support of Musharraf's party, [[PML(Q)]]. His resignation was at least partially due to his public differences with the party chairman, [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]. This was rumoured to have happened at Musharraf's command. Jamali had been appointed with the support of Musharraf's and the pro-Musharraf PML(Q). Most PML(Q) parliamentarians formerly belonged to the Pakistan Muslim League party led by Sharif, and most ministers of the cabinet were formerly senior members of other parties, joining the PML(Q) after the elections upon being offered positions. Musharraf nominated [[Shaukat Aziz]], the minister for finance and a former employee of [[Citibank]] and head of Citibank Private Banking as the new prime minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's choice elected as new PM |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/musharrafs-choice-elected-as-new-pm-558039.html |work=The Independent |date=28 August 2004 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201625/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/musharrafs-choice-elected-as-new-pm-558039.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Nuclear scandals ====
{{Main|Nuclear proliferation}}

[[9/11 attacks|From September 2001]] until his resignation in 2007 from the military, Musharraf's presidency was affected by scandals relating to nuclear weapons, which were detrimental to his authoritative legitimacy in the country and in the international community.<ref name="Newsweek">Ron Moreau and Zahid Hussain, "[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-113539853/chain-of-command-the-military-musharraf-dodged-a Chain of Command; The Military: Musharraf dodged a bullet, but could be heading for a showdown with his Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217191650/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-113539853/chain-of-command-the-military-musharraf-dodged-a|date=17 December 2019}}", ''Newsweek'', 16 February 2004, p. 20.</ref> In October 2001, Musharraf authorised a sting operation led by [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] to arrest two physicists [[Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood]] and [[Chaudhry Abdul Majeed]], because of their supposed connection with the [[Taliban]] after they secretly visited [[Taliban-controlled Afghanistan]] in 2000.<ref name="djinn">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9501EEDB1E30F931A35752C1A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Pakistani Atomic Expert, Arrested Last Week, Had Strong Pro-Taliban Views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084157/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/02/world/nation-challenged-nuclear-fears-pakistani-atomic-expert-arrested-last-week-had.html|date=28 July 2020}}, ''The New York Times'', 2 November 2001.</ref> The local Pakistani media widely circulated the reports that "Mahmood had a meeting with [[Osama bin Laden]] where Bin Laden had shown interest in building a [[Radiological bomb|radiological weapon]];"<ref name="djinn" /> it was later discovered that neither scientist had any in-depth knowledge of the technology.<ref name="djinn" /><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Overbye |first1=Dennis |last2=Glanz |first2=James |date=2 November 2001 |title=A Nation Challenged: Nuclear Fears; Pakistani Atomic Expert, Arrested Last Week, Had Strong Pro-Taliban Views |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/02/world/nation-challenged-nuclear-fears-pakistani-atomic-expert-arrested-last-week-had.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508121114/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/02/world/nation-challenged-nuclear-fears-pakistani-atomic-expert-arrested-last-week-had.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |archive-date=8 May 2011 |access-date=24 May 2010 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In December 2001, Musharraf authorised security hearings and the two scientists were taken into the custody by the [[Judge Advocate General Branch|JAG Branch]] (JAG); security hearings continued until early 2002.<ref name="djinn" />

Another scandal arose as a consequence of disclosure by Pakistani nuclear physicist [[Abdul Qadeer Khan]]. On 27 February 2001, Musharraf spoke highly of Khan at a state dinner in Islamabad,<ref name="AQ Khan, Archives">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Abdul Qadeer |title=Text of Musharraf's speech honoring A.Q. Khan |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-136329-My-services-are-well-known |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218002632/https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-136329-My-services-are-well-known |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |publisher=AQ Khan, Archives}}</ref> and he personally approved Khan's appointment as [[Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan)#Science Advisors|Science Advisor to the Government]]. In 2004, Musharraf relieved Abdul Qadeer Khan from his post and initially denied knowledge of the government's involvement in nuclear proliferation, despite Khan's claim that Musharraf was the "Big Boss" of the proliferation ring. Following this, Musharraf authorised a national security hearing, which continued until his resignation from the army in 2007. According to Zahid Malik, Musharraf and the military establishment at that time acted against Abdul Qadeer Khan in an attempt to prove the loyalty of Pakistan to the United States and Western world.<ref name="The Atlantic">{{cite news |author=William Langewiesche |date=November 2005 |title=The Wrath of Khan |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/the-wrath-of-khan/304333/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105021831/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/11/the-wrath-of-khan/304333/ |archive-date=5 January 2013 |access-date=18 December 2012 |newspaper=The Atlantic |pages=1–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rashid |first1=Ahmed |title=Pakistan in the Brink |date=2012 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=9781846145858 |page=60}}</ref>

The investigations backfired on Musharraf and public opinion turned against him.<ref name="Daily Times">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2004 |title=ARD condemns scientists' debriefing |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-1-2004_pg7_31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070422221145/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-1-2004_pg7_31 |archive-date=22 April 2007 |newspaper=Daily Times}}</ref> The populist ARD movement, which included the major [[Pakistani political parties|political parties]] such as the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]], used the issue to bring down Musharraf's presidency.<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2004">{{cite news |date=20 February 2004 |title=ARD urged to cooperate with MMA: Requisitioning of NA session |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2004/02/20/nat6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084209/https://www.dawn.com/news/351580/ard-urged-to-cooperate-with-mma-requisitioning-of-na-session |archive-date=28 July 2020 |access-date=18 December 2012 |newspaper=Dawn Archives, 2004 |page=1 |agency=Dawn Media Group}}</ref>

The debriefing of Abdul Qadeer Khan severely damaged Musharraf's own public image and his political prestige in the country.<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2004" /> He faced bitter domestic criticism for attempting to vilify Khan, specifically from opposition leader Benazir Bhutto. In an interview to ''[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]'', Bhutto maintained that Khan had been a "[[scapegoat]]" in the nuclear proliferation scandal and said that she did not "believe that such a big scandal could have taken place under the nose of General Musharraf".<ref name="Daily Times, Benazir">{{Cite news |date=18 June 2004 |title=Benazir points finger at MQM for Suharwardy's murder |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-6-2004_pg7_25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107224442/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_18-6-2004_pg7_25 |archive-date=7 January 2005 |newspaper=Daily Times, Benazir}}</ref> Musharraf's long-standing ally, the [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan|MQM]], published criticism of Musharraf over his handling of Abdul Qadeer Khan. The ARD movement and the political parties further tapped into the public anger and mass demonstrations against Musharraf. The credibility of the United States was also badly damaged;<ref name="Dawn Archives, 2004" /> the US itself refrained from pressuring Musharraf to take further action against Khan.<ref name="CNN Archives 2005">{{cite news |author=Quraishi, Ash-har |date=5 February 2004 |title=U.S. supports nuclear pardon |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/02/05/pakistan.nuclear/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417100320/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/asiapcf/02/05/pakistan.nuclear/index.html |archive-date=17 April 2014 |access-date=18 December 2012 |newspaper=CNN Archives 2005 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> While Abdul Qadeer Khan remained popular in the country,<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |author=Nirupama Subramanian |date=25 August 2006 |title=The undiminished popularity of A.Q. Khan |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082504171100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014021035/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/25/stories/2006082504171100.htm |archive-date=14 October 2008 |access-date=18 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |quote=For the belief that he single-handedly made the bomb is widespread.}}</ref><ref name="Japan TImes">{{cite news |author=Gautam, B. |date=7 September 2006 |title=A.Q. Khan remains a hero in Pakistan |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/eo20060907a1.html |access-date=18 December 2012 |newspaper=The Japan Times}}</ref> Musharraf could not withstand the [[political pressure]] and his presidency was further weakened.<ref name="Daily Times, Benazir" /> Musharraf quickly pardoned Abdul Qadeer Khan in exchange for cooperation and issued [[home confinement|confinement]] orders against Khan that limited Khan's movement.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abbas |first=Zaffar |date=2 May 2006 |title=Pakistan nuclear case 'is closed' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4965566.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023042833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4965566.stm |archive-date=23 October 2006 |access-date=5 October 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref> He handed over the case of Abdul Qadeer Khan to [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime minister]] Aziz who had been supportive towards Khan, personally "thanking" him: "The services of Dr. Qadeer Khan are unforgettable for the country."<ref name="Pakistan Times">{{cite news |date=26 October 2007 |title=Dr. Qadeer's services unforgettable, says PM Shaukat Aziz |url=http://paktribune.com/news/Dr-Qadeers-services-unforgettable-says-PM-Shaukat-Aziz-192877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517112524/http://paktribune.com/news/Dr-Qadeers-services-unforgettable-says-PM-Shaukat-Aziz-192877.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=18 December 2012 |newspaper=Pakistan Times}}</ref>

On 4 July 2008, in an interview, Abdul Qadeer Khan laid the blame on President Musharraf and later on Benazir Bhutto for transferring the technology, claiming that Musharraf was aware of all the deals and he was the "Big Boss" for those deals.<ref name="KhanPointsNYT">{{Cite news |date=5 July 2008 |title=Pakistani Says Army Knew Atomic Parts Were Shipped |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/world/asia/05pstan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105162427/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/world/asia/05pstan.html |archive-date=5 November 2016 |access-date=11 February 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Khan said that "Musharraf gave centrifuges to North Korea in a 2000 shipment supervised by the armed forces. The equipment was sent in a North Korean plane loaded under the supervision of Pakistan security officials."<ref name="KhanPointsNYT" /> Nuclear weapons expert [[David Albright]] of the [[Institute for Science and International Security]] agreed that Khan's activities were government-sanctioned.<ref name="ntiglobal">
The transfer of centrifuges for uranium enrichment to North Korea was almost certainly sanctioned by the government, according to Albright.
{{cite news |author=Kitfield, James |date=12 March 2010 |title=Nuclear Smugglers Still at Work, Expert Says |url=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100312_1208.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416170346/http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20100312_1208.php |archive-date=16 April 2010 |publisher=National Journal, Global Security Newswire}}</ref> After Musharraf's resignation, Abdul Qadeer Khan was released from house arrest by the executive order of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. After Musharraf left the country, the new Chairman of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] General [[General Tariq Majid|Tärik Majid]] terminated all further debriefings of Abdul Qadeer Khan. Few believed that Abdul Qadeer Khan acted alone and the affair risked gravely damaging the Armed Forces, which oversaw and controlled the nuclear weapons development and of which Musharraf was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff until his resignation from military service on 28 November 2007.<ref name="Newsweek" />

==== Balochistan ====
In 2005, the [[Bugti]] clan attacked a gas field in Balochistan, after Dr. Shazia was raped at that location. Musharraf responded by dispatching 4,500 soldiers, supported by tanks and helicopters, to guard the gas field.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Walsh, Declan |title=Pakistan's gas fields blaze as rape sparks threat of civil war |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 February 2005 |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/21/pakistan.declanwalsh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529184746/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/feb/21/pakistan.declanwalsh|archive-date=29 May 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Women's rights ====
The National Assembly voted in favour of the "[[Women's Protection Bill]]" on 15 November 2006 and the Senate approved it on 23 November 2006. President General Pervez Musharraf signed into law the "Women's Protection Bill", on 1 December 2006. The bill places rape laws under the penal code and allegedly does away with harsh conditions that previously required victims to produce four male witnesses and exposed the victims to prosecution for adultery if they were unable to prove the crime.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.dawn.com/2006/12/02/top7.htm |title=Musharraf signs women's bill |work=Dawn |date=2 December 2006 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914193255/http://archives.dawn.com/2006/12/02/top7.htm |archive-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
However, the Women's Protection bill has been criticised heavily by many for paying continued lip service and failing to address the actual problem by its roots: repealing the [[Hudood Ordinances|Hudood Ordinance]]. In this context, Musharraf has also been criticised by women and human rights activists for not following up his words by action.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zakaria, Rafia|title=Terror, tribes, and the war on women in Pakistan|year=2009|journal=Asian Conflicts Reports|volume=2009|issue=8|url=http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CATR_AsianConflictsReports_TerrorTribesAndTheWarOnWomenInPakistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231656/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CATR_AsianConflictsReports_TerrorTribesAndTheWarOnWomenInPakistan.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=52716 |title='Protecting' women for political gain in Pakistan |publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN)|location=Zurich, Switzerland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180012/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=52716|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) said that "The so-called Women's Protection Bill is a farcical attempt at making Hudood Ordinances palatable" outlining the issues of the bill and the continued impact on women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Archives%20Reports/AR2006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319193227/http://www.hrcp-web.org/pdf/Archives%20Reports/AR2006.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2010 |title=State of Human Rights in 2006 |access-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His government increased reserved seats for women in assemblies, to increase women's representation and make their presence more effective. The number of reserved seats in the National Assembly was increased from 20 to 60. In provincial assemblies, 128 seats were reserved for women. This situation has brought out increase participation of women in the 1988 and 2008 elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/more-women-in-pakistan-polls-signals-political-freedom_10020351.html |title=More women in Pakistan polls signals 'political freedom' |publisher=Thaindian News |date=23 February 2008 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017070020/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/more-women-in-pakistan-polls-signals-political-freedom_10020351.html |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2005, a couple of months after the rape of a Pakistani physician, Dr. Shazia Khalid, working on a government gas plant in the remote [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] province, Musharraf was criticised for pronouncing Captain Hammad, a fellow military man and the accused in the case, innocent before the judicial inquiry was complete.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sherry points out loopholes in Dr Shazia's rape probe|newspaper=Daily Times |date=4 March 2005 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_32 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430170825/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_32 |archive-date=30 April 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Maher |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2005/02/050224_mush_media_zs.shtml |work=BBC Urdu |publisher=News |title=دعویٰ ہے کیپٹن حماد ملوث نہیں |language=ur |trans-title=Captain Hammad claims involved |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617072229/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2005/02/050224_mush_media_zs.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shazia alleged that she was forced by the government to leave the country.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Khalid, Shazia |author2=Mahmood, Zainab |author3=Maruf, Maryam |name-list-style=amp |title=Shazia Khalid and the fight for justice in Pakistan |publisher=Open Democracy Ltd. |date=25 September 2005 |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/pakistan_2868.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124083618/http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/pakistan_2868.jsp |archive-date=24 November 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref>

In an interview given to ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in September 2005, Musharraf said that Pakistani women who had been the victims of rape treated rape as a "moneymaking concern", and were only interested in the publicity to make money and get a Canadian visa. He subsequently denied making these comments, but the ''Post'' made available an audio recording of the interview, in which Musharraf could be heard making the quoted remarks.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/audio/2005/09/23/AU2005092301253.html |title=Interview with Pakistan president Musharraf |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024134717/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/audio/2005/09/23/AU2005092301253.html |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf also denied Mukhtaran Mai, a Pakistani rape victim, the right to travel abroad, until pressured by US State Department.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Kathleen|date=27 June 2005|title=Pakistan: Rape Case Spotlights Women's Rights|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1059531.html|access-date=10 January 2024|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|language=en}}</ref> The remarks made by Musharraf sparked outrage and protests both internationally and in Pakistan by various groups i.e. women groups, activists.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4251536.stm |title=South Asia: Outrage at Musharraf rape remarks |work=BBC News |date=16 September 2005 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021080243/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4251536.stm |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In a rally, held close to the presidential palace and Pakistan's parliament, hundreds of women demonstrated in Pakistan demanding Musharraf apologise for the controversial remarks about female rape victims.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4294840.stm |title=South Asia {{pipe}} Pakistani women march in rape row |work=BBC News |date=29 September 2005 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511050958/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4294840.stm |archive-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Assassination attempts ====
Musharraf survived multiple assassination attempts and alleged plots.<ref name="escape-assassination"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf Survives Assassination Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://time.com/47841/pervez-musharraf-pakistan/ |magazine=Time |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809032652/https://time.com/47841/pervez-musharraf-pakistan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2000 [[Kamran Atif]], an alleged member of [[Harkat-ul Mujahideen al-Alami]], tried to assassinate Musharraf. Atif was sentenced to death in 2006 by an [[Anti Terrorism Court (Pakistan)|Anti Terrorism Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=KARACHI: Harkat man gets death sentence in murder case |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |work=Dawn |date=30 April 2006 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201618/https://www.dawn.com/news/190021/ |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 December 2003, Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded [[convoy]] crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi; it was the third such attempt during his four-year rule. On 25 December 2003, two [[Suicide bombing|suicide bombers]] tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their [[car bomb]]s failed to kill him; 16 others died instead.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3351207.stm |title=South Asia {{pipe}} Arrests follow Musharraf attack |work=BBC News |date=27 December 2003 |access-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713190304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3351207.stm |archive-date=13 July 2004 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf escaped with only a cracked windshield on his car.<ref name="escape-assassination">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html|title=Pakistani Leader Escapes Attempt at Assassination|last=Masood|first=Salman|date=26 December 2003|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112847/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/26/world/pakistani-leader-escapes-attempt-at-assassination.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amjad Farooqi]] was an alleged mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/29/world/suspect-in-reporter-s-death-is-wanted-in-attacks-on-musharraf.html|title=Suspect in Reporter's Death Is Wanted in Attacks on Musharraf|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|date=29 May 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|last2=Hussain|first2=Talat|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112851/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/29/world/suspect-in-reporter-s-death-is-wanted-in-attacks-on-musharraf.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3692882.stm|title=Profile: Amjad Farooqi|date=27 September 2004|access-date=17 December 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3692882.stm|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 July 2007, there was another attempted assassination, when an unknown group fired a 7.62 [[submachine gun]] at Musharraf's plane as it took off from a [[runway]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. Security also recovered two [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft guns]], from which no shots had been fired.<ref>Masood, Salman and Nizza, Mike [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html?hp "Gunmen Fire on Musharraf's Plane"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022635/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html|date=12 March 2018 }} ''[[The New York Times]]'' 6 July 2007</ref> On 17 July 2007, Pakistani police detained 39 people in relation to the attempted assassination of Musharraf.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/17pak1.htm Attack on Musharraf: 39 detained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307123738/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/17pak1.htm |date=7 March 2008 }} rediff.com 17 July 2007</ref> The suspects were detained at an undisclosed location by a joint team of [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]], the Federal Investigation Agency and other Pakistani intelligence agencies.<ref>{{cite news|title=39 arrested for links to attack on Musharraf|newspaper=Daily Times|date=17 July 2007|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\07\17\story_17-7-2007_pg1_4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915043425/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C07%5C17%5Cstory_17-7-2007_pg1_4|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Suspension of the Chief Justice ====
{{Main|Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry}}

On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]] and pressed corruption charges against him. He replaced him with Acting Chief Justice Javed Iqbal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/236769|title=CJ suspended, escorted home: • Justice Iftikhar summoned by SJC on 13th for reference hearing • Ex-judges call it a blow to judiciary's independence; minister defends decision • Whither judicial activism?|last=Iqbal|first=Nasir|date=10 March 2007|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217114653/https://www.dawn.com/news/236769|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Musharraf's moves sparked protests among Pakistani lawyers. On 12 March 2007, lawyers started a campaign called Judicial Activism across Pakistan and began boycotting all court procedures in protest against the suspension. In Islamabad, as well as other cities such as Lahore, Karachi, and [[Quetta]] hundreds of lawyers dressed in black suits attended rallies, condemning the suspension as unconstitutional. Slowly the expressions of support for the ousted Chief Justice gathered momentum and by May, protesters and opposition parties took out huge rallies against Musharraf, and his tenure as army chief was also challenged in the courts.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musharraf's tenure as army chief challenged|date=15 May 2007|newspaper=Dawn|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/247064/musharraf-s-tenure-as-army-chief-challenged|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422165741/http://www.dawn.com/news/247064/musharraf-s-tenure-as-army-chief-challenged|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Editorial: Musharraf's political options are closing|newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=14 May 2007|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C05%5C14%5Cstory_14-5-2007_pg3_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184145/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C05%5C14%5Cstory_14-5-2007_pg3_1|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Lal Masjid siege ====
{{Main|Siege of Lal Masjid}}

[[File:Red Mosque Islamabad 1.jpg|thumb|The exterior of [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]] in 2017, a decade after the [[Siege of Lal Masjid|2007 siege]] of the mosque.]]
The [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Lal Masjid]] mosque in Islamabad had a religious school for women and the [[Jamia Hafsa]] madrassa, which was attached to the mosque.<ref name="BBC News-2007">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6503477.stm|title=Profile: Islamabad's Red Mosque|date=27 July 2007|work=BBC News|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422154636/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6503477.stm|archive-date=22 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Jamia Faridia|male madrassa]] was only a few minutes drive away.<ref name="BBC News-2007"/>

In April 2007, the mosque administration started to encourage attacks on local video shops, alleging that they were selling porn films; and [[Massage parlor|massage parlors]], which were alleged to be used as [[Brothel|brothels]]. These attacks were often carried out by the mosque affiliated [[Jamia Hafsa]]'s female students. In July 2007, a confrontation occurred when government authorities made a decision to stop the student violence and send police officers to arrest the responsible individuals and the madrassa administration.<ref name="FactBox">{{cite news |title=FACTBOX: Pakistan's Red Mosque's standoff with government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-mosque-factbox/factbox-pakistans-red-mosques-standoff-with-government-idUSL0446561920070705 |work=Reuters |date=5 July 2007 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217202326/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-mosque-factbox/factbox-pakistans-red-mosques-standoff-with-government-idUSL0446561920070705 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

This development led to a standoff between police forces and armed students.<ref name="redmosque">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6503477.stm | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Islamabad's Red Mosque | date=27 July 2007 | access-date=25 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512145852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6503477.stm | archive-date=12 May 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> Mosque leaders and students refused to surrender and fired at police from inside the mosque building. Both sides suffered casualties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siege of Pakistan's Lal Masjid ends |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2007/07/2008525134739873412.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=11 July 2007 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217202949/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2007/07/2008525134739873412.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Return of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif ====
On 27 July, Bhutto met for the first time with Musharraf in the UAE to discuss her return to Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQDzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability And Resilience|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|date=16 June 2016|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-707-7|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133810/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQDzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT330|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 September 2007, Deputy Information Minister Tariq Azim stated that Bhutto will not be deported, but must face corruption charges against her. He clarified Sharif's and Bhutto's right to return to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hf0Ur8PXuHCLiCFguRhOcyFg04mw |title=AFP: Bhutto set to announce return date to Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114034335/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hf0Ur8PXuHCLiCFguRhOcyFg04mw |archive-date=14 November 2007 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 17 September 2007, Bhutto accused Musharraf's allies of pushing Pakistan to crisis by refusal to restore democracy and share power. Bhutto returned from eight years exile on 18 October.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/world/asia/19pakistan.html|title=Bomb Attack Kills Scores in Pakistan as Crowds Celebrate Bhutto's Return|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta|date=19 October 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|last2=Masood|first2=Salman|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211012202/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/world/asia/19pakistan.html|archive-date=11 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf called for a three-day mourning period after Bhutto's assassination on 27 December 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/28/world/asia/28pakistan.html|title=Bhutto Assassination Ignites Disarray|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|date=28 December 2007|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 December 2019|last2=Gall|first2=Carlotta|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112849/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/28/world/asia/28pakistan.html|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sharif returned to Pakistan in September 2007 and was immediately arrested and taken into custody at the airport. He was sent back to Saudi Arabia.<ref>Walker, Sophie. (10 September 2007) [http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-29438820070910?src=091007_1328_TOPSTORY_sharif_arrested_after_return_to_pakistan Nawaz Sharif arrested after return to Pakistan | Reuters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231195036/http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-29438820070910?src=091007_1328_TOPSTORY_sharif_arrested_after_return_to_pakistan |date=31 December 2007 }}. In.reuters.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</ref> Saudi intelligence chief [[Muqrin bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud]] and Lebanese politician [[Saad Hariri]] arrived separately in Islamabad on 8 September 2007, the former with a message from Saudi King Abdullah and the latter after a meeting with Nawaz Sharif in London. After meeting President General Pervez Musharraf for two-and-a-half hours discussing Nawaz Sharif's possible return.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Muqrin, Hariri urge Nawaz to honor agreement|date=9 September 2007|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C09%5Cstory_9-9-2007_pg1_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922133858/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C09%5C09%5Cstory_9-9-2007_pg1_1 |archive-date=22 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On arrival in Saudi Arabia, Nawaz Sharif was received by Prince Muqrin bin Abdul-Aziz, the Saudi intelligence chief, who had met Musharraf in Islamabad the previous day. That meeting had been followed by a rare press conference, at which he had warned that Sharif should not violate the terms of King Abdullah's agreement of staying out of politics for 10 years.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2512243.ece Nawaz Sharif vows to return home again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727011416/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2512243.ece |date=27 July 2008 }}, ''The Sunday Times'', 23 September 2007</ref>

==== Resignation from the army ====
On 2 October 2007, Musharraf appointed General [[Tariq Majid]] as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] and approved General [[Ashfaq Kayani]] as [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]] on starting 8 October. Musharraf resigned from the military on 28 November 2007, appointing Kayani as [[Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of the Army Staff]].<ref name=nytimesoctober2>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/world/asia/03pakistan.html?hp Maneuvering Before Vote in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022636/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/world/asia/03pakistan.html|date=12 March 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'', 3 October 2007</ref>

==== 2007 presidential elections ====
{{Main|2007 Pakistani presidential election}}

In a March 2007 interview, Musharraf said that he intended to stay in office for another five years.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hasan, Khalid|title=Musharraf tells why he wants another five years|date=11 March 2007|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C11%5Cstory_11-3-2007_pg7_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322033504/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C11%5Cstory_11-3-2007_pg7_1|archive-date=22 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A nine-member panel of Supreme Court judges deliberated on six petitions (including Jamaat-e-Islami's, Pakistan's largest Islamic group) for disqualification of Musharraf as a presidential candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-idUSSP23319420070927|title=Pakistan's Musharraf nominated for presidential vote|agency=Reuters|date=27 September 2007|work=Reuters.com|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217201624/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-idUSSP23319420070927|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhutto stated that her party may join other opposition groups, including Sharif's.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bhutto-hears-the-call-to-save-pakistan-1.950077|title=Bhutto hears the call to save Pakistan|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084201/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/bhutto-hears-the-call-to-save-pakistan-1.950077|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 September 2007, in a 6–3 vote, Judge [[Rana Bhagwandas]]'s court removed obstacles to Musharraf's election bid.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/pakistan.politics.ap/index.html |title=Musharraf wins ruling on army role |access-date=23 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523213628/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/09/28/pakistan.politics.ap/index.html |archive-date=23 May 2008 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |publisher=CNN |date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

==== 2007 state of emergency ====
{{Main|2007 Pakistani state of emergency}}

On 3 November 2007, Musharraf declared [[emergency rule]] across Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/04/top1.htm|title=Musharraf imposes emergency rule|date=3 November 2007|website=Dawn|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106032637/http://www.dawn.com/2007/11/04/top1.htm|archive-date=6 November 2007|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/03/pakistan.emergency/index.html|title=Martial law declared in Pakistan|date=3 November 2007|access-date=3 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104002516/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/11/03/pakistan.emergency/index.html |archive-date=4 November 2007|publisher=CNN}}</ref> He suspended the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], imposed a state of emergency, and fired the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court again.<ref name="nyt emergency">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/asia/04pakistan.html?_r=1&ref=asia&oref=slogin|title=Musharraf Declares Emergency Rule|newspaper=The New York Times|date=4 November 2007|access-date=3 November 2007|first=David|last=Rohde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512201437/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/asia/04pakistan.html?_r=1&ref=asia&oref=slogin|archive-date=12 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In Islamabad, troops entered the Supreme Court building, arrested the judges and kept them detained in their homes.<ref name="CNN"/> Independent and international television channels went off air.<ref name="nyt emergency" /> Public protests were mounted against Musharraf.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/274653|title=Civil society, students hold protest rallies : Emergency condemned|date=7 November 2007|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217105030/https://www.dawn.com/news/274653|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2008 general elections ====
{{Main|2008 Pakistani general election}}

General elections were held on 18 February 2008, in which the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) polled the highest votes and won the most seats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.app.com.pk/election/|title=APP Online Election Results|access-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619103223/http://www.app.com.pk/election/|archive-date=19 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.tv/election2008/|title=GeoTV Geo News Latest News Breaking News Pakistan Live Videos|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403042726/https://www.geo.tv/election2008/|archive-date=3 April 2013}}</ref> On 23 March 2008, President Musharraf said an "era of democracy" had begun in Pakistan and that he had put the country "on the track of development and progress". On 22 March, the PPP named former parliament speaker [[Yusuf Raza Gilani]] as its candidate for the country's next prime minister, to lead a coalition government united against him.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haider|first1=Syed Karim|last2=Ali|first2=Sheikh Shaukat|title=Impact of Benazir Bhutto Death on Performance of PPP and Electoral Politics of Pakistan 2008–2013|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Article_9_2018_07_12.pdf#page=11|journal=Pakistan Vision|volume=19|issue=1|pages=146|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217112841/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/Article_9_2018_07_12.pdf#page=11|archive-date=17 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Impeachment movement ====
{{Main|Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf}}

By August 2007, polls showed 64 per cent of Pakistanis did not want another Musharraf term.<ref name="economist">[http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9622079 Pakistan: A mess in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011222915/http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9622079|date=11 October 2007}}. The Economist. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2006 |title=Musharraf most popular leader: US survey |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/musharraf-most-popular-leader-us-survey-1.154322 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gall |first=Carlotta |date=6 October 2007 |title=Musharraf Wins Vote, but Court Will Have Final Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035349/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/06/world/asia/06cnd-pakistan.html |archive-date=20 August 2017 |access-date=21 September 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="BBC News, Islamabad" /> Controversies involving the atomic issues, [[Operation Silence|Lal Masjid incident]], the unpopular [[War in North-West Pakistan]], the [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|suspension of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]], and widely circulated criticisms from rivals Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, had brutalised the personal image of Musharraf in public and political circles. More importantly, with Shaukat Aziz departing from the office of Prime Minister, Musharraf could not have sustained his presidency any longer and dramatically fell from the presidency within a matter of eight months, after popular and mass public movements called for his [[impeachment]] for the actions taken during his presidency.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2008 |title=Thousands Fill Streets for Protest in Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/14/world/asia/14pstan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217202443/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/14/world/asia/14pstan.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2008 |title=Musharraf quits under impeachment threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35058020080818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217202327/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35058020080818 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

On 7 August 2008, the Pakistan Peoples Party and the [[Pakistan Muslim League]] (N) agreed to force Musharraf to step down and begin his [[impeachment]]. [[Asif Ali Zardari]] and Nawaz Sharif announced sending a formal request or joint charge sheet that he step down, and impeach him through parliamentary process upon refusal. Musharraf refused to step down.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4475729.ece President Musharraf of Pakistan to be impeached] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084210/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |date=28 July 2020 }}, The Times, 8 August 2008</ref> A charge-sheet had been drafted and was to be presented to parliament. It included Mr. Musharraf's first seizure of power in 1999—at the expense of Nawaz Sharif, the PML(N)'s leader, whom Mr. Musharraf imprisoned and exiled—and his second in November 2007, when he declared an emergency as a means to get re-elected as president. The charge-sheet also listed some of Mr. Musharraf's contributions to the "war on terror".<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSISL15267920080807 Pakistan coalition to move for Musharraf impeachment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111154228/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSISL15267920080807 |date=11 January 2009 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</ref>

Musharraf delayed his departure for the Beijing Olympics, by a day.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shah|first=Saeed|date=7 August 2008|title=Pakistan coalition to impeach Musharraf|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/07/pakistan1|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>[http://www.geo.tv/8-7-2008/22121.htm Draft of ruling coalition's joint statement finalized] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924112902/http://www.geo.tv/8-7-2008/22121.htm |date=24 September 2013 }}. PakTribune (7 August 2008)</ref> On 11 August, the government summoned the national assembly.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hdRl1vXtvdrtSydn0bbOFIPvfU-w |title=AFP: Pakistan coalition agrees to impeach Musharraf: officials |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025110546/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hdRl1vXtvdrtSydn0bbOFIPvfU-w |archive-date=25 October 2011 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=7 August 2008 |access-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}.</ref>

==== Corruption issues ====
When Musharraf came to power in 1999, he promised that the corruption in the government bureaucracy would be cleaned up. However, some claimed that the level of corruption did not diminish throughout Musharraf's time.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |author=the BBC's Owen Bennett Jones |date=23 January 2002 |title=SOUTH ASIA {{pipe}} Musharraf's corruption crackdown 'failing' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1777889.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806063504/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1777889.stm |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=30 November 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

==Exile==
[[File:General Musharraf (4361533135) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Speaking at [[Chatham House]] in London in 2010]]

On 18 August 2008, Musharraf announced his resignation. On the following day, he defended his nine-year rule in an hour-long televised speech.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm "Pakistan's Musharraf will resign"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929222334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm |date=29 September 2009 }}. BBC News (18 August 2008). Retrieved 9 May 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.paktribune.com/musharraf-video.shtml Video of Resignation Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916142430/http://www.paktribune.com/musharraf-video.shtml |date=16 September 2008 }}. Paktribune.com (5 April 2011). Retrieved 9 May 2012.</ref> However, public opinion was largely against him by this time. A poll conducted a day after his resignation showed that 63% of Pakistanis welcomed Musharraf's decision to step down while only 15% were unhappy with it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gallup.com.pk/musharrafs-resignation/|title=Musharraf's Resignation|date=19 August 2008|website=Gallup Pakistan|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051745/http://gallup.com.pk/musharrafs-resignation/|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 November 2008 he left for exile in London where he arrived the following day.<ref name="Musharraf-London">{{Cite news|title=Musharraf in London on week-long tour|date=24 November 2008|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\11\24\story_24-11-2008_pg1_6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915050702/http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C11%5C24%5Cstory_24-11-2008_pg1_6|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="3news.co.nz">{{Cite news |date=17 April 2013 |title=Musharraf disqualified from Pakistan election |newspaper=3 News |location=New Zealand |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417043912/http://www.3news.co.nz/Musharraf-disqualified-from-Pakistan-election/tabid/417/articleID/294580/Default.aspx |archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2023 |title=Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistani president, dies at 79: Reports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133755/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sahim Salim |author2=Waheed Abbas |title=Dubai: Former Pakistani president Pervez Musharraf passes away |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/dubai-former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=[[Madiha Afzal]] |date=19 December 2019 |title=Why Pakistan's former ruler Musharraf was sentenced to death, and what it means |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/19/why-pakistans-former-ruler-musharraf-was-sentenced-to-death-and-what-it-means/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404095534/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/19/why-pakistans-former-ruler-musharraf-was-sentenced-to-death-and-what-it-means/ |archive-date=4 April 2022 |access-date=12 May 2020 |work=Order From Chaos: Foreign Policy in a Troubled World |publisher=Brookings Institution |quote=Sharif had signaled his intent to bring high treason charges against Musharraf in June 2013, right after he came into power...and in 2013, Sharif's government brought charges of high treason against him for imposing the 2007 emergency.}}</ref>

=== Academia and lectureship ===
After his resignation, Musharraf went to perform a [[Hajj|holy pilgrimage to Mecca]]. He then went on a speaking and lectureship tour through the Middle East, Europe, and the United States. Chicago-based Embark LLC was one of the international public-relations firms trying to land Musharraf as a highly paid keynote speaker.<ref name="NewsW">{{Cite web|date=22 August 2008|title=Pakistan's Musharraf: Lucrative Speaking Fees?|url=https://www.newsweek.com/pakistans-musharraf-lucrative-speaking-fees-88033|access-date=10 January 2024|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> According to Embark President David B. Wheeler, the speaking fee for Musharraf would be US$150,000–200,000 for a day plus jet and other V.I.P. arrangements on the ground.<ref name="NewsW"/> In 2011, he also lectured at the [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] on politics and racism where he also authored and published a paper with George Perkvich.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|title=Pervez Musharraf on U.S.-Pakistan Relations (Transcript)|date=26 October 2011|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|url=https://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/1026carnegie-musharraf.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703224954/http://carnegieendowment.org/files/1026carnegie-musharraf.pdf|archive-date=3 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Party creation===
Musharraf launched his own political party, the [[All Pakistan Muslim League]], in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ghori, Habib Khan |title=Musharraf's political party launched |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |location=Karachi |date=9 June 2010 |url=http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/musharrafs-political-party-launched-960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030171744/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/local/musharrafs-political-party-launched-960 |archive-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Musharraf's All Pakistan Muslim League formally launched in Sindh |newspaper=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |date=9 June 2010 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\06\09\story_9-6-2010_pg12_2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613231132/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C06%5C09%5Cstory_9-6-2010_pg12_2 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/09-Jun-2010/musharraf-will-be-asked-to-come-back-rashid |title=Musharraf will be asked to come back: Rashid |access-date=11 June 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610175405/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/09-Jun-2010/Musharraf-will-be-asked-to-come-back-Rashid |archive-date=10 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]] |date=9 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardham |first=Duncan |date=1 October 2010 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8037849/Musharraf-launches-movement-to-regain-control-of-Pakistan.html |title=Musharraf launches movement to regain control of Pakistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630024912/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8037849/Musharraf-launches-movement-to-regain-control-of-Pakistan.html |archive-date=30 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref>

===Legal threats and actions===
[[File:Pervez Musharraf - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Pervez Musharraf speaking at the [[World Economic Forum|WEF]]]]
The PML-N tried to get Pervez Musharraf to stand trial under Article 6 of the Constitution for treason in relation to the emergency on 3 November 2007.<ref>[http://www.geo.tv/8-22-2009/48040.htm Musharraf's trial under Article 6 'Indispensable': Nawaz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826131751/http://www.geo.tv/8-22-2009/48040.htm |date=26 August 2009}}. GEO.tv. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</ref> The Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousaf Raza Gilani has said a consensus resolution is required in national assembly for an article 6 trial of Pervez Musharraf<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's trial only after consensus resolution: PM |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Karachi |date=20 August 2009 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\20\story_20-8-2009_pg1_4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113100402/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C08%5C20%5Cstory_20-8-2009_pg1_4 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>"I have no love lost for Musharraf ... if parliament decides to try him, I will be with parliament. Article 6 cannot be applied to one individual ... those who supported him are today in my cabinet and some of them have also joined the PML-N ... the MMA, the MQM and the PML-Q supported him ... this is why I have said that it is not doable," said the Prime Minister while informally talking to editors and also replying to questions by journalists at an Iftar-dinner he had hosted for them.<ref>{{cite news |title=Article 6 can't just apply to one man: Gilani |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Karachi |date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\17\story_17-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113101523/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C17%5Cstory_17-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Although the constitution of Pakistan, Article 232 and Article 236, provides for emergencies,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part X: "Emergency Provisions"|url=https://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part10.html|access-date=10 January 2024|website=pakistani.org}}</ref> and on 15 February 2008, the ''interim'' Pakistan Supreme Court attempted to validated the Proclamation of Emergency on 3 November 2007, the Provisional Constitution Order No 1 of 2007 and the Oath of Office (Judges) Order, 2007,<ref>{{cite news |author=Goraya, M. Rafique |date=18 February 2008 |title=Supreme Court validates proclamation of emergency, PCO, follow-up actions: detailed judgement delivered |newspaper=[[Business Recorder]] |location=Karachi |url=http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?id=694527&currPageNo=2&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230125003/http://brecorder.com/index.php?id=694527&currPageNo=2&query=&search=&term=&supDate= |archive-date=30 December 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 October 2009 }}</ref> after the Supreme Court judges were restored to the bench,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kalhan |first=Anil |url=https://www.academia.edu/536224 |title=Constitution and 'Extraconstitution': Colonial Emergency Regimes in Postcolonial India and Pakistan |journal=Emergency Powers in Asia (Victor Ramraj & Arun Thiruvengadam, Eds.) |year=2010 |ssrn=1398545 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728084154/https://www.academia.edu/536224/Constitution_and_Extraconstitution_Emergency_Powers_in_Postcolonial_Pakistan_and_India_in_Emergency_Powers_in_Asia_Ramraj_and_Thiruvengadam_eds._Cambridge_Univ._Press_2010_ |url-status=live }}</ref> on 31 July 2009, they ruled that Musharraf had violated the constitution when he declared emergency rule in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |author=Partlow, Joshua |date=1 August 2009 |title=Former Pakistani President's 2007 Emergency Rule Declared Unconstitutional |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/31/AR2009073101535.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422063358/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/31/AR2009073101535.html |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Important Cases Decided by the Supreme Court (April 2009 – March 2010): ''Sindh High Court Bar Association vs. Federation of Pakistan'' (PLD 2009 SC 879) – [Proclamation of Emergency of 3rd November, 2007] |publisher=Supreme Court of Pakistan |url=http://supremecourt.gov.pk/Annual_rpt_ap09mar10/10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626031837/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/Annual_rpt_ap09mar10/10.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

Saudi Arabia exerted its influence to attempt to prevent treason charges, under Article 6 of the constitution, from being brought against Musharraf, citing existing agreements between the states,<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudis come to Musharraf's rescue |newspaper=Daily Times|date=2 September 2009|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\02\story_2-9-2009_pg1_1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905132648/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C02%5Cstory_2-9-2009_pg1_1|archive-date=5 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No trial, Saudis assure Musharraf |newspaper=Daily Times |date=14 September 2009 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\09\14\story_14-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113095422/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C09%5C14%5Cstory_14-9-2009_pg1_1 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as pressuring Sharif directly.<ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/saudi-arabias-love-for-nawaz-sharif-lost_100246455.html Saudi Arabia's 'love' for Nawaz Sharif lost?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416010149/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/saudi-arabias-love-for-nawaz-sharif-lost_100246455.html |date=16 April 2010}}. Thaindian.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010.</ref> As it turned out, it was not Sharif's decision to make.<ref name="Treason-charges-brought">{{cite news |title=Court orders registration of treason charges against Musharraf |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=8 March 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Court-orders-registration-of-treason-charges-against-Musharraf/Article1-670964.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020085931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Court-orders-registration-of-treason-charges-against-Musharraf/Article1-670964.aspx |archive-date=20 October 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 March 2011 }}</ref>

Abbottabad's district and sessions judge in a [[Missing persons (Pakistan)|missing person]]'s case passed judgment asking the authorities to declare Pervez Musharraf a proclaimed offender.<ref name="Dawn court case">{{cite news |url=http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-abbottabad-court-rules-against-musharraf-hh-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027142145/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-abbottabad-court-rules-against-musharraf-hh-03 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |title=Abbottabad court rules against Musharraf |last=Javed |first=Rashid |date=31 October 2009 |newspaper=Dawn |access-date=31 October 2009}}</ref> On 11 February 2011 the Anti Terrorism Court,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Walsh|first=Declan|date=12 February 2011|title=Pakistan court issues arrest warrant against Musharraf|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/12/pakistan-issue-arrest-warrant-musharraf|access-date=10 January 2024|work=The Observer|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> issued an arrest warrant for Musharraf and charged him with conspiracy to commit murder of Benazir Bhutto.<ref name="High Court annuls">{{cite news |date=13 January 2020 |title=Lahore High Court annuls Musharraf's death sentence |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/lahore-high-court-annuls-musharrafs-death-sentence/article30557948.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407185013/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/lahore-high-court-annuls-musharrafs-death-sentence/article30557948.ece |archive-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title=Pakistan court sentences Pervez Musharraf to death for treason |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219014152/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pakistan-court-sentences-pervez-musharraf-to-death-for-treason/articleshow/72825753.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 December 2019}}</ref> On 8 March 2011, the [[Sindh High Court]] registered treason charges against him.<ref name="Treason-charges-brought" /><ref name="absconder">{{cite news |date=31 August 2017 |title=Benazir Bhutto assassination case: Two senior cops sentenced to 17 years in jail, five acquitted; Pervez Musharraf declared absconder |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/ |url-status=live |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203614/http://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/benazir-bhutto-assassination-case-verdict-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-4822298/ |archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pervez Musharraf Sentenced To Death In High Treason Case: Pak Media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075607/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/pervez-musharraf-sentenced-to-death-in-high-treason-case-news-agency-ani-quoting-pakistan-media-2150081 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan's fugitive ex-leader: Profile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217075608/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-fugitive-leader-profile-191204104433416.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

=== Views ===

====Pakistani police commandos====
Regarding the [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|Lahore attack]] on Sri Lankan cricket players, Musharraf criticised the police commandos' inability to kill any of the gunmen, saying "If this was the [[Elite Police|elite force]] I would expect them to have shot down those people who attacked them, the reaction, their training should be on a level that if anyone shoots toward the company they are guarding, in less than three seconds they should shoot the man down."<ref name="voanews1">Newhouse, Barry (5 March 2009) {{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-05-voa13.cfm |title=Pakistan Cricket Ambush Controversy Focuses on Security |access-date=6 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307112722/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-03-05-voa13.cfm |archive-date=7 March 2009 }}, [[Voice of America]].</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/pakistan/elite-force-should-have-killed-terrorists-1.56274|title=Elite force should have killed terrorists|last=Rehman Khan|first=Fasihur|date=5 March 2009|newspaper=Gulf News|access-date=7 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509072133/http://gulfnews.com/news/world/pakistan/elite-force-should-have-killed-terrorists-1.56274|archive-date=9 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Blasphemy laws====
Regarding the [[Blasphemy laws in Pakistan|blasphemy laws]], Musharraf said that Pakistan is sensitive to religious issues and that the blasphemy law should stay.<ref name="kalam1">{{cite web |title=Musharraf: Blasphemy law cannot be an excuse for murder |url=http://beta.kalam.tv/ur/video/59455/ |access-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026024841/http://beta.kalam.tv/ur/video/59455/ |archive-date=26 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Return to Pakistan==
Since the start of 2011, news had circulated that Musharraf would return to Pakistan before the 2013 general election. He himself vowed this in several interviews. On ''[[Piers Morgan Tonight]]'', Musharraf announced his plans to return to Pakistan on 23 March 2012 to seek the Presidency in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf ends exile, announces return to Pakistan|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/musharraf-ends-exile-announces-return-to-pakistan-645450.html|publisher=First Post World|access-date=23 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307144915/http://www.firstpost.com/world/musharraf-ends-exile-announces-return-to-pakistan-645450.html|archive-date=7 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pakistani Taliban]]<ref name=threat1>{{cite news|title=Musharraf arrives back in Pakistan despite threats|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21914946|work=BBC News|access-date=24 March 2013|date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324215737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21914946|archive-date=24 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Talal Bugti]]<ref name=threat2>{{Cite news|title=Talal Bugti announces bounty on Musharraf's head|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C10%5Cstory_10-10-2010_pg1_7|newspaper=Daily Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016064449/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C10%5Cstory_10-10-2010_pg1_7|archive-date=16 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> threatened to kill him should he return.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Santana, Rebecca|author2=Khan, Jamil|name-list-style=amp|date=23 March 2013|title=Ex-Pakistani strongman vows return ahead of vote|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/pakistans-musharraf-vows-return-despite-risks|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324225137/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/pakistans-musharraf-vows-return-despite-risks|archive-date=24 March 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2013|title=Taliban threaten to assassinate Musharraf|newspaper=Eye Witness News|location=Johannesburg, South Africa|url=http://ewn.co.za/2013/03/23/Taliban-threatens-Musharraf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512071440/http://ewn.co.za/2013/03/23/Taliban-threatens-Musharraf|archive-date=12 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 March 2013, after a four-year self-imposed exile, he returned to Pakistan.<ref name=threat1 /><ref name=threat2/> He landed at [[Jinnah International Airport]], Karachi, via a chartered Emirates flight with Pakistani journalists and foreign news correspondents. Hundreds of his supporters and workers of APML greeted Musharraf upon his arrival at Karachi airport, and he delivered a short public speech.<ref>{{cite news|title=Musharraf returns to Pakistan amid death threats|url=https://news.yahoo.com/musharraf-returns-pakistan-amid-death-threats-080248691.html|publisher=Yahoo News|access-date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327045049/http://news.yahoo.com/musharraf-returns-pakistan-amid-death-threats-080248691.html|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electoral disqualification===
On 16 April 2013, three weeks after he returned to Pakistan, an electoral tribunal in [[Chitral]] declared Musharraf disqualified from contesting elections, effectively quashing his political ambitions (several other constituencies had previously rejected Musharraf's nominations).<ref>{{cite news|title=Pervez Musharraf out of Pakistan election race|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pervez-Musharraf-out-of-Pakistan-election-race/articleshow/19577805.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=16 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422065012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pervez-Musharraf-out-of-Pakistan-election-race/articleshow/19577805.cms|archive-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> A spokesperson for Musharraf's party said the ruling was "biased" and they would appeal the decision.<ref name="3news.co.nz"/>

