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Government of West Bengal

2026-05-09T06:17:27Z

NiklasPqy606: added references additionally as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the state government in [[West Bengal]]|the political history of West Bengal|Politics of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox political system
| background_color = indigo
| name = Government of West Bengal
| image = Emblem of India (brown).svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Emblem of West Bengal]]
| type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary republic]] [[State governments in India|State government]]
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
| date_established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1937|4|1}} (as [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]])
| country = {{flag|India}}
| legislature = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| legislature_type = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
| legislature_place = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly#Assembly building|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Building]], [[Kolkata]]
| lowerhouse = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]
| lowerhouse_speaker = ''Vacant''
| lowerhouse_speaker_title = [[Speaker of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| title_hos = [[Governor of West Bengal|Governor]]
| current_hos = [[R. N. Ravi]]
| appointer_hos = [[President of India]] (on advice of Central Government)
| title_hog = [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
| current_hog = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| appointer_hog = Governor
| cabinet =
| cabinet_leader = Chief Minister
| cabinet_hq = [[Writers' Building|Mahakaran]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Atri |date=7 May 2026 |title=New govt, old seat of power: Why BJP wants to shift new West Bengal CM back to Writers’ Building |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/new-govt-old-seat-of-power-why-bjp-wants-to-shift-new-west-bengal-cm-back-to-writers-building-10676786/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>, Kolkata
| cabinet_ministries = [[Suvendu Adhikari ministry|Adhikari ministry]]
| judiciary = [[Calcutta High Court]]
| courts = [[Judiciary of India]]
| chief_judge = [[Sujoy Paul]]
| court_seat = [[Calcutta High Court]], Kolkata
| court = [[Calcutta High Court]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|370000|c|lk=on}} (2024–25)
| website = [https://wb.gov.in/ wb.gov.in]
}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''Government of West Bengal''', also known as the '''West Bengal Government''', is the [[Administrative division|principal administrative authority]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], created by the [[Constitution of India|National Constitution]] as the state's legislative, executive and judicial authority.<ref name="West Bengal (state)">{{cite web|title=West Bengal (state)|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=WB|publisher=Indian Government|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Governor of West Bengal|Governor]] acts as the head of state and is the highest nominal authority of the state power, however, it is the [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] who is the chief executive authority and head of government.

The [[Chief Minister]] is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. [[Kolkata]], the capital of [[West Bengal]], houses the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]. The temporary secretariat is located in the [[Nabanna (building)|Nabanna building]] in the district of Howrah, adjacent to the state capital. The [[Calcutta High Court]] is located in Kolkata, which has jurisdiction over the whole of [[West Bengal]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].

The present Legislative Assembly of West Bengal is [[unicameral]], consisting of 294 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref name="The Parliament of West Bengal, India">{{cite web|title=The Parliament of West Bengal, India|url=http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=WEST%20BENGAL|publisher=cpahq.org|access-date=5 October 2012|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216123229/http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/core/parliamentInfo.aspx?Committee=WEST%20BENGAL|url-status=dead}}</ref> Including one nominated from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community it was 295 before is abolition. Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.

The [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|current chief minister]] is '''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]''', who assumed the office on 09 May 2026. He is the leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]], which won 206 seats (out of 294) in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].

==Head Leaders==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | House
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | Leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | Portrait
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"; | Since
|-
!colspan=4|Constitutional Posts
|-
|[[List of governors of West Bengal|Governor of West Bengal]]
|'''[[R. N. Ravi]]'''
|[[File:R.N. Ravi.jpg|75px]]
|12 March 2026
|-
| [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
|'''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]'''
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|75px]]
| 09 May 2026
|-
|[[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|
|
|
|-
|[[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Speaker of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|'''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]'''
|[[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|75px]]
| 09 May 2026
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the House West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|
|
| 28 July 2022
|-
| [[List of leaders of the opposition in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Deputy Leader of the Opposition West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Calcutta High Court|Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court]]
|'''[[Sujoy Paul]]'''
|
| 16 January 2026
|-
| [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of West Bengal
|'''Dushyant Nariala'''
|
| 16 March 2026
|-
|}<section end="Parties and leaders" />

== History ==
On 18 January 1862, under the [[Indian Councils Act 1861]], a 12-member Legislative Council for Bengal was founded by the Governor-General of India with the Lt Governor of Bengal and some nominated members. The strength of this council was gradually increased by subsequent acts. Under the [[Indian Councils Act 1892]], the maximum strength of the council was increased to 20 members out of which seven members were to be elected. After the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], the number was raised to 50 members.<ref name="The Parliament of West Bengal, India" />

== Organization ==

* The West Bengal government is divided into different ministries.

=== Departments===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|1
|[[Agricultural marketing|Agricultural Marketing]]
|-
|2
|[[Department of Agriculture (West Bengal)|Agriculture]]
|-
|3
|Animal Resources Development
|-
|4
|Backward Classes Welfare
|-
|5
|Consumer Affairs
|-
|6
|Co-operation
|-
|7
|Correctional Administration
|-
|8
|Disaster Management and Civil Defence
|-
|9
|[[Department of Environment (West Bengal)|Environment]]
|-
|10
|[[Ministry of Finance (West Bengal)|Finance]]
|-
|11
|Fire and Emergency Services
|-
|12
|Fisheries
|-
|13
|Food and Supplies
|-
|14
|Food Processing Industries and Horticulture
|-
|15
|Forests
|-
|16
|GTA
|-
|17
|Health and Family Welfare
|-
|18
|Higher Education
|-
|19
|[[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home and Hill Affairs]]
|-
|20
|Housing
|-
|21
|[[Ministry of Commerce & Industries (West Bengal)]]
|-
|22
|[[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information & Cultural Affairs]]
|-
|23
|[[Ministry of Information Technology and Electronics (West Bengal)|Information Technology and Electronics]]
|-
|24
|Irrigation and Waterways
|-
|25
|Judicial
|-
|26
|[[Department of Labour (West Bengal)|Labour]]
|-
|27
|[[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)]]
|-
|28
|[[Department of Law (West Bengal)|Law]]
|-
|29
|Mass Education Extension and Library Services
|-
|30
|Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and Textiles
|-
|31
|Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education
|-
|32
|Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources
|-
|33
|North Bengal Development
|-
|34
|Panchayats and Rural Development
|-
|35
|[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
|-
|36
|Paschimanchal Unnayan Affairs
|-
|37
|[[Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)|Personnel and Administrative Reforms]]
|-
|38
|Planning and Statistics
|-
|39
|Power
|-
|40
|Programme Monitoring
|-
|41
|Public Enterprises and Industrial Reconstruction
|-
|42
|Public Health Engineering
|-
|43
|[[Department of Public Works (West Bengal)|Public Works]]
|-
|44
|[[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|School Education]]
|-
|45
|Science and Technology and Biotechnology
|-
|46
|Self Help Group and Self Employment
|-
|47
|Sundarban Affairs
|-
|48
|[[Department of Technical Education, Training and Skill Development|Technical Education, Training & Skill Development]]
|-
|49
|[[Department of Tourism (West Bengal)|Tourism]]
|-
|50
|Liquor
|-
|51
|Tribal Development
|-
|52
|Urban Development and Municipal Affairs
|-
|53
|Water resources Investigation and Development
|-
|54
|[[Department of Women and Child Development and Social Welfare|Women and Child Development and Social Welfare]]
|-
|55
|Youth Services and Sports
|}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wb.gov.in/government-departments-page.aspx |title=Departments |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