===Jail, house arrest and bail===
Two days later, on 18 April 2013, the [[Islamabad High Court]] ordered the arrest of Musharraf on charges relating to the 2007 arrests of judges.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22196101|title=Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf: Court orders ex-ruler's arrest|publisher=BBC|date=18 April 2013|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617133127/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22196101|archive-date=17 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf had technically been on bail since his return to the country, and the court now declared his bail ended.<ref name="ALJ-20130419">{{cite news | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/04/2013419425176901.html | title=Pakistan police arrest ex-President Musharraf | publisher=Al Jazeera | date=19 April 2013 | access-date=19 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419153645/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/04/2013419425176901.html | archive-date=19 April 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf escaped from court with the aid of his security personnel, and went to his farm-house mansion.<ref name="Musharraf escapes from court">{{cite news|title=Musharraf on the run after bail cancellation|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/803426/judges-detention-case-musharraf-arrives-in-ihc|access-date=18 February 2014|newspaper=DAWN|date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222031738/http://www.dawn.com/news/803426/judges-detention-case-musharraf-arrives-in-ihc|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The following day, Musharraf was placed under house arrest<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Mullen, Jethro |author2=Robertson, Nic |author3=Smith-Spark, Laura |name-list-style=amp |title=In Pakistan, Musharraf placed under house arrest|publisher=CNN|date=18 April 2013|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/18/world/asia/pakistan-politics/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418165008/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/18/world/asia/pakistan-politics/index.html|archive-date=18 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> but was later transferred to police headquarters in Islamabad.<ref name="BBC-19042013-1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22211766 |title=Pakistani police arrest Pervez Musharraf in Islamabad |work=BBC News |date=19 April 2013 |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419161912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22211766 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Musharraf characterised his arrest as "politically motivated"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/former-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-arrested-356092?pfrom=home-lateststories |title=Former Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf arrested |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 April 2013 |work=NDTV.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419060503/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/former-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-arrested-356092?pfrom=home-lateststories |archive-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Leiby |first=Richard |title=Musharraf arrest tempts clash of powers|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=19 April 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/musharraf-arrest-tempts-clash-of-powers/2013/04/19/6b1e78c6-a8dc-11e2-9e1c-bb0fb0c2edd9_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805125010/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/musharraf-arrest-tempts-clash-of-powers/2013/04/19/6b1e78c6-a8dc-11e2-9e1c-bb0fb0c2edd9_story.html|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and his legal team has declared their intention to fight the charges in the Supreme Court.<ref name="BBC-19042013-1" /> Further to the charges of this arrest, the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] also passed a resolution petitioning that Musharraf be charged with [[high treason]] in relation to the events of 2007.<ref name="BBC-19042013-1" />

On Friday, 26 April 2013, a week after one court had voided his bail and caused his arrest in the "arrest of judges" case, another court ordered house arrest for Musharraf in connection with the death of [[Benazir Bhutto]].<ref name="House arrest BBC">{{cite news|title=Musharraf remanded over Benazir Bhutto case|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22305891|access-date=28 April 2013|newspaper=BBC News Asia|date=26 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428062154/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22305891|archive-date=28 April 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 May, a Pakistani court granted bail to Musharraf.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Pakistani dictator Musharraf granted bail|work=Reuters|date=20 May 2013|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-musharraf-idUSBRE94J08Y20130520|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521011703/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/20/us-pakistan-musharraf-idUSBRE94J08Y20130520|archive-date=21 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 June 2014 [[Sindh High Court]] allowed him to travel to seek medical attention abroad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan court allows Pervez Musharraf to leave the country|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/pakistan-court-allows-pervez-musharraf-to-leave-the-country/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616003619/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/pakistan-court-allows-pervez-musharraf-to-leave-the-country/|archive-date=16 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MW1"/>

===Fourth assassination attempt===
On 3 April 2014, Musharraf escaped the fourth assassination attempt, resulting in an injury of a woman, according to Pakistani news.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pervez Musharraf escapes 'assassination' bomb attempt|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/10741118/Pervez-Musharraf-escapes-assassination-bomb-attempt.html|date=3 April 2014|work=The Telegraph|first=Faizan|last=Fiaz|access-date=8 April 2014|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404212258/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/10741118/Pervez-Musharraf-escapes-assassination-bomb-attempt.html|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Judicial hearings and return to exile ==
{{main|Musharraf high treason case}}

On 25 June 2013, Musharraf was named as prime suspect in two separate cases. The first case was subverting and suspending the constitution, and the second was a [[Federal Investigation Agency]] probe into the conspiracy to assassinate Bhutto.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nation.com.pk/26-Jun-2013/musharraf-conspired-to-kill-benazir |title= Musharraf 'conspired' to kill Benazir |last1=Ahmed |first1=Israr |date= 26 June 2013 |work=The Nation |access-date= 3 August 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130627031401/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/26-Jun-2013/musharraf-conspired-to-kill-benazir |archive-date=27 June 2013|last2= Sigamony |first2=Terence J.}}</ref> Musharraf was indicted on 20 August 2013 for Bhutto's assassination in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |title = Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf charged in Benazir Bhutto's death |publisher = Fox News |date=20 August 2013 |url = https://www.foxnews.com/world/pakistans-pervez-musharraf-charged-in-death-of-former-leader-bhutto |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140402185504/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/20/pakistan-pervez-musharraf-charged-in-benazir-bhutto-death/ |archive-date=2 April 2014|url-status= live}}</ref> On 2 September 2013, a [[first information report]] (FIR) was registered against him for his role in the [[Lal Masjid Operation]] in 2007. The FIR was lodged after the son of slain hard line cleric [[Abdul Rashid Ghazi|Abdul Rahid Ghazi]] (who was killed during the operation) asked authorities to bring charges against Musharraf.<ref>{{cite news |title= Pakistani police investigate Musharraf in mosque raid |date=2 September 2013 |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url = https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2013/09/02/pakistani-police-investigate-musharraf-mosque-raid/mclTe25pC43rwpR4SIKj7O/story.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141217183804/http://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2013/09/02/pakistani-police-investigate-musharraf-mosque-raid/mclTe25pC43rwpR4SIKj7O/story.html |archive-date= 17 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ghazi murder case: Musharraf submits surety for bail |date= 6 November 2013 |newspaper=The Nation |location=Karachi |url = http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Nov-2013/ghazi-murder-case-musharraf-submits-surety-for-bail |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220105628/http://www.nation.com.pk/islamabad/06-Nov-2013/ghazi-murder-case-musharraf-submits-surety-for-bail |archive-date= 20 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 March 2016, Musharraf's name was removed from the [[Exit Control List]] and he was allowed to travel abroad, citing medical treatment. He subsequently lived in [[Dubai]] in self-imposed exile.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1246671|title=Musharraf meets well-wishers at his Dubai residence|work=Dawn|first=Imran|last=Ayub|date=19 March 2016|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301011057/https://www.dawn.com/news/1246671|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1068002/pervez-musharraf-departs-for-dubai/ |title=Musharraf departs for Dubai after travel ban lifted |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=28 February 2017 |work=The Express Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092832/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1068002/pervez-musharraf-departs-for-dubai/ |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Musharraf vowed to return to Pakistan, but he never did.<ref name=NYTAnnul>Salman Masood, [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/world/asia/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-death-sentence.html Death Sentence Overturned for Pervez Musharraf, Ex-Leader of Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113192552/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/world/asia/pervez-musharraf-pakistan-death-sentence.html |date=13 January 2020 }}, ''New York Times'' (13 January 2020).</ref> It was first disclosed in October 2018 that Musharraf was suffering from [[amyloidosis]], a [[Rare disease|rare]] and serious illness for which he has undergone treatment in hospitals in London and Dubai; an official with Musharraf's political party said that Musharraf would return to Pakistan after he made a full recovery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1470223 |title=Musharraf shifted to Dubai hospital after 'reaction' from rare disease |last=Hussain |first=Javed |date=17 March 2019 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317210514/https://www.dawn.com/news/1470223 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Musharraf appeared as a political analyst on his weekly television show ''Sab Se Pehle Pakistan with President Musharraf'', hosted by [[BOL News]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1317329|title= Pervez Musharraf launches career as TV analyst|work= Dawn|date= 27 February 2017|access-date= 20 March 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170320175056/https://www.dawn.com/news/1317329|archive-date= 20 March 2017|url-status= live}}</ref>

On 31 August 2017, the [[Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan|anti-terrorism court]] in [[Rawalpindi]] declared him an "[[Fugitive|absconder]]" in Bhutto's murder case. The court also ordered that his property and bank account in Pakistan be seized.<ref name="absconder" /><ref>{{in lang|vi}} [https://www.nguoi-viet.com/the-gioi/toa-pakistan-truy-lung-cuu-thu-tuong-trong-vu-sat-doi-thu-chinh-tri/ Pakistan truy lùng cựu thủ tướng ám sát đối thủ chính trị] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907080522/https://www.nguoi-viet.com/the-gioi/toa-pakistan-truy-lung-cuu-thu-tuong-trong-vu-sat-doi-thu-chinh-tri/ |date=7 September 2017 }}. Retrieved 7 September 2017</ref><ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/31/asia/pakistan-benazir-bhutto/index.html Former Pakistan leader Musharraf declared fugitive in Bhutto murder case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902051457/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/08/31/asia/pakistan-benazir-bhutto/index.html |date=2 September 2017 }}, CNN</ref>

===Verdict===
On 17 December 2019, a special court declared him a traitor and sentenced him ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' to death for abrogating and suspending the constitution in [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|November 2007]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |title= Pervez Musharraf: Pakistan sentences former ruler to death for high treason |last= Ellis-Petersen |first= Hannah |date= 17 December 2019 |newspaper= The Guardian |access-date= 17 December 2019 |language= en-GB |issn= 0261-3077 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217083837/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/17/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-high-treason |archive-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |title=Former Pakistan military ruler sentenced to death for high treason |publisher=CNN |date=17 December 2019 |language=en-US |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217110805/https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/17/asia/pervez-musharraf-death-sentence-pakistan-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |title= Pakistan court sentences former military ruler Musharraf to death for treason |last1= Shahzad |first1= Asif |date= 17 December 2019 |work= Reuters |access-date= 17 December 2019 |url-status= live |last2= Jain |first2= Rupam |editor-last= Birsel |editor-first= Robert |language= en-GB |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081602/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-law-musharraf-idUSKBN1YL0MJ |archive-date= 17 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |title=Pakistan ex-leader Musharraf sentenced to death |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081204/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-50819772 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |title=Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf handed death penalty in treason case |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/pakistan-ruler-musharraf-handed-death-penalty-treason-case-191217071817884.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The three-member panel of the special court which issued the order was spearheaded by Chief Justice of the Peshawar High Court [[Waqar Ahmed Seth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |title = Pervez Musharraf gets death penalty for imposing emergency in Pakistan |website = India Today |date = 17 December 2019 |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095819/https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pervez-musharraf-death-penalty-pakistan-treason-news-1628954-2019-12-17 |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> He was the first Pakistani Army General to be sentenced to death.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/conviction-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-191217151354480.html |title = After conviction, what next for Pakistan's Pervez Musharraf? |publisher = Al Jazeera |access-date = 17 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/conviction-pakistan-pervez-musharraf-191217151354480.html |archive-date = 17 December 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/the-implications-of-pervez-musharrafs-death-sentence-for-civil-military-relations-in-pakistan-the-hindu-analysis-podcast/article30331387.ece |title=The implications of Pervez Musharraf's death sentence for civil-military relations in Pakistan|last=Sriram |first=Jayant |date=17 December 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=17 December 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170523/https://www.thehindu.com/podcast/the-implications-of-pervez-musharrafs-death-sentence-for-civil-military-relations-in-pakistan-the-hindu-analysis-podcast/article30331387.ece |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Analysts did not expect Musharraf to face the sentence given his illness and the fact that Dubai has no [[extradition treaty]] with Pakistan;<ref name="MW1">{{cite news |title=Pakistan sentences Musharraf to death for treason |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-treason-2019-12-17 |access-date=17 December 2019 |work=MarketWatch |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217102318/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/pakistan-sentences-musharraf-to-death-for-treason-2019-12-17 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hussain">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Shaiq |title=Pakistan's former military ruler Pervez Musharraf is sentenced to death for treason |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistans-former-military-ruler-pervez-musharraf-is-sentenced-to-death-for-treason/2019/12/17/a7bb9334-20a5-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |access-date=17 December 2019 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 December 2019 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217160215/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/pakistans-former-military-ruler-pervez-musharraf-is-sentenced-to-death-for-treason/2019/12/17/a7bb9334-20a5-11ea-b034-de7dc2b5199b_story.html |archive-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> the verdict was also viewed as largely symbolic given that Musharraf retained support within the current Pakistani government and military.<ref name=NYTAnnul/>

Musharraf challenged the verdict,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |title= Musharraf lawyer in UK calls for retrial in high treason case |date=18 December 2019 |publisher=[[Geo News|Geo TV]] |access-date=18 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218105012/https://www.geo.tv/latest/262503-musharraf-representiave |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref> and on 13 January 2020, the Lahore High Court annulled the death sentence against Musharraf, ruling that the special court that held the trial was unconstitutional.<ref name=NYTAnnul/> The unanimous verdict was delivered by a three-member bench of the Lahore High Court,<ref name=NYTAnnul/><ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020">{{cite news |last1=Bilal |first1=Rana |title=Special court formed for Musharraf treason trial 'unconstitutional', rules LHC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1528058/special-court-formed-for-musharraf-treason-trial-unconstitutional-rules-lhc |access-date=13 January 2020 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=13 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113111542/https://www.dawn.com/news/1528058/special-court-formed-for-musharraf-treason-trial-unconstitutional-rules-lhc |url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of Justice [[Sayyed Muhammad Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi]], Justice [[Muhammad Ameer Bhatti]], and Justice Chaudhry Masood Jahangir.<ref name="Dawn LHC Jan 2020"/> The court ruled that the prosecution of Musharraf was politically motivated and that the crimes of [[high treason]] and subverting the Constitution were "a joint offence" that "cannot be undertaken by a single person".<ref name=NYTAnnul/>

==Personal life ==

=== Family and relationships ===
Musharraf was the second son of his parents and had two brothers—Javed and Naved.<ref name="duggerbio"/><ref name="mombbc">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4368099.stm "Musharraf Mother Meets Indian PM"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129065003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4368099.stm |date=29 January 2009}}. BBC News (21 March 2005).</ref><ref name="chitkara"/> Javed retired as a high-level official in Pakistan's civil service.<ref name="chitkara"/> Naved is an [[anaesthetist]] who has lived in Chicago since completing his residency training at [[Loyola University Medical Center]] in 1979.<ref name="duggerbio"/><ref name="chitkara"/>

Musharraf married Sehba, who is from Karachi, on 28 December 1968.<ref name="worth"/> They had a daughter, Ayla, an architect married to film director [[Asim Raza]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf's daughter target for terrorists: Intelligence agencies |date=18 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016024712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Musharrafs-daughter-target-for-terrorists-Intelligence-agencies/articleshow/21133782.cms |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a son, Bilal.<ref name="chitkara"/><ref name="officialbio">{{cite web |year=2006 |url=http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705114616/http://www.presidentofpakistan.gov.pk/Biography.aspx |archive-date=5 July 2008 |title=General Pervez Musharraf |publisher=Office of the Press Secretary to the President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan |access-date=30 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also had close family ties to the prominent [[Kheshgi|Kheshgi family]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133811/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Asad|first=Malik|date=9 March 2018|title=Govt told to take steps for Musharraf's arrest, extradition|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394063|access-date=1 August 2020|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019171146/https://www.dawn.com/news/1394063|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 March 2017|title=Mush wife, daughter move court against attaching properties|url=https://nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2017/mush-wife-daughter-move-court-against-attaching-properties|access-date=2 August 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005114042/https://www.nation.com.pk/02-Mar-2017/mush-wife-daughter-move-court-against-attaching-properties|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt Ordered to Take Steps for Musharraf Extradition – Abb Takk News|url=https://abbtakk.tv/en/govt-ordered-to-take-steps-for-musharraf-extradition/|access-date=2 August 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416024205/https://abbtakk.tv/en/govt-ordered-to-take-steps-for-musharraf-extradition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Musharraf|first=Pervez|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC&q=khaishgi+musharraf&pg=PT13|title=In the Line of Fire|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-596-2|language=en|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205133812/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBws32j4zwYC&q=khaishgi+musharraf&pg=PT13|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hobbies ===
Musharraf was fond of [[contract bridge]], that officers in the Pakistan Army encouraged their men to play as they considered it a sophisticated card game, and Musharraf would continue to play it on a weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Ameer Hamza |date=7 April 2013 |title=Bridge, anyone? |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/529996/bridge-anyone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229132907/https://tribune.com.pk/story/529996/bridge-anyone |archive-date=29 December 2025 |access-date= |work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> He also had an interest in music, especially ''[[Ghazal|ghazals]]'' and [[Filmi|filmi songs]], and was himself a singer, in 2009 having shared the stage with [[Sufism|Sufi]] artist Ustad [[Hamid Ali Khan]], while he had also played the [[tabla]] during a musical show in London after being irritated by the performance of a musician.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=14 August 2009 |title=Pervez Musharraf becomes YouTube singing sensation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6023737/Pervez-Musharraf-becomes-YouTube-singing-sensation.html |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2009 |title=Musharraf, the new singing sensation! |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/musharraf-the-new-singing-sensation-story-ikXElvewvebJWeDPFCrV8I.html |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In an obituary, he had been described as an avid sportsman with interests in [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[badminton]], [[golf]], and [[sailing]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=9 February 2023 |title=Pervez Musharraf, Former Pakistani Military Leader, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/05/world/asia/pervez-musharraf-dead.html |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

===Death===
On 5 February 2023, Musharraf died at age 79 due to [[amyloidosis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html|title=Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistani president and army general, dies at 79|date=5 February 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205072634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He had been hospitalised a year prior due to the disease. His body was returned to Karachi, Pakistan, from Dubai on 6 February.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |date=5 February 2023 |title=Former Pakistan president Pervez Musharraf dies in Dubai after long illness |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/05/former-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-dies-in-dubai-after-long-illness |access-date=5 February 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205074124/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/05/former-pakistan-president-pervez-musharraf-dies-in-dubai-after-long-illness |url-status=live }}</ref> His funeral prayers were offered at a mosque in Karachi's Gulmohar Polo Ground in [[Malir Cantonment]] on 7 February.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Imtiaz |date=7 February 2023 |title=Former military ruler Pervez Musharraf's funeral prayers offered in Karachi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1735814 |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan |language=en |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207105649/https://www.dawn.com/news/1735814 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was laid to rest with military honours in an army graveyard.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Pervez Musharraf laid to rest; Several retired and serving military officers attend funeral prayers |url=https://theprint.in/world/pervez-musharraf-laid-to-rest-several-retired-and-serving-military-officers-attend-funeral-prayers/1359546/ |access-date=7 February 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207131650/https://theprint.in/world/pervez-musharraf-laid-to-rest-several-retired-and-serving-military-officers-attend-funeral-prayers/1359546/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the 2021 Indian film ''[[Shershaah]]'', about the Kargil War, he is portrayed by actor Bobby Khanna.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=[[Shershaah]] |date=2021 |last=Vishnuvardhan |first= |author-link=Vishnuvardhan (director) |type=Motion picture |language=hi |publisher=[[Dharma Productions]]}}</ref>

== Books ==

=== Autobiography ===
Musharraf published his autobiography—''[[In the Line of Fire: A Memoir]]''—in 2006. His book has also been translated into Urdu, Hindi, Tamil and Bangali. In Urdu the title is ''Sab Se Pehle Pakistan'' (''Pakistan Comes First'') and in Hindi it is ''Agnipath Meri Atmakatha'' (''Path of Fire My Life Story'').<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |title=Musharraf book draws mixed response |last=Plett |first=Barbara |date=2 October 2006 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5398678.stm |archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>

=== Books about Pervez Musharraf ===

* {{cite book |last=Worth |first=Richard |title=Pervez Musharraf |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=9780791092644}}
* {{cite book |last=Harmon |first=Daniel E. |title=Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2007 |isbn=9781404219052 |series=Newsmakers Series}}
* {{cite book |last=Razvi |first=Murtaza |title=Musharraf: The Years in Power |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |year=2009 |isbn=9788172238155}}
* {{cite book |last=Jabbar |first=Javed |author-link=Javed Jabbar |title=A General in Particular: Interactions with Pervez Musharraf |publisher=Paramount Books (Pvt) Ltd. |year=2022 |isbn=9789692106214}}

==Effective dates of promotion==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#FFFFE0| Insignia !! style="background:#FFFFE0|Rank !!style="background:#FFFFE0| Date
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|70px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[General (Pakistan)|General]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|COAS]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|Oct 1998
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|frameless|10px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|55px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant-General]] ||style="background:#FFFFE0|1995
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|35px]] ||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Major-General]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|1991
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-6 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|16px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Brigadier]]|| style="background:#FFFFE0| 1987
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-5 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Colonel (Pakistan)|Colonel]]|| style="background:#FFFFE0|1978
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-4 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Lieutenant Colonel]]|| style="background:#FFFFE0|1974
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-4 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Major (rank)|Major]]||style="background:#FFFFE0| 1972
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-2 Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Captain]] || style="background:#FFFFE0|1966
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-1(B) Pakistan Army.svg|frameless|10px]]|| style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Lieutenant]] || style="background:#FFFFE0|1965
|-
|style="background:#FFFFE0|[[File:OF-1%28A%29_Pakistan_Army.svg |10px]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|[[Second Lieutenant]]||style="background:#FFFFE0|1964
|}

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Basalat.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Baqa (1998).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Istaqlal (2002).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=10 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=20 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=30 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=35 years Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=40 years Service Medal (Pakistan Armed Forces).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hijri Tamgha.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Jamhuriat Tamgha 1988.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha Pakistan.svg|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Independence Day Golden Jubilee Medal, 2006.svg|width=130}}
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Command and Staff College Quetta Centenary Medal.svg|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Order of Excellence)''
|'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-e-Imtiaz]]'''
'''[[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|(Military)]]'''

''(Crescent of Excellence)''
|'''[[Tamgha-e-Basalat]]'''
''(Medal of Good Conduct)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''
''(War Star 1971)''
|[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|'''Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War''']]
''(War Medal 1965)''

'''With [[Mentioned in dispatches|MiD]] or [[Imtiazi Sanad]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1971)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Baqa]]'''
''([[Chagai-I|Nuclear Test Medal]])''

'''1998'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Istaqlal Pakistan]]'''
''([[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Escalation with India Medal]])''

'''2002'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|10 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|20 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|30 Years Service Medal]]'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|35 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Long service medals|40 Years Service Medal]]'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-]]'''
'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''

''(100th Birth Anniversary of''

''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]])''

'''1976'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Hijri Tamgha]]'''
''(Hijri Medal)''

'''1979'''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Jamhuriat Tamgha]]'''
''(Democracy Medal)''

'''1988'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''(Resolution Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1990'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan]]'''
''(Independence Day''

''Golden Jubilee Medal)''

'''1997'''
|[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|'''Command & Staff College''']]
'''[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Quetta]]'''

'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Instructor's Medal]]'''
|}

=== Foreign decorations ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! colspan="3" style="background:#006400; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center" |'''Foreign awards'''
|-
!scope=row|{{flagu|Saudi Arabia}}
|'''[[Order of Abdulaziz al Saud|Order of King Abdul Aziz – Class I]]<ref name="Rasooldeen" />'''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of King Abdulaziz, 1st Class (Saudi Arabia).png|width=130}}
|-
!scope=row|{{flagu|UAE}}
|'''[[Order of Zayed|The Order of Zayed]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalifa and Musharraf meet in bid to revive peace process |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/khalifa-and-musharraf-meet-in-bid-to-revive-peace-process-1.156527 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=Gulf News |date=25 January 2007 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703203648/https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/khalifa-and-musharraf-meet-in-bid-to-revive-peace-process-1.156527 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon bar of the Order of Zayed.svg|width=130}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Enlightened moderation]]
* [[Politics of Pakistan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Pervez Musharraf|wikt=no|c=Pervez Musharraf|commonscat=yes|n=Pervez Musharraf|q=Pervez Musharraf|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q40495|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no}}

===Official===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194056/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=351 General Pervez Musharraf], official [[Pakistan Army]] profile
* [http://www.musharraffoundation.org/ Pervez Musharraf Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102163910/http://www.musharraffoundation.org/ |date=2 November 2020 }}

===Interviews and statements===
* {{C-SPAN}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|275}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060517165911/http://www.usip.org/events/2003/0625_CIBpakistan.html Address by Pervez Musharraf] to [[U.S. Institute of Peace]] (text, audio & video available) June 2003
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5081-2004May31.html "Plea for Enlightened Moderation"], Pervez Musharraf, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 13 May 2004

===Media coverage===
* {{Dawn topic|pervez-musharraf}}
* {{Guardian topic|world/pervez-musharraf}}
* {{New York Times topic|new_id=person/pervez-musharraf}}
* [http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20130501-violence-and-musharraf-mark-pakistan-election-campaign "Terror and Musharraf's hubris mark Pakistan election campaign"], [[Radio France Internationale]] {{in lang|en}}

{{s-start}}
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{{s-bef
| before = Khalid Latif Mughal
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{{s-ttl
| title = Commander of [[I Corps (Pakistan)|I Corps]]
| years = 1995–1998
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Saleem Haider]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Jehangir Karamat]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| years = 1998–2001
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Aziz Khan (general)|Aziz Khan]]
}}
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| years = 1998–2007
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{{s-aft
| after = [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]]
}}
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{{s-off
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{{s-bef
| before = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| as = Prime Minister of Pakistan
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Chief Executive of Pakistan]]
| years = 1999–2002
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{{s-aft
| after = [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]
| as = Prime Minister of Pakistan
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|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Minister of Defence]]
| years = 1999–2002
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Rao Sikandar Iqbal]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[President of Pakistan]]
| years = 2001–2008
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]] Acting
}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|party
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Leader of the [[All Pakistan Muslim League]]
| years = 2010–2023
}}
{{s-vac
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{{s-end}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
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[[Category:Radical centrist writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Tamgha-e-Basalat]]
[[Category:Special Services Group officers]]
[[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]

Platyptilia isocrates

2026-03-15T22:29:01Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Created A Info

{{short description|Species of plume moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| taxon = Platyptilia isocrates
| authority = [[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1924
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Platyptilia isocrates''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It is found in the [[Kashmir]] region of what was [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{LepIndex |id=1080 |accessdate=May 12, 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7202752}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Platyptilia Isocrates}}
[[Category:Moths described in 1924]]
[[Category:Platyptilia|isocrates]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Platyptiliini-stub}}

Falooda

2026-03-11T09:15:50Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Short description|Mughlai cold dessert}}
{{For|the similarly named Persian dessert|Faloodeh}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = ''Falooda''
| image = Faluda.JPG
| caption = ''Falooda'' with kulfi, rose syrup, and basil seeds (sabja seeds)
| alternate_name =
| region = South Asia
| course = Beverage
| served = Cold
| main_ingredient = Milk, [[rose syrup]], [[vermicelli]], [[sweet basil]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
| type = Drink
| similar_dish = [[Bandung (drink)|Bandung]], nam maenglak, [[Mauritian_cuisine#Common_drinks|alouda]],
Bombay crush
}}

A '''''falooda''''' or '''faluda''' ({{ipa|ur|faːluːd̪aː|ipa}}) is a [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] cold dessert made with [[vermicelli]].<ref name="Marks 2010: Faludeh">{{cite book|first1=Gil|last1=Marks|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFK_yx7Ps7cC&pg=PT593|publisher=HMH|date=17 November 2010|isbn=978-0-544-18631-6|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It has origins in the [[Persia]]n dish ''[[faloodeh]]'', variants of which are found across West, Central, South and Southeast Asia.<ref name="Taylor Sen 2015">{{cite book|editor-first1=Darra|editor-last1=Goldstein|first=Colleen|last=Taylor Sen|title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbi6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357|page=357|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2015|isbn=978-0-19-931339-6|via=Google Books}}</ref> Traditionally, it is prepared by mixing [[rose syrup]], [[vermicelli]], and [[Basil seed|sweet basil seeds]] with milk, often served with [[kulfi]].<ref name="FalRecipe">{{cite web|title=Falooda Recipe|url=https://www.sailusfood.com/falooda-recipe/|date=26 May 2015|publisher=Sailu's Food|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> The vermicelli used for preparing falooda is made from wheat,<ref name="Falooda">{{cite web |title=Falooda |url=http://ifood.tv/asian/falooda/about |website=ifood.tv |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150125200953/http://ifood.tv/asian/falooda/about |archive-date=25 January 2015 |access-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[arrowroot]], [[cornstarch]], or [[sago]].<ref name="Sev">{{cite web|title=Falooda Sev Recipe|date=25 May 2015 |url=http://www.sailusfood.com/2015/05/25/falooda-sev-recipe-how-to-make-falooda-sev/|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Royal Falooda.jpg|caption1=A version of ''falooda'' with fruits, nuts, and an ice cream topping
| image2 = Faluda Special .jpg|caption2=''Bawarchi'' special ''falooda''
| image3 = Faluda at Juhu Beach, Mumbai.jpg|caption3=''Falooda'' from a shop at [[Juhu Beach]], [[Mumbai, India]]
| image4 = Phaluda.JPG|caption4=''Phaluda'' from [[Myanmar]]
}}
The origin of ''falooda'' goes back to [[Iran]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]), where a similar dessert, ''[[faloodeh]]'', is still popular.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thepersianfusion.com/rosewater-and-lemon-sorbet-faloodeh/|title=Faloodeh: Persian Rosewater and Lemon Sorbet|last=Sinaiee|first=Maryam|date=10 May 2015|work=The Persian Fusion|access-date=12 June 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512035906/http://www.thepersianfusion.com/rosewater-and-lemon-sorbet-faloodeh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The dessert came to late [[Medieval India]] with the many Central Asian dynasties that invaded and settled in South Asia in the 16th to 18th century.<ref name=":1" /> The present form of ''falooda'' was developed in the [[Mughal Empire]] and spread with its conquests. The Persianate rulers who succeeded from the [[Mughals]] patronized the dessert with their own adaptations, specifically in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]] and the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic]] areas of present-day India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/|title=The Royal Falooda|website=Eating India|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528183939/http://www.eatingindia.net/blog/the-royal-falooda/|archive-date=28 May 2017|url-status=usurped}}</ref> This beverage is now a part of [[Pakistani cuisine]], [[Afghan cuisine]], [[Burmese cuisine]], [[Indian cuisine]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine]] and [[Sri Lankan cuisine]] and is served on weddings and other occasions. In [[Sri Lanka]], Falooda (''ෆලුඩා'' / ''ஃபலூடா'') is often consumed as a popular [[Beverage|dairy refreshment]].

==Metaphorical references==
In idiomatic [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], {{transliteration|hi|hunterian|faluda}} is sometimes used as a reference to something that has been shredded, which is an allusion to the vermicelli noodles. For example, someone who falls into disrepute might say that his or her {{transliteration|hi|hunterian|[[izzat (honour)|izzat]]}} has been turned to {{transliteration|hi|hunterian|faluda}} ({{langx|hi|इज़्ज़त का फ़ालूदा}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|عزت کا فالودہ}}|translit-std=hunterian|izzat ka faluda}}), which is roughly equivalent to saying "my reputation is shot".<ref name="ref13yadij">{{Citation | title=India today, Volume 24 | date=1999 | publisher=Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WNDAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... Magar this time to izzat ka falooda ban jayega (my reputation will be shot) ...''}}</ref>

==Variants==
* Some Pakistani versions consist of translucent wheat-starch noodles, and flavoured syrup.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}
* In [[Myanmar]], ''phaluda'' (ဖာလူဒါ) is made with [[basil seed]]s, [[grass jelly]], egg pudding, [[vanilla]] [[ice cream]], sweetened milk and [[rose syrup]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mandalay: Recipes and Tales from a Burmese Kitchen|last=Aye|first=MiMi|date=2019-06-13|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781472959485|language=en}}</ref> More elaborate versions also incorporate [[sago]], [[cendol|rice noodles]], fruit jelly, and chopped fruit.
* In southern [[Bangladesh]], ''falooda'' is made with [[Pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan]] extract, pistachios, [[sago]] pearls, creamed [[coconut]], [[mango]], milk and vermicelli, and may even include strong black tea.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] have a similar drink called ''[[bandung (drink)|bandung]]''.
* [[Thailand]] has a similar drink, ''nam maenglak'' (น้ำแมงลัก), which is made with lemon basil seeds, shredded jelly, tapioca pearls, and [[Job's tears]] mixed with sugar, water, and rose water.
* In [[Sri Lanka]], basil seeds, jelly cubes, and falooda milk is topped with ice cream. Other variants like mango and nelikai/gooseberry flavours also exist.
* The Iraqi [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] make a version with thicker vermicelli.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
* The [[Mauritius|Mauritian]] version is called ''alouda''.
* A variant known as a "Bombay crush" is popular amongst [[Indian South Africans|South African Indians]].
* In [[Guyana]], a solid gelatin-like version is made with condensed milk.

==See also==
{{Portal|Drink}}
* [[Cendol]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Falooda}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110803013040/http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-make-falooda-indian-dessert-drink How To Make Falooda (Indian Dessert Drink)] (archived 3 August 2011)
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes|state=collapsed}}
{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Pakistani desserts]]
[[Category:Mughlai cuisine]]
[[Category:Burmese desserts and snacks]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi desserts]]
[[Category:Bengali desserts]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan drinks]]
[[Category:Afghan desserts]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Fijian cuisine]]
[[Category:Mauritian cuisine]]
[[Category:Milk desserts]]

Mamluk Sultanate

2026-03-05T17:58:51Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: typo fix

{{Short description|State in Egypt, Hejaz and Syria (1250–1517)}}
{{For|the Mamluk sultanate of Delhi|Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Mamluk Sultanate
| native_name = {{native name|ar|سلطنة المماليك}} {{Transliteration|ar|Salṭanat al-Mamālīk}}
| year_start = 1250
| date_start = 2 May
| event1 = [[Barquq]] overthrows [[al-Salih Hajji]]; [[Burji Mamluks|Burji]] rule begins
| date_event1 = November 1382
| year_end = 1517
| date_end = 22 January
| event_start = Murder of [[al-Muazzam Turanshah|Turanshah]]
| event_end = [[Capture of Cairo (1517)|Ottoman conquest of Cairo]]
| p1 = Abbasid Caliphate
| p2 = Ayyubid dynasty
| p3 = Kingdom of Jerusalem
| p4 = Principality of Antioch
| p5 = County of Tripoli
| p6 = Makuria
| border_p6 = no
| p7 = Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
| p8 = Tahirid Sultanate
| s1 = Ottoman Empire
| image_flag =
| image_flag2 =
| flag_border =
| flag2_border =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| symbol_type =
| other_symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Attributed arms]] of the [[List of Mamluk sultans|Mamluk Sultan]]}}
| image_map = Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo 1317 AD.jpg
| image_map_caption = Extent of the Mamluk Sultanate under Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]]
| capital = [[Cairo]]
| common_languages = {{plainlist}}
*[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (majority)
*[[Mamluk-Kipchak language|Mamluk-Kipchak]]{{sfn|Rabbat|2001|p=69}}
*[[Circassian language|Circassian]]{{sfn|Fischel|1967|p=72}}
*[[Oghuz Turkic]]<ref name="Turan" />
{{endplainlist}}
| title_leader = [[List of Abbasid caliphs|Caliph]]
| leader1 = [[Al-Mustansir II|Al-Mustansir]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 1261
| leader2 = [[Al-Hakim I]]
| year_leader2 = 1262–1302|
| leader3 = [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Abū al-Faḍl Al-Musta'in]]
| year_leader3 = 1406–1414
| leader4 = [[Al-Mutawakkil III]] (last)
| year_leader4 = 1508–1516
| deputy1 = [[Shajar al-Durr]] (first)
| year_deputy1 = 1250
| deputy2 = [[Aybak]]
| year_deputy2 = 1250–1257
| deputy3 = [[Baybars]]
| year_deputy3 = 1260–1277
| deputy4 = [[Tuman Bay II]] (last)
| year_deputy4 = 1516–1517
| title_deputy = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan]]
| status = [[Sultanate]]
| government_type = [[Examples of feudalism|Semi-feudal]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poliak |first=A. N. |date=January 1937 |title=Some Notes on the Feudal System of the Mamlūks |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0035869X00096179/type/journal_article |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00096179 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayubi |first=Nazih N. |title=Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=9780857715494 |page=67}}</ref> [[Stratocracy|stratocratic]] [[elective monarchy]]
| official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
| religion = {{plainlist}}
* [[Sunni Islam]] ([[state religion|state]])
* [[Shia Islam]] (minority)
* [[Alawism]] (minority)
* [[Christianity]] (minority)
* [[Judaism]] (minority){{endplainlist}}
| demonym = [[Mamluk]]
}}
{{History of Egypt}}

The '''Mamluk Sultanate''' ({{langx|ar|سلطنة المماليك|translit=Salṭanat al-Mamālīk}}), also known as '''Mamluk''' '''Egypt''' or the '''Mamluk Empire''', was a state that ruled [[medieval Egypt|Egypt]], the [[Syrian region]] and the [[Hejaz]] from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries, with [[Cairo]] as its capital. It was ruled by a military caste of [[mamluk]]s (freed slave soldiers) headed by a [[sultan]]. The sultanate was established with the overthrow of the [[Ayyubid dynasty]] in Egypt in 1250 and was [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|conquered]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517. Mamluk history is generally divided into the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] or [[Bahri Mamluks|Bahri period]] (1250–1382) and the [[Circassians|Circassian]] or [[Burji Mamluks|Burji period]] (1382–1517), called after the predominant ethnicity or corps of the ruling Mamluks during these respective eras.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = The Later Crusades, 1189–1311|last = Setton|first = Kenneth M.|publisher = Univ of Wisconsin Press|year = 1969|isbn = 978-0-299-04844-0|location = Wisconsin, USA|pages = 757}}</ref>{{Sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=17}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title = Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert|last = Hillenbrand|first = Carole|publisher = Edinburgh University Press|year = 2007|isbn = 978-0-7486-2572-7|location = Edinburg|pages = 164–165}}</ref>

The first rulers of the sultanate hailed from the mamluk regiments of the Ayyubid sultan [[al-Salih Ayyub]] ({{Reign|1240|1249}}), usurping power from [[al-Muazzam Turanshah|his successor]] in 1250. The Mamluks under Sultan [[Qutuz]] and [[Baybars]] [[Battle of Ain Jalut|routed]] the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]]s in 1260, halting their southward expansion. They then conquered or gained suzerainty over the Ayyubids' Syrian principalities. Baybars also reestablished the [[Abbasid dynasty]] of [[caliph]]s in Cairo, though their role was ceremonial. By the end of the 13th century, through the efforts of sultans Baybars, [[Qalawun]] ({{Reign|1279|1290}}) and [[al-Ashraf Khalil]] ({{Reign|1290|1293}}), the Mamluks had conquered the [[Crusader states]], expanded into [[Makuria]] ([[Nubia]]), [[Cyrenaica]], the Hejaz, and southern [[Anatolia]]. The sultanate experienced a long period of stability and prosperity during the third reign of [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] ({{reign|1293|1294|1299|1309|1310|1341}}), before giving way to the internal strife characterizing the succession of his sons, when real power was held by senior [[emir]]s.

One such emir, [[Barquq]], overthrew the sultan in 1382 and again in 1390, inaugurating Burji rule. Mamluk authority across the empire eroded under his successors due to foreign invasions, tribal rebellions, and natural disasters, and the state entered into a long period of financial distress. Under Sultan [[Barsbay]], major efforts were taken to replenish the treasury, particularly monopolization of trade with Europe and tax expeditions into the countryside. He also managed to impose Mamluk authority abroad, forcing [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] to [[Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus (1424–1426)|submit in 1426]]. The sultanate stagnated after this. Sultan [[Qaitbay]]'s long and competent reign ({{reign|1468|1496}}) ensured some stability, though it was marked by conflicts with the Ottomans. The last effective sultan was [[Qansuh al-Ghuri]] ({{reign|1501|1516}}), whose reign was known for heavy-handed fiscal policies, attempted military reforms, and [[Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts|confrontations with the Portuguese]] in the Indian Ocean. In 1516, he was [[Battle of Marj Dabiq|killed in battle]] against Ottoman sultan [[Selim I]], who subsequently conquered Egypt in 1517 and ended Mamluk rule.

Under Mamluk rule, Cairo reached the peak of its size and wealth before the modern period,{{sfn|Raymond|1993|p=122-124, 140-142}} becoming one of the largest cities in the world at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Amy J. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA199 |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |editor-last=Shillington |editor-first=Kevin |pages=199 |language=en |chapter=Cairo}}</ref> The sultanate's economy was primarily agrarian, but its geographic position also placed it at the center of trade between Europe and the Indian Ocean. The Mamluks themselves relied on the ''[[iqta']]'' system to provide revenues. They were also major patrons of art and architecture: [[inlaid]] metalwork, [[enameled glass]], and illuminated Qur'an [[Islamic manuscripts|manuscripts]] were among the high points of art, while [[Mamluk architecture]] still makes up much of the fabric of [[historic Cairo]] today and is found throughout their former domains.