=== Department and Secretaries===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
|'''<big>Serial</big>'''
|'''<big>Department</big>'''
|'''<big>Secretary</big>'''
|-
|1
|[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
|[[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]], Dushyant Nariala, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|-
|2
|Home and Hill Affairs
|Additional Chief Secretary, Sanghamitra Ghosh, IAS
|-
|3
|Agriculture
|Principal Secretary, Onkar Singh Meena, IAS
|-
|4
|Agricultural Marketing
|Principal Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Onkar Singh Meena, IAS
|-
|5
|Animal Resources Development
|Additional Chief Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Vivek Kumar, IAS
|-
|6
|Backward Classes Welfare
|Secretary, Sanjay Bansal, IAS
|-
|7
|Consumer Affairs
|Principal Secretary, Neelam Meena, IAS
|-
|8
|Co-operation
|Additional Chief Secretary, Dr. Krishna Gupta, IAS
|-
|9
|Correctional Administration
|Secretary, Rajesh Kumar, IPS
|-
|10
|Disaster Management and Civil Defence
|Additional Chief Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Rajesh Kumar Sinha, IAS
|-
|11
|Environment
|Principal Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Rajesh Kumar, IAS
|-
|12
|Finance
|Special Secretary, Goutam Kumar Ghosh, IAS
|-
|13
|Fire and Emergency Services
|Principal Secretary, Khalil Ahmed, IAS
|-
|14
|Fisheries
|Secretary, Roshni Sen, IAS
|-
|15
|Food and Supplies
|Special Secretary, Anindya Mitra, IAS
|-
|16
|Food Processing Industries and Horticulture
|Principal Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Surendra Gupta, IAS
|-
|17
|Forests
|Additional Chief Secretary, Debal Ray, IAS
|-
|18
|GTA
|Principal Secretary, Dushyant Nariala, IAS
|-
|19
|Health and Family Welfare
|Principal Secretary, Narayan Swaroop Nigam, IAS
|-
|20
|Higher Education
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'' Binod Kumar, IAS
|-
|21
|Housing
|Principal Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Sinha, IAS
|-
|22
|Industry, Commerce and Enterprises
|Secretary, Vandana Yadav, IAS
|-
|23
|Information and Cultural Affairs
|Secretary, Santanu Basu, IAS
|-
|24
|Information Technology and Electronics
|Joint Secretary, Sumant Sahay, IAS
|-
|25
|Irrigation and Waterways
|Principal Secretary, Manish Jain, IAS
|-
|26
|Judicial
|Principal Secretary, Siddhartha Kanjilal, WBJS
|-
|27
|Labour
|Secretary, Avanindra Singh, IAS
|-
|28
|Land and Land Reforms & Refugee Relief and Rehabilitation
|Additional Chief Secretary, Vivek Kumar, IAS
|-
|29
|Law
|Principal Secretary, Pradip Kumar Panja, WBJS
|-
|30
|Mass Education Extension and Library Services
|Special Secretary, Anshul Gupta, IAS
|-
|31
|Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises and Textiles
|Principal Secretary, Rajesh Pandey, IAS
|-
|32
|Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education
|Secretary ''(additional charge)'', P. B. Salim, IAS
|-
|33
|North Bengal Development
|Additional Chief Secretary, Dushyant Nariala, IAS
|-
|34
|Non-Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources
|Additional Chief Secretary, Barun Kumar Ray, IAS
|-
|35
|Panchayats and Rural Development
|Secretary, Dr. P. Ulaganathan
|-
|36
|Parliamentary Affairs
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'', Nandini Chakraborty, IAS
|-
|37
|Pashimanchal Unnayan Affairs
|Secretary, Dr. Rashmi Kamal, IAS
|-
|38
|Personnel and Administrative Reforms
|Secretary, Jagdish Prasad Meena, IAS
|-
|39
|Planning and Statistics
|Additional Chief Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Prabhat Kumar Mishra, IAS
|-
|40
|Programme Monitoring
|Secretary, Dr. P. B. Salim, IAS
|-
|41
|Power
|Secretary ''(additional charge)'', Santanu Basu, IAS
|-
|42
|Public Health Engineering
|Principal Secretary, Surendra Gupta, IAS
|-
|43
|Public Works
|Secretary, Antara Acharya, IAS
|-
|44
|Public Enterprises and Industrial Reconstruction
|Secretary, Smita Pandey, IAS
|-
|-
|-
|45
|School Education
|Principal Secretary, Binod Kumar, IAS
|-
|46
|Science and Technology and Bio-technology
|Additional Chief Secretary, Dr. Subrata Gupta, IAS
|-
|47
|Self Help Group and Self Employment
|Principal Secretary, Dr. Ravi Inder Singh, IAS
|-
|48
|Sundarban Affairs
|Additional Chief Secretary, Atri Bhattacharya, IAS
|-
|49
|Technical Education, Training & Skill Development
|Additional Chief Secretary, Anoop Kumar Aggarwal, IAS
|-
|50
|Tourism
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'', Barun Kumar Ray, IAS
|-
|51
|Transport
|Secretary, Dr. Saumitra Mohan, IAS
|-
|52
|Tribal Development
|Principal Secretary, Choten Dhendup Lama, IAS
|-
|-
|53
|Urban Development and Municipal Affairs
|Secretary, Md. Ghulam Ali Ansari, IAS
|-
|54
|Water Resources Investigation and Development
|Principal Secretary, ''(additional charge)'', Manish Jain, IAS
|-
|55
|Women and Child Development and Social Welfare
|Principal Secretary, Sanghamitra Ghosh, IAS
|-
|56
|Youth Services and Sports
|Principal Secretary, Rajesh Kumar Sinha, IAS
|}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wb.gov.in/government-secretaries.aspx |title=Secretaries |publisher=Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{{main|West Bengal Council of Ministers|Suvendu Adhikari ministry}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Portrait
!Constituency
!Assumed office
!Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party

|-
| 1
| '''[[Suvendu Adhikari]]''' ([[Chief Minister of West Bengal|Chief Minister]])
| [[File:Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg|100px]]
| [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
| 9 May 2026
|
* [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health & Family Welfare]]
* [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home & Hill Affairs]]
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: center;" | '''[[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet Ministers]]'''

|-
| 2
| '''[[Dilip Ghosh (politician)|Dilip Ghosh]]'''
| [[File:Dilip Ghosh.jpg|100px]]
| [[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
| TBA
| [[List of deputy chief ministers of West Bengal|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 3
| '''[[Agnimitra Paul]]'''
| [[File:Agnimitra (Paul) sitting in her chamber at the studio - photographed by Sou Boyy (Sourendra Kumar das).JPG|100px]]
| [[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
| TBA
| Deputy Chief Minister
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 4
| '''[[Ashok Kirtania]]'''
|
| [[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar]]
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 5
| '''Kshudiram Tudu'''
|
| [[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh]]
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 6
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 7
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 8
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 9
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 10
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 11
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 12
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 13
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 14
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 15
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 16
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 17
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 18
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 19
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 20
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|-
| 21
| '''TBA'''
|
| TBA
| TBA
| TBA
| bgcolor="#FF7722" |
| [[BJP]]

|}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite web
| url = https://wbxpress.com/subject/nabanna/
| title = West Bengal Government Publications| access-date = 2006-10-28| work = New Administrative Building at Nabanna| publisher = wbxpress.com }}
* {{cite web| url = http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States%5Cwestbengal%5Cwesbengal-w.htm| title = West Bengal Legislative Assembly| access-date = 2006-10-28| work = Legislative Bodies in India| publisher = National Informatics Centre| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160313022603/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/states/westbengal/wesbengal-w.htm| archive-date = 13 March 2016| url-status = dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/DataBase/DataBase_fs.htm
|title=Election Database
|access-date=2006-08-26
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818182708/http://eci.gov.in/DataBase/DataBase_fs.htm
|archive-date=2006-08-18
}}
* {{cite web
| url = https://wbxpress.com/council-ministers-west-bengal-2016/| title = Council of Ministers in West Bengal, 2016| access-date = 2012-08-16| publisher = West Bengal Govt. Orders}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.wb.gov.in/}}
{{Government of India by state or territory}}

{{West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]

Inamdar (title)

2026-05-06T03:44:55Z

NiklasPqy606: made a post

{{Short description|Indian honorific title}}

'''Inamdar''' was a feudal title prevalent before and during the [[British Raj]], including during the [[Maratha]] rule of [[Peshwa]], the [[Deccan Sultanate]], the [[Bahamani Kingdom]] and other rulers of India.<ref name=a>{{cite book|url=https://www.landwey.in/blogs/Inam-Lands-in-Telangana}}</ref> The title was bestowed upon the person who received lands as '''Inam''' (grant or gift), rewarding the extraordinary contribution rendered to the ruler or the [[princely state]].

Inam Land is defined as Land held as a gift or a grant by a Nizam or any Jagirdar.
<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.landwey.in/blogs/Inam-Lands-in-Telangana|title= Inam lands definition|date= 22 September 2023}}</ref>

In the colonial age, the British enacted several laws which defined rights and obligations of Inamdar in their territories, like the Madras Inams Act VIII of 1869.{{cn|date=October 2018}} There was a separate post of Inam Commissioner to look after revenue and records of Inam lands. There were certain Inam lands which were known as ''Pargana Watan Inam'' Lands.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

== Abolition and heritage ==
After the independence of India, several acts were enacted in different regions to abolish rights of Inamdar and as such the Inam lands they received in grant, notably: The Bombay Personal Inams Abolition Act (XLII of 1953), The Bombay Pargana and Kukarni Watans (Abolition) Act, 1950; The Karnataka (Religious & Charitable Institutions) Inams Abolition Act, 1955; The Karnataka (Personal and Miscellaneous) Inams Abolition Act, 1977; The Karnataka Certain Inams Abolition Act, 1977; The Hyderabad Abolition of Inams Act, 1955; The Madras Inam Estates (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Act, 1963, etc.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQ9ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Inams+Act|title= Land Reforms in India: Karnataka: Promises Kept and Missed|isbn= 9780803993846|last1= Aziz|first1= Abdul|last2= Krishna|first2= Sudhir|date= 22 September 1997|publisher= SAGE Publications}}</ref>{{full|date=October 2018}}

When the Inamdari system of holdings and Inam lands was abolished, so was the feudal title of Inamdar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1751-c.1970 |editor1-first=Tapan |editor1-last=Raychaudhuri |editor2-first=Dharma |editor2-last=Kumar |editor3-first=Meghnad |editor3-last=Desai |editor4-first=Irfan |editor4-last=Habib |editor4-link=Irfan Habib |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-52122-802-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA179}}
*{{cite book |title=Land Law and the Economy in Colonial India |first1=Tirthankar |last1=Roy |first2=Anand V. |last2=Swamy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-22638-764-2}}

[[Category:Titles in India]]
[[Category:Men's social titles]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]

Kuhli Kalan

2026-05-01T09:17:48Z

NiklasPqy606: made a data...