==Name==
The 'Mamluk Sultanate' is a modern historiographical term.{{sfn|Yosef|2013|p=8}}{{Sfn|Petry|2022|p=53}} Arabic sources for the period of the [[Bahri Mamluks]] refer to the dynasty as the 'State of the Turks' ({{Transliteration|ar|Dawlat al-Atrak}} or {{Transliteration|ar|Dawlat al-Turk}}) or 'State of Turkey' ({{Transliteration|ar|al-Dawla al-Turkiyya}}).{{sfn|Nicolle|2014|p=4}}{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=250}}{{sfn|Yosef|2013|p=8}} During Burji rule, it was also referred to as the 'State of the Circassians' ({{Transliteration|ar|Dawlat al-Jarakisa}}).{{sfn|Yosef|2013|p=8}} These names emphasized the ethnic origin of the rulers and Mamluk writers did not explicitly highlight their status as slaves, except on rare occasions during the Circassian period.{{sfn|Yosef|2013|p=8}}

==History==
{{main|History of the Mamluk Sultanate}}

=== Origins ===
{{See also|Slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate|Black Sea slave trade}}

The [[mamluk]] was a [[manumission|manumitted]] slave, distinguished from the {{Transliteration|ar|[[ghilman|ghulam]]}}, or household slave. After thorough training in martial arts, court etiquette and Islamic sciences, these slaves were freed but expected to remain loyal to their master and serve his household.{{sfn|Rodenbeck|1999|p=57}} Mamluks formed part of the military apparatus in [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] and [[Medieval Egypt|Egypt]] since at least the 9th century, rising to become [[Wāli|governing dynasties]] in Egypt and Syria as the [[Tulunid dynasty|Tulunid]] and [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidid]] dynasties.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=65}} Mamluk regiments constituted the backbone of Egypt's military under [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid rule]] in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, beginning under the first Ayyubid [[sultan]] [[Saladin]] ({{reign|1174|1193}}), who replaced the [[Fatimid Caliphate]]'s black African infantry with mamluks.{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=94}} Each Ayyubid sultan and high-ranking [[emir]] had a private mamluk corps.{{sfn|Ayalon|1960|p=944}} Most of the mamluks in the Ayyubids' service were ethnic [[Kipchaks|Kipchak Turks]] from [[Central Asia]], who, upon entering service, were converted to [[Sunni Islam]] and taught [[Arabic]]. Mamluks were highly committed to their master, to whom they often referred to as 'father', and were in turn treated more as kinsmen than as slaves.{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=94}} After their manumission, mamluks were given a position in either the courtly administration or the army.{{sfn|Barker|2021|p=342}} Mamluks were preferred to freeborn soldiers because they were raised to view the army and their sultan-ruler as their family and thus considered more loyal than freeborn soldiers who were first loyal to their biological families.{{sfn|Conermann|2021|pp=383-384}}

The Ayyubid emir and future sultan [[as-Salih Ayyub]] acquired about one thousand mamluks (some of them free-born) from Syria, Egypt and [[Arabia]] by 1229, while serving as {{Transliteration|ar|na'ib}} (viceroy) of Egypt during the absence of his father, Sultan [[al-Kamil]] ({{reign|1218|1238}}). These mamluks were called the 'Salihiyya' (singular 'Salihi') after their master.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=67}}

[[File:Sulwan al-Muta’ fi ‘Udwan al-Atba’ by Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli, (1104 - 1170 to 1172) Egypt or Syria circa 1330 CE.jpg|thumb|Frontispiece of ''Sulwan al-Muta’ fi ‘Udwan al-Atba’'' by [[Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli]], Mamluk Egypt or Syria, circa 1330.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frontispiece, folio from a manuscript of The Prescription for Pleasure (Sulwan al-Muta' fi 'Udwan al-Atba') of Ibn Zafar al-Siqili, AKM12, The Aga Khan Museum |url=https://www.agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/frontispiece-akm12 |website=Aga Khan Museum |language=en}}</ref>]]
Al-Salih became sultan of Egypt in 1240, and, upon his accession, he manumitted and promoted large numbers of his mamluks, provisioning them through confiscated {{Transliteration|ar|[[iqta|iqtaʿat]]}} (akin to fiefs; singular {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}}) from his predecessors' emirs. He created a loyal paramilitary apparatus in Egypt so dominant that contemporaries viewed Egypt as "Salihi-ridden", according to historian Winslow William Clifford.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|pp=67–68}} While historian Stephen Humphreys asserts the Salihiyya's increasing dominance of the state did not personally threaten al-Salih due to their fidelity to him, Clifford believes the Salihiyya's autonomy fell short of such loyalty.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|pp=68–69}}

===Rise to power===
====Conflict with the Ayyubids====
{{See also|Battle of al-Kura}}
Tensions between as-Salih and his mamluks culminated in 1249 when [[Louis IX of France]]'s forces captured [[Damietta]] in their bid to conquer Egypt during the [[Seventh Crusade]]. Al-Salih opposed the evacuation of Damietta and threatened to punish the city's garrison. This provoked a mutiny by his garrison in [[Mansoura, Egypt|al-Mansura]], which only dissipated with the intervention of the {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-askar}} (commander of the military), [[Fakhr al-Din ibn al-Shaykh|Fakhr ad-Din ibn Shaykh al-Shuyukh]].{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=69}} As the Crusaders advanced, al-Salih died and was succeeded by his Jazira ([[Upper Mesopotamia]])-based son [[al-Mu'azzam Turanshah]].{{sfn|Irwin|1986|pp=19–21}} Although the Salihiyya welcomed his succession, Turanshah challenged their dominance in the paramilitary apparatus by promoting his [[Kurds|Kurdish]] retinue from the Jazira and Syria as a counterweight.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=70}}

On 11 February 1250, the [[Bahri Mamluks|Bahriyya]], a junior regiment of the Salihiyya commanded by [[Baybars]], defeated the Crusaders at the [[Battle of Mansurah (1250)|Battle of al-Mansura]]. On 27 February, Turanshah arrived in al-Mansura to lead the Egyptian army. On 5 April 1250, the Crusaders evacuated their camp opposite al-Mansura. The Egyptians followed them into the [[Battle of Fariskur (1250)|Battle of Fariskur]] where the Egyptians destroyed the Crusaders on 6 April. King Louis IX and a few of his surviving nobles were taken as prisoners, effectively ending the Seventh Crusade.{{sfn|Joinville|1807|p=}} Turanshah proceeded to place his own entourage and mamluks, known as the 'Mu'azzamiya',{{sfn|Irwin|1986|pp=19–21}} in positions of authority at the expense of the Salihiyya. On 2 May 1250,{{sfn|Irwin|1986|pp=19–21}} disgruntled Salihi emirs assassinated Turanshah at Fariskur.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=71}}

An electoral college dominated by the Salihiyya then convened to choose a successor to Turanshah among the Ayyubid emirs, with opinion largely split between [[an-Nasir Yusuf]] of Damascus and [[al-Mughith Umar]] of [[al-Karak]]. Consensus settled on al-Salih's widow, [[Shajar al-Durr]].{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=72}} She ensured the Salihiyya's dominance of the paramilitary elite, and inaugurated patronage and kinship ties with the Salihiyya. In particular, she cultivated close ties with the Jamdari (pl. Jamdariyya) and Bahri (pl. Bahriyya) corps, distributing to them {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} and other privileges.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=73}} Her efforts and Egyptian military's preference to preserve the Ayyubid state were evident when the Salihi mamluk and {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-askar}}, [[Aybak]], was rebuffed from monopolizing power by the army and the Bahriyya and Jamdariyya, who all asserted that sultanic authority was exclusive to the Ayyubids.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|pp=72–73}} The Bahriyya compelled Aybak to share power with [[Al-Ashraf Musa ibn al-Mansur Ibrahim|al-Ashraf Musa]], a grandson of Sultan al-Kamil.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=69}}

{{Eurasia 1300 CE|right|The Mamluk Sultanate and some of the main contemporary polities {{c.|1300}}. Most of the Asian continent was occupied by the [[Mongol Empire]] by that time, with Turkic polities occupying South and Western Asia, the other main one being the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in [[India]]||Map of the Mamluk Sultanate.png}}
Aybak was the main bulwark against the Bahri and Jamdari emirs, and his promotion as {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-askar}} led to Bahri rioting in Cairo, the first of many intra-Salihi clashes about his ascendancy. The Bahriyya and Jamdariyya were represented by their patron, [[Faris al-Din Aktay]], a principal organizer of Turanshah's assassination and the recipient of Fakhr ad-Din's large estate by Shajar al-Durr; the latter viewed Aktay as a counterweight to Aybak.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|pp=75–76}} Aybak moved against the Bahriyya by shutting their Roda headquarters in 1251 and assassinating Aktay in 1254.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=77}}

Afterward, Aybak purged his retinue and the Salihiyya of perceived dissidents, causing a temporary exodus of Bahri mamluks, most of whom settled in [[Gaza City|Gaza]].{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=69}}{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=78}} The purge caused a shortage of officers, which led Aktay to recruit new supporters from among the army in Egypt and the Turkic Nasiri and Azizi mamluks from Syria, who had defected from an-Nasir Yusuf and moved to Egypt in 1250.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=78}} Aybak felt threatened by the growing ambitions of the Syrian mamluks' empowered patron [[Jamal ad-Din Aydughdi]]. Upon learning of Aydughdi's plot to install an-Nasir Yusuf as sultan, which would leave Aydughdi as practical ruler of Egypt, Aybak imprisoned Aydughdi in [[Alexandria]] in 1254 or 1255.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|pp=79–80}}

Aybak was assassinated on 10 April 1257,{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=70}} possibly on orders from Shajar al-Durr,{{sfn|Clifford|2013|pp=73–74}} who was assassinated a week later. Their deaths left a relative power vacuum in Egypt, with Aybak's teenage son, [[al-Mansur Ali]], as heir to the sultanate and Aybak's close aide, [[Qutuz|Sayf al-Din Qutuz]], as strongman.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|pp=70–71}} The Bahriyya and [[al-Mughith Umar]] made two attempts to conquer Egypt in November 1257 and 1258 but were defeated.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=70}} They then turned on an-Nasir Yusuf in Damascus, who defeated them at [[Jericho]]. An-Nasir Yusuf followed up with a siege of al-Mughith and the Bahriyya at al-Karak, but the growing threat of a [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] invasion of Syria led the Ayyubid emirs to reconcile, and Baybars to defect to an-Nasir Yusuf.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=71}} Qutuz deposed Ali in 1259 and purged or arrested the Mu'izziya and any remaining Bahri mamluks in Egypt to eliminate potential opposition. The surviving Mu'izzi and Bahri mamluks went to Gaza, where Baybars had established a shadow state opposed to Qutuz.{{sfn|Clifford|2013|p=80}}

[[File:Horsemen whose lance-heads are between each other's shoulder-blades. Dated 773 (1371) Mamluk Egypt or Syria.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Horsemen with lances. ''Nihāyat al-su’l'' (horsemanship manual) by Aḥmad al-Miṣrī ("the Egyptian"), dated 1371, Mamluk Egypt or Syria.]]
While mamluk factions fought for control of Egypt and Syria, the Mongols under [[Hulagu Khan]] had [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|sacked Baghdad]], the intellectual and spiritual center of the Islamic world, in 1258, and proceeded westward, capturing [[Aleppo]] and [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=89}} Qutuz sent military reinforcements to his erstwhile enemy an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria, and reconciled with the Bahriyya, including Baybars, who was allowed to return to Egypt, to face the common Mongol threat.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=72}} Hulagu sent emissaries to Qutuz in Cairo, demanding submission to Mongol rule but Qutuz had them killed, an act which historian Joseph Cummins called the "worst possible insult to the Mongol throne".{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=89}} After hearing that Hulagu withdrew from Syria to claim the Mongol throne, Qutuz and Baybars mobilized a 120,000-strong force to conquer Syria.{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=90}}

The Mamluks entered [[Land of Palestine|Palestine]] and confronted the Mongol army Hulagu left behind under [[Kitbuqa]] in the plains south of [[Nazareth]] at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] in September 1260.{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=90}} The battle ended in a Mongol rout and Kitbuqa's capture and execution. Afterward, the Mamluks recaptured Damascus and the other Syrian cities taken by the Mongols.{{sfn|Cummins|2011|p=91}} Upon Qutuz's triumphant return to Cairo, he was assassinated in a Bahri plot. Baybars then assumed power in October 1260,{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=72}} inaugurating Bahri rule.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=250}}

===Bahri rule (1250–1382)===
{{main|Bahri Mamluks}}

====Reign of Baybars====
{{Main|Baybars}}

[[File:Mamluk ruler in the Baptistère de Saint Louis - Médaillon IV (1320–1340).jpg|thumb|Enthroned ruler and attendants in the [[Baptistère de Saint Louis]] (1320–1340). This is a probable depiction of Sultan [[Baybars]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuess |first1=Albrecht |title=Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008) |date=2018 |pages=76, 84, Fig. 5 |doi=10.6082/M100007Z |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1148/files/MSR_XII-2_2008-Fuess-pp71-94.pdf |journal=Mamlūk Studies Review |volume=12 |issue=2}}</ref>]]
In 1263, Baybars deposed al-Mughith based on allegations of collaboration with the Mongol [[Ilkhanate]] of Persia, and thereby consolidated his authority over Islamic Syria.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=92–93}} During his early reign, Baybars expanded the Mamluk from 10,000 cavalry to 40,000, with a 4,000-strong royal guard at its core. The new force was rigidly disciplined and highly trained in horsemanship, swordsmanship and archery.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=95}} To improve intracommunication, Baybars instituted a {{Transliteration|ar|[[barid]]}} (postal network) extending across Egypt and Syria, which led to large scale building of roads and bridges along the postal route. His military and administrative reforms cemented the power of the Mamluk state.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=92–93}} He opened diplomatic channels with the Mongols to stifle their potential alliance with the Christian powers of Europe, while also sowing divisions between the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Mongol [[Golden Horde]]. His diplomacy was additionally intended to maintain the flow of Turkic mamluks from Mongol-held Central Asia.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=92–93}}

[[File:Enameled and Gilded Bottle MET DT478.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Enameled and gilded bottle with the scene of battle. Egypt, late 13th century. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]]]

With his power in Egypt and Islamic Syria consolidated by 1265, Baybars launched expeditions against the Crusader fortresses throughout Syria, capturing [[Arsuf]] in 1265, and [[Halba, Lebanon|Halba]] and [[Arqa]] in 1266.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=73}} Baybars captured and destroyed fortresses along the Syrian coast to prevent their potential future use by new waves of Crusaders.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=97}} He often established new cities further inland, irreversibly changing settlement patterns in the region, as was the case, for example, with [[Ascalon]] whose inhabitants were moved to Al-Majdal Asqalan.{{Sfn|Sharon|1995|p=73}}<ref name= RM>{{Cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=Roy |last2=Taxel |first2=Itamar |date=2023-10-01 |title=Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=82 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003 |issn=0305-7488|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In August 1266, the Mamluks launched a punitive expedition against the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian Cilician Kingdom]] for its alliance with the Mongols, laying waste to numerous Armenian villages and significantly weakening the kingdom. At around the same time, Baybars [[Siege of Safed (1266)|captured Safed]] from the [[Knights Templar]], and shortly after, [[Ramla]], both cities in interior Palestine. Unlike the coastal fortresses, the Mamluks strengthened and utilized the interior cities as major garrisons and administrative centers.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=98}} In 1268, the Mamluks captured [[Jaffa]] before conquering the Crusader stronghold of [[Antioch]] on 18 May.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=99–100}} In 1271, Baybars captured the major [[Krak des Chevaliers]] fortress from the Crusader [[County of Tripoli]].{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=103–104}} Despite an alliance with the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili Shia]] [[Order of Assassins|Assassins]] in 1272, in July 1273, the Mamluks, who by then considered the Assassins' independence as problematic, wrested control of their fortresses in the [[Syrian Coastal Mountain Range|Jabal Ansariya]] range, including [[Masyaf]].{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=106}} In 1277, Baybars launched an expedition against the Ilkhanids, routing them in [[Elbistan]] in [[Anatolia]], but withdrew to avoid overstretching his forces and risk being cut off from Syria by a larger incoming Ilkhanid army.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=106}}

[[File:Horseman impales a bear, from Book three of Nihāyat al-su’l which gives instructions on using lances. Dated 773 (1371) Mamluk Egypt or Syria.jpg|thumb|left|Horseman impales a bear. ''Nihāyat al-suʾl'' by Aḥmad al-Miṣrī ("the Egyptian"), dated 1371, Mamluk Egypt or Syria. He is wearing the ''[[kallawtah]]'' headgear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuess |first1=Albrecht |title=Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008) |date=2018 |page=Fig. 6 |doi=10.6082/M100007Z |url=https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1148/files/MSR_XII-2_2008-Fuess-pp71-94.pdf |journal=Mamlūk Studies Review |volume=12 |issue=2}}</ref>]]
To Egypt's south, Baybars had initiated an aggressive policy toward the Christian [[Nubia]]n kingdom of [[Kingdom of Makuria|Makuria]]. In 1265, the Mamluks invaded northern Makuria, forcing the Nubian king to become their vassal.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2014|p=}} Around that time, the Mamluks had conquered the [[Red Sea]] areas of [[Suakin]] and the [[Dahlak Archipelago]], while attempting to extend their control to the [[Hejaz]] (western Arabia), the desert regions west of the Nile, and [[Cyrenaica|Barqa]] (Cyrenaica).{{sfn|Nicolle|2014|p=52}} In 1268, the Makurian king, David I, overthrew the Mamluks' vassal and in 1272, raided the Mamluk Red Sea port of [[Aydhab]].{{sfn|Holt|Daly|1961|pp=17–18}} In 1276, the Mamluks defeated King [[David of Makuria]] in the [[Battle of Dongola (1276)|Battle of Dongola]] and installed their ally Shakanda as king. This brought the fortress of [[Qasr Ibrim]] under Mamluk suzerainty. The conquest of Nubia was not permanent and the process of invading the region and installing vassal kings was repeated by Baybars's successors.{{sfn|Holt|Daly|1961|pp=17–18}} Nonetheless, Baybars' initial conquest led to the annual expectation of tribute from the Nubians by the Mamluks until the Makurian kingdom's demise in the mid-14th century.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2014|p=}} Furthermore, the Mamluks received the submission of King [[Adur of al-Abwab|Adur]] of [[Kingdom of al-Abwab|al-Abwab]] further south.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=254}}

Baybars attempted to establish his Zahirid house as the state's ruling dynasty by appointing his four-year-old son [[al-Sa'id Baraka]] as co-sultan in 1264. This represented a break from the Mamluk tradition of choosing the sultan by merit rather than lineage.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=92–93}} In July 1277, Baybars died en route to Damascus, and was succeeded by Baraka.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=107}}

====Early Qalawuni period====
{{See also|Qalawun}}
[[File:Siege of Tripoli Painting (1289).jpg|thumb|The [[Fall of Tripoli (1289)|siege of Tripoli]], led against the [[Crusader states|Crusaders]] by the Mamluks of [[Qalawun]] in 1289]]
Baraka was ousted in a power struggle ending with [[Qalawun]], a top deputy of Baybars, as sultan in November 1279.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=108}}{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|p=84}} The Ilkhanids launched a massive offensive against Syria in 1281. The Mamluks were outnumbered by the 80,000-strong Ilkhanid-Armenian-Georgian-[[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] coalition, but routed the coalition at the [[Second Battle of Homs|battle of Homs]], confirming Mamluk dominance in Syria.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=108}} The Ilkhanids' rout enabled Qalawun to proceed against Crusader holdouts in Syria and in May 1285, he [[Siege of Margat|captured and garrisoned]] the [[Margat|Marqab]] fortress.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|pp=109–110}}

Qalawun's early reign was marked by policies intended to garner support from the merchant class, the Muslim bureaucracy and the religious establishment. He eliminated the illegal taxes that burdened the merchants and commissioned extensive building and renovation projects for Islam's holiest sites, such as the [[Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]], the [[Temple Mount|al-Aqsa Mosque]] in Jerusalem and the [[Ibrahimi Mosque]] in [[Hebron]].{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|pp=84–85}} His building activities later shifted to more secular and personal purposes, including his large, multi-division [[Qalawun complex|hospital complex]] in Cairo.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|pp=119–120}} After the détente with the Ilkhanids, Qalawun suppressed internal dissent by imprisoning dozens of high-ranking emirs in Egypt and Syria.{{sfn|Northrup|1998a|pp=115–116}} He diversified the hitherto mostly Turkic mamluk ranks by purchasing numerous non-Turks, particularly [[Circassians]], forming out of them the [[Burji Mamluks|Burjiyya]] regiment.{{sfn|Rabbat|1995|p=139}}

[[File:Sultan Qalawoon Tomb.jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Qalawun complex|Mausoleum of Sultan Qalawun]] in Cairo (1284–1285){{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|pp=132–134}}]]
Qalawun was the last Salihi sultan and after his death in 1290, his son, [[al-Ashraf Khalil]], drew legitimacy by emphasizing his lineage from Qalawun.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=252}} Like his predecessors, Khalil's main priorities were organizing the state apparati, defeating the Crusaders and Mongols, integrating Syria, and preserving the flow of new mamluks and weaponry into the empire.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=252}} Baybars had purchased 4,000 mamluks, Qalawun 6,000–7,000 and by the end of Khalil's reign, there was an estimated total of 10,000 mamluks in the sultanate.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=32}} In 1291, Khalil [[Siege of Acre (1291)|captured Acre]], the last major Crusader stronghold in Palestine and Mamluk rule consequently extended across all of Syria.{{sfn|Asbridge|2010|p=114}}

Khalil's death in 1293 led to period of factional struggle, with Khalil's prepubescent brother, [[al-Nasir Muhammad]], being overthrown the following year by an ethnic [[Mongols|Mongol]] mamluk of Qalawun, [[al-Adil Kitbugha]], who in turn was succeeded by a [[Greeks|Greek]] mamluk of Qalawun, [[Lajin|Husam al-Din Lajin]]. To consolidate control, Lajin redistributed {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} to his supporters. He was unable to keep power and al-Nasir Muhammad was restored as sultan in 1298, ruling over a fractious realm until being toppled by [[Baybars II]], a Circassian mamluk of Qalawun, who was wealthier, and more pious and cultured than his immediate predecessors.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=252}}

Early into al-Nasir Muhammad's second reign, the Ilkhanids, whose leader [[Ghazan|Mahmud Ghazan]] was a Muslim convert, had invaded Syria and routed a Mamluk army near Homs in the [[Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar]] in 1299. Ghazan largely withdrew from Syria shortly after due to a lack of fodder for their numerous horses and the residual Ilkhanid force retreated in 1300 at the approach of the rebuilt Mamluk army.{{sfn|Amitai|2006|p=34}} Another Ilkhanid invasion in 1303 was repelled after a Mamluk victory at the Battle of Marj al-Suffar in the plains south of Damascus.{{sfn|Amitai|2006|p=38}}

====Third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad====
[[File:Maqamat of al-Hariri. Enthroned Prince. Probably Egypt 1334.jpg|thumb|Mamluk court scene, with possible depiction of Mamluk Sultan [[al-Nasir Muhammad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Al-Hariri, Maqamat ('Assemblies') – Discover Islamic Art – Virtual Museum |url=https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;at;Mus24;27;en |website=islamicart.museumwnf.org|quote=The sultan who possibly commissioned the manuscript and who may be the one depicted on the dedicatory title page is An-Nasir Muhammad b. Qala'un, who was in power for the third time from 709 AH / 1309–10 AD to 741 AH / 1340–41 AD.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yedida Kalfon Stillman, Norman A. Stillman|title=Arab Dress: A Short History : from the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times|year=2003|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden, Netherlands|pages=Fig. 22|isbn=9789004113732|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MLfAAAAMAAJ |quote=Fig. 22. Frontispiece of a court scene from a Maqamat manuscript, probably from Egypt, dated 1334. The enthroned prince wears a brocaded qabli' maftulJ with inscribed Tiraz armbands over a qabli' turki which is clinched at the waist with a ''hiyasa'' of gold roundels (bawlikir). The two musicians at the lower right both wear turkic coats and plumed caps, one of which has an upwardly turned brim. The plumes are set in a front metal plaque ('amud) (Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, ms A. F. 9, fol. 1). }}</ref> Probably Egypt, dated 1334. ''[[Maqamat of Al-Hariri (manuscript)|Maqamat of al-Hariri]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |title=Arab painting |date=1977 |publisher=New York : Rizzoli |isbn=978-0-8478-0081-0 |page=148 |url=https://archive.org/details/arabpainting0000etti/page/148/mode/2up}}</ref> "In the paintings the facial cast of these [ruling] Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |title=Arab painting |date=1977 |publisher=New York : Rizzoli |isbn=978-0-8478-0081-0 |page=162 |url=https://archive.org/details/arabpainting0000etti/page/162/mode/2up}}</ref> The brimmed hats in the bottom right corner are Mongol.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillman |first1=Yedida K. |title=Arab dress: a short history; from the dawn of Islam to modern times |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11373-2 |page=67, Plate 22 |edition=Rev. 2. |url=}}</ref> Al-Nasir Muhammad was himself of [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] ([[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]) and [[Mongol]] descent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Urbain |last2=Smet |first2=Daniel De |title=Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras |date=1995 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-6831-683-4 |pages=313–314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grvIugwjRJQC&pg=PA314 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Baybars II ruled for roughly one year before al-Nasir Muhammad became sultan again in 1310, this time ruling for over three decades in a period often considered by historians to be the zenith of the Mamluk empire.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=253}} To avoid the experiences of his previous two reigns where the mamluks of Qalawun and Khalil held sway and periodically assumed power, al-Nasir Muhammad established a centralized autocracy. In 1310, he imprisoned, exiled or killed any Mamluk emirs that supported those who toppled him in the past, including the Burji mamluks. He assigned {{Transliteration|ar|iqta'at}} to over thirty of his own mamluks.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=28}} Initially, he left most of his father's mamluks undisturbed, but in 1311 and 1316, he imprisoned and executed most of them, and again redistributed {{Transliteration|ar|iqta'at}} to his own mamluks.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=29}} By 1316, the number of mamluks decreased to 2,000.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=32}} Al-Nasir Muhammad further consolidated power by replacing Caliph [[al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)|al-Mustakfi]] ({{reign|1302|1340}}) with his own appointee, [[al-Wathiq I|al-Wathiq]], as well as compelling the [[qadi]] (head judge) to issue legal rulings advancing his interests.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=30}}

[[File:Cairo, cittadella, moschea di an-nasr mohammed, 1318-1335, minbar, 01.JPG|left|thumb|Interior of the [[Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque]] in the [[Citadel of Cairo]] (1318–1335){{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|pp=173–175}}]]

Under al-Nasir Muhammad, the Mamluks repulsed an Ilkhanid invasion of Syria in 1313 and concluded a peace treaty with the Ilkhanate in 1322, bringing a long-lasting end to the Mamluk–Mongol wars. Afterward, al-Nasir Muhammad ushered in a period of stability and prosperity through the enactment of major political, economic and military reforms ultimately intended to ensure his continued rule and consolidate the Qalawuni–Bahri regime. Concurrent with his reign was the disintegration of the Ilkhanate into several smaller dynastic states and the consequent Mamluk effort to establish diplomatic and commercial relationships with the new states.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=253}} Amid conditions reducing the flow of mamluks from the Mongol territories to the sultanate, al-Nasir Muhammad compensated by adopting new methods of training, and military and financial advancement that introduced a great level of permissiveness. This led to relaxed conditions for new mamluks and encouraged the pursuit of military careers in Egypt by aspiring mamluks outside of the empire.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=31–33}}

====End of the Bahri regime====
Al-Nasir Muhammad died in 1341 and his rule was followed by a succession of descendants in a period marked by political instability. Most of his successors, except for [[al-Nasir Hasan]] ({{reign|1347|1351|1354|1361}}) and [[al-Ashraf Sha'ban]] ({{reign|1363|1367}}), were sultans in name only, with the patrons of the leading mamluk factions holding actual power.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=253}} The first of al-Nasir Muhammad's sons to accede was [[al-Mansur Abu Bakr]], who al-Nasir Muhammad [[wali al-ahd|designated as successor]]. Al-Nasir Muhammad's senior aide, [[Qawsun]], held real power and imprisoned and executed Abu Bakr and had al-Nasir Muhammad's infant son, [[Kujuk|al-Ashraf Kujuk]], appointed instead.{{sfn|Drory|2006|p=21}} By January 1342, Qawsun and Kujuk were toppled, and the latter's half-brother, [[an-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt|al-Nasir Ahmad]] of al-Karak, was declared sultan.{{sfn|Drory|2006|p=24}} Ahmad relocated to al-Karak and left a deputy to govern in Cairo.{{sfn|Drory|2006|p=27}} This unorthodox arrangement, together with his seclusive and frivolous behavior and his execution of loyal partisans, ended with Ahmad's deposition and replacement by his half-brother [[Al-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt|al-Salih Isma'il]] in June 1342.{{sfn|Drory|2006|pp=28–29}} Isma'il ruled until his death in August 1345, and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Kamil Sha'ban]]. The latter was killed in a mamluk revolt and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Muzaffar Hajji]], who was also killed in a mamluk revolt in late 1347.{{sfn|Holt|1986|pp=122–123}}

[[File:Flickr - archer10 (Dennis) - Egypt-13A-061 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan|complex of Sultan Hasan]] (1356–1363) is the largest and costliest Mamluk building in Cairo, despite being built in a [[Black Death|time of plague]].{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=|pp=201–203}}{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=82}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIaEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 |title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-134-61366-3 |pages=269 |language=en}}</ref>|left]]
After Hajji's death, the senior emirs hastily appointed another son of al-Nasir Muhammad, the twelve-year-old al-Nasir Hasan.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=119}} Coinciding with Hasan's first reign,{{sfn|Al-Harithy|1996|p=70}} in 1347–1348, the [[Bubonic Plague]] [[Black Death in Egypt|arrived in Egypt]] and other plagues followed, causing mass death in the country, which led to major social and economic changes in the region.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=253}} In 1351, the senior emirs, led by Emir Taz, ousted and replaced Hasan with his brother, [[al-Salih Salih]]. The emirs [[Shaykhu]] and [[Sirghitmish]] deposed Salih and restored Hasan in 1355, after which Hasan gradually purged Taz, Shaykhu and Sirghitmish and their mamluks from his administration.{{sfn|Al-Harithy|1996|p=70}} Hasan recruited and promoted the {{Transliteration|ar|awlad al-nas}} (descendants of mamluks who did not undergo the enslavement/manumission process) in the military and administration, a process lasted for the remainder of the Bahri period.{{sfn|Al-Harithy|1996|p=70}}{{sfn|Haarmann|1998|p=68}} This caused resentment among Hasan's own mamluks, led by Emir [[Yalbugha al-Umari]], who killed Hasan in 1361.{{sfn|Al-Harithy|1996|p=70}}{{sfn|Petry|1998|p=637}}

Yalbugha became regent to Hasan's successor, the young son of the late sultan Hajji, [[al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt|al-Mansur Muhammad]]. By then, mamluk solidarity and loyalty to the emirs had dissipated. To restore discipline and unity within the Mamluk state and military, Yalbugha revived the rigorous training of mamluks used under Baybars and Qalawun.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=88–89}} In 1365, a Mamluk attempt to annex Armenia, which had since replaced Crusader Acre as the Christian commercial foothold of Asia, was stifled by an invasion of Alexandria by [[Peter I of Cyprus]]. The Mamluks concurrently experienced a deterioration of their lucrative position in international trade and the economy declined, further weakening the Bahri regime.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=253}} Meanwhile, the harshness of Yalbugha's educational methods and his refusal to rescind his disciplinary reforms provoked a mamluk backlash. Yalbugha was killed by his mamluks in an uprising in 1366.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=88–89}} The rebels were supported by Sultan al-Ashraf Sha'ban, who Yalbugha had installed in 1363. Sha'ban ruled as the real power in the sultanate until 1377, when he was killed by mamluk dissidents on his way to [[Mecca]] perform the [[Hajj]].{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=288}}

===Burji rule (1382–1517)===
{{main|Burji Mamluks}}

====Reign of Barquq====
{{main|Barquq}}

Sha'ban was succeeded by his seven-year-old son [[al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt|al-Mansur Ali]], though the oligarchy of the senior emirs held the reins of power.{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=127}} Among the senior emirs who rose to prominence under Ali were [[Barquq]] and Baraka, both Circassian mamluks of Yalbugha.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=288}}{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=127}}{{sfn|Fischel|1967|p=75}} Barquq was made {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-asakir}} in 1378, giving him command of the Mamluk army,{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=288}} which he used to oust Baraka in 1380.{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=127}} Ali died in May 1381 and was succeeded by his nine-year-old brother, [[al-Salih Hajji]], with real power held by Barquq as regent.{{sfn|Holt|1986|pp=127–128}} The next year, Barquq toppled al-Salih Hajji and assumed the throne.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=288}}{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=128}}

His accession was enabled by Yalbugha's mamluks, whose corresponding rise to power left Barquq vulnerable.{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=128}} His rule was challenged by a revolt in Syria in 1389 by the Mamluk governors of [[Malatya]] and Aleppo, Mintash and [[Yalbugha al-Nasiri]], the latter a mamluk of Yalbugha.{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=128}}{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=291}} The rebels took over Syria and headed for Egypt, prompting Barquq to abdicate in favor of al-Salih Hajji. The alliance between Yalbugha al-Nasiri and Mintash soon fell apart and factional fighting ensued in Cairo, with Mintash ousting Yalbugha. Barquq was arrested and exiled to al-Karak where he rallied support. In Cairo, Barquq's loyalists took the citadel and arrested al-Salih Hajji. This paved the way for Barquq's usurpation of the sultanate once more in February 1390, firmly establishing the [[Burji Mamluks|Burji regime]].{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=128}} The ruling Mamluks of this period were mostly Circassians drawn from the Christian population of the [[northern Caucasus]].{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|pp=76–80}}{{sfn|McGregor|2006|p=15}}{{sfn|Isichei|1997|p=194}}{{sfn|Heng|2018|p=147}}

[[File:Mihrab (marking the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca) - Madrasa of Sultan al-Zahir Barquq (14803204015).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Barquq]] in Cairo (1384–1386){{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=225}}]]
Barquq solidified power in 1393, when his forces killed the major opponent to his rule, Mintash, in Syria.{{sfn|Holt|1986|p=128}} Barquq oversaw the mass recruitment of Circassians (estimated at 5,000 recruits{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=300}}) into the mamluk ranks and the restoration of the state's authority throughout its realm in the tradition of Baybars and Qalawun. A major innovation to this system was the division of Egypt into three {{Transliteration|ar|niyabat}} (sing. {{Transliteration|ar|niyaba}}; provinces), similar to the administrative divisions in Syria.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=290}} The new Egyptian {{Transliteration|ar|niyabat}} were Alexandria, [[Damanhur]] and [[Asyut]].{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=314}} Barquq instituted this to better control the Egyptian countryside from the rising strength of the Bedouin tribes. He further dispatched the [[Berbers|Berber]] [[Houara|Hawwara]] tribesmen of the [[Nile Delta]] to Upper Egypt to check the Arab Bedouins.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|pp=290–291}}

During Barquq's reign, in 1387, the Mamluks had forced the Anatolian entity in [[Sivas]] to become a Mamluk vassal. Towards the end of the 14th century, challengers to the Mamluks emerged in Anatolia, including the [[Ottoman dynasty]] and the Turkmen allies of [[Timur]], the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] and [[Qara Qoyunlu]] tribes of southern and eastern Anatolia.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=291}}

====Crises and restoration of state power====
{{#invoke:multiple image||perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| image1 = Behzad timur egyptian.jpg
| caption1 = Battle between the troops of [[Timur]] (left) and the Mamluk troops of [[al-Nasir Faraj]] (right)
| image2 = The Ambassadors of the Egyptian Sultan al-Nasir Faraj ibn Barquq Present their Gifts of Tribute, Including a Giraffe, to Timur, illustration from Zafarnama of Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi, Shiraz, 1436. Folio 400r.jpg
| caption2 = Ambassadors of al-Nasir Faraj present tribute, including a giraffe, to [[Timur]]
| footer=
}}
Barquq died in 1399 and was succeeded by his eleven-year-old son, [[an-Nasir Faraj]]. That year, Timur invaded Syria, sacking Aleppo and Damascus. Timur ended his occupation of Syria in 1402 to fight the Ottomans in Anatolia, whom he deemed a more dangerous threat. Faraj held onto power during this turbulent period, which, in addition to Timur's devastating raids, the rise of Turkmen tribes in the Jazira, and attempts by Barquq's emirs to topple Faraj, also saw a famine in Egypt in 1403, a severe plague in 1405 and a Bedouin revolt that practically ended Mamluk control of Upper Egypt between 1401 and 1413. Mamluk authority throughout the sultanate significantly eroded, while the capital Cairo underwent an economic crisis.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|pp=291–292}}

Faraj was toppled in 1412 by the Syria-based emirs, Tanam, Jakam, Nawruz and [[al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh]], against whom Faraj had sent seven military expeditions. The emirs could not usurp the throne themselves, and had Caliph [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|al-Musta'in]] ({{reign|1406|1413}}) installed as a puppet sultan; the caliph had the support of the non-Circassian mamluks and legitimacy with the local population. Six months later, Shakyh ousted al-Musta'in after neutralizing his main rival, Nawruz, and assumed the sultanate.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|pp=291–292}} Shaykh's main policy was restoring state authority within the empire, which experienced further plagues in 1415–1417 and 1420. Shaykh replenished the treasury through tax collection expeditions akin to raids across the empire to compensate the tax arrears that accumlated under Faraj. Shaykh also commissioned and led military campaigns against the Mamluks' enemies in Anatolia, reasserting the state's influence there.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=293}}

====Reign of Barsbay====
[[File:Khanqah of Al-Ashraf Barsbary in Mamluks Cemetery in 2017, photo by Hatem Moushir 14.jpg|thumb|[[Khanqah-Mausoleum of Sultan Barsbay|Barsbay's mausoleum complex]] in Cairo, completed in 1432. The carved dome (center) covers his tomb.{{Sfn|Williams|2018|pp=284–286}}]]
Before Shaykh died in 1421, he attempted to offset the power of the Circassians by importing Turkish mamluks and installing a Turk as {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-asakir}} to serve as regent for his infant son Ahmad. After his death, a Circassian emir, [[Sayf ad-Din Tatar|Tatar]], married Shaykh's widow, ousted the {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-asakir}} and assumed power. Tatar died three months into his reign and was succeeded by [[Barsbay]], another Circassian emir of Barquq, in 1422.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=293}} Under Barsbay, the Mamluk Sultanate reached its greatest territorial extent and was militarily dominant throughout the region,{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=195}} but his legacy was mixed in the eyes of contemporary commentators who criticized his fiscal methods and economic policies.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=39}}

Barsbay pursued an economic policy of establishing state monopolies over the lucrative trade with Europe, particularly spices, at the expense of local merchants.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=294}} European merchants were forced to buy spices from state agents who set prices that maximized revenue rather than promoting competition. This monopoly set a precedent for his successors, some of whom established monopolies over other goods such as sugar and textiles.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=|pp=38–39}} Barsbay compelled Red Sea traders to offload their goods at the Mamluk-held Hejazi port of [[Jeddah]] rather than the [[Yemen]]i port of [[Aden]] to derive the greatest financial gain from the Red Sea transit route to Europe.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=294}} Barsbay's efforts at monopolization and trade protection were meant to offset the severe financial losses of the agricultural sector due to the frequent recurring plagues that took a heavy toll on the farmers.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|pp=293–294}} In the long term, the monopoly over the spice trade had a negative effect on Egyptian commerce and became a motivation for European merchants to seek alternative routes to the east around Africa and across the Atlantic.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=38–39}}

Barsbay undertook efforts protect the caravan routes to the Hejaz from Bedouin raids.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=294}} He reduced the independence of the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs of Mecca]] to a minimum, sent troops to occupy the Hejaz and rein in the Bedouin, and took direct control of much of the region's administration.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=|pp=193–195}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=38}} He aimed to secure the Egyptian Mediterranean coast from [[Catalonia|Catalan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] piracy. Related to this, he launched [[Mamluk campaigns against Cyprus (1424–1426)|campaigns against Cyprus]] in 1425–1426, during which the island's [[Lusignan]] king, [[Janus, King of Cyprus|Janus]], was taken captive, because of his alleged assistance to the pirates; the large ransoms paid to the Mamluks by the Cypriots allowed them to mint new gold coinage for the first time since the 14th century.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=294}} Janus became Barsbay's vassal, an arrangement enforced on his successors for several decades after.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=36, 42}}

In response to Aq Qoyonlu raids against the Jazira, the Mamluks launched expeditions against them, sacking [[Edessa]] and massacring its Muslim inhabitants in 1429 and attacking their capital [[Diyarbakir|Amid]] in 1433. The Aq Qoyonlu consequently recognized Mamluk suzerainty.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=294}} While the Mamluks succeeded in forcing the [[Anatolian beyliks]] to largely submit to their suzerainty, Mamluk authority in Upper Egypt was mostly relegated to the emirs of the Hawwara tribe. The latter had grown wealthy from their burgeoning trade with [[central Africa]] and achieved a degree of local popularity due to their piety, education and generally benign treatment of the inhabitants.{{sfn|Garcin|1998|p=294}}

==== Successors of Barsbay ====
[[File:Gold_dinar_of_Jaqmaq.jpg|thumb|upright|Gold dinar of Mamluk sultan [[Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq]] minted in Cairo between 1438 and 1440]]
Barsbay died on 7 June 1438 and, per his wishes, was succeeded by his fourteen-year-old son, [[al-Aziz Jamal ad-Din Yusuf|al-Aziz Yusuf]], with a leading emir of Barsbay, [[Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq]], appointed regent. The usual disputes over succession ensued and after three months Jaqmaq won and became sultan, exiling Yusuf to Alexandria.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=39–40}} Jaqmaq maintained friendly relations with the Ottomans. His most important foreign military effort was an abortive campaign to conquer [[Rhodes]] from the [[Knights of St. John]], involving three expeditions between 1440 and 1444.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=40}} Domestically, Jaqmaq largely continued Barsbay's monopolies, though he promised to enact reforms and formally rescinded some tariffs.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=40–41}} Jaqmaq died in February 1453. His eighteen-year-old son, [[Al-Mansur Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman|al-Mansur Uthman]], was installed on the throne but soon lost all support when he tried to buy the loyalty of other mamluks with [[Debasement|debased]] coins.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}}

[[Sayf al-Din Inal]], who Barsbay had made his {{Transliteration|ar|atabeg al-asakir}}, won enough support to be declared sultan two months after Jaqmaq's death.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}} He ruled when [[Mehmed II]], the Ottoman sultan, [[Fall of Constantinople|conquered Constantinople]] in 1453 and ordered public celebrations to commemorate the event,{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}} much like the celebrations of a Mamluk victory.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=209}} It is unclear whether Inal and the Mamluks understood the implications of this event.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=41}} It marked the rise of the Ottomans as a superpower, a status that brought them into increasing conflict with the evermore stagnant Mamluk Sultanate.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=41–42}} By then, the state was under severe financial stress, with the state selling off {{Transliteration|ar|iqta'at}} properties, depriving the treasury of their tax revenues. Coins based on precious metals nearly disappeared from circulation.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=42–43}}

Inal died on 26 February 1461. His son, [[Al-Mu'ayyad Shihab al-Din Ahmad|al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad]], ruled for a short stint under challenges from the governors of Damascus and Jeddah. A compromise candidate, the Greek [[Sayf al-Din Khushqadam|Khushqadam al-Mu'ayyadi]], was then chosen and eventually neutralized his opposition. His reign was marked by further political difficulties abroad and domestically. Cyprus remained a vassal, but Khushqadam's representative was killed in battle after insulting James II (who had been installed by Inal). At home, Bedouin tribes caused unrest and the sultan's attempts to suppress the Labid tribe in the Nile Delta and against the Hawwara in Upper Egypt had little effect.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=43}}

==== Reign of Qaitbay ====
{{Further|Qaitbay}}
[[File:Mamluk Sultan Kayitbay by Florentine painter Cristofano dell'Altissimo Galleria degli Uffizi.jpg|thumb|Mamluk Sultan [[Qaitbay]] (r.1468-1496, here "''Mag Caitbeivs Cairi Svltan''", "The great Caitbeius, Sultan of [[Cairo]]") by Florentine painter [[Cristofano dell'Altissimo]] (16th century), [[Galleria degli Uffizi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Rönesans'ta Osmanlı esintisi |date=2004 |url=http://www.dirim.com/Dirim_2004-1_files/Ku%CC%88ltu%CC%88r%20ve%20Sanat%3ARo%CC%88nesanta%20Osmanl%C4%B1%20Esintisi.pdf |access-date=2024-01-22}}</ref>]]
Khushqadam died on 9 October 1467 and the mamluk emirs initially installed [[Sayf al-Din Bilbay|Yalbay al-Mu'ayyadi]] as his successor. After two months he was replaced by [[Timurbugha|Timurbugha al-Zahiri]]. Timurbugha was deposed in turn on 31 January 1468, but voluntarily consented to the accession of his second in command, [[Qaitbay]].{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=43–44}} Qaitbay's 28-year-long reign, the second longest in Mamluk history after al-Nasir Muhammad,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=289}} was marked by relative stability and prosperity. Historical sources present a sultan whose character was markedly different from other Mamluk rulers. Notably, he disliked engaging in conspiracy, even though this had been a hallmark of Mamluk politics. He had a reputation for being even-handed and treating his colleagues and subordinates fairly, exemplified by his magnanimous treatment of the deposed Timurbugha.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=44}} These traits seem to have kept internal tensions and conspiracies at bay throughout his reign.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=|pp=45–46}} While the Mamluk practices of confiscation, extortion, and bribery continued in fiscal matters, under Qaitbay they were practiced in a more systematic way that allowed individuals and institutions to function within a more predictable environment. His engagement with the civil bureaucracy and the [[ulema]] (Islamic jurists and scholars) appeared to reflect a genuine commitment to Sunni Islamic law.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=46}} He was one of the most prolific Mamluk patrons of architecture, second only to al-Nasir Muhammad,{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=289}} and his patronage of religious and civic buildings extended to the provinces beyond Cairo.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=46}} Nonetheless, Qaitbay operated in an environment of recurring plague epidemics that underpinned a general population decline. Agriculture suffered, the treasury was often stretched thin, and by the end of his reign the economy was still weak.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=46–47}}

[[File:ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay.jpg|left|thumb|[[Fountain of Qayt Bay|Sabil of Qaitbay]] at [[al-Aqsa]] in Jerusalem (1482){{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=93}}]]
The challenges to Mamluk dominance abroad were also mounting, particularly to the north. Shah Suwar, the leader of the Dulkadirid principality in Anatolia, benefited from Ottoman support and was an excellent military tactician. Meanwhile, Qaitbay supported the ruler of the Karamanid principality, [[Pir Ahmad of Karaman|Ahmad]].{{Sfn|Petry|2022|pp=45–46}} Initially, the Mamluks failed in a series of campaigns against Shah Suwar. The tide turned in 1470–1471 when an agreement was reached between Qaitbay and Mehmed II, by which Qaitbay stopped supporting the Karamanids and the Ottomans stopped supporting the Dulkadirids.{{sfn|Muslu|2014|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} Now without Ottoman support, Shah Suwar was defeated in 1471 by a Mamluk expedition led by Qaitbay's senior field commander, [[Yashbak min Mahdi]].{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} Shah Suwar held out in his fortress near [[Zamantı River|Zamantı]], before agreeing to surrender himself if his life was spared and he was allowed to remain as a vassal. In the end, Qaitbay was unwilling to let him live and Shah Suwar was betrayed, brought to Cairo, and executed.{{sfn|Muslu|2014|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} Shah Budaq was installed as his replacement and as a Mamluk vassal, though the Ottoman-Mamluk rivalry over the Dulkadirid throne continued.{{sfn|Muslu|2014|pp=128–129}}

The next challenge to Qaitbay was the rise of the Aq Qoyunlu leader Uzun Hasan.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} The latter led an expedition into Mamluk territory around Aleppo in 1472, but was routed by Yashbak.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=217}} The next year, Uzun Hassan was more resoundingly defeated in battle against Mehmed II near [[Erzurum]].{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=218}} His son and successor, Ya'qub, resorted to inviting Yashbak min Mahdi to participate in a campaign against Edessa. As this avoided any challenge against Qaitbay's authority, Yashbak accepted. Although initially successful, he was killed during the siege of the city, thus depriving Qaitbay of his most important field commander.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}}

[[File:Shirt of Mail and Plate of Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qaitbay (ca. 1416-18–1496), 18th Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt MET LC-2016.99-001-2.jpg|thumb|A shirt of [[Chain mail|mail]] and [[Plate armour|plate]] armor belonging to Sultan Qaitbay, one of the few surviving sets of armor from the Mamluk period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirt of Mail and Plate of Al-Ashraf Sayf ad-Din Qaitbay (ca. 1416/18–1496), 18th Burji Mamluk Sultan of Egypt {{!}} probably Egyptian |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/702966 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |language=en}}</ref>]]
In 1489, the [[Republic of Venice]] annexed Cyprus.{{sfn|Fuess|2022|pp=145–147}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=42}} The Venetians promised Qaitbay their occupation would benefit him as well, as their large fleet than could better keep the peace in the eastern Mediterranean than the Cypriots. Venice also agreed to continue the Cypriots' yearly tribute of 8,000 ducats to Cairo. A treaty signed between the two powers in 1490 formalized this arrangement. It was a sign that the Mamluks were now depending partly on the Venetians for naval security.{{sfn|Fuess|2022|pp=145–147}}