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2015|att=January 2025}}
{{Overly detailed|date=November 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}



'''Kuhli Kalan''' is a village in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India. Its zip code is 141119.

==Brief history==
The village was created 700 years ago. Most people run their household through agriculture and dairy farms. They farm rice, corn, wheat, and many other vegetables. There are no major secondary industries in the village

==Politics==
There were many leaders of the village from when it was first started.
The political structure consists of 7 members. There is a head called the [[Sarpanch]]. Under the Sarpanch there are 6 lower members that act as advisors to the Sarpanch. These 6 members are called Panches. The political system does not discriminate members due to gender. Any male or female can be a member.

=== Voters ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Men !! Woman !! Total
|-
| 2014 || 582 || 491 || 1073<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Kuhli Kalan Voter List|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/..%2ferollpdf%2fA067%5cS19A067p119.pdf|website=Ceo Punjab}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || 587 || 512 || 1099<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|}

==Population==
The population of the village was 1464 people (781 men, 683 women) as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kuhli Kalan Village Population|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/33296-kuhli-kalan-punjab.html|website=Census2011}}</ref>

==Culture==
The main language spoken in the region of Kuhli Kalan is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. Other languages spoken in Kuhli Kalan are [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi languages|Hindi]]. There is a school in the village called Kuhli Kalan Primary School which starts from 1st grade and goes on to 5th grade. The school was established in 1953. Some of the first students of the school include Dr. Rajwant Singh MBBS, Nachatter Singh, Bachitter Singh, Sucha Singh, Narang Singh, and Teja Singh. The village is a multi-cultural place. The village is very diverse in terms of culture. There is also a Sikh Temple established in the village of Kuhli Kalan.

The main surname of the families of the village people is Pandher. Other surnames also include Dhaliwal, Mann, Gillchalli, Lotay, and Dhugal.

===Religions===
The main religions in the village are Sikhism, Hinduism, and Islam. There is a majority of Sikhs in the village. There is a Sikh Temple known as a Gurudwara named Sikh Temple Kuhli Kalan which is the main temple in the village. It was constructed around 18th century. The temple is located towards the west side of the village. The temple is fairly associated with Jaiton da Morcha.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Years !! Guruduara President !! Member
|-
| 2012 || Surjit Singh (first President)|| Baldev Singh, Pretim Singh
|-
| 2014 || Jagdish Singh S/o Nahar Singh || Avtar Singh (cashier)
|}

On the east side of the village is another Sikh temple which is called Ravidas Temple. This temple was built in the 21st century.{{Clarify timeframe|date=November 2025|reason=Which year exactly?}} There is also a [[mosque]] in the village. There is also a Dera that is known by the name of Dera Khoohiwala which was made in the 19th century by a man named Charndas Bawa Ji.
Recently a [[Mandir]] of Baba Balmik has been inaugurated between 2011 and 2015 near Guru Ravidas Temple.

==Old Structures==

===Main Gate(Pind da Darwaja)===
Main Gate in which people entered the village. The gate was during the 20th century. It used to function as a meeting place for the Panchiyat. In a sense, it was used as a courtroom.
[[File:Pind Darwaja, Kuhli Kalan.jpg|thumb|right|Picture of the Main Gate]]

=== Old Wells ===
The whole village used to get water from these places before the introduction of pumps and motors. There were three other places like these from which the village got water. These two places are called Gora Khou, Pathi Wala Khou, and Khara Khou. All these locations are closed. After 1954, pumps were introduced to the village. The first people to have access to a pump in the village were Bachan Singh and Mukhtiar Singh Lathale Wale.