With the death of Mehmed II in 1481 and the accession of his son, [[Bayezid II]], to the Ottoman throne, Ottoman-Mamluk tensions escalated.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} Bayezid's claim to the throne was challenged by his brother, [[Cem Sultan|Jem]]. The latter fled into exile and Qaitbay granted him sanctuary in Cairo in September 1481. Qaitbay eventually allowed him to return to Anatolia to lead a new attempt against Bayezid. This venture failed and Jem was fled into exile again, this time into Christian hands to the west. Bayezid interpreted Qaitbay's welcome to Jem as direct support for the latter's cause and was furious.{{sfn|Clot|2009|pp=226–228}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} Qaitbay also supported the Dulkadirid leader, [[Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt|Ala al-Dawla]] (who had replaced Shah Budaq), against the Ottomans,{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}} but Ala al-Dawla was compelled to shift his loyalty to Bayezid {{circa|1483}} or 1484, which soon triggered the start of an [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–1491)|Ottoman–Mamluk war]] over the next six years.{{sfn|Petry|1993|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Muslu|2014|p=138}} By 1491, both sides were exhausted and an Ottoman embassy arrived in Cairo in the spring. An agreement was concluded and the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'' was reaffirmed.{{sfn|Petry|1993|pp=99–100}} During the rest of Qaitbay's reign, no further external conflicts took place.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=45}}

==== Reign of al-Ghuri ====
[[File:Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri by Florentine painter Cristofano dell'Altissimo Galleria degli Uffizi.jpg|thumb|Mamluk Sultan [[Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri|Qansuh al-Ghuri]] (r. 1501–1516, here "''Campson Gavro re d'Egitto''", "Campson Gauro, king of Egypt") by Florentine painter [[Cristofano dell'Altissimo]], [[Galleria degli Uffizi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ritratti et elogii di capitanii illustri. The portraits engraved by Pompilio Totti; the letterpress by J. Roscius, A. Mascardi, F. Leonida, O. Tronsarelli, and others |date=1646 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwYFrvjhMB4C&pg=PA218 |language=it}}</ref>]]
Qaitbay's death on 8 August 1496 inaugurated several years of instability.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=47}} Eventually, following several brief reigns by other candidates, [[Qansuh al-Ghawri|Qansuh al-Ghuri]] (or al-Ghawri) was placed on the throne in 1501.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=47–48}} Al-Ghuri secured his position over several months and appointed new figures to key posts. His nephew, [[Tuman bay II|Tuman Bay]] was appointed {{Transliteration|ar|[[dawadar]]}} and his second in command.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=48–49}} In Syria, al-Ghuri appointed [[Sibay (emir)|Sibay]], a former rival who opposed him in 1504–1505, as governor of Damascus in 1506. The latter remained a major figure during his reign but he acknowledged Cairo's suzerainty and helped to keep the peace.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=49}}

Al-Ghuri is often viewed negatively by historical commentators, particularly Ibn Iyas, for his draconic fiscal policies.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=49}} He inherited a state beset by financial problems. In addition to the demographic and economic changes under his predecessors, changes in the organisation of the Mamluk military over time had also resulted in large numbers of soldiers feeling alienated and repeatedly threatening to revolt unless given extra payments, which drained the state's finances.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=49}} To address the shortfalls, al-Ghuri resorted to heavy-handed and far-reaching taxation and extortion to refill the treasury, which elicited protests that were sometimes violent. He used the raised funds to repair fortresses throughout the region, to commission his own construction projects in Cairo, and to purchase a large number of new mamluks to fill his military ranks.{{sfn|Clot|2009|pp=232–234}}

Al-Ghuri also attempted reforms of the Mamluk military. He recognized the impact of gunpowder technology used by the Ottomans and Europeans, but which the Mamluks had eschewed. In 1507, he established a foundry to produce cannons and created a new regiment trained to use them, known as the 'Fifth Corps' ({{Transliteration|ar|al-Ṭabaqa al-Khamisa}}). The latter's ranks were filled recruits from outside the traditional mamluk system, including Turkmens, Persians, {{Transliteration|ar|awlad al-nas}}, and craftsmen.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=49}} The traditional mamluk army, however, regarded firearms with contempt and vigorously resisted their incorporation into Mamluk warfare, which prevented al-Ghuri from making effective use of them until the end of his reign.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=49}}{{sfn|Clot|2009|pp=235–236}}

[[File:Anonymous Venetian orientalist painting, The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus', 1511, the Louvre.jpg|thumb|Anonymous 1511 painting depicting a reception of Venetian ambassadors in Damascus during the time of al-Ghuri<ref>{{Cite web |title=The reception of the Venetian ambassadors in Damascus |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1156&lang=en |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Qantara}}</ref>]]
In the meantime, Shah [[Ismail I]] had emerged in 1501 and forged the [[Safavid Empire]] in [[Iran]]. The Safavids styled themselves as champions of [[Twelver Shi'ism]], in direct opposition to the Sunnism of the Mamluks and Ottomans.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=50}} Tensions along this frontier encouraged al-Ghuri to rely more on the Ottomans for aid, a policy that the Venetians ultimately also urged him to follow in order to counter their common foe, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].{{sfn|Fuess|2022|pp=145–147}}{{sfn|Brummett|1994|pp=42–44}}{{sfn|Paine|2015|p=415}}

The latter's expansion into the [[Indian Ocean]] was one of the major concerns of al-Ghuri's time.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=49}} In 1498, the Portuguese navigator [[Vasco da Gama]] had circumnavigated Africa and reached India, thus opening a new route for European trade with the east which bypassed the Middle East. This posed a serious threat to Muslim commerce, which was dominant in the area, as well as to the prosperity of Venice, which relied on trade passing from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean through Mamluk lands.{{sfn|Clot|2009|pp=236–237}} For over more than a decade, [[Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts|a series of confrontations]] took place between Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean and Muslim expeditions sent against them. A Mamluk fleet of fifty ships left from Jeddah in 1506, with assistance of forces from the [[Gujarat Sultanate]]. It [[Battle of Chaul|defeated the Portuguese]] in 1507 but lost at the [[Battle of Diu]] in 1509.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=239}} In 1515, a joint Ottoman-Mamluk fleet set out under the leadership of [[Selman Reis|Salman Ra'is]], but ultimately it did not accomplish much.{{sfn|Streusand|2018|pp=44–45}}

==== Fall to the Ottomans ====
{{Further|Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)}}
[[File:Kansu Gavri Ölü.png|thumb|Ottoman painting showing the head of Mamluk Sultan [[al-Ghuri]] being remitted to [[Selim I]]]]
[[Selim I]], the new Ottoman sultan, defeated the Safavids decisively at the [[Battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514. Soon after, he attacked and defeated the Dulkadirids, a Mamluk vassal, for refusing to aid him against the Safavids.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=50}} Secure now against Ismail I, in 1516 he drew together a great army aiming at conquering Egypt, but to obscure the fact he presented the mobilisation of his army as being part of the war against Ismail I. The war started in 1516 which led to the later incorporation of Egypt and its dependencies in the Ottoman Empire, with Mamluk cavalry proving no match for the Ottoman artillery and the [[Janissary|janissaries]]. On 24 August 1516, at the [[Battle of Marj Dabiq]], the Ottomans were victorious against an army led by al-Ghuri himself.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ibn Iyas|first1=Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad|editor1-last=Wiet|editor1-first=Gaston (trans.)|title=Journal d'un Bourgeois du Caire, vol. II|date=1955|location=Paris|page=67}}</ref> [[Khayr Bak]], the governor of Aleppo, had secretly conspired with Selim and betrayed al-Ghuri, leaving with his troops part-way during the battle. In the subsequent chaos, al-Ghuri was killed.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=50–52}} The surviving Mamluk forces returned to Aleppo but were denied entry to the city and marched back to Egypt, harassed along the way.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=52}} Syria passed into Ottoman possession,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Everett Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0889-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=Battle+of+Marj+Dabiq&pg=PA33|access-date=22 August 2016|language=en|date=2015-05-07}}</ref> and the Ottomans were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamluks.{{sfn|McCarthy|2014|p=85}}{{sfn|Brummett|1994|p=82}}{{sfn|Grainger|2016|p=}}

The Mamluk Sultanate survived a little longer until 1517. Tuman Bay, whom al-Ghuri had left as deputy in Cairo, was hastily and unanimously proclaimed sultan on 10 October 1516.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=50–52}}{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=251}} The emirs rejected his plan to confront the next Ottoman advance at Gaza, so instead he prepared a final defense at al-Raydaniyya to the north of Cairo.{{sfn|Petry|2022|pp=50–52}} In the early days of 1517, Tuman Bay received news that a Mamluk army was [[Battle of Yaunis Khan|defeated at Gaza]].{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=253}} The [[Battle of Ridaniya|Ottoman attack at al-Raydaniyya]] overwhelmed the defenders on 22 January 1517 and reached Cairo.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=52}} Over the following days, furious fighting continued between Mamluks, locals, and Ottomans, resulting in much damage to the city and three days of pillaging. Selim proclaimed an amnesty on 31 January, at which point many of the remaining Mamluks surrendered.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=254}} Tuman Bay fled to [[Bahnasa]] in Middle Egypt with some of his remaining forces.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=52}}

Selim initially offered the Mamluk sultan peace as an Ottoman vassal, but his messengers were intercepted and killed by mamluks.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=256}} Tuman Bay, with 4,000 cavalry and some 8,000 infantry, confronted the Ottomans in a final bloody battle near [[Giza]] on 2 April 1517, where he was defeated and captured.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=256}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=52}} Selim intended to spare him, but [[Hayır Bey|Khayr Bak]] and [[Janbirdi al-Ghazali]], another former Mamluk commander, persuaded the Ottoman sultan that Tuman Bay was too dangerous to keep alive. Accordingly, the last Mamluk sultan was executed by hanging at [[Bab Zuweila|Bab Zuwayla]], one of Cairo's gates, on 13 April 1517.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=258}} In reward for his betrayal at Marj Dabiq, Selim installed Khayr Bak as Ottoman governor of Egypt.{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=52}} Janbirdi was appointed governor of Damascus.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=263}}

=== Mamluks under Ottoman rule ===
{{See also|Ottoman Egypt|Ottoman Empire|Slavery in Ottoman Egypt}}
[[File:Ottoman Mamluk horseman circa 1550.jpg|thumb|Armour of a Mamluk horseman from the Ottoman period, {{circa|1550}}.]]
While the Mamluk Sultanate ceased to exist with the Ottoman conquest and the recruitment of Royal Mamluks ended, the mamluks as a military-social class continued to exist.{{sfn|Holt|1991|p=325}}{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=410}} They constituted a "self-perpetuating, largely Turkish-speaking warrior class" that continued to influence politics under Ottoman rule.{{sfn|Rodenbeck|1999|p=113}} They existed as military units in parallel with the more strictly Ottoman regiments like the janissaries and the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Azeb|azab]]}}s. The difference between these Ottoman regiments and the Egyptian mamluk regiments became blurred over time as intermarriage became common, resulting in a more mixed social class.{{sfn|Clot|2009|p=410}}

[[File:A Mamluk from Aleppo.jpg|thumb|left|One of the last Mamluks, painted by William Page in 1816–1824]]
During this period, a number of mamluk 'households' formed, with a complex composition including both true mamluks and {{Transliteration|ar|awlad al-nas}}, who could also rise to high ranks. Each household was headed by an {{Transliteration|ar|ustadh}}, who could be an Ottoman officer or a local civilian. Their patronage extended to include retainers recruited from other Ottoman provinces as well as allies among the local urban population and tribes.{{sfn|Holt|1991|p=325}} Up to the early 17th century, the vast majority of Egyptian mamluks were still of Caucasian or Circassian origin. In the later 17th and 18th centuries, mamluks from other parts of the Ottoman Empire or its frontiers, such as [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], began to appear in Egypt.{{sfn|Hathaway|2019|pp=126–127}}

Throughout the Ottoman period, powerful mamluk households and factions struggled for control of important political offices and of Egypt's revenues.{{sfn|Holt|1991|p=325}} Between 1688 and 1755, mamluk [[bey]]s, allied with Bedouin and factions within the Ottoman garrison, deposed at least thirty-four governors.{{sfn|Rodenbeck|1999|p=114}} The mamluks remained a dominating force in Egyptian politics until their [[Muhammad Ali's seizure of power|final elimination]] at the hands of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] in 1811.{{sfn|Clot|2009|pp=421–422}}

==Society==
===Language===
By the time the Mamluks took power, [[Arabic]] had already been established as the language of religion, culture and the bureaucracy in Egypt, and was widespread among non-Muslim communities there as well. Arabic's wide usage among Muslim and non-Muslim commoners had likely been motivated by their aspiration to learn the language of the ruling and scholarly elite. Another contributing factor was the wave of Arab tribal migration to Egypt and subsequent intermarriage between Arabs and the indigenous population. The Mamluks contributed to the expansion of Arabic in Egypt through their victory over the Mongols and the Crusaders and the subsequent creation of a Muslim haven in Egypt and Syria for Arabic-speaking immigrants from other conquered Muslim lands. The continuing invasions of Syria by Mongol armies led to further waves of Syrian immigrants, including scholars and artisans, to Egypt.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}}
[[File:Mahmud al-Kashgari.jpg|thumb|The only known surviving manuscript copy of [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]]’s [[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]], copied in 1266 in [[Damascus]], within the territory of the Mamluk Sultanate.<ref name="Turan"/>]]
[[File:A 1510 Turkish Translation of the Shahnameh by Sharīf of Amid for Qansuh al-Ghawri. TSMK, Hazine, nr. 1519.jpg|thumb|A manuscript of an Oghuz Turkic translation of [[Ferdowsi]]’s [[Shahnameh]], dated 1510, created for the library of [[Qansuh al-Ghawri]], translated and copied by Sharīf of [[Amid]].<ref name="Turan"/>]]
Although Arabic was used as the administrative language of the sultanate, a variety of [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak Turkic]], namely the [[Mamluk-Kipchak language]] was the spoken language of the Mamluk ruling elite.{{sfn|Winter|1998|p=96}} According to Petry, "the Mamluks regarded Turkish as their caste's vehicle of communication, even though they themselves spoke Central Asian dialects such as Qipjak, or Circassian, a Caucasic language."{{sfn|Petry|1981|p=70}} According to historian Michael Winter, Turkishness was the distinctive aspect of the Mamluk ruling elite, for only they knew how to speak Turkish and had Turkish names.{{sfn|Powell|2012|p=21}} While the Mamluk elite was ethnically diverse, those who were not Turkic in origin were Turkicized nonetheless.{{sfn|Rabbat|2001|p=60}} As such, the ethnically Circassian mamluks who gained prominence with the rise of the Burji regime and became the dominant ethnic element of the government, were educated in the Turkish language and were considered to be Turks by the Arabic-speaking population.{{sfn|Winter|1998|p=96}}{{sfn|Powell|2012|p=21}} Kipchak Turkish was also used in writing, but to a lesser extent than Arabic and mainly for a mamluk audience. Over time, it was replaced in this role by [[Old Anatolian Turkish|Oghuz Turkish]] due to the growing influence of Turkish [[Anatolia]].<ref name="Turan">{{Cite journal |last1=Turan |first1=Fikret |date=2007 |title=The Mamluks and Their Acceptance of Oghuz Turkish as Literary Language: Political Maneuver or Cultural Aspiration? |url=https://www.academia.edu/30980862 |journal=Turcologica |language=English |volume=69 |pages=37–47}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Flemming |first=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoJ1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |title=Essays on Turkish Literature and History |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-35576-7 |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Rabbat|2001|p=69}}

The ruling military elite of the sultanate was exclusive to those of mamluk background, with rare exceptions.{{sfn|Rabbat|2001|pp=60–61}} Ethnicity served as a major factor separating the mostly Turkic or Turkicized Mamluk elite from their Arabic-speaking subjects.{{sfn|Powell|2012|p=21}} Ethnic origin was a key component of an individual mamluk's identity, and ethnic identity manifested itself through given names, dress, access to administrative positions and was indicated by a sultan's {{Transliteration|ar|[[nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]}}.{{sfn|Yosef|2012|p=394}} The sons of mamluks, known as the {{Transliteration|ar|awlad al-nas}}, did not typically hold positions in the military elite and instead, were often part of the civilian administration or the Muslim religious establishment.{{sfn|Rabbat|2001|p=60}} Among the Bahri sultans and emirs, there existed a degree of pride of their Kipchak Turkish roots, and their non-Kipchak usurpers such as sultans Kitbuqa, Baybars II and Lajin were often de-legitimized in the Bahri-era sources for their non-Kipchak origins. The Mamluk elites of the Burji period were also apparently proud of their Circassian origins.{{sfn|Yosef|2012|pp=394–395}}

===Religion===
====Muslim community====
[[File:Finispiece of the Mamluk Qur'an (Egyptian National Library Masahif Rasid 81, ff. 377v-378r).jpg|thumb|Finispiece from the [[Qur'an]] copied by [[Ahmad ibn Kamal ibn Yahya al-Ansari al-Mutatabbib|Ahmad ibn Kamal al-Mutatabbib]] in 1334. This manuscript is part of the [[Egyptian National Library and Archives|National Library of Egypt's]] Collection of Mamluk Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the [[UNESCO]] [[Memory of the World Programme#Memory of the World Register|Memory of the World Register]]]]
A wide range of Islamic religious expression existed in Egypt during the early Mamluk era, namely Sunni Islam and its major {{Transliteration|ar|[[madhab]]}}s (schools of jurisprudence) and different [[Sufism|Sufi]] orders, but also small communities of [[Ismai'li]] [[Shia Muslim]]s, particularly in Upper Egypt. There remained a significant minority of [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic Christian]]s. Under Saladin, the Ayyubids embarked on a program of reviving and strengthening Sunni Islam in Egypt to counter Christianity, which had been reviving under the religiously benign rule of the Fatimids, and Isma'ilism, the branch of Islam of the Fatimid state. Under the Bahri sultans, the promotion of Sunni Islam was pursued more vigorously than under the Ayyubids.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|pp=265–266}} The Mamluks were motivated by personal piety or political expediency for Islam was both an assimilating and unifying factor between the Mamluks and the majority of their subjects; the early mamluks had been brought up as Sunni Muslims and the Islamic faith was the only aspect of life shared between the Mamluk ruling elite and its subjects. While the precedent set by the Ayyubids highly influenced the Mamluk state's embrace of Sunni Islam, the circumstances in the Muslim Middle East in the aftermath of the Crusader and Mongol invasions also left Mamluk Egypt as the last major Islamic power able to confront the Crusaders and the Mongols. Thus, the early Mamluk embrace of Sunni Islam also stemmed from the pursuit of a moral unity within their realm based on the majority views of its subjects.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|pp=268–269}}

The Mamluks cultivated and utilized Muslim leaders to channel the religious feelings of their Muslim subjects in a manner that did not disrupt the sultanate's authority.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}} Similar to their Ayyubid predecessors, the Bahri sultans favored the [[Shafi'i]] {{Transliteration|ar|madhab}}, while additionally promoting the other major Sunni {{Transliteration|ar|madhab}}s, namely the [[Maliki]], [[Hanbali]] and [[Hanafi]]. Baybars ended the Ayyubid and early Mamluk tradition of selecting a Shafi'i scholar as {{Transliteration|ar|qadi al-qudah}} (chief judge) and instead appointed a {{Transliteration|ar|qadi al-qudah}} from each of the four {{Transliteration|ar|madhab}}s. This policy was partly motivated to accommodate an increasingly diverse Muslim population whose components had immigrated to Egypt from regions where other {{Transliteration|ar|madhab}}s prevailed. The diffusion of the post of {{Transliteration|ar|qadi al-qudah}} enabled Mamluk sultans to patronize each {{Transliteration|ar|madhab}} and gain more influence over them. Nevertheless, the Shafi'i scholars kept a number of privileges over their counterparts.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=269}}

The Mamluks embraced the Sufi orders in the empire.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=268}} Sufism was widespread in Egypt by the 13th century, and the [[Shadhili]]yya was the most popular order. The Shadhiliyya lacked an institutional structure and was flexible in its religious thought, allowing it to easily adapt to its local environment. It incorporated Sunni Islamic piety with its basis in the [[Qur'an]] and [[hadith]], Sufi mysticism, and elements of popular religion such as sainthood, {{Transliteration|ar|[[ziyarat]]}} (visitation) to the tombs of saintly or religious individuals, and {{Transliteration|ar|[[dhikr]]}} (invocation of God). Other Sufi orders with large numbers of adherents were the [[Rifa'i]]yya and [[Badawiyya]].{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=267}} While the Mamluks patronized the Sunni ulema through appointments to government office, they patronized the Sufis by funding {{Transliteration|ar|[[khanqah|zawiya]]}}s (Sufi lodges).{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}} On the other end of the spectrum of Sunni religious expression were the teachings of the Hanbali scholar [[Ibn Taymiyya]], which emphasized stringent moral rigor based on literal interpretations of the Qur'an and the [[Sunnah|Sunna]], and a deep hostility to the aspects of mysticism and popular religious innovations promoted by the Sufis. While Ibn Taymiyya was not a typical representative of Sunni orthodoxy in the sultanate, he was the most prominent Muslim scholar of the Mamluk era and arrested several times by the Mamluks for his religious teachings, which are still influential in the modern Muslim world.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=267}} Ibn Taymiyya's doctrines were regarded as heretical by the Sunni establishment patronized by the Mamluks.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}}

====Christian and Jewish communities====
[[File:Mamluk era astrolabe, 1282.jpg|thumb|Mamluk-era [[astrolabe]] with [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] numerals, dated 1282/1283. This astrolabe and other items of its kind are proof that Mamluks still used Coptic numerals and [[Coptic calendar]] for various practical and scientific purposes.{{sfn|King|1999|p=76-78}} [[Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum]]]]
Christians and Jews in the empire were governed by the dual authority of their respective religious institutions and the sultan. The authority of the former extended to many of the everyday aspects of Christian and Jewish life and was not restricted to the religious practices of the two communities. The Mamluk government, often under the official banner of the [[Pact of Umar]] which gave Christians and Jews {{Transliteration|ar|[[dhimmi]]}} (protected peoples) status, determined the taxes paid by Christians and Jews, including the [[jizya]] ([[poll tax]] on non-Muslims), permission to construct houses of worship, and the public appearance of Christians and Jews.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=109}} Jews generally fared better than Christians, and the latter experienced more difficulties under the Mamluks than their Muslim predecessors.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=109}}{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}} The association of Christians with the Mongols, due to the latter's use of Armenian and Georgian Christian auxiliaries, the attempted alliance between the Mongols and the Crusader powers, and the massacres of Muslim communities and the sparing of Christians in cities captured by the Mongols, contributed to rising anti-Christian sentiments in the Mamluk era. The manifestations of anti-Christian hostility were mostly spearheaded at the popular level rather than by the Mamluk sultans. The main source of popular hostility was resentment at the privileged positions many Christians held in the Mamluk bureaucracy.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}}

The Coptic decline in Egypt occurred under the Bahri sultans and accelerated further under the Burji regime.{{sfn|Teule|2013|p=10}} There were several instances of Egyptian Muslim protests against the wealth of Copts and their employment with the state, and both Muslim and Christian rioters burned down each other's houses of worship during intercommunal clashes.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}} As a result of popular pressure, Copts had their employment in the bureaucracy terminated at least nine times between the late 13th and mid-15th centuries, and on one occasion, in 1301, the government ordered the closure of all churches.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}} Coptic bureaucrats were often restored to their positions after tensions passed. Many Copts were forced to convert to Islam or at least adopted outward expressions of Muslim faith to protect their employment and avoid the jizya and official measures against them.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=120}} A large wave of Coptic conversions to Islam occurred in the 14th century,{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=120}} as a result of [[Persecution of Copts|persecution]], destruction of churches,{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}} and to retain employment.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=120}} By the end of the Mamluk period, the ratio of Muslims to Christians in Egypt may have risen to 10:1.{{sfn|Holt|Baker|Smith|Hopwood|2025}}

In Syria, the Mamluks uprooted the local [[Maronites|Maronite]] and [[Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch|Greek Orthodox]] Christians from the coastal areas to prevent their contact with European powers. The [[Maronite Church]] was especially suspected by the Mamluks of collaboration with the Europeans due to the close relations between the Maronite Church and the papacy in Rome and the Christian European powers, particularly Cyprus. The Greek Orthodox Church declined after the Mamluk destruction of its spiritual center, Antioch, and the [[Timurid destruction of Aleppo]] and Damascus in 1400.{{sfn|Teule|2013|p=11}} The Syriac Christians also significant declined in Syria due to intra-communal disputes over patriarchal succession and the destruction of churches by the Timurids or local Kurdish tribes.{{sfn|Teule|2013|p=12}} The Mamluks inaugurated a similar decline of the Armenian Orthodox Church after their conquest of the Cilicia in 1374, in addition to the raids of the Timurids in 1386 and the conflict between the Timurids and the Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Qoyonlu tribal confederations in Cilicia.{{sfn|Teule|2013|p=13}}

===Bedouin relationship with the state===
Bedouins were a reserve force in the Mamluk military. During the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, the Bedouin tribes, particularly those of Syria, such as the [[Al Fadl]], were strengthened and integrated into the economy.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=173}} Bedouin tribes were also a major supplier of the Mamluk cavalry's [[Arabian horses]]. Qalawun purchased horses from the Bedouin of Barqa, which were inexpensive but of high quality, while al-Nasir Muhammad spent extravagantly for horses from Bedouins in Barqa, Syria, Iraq and [[Eastern Arabia|Bahrayn]] (eastern Arabia).{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=175}}

Baybars and Qalawun, and the Syrian viceroys of al-Nasir Muhammad during his first two reigns, emirs [[Sayf al-Din Salar|Salar]] and Baybars II, were averse to granting Bedouin sheikhs {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}}, and when they did, the {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} were of low quality. During al-Nasir Muhammad's third reign, the Al Fadl were granted high-quality {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} in abundance, strengthening the tribe to become the most powerful among the Bedouin of the [[Syrian Desert]]. Beyond his personal admiration of the Bedouin, al-Nasir Muhammad's distributed {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} to the Al Fadl to prevent their defection to the Ilkhanate, which the Al Fadl had frequently done during the early 14th century.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=176–177}} Competition over {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} and the post of {{Transliteration|ar|[[amir al-ʿarab]]}} (chief commander of the Bedouin) in Syria, led to conflict and rebellion among the tribes, leading to mass bloodshed in Syria in the aftermath of al-Nasir Muhammad's death. The Mamluk leadership in Syria, weakened by the losses of the Black Plague, was unable to quell the Bedouin through military expeditions, so they resolved to assassinate the chiefs of the tribes. The Al Fadl eventually lost favor, to the advantage of the Bedouin tribes around al-Karak under later Bahri sultans.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=178–179}}

In Egypt, during al-Nasir Muhammad's third reign, the Mamluks had a similar relationship with the Bedouin. The Isa Ibn Hasan al-Hajjan tribe became powerful there after being assigned massive {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}}. The tribe remained strong after al-Nasir Muhammad's death, but frequently rebelled against the succeeding Bahri sultans. They were restored after each rebellion, before the tribe's sheikh was finally executed in 1353. In [[Al Sharqia Governorate|Sharqiya]] in [[Lower Egypt]], the Tha'laba tribes were entrusted to supervise the postal routes, but were often unreliable and joined the Al A'id tribe during their raids.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=182}} Bedouin tribal wars frequently disrupted trade and travel in Upper Egypt, and destroyed cultivated lands and sugar processing plants. In the mid-14th century, the rival Arak and [[Banu Hilal]] tribes of Upper Egypt, became ''de facto'' rulers of the region, forcing the Mamluks to rely on them for tax collection.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=182–183}} The Bedouin were purged from Upper and Lower Egypt by the campaigns of Shaykhu in 1353.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=1183}}

==Government==
The Mamluks did not significantly alter the administrative, legal and economic systems they inherited from the Ayyubid state.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=14}} The Mamluk ruled over essentially the same territory of the Ayyubid state, i.e. Egypt, Syria and the Hejaz. Unlike the collective sovereignty of the Ayyubids, where territory was divided among members of the royal family, the Mamluk state was unitary. Under many Ayyubid sultans, Egypt had [[paramountcy]] over the Syrian provinces, but under the Mamluks this paramountcy was consistent and absolute.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=237}} [[Cairo]] remained the capital of the empire and its social, economic and administrative center, with the Citadel of Cairo serving as the sultan's headquarters.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=14}}

===Authority of the sultan===
{{#invoke:multiple image|
| width = 200
| image1 = Frontispiece of "Al-Kawakib al-duriyya" by Al-Busiri (CBL Ar 4168, f.2a).jpg
| alt1 = Yellow cartouche
| image2 = Frontispiece of Al-Kawakib al-duriyya by Al-Busiri (CBL Ar 4168, f.1b).jpg
| alt2 = Red cartouche
| footer = Illuminated [[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] to the manuscript of ''[[Al-Burda|Al-Kawākib ad-durriyya]]'' by [[Al-Busiri]] made for the sultan [[Qaitbay]]. Large lobed medallions in the center bear the name of the sultan (right) and blessing on him (left).{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=113}} Above and below on the right is the certificate of commissioning stating the manuscript to have been produced for his library, while opposite, on the facing page, the upper and lower panels contain the title of the work.{{sfn|James|1983|p=26}} [[Chester Beatty Library]].
}}

The Mamluk sultan was the supreme government authority, while he delegated power to provincial governors known as {{Transliteration|ar|nuwwab al-saltana}} (deputy sultans, sing. {{Transliteration|ar|na'ib al-saltana}}). The vice-regent of Egypt was the top {{Transliteration|ar|na'ib}}, followed by the {{Transliteration|ar|na'ib}} of Damascus, then Aleppo, then the {{Transliteration|ar|nuwwab}} of al-Karak, Safed, Tripoli, Homs and Hama. In Hama, the Mamluks permitted the Ayyubids to continue governing until 1341 (its popular governor in 1320, [[Abu'l Fida]], was granted the honorary title of sultan by al-Nasir Muhammad), but otherwise the {{Transliteration|ar|nuwwab}} of the provinces were mamluk emirs.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=237}}

A consistent accession process occurred with every new sultan. It mostly involved an election by a council of emirs and mamluks (who would proffer an [[bay'ah|oath of loyalty]]), the sultan's assumption of the regal title {{Transliteration|ar|al-malik}}, a state-organized procession through Cairo led by the sultan, and the reading of the sultan's name in the {{Transliteration|ar|[[khutba]]}} ([[Friday prayer]] sermon).{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=238}} The process was not formalized and the electoral body never defined, but typically consisted of the emirs and mamluks of whichever Mamluk faction held sway; usurpations of the throne by rival factions were relatively common.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=239}} Despite the electoral nature of accession, dynastic succession was nonetheless a reality at times,{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=30}} especially during the Bahri period, where Baybars' sons Baraka and Solamish succeeded him, before Qalawun usurped the throne and was thereafter succeeded by four generations of direct descendants, with occasional interruptions.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=239}} Hereditary rule was much less frequent under the Burji regime. Nonetheless, with rare exception, the Burji sultans were all linked to the regime's founder Barquq through blood or mamluk affiliation.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=240}} The accession of blood relatives to the sultanate was often the result of the decision or indecision of leading Mamluk emirs or the will of the preceding sultan.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=30}} The latter situation applied to the sultans Baybars, Qalawun, the latter's son, al-Nasir Muhammad and Barquq, who formally arranged for one or more of their sons to succeed them.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=239}} More often than not, the sons of sultans were elected by the senior emirs with the intention that they serve as convenient figureheads presiding over an oligarchy of the emirs.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=240}}

Lesser-ranked emirs viewed the sultan as a peer whom they entrusted with ultimate authority and as a benefactor whom they expected to guarantee their salaries and monopoly on the military. When emirs felt the sultan was not ensuring their benefits, disruptive riots, [[Coup d'état|coup]] plots or delays to calls for service were all likely scenarios.{{sfn|Petry|1998|p=468}} Often, the practical restrictions on a sultan's power came from his own {{Transliteration|ar|khushdashiyya}},{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=248}} defined by historian [[Amalia Levanoni]] as "the fostering of a common bond between mamluks who belonged to the household of a single master and their loyalty towards him."{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=14}} The foundation of Mamluk organization and factional unity was based on the principles of {{Transliteration|ar|khushdashiyya}}, which was a crucial component of a sultan's authority and power.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=14}} The sultan also derived power from other emirs, with whom there was constant tension, particularly in peacetime. According to Holt, the factious nature of emirs who were not the sultan's {{Transliteration|ar|khushdashiyya}} stemmed from their primary loyalty being to their {{Transliteration|ar|ustadh}}. Emirs who were part of the sultan's {{Transliteration|ar|khushdashiyya}} also rebelled at times, particularly the {{Transliteration|ar|nuwwab}} of Syria who had power bases in their provinces. Typically, the faction most loyal to the sultan were the Royal Mamluks, particularly those whom the sultan had personally recruited and manumitted, as opposed to the {{Transliteration|ar|qarani}}s, who were recruited by his predecessors. The {{Transliteration|ar|qarani}}s occasionally constituted a hostile faction, such as with as-Salih Ayyub and the Qalawuni successors of al-Nasir Muhammad.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=248}}

Among the sultan's responsibilities were issuing and enforcing specific legal orders and general rules, making the decision to go to war, levying taxes for military campaigns, ensuring the proportionate distribution of food supplies throughout the empire and, in some cases, overseeing the investigation and punishment of alleged criminals. The sultan or his appointees led the Hajj caravans from Cairo and Damascus to Mecca in the capacity of {{Transliteration|ar|[[amir al-hajj]]}} (commander of the Hajj caravan). Starting with Qalawun, the sultans monopolized the provision of the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Kiswah|Kiswa]]}} (mantle) that was annually draped over the Kaaba, in addition to patronizing Jerusalem's [[Dome of the Rock]].{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=31}} Another prerogative, at least of the early Bahri sultans, was to import as many mamluks as possible, preferably those from the territories of the Mongols. The Mamluks' enemies, namely the Mongol states and their Muslim vassals, the Armenians, and the Crusaders, disrupted the flow of mamluks to the sultanate. Unable to meet the military's need for new mamluks, the sultans often resorted to recruiting {{Transliteration|ar|wafidiyya}} (Ilkhanid deserters or prisoners of war).{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=31–32}}

===Role of the caliph===
To legitimize their rule, the Mamluks presented themselves as the defenders of Islam, and, beginning with Baybars, sought confirmation of their executive authority from a [[caliph]]. The Ayyubids had owed their allegiance to the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], but the latter was destroyed when the Mongols sacked the Abbasid capital Baghdad in 1258 and killed Caliph [[al-Musta'sim]]. Three years later, Baybars reestablished the institution of the caliphate by making a member of the [[Abbasid dynasty]], [[al-Mustansir II|al-Mustansir]], caliph, who in turn confirmed Baybars as sultan.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|pp=30–31}} The caliph recognized the sultan's authority over Egypt, Syria, the Jazira, Diyar Bakr, the Hejaz and Yemen and any territory conquered from the Crusaders or Mongols.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=243}}

Al-Mustansir's Abbasid successors continued in their official capacity as caliphs, but held no real power.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|pp=30–31}} The less than year-long reign of Caliph al-Musta'in as sultan in 1412 was an anomaly.{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=248}} In an anecdotal testament to the caliph's lack of real authority, a group of rebellious mamluks responded to Lajin's presentation of the Caliph [[al-Hakim I|al-Hakim]]'s decree asserting Lajin's authority with the following comment, recorded by [[Ibn Taghribirdi]]: "Stupid fellow. For God's sake—who pays any heed to the caliph now?"{{sfn|Holt|2005|p=248}}

The Abbasid presence was nonetheless an important political asset for the legitimacy of the Mamluk rulers and conferred significant prestige on them.{{sfnm|Bosworth|1996|1pp=6–10|El-Hibri|2021|2p=272}} The caliphs themselves also continued to be relevant figureheads even to other Muslim rulers until the end of the 14th century; for example, the [[Delhi Sultanate|sultans of Delhi]], the [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarid]] sultan [[Mubariz al-Din Muhammad|Muhammad]], the [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirid]] sultan [[Ahmad Jalayir|Ahmad]], and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Bayezid I]] all sought diplomas of investiture from the Abbasid caliphs or declared nominal allegiance to them.{{Sfn|El-Hibri|2021|p=|pp=273–275}} During the 15th century, however, the institution of the caliphate declined in importance and the caliphs became little more than religious dignitaries who visited the sultan on special occasions.{{Sfn|El-Hibri|2021|p=275}} Among other changes, this was exemplified by a shift in the caliph's ceremonial role during the accession of a Mamluk sultan to power: whereas Baybars formally pledged an oath of allegiance (''[[bay'ah]]'') to the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir in 1261, some or most later caliphs formally performed a pledge of allegiance to the Mamluk sultan instead.{{Sfn|Holt|1984|p=504}}

=== Military and administrative hierarchy===

[[File:Three Mamelukes with lances on horseback.jpg|thumb|upright|Mamluk lancers, early 16th century (etching by [[Daniel Hopfer]]). [[British Museum]].]]

The sultans were products of the military hierarchy, entry into which was essentially restricted to mamluks. {{Transliteration|ar|Awlad al-nas}} could enter and rise high within the hierarchy,{{sfn|Stilt|2011|pp=22–23}} but typically did not enter military service. Instead, many entered into mercantile, scholastic or other civilian careers.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=20}} The army Baybars inherited consisted of Kurdish and Turkic tribesmen, refugees from the Ayyubid armies of Syria, and other troops from armies dispersed by the Mongols. After the Battle of Ain Jalut, Baybars restructured the army into three components: the Royal Mamluk regiment, the soldiers of the emirs, and the {{Transliteration|ar|halqa}} (non-mamluk soldiers). The Royal Mamluks, were under the direct command of the sultan and the highest-ranking body within the army, entry into which was exclusive.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=8}} The lower-ranking emirs had their own corps, akin to private armies,{{sfn|Stilt|2011|pp=22–23}} which were also mobilized by the sultan as needed.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=8}} As emirs were promoted, the number of soldiers in their corps increased, and when rival emirs challenged each other's authority, they often utilized their forces, leading to major disruptions of civilian life.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|pp=22–23}} The {{Transliteration|ar|halqa}} had inferior status to the mamluk regiments. It had its own administrative structure and was under the direct command of the sultan. The {{Transliteration|ar|halqa}} regiments declined in the 14th century when professional non-mamluk soldiers generally stopped joining the force.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=8–9}}

One of Baybars's early reforms was creating a clear and permanent hierarchy, a system which the Ayyubids had lacked. To that end, he established a ranking system for emirs of ten, forty and one hundred, each indicating the number of mamluks assigned to an emir's command. An emir of one hundred could further be assigned one thousand mounted soldiers during battle.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=11}} Baybars instituted uniformity within the army and ended the improvised nature of the Ayyubid forces in Egypt and Syria.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=9}} Baybars and Qalawun standardized the undefined Ayyubid policies of distributing {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} to emirs. This reform created a clear link between an emir's rank and the size of his {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}}.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=10}} Baybars started biweekly inspections of the troops to verify sultanic orders were implemented, in addition to the periodic inspections where he distributed new arms to the troops. Beginning under Qalawun, the sultan and the military administration recorded all emirs in the empire and defined their roles as part of the right or left flanks of the army during wartime.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=9}}

[[File:Horsemen wheeling around, with a sword in each one's hand on the horse's back. Dated 773 (1371) Mamluk Egypt or Syria.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Horsemen wheeling around, with a sword in each one's hand. ''Nihāyat al-su’l'' (horsemanship manual) by Aḥmad al-Miṣrī ("the Egyptian"), dated 1371, Mamluk Egypt or Syria.]]
Gradually, as mamluks filled administrative and courtier posts within the state, Mamluk innovations to the Ayyubid hierarchy were developed. The offices of {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar}} ([[majordomo]]), {{Transliteration|ar|hajib}} (chamberlain), {{Transliteration|ar|amir jandar}} (commander of the arsenal) and {{Transliteration|ar|khazindar}} (treasurer), which existed during the Ayyubid period, were preserved, but Baybars added the offices of {{Transliteration|ar|dawadar}} (secretary or adviser), {{Transliteration|ar|amir akhur}} (commander of the royal stables), {{Transliteration|ar|ru'us al-nawab}} (chief of the mamluk corps) and {{Transliteration|ar|amir majlis}} (commander of the audience). These additional offices were largely ceremonial posts and were closely connected to the military hierarchy.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|pp=11–12}}

The {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar}} (from the Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|ustadh al-dar}}, {{literal translation|master of the house}}) was the sultan's chief of staff, responsible for organizing the royal court's daily activities, managing the sultan's personal budget, and supervising all of the buildings of the Citadel of Cairo and its staff. The {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar}} was often referred to as the {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar al-aliya}} (grand master of the house) to distinguish from his subordinate {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar saghir}}s (lesser majordomos) who oversaw specific aspects of the court and citadel, such as the sultan's treasury, private property, and the kitchens of the citadel. Emirs had their own {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar}}s.{{sfn|Popper|1955|p=93}} The {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar al-aliya}} became a powerful office in the late 14th century, particularly under Barquq and al-Nasir Faraj, who transferred the responsibilities of the special bureau for their mamluks to the authority of the {{Transliteration|ar|ustadar}}, turning the latter into the state's chief financial official.{{sfn|Popper|1955|p=93}}{{sfn|Binbaş|2014|p=158}}

==Economy==
[[File:AKM11, A Blood-Measuring Device, folio from a manuscript of The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitab al-hiyal al-nafisa) Cairo 1354.jpg|thumb|''A Blood-Measuring Device'': folio from a manuscript of ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'' (Kitab al-hiyal al-nafisa) of [[Al-Jazari]] (1136–1206). Edition created for an amir of Mamluk Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] in [[Cairo]] in 1354.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Blood-Measuring Device, folio from a manuscript of The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitab al-hiyal al-nafisa), AKM11, The Aga Khan Museum |url=https://www.agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/blood-measuring-device-akm11 |website=Aga Khan Museum |language=en}}</ref>]]
The Mamluk economy essentially consisted of two spheres: the state economy, which was organized like an elite household and controlled by the caste government headed by the sultan, and the free market economy, which was the domain of society and associated with the local subjects, in contrast to the ethnic outsiders of the ruling elite.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=254}} The Mamluks introduced greater centralization of the economy by organizing the state bureaucracy in Cairo (Damascus and Aleppo already had organized bureaucracies), and the military hierarchy and its associated {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} system. In Egypt, the centrality of the Nile River facilitated Mamluk centralization of the region.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=253}} The Mamluks used the same currency system as the Ayyubids, consisting of gold [[dinar]]s, silver [[dirham]]s and copper [[fals|fulus]].{{sfn|Islahi|1988|p=42}} The monetary system during the Mamluk period was highly unstable due to frequent monetary changes enacted by the sultans. Increased circulation of copper coins and the increased use of copper in dirhams often led to inflation.{{sfn|Islahi|1988|p=43}}

The Mamluks created an administrative body called the {{Transliteration|ar|[[hisba]]}} to supervise the market, with a {{Transliteration|ar|[[muhtasib]]}} (inspector-general) in charge. There were four {{Transliteration|ar|muhtasib}}s based in Cairo, Alexandria, [[al-Fustat]] and Lower Egypt. The {{Transliteration|ar|muhtasib}} in Cairo was the most important and his position akin to a finance minister. The ''muhtasib'' inspected weights and measures and the quality of goods, maintained legal trade, and detected price gouging.{{sfn|Islahi|1988|p=42}} A qadi or Muslim scholar occupied the post, but in the 15th century, mamluk emirs began to be appointed as {{Transliteration|ar|muhtasibs}} to recompense them during cash shortages or as a result of the gradual shift of the {{Transliteration|ar|muhtasib}}'s role from the legal realm to enforcement.{{sfn|Elbendary|2015|pp=38–39}}

==={{Transliteration|ar|Iqtaʿ}} system===
The {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} system was inherited from the Ayyubids and further organized under the Mamluks to fit their military needs.{{sfn|van Steenbergen|2005|p=475}} {{Transliteration|ar|Iqtaʿat}} were a central component of the Mamluk power structure.{{sfn|Elbendary|2015|p=37}} The {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} of the Muslims differed from the European concept of fiefs in that the {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} represented a right to collect revenue from a fixed territory and was accorded to an officer (an emir) as income and a financial source to provision his soldiers. Before the Mamluks' rise, there was a growing tendency of {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} holders to treat their {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} as personal, heritable property. The Mamluks effectively ended this, with the exception of some areas, mainly in [[Mount Lebanon]], where longtime [[Druze]] {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} holders (see [[Buhturids]]), who became part of the {{Transliteration|ar|halqa}}, successfully resisted the abolition of their hereditary {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}}.{{sfn|Salibi|1967|pp=146–147}} In the Mamluk era, the {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} was an emir's main income source,{{sfn|Elbendary|2015|pp=37–38}} and starting in 1337,{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=171}} {{Transliteration|ar|Iqtaʿ}} holders sometimes leased or sold rights to their {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} to non-mamluks to extract more profits.{{sfn|Elbendary|2015|pp=37–38}} By 1343, the practice was commonplace and by 1347, the sale of {{Transliteration|ar|iqta'at}} became taxed.{{sfn|Levanoni|1995|p=171}} The {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} was a more stable revenue source than other methods the Mamluks employed, such as tax hikes, the sale of administrative offices, and extortion of the population.{{sfn|Elbendary|2015|pp=37–38}} According to historian Jo van Steenbergen, <blockquote>The {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} system was fundamental in assuring a legitimized, controlled and guaranteed access to the resources of the Syro-Egyptian realm to an upper level of Mamluk society that was primarily military in form and organization. As such it was a fundamental feature of Mamluk society, on the one hand giving way to a military hierarchy that crystallized into an even more developed economic hierarchy and that had substantial economic interests in society at large; on the other hand, it deeply characterized the realm's economic and social development, its agriculture, [[grain trade]], and rural demography in particular.{{sfn|van Steenbergen|2005|p=475}}</blockquote>

The system consisted of land assignments from the state in return for military services. Land was assessed by the periodic {{Transliteration|ar|rawk}} ([[cadastral survey]]), which was a survey of land parcels (measured by {{Transliteration|ar|[[feddan]]}} units), assessment of land quality, and the annual estimated tax revenue of the parcels, and classification of a parcel's legal status as {{Transliteration|ar|waqf}} (endowment) or {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}}.{{sfn|van Steenbergen|2005|p=476}} The {{Transliteration|ar|rawk}} organized the {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} system and the first was carried out in 1298 under Lajin. A second and final {{Transliteration|ar|rawk}} was completed in 1315 under al-Nasir Muhammad and influenced political and economic developments of the Mamluk Sultanate until its fall in the early 16th century.{{sfn|van Steenbergen|2005|p=477}}

Gradually, the {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} system was expanded, and increasingly larger areas of {{Transliteration|ar|kharaj}} (taxable lands) were appropriated as {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} lands to meet the fiscal needs of the military, namely payment of emirs and their subordinates. The state resolved to increase allotments by dispersing an emir's {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}} across several provinces and for short terms. This led to {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} holders neglecting the administrative oversight, maintenance, and infrastructure of their {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿat}}, and concentrating solely on collecting taxes, resulting in less productivity.{{sfn|Elbendary|2015|pp=37–38}}

===Agriculture===
[[File:Mamluk Carpet, Egypt - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Mamluk Wool Carpet, Egypt, {{Circa|1500}}–1550. [[Museum of Islamic Art, Doha]]]]
Agriculture was the primary source of revenue in the Mamluk economy.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=254}}{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=23}} Agricultural products were the main exports of Mamluk Egypt, Syria and Palestine. Moreover, the major industries of sugar and textile production depended on crops (sugar cane and cotton).{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=254}} Every agricultural commodity was taxed by the state, with the sultan's treasury taking the largest share of the revenues; emirs and major private brokers followed. An emir's main source of income were the agricultural products of his {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}}.<ref name="Stilt24">Stilt 2011, p. 24.</ref>

In Egypt, Mamluk centralization of agricultural production was more thorough than in Syria and Palestine. All agriculture in Egypt depended on a single source of irrigation, the Nile, and the measures and rights to irrigation were determined by the river's flooding, whereas in Syria and Palestine, there were multiple sources of mostly rain-fed irrigation, and measures and rights were determined at the local level. Centralization in Syria and Palestine was also more complicated than in Egypt due to the diversity of those regions' geography and their frequent invasions.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=270}} The state's role in Syro-Palestinian agriculture was restricted to the fiscal administration and to the irrigation networks and other rural infrastructure.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=269}} Although the degree of centralization was not as high as in Egypt, the Mamluks imposed sufficient control over the Syrian economy to derive significant revenues. The maintenance of the Mamluk army in Syria relied on the state's control over Syrian agricultural revenues.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=277}}

Among the responsibilities of a Mamluk provincial or district governor were repopulating abandoned areas to foster agricultural production, protecting the lands from Bedouin raids, increasing productivity in barren lands (likely through the upkeep and expansion of existing irrigation networks), and devoting special attention to the cultivation of the more arable low-lying regions.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|pp=269, 271}} To ensure rural life was undisturbed by Bedouin raiding, which disrupted agricultural work or damaged crops and agrarian infrastructure and thus decreased revenues, the Mamluks attempted to prevent Bedouin armament and confiscate existing weapons from them.{{sfn|Northrup|1998b|p=261}}

===Trade and industry===
[[File:Al-Jazarī (d. 1206), The Musical Boat. Mamluk period, 1315.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Al-Jazarī]] (d. 1206), ''The Musical Boat''. Mamluk period, 1315.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Currie |first1=Gabriela |last2=Christensen |first2=Lars |publisher=Cambridge University Press |title=Eurasian Musical Journeys: Five Tales |date=April 2022 |page=74 |doi=10.1017/9781108913805 |isbn=9781108913805 |s2cid=248169243 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108913805 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Egypt and Syria played a central transit role in international trade in the [[Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Islahi|1988|p=39}} Early into their rule, the Mamluks expanded the empire's role in foreign trade, with Baybars signing a commercial treaty with [[Genoa]] and Qalawun signing a similar agreement with [[Ceylon]].{{sfn|Islahi|1988|p=40}} By the 15th century, internal upheaval from Mamluk power struggles, diminishing {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} revenue from plagues, and the encroachment of abandoned farmlands by Bedouin tribes had led to a financial crisis in the sultanate.{{sfn|Christ|2012|p=32}} To compensate these losses, the Mamluks applied a three-pronged approach: taxing the urban middle classes, boosting production and sale of cotton and sugar to Europe, and profiting from their transit position in the trade between Europe and the Far East. The last was the Mamluks' most lucrative policy and was accomplished by cultivating trade ties with [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], Genoa and [[Principality of Catalonia|Barcelona]], and increasing tariffs on commodities.{{sfn|Christ|2012|p=33}} At this time, the long-established trade between Europe and the Islamic world began to make up a significant part of state revenues as the Mamluks taxed the merchants operating or passing through the empire's ports.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=24}}

Mamluk Egypt was a major producer of textiles and a supplier of raw materials for Western Europe.{{sfn|Petry|1981|p=244}} The frequent outbreaks of the Black Plague led to a decline in the production of textiles, silk products, sugar, glass, soaps, and paper, which coincided with the Europeans' increasing production of these goods. Trade continued nonetheless and despite papal restrictions on trade with the Muslims during the Crusades. Mediterranean trade was dominated by spices, such as pepper, muscat nuts and flowers, cloves and cinnamon, as well as medicinal drugs and indigo. These goods originated in Persia, [[Medieval India|India]], and [[Southeast Asia]] and made their way to Europe via the Mamluk ports of Syria and Egypt. These ports were frequented by European merchants, who in turn sold gold and silver [[ducat]]s and [[bullion]], silk, wool and linen fabrics, furs, wax, honey, and cheeses.{{sfn|Christ|2012|pp=19–20}}

Under Barsbay, a state monopoly was established on luxury goods, namely spices, with the state setting prices and collecting a percentage of the profits.{{sfn|Stilt|2011|p=24}} In 1387, Barsbay established direct control over Alexandria, the principal Egyptian commercial port, transferring its tax revenues to his personal treasury ({{Transliteration|ar|diwan al-khass}}) instead of the imperial treasury, which was linked with the military's {{Transliteration|ar|iqtaʿ}} system. In 1429, he ordered the spice trade to Europe be conducted through Cairo before goods reached Alexandria to end the direct transportation of spices from the Red Sea to Alexandria.{{sfn|Christ|2012|pp=33–34}} In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the Portuguese expansion into Africa and Asia significantly decreased the revenues of the Mamluk–Venetian monopoly on trans-Mediterranean trade. This contributed to and coincided with the fall of the sultanate.{{sfn|Varlik|2015|p=163}}

== Culture ==

=== Art ===
{{See also|Mamluk carpets}}
[[File:Siria, bacile detto battistero di s.luigi, 1320-40 ca, firmato muhammad ibn al-zayn, con restauri del 1821, ottone incr. d'oro, arge e pasta nera 02.JPG|thumb|[[Baptistère de Saint Louis]], basin from the reign of [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] (r.1285-1341), which from the 17th century was used as a baptismal font for [[Kingdom of France|French Kings]]. [[Louvre]]]]
Mamluk decorative arts—especially [[Enamelled glass|enameled]] and [[Gilding|gilded]] glass, [[Inlay|inlaid]] metalwork, woodwork, and textiles—were prized around the Mediterranean as well as in Europe, where they had a profound impact on local production. Mamluk glassware influenced the [[Venetian glass]] industry.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yalman|first1=Suzan|title=The Art of the Mamluk Period (1250–1517)|url=http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/maml/hd_maml.htm|website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|date=October 2001 |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> Trade with Iran, India, and [[History of China#Late imperial China|China]] was even more extensive, turning Mamluk cities into centers of both trade and consumption. Imported luxury goods from the East sometimes influenced local artistic vocabularies, as exemplified by the incorporation of Chinese motifs into both objects and architecture. The Mamluks themselves, as former slaves who rose through the ranks by their own efforts, were status-conscious patrons who commissioned luxury objects marked with emblems of their ownership. Architecture was the most significant form of Mamluk patronage and numerous artistic objects were commissioned to furnish Mamluk religious buildings, such as glass lamps, Qur'an manuscripts, brass candlesticks, and wooden [[minbar]]s. Decorative motifs in one art form were often applied in other art forms, including architecture.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=97}}

Patronage varied over time, but the two high points of the arts were the reigns of al-Nasir Muhammad and Qaitbay.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=97}} Some art forms also varied in importance over time. For example, enameled glassware was a prominent industry during the first half of the Mamluk period but declined significantly in the 15th century. Most of the surviving examples of carpets, by contrast, date from the end of the Mamluk period. Ceramic production was relatively less important overall, in part because [[Chinese ceramics|Chinese porcelains]] were widely available.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=99}}

[[File:Opening text pages with illuminated chapter headings, verse markers and borders.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Qur'an commissioned by sultan [[al-Ashraf Sha'ban]], dated to 1372<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GV1oQgAACAAJ |title=Qurʾāns of the Mamlūks |date=1988 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-97367-7 |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref><ref>This manuscript is part of the [[Egyptian National Library and Archives|National Library of Egypt's]] Collection of Mamluk Qur'an Manuscripts inscribed in the [[UNESCO]] [[Memory of the World Programme#Memory of the World Register|Memory of the World Register]]</ref>]]
In the art of manuscript decoration, the Qur'an was the book most commonly produced with a high degree of artistic elaboration.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=99}} Cairo, Damascus, and Aleppo were among the main centers of manuscript production. Mamluk-period Qur'ans were richly [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] and exhibit stylistic similarities with those produced under the contemporary Ilkhanids in Iran. The production of high-quality paper at this time also allowed for pages to be larger, which encouraged artists to elaborate new motifs and designs to fill these larger formats. Some manuscripts could be monumental in size; for example, one Qur'an manuscript produced for al-Ashraf Sha'ban measured between 75 and 105 centimetres tall. One of the stylistic features that distinguished Mamluk manuscript decoration was the presence of gilded foliate [[scroll (art)|scrollwork]] over pastel-coloured backgrounds set within wide margins. [[Book frontispiece|Frontispieces]] were often decorated with star-shaped or hexagonal geometric motifs.{{sfn|Farhad|Rettig|2016|pp=104–105}}

Metalware, whether in the form of ewers, basins, or candlesticks, was widely used in various contexts and many examples have survived today. They were made of brass or bronze with inlaid decoration, though in the later periods decoration was often engraved rather than inlaid. The quality and quantity of metalwork was also generally higher in the early period.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=97}} One of the best examples of this period is the so-called [[Baptistère de Saint Louis|Baptistère of Saint-Louis]] (kept at the [[Louvre]] today), a large brass basin inlaid with [[arabesque]]s and horizontal scenes of animals, hunters, and riders playing [[polo]].{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=99}} An example of the later period is a series of candlesticks commissioned by Qaitbay for Muhammad's tomb in the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. They are made of engraved brass, with black bitumen filling parts of the surfaces in order to create contrast with the motifs in polished brass. Their decoration consists almost entirely of [[Islamic calligraphy|Arabic calligraphy]], with the {{Transliteration|ar|[[thuluth]]}} script prominently used.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=109}}

Glass lamps were another high point of Mamluk art, particularly those commissioned for mosques. Egypt and Syria already possessed a rich tradition of [[Glass production|glassmaking]] before this period and Damascus was the most important production center during the Mamluk period. Coloured glass had been common in the preceding Ayyubid period, but during the Mamluk period enamel and gilding became the most important techniques of decorating glass. Mosque lamps had a bulbous body with a wide flaring neck at the top. They were produced in the thousands and suspended from the ceiling by chains.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=107}}

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Mamluk architecture}}

[[File:Qaytbay complex DSCF0423.jpg|thumb|[[Funerary complex of Sultan Qaitbay]] (built 1470–1474), one of the finest examples of late [[Mamluk architecture]]]]
Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007}}{{sfn|Williams|2018}}{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=70}} While Cairo was the main center of patronage, Mamluk architecture also appears in Damascus, Jerusalem, Aleppo, and Medina.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|pp=70, 85–87, 92–93}} Patrons, including sultans and high-ranking emirs, typically set out to build mausoleums for themselves but attached to them charitable structures such as [[madrasa]]s, {{Transliteration|ar|zawiya}}s, {{Transliteration|ar|[[Sebil (fountain)|sabil]]}}s (public fountains), or mosques. The revenues and expenses of these charitable complexes were governed by inalienable {{Transliteration|ar|waqf}} agreements that also served the secondary purpose of ensuring some form of income or property for the patrons' descendants.{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=70}}{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=}}

The cruciform or [[four-iwan floor plan]] was adopted for madrasas and became more common for new monumental complexes than the traditional [[hypostyle]] mosque, though the vaulted iwans of the early period were replaced with flat-roofed iwans in the later period.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|pp=73–77}}{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=30}} The decoration of monuments also became more elaborate over time, with stone-carving and colored marble paneling and mosaics (including {{Transliteration|ar|[[ablaq]]}}) replacing stucco as the most dominant architectural decoration. Monumental decorated entrance portals became common compared to earlier periods, often carved with {{Transliteration|ar|[[muqarnas]]}}. Influences from Syria, Ilkhanid Iran, and possibly even Venice were evident in these trends.{{sfn|Williams|2018|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|pp=83–84}} [[Minaret]]s, which were also elaborate, usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. Late Mamluk minarets, for example, most typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the second, and a lantern structure with [[finial]] on the third level.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=31}}{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=79}} Domes also transitioned from wooden or brick structures, sometimes of bulbous shape, to pointed stone domes with complex geometric or arabesque motifs carved into their outer surfaces.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|pp=80–84}} The peak of this stone dome architecture was achieved under Qaitbay in the late 15th century.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=34}}

After the Ottoman conquest of 1517, new Ottoman-style buildings were introduced, however the Mamluk style continued to be repeated or combined with Ottoman elements in many subsequent monuments. Some building types which first appeared in the late Mamluk period, such as {{Transliteration|ar|sabil-kuttab}}s (a combination of {{Transliteration|ar|sabil}} and {{Transliteration|ar|[[kuttab]]}}) and multi-storied [[caravanserai]]s ({{Transliteration|ar|wikala}}s or khans), actually grew in number during the Ottoman period.{{sfn|Williams|2018|p=17}} In modern times, from the late 19th century onwards, a [[neo-Mamluk style]] also appeared, partly as a nationalist response against Ottoman and European styles, in an effort to promote local 'Egyptian' styles.{{sfn|Sanders|2008|pp=39–41}}{{sfn|Avcıoğlu|Volait|2017|pp=1140–1142}}<ref name="Rawi">{{Cite web|title=Neo-Mamluk Style Beyond Egypt|url=https://rawi-magazine.com/articles/neomamluk/|access-date=2021-06-10|website=Rawi Magazine}}</ref>

=== Emblems and blazons ===
[[File:Mosque Lamp of Amir Qawsun MET DP214292 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Mosque lamp]] of [[Qawsun|Amir Qawsun]], dated 1329. Qawsun's [[blazon]], a red cup on a yellow field, is prominently visible on the upper section. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=217}}]]
Mamluks sultans and emirs had personal blazons, which were important symbols of their status and a distinctive cultural feature of the Mamluk ruling class.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=94}}{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=213}}{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2014|p=178}} With the possible exception of the earliest years of the regime, Mamluks chose their own blazons.{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=213}} This was done while they were emirs and the blazon usually symbolized the office or position they held at this time.{{sfn|Hathaway|2012|p=97}}{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=213}} The blazon appeared on their banners and it was retained even after they became sultans.{{sfn|Hathaway|2012|p=97}} Such blazons were an important feature of Mamluk visual culture and they are found on all kinds of objects manufactured for Mamluk patrons.{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=213}}{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2014|p=178}} They were also featured in Mamluk architecture, though less consistently.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=94}} This [[Heraldry|heraldic]] practice was unique in the medieval Muslim world.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2014|p=178}}

Unlike European heraldry, Mamluk blazons used a much more limited set of images and symbols for their [[Charge (heraldry)|charges]]: only about forty-five symbols were used. Early Mamluk blazons were simple, usually featuring a single symbol such as a cup, sword, or an animal. Some banners were merely distinguished by patterned fabrics and plain geometric divisions.{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=213}} The blazon of Baybars was a panther, lion, or leopard,{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=94}}{{sfn|Petry|2022|p=13}} while that of Qalawun, according to one author, was a [[fleur-de-lis]].{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2007|p=94}} From the late 13th century to the mid 14th century, the crescent moon appears on Mamluk ceramics and some Mamluk coins, either alone or in conjunction with other symbols, though it was rarely used for personal blazons.<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|volume=3|last1=Ettinghausen|first1=Richard|article=Hilāl|pages=382–383}}</ref> Starting with al-Nasir Muhammad, epigraphic blazons (with Arabic calligraphy) became part of the heraldic repertoire.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2009|pp=149–159}}

From the late 14th to the mid-15th centuries, blazons became more complex and their [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|shields]] were usually divided into three parts, with the main symbol placed within each division, sometimes in pairs. After this, late Mamluk blazons became even more elaborate but were more homogenous in style. They were filled with details, including up to five or six different symbols. By this point, they were possibly no longer used as individualized personal blazons but perhaps more as general marks of their social class.{{sfn|Nickel|1972|p=213}}

The Mamluk sultans also followed the Ayyubids in using yellow as the official colour associated with the sultan and used on sultanic banners.{{sfn|Hathaway|2012|p=97}} Baybars is said to have noted the yellow colour of his banners in opposition to the red banners of [[Bohemond VI of Antioch|Bohemund VI]].{{sfn|Bloom|Blair|2009|p=76}} After Selim II conquered Damascus in 1516, a contemporary writer, Ibn Tulun, noted that the rich yellow silk banner of the Mamluks was replaced by the plain red banner of the Ottomans.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|2012|p=309}} Red banners are also known to have been used by the Mamluks, as the historian [[Ibn Taghribirdi]] (d. 1470) recorded that Sultan al-Mu'ayyad gifted a red banner to one of his vassals in Anatolia.{{sfn|Hathaway|2012|p=97}}
[[File:Mamluk Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|Representation of Mamluk Egypt in the medieval European [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375)]]
Various symbols were also used to represent the Mamluk realm in European sources. The ''[[Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms]]'', written by an anonymous European author after 1360, attributes to Cairo a white flag with a blue crescent moon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Warner |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXQAwAEACAAJ |title=The True Description of Cairo: A Sixteenth-century Venetian View |publisher=Arcadian Library; Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-714406-0 |pages=20–22 (see also footnotes on p. 22) |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375, created by a [[Majorcan cartographic school|Majorcan]] cartographer (likely [[Abraham Cresques]]), the Mamluk empire is symbolized by the drawing of a Muslim ruler shown with a green parrot on his arm, the latter possibly a symbol of nobility.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Massing |first=Jean Michel |url=https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/research/publications/pdfs/circa-1492.pdf |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |editor-last=Levenson |editor-first=Jay A. |pages=27 |language=en |chapter=Observations and beliefs: the World of the Catalan Atlas}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Next to this, an icon symbolizing [[Babylon Fortress|Babylon]] (alongside Cairo), is marked by a yellow flag with a crescent moon, with the crescent representing Muslim rule. Nearby, the city of Alexandria is marked with a flag containing the panther symbol of the former Sultan Baybars, whose reputation was known from the Crusades.<ref name=":0" />

==List of sultans==
{{main|List of Mamluk sultans}}

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
*[[Furusiyya]]
*[[Egypt in the Middle Ages]]
*[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
*[[Military of the Mamluk Sultanate]]
*[[Janibak al-Sufi revolt]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

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*{{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |author-link1=Peter Holt (historian) |last2=Daly |first2=M. W. |title=A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day |year=1961 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=978-1-317-86366-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXB_BAAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |author-link=Peter M. Holt |title=Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/618882 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=47 |issue=3 |year=1984 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00113710 |s2cid=161092185}}
*{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |title=The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 |year=1986 |publisher=Addison Wesley Longman |isbn=978-1-317-87152-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqasAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{EI2 |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |volume=6 |article=Mamlūks |pages=321–330}}
*{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |editor-last=Hawting |editor-first=G.R. |editor-link=G. R. Hawting |title=Muslims, Mongols and Crusaders: An Anthology of Articles Published in the Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-45096-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97xNuTDSy7wC |chapter=The Position and Power of the Mamluk Sultan}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Holt |first1=Peter M. |last2=Baker |first2=Raymond William |last3=Smith |first3=Charles Gordon |last4=Hopwood |first4=Derek |last5=Little |first5=Donald P. |last6=Goldschmidt |first6=Arthur Eduard |article=Egypt: History: The Mamluk and Ottoman periods (1250–1800) |date=2025 |title= |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Egypt/The-Mamluk-and-Ottoman-periods-1250-1800}}
*{{cite book |last1=Irwin |first1=Robert |title=The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382 |date=1986 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |location=Carbondale, Illinois |isbn=0-8093-1286-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0K7tAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |title=A History of African Societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC}}
*{{cite book |last=Islahi |first=Abdul Azim |title=Economic Concepts of Ibn Taimiyah |year=1988 |publisher=The Islamic Foundation |isbn=978-0-86037-665-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G04xCgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=James |first=David |title=The Arab Book |year=1983 |publisher=Chester Beatty Library |isbn= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5fOMgEACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Joinville |first=Jean |title=Memoirs of John lord de Joinville |year=1807 |publisher=Gyan Books}}
*{{cite book |last=King |first=David A. |title=World-Maps for Finding the Direction and Distance to Mecca |year=1999 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11367-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATdIEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Levanoni |first=Amalia |title=A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341) |year=1995 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10182-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C}}
*{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Justin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHXJAwAAQBAJ |title=The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-89048-5}}
*{{cite book |last=McGregor |first=Andrew James |title=A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-2759-8601-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo00andr/page/15}}
*{{cite book |last=Muslu |first=Cihan Yüksel |title=The Ottomans and the Mamluks: Imperial Diplomacy and Warfare in the Islamic World |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-85773-580-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7iKDwAAQBAJ&dq=qaytbay+shah+suwar&pg=PT106}}
*{{cite book |last=Nickel |first=Helmut |editor-last=Ettinghausen |editor-first=Richard |title=Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-87099-111-0 |pages=213–226 |chapter=A Mamluk Axe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-4slWpMYV8C&pg=PA213}}
*{{cite book |last=Nicolle |first=David |title=Mamluk 'Askari 1250–1517 |year=2014 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-929-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLZ-BAAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Northrup |first=Linda |title=From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678–689 A.H./1279–1290 A.D.) |year=1998a |publisher=Franz Steiner |isbn=978-3-515-06861-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DivRsJGJaKwC}}
*{{cite book |last=Northrup |first=Linda S. |editor-last=Petry |editor-first=Carl F. |title=The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt 640–1517 |year=1998b |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-06885-7 |chapter=The Bahri Mamluk Sultanate}}
*{{cite book |last=Paine |first=Lincoln |title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-101-97035-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QITaCwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Petry |first=Carl F. |title=The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages |year=1981 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5641-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m97_AwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Petry |first=Carl F. |title=Twilight of Majesty: The Reigns of the Mamlūk Sultans Al-Ashrāf Qāytbāy and Qanṣūh Al-Ghawrī in Egypt |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-295-97307-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Petry |first=Carl F. |editor-last=Petry |editor-first=Carl F. |title=The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-06885-7 |chapter=The Military Institution and Innovation in the Late Mamluk Period |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA452}}
*{{cite book |last=Petry |first=Carl F. |title=The Mamluk Sultanate: A History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-108-47104-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Petry |first=Carl F. |title=The Civilian Elite of Cairo in the Later Middle Ages |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-5641-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m97_AwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Popper |first=William |title=Egypt and Syria Under the Circassian Sultans, 1382–1468 A.D.: Systematic Notes to Ibn Taghrî Birdî's Chronicles of Egypt, Volume 1 |year=1955 |publisher=University of California Press |author-link=William Popper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7ANAAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Eve M. Trout |title=Tell This in My Memory: Stories of Enslavement from Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Empire |year=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-8375-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR1Kb-Tl7hcC}}
*{{cite book |last=Rabbat |first=Nasser |editor-last=Kennedy |editor-first=Hugh N. |editor-link=Hugh N. Kennedy |title=The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800) |year=2001 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11794-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-iu6u8GkvkC&q=kuttab&pg=PA60 |chapter=Representing the Mamluks in Mamluk Historical Writing}}
*{{cite book |last=Rabbat |first=Nasser O. |title=The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mameluk Architecture |year=1995 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10124-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ep8I5jCD8QC}}
*{{cite book |last1=Raymond |first1=André |title=Le Caire |date=1993 |publisher=Fayard |isbn=978-2-213-02983-2 |language=fr}}
*{{cite book |last=Rodenbeck |first=Max |title=Cairo: The City Victorious |year=1999 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |isbn=0-679-44651-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16vtAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite journal |last=Salibi |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Salibi |title=Northern Lebanon Under the Dominance of Ġazīr (1517–1591) |journal=Arabica |year=1967 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=144–166 |doi=10.1163/157005867X00029 |jstor=4055631}}
*{{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Paula |title=Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-century Egypt |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-977-416-095-0}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sharon |first1=M. |title=A New Fâṭimid Inscription from Ascalon and Its Historical Setting |journal='Atiqot |date=1995 |volume=26 |pages=61–86 |jstor=23457057 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23457057}}
*{{cite book |last=Shayyal |first=Jamal |title=Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt) |publisher=Dar al-Maref |location=Cairo |year=1967 |isbn=978-977-02-5975-7}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wqaKAAACAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=van Steenbergen |first=Jo |editor1-last=Vermeulen |editor1-first=Urbain |editor2-last=van Steenbergen |editor2-first=Jo |title=Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV |year=2005 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1524-4 |chapter=Identifying a Late Medieval Cadastral Survey of Egypt |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk6tAUL5ZWYC&pg=PA477}}
*{{cite book |last=Stilt |first=Kristen |title=Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-960243-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVaebZA94d4C}}
*{{cite book |last=Streusand |first=Douglas E. |title=Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-429-96813-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux-yDwAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Teule |first=Herman G. B. |editor1-last=Thomas |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Mallett |editor2-first=Alex |title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350–1500) |year=2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25278-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgy7SN3ZixsC&pg=PA11 |chapter=Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350–1516}}
*{{cite book |last=Varlik |first=Nükhet |title=Plague and Empire in the Early Modern Mediterranean World: The Ottoman Experience, 1347–1600 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/plagueempireinea0000varl |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1-316-35182-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |isbn=978-0-7141-1947-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Caroline |title=Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide |year=2018 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |edition=7th |isbn=978-977-416-855-0}}
*{{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Michael |editor1-last=Philipp |editor1-first=Thomas |editor2-last=Haarmann |editor2-first=Ulrich |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian Politics and Society |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59115-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoPF9T4ZiWsC&pg=PA96 |chapter=The Re-Emergence of the Mamluks Following the Ottoman Conquest}}
*{{cite journal |last=Yosef |first=Koby |title=Dawlat al-atrāk or dawlat al-mamālīk? Ethnic Origin or Slave Origin as the Defining Characteristic of the Ruling Élite in the Mamlūk Sultanate |year=2012 |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=39 |publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem |pages=387–410}}
*{{cite journal |last=Yosef |first=Koby |title=The Term Mamlūk and Slave Status during the Mamluk Sultanate |journal=Al-Qanṭara |doi=10.3989/alqantara.2013.001 |volume=34 |issue=1 |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |pages=7–34 |year=2013 |doi-access=free}}

===Primary sources===
{{refbegin}}
*[[Abu al-Fida]], ''[[The Concise History of Humanity or Chronicles|The Concise History of Humanity]]''
* [[Al-Maqrizi]], Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
* Idem in English: Bohn, Henry G., ''The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades'', AMS Press, 1969.
* Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, {{ISBN|978-977-241-175-7}}
* Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, ''Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte'', Paris 1895.
*[[Ibn Taghribirdi]], al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
* Idem in English: ''History of Egypt'', by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954.
*[[Ibn Iyas]], and [[Gaston Wiet]], translator, Journal d'un Bourgeois du Caire. Paris: 1955.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{EI3|last=Petry|first=Carl Forbes|year=2012|title=Circassians, Mamlūk|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/circassians-mamluk-COM_24404?s.num=7&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Caucasus}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Winter |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Levanoni |editor2-first=Amalia |title=The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society |year=2004 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-13286-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBBMJJTEoKMC}}

{{Egypt topics}}

{{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}

[[Category:Mamluk Sultanate| ]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:16th-century disestablishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Former countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Former countries in West Asia]]
[[Category:Former empires]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Former transcontinental empires]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Egypt]]
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[[Category:Medieval history of Libya]]
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[[Category:Medieval history of Syria]]
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1250]]

Science and technology in India

2026-03-05T17:27:34Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Dr Vikram Sarabhai ISRO.webp|thumb|[[Vikram Sarabhai]]—a physicist considered to be 'the father of India's space program'<ref>Burleson, D. (2008). ''Space Programs Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country''. McFarland. 136. {{ISBN|0-7864-1852-4}}</ref>—was instrumental in the creation of both the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] and the [[Physical Research Laboratory]].|alt=]]

After independence, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[prime minister of India]], initiated reforms to promote higher education and '''science and technology in India'''.<ref name=nanda/> The [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT)—conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education—was inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at [[Kharagpur]] in West Bengal by the [[Minister of Education (India)|minister of education]] [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref name="vrat" /> More IITs were soon opened in [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], [[Kanpur]] and [[Delhi]] as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s along with the Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) (now [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NIT). Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the [[Soviet Union]] enabled [[ISRO]] to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance [[nuclear power in India]] even after [[Smiling Buddha|the first nuclear test explosion by India]] on 18 May 1974 at [[Pokhran]].

India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on [[research and development]] in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007. However, according to former Indian science and technology minister [[Kapil Sibal]], India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries.<ref name="Kapil Sibal"/> India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States.<ref name="Kapil Sibal">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/india-lagging-behind-in-s&tt-govt/424607/|title=India lagging behind in S&Tt: Govt|date=17 February 2009}}</ref> India invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology in 2002–2003.<ref name="scidevlagging"/> For comparison, China invested about four times more than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more than India on science and technology.<ref name="scidevlagging">{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/new-technologies/space-technology/news/india-lagging-in-science-and-technology-says-offi.html|title=India lagging in science and technology, says official|publisher=scidev.net|date=29 August 2006}}</ref> Research and development spending grew to US$17.2 Billion in 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviving India's R&D Funding |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/reviving-india-s-r-d-funding |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>

While India has increased its output of scientific papers fourfold between 2000 and 2015 overtaking Russia and France in absolute number of papers per year, that rate has been exceeded by China and Brazil; Indian papers generate fewer cites than average, and relative to its population it has few scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1038/521142a|title = India by the numbers|year = 2015|last1 = Van Noorden|first1 = Richard|journal = Nature|volume = 521|issue = 7551|pages = 142–143|pmid = 25971491|bibcode = 2015Natur.521..142V|s2cid = 4444175|doi-access = free}}</ref> In the quality-adjusted [[Nature Index]] India was ranked ninth worldwide in 2023 and recorded faster growth than China in this year, albeit from a lower base.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders: India follows in China's footsteps as top ten changes again |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/nature-index-research-leaders-india-follows-china-footsteps |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Nature Index |language=en}}</ref>

India is ranked 38th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/india |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

==History==
{{for|the history of science and technology in pre-Independence India|History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Homi_Jehangir_Bhabha_1960s.jpg|thumb|[[Homi Jehangir Bhabha]] was a nuclear physicist known as "father of the [[India and weapons of mass destruction|Indian nuclear program]]".]]

=== 1947–1967 ===
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Old Building 1951.jpg|thumb|left|The office of the Hijli Detention Camp (''photographed September 1951'') served as the calling of [[IIT Kharagpur]].]]
India aimed "to convert India's economy into that of a modern state and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly."<ref name=nanda>Nanda 2006</ref> It was understood that India had not been at the forefront of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and hence made an effort to promote [[higher education]], and science and technology in India.<ref name=nanda/>

The [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] (1950) fixed investment levels, prescribed priorities, divided funds between [[Agriculture in India|agriculture]] and [[Industrial sector|industry]], and divided resources between the state and the [[Government of India|federal]] [[governments]].<ref name=nanda/> The result of the efforts between 1947 and 1962 saw the area under irrigation increase by {{convert|45|e6acre|km2}}, food production rise by 34 million [[metric tons]], installed power generating capacity increase by 79 million [[kilowatts]], and an overall increase of 94 percent in [[industrial production]].<ref name=nanda/> The enormous population rise, however, would balance the gains.<ref name=nanda/> The economically beleaguered country was nevertheless able to build a large scientific workforce, second in numbers only to that of the United States and the Soviet Union.<ref name=nanda/>

Education—provided by the government of India—was free and compulsory up to the Age of 14.<ref name=prabhu>Prabhu 2006</ref> More emphasis was paid to the enhancement of vocational and technical skills.<ref name=prabhu/> J.P. Naik, member-secretary of the Indian Education Commission, commented on the educational policies of the time:<ref name=prabhu/>

{{Blockquote|The main justification for the larger outlay on educational reconstruction is the hypothesis that education is the most important single factor that leads to economic growth [based on] the development of science and technology.}}

[[File:Trombay.jpg|thumb|right|India's first reactor (Apsara) and a plutonium reprocessing facility, as photographed by a US satellite on 19 February 1966]]
On 18 August 1951 the minister of education [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], inaugurated the [[Indian Institute of Technology]] at [[Kharagpur]] in West Bengal.<ref name=vrat>Vrat 2006</ref> Possibly modeled after the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] these institutions were conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N.R. Sarkar.<ref name=vrat/>

The [[Sino-Indian war]] (1962) came as a rude awakening to military preparedness.<ref name=khan>Khan 2006</ref> Military cooperation with the Soviet Union—partially aimed at developing advanced military technology—was pursued during subsequent years.<ref name=khan/> The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] was formed in 1958.

Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930.<ref name=Schwartzberg>Schwartzberg 2008</ref> In 1947 it was given the name ''[[All India Radio]]'' and since 1957 it has been called ''Akashvani''.<ref name=Schwartzberg/> Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965.<ref name=Schwartzberg/>

The Indian Government acquired the EVS EM computers from the Soviet Union, which were used in large companies and research laboratories.<ref name=Desai>Desai 2006</ref>

=== 1967–1985 ===

The roots of [[nuclear power in India]] lie in the early acquisition of nuclear reactor technology from several western countries, particularly the American support for the [[Tarapur Atomic Power Station]] and Canada's [[GANDU reactor|CANDU reactors]].<ref name=raja>Raja 2006</ref> The peaceful policies of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] may have delayed the inception of nuclear technology in India.<ref name=raja/>

[[Stanley Wolpert]] (2008) describes the measures taken by the Indian government to increase agricultural output:<ref name=Wolpert>Wolpert 2008</ref>

The Indian space program received only financial support from the Soviet Union, which helped the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieve aims such as establishing the [[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]], launching [[remote sensing]] satellites, developing India's first satellite—[[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhatta]], and sending astronauts into space.<ref name=khan/> India sustained its nuclear program during the aftermath of [[Smiling Buddha|Operation Smiling Buddha]], the country's first nuclear tests.<ref name=khan/>


Though the roots of the [[Steel Authority of India Ltd.]] lie in Hindustan Steel Private Limited (1954), the events leading up to the formation of the modern avatar are described below:<ref>[http://www.sail.co.in/aboutus.php?tag=company-background SAIL (2008). ''Background and History''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407103338/http://www.sail.co.in/aboutus.php?tag=company-background |date=7 April 2008 }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The Ministry of Steel and Mines drafted a policy statement to evolve a new model for managing industry. The policy statement was presented to the [[Indian parliament|Parliament]] on 2 December 1972. On this basis, the concept of creating a holding company to manage inputs and outputs under one umbrella was mooted. This led to the formation of Steel Authority of India Ltd. The company, incorporated on 24 January 1973 with an authorized capital of Rs. 2000 crore, was made responsible for managing five integrated steel plants at [[Bhilai Steel Plant|Bhilai]], [[Bokaro Steel Plant|Bokaro]], [[Durgapur Steel Plant|Durgapur]], [[Rourkela]] and [[IISCO|Burnpur]], the Alloy Steel Plant and the Salem Steel Plant. In 1978 SAIL was restructured as an operating company.}}

In 1981, the [[Indian Antarctic Programme]] was started when the first Indian expedition was flagged off for [[Antarctica]] from [[Goa]]. More missions were subsequently sent each year to India's base [[Dakshin Gangotri]].<ref name="Maitri">{{cite web|url=http://www.70south.com/information/antarctic-bases/maitri |title=Maitri |publisher=70south.com |access-date=21 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006093805/http://www.70south.com/information/antarctic-bases/maitri |archive-date=6 October 2008 }}</ref>

===1986–1990===
[[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]]]]
[[File:BangaloreInfosys.jpg|thumb|right|[[Infosys]] Media Centre in Bangalore]]
Indian agriculture benefited from the developments made in the field of biotechnology, for which the [[Department of Biotechnology]] was created in 1986 under the Ministry of Science and Technology.<ref name=sharma1>Sharma 2006, ''Biotechnology Revolution''</ref> Both the Indian private sector and the government have invested in the medical and agricultural applications of biotechnology.<ref name=sharma1/> Massive [[biotech park]]s were established in India while the government provided tax deduction for research and development under biotechnological firms.<ref name=sharma1/>

=== 1991–2000 ===
The Indian economy underwent economic reforms in 1991, leading to a new era of globalisation and international economic integration.<ref name=sharma2>Sharma 2006 ''Globalization''</ref> Economic growth of over 6% annually was seen between 1993 and 2002.<ref name=sharma2/> In the same year a new permanent Antarctic base [[Maitri (research station)|Maitri]] was founded and remains in operation till today.<ref name="Maitri" />

=== 2001–present ===
On 25 June 2002, India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology.<ref name=ketkar>Ketkar 2006</ref> A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November 2001 to further promote joint research and development.<ref name=ketkar/> Since 2017, India has held the Associate Member State status at the [[CERN|European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)]], while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Centre is due at [[Bangalore]].<ref name=ketkar/> Certain scientists and activists, such as [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]] [[systems science|systems scientist]] [[Shiva Ayyadurai|VA Shiva Ayyadurai]], blame [[Caste system in India|caste]] for holding back innovation and scientific research in India, making it difficult to sustain progress while regressive social organisation prevails.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|title=Scientist blames caste for India's backwardness in research|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Scientist-blames-caste-for-Indias-backwardness-in-research/articleshow/21319703.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728111537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/coimbatore/40792839_1_caste-system-inter-caste-marriages-indian-origin|url-status=live|archive-date=28 July 2013|access-date=8 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2013}}</ref> In addition, corruption and inefficiencies in the research sector have resulted in [[Corruption in India|corruption scandals]] and undermine innovation initiatives.<ref name=SpicyIP>{{cite web|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|title=CSIR Tech. Pvt. Ltd: Its controversial past and its uncertain future|url=http://spicyipindia.blogspot.com/2012/05/csir-tech-pvt-ltd-its-controversial.html|access-date=11 March 2013|publisher=SpicyIP.com|date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

Bangalore is considered to be the technological capital of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-06-07|title=India's Top Tech Cities|url=https://www.dqindia.com/india-s-top-tech-cities/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=DATAQUEST|language=en-US}}</ref> IT, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear science, manufacturing technology, automobile engineering, chemical engineering, ship building, space science, electronics, computer science and other medical science related research and development are occurring on a large scale in the country.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== India's science and technology policy ==
The Government of India has passed four policy documents on science and technology:<ref>[https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/STIP_2020_Background_Note.pdf Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2020. Background Note.] Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. Retrieved on 13 February 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210213172820/https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/STIP_2020_Background_Note.pdf Archived] on 13 February 2021.</ref>
* Science Policy Resolution 1958
* Technology Policy Statement 1983
* Science and Technology Policy 2003
* Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2013

The fifth policy, the '''National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy''', is in the draft and public consultation stage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 January 2021|title=Draft 5th National Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy for public consultation|url=https://dst.gov.in/draft-5th-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-public-consultation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121164214/https://dst.gov.in/draft-5th-national-science-technology-and-innovation-policy-public-consultation|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=13 February 2021|website=Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India}}</ref>

== Space exploration ==
=== Mars Orbit Mission ===
{{Main|Mars Orbiter Mission}}
[[File:Mars Orbiter Mission - India - ArtistsConcept.jpg|thumb|200px|Artist's rendering of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] spacecraft]]
The Mars Orbiter Mission, also called "Mangalyaan",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A |title=Mangalyaan |work=ISRO |publisher=NASA |date=2013 |access-date=27 September 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629144845/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A |url-status=dead }}</ref> was launched on 5 November 2013 by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref name="Pro">{{cite news |last=Walton |first=Zach |title=India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Landing |url= http://www.webpronews.com/india-announces-mars-mission-one-week-after-curiosity-landing-2012-08 |date=15 August 2012 |work=Web Pro News |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="India-20120815">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=15 August 2012|title=Manmohan Singh formally announces India's Mars mission|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article3775271.ece|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20120830">{{cite news|last=Bal|first=Hartosh Singh|date=30 August 2012|title=BRICS in Space|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/30/india-and-china-race-to-send-a-mission-to-mars/|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref> It is India's first interplanetary mission,<ref name="NYT-20140925-ED">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=25 September 2014|title=India's Mars Shot|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/opinion/indias-mars-shot.html|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> making [[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] the fourth [[List of space agencies|space agency]] to reach Mars, after the [[Soviet space program]], [[NASA]], and the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/india-launches-mars-orbiter-mission/story?id=20793860|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> The first Asian nation to reach [[Mars orbit]] and the first nation to do so on its first attempt was India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit |title=India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite |work=The Guardian |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote= India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/india-is-the-first-asian-nation-to-touch-mars-orbit-joins-elite-global-space-club/2014/09/23/b6bc6992-a432-4f1e-87ad-5d6fc4da3460_story.html |title=India becomes first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, joins elite global space club |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India became the first Asian nation to reach the Red Planet when its indigenously made unmanned spacecraft entered the orbit of Mars on Wednesday}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/23/world/asia/mars-india-orbiter/index.html |title=India's spacecraft reaches Mars orbit ... and history |work=CNN |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |quote=India's Mars Orbiter Mission successfully entered Mars' orbit Wednesday morning, becoming the first nation to arrive on its first attempt and the first Asian country to reach the Red Planet. }}</ref>

=== Chandrayaan programme ===
{{main|Chandrayaan programme}}
{{See also|Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan-2|Chandrayaan-3}}
On 18 November 2008, the Moon Impact probe was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}}. During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2010/2430.html|title = Water on the Moon: Direct evidence from Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact...}}</ref> On 24 September 2009 ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' journal reported that the Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon.<ref>{{cite news |url =http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;1178658v1 |title =Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1 |date =15 September 2009 |access-date =26 September 2009 |publisher =Science Mag}}</ref>

Chandrayaan-2 was launched on 22 July 2019. It was a partial success: The team wanted to send an additional lander with rover Vikram with the original orbiter in it, to mark India's terrestrial presence on Moon, but the signal connection was lost about {{cvt|2.1|km}} above the lunar surface. Over several months the team tried to resume contact with lander, but ended up with no success. Later, by the late February 2020, it was claimed that an Indian software engineer from Chennai living in USA studied the NASA data of the proposed crash site and found the Lander.

Chandrayaan-3 is the next planned mission of sending only the lander with rover inside on the Moon, with the Japan's [[JAXA]]. It was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].

=== Gaganyaan ===
[[Gaganyaan]] is a future planned, "in development process" space module to send the Indian astronauts into space, who are being trained in Russia. The plan is to establish a new "space station" other than the [[International Space Station|ISS]]. India has kept itself from being part of the program, to show its "[[Atmanirbhar Bharat|self reliance]]". The program was also, delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic of COVID-19]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== Thirty Meter Telescope ===
{{Main|Thirty Meter Telescope}}

The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is a planned, eighteen story, astronomical observatory and [[extremely large telescope]] to be built on the summit of [[Mauna Kea]] in the state of [[Hawaii]]. The TMT is designed for [[Ultraviolet|near-ultraviolet]] to [[Infrared|mid-infrared]] (0.31 to 28 [[μm]] wavelength) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed [[Extremely large telescope|Extremely Large Telescopes (ELT)]]. The telescope has government-level support from several R&D spending nations: China, Japan, Canada and India.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== Institutions and facilities ==

=== Science academies in India ===
The idea of science academies in India has evolved along with the Indian independence movement. The three major science academies; [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] were all founded in the pre-independence era (pre-1947) between 1930 and 1935.

'''Indian Academy of Sciences'''

Also colloquially referred to as the "Bangalore Academy", [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS) was founded in 1934 by [[C. V. Raman]], a [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel laureate in physicis]] of his time in Bangalore (now Bengaluru), Karnataka (formerly known as the State of Mysore), India.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/Home/ |title=Home Page of the Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>⠀⠀

'''National Academy of Sciences, India'''

The founder and first president of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) was [[Meghnad Saha]] in 1930 in Allahabad (Prayag), Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ |title=Home Page of the National Academy of Sciences India |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516215346/http://nasi.org.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Indian National Science Academy'''

Founded in 1935 based on a proposal by the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (ISCA) and National Institute of Science of India (NISI) with Meghnad Saha's blessings,<ref>{{citation |url=http://insaindia.res.in |title=Home Page of the Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) is based in New Delhi, India. According to its charter, the historical aim of INSA was to be similar to the Royal Society, London, a gathering of learned people to exchange ideas and further science.