==== Gora Khou ====
This well was located towards the NE side of the village. Water from this village was used for drinking and agricultural purposes. Had the best quality of water as described by villagers (ਅੱਜ ਕੱਲ ਮੀਤੇ ਦੀ ਮੋਟਰ ਜੋ ਕਿ ਬਚਨ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਾ ਪੋਤਾ ਹੈ )

==== Khara Khou ====
This well was located towards the NW side of the village. Water from this village was mainly used for agricultural purposes. The well was named after the quality of the water because the villagers did not like the taster of the water so it wasn't used for drinking purposes. The name came from the Punjabi word Khara which means brackish. Brackish is a term used for something that is unpleasant or distasteful hence the name.

==== Pathi Wala Khou ====
This well was located towards the SW side of the village. This well was also used for drinking and agricultural purposes.

==== Bhaman Wala Khou ====
This well was located towards the center of the village. It was in use from early 20th century to mid 20th century. The water from this well was used by higher-level class of people. The middle class and lower class of people were not allowed to drink from this well.


==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|30.671|75.986|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Ludhiana district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]

Vanitha Krishnachandran

2026-04-30T17:47:42Z

NiklasPqy606: Created The Info Basic Info

{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vanitha Krishnachandran
| image =
| birth_name = Sai Vanitha
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Actor|Film actor]]
| years_active = 1979–1987 2002–present
| parents = Ganeshan, Kamala, Kiran (Star Nephew)<ref name="mangalam1">{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/women/interview/102322 |title=Vanitha interview |work=Mangalam |access-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006111125/http://www.mangalam.com/women/interview/102322 |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref>
| spouse = [[Krishnachandran]] (m.1986–present)
| children =
}}

'''Vanitha Krishnachandran''' is an Indian film and television actress. She acted during the 1980s in nearly 170 films in [[Tamil film|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] films. She is currently more active with several Tamil and Malayalam television serials.<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite web |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |url=https://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/The-new-generation-mom/2013/10/12/article1828026.ece |title=The new generation mom |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 October 2013 |access-date=16 June 2016 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330023851/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/The-new-generation-mom/2013/10/12/article1828026.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vanitha was born to Ganeshan and Kamala as the youngest of four children at [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Her father is from [[Manjeri]], [[Kerala]], whose paternal ancestors originally hail from [[Tamil Nadu]] and her mother is from Tiruchirappalli. She was originally named Sai Vanitha, since her parents were huge devotees of the Indian guru [[Sathya Sai Baba]]. She has two elder sisters, Sai Prashanthi and Sai Jayalakshmi and an elder brother, Sai Ram. She had her primary education at [[RSK Higher Secondary School]], Tiruchirappalli. She stopped studies after tenth grade since she became busy with movies by then.<ref name="mangalam1"/>

She married Malayalam actor and singer [[Krishnachandran]] on 11 May 1986 with whom she starred in ''Eenadu'', ''Vanithapolice'', ''Belt Mathai'', ''Deeparadhana and a few other films''.<ref name="hindu2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127214618/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070701240300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2007 |title=Tailor-made role - TVDM |date=7 July 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Vanitha entered the film industry as a 13-year-old and her debut film was ''Padai Maarinal'' directed by national award-winning director Durai, in 1979 in which she played a school girl.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> She played the lead role in her first Malayalam film, ''Chandrabimbam'' and became popular among Malayalis with her roles in ''Eenadu'', ''Kaikeyi'', and ''Enickum Oru Divasum''.<ref name="hindu2006"/> She acted opposite [[Mammooty]] and [[Mohanlal]], in '[[Vikatakavi]] and ''Chakravalam Chuvannappol'', respectively. She said "I worked round-the-clock in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films" and "cut down my assignments following my marriage".<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/03/05/stories/2010030550441600.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131017210036/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/03/05/stories/2010030550441600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2013 |title=Grillmill - CHEN |date=5 March 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> The last film she did before marriage was ''Kalyana Agathigal'' which was her 100th film.<ref name="hindu1"/>

In 2001, In Tamil, she made a comeback with a negative role in [[K. Balachander]]'s television serial ''Kaalmulaitha Aasai''. She has continued to act in serials in Tamil, such as ''Alaigal'', and ''Kolangal'', and Malayalam. She portrayed Jalaja teacher in [[K. K. Rajeev]]'s serial ''Amma Manasu'' <ref name="hindu2006"/> and has said that it was the real break in her second innings.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> She also played the role of a mother in Tamil films like ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'', ''[[Kalabha Kadhalan]]'' and ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' and in many Malayalam films.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/>