=== Biosafety facilities in India ===
{{Expand section|date=June 2021}}

=== Performance of Indian students in International Science Olympiads ===
India's rank based on number of Gold Medals in last 10 years (2014–2023):
* Physics – [[International Physics Olympiad#Distribution of medals|9th]]
* Chemistry – [[International Chemistry Olympiad#Distribution of medals|11th]]
* Biology – [[International Biology Olympiad#Distribution of medals|14th]]
* Mathematics – [[International Mathematical Olympiad#Medals (1959–2023)|21st]]

== Time line ==
{{Tree list}}
*India's Technological Revolution (Affordable to Common People)
**1950s : Radio
**1980s : Television
**1990s : Land Phone
**2000s : Mobile Phone & Computer
***2004 : Mobile Phone
***2009 : Computer
**2010s : Smart Phone & Internet
***2014 : Smart Phone
***2016 : Internet
{{Tree list/end}}

==See also==
{{portal|India|Science|Technology}}
* [[Biotechnology in India]]
* [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[List of Indian inventions]]
* [[Communications in India]]
* [[History of Science and Technology in India]]
* [[Open access in India]]
* [[Science and Engineering Research Board]]
* [[Science and technology studies in India]]
* [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]]
* [[List of science centers in India]]

== References ==
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Alexander, Steve. ''E-Commerce. (2006: from Computers and Information Systems)''. [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] 2008.
* Desai, Ashok V. (2006). "Information and other Technology Development" in ''[[Encyclopedia of India]] (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 269–273. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}.
* Ketkar, Prafulla (2006). "European Union, Relations with (Science and technology)" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 48–51. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}
* Khan, Sultanat Aisha (2006). "Russia, relations with" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 419–422. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31352-9}}.
* Prabhu, Joseph (2006). "Institutions and Philosophies, Traditional and Modern" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 23–27. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}
* Raja, Rajendran (2006). "Nuclear weapons testing and development" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 3)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 253–254. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31352-9}}.
* Sankar, U.(2007). The Economics of India's Space Programme, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. {{ISBN|978-0-19-568345-5}}.
* Sharma. Shalendra D.(2006). "Biotechnology Revolution" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 1)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 154–157. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31350-2}}.
* Sharma, Shalendra D. (2006). "Globalization" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 146–149. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}
* Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (2008). ''India''. Encyclopædia Britannica.
* Vrat, Prem (2006). "Indian Institutes of Technology" in ''Encyclopedia of India (vol. 2)'', edited by Stanley Wolpert. 229–231. Thomson Gale: {{ISBN|0-684-31351-0}}
* Wolpert, Stanley (2008). ''India''. Encyclopædia Britannica.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
;Policy
* {{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Dhirendra|date=18 December 1976|title=Growth and Failures of India's Science Policy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365190|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=11|issue=51|pages=1969–1971|jstor=4365190}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Udgaonkar|first=B. M.|date=26 December 1970|title=Implementation of the Scientific Policy Resolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4360884|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=5|issue=52|pages=2091, 2093–2095|jstor=4360884}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Science and technology in India}}
* [http://countrystudies.us/india/101.htm ''India: Science and technology''. U.S. Library of Congress.]
* [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2001). ''[http://www.insaindia.org/INSA-book.pdf Pursuit and promotion of science: The Indian Experience] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20051007052834/http://www.insaindia.org/INSA-book.pdf |date=7 October 2005 }}''. Indian National Science Academy.
* [http://physicsworld.com/blog/2012/12/special_report_physics_in_indi.html Special report: Physics in India], Matin Durrani, [[Physics World]], 2012.
* [https://aditikapur.com/2019/04/26/glimpse-of-india-where-india-lagged/ Where India Lagged? – Glimpse of India]
* ''[https://www.bnl.gov/rhic/quark-matter.php]'' Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ''[https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=24972]'' Indian contribution

{{Indianscience}}
{{India topics}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{Asia topic|Science and technology in}}
{{World topic|Science and technology in|title=Science and technology by country|noredlinks=yes|state=show}}
{{Philosophy of science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Science And Technology In India}}
[[Category:Science and technology in India| ]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000

2026-03-02T21:37:44Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: updated details

{{short description|2020 Hindi Film}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000
| image =
| caption =
| director = Arshad Siddqui
| producer = Laxmi Narayan Pandey
| writer = Arshad Siddqui
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Priyanshu Chatterjee]]
* [[Raai Laxmi]]
* [[Govind Namdev]]
* [[Vijay Raaz]]
}}
| music = Liyaqat Ajmeri [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| distributor =
| cinematography = B Laxman
| editing = Bibhuti Bhushan
| studio =
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|18}}
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 120 minutes
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film, starring [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]], [[Raai Laxmi]], [[Govind Namdev]], [[Vijay Raaz]] and [[Deepraj Rana]]. The film is directed by Arshad Siddiqui and produced by Laxmi Narain Pandey Guruji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/officer-arjun-singh-ips/cast/|title=Officer Arjun Singh IPS Cast List {{!}} Officer Arjun Singh IPS Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> The film is based on important social issues and the present situation of the politics and police force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/priyanshu-chatterjee-interesting-details-about-character-officer-arjun-singh-ips-batch-2000/|title=Priyanshu Chatterjee Shares Interesting Details About His Character In 'Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000'|last=IANS|date=2019-10-11|website=Koimoi|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> In the film [[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] plays the role of a fearless police officer <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/priyanshu-chatterjee-plays-daring-cop-in-new-film-2239438.html|title=Priyanshu Chatterjee plays daring cop in new film|date=2019-10-10|website=Zee News|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> and how he fights to get justice for a family by fighting against the system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/priyanshu-chatterjee-interesting-details-about-character-officer-arjun-singh-ips-batch-2000/|title=Priyanshu Chatterjee Shares Interesting Details About His Character In 'Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000'|last=IANS|date=2019-10-11|website=Koimoi|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> The film was released on 18 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/news24+english-epaper-newstwen/priyanshu+chatterjee+plays+daring+cop+in+his+next+film-newsid-141231598|title=Priyanshu Chatterjee plays daring cop in his next film - News24 English|website=Dailyhunt|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}4 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/officer-arjun-singh-ips/box-office/|title=Officer Arjun Singh IPS Lifetime Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=14 August 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Priyanshu Chatterjee]] as [[Inspector]] Arjun Pratap Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Raai Laxmi]] as Durga Dayal Singh
*[[Govind Namdev]] as Mantri Balaknath Chaudhari
*[[Vijay Raaz]] as Kundan
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Inspector Pawan

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Haye Re Jawani
| extra1 = [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Dhatt Tere Ki
| extra2 = [[Tochi Raina]]
| length2 =

| title3 = O Re Piya
| extra3 = [[Ali Aslam]]
| length3 =

| title4 = Insaaf Ke Maron
| extra4 = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| length4 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10815982}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/officer-arjun-singh-ips/amp_movie_review/71651350.cms|title=Officer Arjun Singh IPS Movie Review: An attempt to redefine justice|website=Times Of India|access-date=14 August 2020}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2019 action drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in 2000]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Plough (politics)

2026-02-27T22:44:21Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Created New Article - done

{{Short description|Electoral symbol in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
[[File:Symbol of Jatiya Party.jpg|thumb|Symbol of Jatiya Party]]

The '''Plough''' is the political symbol of the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party (E)]] in Bangladesh,<ref name=p/> [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] in India<ref name=n/> and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta)]] in Nepal.<ref name=nepal/>

==Bangladesh==
After the [[independence of Bangladesh]], [[Jatiya League]] participated in [[1973 Bangladeshi general election]] with the plough. [[Ataur Rahman Khan]], the leader of the party, joined [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] (JP) in 1984 and then the symbol was chosen and used by JP founder [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]. During the by-election for [[Tangail-8]] in 1999, Ershad's JP and its breakaway group [[Jatiya Party (Manju)|Manju's JP]] got into a dispute about the rights of the electoral symbol. However, [[Bangladesh Election Commission]] declined both party's application for the usage of the plough. Ershad's JP sought [[High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|High Court's]] decision regarding the dispute and the court ruled in favour of Ershad. Later, Manju's party applied writ petition to the [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh|Supreme Court]] but they also ruled in favour of Ershad too.<ref name=voa>{{cite news|url=https://www.voabangla.com/a/7428705.html|script-title=bn:জাতীয় পার্টি: এরশাদ যেভাবে দলীয় প্রতীক লাঙ্গল পেলেন কৃষক প্রজা পার্টি থেকে|language=bn|date=6 January 2024|access-date=24 August 2024|work=[[Voice of America]]|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803040941/https://www.voabangla.com/a/7428705.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, JP decided to not participate for the [[2014 Bangladeshi general election]]. As the party chose not to participate, they requested Bangladesh Election Commission to not allot plough for any party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/politics/46547/don't-allocate-'plough'-to-anyone-jp-urges-ec|title=Don't allocate 'plough' to anyone, JP urges EC|first=Manik|last=Miazee|date=12 December 2013|access-date=28 August 2024|website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> In 2023, JP demanded to the Election Commission to cancel allotment of the anchor symbol for the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Movement]]. As a reason for the demand, the party showed that the anchor is very similar to the plough and voters would be confused during general elections if not removed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/politics/64srgrdxjr|script-title=bn:নোঙর প্রতীক দেখতে লাঙ্গলের মত! আপত্তি জাতীয় পার্টির|language=bn|date=13 August 2023|access-date=24 August 2024|website=[[Bdnews24.com]]|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817193928/https://bangla.bdnews24.com/politics/64srgrdxjr|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, the party announced to participate in [[2024 Bangladeshi general election]] with their own electoral symbol instead of any alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/jatiya-party-will-contest-national-polls-party-symbol-not-under-alliance-chunnu|title=Jatiya Party will contest in national polls with party symbol, not under alliance: Chunnu|date=6 December 2023|access-date=24 August 2024|work=[[The Business Standard]]|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828114053/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/jatiya-party-will-contest-national-polls-party-symbol-not-under-alliance-chunnu|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, Ershad's JP was broken into two factions and both of them demanded the plough as their electoral symbol. But according to the Election Commission, if any faction wants to get the symbol then the factions' leader have to be JP's chairman maintaining the party constitution. The Quader faction claimed that the symbol was allotted to them by the Election Commission. On the other hand, the Rowshan faction claimed that according to the courts' rule the symbol is theirs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4n5d0yjjdpo|script-title=bn:'লাঙ্গলে'র দখল ছাড়তে রাজি নয় জাতীয় পার্টির কোনও পক্ষই|language=bn|date=10 March 2024|access-date=24 August 2024|publisher=BBC|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828114055/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c4n5d0yjjdpo|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, another faction emerged from Ershad's JP under the leadership of [[Anisul Islam Mahmud]], which claimed the symbol before the election commission.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/sc0ua0cy2w|title=জাতীয় পার্টির নিয়ন্ত্রণ নিতে তৎপর আনিসুল, ঠেকাতে সক্রিয় জি এম কাদের|lang=bn|date=13 August 2025|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]}}</ref>

==India==
[[File:Indian Election Symbol Plough.png|thumb|The symbol used in India]]
The electoral symbol traces its origin to [[Krishak Praja Party]] in [[British India]].<ref name=p/> In 1951, four years after the [[independence of India]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] wanted to have plough as their electoral symbol. The [[Election Commission of India]] solved the dispute by not giving the symbol to any party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/history-of-election-symbols-how-they-still-help-to-connect-with-the-masses/articleshow/25961306.cms?from=mdr|title=History of election symbols: How they still help to connect with the masses|first=Vikram|last=Doctor|date=18 November 2013|access-date=28 August 2024|work=The Times of India|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828114053/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/history-of-election-symbols-how-they-still-help-to-connect-with-the-masses/articleshow/25961306.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Janata Party]], formed in 1977, chose the 'farmer with plough' as their electoral symbol.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-election-party-symbols/index.html|title=Ceiling fans, brooms and mangoes: The election symbols of India's political parties|first1=Manveena|last1=Suri|first2=Oscar|last2=Holland|date=12 April 2019|access-date=28 August 2024|publisher=CNN|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620135825/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/india-election-party-symbols/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also used by [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] in India. Before [[2023 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil election|2023 LAHDC Kargil election]], the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil|Kargil Autonomous Hill Development Council]] requested to ban the symbols' usage in the election. On 6 September 2023, the court declined the request and granted the symbol to the party.<ref name=n>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsx.com/national/supreme-court-grant-plough-symbol-to-jknc/|title=Supreme Court Grants Plough Symbol to JKNC for Elections, Omar Abdullah Applauds Verdict|first=Akshara|last=Tyagi|date=6 September 2023|access-date=24 August 2024|work=newsx}}</ref>

==Nepal==
[[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Plough.svg|thumb|The symbol used in Nepal]]
[[Nepal Praja Parishad (Mishra)]] participated in [[1959 Nepalese general election]] with the plough symbol.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} In 2017, there was a legal dispute about the ownership of the plough symbol as [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]], [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Prajatantrik)]] and [[Ekikrit Rastriya Prajatantrik Party (Rastrabadi)]] wanted it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/09/04/lohani-rana-fight-for-plough-as-poll-symbol|title=Lohani, Rana fight for plough as poll symbol|date=4 September 2017|access-date=28 August 2024|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127035953/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/09/04/lohani-rana-fight-for-plough-as-poll-symbol|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, the [[Election Commission (Nepal)|Election Commission of Nepal]] allotted 'plough inside a circle' to RPP Prajatantrik and 'plough inside a rectangle' to Ekikrit RPP which were almost same. The decision raised concern to the both parties while the Election Commission stated that it did that so that parties can find middle ground and solve disputes over the symbols.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/09/26/parties-raise-concern-about-similar-election-symbols|title=Parties raise concern about similar election symbols|first=Prithvi Man|last=Shrestha|date=26 September 2017|access-date=28 August 2024|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828114058/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/09/26/parties-raise-concern-about-similar-election-symbols|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party|RPP]] and [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal|RPP Nepal]] unified and participated in [[2017 Nepalese local elections]]. After the first phase, RPP politician [[Pashupati Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]] said at a convention that dropping of the plough symbol was the reason of their poor performance in the elections which was popular in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/05/24/dropping-plough-symbol-led-to-poll-defeat-rana|title=Dropping 'plough' symbol led to poll defeat: Rana|date=24 May 2017|access-date=28 August 2024|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129070203/https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/05/24/dropping-plough-symbol-led-to-poll-defeat-rana|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, the Election Commission allotted plough to the newly-formed [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Samyukta)]] (RPP Samyukta) for the [[2019 Nepalese by-elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://old.risingnepaldaily.com/miscellany/new-political-parties-get-election-symbols-for-by-election|title=New political parties get election symbols for by-election|date=27 September 2019|access-date=28 August 2024|work=[[The Rising Nepal]]|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828114106/https://old.risingnepaldaily.com/miscellany/new-political-parties-get-election-symbols-for-by-election|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, RPP and RPP Samyukta unified as a single political party. As the electoral symbols of both were different, they decided to use plough till March 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.setopati.com/political/153970|title=Unified RPP's election symbol plough|date=22 September 2020|access-date=28 August 2024|website=Setopati.com|archive-date=4 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004054342/https://en.setopati.com/political/153970|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, as the Election Commission decided not to allot the plough for RPP because it was not national party, the party leader [[Rajendra Prasad Lingden]] threatened to boycott [[2022 Nepalese local elections]] if they don't get the symbol.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.nepalpress.com/2022/03/13/rpp-to-boycott-local-polls-if-it-does-not-get-plow-as-election-symbol-lingden/|title=RPP to boycott local polls if it does not get plow as election symbol: Lingden|date=13 March 2022|access-date=28 August 2024|website=Nepalpress.com|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420072948/https://english.nepalpress.com/2022/03/13/rpp-to-boycott-local-polls-if-it-does-not-get-plow-as-election-symbol-lingden/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, RPP got the plough symbol for the [[2024 Nepalese National Assembly election]].<ref name=nepal>{{cite news|url=https://english.makalukhabar.com/2023/12/161727/|title=Election symbols allocated to political parties for NA elections (with list)|date=17 December 2023|access-date=28 August 2024|work=Makalu Khabar|archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828114236/https://english.makalukhabar.com/2023/12/161727/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Pakistan==
After the [[independence of Pakistan]], East Bengal-based [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] wanted to have the plough for the [[1954 East Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], but as the symbol was used in [[British India]] by the Krishak Praja Party, the government didn't grant them the symbol. Instead, they had to choose [[Boat (politics)|the boat]].<ref name=p>{{cite news|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2|script-title=bn:যেভাবে এল নৌকা, ধানের শীষ, লাঙ্গল|language=bn|first=Kamal Joha|last=Khan|date=6 December 2018|access-date=9 March 2023|newspaper=[[Prothom Alo]]|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309121744/https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, [[Awami League]]'s breakaway group, Jatiya League, which was established in 1968, chose the plough as its electoral symbol and participated in [[1970 Pakistani general election]].<ref name=voa/> [[Pakistan National Alliance]] chose the plough as their electoral symbol for the [[1977 Pakistani general election]]. After [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] became the president in 1978, the symbol was removed from the list of the [[Election Commission of Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/30345212/pti-not-the-first-political-party-to-lose-electoral-symbol|title=PTI not the first political party to lose electoral symbol|date=23 December 2023|access-date=28 August 2024|work=[[Aaj News]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political symbols]]
[[Category:Krishak Sramik Party]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
[[Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party]]

Mahmud Shah III of Gujarat

2026-02-26T15:48:28Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding details

{{Short description|Sultan of Gujarat from 1538 to 1554}}
{{for|Sultan of Johor|Mahmud Shah III of Johor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Mahumud Shah III
|succession = 12th [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultan of Gujarat]]
|image = Silver Tanka of Nasir al-din Mahmud shah III, Sultanate of Gujarat, photographed by Yogabrata Chakraborty, from a personal collection in Kolkata.jpg
|caption = Silver Tanka of Nasir al-din Mahmud shah III, Sultanate of Gujarat.
|reign1 = 10 May 1538 – February 1554
|reign2 =
|coronation =
|full name =
|predecessor1 = [[Farooqi dynasty|Miran Muhammad Shah I]]
|successor1 = [[Ahmad Shah III]]
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 =
|spouse =Kankavati Bai of [[Marwar]]
|issue =
|royal house =
|dynasty =[[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat]]
|father = Latif Khan
|mother =
|birth_date = 1526
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1554|02|05|1526|||df=yes}}<ref name="i866">{{cite web | title=A History Of Gujarat Vol I | first=Khan | last=Bahadur | website=Internet Archive | date=1938 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81300/ | access-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>
|death_place = [[Mahemdavad|Mahmudabad]], Gujarat Sultanate
|burial_date =
|burial_place = [[Sarkhej Roza]], Ahmedabad
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}
{{Gujarat Sultanate}}

'''Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah III''' (born '''Mahmud Khan'''; 1526 – February 1554) was a [[sultan]] of the [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] who reigned over the [[Gujarat Sultanate]], a late medieval kingdom in [[India]] from 1537 to 1554. He had to battle frequently with his nobles who were interested in independence, especially Darya Khán and Imád-ul-Mulk. He was killed by one of his servants.

==Background==
[[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]] had no son, hence there was some uncertainty regarding succession after his death. [[Muhammad Zaman Mirza]], the fugitive Timurid prince made his claim on the ground that Bahadur's mother adopted him as her son. The nobles selected Bahadur's nephew [[Faruqi dynasty#Miran Muhammad Shah I|Miran Muhammad Shah I]] of [[Khandesh]] as his successor, but he died on his way to Gujarat. Finally, the nobles selected Mahmud Khan, the son of Bahadur's brother Latif Khan as his successor and he ascended to the throne as Mahmud Shah III on 10 May 1538, when only eleven years of age.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=[[James Macnabb Campbell]]|title=History of Gujarát|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part II.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=257–260|chapter=II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=majumdar>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.391-8</ref>

==Reign==
The government was carried on by Darya Khán and Imád-ul-Mulk as his regents. Darya Khán resolved to overthrow Imád-ul-Mulk and acquire supreme power. With this object he obtained an order from the king, whom, on the pretence of a hunting expedition, he removed from [[Ahmedabad]], directing Imád-ul-Mulk to retire to his estates in [[Kathiawar|Jhalawad]]. Six months later, taking the Sultán with him, Darya Khán led an army into Jhalawad, and defeating Imád-ul-Mulk in a battle at [[Patdi]], fifty two miles west of Áhmedábád, pursued him to [[Burhanpur]], and there defeated Imád-ul-Mulk's ally the ruler of [[Khandesh]] and forced Imád-ul-Mulk to flee to [[Malwa Sultanate]]. After this success Darya Khán became absorbed in pleasure, and resigned the management of the kingdom to Álam Khán Lodhi. The king, dissembling his dissatisfaction at the way he was treated, pretended to take no interest in affairs of state. Álam Khán Lodhi, seeing the carelessness of Darya Khán, began to entertain ambitions, and retiring to his estate of [[Dhandhuka]], invited the king to join him. The king, Mahmúd Sháh, believing him to be in earnest, contrived to escape from surveillance and joined Álam Khán. On discovering the king's flight, Darya Khán raised to the throne a descendant of Áhmed Sháh by the title of Muzaffar Sháh, and striking coin in his name set out with an army towards Dhandhúka. Álam Khán and the king met him at Dhúr in [[Dholka]], and a battle was fought in which Mahmúd and Álam Khán were defeated. The king fled to [[Ranpur, Gujarat|Ranpur]], and thence to [[Paliad]], while Álam Khán fled to [[Sadra, Gandhinagar|Sadra]]. Darya Khán occupied Dhandhuka; but his men, dissatisfied at being placed in opposition to the king, rapidly deserted, some joining Álam Khan and some Mahmúd Sháh. Soon after the king joined Álam Khan and marched on Áhmedábád, whither Darya Khán had preceded them. The citizens closed the gates against Darya Khán, but he forced an entry by way of the Burhánpur wicket. Hearing of the king's approach Darya Khán fled to Mubárak Sháh at Burhánpur, leaving his family and treasure in the fortress of [[Champaner]].<ref name="GBP"/>

The king entered Áhmedábád, and soon after captured Chámpáner. Álam Khán now obtained the recall of Imád-ul-Mulk, who received a grant of [[Bharuch]] and the port of [[Surat]]. Shortly afterwards Mahmúd Sháh began to show favour to men of low degree, especially to one Charji, a birdcatcher, whom he ennobled by the title of Muháfiz Khán. Charji counselled Mahmúd to put to death Sultán Alá-ud-dín Lodhi and Shujáât Khán, two of the principal nobles; and the king, without consulting his ministers, caused these men to be executed. The nobles joining besieged Mahmúd Sháh in his palace, and demanded that Muháfiz Khán should be surrendered to them, but the king refused to give him up. The nobles then demanded an audience, and this the king granted, Muháfiz Khán, though warned of his danger, being present. On entering the royal presence Álam Khán signalled to his followers to slay Muháfiz, and he was killed in spite of the king's remonstrances. Mahmúd then attempted to kill himself, but was prevented and placed under guard, and the chief nobles took it in turn to watch him. Strife soon arose between Álam Khán and Mujáhid Khán and his brother, and the two latter nobles contrived the king's escape and sacked the houses of Álam Khán and his followers. Álam Khán escaped to [[Pethapur]] in the Mahi Kántha. He then joined Darya Khán, whom he called from the Deccan, and obtained help in money from Imád-ul-Mulk of Surat and from Álp Khán of Dholka. Imád-ul-Mulk wrote to the Sultán asking forgiveness for the rebels.<ref name="GBP"/>

But before the Sultán, who was mercifully disposed, could grant them pardon, Álam Khán and Darya Khán again committed themselves by acts of open revolt. The Sultán displeased with the part Imád-ul-Mulk had taken in the rising summoned him to Chámpáner where, with the Sultán's connivance, his camp was given over to pillage. The Sultán disclaimed all knowledge of this attack and at Imád-ul-Mulk's request allowed him to go on pilgrimage to [[Mecca]]. In 1545 as he was preparing to start for pilgrimage, Imád-ul-Mulk was killed. He was succeeded in Surat by Khudáwand Khán Rúmi, who had held Surat under him, and who, in spite of Portuguese opposition and intrigue, had five years before completed the building of [[Surat Castle]]. Meanwhile, Álam Khán and Darya Khán were driven from Gujarát and forced to take shelter with the sovereign of Delhi. The king now appointed as his own minister Afzal Khán, the minister of the late Bahádur Sháh, and though Afzal Khán lived in retirement, his counsel was taken on measures of importance. Other great nobles were Sayad Mubárak, Fateh Khán Baloch, and Abdul Karím Khán, who received the title of Ítimád Khán, and was so entirely in the Sultán's confidence that he was admitted to the harem. Mahmúd now consulted Ásif Khán as to the propriety of conquering Málwa.<ref name="GBP"/>

Ásif Khán advised him rather to deprive the Rájput chiefs and proprietors of their ''wántas'' or hereditary lands. The attempt to follow this advice stirred to resistance the chief men of [[Idar State|Idar]], [[Sirohi]], [[Dungarpur]], [[Banswada]], [[Lunavada]], [[Rajpipla]], [[Dahod]], and the banks of the [[Mahi River]]. The king strengthened his line of outposts, establishing one at Sirohi and another at Ídar, besides fresh posts in other places. At the same time he began to persecute the Hindus, allowing them to be killed on the slightest pretence, branding Rájputs and Kolis, forcing them to wear a red rag on the right sleeve, forbidding them to ride in Áhmedábád, and punishing the celebration of [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]].<ref name="GBP"/>
In 1554 Burhán, a servant of the king's, conceived the idea of killing him and reigning in his stead. He accordingly gave his master an intoxicating drug, and when he was overcome with sleep stabbed him to the heart. Then summoning the principal nobles in the king's name, he put to death Ásaf Khán the prime minister and twelve others, and endeavoured to have himself accepted as Sultán. No one aided him; even his accomplices deserted him. Imád-ul-Mulk Rúmi, Ulugh Khán, and others joined to oppose him, and when marching against them he was cut down by Shirwán Khán. Mahmúd's persecutions had raised such bitter hate among the Hindus, that they regarded Burhán as a saviour. Mahmúd moved his capital from Áhmedábád to [[Mahemdavad|Mehmudabad]], eighteen miles south of Áhmedábád where he built a palace and enclosed a deer park. At each corner of the park he raised a palace the stone walls and ceilings of which were ornamented with beautiful and precious gold traceries and arabesques. His strict regard for public morals led him to forbid Muslim women visiting saints’ tombs as the practice gave rise to irregularities. He died at the age of twenty-eight after a reign of eighteen years.<ref name="GBP"/>

==See also==
*[[Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1554 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarat sultans]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Agent Raghav – Crime Branch

2026-02-21T05:32:33Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: update content and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian crime series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Agent_raghav.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime fiction]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| based_on =
| director = Rajesh Ranshinghe Govind Agrawal Arif Ali Ansari
| writer =
| creative_director = Suryansh Dwivedi
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 60
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Saba Mumtaz]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx 45 minutes
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| network = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|09|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|4|10|df=y}} 
| composer = Dony Hazarika
}}

'''''Agent Raghav – Crime Branch''''' is an Indian [[crime fiction]] anthology television series, which premiered on [[&TV]] from 5 September 2015 to 10 April 2016 for one hour at Saturday and Sunday nights. The series was produced by [[Contiloe Entertainment]] of Abhimanyu Singh and starred [[Sharad Kelkar]] in the eponymous role of Agent Raghav Sinha, along with [[Aahana Kumra]], [[Deepali Pansare]], Danish Pandor, [[Jason Tham]] and [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], the latter appeared in a recurring role. The serial received the [[Indian Telly Awards]] in the category of ''Best Thriller and Horror Show'' and was also nominated for ''Best Weekend Show''. The show is said to be inspired from the American police [[drama]]/[[Mystery fiction|mystery]] television series, ''[[The Mentalist]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/is-agent-raghav-copy-of-the-mentalist-sharad-kelkar-simon-baker-261461-2015-09-06|title=Is Agent Raghav India's answer to The Mentalist? We don't think so|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

==Plot==
Agent Raghav Sinha ([[Sharad Kelkar]]) is a handsome guy with a charismatic personality and exceptional skills of observation and deduction. He has a very high IQ and is an expert at reading a person's mind and body language. Raghav picked up these unique skills from his father, who was a renowned psychiatrist. However, at the age of 10, Raghav witnessed his father's murder at the hands of one of his own clients. The killer was untraceable, and even the police had to give up after some time. Ever since then, it has become Raghav's mission to find the killer and avenge his father's death. Raghav was initiated into Crime Branch Special Unit because of his special skills, and he has time and again proved his worth by cracking the most challenging cases and bringing the criminals to justice.

Agent Trisha Deewan ([[Aahana Kumra]]) is the leader of the Crime Branch Special Unit. Her goal is to build up her career as a cop but her parents want her to settle down in life by marrying a nice guy. Agent Trisha & Agent Raghav, despite their opposite personalities, fell in love with each other but never voiced this out. Agent Rajbir (Danish Pandor) and Agent Bikram ([[Jason Tham]]) are his friends. They share a special bond as well as solving cases. Their goal is to help the team as much as possible using their skills. Dr. Aarti is the forensic scientist working under the CBI. With her forensic skills, she discovers the things may happen on the crime spots.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Know-the-characters-of-Agent-Raghav/Know-the-characters-of-Agent-Raghav/photostory/48753202.cms|title=Know the characters of 'Agent Raghav'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref> The show also deals about the dynamics shared by Raghav and Trisha, where they both are strongly attracted to each other & share an amazing bond of trust.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/170416/two-of-a-kind-on-screen-love-hate-relationship-of-sharad-kelkar-and-aahana-kumra.html|title=Two of a kind: On screen love-hate relationship of Sharad Kelkar and Aahana Kumra|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=17 April 2016}}</ref>

In the last episode, it reveals Agent Raghav's father's killer. It is the CBI Crime Branch Chief, Dilip Chauhan. He tries to kill Raghav, but Bikram jumps in front of the bullet and dies. Then the chief escapes and leaves a tired Raghav promising to get him one day.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Agent Raghav Sinha<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/How-Sharad-Kelkar-became-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48835179.cms|title=How Sharad Kelkar became Agent Raghav|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Aahana Kumra]] as Agent Trisha Dewan<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/actress-aahana-kumra-to-play-crime-branch-officer-in-show-agent-raghav-289302-2015-08-20|title=Aahana Kumra to play crime branch officer in Agent Raghav|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref>
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Dilip Chauhan - chief of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Crime Branch<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mahesh-Manjrekar-in-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48652678.cms|title=Mahesh Manjrekar in Agent Raghav|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Deepali Pansare]] as Agent Gauri, ex Tech Expert
*[[Danish Pandor (actor)|Danish Pandor]] as an Agent Rajbir
*[[Jason Tham]] as Agent Bikram<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jason-Tham-undergoes-rigorous-training-for-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48650647.cms|title=Jason Tham undergoes rigorous training for 'Agent Raghav'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref>
*[[Reena Aggarwal]] as Forensic Doctor Aarti Mistry<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Reena-Agarwal-excited-for-Agent-Raghav-/articleshow/48769284.cms|title=Reena Agarwal excited for 'Agent Raghav...'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Swati Rajput]] as Agent Swati – Tech Expert
{{div col end}}

===Episodic appearances===
* [[Mamik Singh]] as Magician Zorrino (Episode 17 & Episode 19 )
* Gautam Ahuja as Young Raghav<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ye-Hain-Mohabbateins-Gautam-Ahuja-in-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48619704.cms|title=Ye Hain Mohabbatein's Gautam Ahuja in 'Agent Raghav'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1985)|Sara Khan]] as Radhika
* [[Payal Rohatgi]] as Marzena
* [[Nazea Hasan Sayed]] as Mihika Rajput
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Devdasi
* [[Gavie Chahal]] as Prashant Surve
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Vasundhara Vohra
* Chestha Bhagat as Sunidhi Vohra
* [[Alefia Kapadia]] as Sushma Uppel
* Mitika Sharma as Ritu Sharma, con bride
* Deeksha Kanwal Sonal as Sona / Pooja / Esha / Nandini
* [[Malini Kapoor]] as Flavia
* [[Ridheema Tiwari]] as Manasvi
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Dr. Sunaina Sinhal Mehta
* Farhaan Patel as Ratan
* Riaa Chandra as Shruti
* Ayaan Zubairas Rohan Arora
* [[Sumit Kaul]] as Subhodh Arora
* Vimarsh Roshan as Randeep Garewal
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Vijay Chauhan
* Ajay Kumar Nain as Inspector Sharma
* [[Sunayana Fozdar]] as Gargi Chaddha
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Roby
* Tarul Swami as Dr.Nigam
* [[Resha Konkar]] as Mona
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Mr. Bajaj
* [[Ahsaas Channa]] as Naina
* Seema Pandey as Maya Banerjee
* [[Ishita Vyas]] as Gehna
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Rocky/ Vineet/Rishabh Tandon<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sonali-Nikam-and-Rushad-Rana-in-Agent-Raghav/articleshow/48789962.cms|title=Sonali Nikam and Rushad Rana in 'Agent Raghav'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sonali Nikam]] as Akansha Singh
* [[Akshay Sethi]] as Sumit
* [[Ekroop Bedi]] as Alpana
* [[Jyoti Gauba]] as Arundhati Devi
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Mr. Joshi
* [[Nidhi Jha]] as Christie Xavier
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as Inspector Srivastav
* Naresh Suri as Marconi
* Rohit Tailor as PSI
* [[Muskaan Nancy James]]
* Poorti Arya

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{&TV Programmes}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

* {{IMDb title|6792644}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agent Raghav - Crime Branch}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]

Mysuru Road metro station

2026-02-17T14:13:21Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding a details.

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line metro station and upcoming interchange for Orange Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mysuru Road
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple|line2=Orange}}
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Mysore Road.jpg
| image_caption = Namma Metro train at Mysuru Road metro station heading towards [[Kengeri metro station|Kengeri]]
| address = Mysore Rd, Muthachari Industrial Estate, Deepanjali Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560039
| coordinates = {{coord|12.946507|77.529780|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}
| other_names = Mysore Road, Nayandahalli
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Baiyappanahalli}} '''/''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Pattandur Agrahara}} '''/''' [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] Platform-2 → [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]] '''(Operational to [[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyappanahalli]], [[Pattandur Agrahara metro station|Pattandur Agrahara]] during peak hours)''' 
{{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} (TBC)
| depth =
| levels = 2 ''(current)''
| tracks = 2 ''(current)''
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Available
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} {{start date and age|2015|November|16|df=yes}}
| opening = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}}} (TBC)
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]] ''(Purple Line)'' (TBC) ''(Orange Line)''
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Staffed
| code = MYRD
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = {{color box|#{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}}} [[Punj Lloyd]] - Sembawang Infrastructure (India) [[Joint venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Purple |left1=Deepanjali Nagar |to-left1=Pattandur Agrahara or Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right1=Pantharapalya–Nayandahalli |to-right1=Challaghatta|line2=Orange|left2=Dwaraka Nagar|to-left2=JP Nagar 4th Phase|right2=Nagarbhavi Circle|to-right2=Kempapura|note-mid2=''(Proposed)''}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}} {{BMR Orange Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Mysuru Road''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]] serving Muthachari Industrial Estate, Nayandahalli and Deepanjali Nagar in [[Bengaluru]]. It was opened to the public on 16 November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Metro-zooms-into-the-west-today-Magadi-Road-Mysuru-Road-line-opens/articleshow/49796567.cms|title=Bengaluru Metro zooms into the west today, Magadi Road-Mysuru Road line opens|work=The Times of India|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bengaluru-starts-metro-services-between-magadi-road-mysuru-road-1244113|title=Bengaluru Starts Metro Services Between Magadi Road, Mysuru Road|author=Maya Sharma|date=16 November 2015|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref> This metro station is proposed to act as an interchange for the upcoming [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]] under [[Namma Metro#Phase 3|Phase 3]].

It is the terminating station for the short-loop trains on the Purple Line that run between [[Pattandur Agrahara metro station|Pattandur Agrahara]] and Mysuru Road, and between [[Garudacharpalya metro station|Garudacharpalya]] and Mysuru Road. The Pattandur Agrahara-Mysuru Road loop runs in the evening, between 4 pm and 8 pm (approximately), and its short-loop trains run with an average interval of five minutes. The Garudacharpalya-Mysuru Road trains run between 7:45 am and 9:00 am (approximately) in the morning with ten-minute intervals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro |url=https://english.bmrc.co.in/metro-timings/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251009013615/https://english.bmrc.co.in/metro-timings/ |archive-date=2025-10-09 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=english.bmrc.co.in}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} Station Layout'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Mysuru Road track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = yes
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Deepanjali Nagar}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Pantharapalya–Nayandahalli}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Baiyappanahalli metro station|Baiyappanahalli]] / {{stl|Namma Metro|Pattandur Agrahara}} / {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Deepanjali Nagar}}
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Pantharapalya–Nayandahalli}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''''Note:'''''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|'''''(Towards Pattandur Agrahara - Operational during peak hours)''''''''''(Towards Baiyappanahalli - Operational during Evening peak hours)'''''
|}
'''''{{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} Station Layout (TBC)'''''
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Mysuru Road track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Orange}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = yes
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Nagarbhavi
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to PES Institute of Technology
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=30 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} '''Next Station:''' Nagarbhavi Circle
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|JP Nagar 4th Phase}} '''Next Station:''' Dwaraka Nagar
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|}

==Entry/Exits==
There are 4 Entry/Exit points – A, B, C and D. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

* Entry/Exit point A: Towards Nayandahalli Junction side with wheelchair accessibility
* Entry/Exit point B: Towards BHEL side
* Entry/Exit point C: Towards Outer Ring Road side
* Entry/Exit point D: Towards Nayandahalli Junction side with wheelchair accessibility

==See also==
*[[Bangalore]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Metro in bangalore]]
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Namma Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629131050/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/index.html Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes|orange line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Sorabh Pant

2026-02-12T02:50:09Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting a data

{{short description|Indian stand-up comedian and writer (born 1981)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Sorabh Pant
| image = Sorabh Pant performing.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sorabh Pant
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|9|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| medium = English
| spouse = Iva Bagchi
| genre =
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Meghna Pant]] (sister)
| active = 2010 – present
| subject = Comedy
| influences =
| website ={{URL|sorabhpant.com}}
}}
'''Sorabh Pant''' (born 14 September 1981) is an Indian [[stand-up comedian]] and writer.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |author=Saraiya, Naman |url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2012/02/21/the-secret-behind-sorabh-pants-hair-loss/ |title=The Secret Behind Sorabh Pant's Hair Loss
|publisher=Nh7.in |date=21 February 2012 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806090929/http://nh7.in/indiecision/2012/02/21/the-secret-behind-sorabh-pants-hair-loss/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Written by TWB">{{cite web |author=TWB |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/?p=4199 |title=Pant on Fire! |publisher=This Week Bangalore |date=28 September 2011 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194320/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/?p=4199 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

He has performed over 250 shows.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_funny-thursdays-in-bangalore_1718985 |title=Funny Thursdays in Bangalore|work=Daily News and Analysis |date=24 July 2012 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030244/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_funny-thursdays-in-bangalore_1718985 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dubainightplanner1">{{cite web |url=http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |title="Pant on Fire" Comedian Sorabh Pant's English Comedy Special |publisher=Dubainightplanner.com |accessdate=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623164217/http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was rated amongst India's top-ten stand-up comedians by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nona Walia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Comic-Relief/articleshow/9942909.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906124516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/tv/30141653_1_stand-up-comedy-comedians-russell-peters |url-status=live |archive-date=6 September 2013 |title=Comic Relief |date=11 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> In a poll by [[IBN Live]] in March 2012, he was listed number one of the thirty-most interesting [[Twitter]] users in India.<ref name="dubainightplanner1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/twitter6-30-interesting-indians-to-follow/241387-3.html |title=Twitter@6: 30 interesting Indians to follow – India News – IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |accessdate=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823052709/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/twitter6-30-interesting-indians-to-follow/241387-3.html |archive-date=23 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Pant started as a writer for television.<ref name="Written by TWB"/><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |author=Nona Walia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Comic-Relief/articleshow/9942909.cms |title=Comic Relief |date=11 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906124516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/tv/30141653_1_stand-up-comedy-comedians-russell-peters |archive-date=6 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2008, he met [[Vir Das]] and they did a show together on [[CNBC-TV18]] called ''News on the Loose''.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starworld.in/show/ripping-the-decade/about_89.aspx|title=About R.I.P.Ping The Decade|publisher=Starworld.in|accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref> Pant's career in comedy took off when he started as the opening act for Das's show, ''Walking on Broken Das'', later that year.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web|author=Catherine Rhea Roy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2532560.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |title=FEATURES / METRO PLUS : Laugh Your Pant Off |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref>

After working with Das for three and a half years, he did his first solo act at HQ.<ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_wearing-the-comic-pants_1308928 |title=Wearing the comic pants|work=Daily News and Analysis |date=8 November 2009 |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref> In November 2009, he became one of just three Indian comedians to hit auditoriums with his solo show, ''Pant on Fire''.<ref name="Written by TWB"/><ref name="dnaindia1"/>

Sorabh also featured in [[F.A.Q.]] on [[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] television.

In July 2011, when American comedian [[Wayne Brady]] toured India, Pant was his opening act.<ref name="Written by TWB"/><ref name="thehindu1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/slideshow_wayne-brady-s-performance_1563756#top |title=Wayne Brady's Performance – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=9 July 2011 |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref>

In November 2011, Pant opened for American actor and comedian [[Rob Schneider]] on his India tour.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Hollywood/rajinikanth-looks-like-me-i-don-t-look-like-him-rob-schneider/Article1-775424.aspx |title=Rajinikanth Looks Like Me, I Don't Look Like Him: Rob Schneider |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 November 2011 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104160948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Hollywood/Rajinikanth-looks-like-me-I-don-t-look-like-him-Rob-Schneider/Article1-775424.aspx |archive-date=4 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Rodricks, Ranjit |url=http://www.missmalini.com/2011/11/29/hollywood-star-rob-hot-chick-schneider-had-sidhartha-mallya-atul-kasbekar-elahe-hiptoolah-and-nagesh-kukunoor-in-splits-at-the-black-dog-comedy-evenings-in-mumbai/ |title=Hollywood Star Rob 'Hot Chick' Schneider Had Sidhartha Mallya, Atul Kasbekar, Elahe Hiptoolah Apand Nagesh Kukunoor in Splits at The Black Dog Comedy Evenings in Mumbai |publisher=MissMalini |date=29 November 2011 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429061720/http://www.missmalini.com/2011/11/29/hollywood-star-rob-hot-chick-schneider-had-sidhartha-mallya-atul-kasbekar-elahe-hiptoolah-and-nagesh-kukunoor-in-splits-at-the-black-dog-comedy-evenings-in-mumbai/ |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Pant released his debut novel, ''The Wednesday Soul'', in December 2011.<ref name="Written by TWB"/>

===''Pant on Fire''===
''Pant on Fire'' is Pant's first comedy special, and was staged in more than ten cities in India, Dhaka, and Dubai. The tour reached North America in November 2012.<ref name="Written by TWB"/><ref name="dubainightplanner2">{{cite web |url=http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |title='Pant on Fire' Comedian Sorabh Pant's English Comedy Special |publisher=Dubainightplanner.com |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623164217/http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277738 |title=Sorabh Pant | Madhavi Tata |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=1 August 2011 |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924030534/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277738 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Traveling Pants''===
''Traveling Pants'' is a comedy special which takes on cultures and people in India and around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/events/The-Travelling-Pants-A/ET00009961 |title=The Travelling Pants (A) event tickets now available |publisher=In.bookmyshow.com |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012232531/http://in.bookmyshow.com/events/The-Travelling-Pants-A/ET00009961 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2012, it became the second show by an Indian comedian to be showcased at the Comedy Store, Mumbai.<ref name="dubainightplanner2"/>

===East India Comedy===
In 2012, Pant founded the comedy company [[East India Comedy]], and over the next year recruited comedians Kunal Rao, [[Sapan Verma]], Sahil Shah, [[Atul Khatri]], Azeem Banatwalla and Angad Singh Ranyal. Pant and Khatri are no longer a part of EIC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/comic-timing/960084/ |title=Comic Timing |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=10 June 2012 |accessdate=22 September 2012}}</ref>

The East India Comedy performed 130 shows across the country in 2013, including the specials ''Men Are from Bars'' and ''Comedy News Network''.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

=== Bibliography ===
=== Books ===
* ''The Wednesday Soul: The Afterlife with Sunglasses (2011)''
* ''Under Delhi (2014)''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Under Delhi' by Sorabh Pant {{!}} Book Review |url=https://indiannerve.com/under-delhi-by-sorabh-pant-book-review-16732/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Indian Nerve}}</ref>
* ''Pawan: The Flying Accountant (2017)''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-12 |title=It took comedian Sorabh Pant 5 years to write his new humour novel. Here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/it-took-comedian-sorabh-pant-took-5-years-to-write-his-new-humour-novel-here-s-why/story-I24i4vRbtpDDaN018mhN0J.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* ''Vote for Pant: But, Don’t (2022)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Sorabh |title="Vote for Pant: But, Don't": A book of political satire by comedian Sorabh Pant |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/vote-for-pant-but-dont-a-book-of-political-satire-by-comedian-sorabh-pant/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref>

==Comedic style==
Pant's material has been described as "over the top", "manic", and occasionally "marginally unstable."<ref name="dubainightplanner2"/>

[[Wayne Brady]], for whom Pant has opened, has said: "He's the second brilliant Indian comedian I've seen, after [[Russell Peters]]."<ref name="Written by TWB"/><ref name="dubainightplanner2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eventseeker.com/artist/49202-sorabh-pant|title=Sorabh Pant – Artist Profile|website=eventseeker.com|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref>

Pant's jokes take a dig at communities and involve a lot of sex – two things which he says work "big time" in India.<ref name="dnaindia1"/> He also does impersonations of communities, and some of his jokes are about women.<ref name="outlookindia1"/> Pant says, "I am a home-grown comedian. I have the Indian sensibility".<ref name="dnaindia1"/> He has also been working on a lot of material that revolves around politics and puns.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==''The Wednesday Soul''==
Pant's book ''The Wednesday Soul'' is a "fictitious and comic take on life after death".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://idiva.com/interviews-work-life/how-to-get-published-sorabh-pant/12214/1 |title=How to Get Published: Sorabh Pant |date=18 April 2012|publisher=iDivayhyyg6g6g6d6h.com |accessdate=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626024625/http://idiva.com/interviews-work-life/how-to-get-published-sorabh-pant/12214/1 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was published by [[Westland Books]].