==Partial filmography==

===Tamil===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1979 || ''Padhai Maarinal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adukku Malli]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1980 || ''[[Sujatha (1980 film)|Sujatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaadu'' || ||
|-
| ''Malargale Malarungal'' || ||
|-
| ''Nandri Karangal'' || ||
|-
| ''Malargindra Paruvathile'' || ||
|-
| ''Neer Nilam Neruppu'' || ||
|-
| ''Panam Penn Paasam'' || ||
|-
| ''Porkkaalam'' || ||
|-
| ''Oli Pirandhathu'' || Poongavanam ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1981 || ''[[Andhi Mayakkam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anjatha Nenjangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vasantha Kaalam'' || Kala ||
|-
| ''Madhu Malar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nandu (film)|Nandu]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Kazhugu (1981 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || Vasanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Simla Special]]'' || Sri Sri ||
|-
| ''Nandu'' || Uma ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1982 || ''[[Parvaiyin Marupakkam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ayiram Muthangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanne Radha]]'' || Geetha ||
|-
| ''Vedikkai Manidhargal'' || ||
|-
| ''Amma'' || ||
|-
| ''Thunai'' || ||
|-
| ''Vadivangal'' || ||
|-
| ''Vetri Namedhe'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Auto Raja (1982 film)|Auto Raja]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Echchil Iravugal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adhisayappiravigal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theerpugal Thiruththapadalam]]'' || Kamini ||
|-
| ''Asthivaram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rani Theni]]'' || Kanagam ||
|-
| ''[[Nandri Meendum Varuga]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''Punitha Malar'' || Vanitha ||
|-
| ''Nenjil Oru Ragam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1983 || ''[[Anal Kaatru]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Yugu Dharmam'' || ||
|-
| ''Bramacharigal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Muthu Engal Sothu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thalaimagan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thudikkum Karangal (1983 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]'' || Stella ||
|-
| ''Anney Anney'' || ||
|-
| ''Soora Puli'' || ||
|-
| ''Seerum Singangal'' || ||
|-
| ''Unmaigal'' || Kalpana||
|-
| ''Poikkal Kudhirai'' || || Guest role
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1984 || ''[[Oorukku upadesam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Pei Veedu'' || ||
|-
| ''Nyayam'' || ||
|-
| ''Sukra Desai'' || ||
|-
| ''Vai Sollil Veeranadi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aalaya Deepam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Unga Veetu Pillai'' || Sujatha ||
|-
| ''Priyamudan Prabhu'' || ||
|-
| ''Pillaiyar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vai Pandal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 1985 || ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1985 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raman Sreeraman]]'' || Saradha ||
|-
| ''Sivappu Nila'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veli (film)|Veli]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vetrikani'' || ||
|-
| ''Mookanankayiru'' || ||
|-
| ''Porutham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chain Jayapal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Rishi]]'' || Ammani ||
|-
| ''Police Police'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyana Agathigal]]'' || Yeshodha ||
|-
| ''En Selvame'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1986 || ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Oru Manithan Oru Manaivi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Anjatha Singam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || ''[[Student Number 1]]'' || Sibi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || Vishali's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' || Arul's sister in law ||
|-
| ''[[Singara Chennai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Loves (film)|Loves]]'' || Hari's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Gomathi Nayagam]]'' || Thangam ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' || Archana's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' || Roopa's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Kalabha Kadhalan]]'' || Anbarasi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Parijatham (2006 film)|Parijatham]]'' || Subhathra's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' || Godavari ||
|-
| ''[[Sandai]]'' || Kathiresan's aunt ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' || Meena's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kalloori Kalangal]]'' || Santhosh's mother ||
|-
| ''Mudhal Kadhal Mazhai'' || Aanjaneyar Kumar's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Ashwin's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Bhavani (2009 film)|Bhavani]]'' || Deepa's mother ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || Thirumathi Ramaiah ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]'' || Shiva's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || Thamarai's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' || Pavithra' mother ||
|-
| ''[[Brahman (film)|Brahman]]'' || Siva's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || Murugan's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Kirumi]]'' || Anitha's mother ||
|-
| ''Ore Oru Raja Mokkaraja'' || Ananthavalli ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Nambiar (film)|Nambiar]]'' || Ramachandran's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai]]'' || Vinod's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || Sailaja's mother ||
|-
|}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class=unsortable| Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1980 || ''Chandrahasam'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
| ''[[Chandra Bimbam]]'' || Mini ||
|-
| ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' || Shalini's sister ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Guha (film)|Guha]]'' || Kamala ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1982 || ''[[Aadharsam]]'' || Simmy ||
|-
| ''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]'' || Swapna ||
|-
| ''[[Innalenkil Nale]]'' || Rekha ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Nadu]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Velicham Vitharunna Penkutty]]'' || Vanitha ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1983 || ''[[Belt Mathai]]'' || Amina ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Madapravinte Katha]]'' || Malathi ||
|-
| ''Mouna Ragam'' || ||
|-
| ''Professor Janaki'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Deepaaradhana]]'' || Janu ||
|-
| ''[[Kaikeyi (film)|Kaikeyi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aadhipathyam'' || Kanam ||
|-
| ''[[Chakravalam Chuvannappol]]'' || Prabha ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1984 || ''[[Vikatakavi]]'' || Nabeesa ||
|-
| ''[[Vanitha Police]]'' || Ratnamma ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sumangaliyude Kadha]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1985 || ''[[Nayakan (1985 film)|Nayakan]]'' || Heroine ||
|-
| ''[[Nulli Novikkathe]]'' || ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Aazhikkoru Muthu'' || Jaya ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Sargavasantham]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Basket'' || Siva ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Nottam]]'' || Vishnu's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Chocolate (2007 film)|Chocolate]]'' || Vanaja ||
|-
| ''[[Rock & Roll (film)|Rock & Roll]]'' || Chandramouli's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2008 || ''[[Minnaminnikoottam]]'' || Rosemary's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]'' || Kamala's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || Lachi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Sagar Alias Jacky Reloaded]]'' || Azar's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'' || Rosy ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Bhakthajanangalude Sradhakku]]'' || Viswanathan's mother ||
|-
| ''Themmadi Pravu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2012 || ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]'' || Suryan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]'' || Vinod's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Perinoru Makan]]'' || Thulasi ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Malathi ||
|-
| ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || Anoop's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]'' || Krishna Kumar's mother ||
|-
| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || Xavi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2013 || ''[[3 Dots]]'' || Padmakumar's wife ||
|-
| ''[[72 Model]]'' || Saajan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ravu]]'' ||Sanjay's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vishudhan]]'' || Sunny's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]'' || Gayatri's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || Azma ||
|-
| ''[[Memories (2013 film)|Memories]]'' || Marykutty ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || Nirupama's mother ||
|-
| ''Pianist'' || Manu's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Second Class Yathra]]'' || Indira ||
|-
| ''Monsoon'' || Anaas's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Urumbukal urangarilla]]'' || Ratha ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || Anjali's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Pa Va]]'' || Elamma ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Dawood Ibrahim]]'' || Dawood Ibrahim's mother ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Kadamkatha'' || Sudha ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Kammara Sambhavam]]'' || Gomathi ||
|-
| ''[[Thobama]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Mother Superior ||
|-
| 2021 || ''Neeravam'' || Rajeswari||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'' || Ebin's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Aanandam Paramanandam]]'' || Vimala teacher ||
|-
| 2025 || ''Ambalamukkile Visheshangal'' || Girijakumari ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-11 |title=Gokul Suresh's Ambalamukkile Visheshangal confirms release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/11/gokul-sureshs-ambalamukkile-visheshangal-confirms-release-date |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Kannada===
* ''Dharma'' (1985)