== Personal life ==
Pant's sister is writer [[Meghna Pant]].<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1875922/report-sibling-speak |title=Sibling Speak|work=Daily News and Analysis |accessdate=2013-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themetrognome.in/art-and-culture/read/two-pants-on-fire|title=The Metrognome – Two Pants on Fire|date=18 October 2012}}</ref> He is married to Iva Bagchi, and together they have two children.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Comedy|India|Novels|Television}}
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of novelists]]
* [[List of people from Mumbai]]
* [[List of stand-up comedians]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sorabh Pant}}
* {{URL|sorabhpant.com}}, Pant's official website
* {{IMDb name|nm4963586}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120803221720/http://eastindiacomedy.com/ East India Co.medy]}}
* [http://www.thewednesdaysoul.com ''The Wednesday Soul'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pant, Sorabh}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian comedy writers]]
[[Category:Indian founders]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian television writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Comedians from Mumbai]]

Poovaiyar

2026-02-09T06:11:12Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Created Article

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Poovaiyar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 2008
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Guppies Poovaiyar<ref name="D" />
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actor}}
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present
| notable_works = A contestant in Super Singer
}}
'''Poovaiyar''' is an Indian [[gaana]] singer and actor who works in Tamil-language films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=தந்தையின் மரணத்திற்கு பிறகு அக்காவை படிக்க வைத்த கப்பீஸ்.. சூப்பர் சிங்கர் கண்டெடுத்த பூவையார்! |trans-title=Kapees made his sister study after her father's death .. Caring Super Singer Poovaiyar |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/poovaiyar-super-singer-poovaiyar-instagram-super-singer-poovaiyar-songs-poovaiyar-finals-221576/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017054928/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/poovaiyar-super-singer-poovaiyar-instagram-super-singer-poovaiyar-songs-poovaiyar-finals-221576/ |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=14 October 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> He is known for being a part of Season 6 of [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Super Singer Junior]]'' and co-singing "[[Verithanam]]" from ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=6 மாசத்தில் விஜய் டிவி சிங்கர் பூவையார் சேர்த்த சொத்துக்கள்!! விவரம் இதோ |trans-title=Assets added by Vijay TV Singer Poovaiyar in 6 months !! Here is the detail |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/poovaiyar-photo-gallery-qej0gn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919185535/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/poovaiyar-photo-gallery-qej0gn |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2020 |title=ஒரே வீடியோவில் அரங்கத்தையே அழ வைத்த சூப்பர் சிங்கர் பூவையார்! இப்ப எப்படி இருக்காரு தெரியுமா? |trans-title=Super Singer Poovaiyar who made the stage cry in a single video! Do you know how it is now? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/super-singer-poovaiyar-family-super-singer-poovaiyar-songs-vijay-tv-super-singer-poovaiyar-home/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924120359/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/super-singer-poovaiyar-family-super-singer-poovaiyar-songs-vijay-tv-super-singer-poovaiyar-home/ |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
Poovaiyar participated and became the second runner up of [[Super Singer Junior#Super Singer Junior Season 6|Super Singer Junior 6]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2019 |title=Super Singer Junior 6 winner: Hrithik bags the trophy, wins house worth Rs 50 lakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-junior-6-winner-hrithik-bags-the-trophy-wins-house-worth-rs-50-lakh/articleshow/68981459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222015703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/super-singer-junior-6-winner-hrithik-bags-the-trophy-wins-house-worth-rs-50-lakh/articleshow/68981459.cms |archive-date=22 December 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=கருத்துக்கணிப்பில் பூவையார் முதலிடம்: எப்படி ரித்திக் ஜெயித்தார்? கொந்தளித்த மக்கள்! |trans-title=Poovaiyar tops poll: How did Hrithik win? Turbulent people! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/after-hrithik-win-super-singer-junior-6-title-all-people-support-poovaiyar-who-have-majority-votes-in-twitter/articleshow/68986948.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626221251/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/after-hrithik-win-super-singer-junior-6-title-all-people-support-poovaiyar-who-have-majority-votes-in-twitter/articleshow/68986948.cms |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> He sang a song in ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019) along with [[Hiphop Tamizha Adhi]].<ref name="A">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Bigil star joins with Natpe Thunai actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bigil-star-joins-with-natpe-thunai-actor/articleshow/72218724.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127220519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bigil-star-joins-with-natpe-thunai-actor/articleshow/72218724.cms |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Poovaiyar co-sang the song "[[Verithanam]]" in the film ''[[Bigil]]'' (2019) with [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]] in addition to appearing in the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2019 |title='வெறித்தனம்' பாடலை விஜய்யுடன் இணைந்து பாடிய பூவையார்! |trans-title=Poovaiyar who sang the song 'Verithanam' with Vijay! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-verithanam-lyric-video-goes-viral-vijay-tv-poovaiyar-sung-verithanam-song-msb-201275.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626095839/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-verithanam-lyric-video-goes-viral-vijay-tv-poovaiyar-sung-verithanam-song-msb-201275.html |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2019 |title=Super Singer sensation to act in Thalapathy 63 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/super-singer-sensation-to-act-in-thalapathy-63-news-tamil-tcvn1Vdfhjbfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222144114/http://www.sify.com/movies/super-singer-sensation-to-act-in-thalapathy-63-news-tamil-tcvn1Vdfhjbfg.html |archive-date=22 February 2019 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=19 February 2019 |title=Rockstar kid to share screen space with Vijay |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190219/rockstar-kid-to-share-screen-space-with-vijay.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906211306/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190219/rockstar-kid-to-share-screen-space-with-vijay.html |archive-date=6 September 2020 |access-date=14 September 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2019 |title=Super Singer fame Poovaiyaar joins Thalapathy 63 as actor and singer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-singer-fame-poovaiyaar-joins-thalapathy-63-as-an-actor-and-a-singer-1458869-2019-02-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706121219/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-singer-fame-poovaiyaar-joins-thalapathy-63-as-an-actor-and-a-singer-1458869-2019-02-18 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Poovaiyar sang the song "Kolamav Kokkila" in the film ''[[50/50 (2019 film)|50/50]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2019 |title=Murder in a temple town |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/30/murder-in-a-temple-town-2082508.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915113816/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/dec/30/murder-in-a-temple-town-2082508.html |archive-date=15 September 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film picturizes [[Yogi Babu]] and is inspired by the song "Kalyaana Vayasu" from ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]''.<ref name="D">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=December 10, 2019 |title=Yogi's dream song goes viral |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091219/yogis-dream-song-goes-viral.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917052849/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091219/yogis-dream-song-goes-viral.html |archive-date=17 September 2020 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> He later appeared in the films ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title='Master' actor and singer Poovaiyar buys a new car - Netizens shower congrats messages|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/poovaiyar-new-car-master-cobra-super-singer-tamil-news-324946|access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref> ''[[Andhagan]]'' and ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=12 April 2021 |title=When Samuthirakani interrogated Prashanth & Simran for a crime |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-samuthirakani-interrogated-prashanth-simran-for-a-crime/articleshow/82017876.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210412050526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-samuthirakani-interrogated-prashanth-simran-for-a-crime/articleshow/82017876.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="A" />

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Co-singers
! Lyricist
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019
|''[[Gorilla (film)|Gorilla]]'' || "Chimp Song" || [[Sam C. S.]] || [[Anthony Daasan]] || Sam C. S.
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]'' || "[[Verithanam]]" || [[A. R. Rahman]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]] || [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|-
| ''[[50/50 (2019 film)|50/50]]'' || "Kolamav Kokkila" || [[Dharan Kumar]] || MC D || MC D
|-
|| 2020
|''[[Lift (2021 film)|Lift]]'' || "Inna Mayilu" || [[Britto Michael]] || [[Sivakarthikeyan]], Kamala Kannan, Rajesh ||Nishanth
|-
| 2021 || ''Corona Kumar'' || "CSK Sigangala" || Javed Riaz || [[Silambarasan]]
| Lalithanand
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|{{N/A}}
|"Moopilla Thamizhe Thaaye"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|A. R. Rahman, [[Saindhavi]], [[Khatija Rahman]], [[A. R. Ameen]], Amina Rafiq, Gabriella Sellus, Rakshita Suresh, Niranjana Ramanan, Aparna Harikumar, Nakul Abhyankar
|Thamarai
|-
| ''[[Therkathi Veeran]]'' || "Kadal Amma" || [[Srikanth Deva]] || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || Saarath
|}

== Filmography ==
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigil]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance in the song "[[Verithanam]]"
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || Undiyal ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022 || ''[[Koogle Kuttappa]]'' || Babu's friend ||
|-
|''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || N. Sathish ||
|-
|''[[Therkathi Veeran]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance in the song "Therkathi Veera"
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Shot Boot Three]]'' || Ramana ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]'' || Salon staff member ||
|-
| ''[[Andhagan]]'' || Kappes ||
|-
| rowspan=3| 2025 || ''[[Phoenix (2025 film)|Phoenix]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-05 |title=Review praises Phoenix but offends its star Varalaxmi Sarathkumar; here is why |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/05/review-praises-phoenix-but-offends-its-star-varalaxmi-sarathkumar-here-is-why |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bomb (2025 film)|Bomb]]'' || Yogesh ||
|-
| ''[[Ram Abdullah Antony]]'' || {{TBA}} ||
|-
|}

===Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Super Singer Junior#Super Singer Junior Season 6|Super Singer Junior 6]]'' || Contestant || [[STAR Vijay]] || Second runner-up
|-
|2025
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 6]]''
|Comali
|[[Star Vijay]]
|<ref name="Actor and singer Poovaiyar to join Cooku With Comali season 6 as a Comali?">{{cite news|title=Actor and singer Poovaiyar to join Cooku With Comali season 6 as a Comali?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-and-singer-poovaiyar-to-join-cooku-with-comali-season-6-as-a-comali/articleshow/120664627.cms|accessdate=3 September 2025|work=The Times of India|date=27 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903154439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-and-singer-poovaiyar-to-join-cooku-with-comali-season-6-as-a-comali/articleshow/120664627.cms|archivedate=3 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11112751}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54UK3qsnjk4 Kolamav Kokkila making video]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission

2026-02-05T10:23:37Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|State government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission
| image = Seal of Uttar Pradesh.png
| image_border =
| size =
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| msize = 
| malt = https://goo.gl/maps/dYGSz
| mcaption = 
| abbreviation = UPPSC
| motto =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1937|04|01}}
| extinction = 
| type = [[Constitutional body]]
| status = 
| purpose = Competitive Examinations
| headquarters = [[Prayagraj]] ([[Uttar Pradesh|UP]])
| location = 10, Kasturba Gandhi Marg, Prayagraj - 211018
| coords = 
| region_served = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| membership =
| language = 
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| leader_title = Chairman <ref>{{cite web |url=https://uppsc.up.nic.in/PublicPages/com.aspx?ID=DE |title= Hon'ble Chairman, Member & Secretary Details |publisher=UPPSC |website=uppsc.up.nic.in |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
| leader_name = Sri Sanjay Shrinet
| leader_title1 = Member
| leader_name1 = Sri Kalp Raj Singh
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Sri Ashok Kumar [[I.A.S.]]
| main_organ = 
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_←volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{url|uppsc.up.nic.in}}
| remarks =
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission''' ({{transliteration|hi|ISO|Uttar Pradesh Lōk Sēvā Āyōg}}), abbreviated as '''UPPSC''', is a [[government body]] of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, responsible for the recruitment of candidates for various government jobs, including the Provincial Civil Service (PCS), under the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] through [[competitive examination]]s. It was established by the [[Constitution of India]], as per the provisions of Articles 315 to 323 ([[Part XIV of the Constitution of India|Part XIV]]) of the constitution, titled Services Under the Union and the States, which provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state.

==History==
The Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) came into existence on 1 April 1937, with the main aim of recruiting candidates to various services in the state. The commission is regulated by Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission Regulation, 1976.

===Origin===
Indianisation of the superior Civil Services became one of the major demands of the political movement compelling the [[British Raj|British Indian Government]] to consider the setting up of a Public Service Commission for recruitment to its services in the territory. Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], for the first time, provision was made for the formation of Public Service Commissions at the provincial level. Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission was constituted on 1 April 1937 with its headquarters at [[Prayagraj]].
The working of Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission is also regulated by Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission Regulation, 1976.

==Functions of UPPSC==
*Recruitment of the candidates.
{{ordered list|type=lower-roman
| On the basis of Interview only.
| On the basis of screening test & Interview.
| On the basis of Examination only.
| On the basis of Examination & Interview only.
| On the basis of Preliminary Examination, Main Examination & Interview.
}}
*Promotions.
*Disciplinary Actions
*Service Rules.
*Advice to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|U.P. Government]]

==Examination Conducted by the Commission==
List of Examinations Conducted by the U.P. Public Service Commission from time to time.<ref>[https://uppsc.up.nic.in Examination Conducted by the Commission]</ref> (Direct recruitment through interviews only as per the service):
#Combined Competitive Examination (Provincial Civil Service)
#Assistant Conservator of Forest (ACF)/ Forest range officer (FRO) Examinations ([[Natural Resource]])
#Review Officer (R.O.)/ Assistant Review Officer (A.R.O.) Examination (Only for the commission)
#A.P.S. Examination (Only for the commission and secretariat of U.P. and Revenue)
#Assistant Registrar Examination
#Combined State Engineering Examination ([[Engineering]])
#U.P. Judicial Services (Junior Division) Examination - (PCS-J) ([[Law]])
#Assistant Prosecuting Officers Examination ([[Law]])
#U.P. Palika (Centralized) Health Services : Food & Sanitary Inspector Examination ([[Medical]])
#Dental Surgeon Examination (Screening exam and Interview)
#Uttar Pradesh state Agriculture Services Examination (Agriculture Science)

==Controversies==
On 26 September 2013, [[Allahabad High Court]] ordered UPPSC to cancel the Mains Examination of UP Provincial Civil Services (Judicial) 2013, over alleged irregularities in the Answer Key issued by it. The word key allegedly had incorrect multiple–choice options marked as correct.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allahabad High Court orders UPPSC to Cancel PCS (J) Mains Exam over Irregularities|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/allahabad-high-court-orders-uppsc-to-cancel-pcs-j-mains-exam-over-irregularities/|access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>

On 29 March 2015, the question paper of the UPPSC PCS Preliminary exam was leaked before the exam. It led to a protest and subsequently, the cancellation of the morning shift exam. The police said that they would find the person who had sold the question paper on WhatsApp for Rs.5 Lakh per copy.<ref>{{cite web|title= UPPSC Exam Calendar|url=https://uppsc.up.nic.in/PublicPages/Examinations_Details.aspx?ID=EC|access-date=17 August 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission]] (UPSSSC)
* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://uppsc.up.nic.in/ UPPSC Official Website]

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:State public service commissions of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1937]]
[[Category:State agencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Civil Services of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:1937 establishments in India]]

2014: The Election that Changed India

2026-01-30T03:01:54Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: refined layout additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Book by Rajdeep Sardesai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = 2014: The Election that Changed India
| image = 2014 - The Election that Changed India.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Rajdeep Sardesai]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[Politics of India]], [[2014 Indian general election]]
| genre =
| set_in =
| published =
| publisher = [[Penguin Books India]]
| pub_date = 26 May 2015
| media_type =
| pages = 372<ref name="DNA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-rajdeep-sardesai-s-2014-the-election-that-changed-india-is-a-must-read-for-all-news-junkies-2035090 |title=Book Review: Rajdeep Sardesai's '2014: The Election that Changed India' is a must read for all news junkies |date=14 November 2014 |work=DNA |accessdate=5 April 2016 |author=Arghya Roy Chowdhury }}</ref>
| awards =
| isbn = 9780143424987
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 921981462
| dewey =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''2014: The Election that Changed India''''' is a 2015 book by [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], a writer and journalist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajdeep Sardesai |url=https://penguin.co.in/author/rajdeep-sardesai/ |publisher=Penguin Books India |access-date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

In his book, Sardesai tells the story of the [[2014 Indian general election]]. It was released on 1 November 2014. The book follows through the major stories of the 2014 Loksabha elections which affected the fate of [[Narendra Modi]], [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Rahul Gandhi]].

It was the first time since 1984 that a party had won enough seats to govern without the support of other parties.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhume |first=Sadanand |date=2014-05-18 |title=Modi's Next Moves |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304198504579569412999440246.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

As per the requirements of the Indian Constitution, [[Elections in India|elections to the Lok Sabha]] must be held at an interval of five years or whenever parliament is dissolved by the [[President of India|president]]. The [[2009 Indian general election|previous election]], to the [[15th Lok Sabha]], was conducted in April–May 2009, and its term would have naturally expired on 31 May 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Reception==

In the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' Suparna Sharma wrote that "Rajdeep Sardesai gives us almost a fly-on-the-wall account of the campaign of one party" and "With broad, confident brushstrokes he creates, in true [[kshatriya]] tradition, character sketches, post-script of course, of Modi the winner and Rahul the loser. He analyses and judges personalities by what they did on the battlefield, no so much by who they are, or what they stand for".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141214/lifestyle-booksart/article/book-review-2014-election-changed-india-%E2%80%98no-selfies-modi%E2%80%99 |title=Book Review: 2014 The Election That Changed India: 'No selfies with Modi' |author=Suparna Sharma |date=15 December 2014 |access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Non-fiction books about elections]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:2015 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:2014 Indian general election]]

Shrikant Narayan

2026-01-08T00:46:45Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting new pg

{{short description|Indian stage and playback singer (born 1968)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shrikkant Narayan
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = 17 January 1968
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| origin = India
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = Stage Singing, Light Singing, [[ghazal]], [[playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
}}

'''Shrikant Narayan''' (born 17 January 1968) is an Indian stage and playback singer, known for the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] song ''[[Dol Doltay Warya Vari]]'' which reached double platinum status in India in 1986.<ref name='TimesOfIndia1'>{{cite news | title = Shrikant Narayan recreates Rafi's magic in US | date = 8 September 2012 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Shrikant-Narayan-recreates-Rafis-magic-in-US/articleshow/16296533.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211083231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-08/news-and-interviews/33678083_1_rafi-shrikant-narayan-bollywood | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 December 2013 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 23 December 2013}}</ref><ref name='IndianExpress1'>{{cite news | first = Namita | last = Navis | title = Promising talent | date = 13 June 2008 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/promising-talent/321959 | work = [[The Indian Express]] | accessdate = 23 December 2013}}</ref> Narayan records music in a number of languages; Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam.<ref name='IndianExpress1' /><ref name='NarayanWeb1'>{{cite web | url = http://shrikantnarayan.com/about.php | title = About – Shrikant Narayan | accessdate = 23 December 2013 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140101083549/http://shrikantnarayan.com/about.php | archivedate = 1 January 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

== Career ==
Narayan took part in music competitions during his youth, but did not pursue a singing career until winning a singing competition whilst attending [[Bhavan's College, Andheri]] in 1985–1986.<ref name='TimesOfIndia1' /> He graduated from university in 1990 and would perform in the evenings, whilst working full-time during the day, latterly with pharmaceutical company [[May & Baker]]. Narayan would leave May & Baker in 1997 to perform full-time.<ref name='IndianExpress1' /><ref name='Merinews1'>{{cite news | first = Niilesh | last = Raje | title = How Shrikant Narayan became a voice of Mohammed Rafi | date = 11 June 2013 | url = http://www.merinews.com/article/how-shrikant-narayan-became-a-voice-of-mohammed-rafi/15886603.shtml | work = Merinews | accessdate = 23 December 2013}}</ref>

He has performed with [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vinod Rathod]] and [[Sudesh Bhosle]].<ref name='TimesOfIndia1' />

Narayan performed a 12-hour marathon concert titled ''Pukarta Chala Hoon Main'' in Mumbai on 25 December 2012, which featured 101 songs by [[Mohammed Rafi]], to celebrate what would have been Rafi's 88th birthday.<ref name='Merinews1' /><ref name='IndiaToday'>{{cite news | title = 12-hour marathon Mohammed Rafi concert on Dec 25 | date = 23 December 2012 | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/12-hour-marathon-mohammed-rafi-concert-on-december-25-125110-2012-12-22 | work = [[India Today]] | access-date = 23 December 2013}}</ref>

== Achievements and awards ==
Narayan has been awarded the [[Maharashtra Kalabhushan Award]] by the Maharashtra Government and the [[Jan Parishad Award]] by the Madhya Pradesh Government.<ref name='TimesOfIndia1' />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Shrikant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language singers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

INS Vindhyagiri (F42)

2025-12-30T21:33:59Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: creating post

{{short description|Decommissioned Nilgiri-class frigate of the Indian Navy}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{other ships|INS Vindhyagiri}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption= }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval-2004}}
|name= INS ''Vindhyagiri''
|namesake= [[Vindhyagiri Hill]]
|ordered=
|builder=
|laid_down=
|launched=12 November 1977
|acquired=
|commissioned= 8 July 1981
|decommissioned= 11 June 2012
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|identification=[[Pennant number]]: F42
|honours= Served as flagship of Western Fleet
|fate= Capsized after collision, 2011
|status= Salvaged and decommissioned
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}}
|type=
|displacement=*2682 tons (standard)
*2962 tons (full load)
|length= {{convert|113|m|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|4.3|m|abbr=on}}
|propulsion=*2 × 550 psi boilers
*2 × 30,000 hp motors
|speed= {{convert|28|kn|abbr=on}}
|range= {{convert|4000|nmi|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}
|complement= 267 (incl 17 officers)<ref name=in-nilgiri>{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/frigates_giri.htm |title=Surface Ships |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=1 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215232507/http://indiannavy.nic.in/frigates_giri.htm |archive-date=15 February 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|sensors=*Signaal DA05 / BEL PFN513 radar
*Signaal LW08 / BEL RAWL02 surface radar
*Signaal ZW06 / BEL RASHMI navigation radar
*Signaal M-45 navigation radar
*Westinghouse SQS-505 / Graesby 750 sonar
*Type 170 active attack sonar
|EW=
|armament=*2 × MK.6 Vickers 115mm guns
*4 × [[AK-230]] 30mm guns
*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20mm guns]]
*2 × triple ILAS 3 324 mm torpedo tubes with Whitehead A244S or the Indian NST-58 torpedoes
* 1 × twin-tube launcher for [[Bofors 375mm anti submarine rockets]]
|armour=
|aircraft= 1 [[Westland Sea King]] or [[HAL Chetak]]
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Vindhyagiri''''' was a {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}} of the [[Indian Navy]]. ''Vindhyagiri'' was commissioned on 8 July 1981. After nearly thirty years of service, she sank a few hours after colliding with a German merchant vessel on 30 January 2011. Although she was subsequently salvaged, the navy decommissioned her on 11 June 2012, a year before her envisaged decommissioning date. ''Vindhyagiri'' served for 31 years, including a period as the flagship of the [[Western Naval Command]].

==Role in Seychelles coup attempt==
{{Main|Operation Flowers are Blooming}}
In 1986, there was a series of coup attempts against President René led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, [[Ogilvy Berlouis]]. This included a plot in June 1986, codenamed Operation ''Distant Lash'', which involved some 30 mercenaries and 350 Seychellois.<ref>{{citation|author= David Hebditch and Ken Connor |title= How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution (London: Greenhill, 2005), p.155.}}</ref>

When [[New Delhi]] was informed of an impending coup by intelligence sources, Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] personally contacted the Indian Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]], with a verbal request to provide assistance to René. Coincidentally, the Indian Navy had already dispatched the ''Vindhyagiri'' on a scheduled visit to Seychelles. It was decided that on arrival ''Vindhyagiri'' would report an engineering defect requiring an extended stay in [[Victoria, Seychelles|Port Victoria]]. A senior Indian naval officer was then sent to the Seychelles on a commercial airline to command the operation and an "engineering" team of 20 sailors trained in weapons was readied for dispatch to Port Victoria. The extended presence of the ''Vindhyagiri'' in Port Victoria averted the planned coup.

==January 2011 collision==
On 30 January 2011, ''Vindhyagiri'' collided with the Cyprus-flagged MV ''Nordlake'' near [[Sunk Rock Lighthouse|Sunk Rock lighthouse]] at the entrance of Mumbai harbour at 3:30 pm. Several civilians, including family members of the crew, were on board at the time of the incident. No casualties were reported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/INS-Vindhyagiri-goes-down/Article1-656939.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203013128/http://www.hindustantimes.com/INS-Vindhyagiri-goes-down/Article1-656939.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2011 |title=INS Vindhyagiri goes down |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 February 2011}}</ref> The collision caused major damage in the hull of the ship, affecting the boiler room and turbine room. The collision also caused a major fire to break out, which took more than 15 hours to control.

On 31 January 2011, ''Vindhyagiri'' settled on the sea bed at Berth No 5 the Mumbai Naval Dockyard due to flooding in some of its compartments from the collision and fire.<ref>{{cite news|first=Yogesh | last=Naik |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Navy-warship-INS-Vindhyagiri-capsizes/articleshow/7395672.cms |title=Navy warship INS Vindhyagiri capsizes | newspaper=The Times of India |date=31 January 2011 | access-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref>

Chief Public Relations Officer (Defence) Captain M. Nambiar told ''The Hindu'' newspaper that: "The place where the ship is berthed hardly has enough water. It is just seven metres deep. The ship touched the bottom because of flooding in some compartments. She is on the sea bed. Of course, she can be recovered."<ref>{{cite news|first=Vinaya |last=Deshpande |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1142515.ece |title=States / Other States: INS Vindhyagiri lists, touches sea bed due to flooding |work=The Hindu|date= 31 January 2011|access-date=1 February 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

After spending close to five months on the seabed, the ship was raised by the Titan Salvage company, with the assistance of the naval architect firm Salvage Master and a 24-hour diving crew. The procedure started with patches to the hull, followed by using multiple pumps to remove the water from inside the wreck, all while a [[floating crane|giant floating crane]] lifted the wreck and kept it stable while the salvage crew performed their work.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kavitha |last=Iyer |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ins-vindhyagiri-rises-from-sea/806870/ |title=INS Vindhyagiri rises from sea |work=The Indian Express|date= 22 June 2011|access-date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

==Decommissioning==
On 8 May 2012, the Bombay High Court granted permission to the Indian Navy to decommission and destroy the ship after one ammunition chamber could not be emptied. It was due to be expended as a target.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3398454.ece | title = INS Vindhyagiri, stuck with ammunition, to be destroyed; court informed of accord | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 9 May 2012 | access-date = 9 May 2012}}</ref> The ship was decommissioned subsequently on 11 June 2012.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Leander class frigate}}

{{2011 shipwrecks}}
{{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vindhyagiri (F42)}}
[[Category:Nilgiri-class frigates (1972)]]
[[Category:1977 ships]]
[[Category:January 2011 in India]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2011]]
[[Category:India–Seychelles relations]]

Kerala State Housing Board

2025-12-30T16:34:04Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Kerala State Housing Board
| logo = KSHB Logo.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|1971}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Kerala]]
| employees =
| budget =
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Revenue and Housing
| chief1_name = P Prasad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://117.239.248.250/kshb/directorboard/view/12|title=Board Members - Kerala State Housing Board|website=117.239.248.250|access-date=2018-04-03}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = A. Geetha IAS
| chief2_position = Secretary and Housing Commissioner
| parent_department = [[Department of Housing (Kerala)|Housing Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| website = {{url|www.kshb.kerala.gov.in}}
}}
'''Kerala State Housing Board''' ([[Abbreviation]]: '''KSHB''') is a [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]]<ref name="keralagovin">{{Cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/kerala-state-housing-board|title=Kerala State Housing Board - Government of Kerala, India|website=kerala.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-02|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223205938/http://kerala.gov.in/kerala-state-housing-board|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/official-website-kerala-state-housing-board-0|title=Website of Kerala State Housing Board {{!}} National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-02}}</ref> governmental group that provides direction and planning in housing activities. It was established under Act 19 of 1971.

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2024}}
Before the board, governmental and non-governmental agencies executed house building projects without co-ordination. Housing Minister's Conferences in 1957 and in 1961 recommended the establishment of a Housing Board/Corporation in every state. The [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum City]] Improvement Trust Act in 1960 provided the framing and execution of housing projects to the city of Trivandrum. The town planning act 1108 (Act IV of 1108) applies only to the city of Travancore-Cochin area while the Madras Town Planning Act, 1920 (Madras Act VII of 1920), applies to the Malabar area. They contain certain provisions for framing and executing housing projects. Those provisions proved inadequate to meet the requirements.

Hence the Government considered it necessary to enact a comprehensive law applicable to the whole State providing organized direction and planning in the preparation and execution of housing and improvement projects and for a State Housing Board to co-ordinate the State's various housing projects. The Kerala State Housing Board Ordinance, 1970 (24 of 1970) was enacted and the Housing Board was constituted in 1971,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kshb.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=48:aboutus|title=About KSHB|website=kshb.kerala.gov.in|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> by merging Trivandrum City Improvement Trust.

== Organisation ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}[[File:Organisation chart KSHB.jpg|right|thumb|Organisation chart of KSHB]]
The Housing Board is governed by a Director Board headed by a Chair. Official members are appointed by the Government of Kerala and non-official members are nominated by the State Government. The Housing Commissioner is the ex-officer Secretary of the Kerala State Housing Board. Administration is vested in the Board, constituting 17 members, namely the Chair, Housing Commissioner cum ex-officer secretary, 4 official members and 11 non-official members. The KSHB consists of 39 offices with its head office at Thiruvananthapuram. The three Regional offices are at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kochi]] and [[Kozhikkode]] and 14 division offices in all 14 districts. Two project divisions are in Trivandrum and Kochi. The Technical wing consists of 175 Engineers led by the Chief Engineer while the ministerial wing consists of 350 officers/ staff up to the Additional Secretary.

== Projects ==
KSHB implemented various housing construction and lending projects for various income groups. It includes Economically Weaker Section (EWS), Low Income Group (LIG), Middle Income Group (MIG) and High Income Group (HIG). It further organized general improvement projects such as commercial office complexes, Government-directed rental housing, slum improvement, housing complex for EWS, rehabilitation housing, revenue towers etc.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; font-size: 90%;"
!colspan="5"|Housing projects
|-
|'''project'''
|'''No. of Units'''
|'''Remarks'''
|-
|M N One Lakh Housing project
|12822
|Renovation of houses constructed in 1971-72
|-
|Rajiv One Million Housing project
|5000
|in 120 Panchayat
|-
|Latur Rehabilitation project
|168
|For earthquake victims in [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|Slum Clearance project-Chengalchoola
|418
|Chengalchoola in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
|[[Tsunami]] Housing project
|3624
|
|-
|[[Wayanadu]] ST
|270
|
|-
|SC Housing project
|1672
|
|-
|Rehabilitation project Bangladesh Colony
|216
|Santhinagar Kozhikode
|}

=== MN One Lakh House ===
This project was launched in early 1972. It was the first major attempt in India to provide adequate accommodation to very poor, landless agricultural labour families who had not received homesteads under the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 as amended in 1969.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=KERALA-One Lakh Houses Scheme|url=http://www.epw.in/journal/1976/16/our-correspondent-columns/kerala-one-lakh-houses-scheme.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=11|issue=16}}</ref> The entire amount spent for the purchase of land and development of house-sites was received as subsidy from the Government of India.<ref name=":housing">{{Cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/housing|title=Housing - Government of Kerala, India|website=kerala.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223204736/http://kerala.gov.in/housing|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Innovative Housing ===
A housing project was formed in the 11th five-year plan, under 2nd years programme (2008-2009). It was proposed to construct residential flats on government land for the displaced labourers in the EWS of urban area. The sites were [[Thrikkakara]], [[Ernakulam]] and [[Poojappura]], Trivandrum.<ref name=":housing" />

=== Rajiv One Million Housing ===
Rajiv One Million Housing Project was introduced in 1971. Under this project 1% of houses constructed for EWS was reserved for Physically Handicapped Persons.<ref name=":housing" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ayjnihh.nic.in/awareness/schemes4c.asp?textsize=Medium&contrastscheme=&pageid=4|title=State Govemment Schemes (Southern Region): Schemes & Facilities - Page 4: Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Speech and Hearing Disabilities(Divyangjan), Mumbai, India|website=ayjnihh.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513151933/http://ayjnihh.nic.in/awareness/schemes4c.asp?textsize=Medium&contrastscheme=&pageid=4|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Tsunami Housing ===
A [[tsunami]] affected Kerala coastal areas in 2004. KSHB was designated as the lead agency for the provision of coastal housing and re-settlement. The Government entrusted the construction of houses to KSHB. The Board constructed 1204 houses at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (31), [[Kasaragod]] (270), [[Kannur]] (128), [[Kozhikode]] (567), [[Malappuram]] (208), temporary shelters at [[Kollam]] (200).<ref name=":housing" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kollam.nic.in/tsunami/tempshelters.htm|title=Tsunami Disaster in Kollam District 2004|website=kollam.nic.in|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

=== Suraksha Housing ===
The project is to give financial assistance for homeless EWS in urban and rural areas. Assistance was to be given to persons owning at least 2 cents of land to construct a house by themselves. The project has an option to associate Voluntary Agencies and NGOs to assist the construction.<ref name=":housing" />

Many projects were further implemented to waive housing loans in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Scheme-to-waive-housing-loans/article16574252.ece|title=Scheme to waive housing loans|date=2009-06-10|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-03}}</ref>

=== Housing for NoRKs ===
In 2017 the KSHB planned to launch a special project for Non-Resident Keralites (NoRKs) employed abroad. The government came out with a package to provide accommodations for the five-lakh odd homeless in the State. The project took cues from the one lakh housing project, Laksham Veedu Padhathi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-plans-housing-scheme-for-norks/article19786044.ece|title=State plans housing scheme for NoRKs|date=2017-10-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-03|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Department of Housing (Kerala)|Housing Department, Government of Kerala]]
* [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.kshb.kerala.gov.in}}
* [https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/psus Kerala.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018083955/https://kerala.gov.in/web/guest/psus |date=18 October 2019 }}

{{Public Sector Undertakings in Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kerala]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1971]]
[[Category:Housing organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 1971]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1971]]

Betal

2025-12-29T20:53:31Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: small changes

{{Short description|Hindu folk god}}
{{distinguish|Vithoba}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Betal.jpg|thumb|Betal statue, [[Poinguinim]], Goa]]
'''Betal''', '''Vetal''' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: वेताळ), ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: वेताळ) or '''Vetoba''', a [[Bhairava]] form of [[Shiva]] is a popular god in [[Goa]], [[Sindhudurg district]] & [[Kolhapur]] of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karwar]] of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. Betal is also known as '''Vetoba''' in the [[Konkan]] area of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]], and in the [[Sindhudurg district]].<ref name="Mitragotri19922">{{cite book |last=Mitragotri |first=V. R. |url=https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/3890/mitragotri_v_r_1992.pdf |title=A Socio-Cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara |publisher=Goa University |year=1992 |format=}}</ref>

Vetoba is a deity of the [[Shaivites]], and also known as Agyavetal, Pralayvetal and Iwalavetal. He holds a sword and a [[kapala|skull bowl]].

==History==
Betal was a deity of the people of the Konkan. The name ''Betala'' is derived from the word ''Vetala''. Betal is a ''[[Gramadevata|grāmadevatā]]'', a protector deity of the local community.<ref name="Prabhushastri2022">{{cite book |last=Prabhushastri |first=I. P. |url=https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/7068/prabhushastri_i_p_2022.pdf |title=Image Worship of the Puranic Deities in Goa: A Critical Study |publisher=Goa University |year=2022}}</ref>

Vetāla is one of the most famous and popular divine or semi-divine beings. Almost everyone recognizes him from the ''[[Vetala Panchavimshati|Vetāla-pañcaviṃśatī]]'' (''[[Vikramaditya|Vikrama]]-[[Vetala|Vetāla]]'') stories. In Maharashtra, especially in the coastal Konkan region, Vetāla is more popular as the folk deity Vetobā. His nature, appearance, and roles highlight that he is a ''[[Kshetrapala|kshetrapāla]]'' or protector deity.<ref name="Mitragotri19923">{{cite book |last=Mitragotri |first=V. R. |title=A Socio-Cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara |publisher=Goa University |year=1992}}</ref>

In the [[Puranas]], he is treated as a ''[[Gana|Śivagaṇa]]''. They associate him with [[Bhairava]], another ''Śivagaṇa'', who is often glorified as an incarnation of Shiva. Bhairava is also worshipped as ''Bhairobā'' or ''Bhairī'' in the Konkan.<ref name="Prabhushastri2022" />

=== Scholarly and folk origins ===
According to historian V. R. Mitragotri, Vetala or Vetoba was a “deity of the masses” in pre-Portuguese Goa, worshipped in small shrines with thatched roofs rather than in formal temples. His image was described as nude, fierce, and larger than life, holding a sword (''khadga'') and a bowl (''patra''). Mitragotri notes that Vetala cults rarely appear in royal inscriptions because they belonged to the folk sphere, but were nevertheless central to village religion in the Konkan region.<ref name="Mitragotri19923" />

Prabhushastri identifies Betal or Vetoba as both a ''Grāmadevatā'' (village guardian deity) and a ''Śaiva gaṇa'' of Shiva. He distinguishes two ritual forms—''Ugra Betal'', to whom liquor and animal offerings were once made, and ''Saumya Betal'', offered betel leaves, clothing, and sandals. His study records forty-nine Betal shrines in Goa, of which nineteen were destroyed during Portuguese rule, and describes the twelfth-century ''Nagdo Betal'' sculpture at Loliem as one of the oldest surviving icons. At Torxem in Pernem, the same deity is worshipped under the name Vetoba, confirming the continuity between the Goan Betal and the Maharashtrian Vetoba.<ref name="Prabhushastri2022" />
[[File:Vetal, epoca medievale, da sarzora, goa.jpg|thumb|305x305px|A statue of Betal, from the Collections of the Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery (Old Goa)]]
[[File:The Lord Betal Statue at Loliem.jpg|thumb|The Lord Betal Statue at Loliem]]
Scholarly interpretations of Goan folklore view ''Nagdo Betal'' as the male counterpart of the earth-goddess ''Santer'', representing fertility and protection. Mabel Cynthia Mascarenhas notes that this rural guardian spirit was later assimilated into the Shaiva pantheon, his nude form symbolically merged with the ''liṅga'' of Shiva.<ref name="Mascarenhas2015">{{cite journal |last=Mascarenhas |first=Mabel Cynthia |year=2015 |title=From Folklore to Religious Politics: A Study of the Character of Nagdo Betala |journal=Artha: Journal of Social Sciences |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.12724/ajss.34.1|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Vetal, in basalto, xii secolo, da betalbatim, sud goa 01.jpg|thumb|459x459px|A beheaded statue of Betal from South Goa due to the Goa Inquisition, now in the Collections of the Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery (Old Goa)]]

== Legends ==
Śivapurāṇa (III.21) and Kālikāpurāṇa (Chap.47 onwards) narrate interesting stories of association of Bhairava and Vetāla. As per Śivapurāṇa, once Śiva and Pārvatī were enjoying amorous sports and had appointed Bhairava as the doorman to ensure privacy.

When Pārvatī came out of the room in a dishevelled state, Bhairava happened to look at her ‘like a woman’. He obstructed her from going out, smitten with her charm. This infuriated her and she cursed him to be born as a human[1].

Therefore, Bhairava was born as Vetāla. However, after knowing about this, Śiva did not get furious or curse him any further. Instead, he consoled Bhairava in many ways. After Bhairava was born on the earth as Vetāla, Śiva out of affection for Bhairava took the form of Maheśa and Pārvatī was born as Śāradā[2].
[[File:Vetal, in scisto di clorite, xii secolo, da revora, bardez, goa.jpg|left|thumb|404x404px|Vetal, a 12th-century sculpture carved in chlorite schist from Revora, Bardez, Goa; now housed in the Collections of the Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery, Old Goa.]]
Kālikāpurāṇa extends this story further by adding multiple layers to it. Bhairava is said to be human form of Mahākāla, while Vetāla is the human form of Bhṛṅgī. [3] Mahākāla and Bhṛṅgī, the sons of Hara, were born from two drops of his spilled semen. They were dark black in colour, hence named so. They were appointed as the gatemen by Śiva and Pārvatī, while the couple enjoyed in their bedroom.

When Pārvatī exited the room in a tousled state, they happened to see her. She cursed them for having seen her in a state only fit for her husband to see. She cursed them to be born as humans with monkey faces[4].

Instead of calmly accepting the unjust curse, they hurled a counter-curse; as they were actually innocent, and were diligently doing their assigned duty. It was her fault to walk out of the bedroom in an inappropriate state. She was also to be born as a human, and Hara as her husband. The duo, Mahākāla and Bhṛṅgī was then to be born to them.

Accordingly Pārvatī was born to King Kakutstha and his wife Queen Manonmathinī as Princess Tārāvatī. She was married to Prince Candraśekhara, son of King Pauṣya. Candraśekhara was actually Śiva himself, born to the issueless King through a boon.

Once, when Queen Tārāvatī was bathing in a river, a certain Sage Kapota was enchanted by her beauty, and sought coitus with her. The Queen, afraid of losing her virtue, sent her sister Citrāṅgadā in her stead. This continued for a while. Upon realizing the fraud, the sage cursed her.

As per the curse, a hideous looking, ill-dressed, penniless, and skull-bearing man would forcibly mate with her, resulting in the birth of two monkey-faced sons.

She was furious with such a curse, and vowed that if she was the daughter of Kakutstha, born with the blessings of goddess Caṇḍikā, and was devoted to her husband Candraśekhara, no one apart from her own husband would be able to mate with her.

After she told her husband about the entire episode, he built a secluded tower for her to stay. Once, Śiva and Pārvatī were passing by the tower by air, and spotted her. Realizing this as a befitting opportunity to fulfil all the curses, Śiva instructed Pārvatī to enter the body of Tārāvatī, while he assumed the form of a man, just as was described by the curse of Sage Kapota[5]. Through their union were born two monkey-faced sons.

Later Sage Nārada informed the King about the birth of two princes, and explained their real nature. King then realized his Śivatva and the queen’s Pārvatītva. The kids were named Bhairava and Vetāla.

King later had three more sons with her. He bestowed the kingdom, all the riches, and his love on them; and was rather fearful of Bhairava and Vetāla. They became celibates and wandered about in the forest. In a chance meeting, Sage Kapota explained to them that they actually were the sons of Śiva and Pārvatī.

He sent them to Kāmarūpa to meet their parents. They propitiated Śiva who explained the method of veneration of various forms of Pārvatī. They worshipped her accordingly, and were blessed with permanent servitude to the divine couple, immortality, and divinity. Śiva conferred upon them gaṇeśatva.

The text also goes on to explain their progeny. They were celibates and never married. However, they decided to have sons after a counsel with Sage Nārada, who explained to them the need to have a male offspring[6]. Bhairava was attracted to the divine nymph Urvaśī and produced a son named Suveśa. Vetāla fathered a son named Śṛṅga with Kāmadhenu. These lineages continued to flourish.

==Tradition==
According to tradition, Betal moves throughout the village at night and keeps vigil over the property of his devotees. The cult of Betal has been prominent in Goa; animal sacrifices were historically offered in many places, though such practices are now disapproved of in some regions. Offerings of sugar, bananas, or sandals are also common.<ref name="Prabhushastri2022" />[[File:BetalChappals.jpg|thumb|Betal chappals at Poinguinim, Goa]]In the Konkan ''Daiva'' tradition, Vetoba is regarded as a ''Kshetrapāla Daiva''—a protective spirit who guards the village boundaries and mediates between humans and higher deities. He is often paired with ''Bhutnath'', another attendant of Shiva, and collectively addressed as ''Bhairav gaṇas''.<ref name="Mitragotri19923" /><ref name="Prabhushastri2022" />

Agyo Betal is another form of Betal found in Goa.<ref name="Mitragotri19923" /><ref name="mitra">{{cite book|last1=Mitragotri|first1=Vithal Raghavendra|title=A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara|date=1999|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza|pages=225–246}}</ref>

In [[Poinguinim]], Goa, when wishes are fulfilled, devotees offer leather chappals to the deity. It is believed that Betal wears these chappals and roams around the village, symbolizing his nightly patrols. Scholars note that this ritual expresses Vetoba’s role as “the god who walks the village at night,” a continuation of his function as guardian of the settlement.<ref name="Prabhushastri2022" /><ref name="Mascarenhas2015" /> Temples are also present in [[Shree Betal temple|Amona]], [[Vetal Hill|Pune]], [[Vengurla|Aaravali]], [[Uttarkhand]] and [[Kashmir]].

=== Legend ===
According to later Nāth tradition and Marathi devotional literature such as the ''Navnath Bhaktisār Granth'', [[Matsyendranath]] (Machhindranath) is said to have engaged in a contest with [[Vetoba]] (Vetal), the ruler of ghosts and spirits. The text recounts that Vetoba commanded an army of bhūtas and pretas that spread chaos across the land. Using his yogic siddhis and mantra power, Matsyendra subdued Vetoba and brought his spectral host under control. After his defeat, Vetoba was placed under the command of [[Shiva]] and transformed into a guardian deity (''Kshetrapāla Daiva'') who protects devotees and watches over villages at night.<ref name="Mitragotri19924">{{cite book |last=Mitragotri |first=V. R. |title=A Socio-Cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara |publisher=Goa University |year=1992 |type=PhD thesis}}</ref><ref name="Prabhushastri20223">{{cite book |last=Prabhushastri |first=I. P. |title=Image Worship of the Puranic Deities in Goa: A Critical Study |publisher=Goa University |year=2022}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Ravalnath]]
* [[Folk Hinduism]]

==See also==
*[[Ravalnath]]
*[[Folk Hinduism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
[http://vetobadevasthanarawali.org/ Vetoba Devasthan of Aravali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304091631/http://vetobadevasthanarawali.org/ |date=4 March 2021 }}

{{Hindu temples in Goa}}

[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Forms of Shiva]]

Kamala Krithivasan

2025-12-28T13:32:09Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: creating new entry

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=October 2024}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=October 2024}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs2}}
'''Kamala Krithivasan''' (born 1948) is an Indian computer scientist specializing in [[automata theory]], [[picture language]]s, and [[unconventional computing]]. She is retired as a professor of computer science and engineering at [[IIT Madras]].{{r|iitm}}

==Education and career==
Krithivasan is originally from [[Tamil Nadu]], where she was born in 1948. After studies at [[Madras Christian College]] in [[Chennai]],{{r|mahram}} she completed a Ph.D. at the [[University of Madras]] in 1974, with the dissertation ''Studies in Parallelism and Picture Languages'' supervised by Rani Siromoney.{{r|mg}}

She joined the Department of Computer Science & Engineering at IIT Madras in 1975, and retired as a full professor in 2014.{{r|iitm}} Among her doctoral students there was [[Meena Mahajan]], who completed her Ph.D. in 1993.{{r|mg}}

==Book==
Krithivasan is the coauthor of the textbook ''Introduction to Formal Languages, Automata Theory and Computation'' (with Rama R, Dorling Kinderley, 2009).

==Recognition==
Krithivasan is a member of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].{{r|wfi}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=iitm>{{citation|url=https://www.cse.iitm.ac.in/profile.php?arg=NTU=|title=
Kamala Krithivasan|work=Member Profile|publisher=Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

<ref name=mahram>{{citation
| last1 = Mahalingam | first1 = Kalpana
| last2 = Rama | first2 = Raghavan
| date = September 2018
| doi = 10.1007/s12572-018-0233-x
| issue = 3
| journal = International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics
| pages = 179–180
| title = Theory of computation: P systems. Articles dedicated to Kamala Krithivasan on her 70th birthday, Issue-I
| volume = 10}}</ref>

<ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|124097}}</ref>

<ref name=wfi>{{citation|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Women_Fellows_of_INAE|title=Women Fellows of INAE|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krithivasan, Kamala}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Madras]]

Jerry Rosario

2025-12-21T01:40:52Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Short description|Indian Jesuit priest (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Jerry Rosario
| image = Jerry_r.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Tamil Nadu, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Catholic Priest]], writer
| genre = [[Sociology]] [[Philosophy]] [[Religious]]
| notableworks = ''Dhaanam, All the Best, Whisper With Fire, Gaining Momentum''
| influences =
}}

'''Jerry Rosario''' ({{langx|ta|ஜெரி ரொசாரியோ}}; born 2 October 1952) is an Indian [[Jesuit]] [[Catholic priest|priest]] (from the [[Tamil Nadu]] area), a theologian, a pastor, spiritual counselor,<ref>[http://www.sjweb.info/documents/cis/pdfenglish/200811802en.pdf A historical and orical and ignatian overview of jesuit parish ministry] sjweb.info</ref> a writer, a social activist, a motivator, a civil lawyer, a retreat- facilitator. And also, founder-director of five movements (DHAANAM for human donations, JEPASA for socio-pastoral animation, IGFA for Ignatian spirituality, FOJET for the former Jesuits in Tamil Nadu and MANITHAM for political analysis and action)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goajesuits.in/gc35/20080208jerryrosario.htm|title=goajesuits.in|website=goajesuits.in|accessdate=14 December 2023}}</ref>

He has completed a [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.Sc.) in Rural Development Science, an MA in Political Science, Bachelor of Laws (LLB) in Bangalore, PhD in Political Philosophy with [[Theology]]. He is a faculty-member of the Dhyana Ashram, Chennai.

==Socio-Pastoral Activities==
Jerry has done 23 years of insertional and involved services among the [[dalits]], rural and slum poor. He has a doctorate in [[political theology]]. Other studies and searches have made him a pastor, professor, motivator, spiritual counselor, social analyst, writer and retreat facilitator. He is also a civil lawyer.

He is well known to many as "barefoot priest," because he has given up wearing footwear in solidarity with those [[dalits]] and poorest who are deprived the right to wear it by caste-ridden traditions. He is a visiting professor in 37 institutions and has lectured in 43 countries so far.

==Periyarism==
Fr. Jerry Rosario has a doctorate in [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]]ism. The philosophy of ''Thanthai'' E.V.Ramaswamy Periyar, who undertook a political analysis of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity, and had birthed a "[[Self-respect movement]]" in Tamil Nadu and in other parts of South India. '

==Author==
Books authored by Fr. Jerry Rosario have been published through [http://www.vaigaraibooks.com/ Vaigarai Publications] and other publishing houses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaigaraibooks.com/ |title=Home |website=vaigaraibooks.com}}</ref> Dr. Jerry has so far authored 94 books, of which 28 books are in English and 66 are in Tamil. Seventeen of his books have become textbooks for Students of various autonomous colleges and universities. To date, nine students have completed their M.Phil. researches based on Dr.Jerry's thoughts and defended their theses in various secular universities. Three have gone ahead with doctorate research on Dr. Jerry's books.

Jerry is also Founder of movements which are JEPASA (Jesuit Pastors of South Asia),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jcsaonline.com/pastoralwork.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 October 2010 |archive-date=9 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109022023/http://www.jcsaonline.com/pastoralwork.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> for socio-pastoral animation; DHANAM, for human organ donations; MANITHAM, for political analysis and action; and IGFA (Ignatian Family), for cosmic Ignatian spirituality, FOJET for the networking with former Jesuits in Tamil Nadu.

Jerry donated his O-Rh Negative Blood<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiabloodbank.com/viewdonor.aspx?id=1256 |title=View Donor List |access-date=7 May 2008 |archive-date=13 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213022503/http://www.indiabloodbank.com/viewdonor.aspx?id=1256 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 218 t

ts oDeber 2023321.<ref>[http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?=38407 Spero Forum] {{dead link|date=December 2023}}</ref> He ranks first among the highest number of blood donors in India. He has also signed relevant documents, civilly known as the 'Living Will', expressing his will to donate his vital organs and body after his death to the needy and also for medical research. He incidentally authored a book named ''Dhaanam'' in Tamil. This book explains different type of human donations, i.e., [[blood donation]], [[eye donation]], [[stem cell]] donation, bone and tissue donation, body donation, [[organ donation]]. Its English version is titled ''A Present for the Future''. A website, [http://www.dhanam.org/ Welcome to Dhanam Movement], by the Dhaanam movement dedicated to the promotion of human donations has been opera [http://www.dhanam.org/ ing] from 2 [http://www.dhanam.org/ 09] 6.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rosario, Jerry}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Roman Catholic theologians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jesuits]]

Indotyphlops meszoelyi

2025-12-16T04:01:02Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: creating a entry...

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Wallach, V. |author-link=Van Wallach |date=2010 |title=''Indotyphlops meszoelyi '' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T178191A7494240 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T178191A7494240.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Indotyphlops
| species = meszoelyi
| authority = ([[Van Wallach|Wallach]], 1999)
| synonyms = *''Typhlops meszoelyi'' {{small|Wallach, 1999}}
*''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' {{small|— [[Stephen Blair Hedges|Hedges]] et al., 2014}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref name=RDB>{{cite web|title=''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' (WALLACH, 1999)|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Indotyphlops&species=meszoelyi|website=The Reptile database|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''''Indotyphlops meszoelyi''''', the '''Darjeeling worm snake''' or '''Meszoely's blind snake''', is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Typhlopidae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]] Province, [[India]].

==Etymology==
''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' was named after American paleontologist [[species:Charles Aladar Maria Meszoely|Charles A.M. Meszoely]] (1933–2020) of the Center for Vertebrate Studies at [[Northeastern University, Boston|Northeastern University]] in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref name=Wallach>{{cite journal|last=Wallach|first=Van|year=1999|title=''Typhlops meszoelyi'', A New Species of Blind Snake from Northeastern India (Serpentes: Typhlopidae)|journal=Herpetologica|volume=55|issue=2|pages=185–191|jstor=3893078}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Beolens|first1=Bo|author1-link=Bo Beolens|last2=Watkins|first2=Michael|author2-link=Michael Watkins (zoologist)|last3=Grayson|first3=Michael|author3-link=Michael Grayson|year=2011|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles|location=Baltimore, Maryland, USA|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5}} xiii + 296 pp. (''Typhlops meszoelyi'', p. 177).</ref>

==Description==
The [[holotype]] specimen of ''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' measures {{convert|17.9|cm}} in total length (including tail), and has a diameter of {{convert|3|mm}} in the middle of its body.<ref name="Wallach"/> It can be distinguished from other species in the same genus found in that region by the presence of a "deep concavity along the posterior border of the nasal shield".<ref name="Wallach"/> The snake is brown on its back and lighter brown on its belly, with the two colors merging into each other.<ref name="Wallach"/>

==Habitat and ecology==
The holotype specimen of ''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' was collected in a region of rugged hills, in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]. It is thought to inhabit temperate broadleaf forests. The area in which the specimen was collected was historically montane forest, but today has been mostly turned into fruit orchards and paddy fields.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /> ''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]], or egg-laying.<ref name=RDB/>

==Geographic range and conservation status==
The holotype specimen of ''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'' was collected in [[Darjeeling]] district of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], at an altitude of {{convert|2285|m}} above sea level. No other information about its distribution is currently available.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /> The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) classified ''Typhlops meszoelyi'' as Data Deficient in 2010, based on the fact that the species was only known from the location in which the holotype specimen was collected.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /> However, it stated that [[habitat loss]] and degradation were known to occur within the range of the species, although the impact of these on the snake was unknown. The area in which the specimen was found is used to graze livestock, which may constitute a threat to the species.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|first1=Stephen Blair|last1=Hedges|author-link1=Stephen Blair Hedges|first2=Angela B.|last2=Marion|author2-link=Angela B. Marion|first3=Kelly M.|last3=Lipp|author3-link=Kelly M. Lipp|first4=Julie|last4=Marin|author4-link=Julie Marin|first5=Nicolas|last5=Vidal|author5-link=Nicolas Vidal|year=2014|title=A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata)|journal=Caribbean Herpetology|volume=49|pages=1–61}} (''Indotyphlops meszoelyi'', new combination).

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3022885}}

[[Category:Indotyphlops]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1999]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Van Wallach]]

Bronchocela nicobarica

2025-12-16T04:00:09Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding new post - done

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| image=
| status =
| genus = Bronchocela
| species = nicobarica
| authority = Chandramouli, Adhikari, Amarasinghe, & Abinawanto, 2023
| range_map =
}}
'''''Bronchocela nicobarica''''' is a species of [[lizard]]. It is endemic to [[India]] on the [[Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="RDB">{{NRDB species|genus=Bronchocela|species=nicobarica|accessdate=15 May 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q118482214}}

[[Category:Bronchocela]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2023]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Agamidae-stub}}

Bhumireddy Rama Gopal Reddy

2025-11-12T07:28:57Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: put up new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bhumireddy Rama Gopal Reddy
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents = B. Veera Reddy,Lakshmi Devi
| term_start = 2023
| term_end = 2029
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|8|14}}
}}

'''Bhumireddy Rama Gopal Reddy''' (born 4 June 1972) is an Indian politician who is member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] constituency [[Anantapur]],[[Kadapa]],[[Kurnool]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Bhumireddy Rama Gopal Reddy(TDP):(ELECTED BY GRADUATES MLC election) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-after-much-ado-tdp-mlc-candidate-gets-declaration-form-of-victory/article66638744.ece|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Public representative {{!}} Kadapa District {{!}} India |url=https://kadapa.ap.gov.in/member-of-legislative-council/|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/030124/mlc-bhumireddy-accuses-ttd-of-favoritism-towards-ysrc-leaders.html|website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Bhumireddy Rama Gopal Reddy, Member of Legislative Council |url=https://www.aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_APPortlet_INSTANCE_h4pQxGtq77FK_mem_id=171&p_auth=ipy92SxB|website=Andhra Pradesh State Legislature, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhumireddy, ramagopal,reddy}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

National Highway 201 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-24T05:27:51Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 26 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Shivnath Singh

2025-10-18T06:12:27Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting bio

{{short description|Indian long-distance runner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor =
| name = Shivnath Singh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality =
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|07|11}}
| birth_place = Majharia, [[Buxar]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|06|06|1946|07|11}}
| death_place = [[Jamshedpur]], India
| height =
| weight =
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| website = 
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| rank =
| event = [[5000 metres]], [[10000 metres]], [[Marathon]]
| collegeteam =
| universityteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb = '''10000 m''': 28:58.1 (1978)<ref>{{World Athletics|id=14352941}}</ref> '''marathon''': 2:12:00 (1978)''' [[Indian records in athletics|NR]]'''
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1973 Asian Athletics Championships|1973 Marikina]]|5000 m}}
{{MedalSilver|1973 Marikina|10,000 m}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1975 Asian Athletics Championships|1975 Seoul]]|5000 m}}
{{MedalSilver|1975 Seoul|10,000 m}}
| updated =
}}
'''Shivnath Singh''' (July 11, 1946 – June 6, 2003) was one of the greatest [[long-distance runners]] that India has produced. Singh represented India twice in the Asian games and twice at the [[Summer Olympics]] (1976 and 1980). He was born in Majharia, [[Buxar]], [[Bihar]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Shivnath Singh, India's Greatest Marathon Runner |url=https://thewire.in/sport/remembering-shivnath-singh-indias-greatest-marathon-runner |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian Army]] in the [[Bihar Regiment]] and rose to the rank of [[Junior commissioned officer|Naib Subedar]].<ref name=":0" /> He died on 6 June 2003 at [[Jamshedpur]], India after a prolonged illness.<ref name="death"/> He still holds India's national record for the [[marathon]] which he set in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shivnath Singh was a brave runner with a heart of gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Shivnath-Singh-was-a-brave-runner-with-a-heart-of-gold/articleshow/11983.cms? |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 June 2003 |publisher=TOI |accessdate=25 November 2018}}</ref> It is the longest standing Indian athletics record.

==Career==
He represented India at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] and placed 11th in the [[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics - Men's Marathon|1976 Olympic Men's Marathon]].<ref name="death">{{cite web |title=A great distance runner is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/06/07/stories/2003060705211800.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2003-06-07 |accessdate=25 November 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He dropped out of the [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympic Men's Marathon]] in Moscow.

Shivnath Singh competed barefoot throughout his running career.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shivnath-singh-was-a-brave-runner-with-a-heart-of-gold/articleshow/11983.cms |title=Shivnath Singh was a brave runner with a heart of gold |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2003 |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Shivnath-Singh-was-a-brave-runner-with-a-heart-of-gold/articleshow/11983.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He holds the Indian [[National records in the marathon|national marathon record]] with a best time (2:12:00), a feat that he achieved in [[Jalandhar]] in 1978.<ref name="death"/>

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{IND}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1973
|rowspan=2|[[1973 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championship]]
|rowspan=2|[[Marikina]], Philippines
|bgcolor=silver|{{silver2}}
|5000 m
|[[1973 Asian Athletics Championships|14:17.0]]
|-
|bgcolor=silver|{{silver2}}
|10000 m
|[[1973 Asian Athletics Championships|29:54.8]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1975
|rowspan=2|[[1975 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championship]]
|rowspan=2|[[Seoul]], South Korea
|bgcolor=silver|{{silver2}}
|5000 m
|[[1975 Asian Athletics Championships|14:01.2]]
|-
|bgcolor=silver|{{silver2}}
|10000 m
|[[1975 Asian Athletics Championships|29:14.6]]
|-
|1976
|[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Montréal, Canada]]
|11th
|Marathon
|[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|2:16:22]]
|-
|1978
|Jalandhar Marathon
|[[Jalandhar]], India
|bgcolor=gold|{{gold1}} '''[[Indian records in athletics|NR]]'''
|Marathon
|2:12:00<ref name="shivath sp.ked article">{{cite web |title=Shivnath Singh: India's lion-hearted runner |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/athletics/shivnath-singh-lion-hearted-runner-india |website=www.sportskeeda.com |date=5 March 2014 |publisher=sportskeeda |accessdate=25 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1980
|[[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Moscow]], Soviet Union
|—
|Marathon
|[[Athletics at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|DNF]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071117092536/http://www.indianathletics.org/results/olympics.html Olympic results for India including Shivnath Singh in the listings]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/11983.cms Singh's obituary at Times of India]
*[http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jun/06shivnath.htm Singh's obituary at Rediff India Abroad]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418120116/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/shivnath-singh-1.html sports-reference]
*[https://archive.today/20130125044623/http://www.hindu.com/2003/06/07/stories/2003060705211800.htm Singh's obituary at The Hindu Online Edition, 7 June 2003]
*[http://info.indiatimes.com/ebook/080603/jun08.pdf Singh's obituary at Sunday Times of India, 8 June 2003]

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics 5000 m Men}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shivnath}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Athletes from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian men marathon runners]]
[[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]

SARAF

2025-09-01T06:28:30Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: Created Data - done

{{wikt|saraf|Saraf}}
'''SARAF''' may refer to:
* SARAF ([[TMEM66]]), a gene that encodes the SARAF protein
* [[SARAF – Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility]], a particle accelerator facility in Israel
* [[South Armagh Republican Action Force]], an alleged Irish republican paramilitary group
* [[Saraf Hospital]], hospital in Kochi in Kerala, India

;People:
* [[Ashok Saraf]], Indian film actor
* [[Devita Saraf]], Indian businesswoman
* [[Irving Saraf]], Polish-born American film producer-director
* [[Kali Charan Saraf]], Indian politician
* [[Mulk Raj Saraf]], Indian writer
* [[Nivedita Joshi Saraf]], Indian film actress
* Pandit Jia Lal Saraf, Sanskrit language scholar from India
* [[Peter Saraf]], American film producer
* [[Ram Piara Saraf]], Indian politician
* [[Rohit Saraf]], Indian actor
* [[Shirish Saraf]], Indian businessman
* [[Shubham Saraf]], British-Indian actor

== See also==
* [[Shroff]]

{{disambiguation}}

Ganeshipur Uperhar

2025-08-24T02:27:17Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding post - done

{{Short description|Locality in Saidabad Block of Handia region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

[[File:"Ganeshipur village.jpeg".jpg|thumb|"Ganeshipur village.jpeg"]]

'''Ganeshipur Uperhar''' is a small locality in Saidabad Block of [[Handia, Uttar Pradesh|Handia]] region situated in [[Prayagraj district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganeshipur Uperhar Village Population - Handia - Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/162992-ganeshipur-uperhar-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The native language of Ganeshipur Uperhar is Hindi and Urdu.This village consist of two primary school one PHC and Panchayat Bhavan. The current village head is Mr. Suresh Jaishwal And B.D.C. Mr. Vinod Tiwari Ex Village head was Rajbali Yadav And B.D.C. Shri Tribhuwannath Tiwari

== Geography ==
Ganeshipur Uperhar is located at 25°20'5"N to 82°5'54"E. It has an average elevation of 92 metres (301 feet). It is the village comes near on the way of NH-2 also popularly known as G.T. Road (Grand Trunk Road) [[National highways of India]] [[Ganga]] or Ganges is the only main river in this area. It consists of a [[canal]] nearbuy its cultivated land, naming bairagiya naala and small ponds near by this village. It has a very big area of cultivated land naming kachhar.

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census, Ganeshipur Uperhar Village has a population of 4.74 k (4,742) with 2.76 k (2,756) males and 1.99 k (1,986) females.The sex ratio in Ganeshipur Uperhar is 721, indicating a below-average ratio compared to the national average of 943.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganeshipur Uperhar Village in Handia (Allahabad) UTTAR PRADESH population 2024 |url=https://censusofindia.net/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/handia/ganeshipur-uperhar/162992 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=censusofindia.net}}</ref>

In 2024, Ganeshipur Uperhar Village current estimated population is projected to be 5.63 k (5,630), indicating a 18.72% increased from Ganeshipur Uperhar's population in the 2011 census. In 2024, the estimated male population is 3.26k, and the estimated female population is 2.37k.

Ganeshipur Uperhar Village has a literacy rate of 74.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganeshipur Uperhar Village in Handia (Allahabad) UTTAR PRADESH population 2024 |url=https://censusofindia.net/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/handia/ganeshipur-uperhar/162992 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=censusofindia.net}}</ref>

== Transportation ==

The nearest railway station to Ganeshipur Uperhar (Brahmin Basti) is Saidabad and [[Handia, Uttar Pradesh|Handia]] Khas, which is located in and around 6.0 and 14.0 kilometer distance.Other stations and their distances from Mamakudi: Handia Khas railway station, 14.0 km. [[Meja Road]] railway station,16.1 km. Bheerpur railway station, 17.6 km. Birpur railway station, 13.6 km. Unchdih railway station, 15.2 km. The nearest airport to Ganeshipur Uperhar (Brahmin Basti) is [[Prayagraj Airport]], situated at 40.1 km distance. A few more airports around Ganeshipur Uperhar are as follows: [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]], 76.5 km. [[Sultanpur Airport]], 103.4 km.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Prayagraj district}}

[[Category:Villages in Prayagraj district]]

Waki, Vikramgad

2025-07-25T05:49:29Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: starting info - done

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Waki
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7608113|N|73.1570876|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 71
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1534
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551801
| footnotes =
}}
'''Waki''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Waki has 356 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 69.47%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1534 || 763 || 771
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 224 || 118 || 106
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1503 || 750 || 753
|-
| Literates || 910 || 512 || 398
|-
| Workers (all) || 923 || 460 || 463
|-
| Main workers (total) || 321 || 211 || 110
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 160 || 88 || 72
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 119 || 91 || 28
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 40 || 31 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 602 || 249 || 353
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 52 || 24 || 28
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 520 || 213 || 307
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 8 || 3 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 22 || 9 || 13
|-
| Non-workers || 611 || 303 || 308
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]

Kiritsinh Dabhi

2025-06-20T05:37:54Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi''' (born 1959)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DHOLKA(AHMEDABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6290 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Dholka Assembly constituency in [[Ahmedabad district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election 2022 GJ Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi, ગુજરાત વિધાનસભા ચૂંટણી 2022 Seats Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi Latest News, Profile Information, Photos, Videos |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/candidates/kiritsinh-sardarsang-dabhi-dholka-219140#goog_rewarded |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=TV9 Gujarati |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Dholka Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Kiritsinh Dabhi wins seat by 13,405 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/dholka-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15349621.htm |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dabhi is from [[Dholka]], Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. He is the son of Sardarsang Dabhi. He completed his graduation in arts in 1980 at a college affiliated with [[Gujarat University]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Dabhi won from [[Dholka Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He polled 84,773 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ashwin Rathod of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,405 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dholka Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Dholka constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/dholka-58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203040447/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/dholka-58 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dholka Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Kiritsinh Sardarsang Dabhi Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dholka-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6562531.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0658.htm?ac=58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205163337/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS0658.htm?ac=58 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabhi, Kiritsinh}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]

2020 Mumbai Indians season

2025-06-15T09:41:49Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: put up a stub

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Mumbai Indians
| season = [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]]
| coach = [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| captain = [[Rohit Sharma]]
| ground = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| comp1 = [[2020 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result =
| most runs = [[Ishan Kishan]] (516 Runs)
| most wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (27 wickets)
| prevseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2019|2019]]
| nextseason = [[Mumbai Indians in 2021|2021]]
}}
The [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 season]] was the 13th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Mumbai Indians]]. They were one of the eight teams competing in the [[2020 Indian Premier League]]. Mumbai Indians were the defending champions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/from-8-to-10-teams-ipl-eyes-expansion-once-again/articleshow/70210684.cms|title=From 8 teams, IPL eyes expansion, once again|work=Times of India|date=14 July 2019|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> The team was captained by Rohit Sharma with [[Mahela Jayawardene]] as team coach. They won their fifth title by beating [[Delhi Capitals]] on 10 November 2020.

==Background==
===Player retention and transfers ===
{{Main|List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}

In July 2019, Mumbai added all-rounder [[Sherfane Rutherford]] to their squad, after trading [[Mayank Markande]] to [[Delhi Capitals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Indians rope in Sherfane Rutherford, trade Mayank Markande to Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27292950/mumbai-indians-rope-sherfane-rutherford-trade-mayank-markande-delhi-capitals|website=ESPN|author=}}</ref> They also traded in [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] left-arm pacer [[Trent Boult]] from [[Delhi Capitals]] and right-arm pacer [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] from [[Rajasthan Royals]], while trading away batsman [[Siddhesh Lad]] to the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].

The Mumbai Indians retained 15 players and released ten players.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=KKR release Chris Lynn, Robin Uthappa; RCB let go of several overseas names|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28085381/kkr-release-chris-lynn-robin-uthappa-rcb-let-go-several-overseas-names|access-date=15 November 2019|date=15 November 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 2 September 2020, [[James Pattinson]] replaces [[Lasith Malinga]] for Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malinga to miss IPL 2020; Pattinson replaces him| url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114021/malinga-to-miss-ipl-2020-pattinson-replaces-him-at-mumbai-indians-cricbuzzcom|website=Cricbuzz|author=| date=2 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>

'''Retained players:''' [[Rohit Sharma]], [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]], [[Krunal Pandya]], [[Ishan Kishan]], [[Suryakumar Yadav|Surya Kumar Yadav]], [[Rahul Chahar]], [[Anmolpreet Singh]], [[Jayant Yadav]], [[Aditya Tare]], [[Anukul Roy]], [[Quinton de Kock]], [[Kieron Pollard]], [[Lasith Malinga]], [[Mitchell McClenaghan]].

'''Released players:''' [[Evin Lewis]], [[Adam Milne]], [[Jason Behrendorff]], [[Beuran Hendricks]], [[Ben Cutting]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Barinder Sran]], [[Rasikh Salam]], [[Pankaj Jaiswal|Pankaj Jaswal]], [[Alzarri Joseph]].

'''Traded In: ''' [[Sherfane Rutherford]], [[Trent Boult]] and [[Dhawal Kulkarni]].

'''Traded Out:''' [[Mayank Markande]] and [[Siddhesh Lad]].

===Auction===
Mumbai Indians entered the [[IPL 2020]] auction with a purse of 13.05 crores INR. However, with an extremely strong core, the team hardly had any of the bases uncovered. Yet, MI went on to purchase [[Chris Lynn]], who was released last year by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]], for the base price of 2CR INR and Aussie [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]] for a whopping 2CR INR. Also, Indian middle order batsman [[Saurabh Tiwary]], who has been a part of the team before, right arm Indian Pacer, Mohsin Khan and all-rounder Prince Balwant Rai Singh and Maharashtra pacer [[Digvijay Deshmukh]] joined the team after being purchased for the base prices of 50L, 20L and, 20L respectively.

'''Players bought:''' [[Chris Lynn]], [[Nathan Coulter-Nile]], [[Saurabh Tiwary]], [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]], [[Digvijay Deshmukh]], Prince Balwant Rai Singh.

===Team analysis===
''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''' wrote "Like [[Chennai Super Kings]], Mumbai Indians also had a limited money, which they made good use for purchasing the players. When [[Lasith Malinga|Malinga]]'s backup took the team to [[Nathan Coulter-Nile|Coulter Nile]], then [[Chris Lynn]] was included as a replacement for [[Evin Lewis]]. It will be interesting to see how the Mumbai team uses new young domestic players. Only the spin department is a concern for the team."<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place?| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28338426/do-eight-teams-their-best-xis-place|website=ESPN|author=}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
On 19 September, Mumbai Indians lost the opening match against Chennai Super Kings. After losing the toss, Mumbai scored 162 runs with loss of 9 wickets. Chasing a target of 163, Chennai had lost two wickets early, but [[Ambati Rayudu]] (71) and [[Faf du Plessis]] (58) brilliant inning and their century partnership (115-run) with Faf du Plessis, helped the Super Kings to beat the defending champions. For Mumbai [[Trent Boult]], [[James Pattinson]], [[Krunal Pandya]] and [[Rahul Chahar]] took 1–1 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=MATCH 1 - MI VS CSK| url=https://www.iplt20.com/match/2020/01|website=iplt20|author=| date=1 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

On 23 September, Mumbai Indians won their first match of the season, defeating the Kolkata Knight Riders. [[Rohit Sharma]] lost the toss and was put into bat. Rohit scored 80 off 54 balls and [[Suryakumar Yadav]]'s 47 off 28 balls, set 195-run target for Knight Riders. Chasing a target of 196, the team had lost two wickets in five overs. [[Shivam Mavi]] 9 off 10 balls was stumped on the final ball of the match and the Knight Riders could only score 146/9 in 20 overs losing the match by 49 runs.<ref>{{cite web |title=DREAM11 IPL 2020, MATCH 5 KKR VS MI – MATCH REPORT| url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/208102/dream11-ipl-2020-match-5-kkr-vs-mi-match-report|website=iplt20|author=| date=23 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>

On 28 September, Mumbai Indians lost their second match against the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|Royal Challengers Banglore]] by 7 wickets in a super over. Rohit won the toss and elected to field. [[Devdutt Padikkal]] and [[Aaron Finch]] built an 81-run partnership for the first wicket and After that Virat Kohli scored 3 runs off 11 balls, in the last 7 overs Royal Challengers scored 105 runs, helping them finish the innings at 201/3 in 20 overs. Chasing a target of 202, Mumbai had lost two wickets in the first two overs, but [[Ishan Kishan]]'s 99 off 58 balls and a 119-run partnership with [[Kieron Pollard]] powered their team to tie the match at 201/5 in 20 overs. In the super over Mumbai could manage only 7 runs only, which was easily chased by the RCB pair featuring [[Virat Kohli]] and [[AB de Villiers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RCB vs MI Live Score IPL 2020: RCB seals thriller to beat MI in Super Over| url=https://www.insidesport.co/royal-challengers-bangalore-rcb-vs-mumbai-indians-mi-live-score-commentary-playing-xi/#|website=insidersport|author=| date=29 September 2020|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> Mumbai went on to win their next 5 matches but they lost to Kings XI Punjab in a second Super Over, followed by a thumping win over the [[Chennai Super Kings]], but lost to Rajasthan Royals in which Ben Stokes scored his second IPL century, followed by a win in the second fixture against RCB. Then they defeated the Delhi Capitals for second time by 9 wickets and then lost to Sunrisers Hyderabad in their final group game by 10 wickets, but still managed to comfortably top the points table. Mumbai played Delhi again in Qualifier 1. Mumbai won comfortably against Delhi by 57 runs due to contributions from [[Jasprit Bumrah]], [[Ishan Kishan]], [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Quinton de Kock]], [[Suryakumar Yadav]] and [[Trent Boult]], and reached their sixth IPL final. On 10 November, Mumbai faced against the same team and won the match. Delhi had won the toss and decided to bat first and posted a modest score of 157/5.Mumbai batted second and won the match by 5 wickets to win their fifth [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] title. [[Rohit Sharma]] was the top scorer for Mumbai scoring 68 runs and also played his sixth final and his 200th match, whereas Trent Boult was the top named man of the match getting 3 wickets for 30 runs. Mumbai also became the second team after CSK to defend their title successfully, after the latter had done so in the [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010]] and [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]] editions of the competition, coincidentally 10 years after the original feat.

==Squad==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Year signed
! Salary
! Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
|45|| '''[[Rohit Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|4|30|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|15|c|1}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|77|| [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|9|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|28|| [[Anmolpreet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1998|3|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|80|l|-3}} ||
|-
|68|| '''[[Sherfane Rutherford]]''' || {{cr|GUY}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1998|8|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|50|| '''[[Chris Lynn]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|4|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|5|| '''[[Saurabh Tiwary]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1989|12|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|55|| '''[[Kieron Pollard]]''' || {{cr|TRI}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|5|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.4|c|-3}} ||
Vice-Captain, Overseas
|-
|33|| '''[[Hardik Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11|c|1}} ||
|-
|36|| '''[[Krunal Pandya]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1991|3|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.8|c|1}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Digvijay Deshmukh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1998|4|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|{{NA}}|| Prince Balwant Rai Singh || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1999|5|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|23|| [[Ishan Kishan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1998|7|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.2|c|-3}} ||
|-
|27|| [[Aditya Tare]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|11|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|13|| '''[[Quinton de Kock]] '''||{{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1992|12|17|df=y}} || Left-handed || ||style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.8|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|1|| ''' [[Rahul Chahar]] '''|| {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1999|8|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1.9|c|-3}} ||
|-
|6|| [[Anukul Roy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1998|11|30|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|19|| '''[[Jayant Yadav]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|1|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l|-3}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|93|| '''[[Jasprit Bumrah]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1993|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|7|c|1}} ||
|-
|81|| '''[[Mitchell McClenaghan]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1986|6|11|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|99|| '''[[Lasith Malinga]]''' || {{cr|SL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1983|8|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c|-3}} || Overseas
|-
|18|| '''[[Trent Boult]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1989|7|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2.2|c}} || Overseas
|-
|21|| '''[[Dhawal Kulkarni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1988|12|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l|-3}} ||
|-
|7|| '''[[Nathan Coulter-Nile]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1987|10|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8|c|1}} || Overseas
|-
|{{NA}}|| [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1998|7|15|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l|-3}} ||
|-
|4|| '''[[James Pattinson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2020|9|19|1990|5|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2020 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|1|c|1}} || Overseas
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
| Owner|| [[Nita Ambani]], Akash Ambani, [[Isha Ambani]] ([[Reliance Industries]])
|-
|CEO|| Prakash Iyer
|-
|Team manager|| [[Rahul Sanghvi]]
|-
|Director of Cricket Operations|| [[Zaheer Khan]]
|-
| Head coach|| [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
|-
| Batting coach|| [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]]
|-
| Batting mentor|| [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[Shane Bond]]
|-
| Fielding coach|| [[James Pamment]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:right;"| Source:
|}

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor (chest)
!Shirt sponsor (back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|Performax
|[[Samsung]]
|[[Colors TV]]
|Marriott Bonvoy
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| Source :
|}
{{col-2}}
{| border-"0"
|{{Cricket uniform
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _goldshoulders
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_pants =
| body = 2549B4
| pants = 2549B4
| rightarm = 2549B4
| leftarm = 2549B4
| title = T20 uniform
}}
|
|}
{{col-end}}

==Teams and standings==
=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label2= Result
| res2= L/W/L/W/W/W/W/W/L/W/L/W/W/L

|label3= Position
| pos3= 8/1/5/1/1/1/1/1/2/1/1/1/1/1

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D=Draw
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| color_1-2=green1| color_3-4=#ffc
| source = Fixtures
}}

===League table===
{{2020 Indian Premier League Points table|team=MI}}

==League stage==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
{{hatnote|Subtract 1.5 hours from the [[UAE Standard Time]] ([[UTC+4]]) for these matches.}}

{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match1}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match5}}
----
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match10}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match13}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match17}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match20}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match27}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match32}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match36}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match41}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match45}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match48}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match51}}
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{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match56}}
----

==Playoffs==

{{main|2020 Indian Premier League #Playoffs}}

;Qualifier 1
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match57}}
----

=== Final ===
{{main|2020 Indian Premier League final}}
{{#section:2020 Indian Premier League|match60}}

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! NO
! Runs
! HS
! Ave.
! BF
! SR
! 100s
! 50s
! 0
! 4s
! 6s
|-
|1|| [[Ishan Kishan]] || 14 || 13 || 4 || 516 || 99 || 57.33 || 354 || 145.76 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 36 || 30
|-
|2|| [[Quinton de Kock]] || 16 || 16 || 2 || 503 || 78* || 35.92 || 358 || 140.50 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 46 || 22
|-
|3|| [[Suryakumar Yadav]] || 16 || 15 || 3 || 480 || 79* || 40.00 || 331 || 145.01 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 61 || 11
|-
|4|| [[Rohit Sharma]] || 12 || 12 || 0 || 332 || 80 || 27.66 || 260 || 127.69 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 27 || 19
|-
|5|| [[Hardik Pandya]] || 14 || 13 || 5 || 281 || 60* || 35.12 || 157 || 178.98 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 14 || 25
|-
|}
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13533;team=4346;type=tournament|title=MI Most Runs in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Match
! Inns
! Overs
! Maidens
! Runs
! Wickets
! BBI
! Ave.
! Econ.
! SR
! 4W
! 5W
|-
| 1|| [[Jasprit Bumrah]] || 15 || 15 || 60.0 || 2 || 404 || 27 || 4/14 || 14.96 || 6.73 || 13.3 || 2 || 0
|-
| 2|| [[Trent Boult]] || 15 || 15 || 57.2 || 3 || 457 || 25 || 4/18 || 18.28 || 7.97 || 13.7 || 1 || 0
|-
| 3|| [[Rahul Chahar]] || 15 || 15 || 53.0 || 0 || 433 || 15 || 2/18 || 28.86 || 8.16 || 21.2 || 0 || 0
|-
| 4|| [[James Pattinson]] || 10 || 10 || 35.3 || 0 || 320 || 11 || 2/19 || 29.09 || 9.01 || 19.3 || 0 || 0
|-
| 5|| [[Krunal Pandya]] || 16 || 16 || 50.1 || 0 || 380 || 6 || 2/26 || 63.33 || 7.57 || 50.1 || 0 || 0
|-
|}
* '''Source:'''Cricinfo<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=13533;team=4346;type=tournament|title=MI Most Wickets in IPL 2020|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Player of the match awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Result
! Contribution
! Ref.
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2020|2=9|3=23|format=dmy}} ||[[Rohit Sharma]] || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] |||Won by 49 runs||80 (54)|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Sharma and Jasprit Bumrah's heroics take Mumbai Indians to first win in UAE|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216508/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-mumbai-indians-5th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2020|2=10|3=1|format=dmy}} ||[[Kieron Pollard]] || [[Kings XI Punjab]] |||Won by 48 runs||47 (20)||
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Sharma and Mumbai Indians' bowlers brush past Kings XI Punjab|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216503/kings-xi-punjab-vs-mumbai-indians-13th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2020|2=10|3=4|format=dmy}} ||[[Trent Boult]] || [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] |||Won by 34 runs||2/28 (4 overs)||
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunrisers suffocate under Mumbai's bowling weight and de Kock fifty|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216538/mumbai-indians-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-17th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4
|6 October 2020
|[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|Won by 57 runs
|79* (47)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suryakumar Yadav and Jasprit Bumrah dismantle Rajasthan Royals|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216511/mumbai-indians-vs-rajasthan-royals-20th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-06|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|5
|11 October 2020
|[[Quinton de Kock]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|Won by 5 wickets
|53 (36)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=All-round Mumbai Indians ease their way past Delhi Capitals to the top of the table|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216529/mumbai-indians-vs-delhi-capitals-27th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6
|16 October 2020
|[[Quinton de Kock]]
|[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|Won by 8 wickets
|78* (44)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=De Kock, Chahar lead Mumbai show of strength|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216526/mumbai-indians-vs-kolkata-knight-riders-32nd-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-21|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|7
|23 October 2020
|[[Trent Boult]]
|[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|Won by 10 wickets
|4/18 (4 overs)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trent Boult, Jasprit Bumrah and Mumbai openers demolish Super Kings to top table|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216521/chennai-super-kings-vs-mumbai-indians-41st-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-23|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
|28 October 2020
|[[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|Won by 5 wickets
|79* (43)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jasprit Bumrah, Suryakumar Yadav put Mumbai Indians in sight of top-two finish|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216499/mumbai-indians-vs-royal-challengers-bangalore-48th-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-28|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|9
|31 October 2020
|[[Ishan Kishan]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|Won by 9 wickets
|72* (47)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bumrah and Boult run through Delhi Capitals|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1216535/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-51st-match-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-10-31|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || 5 November 2020 - Qualifier 1 || [[Jasprit Bumrah]]|||[[Delhi Capitals]]||Won by 57 runs and advanced to the final.|| 4/14 (4 overs)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Mumbai Indians vs Delhi Capitals Qualifier 1 2020 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/1237177/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-qualifier-1-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-11-05|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|11
|10 November 2020 - final
|[[Trent Boult]]
|Delhi Capitals
|Won by 5 wickets and became Winner of the 2020 IPL
|3/30 (4 overs)
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trent Boult and Rohit Sharma help dominant Mumbai Indians coast to fifth IPL title|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1237181/delhi-capitals-vs-mumbai-indians-final-indian-premier-league-2020-21|access-date=2020-11-10|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.mumbaiindians.com/ Official Website]
{{2020 Indian Premier League}}
{{Mumbai Indians}}

[[Category:Mumbai Indians seasons]]
[[Category:2020 Indian Premier League]]

Rajadiraja Chola II

2025-04-30T23:04:50Z

Nilesh Kumar 123:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajadhiraja Chola II இரண்டாம் இராஜாதிராஜ சோழன்
| title = Rajakesari
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| reign = 1163 C.E. - 1178 C.E.
| predecessor = [[Rajaraja Chola II]]
| successor = [[Kulothunga Chola III]]
| spouse = Unknown
| spouse-type = Queen
| issue = Unknown
| mother = Daughter of [[Vikrama Chola]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1178 C.E.
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion =
}}
{{Chola history}}

'''Rajadhiraja Chola II''' (1163 – 1178 C.E.) reigned as the [[Chola]] king succeeding [[Rajaraja Chola II]]. He was not the direct descendant of Rajaraja Chola II, but a grandson of Vikrama Chola by his daughter. Rajaraja Chola II chose Rajadhiraja as his heir as he did not have any sons of his own.

Soon after the installation of Rajadhiraja II, a fierce succession dispute in the [[Pandya]] country led to the intervention of the Chola and the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] rulers on opposite sides which brought misery to both. Out of the ashes of this civil war arose the Pandya power which in its renewed strength soon swallowed both the Chola and Sinhalese kingdoms.

== Pandya Civil War ==

After the conquest of the Pandya country by [[Kulothunga Chola I]], the local Pandya princes were allowed to rule as they liked, subject to a vague suzerainty of the Cholas. Some Of the Pandyas were loyal to the Cholas as can be seen by one Parantaka Pandya took part in Kulothunga I's Kalinga campaigns. But after Kulothunga I, the cholas lost any little control they had over the Pandyas. There are hardly any inscriptions to be found in the Pandya country after the reign of Kulothunga Chola I.

About 1166 C.E. Parakrama Pandya in Madurai, and Kulasekara quarrelled about the succession and Kulasekara attacked Madurai. Parakrama appealed to the Lanka king Parakramabahu I. Before the Sinhala help could reach Parakrama, Kulasekara took Madurai and killed Parakarama, his wife and some of his children. The sinhala king instructed his general to continue to war until Kulasekara is defeated and the Pandaya throne is bestowed upon a son of Parakrama Pandya.

Kulasekara put up a good fight and the Sinhala forces had to get reinforcements from Lanka. Kulasekara then appealed to Rajadhiraja Chola II, and a large force was sent to his aid. However Kulasekara lost his fight against the Lankan forces. The Lankan general installed Virapandya, a son of Parakrama Pandya on the throne. The fight continued between the Chola forces and that of the Sinhala. The Chola army soon defeated the Sinhalese forces and drove them back to the island.

Parakramabahu prepared a counter offensive against the Chola mainland. On hearing this the Chola general induced Srivallabha, a rival of Parakramabahu to the Sinhala throne to undertake an invasion of the Lanka island. A naval expedition landed in Lanka and attacked and destroyed many places. Seeing the damage his support of Parakrama Pandya had brought to him, Parakramabahu recognised Kulasekara as the rightful king of the Pandyas, and entered into an alliance with him against the Cholas. Cholas discovered Kulasekara's treachery and changed their policy at once. After further fighting, the Cholas set up Virapandya on the Pandya throne and drove Kulasekara into exile

==Empire weakens==

The growing independence of the local feudatories and chieftains started during Rajaraja Chola II became more pronounced in Rajadhiraja's reign. They began to extend more and more of their influences in the central government. This manipulation of the king's authority undermined the central administration to effectively exercise its control over the local government areas of the country.

The growth of these feudatories had two consequences. The first was to weaken the prestige of the king's government by increasingly restricting the sphere of its influence and thereby to loosen its hold the rest of the administration. Secondly they began to form alliances and compacts with each other to convert the official positions they held within the Chola nobility into a hereditary right.

==Death and succession==

Rajadhiraja died in 1178C.E. and [[Kulothunga Chola III]] ascended the throne.

== References ==

* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). ''The CōĻas'', University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). ''A History of South India'', OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
* South Indian Inscriptions - http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/

[[Category:Chola emperors]]

Mathew P. John

2025-04-15T19:15:37Z

Nilesh Kumar 123: adding biography.

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox clergy
| name = Mathew P. John
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| church =
| other_names =M. P. John
| education =
| ordained =
| writings =
* Life, Death and Life after Death<ref name="Religion">M. P. John, ''Life, Death and Life after Death'', in Religion and Society, Volume 18, Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore, 1971. pp. 12 & 58. [https://books.google.com/books?id=O-wnAAAAYAAJ]</ref>
* The Changing Pattern of Family in India<ref>M. P. John (Edited), ''The Changing Pattern of Family in India'', The Ecumenical Review, Volume 10, World Council of Churches, 1957. p.492. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1KETAAAAIAAJ]</ref>
* Bible Translation and Mission: Review Essay<ref>M. P. John, ''Bible Translation and Mission: Review Essay'', TIC TALK 38, Newsletter of the United Bible Societies Translation Information Clearinghouse, 1997. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022104846/http://www.ubs-translations.org/fileadmin/tic_talk/tt38.doc]</ref>
* New Perceptions in the Mission of the Church: New Frontiers, New Challenges<ref name="Bishops">M. P. John, ''New Perceptions in the Mission of the Church: New Frontiers, New Challenges'', National Christian Council Review, Volume 104, National Christian Council of India, Nagpur, 1984. [https://books.google.com/books?id=u_7YAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
| congregations =
| offices_held =
| title = Reverend Doctor
| parents =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mathew P. John''' was a Biblical Scholar and President<ref name="SBSI">Max Gonsalves (Ed.), Society for Biblical Studies in India Directory 1998.</ref> of the [[Society for Biblical Studies in India]].

== Studies ==
M. P. John studied [[Bachelor of Divinity]] from 1943 to 1949<ref name="Directory">[[S. J. Samartha]], [[M. P. John]] (Compiled), ''Directory of students 1910–1967'', Serampore College (Theology Department), Serampore, 1967, p.13.</ref> at [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]] during the Principalship of G. H. C. Angus.

== Career ==
From 1947 to 1971 he was lecturer of New Testament<ref name="Religion" /> at [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]],.<ref name="Council">The Council of Serampore College, ''The Story of Serampore and its College'', Fourth Edition 2005, Serampore. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3zLPAAAAMAAJ]</ref> where he once studied.<ref name="Council" /> He later undertook doctoral studies in Chicago in [[New Testament]] between 1960 and 1963<ref name="Council" /> and returned to Serampore to take up his teaching assignments. However, it was not until 1969<ref name="Council" /> that he could complete his doctoral studies. M. P. John became the [[Rector (academia)|Rector]] of [[Serampore College]] in 1964, a position in which he continued until he left the college in January 1971<ref name="Council" /> and joined the Translations Department of the [[Bible Society of India]] and oversaw the common language translations<ref name="Religion" /> in Shillong, Meghalaya.

After M. P. John's stint with the [[Bible Society of India]], he joined the Bishop's College, Kolkata and became its Principal.<ref name="Bishops" />

{{s-start}}
{{s-npo|pro}}
{{s-bef|before=[[R. M. Clark]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President<ref name="SBSI" /> Society for Biblical Studies in India|years=1964–1966}}
{{s-aft|after=[[D. F. Hudson]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box | before=[[D. F. Hudson]]
| title=Lecturer of New Testament [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]]
|after=[[K. Devasahayam]]| years=1947–1971}}
{{succession box | before=
| title=Principal<ref name="Bishops" /> Bishop's College, Kolkata
|after=Somen Das<ref>John C. England, ''Asian Christian Theologies: Asia region, 7th-20th centuries''; South Asia; Austral Asia Volume 1 of Asian Christian Theologies: A Research Guide to Authors, Movements, Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, New Delhi, 2004. p.313. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IckRAQAAIAAJ]</ref>
| years=1989}}
{{s-edu}}
{{succession box | before=
| title=Rector [[Serampore College]], [[Serampore]]
|after=[[K. Devasahayam]]| years=1964–1971}}
{{S-other}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Chrysostom Arangaden|C. Arangaden]] 1960–1981| title=Associate General Secretary,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4QgjAAAAMAAJ&q=m.p.john+director+bible+society+of+india ''Our Common Witness: Report of a Consultation'', Council, 1981, p.120]</ref> ([[Translation]]s), [[Bible Society of India]], Bangalore|after=[[John Philipose]] 1984–1991| years=1981–1984}}
{{s-end}}

== References ==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Further reading
* {{cite journal
| author=The Council of Serampore College
| title=The Story of Serampore and its College
| year=2005
| issue=Fourth Edition
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=3zLPAAAAMAAJ
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Mathew P.}}
[[Category:Indian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Bible translators]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{bible-translator-stub}}