==Television ==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
|rowspan=2|2001–2003||''Kaalmulaitha Aasai''|| Valli||rowspan=3|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||rowspan=5|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|[[Alaigal (TV series)|''Alaigal'']]||Seetha
|-
|2003–2006||[[Kolangal (TV series)|''Kolangal'']]||Saradha
|-
|2004–2005||''Engirundho Vandhaal''||Vijaya||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2005–2006||''Alli Raajiyam''||Malarvizhi||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2006–2007||''Amma Manassu''||Jalaja Teacher||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2007||''Kanavugal Aayiram''|| ||[[Jaya TV]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''Mounam Nombaram''||Rachel||[[Kairali TV]]||rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2008||''January''|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|2009||''Coimbatore Ammayi''|| ||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2009–2011||[[Madhavi (TV series)|''Madhavi'']]|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||''Kudumbayogam''||Dathamma||[[Surya TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|''Aagneyam''|| ||[[DD Malayalam]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2011–2012||''Deivathinte Swantham Devootty''||Kalyani||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2011–2013||[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|''Akashadoothu'']]||Mary||[[Surya TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2011–2012||''Paattukalude Paattu''||Sulochana||[[Surya TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012||''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''||Professor Rajalakshmi||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|''Chandralekha''|| ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2017–2019||[[Mullum Malarum (TV series)|''Mullum Malarum'']]|| Kanthiyamma||[[Zee Tamil]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2017||''Nilavum Nakshathrangalum''|| ||[[Amrita TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2018–2019||[[Kalyana Parisu (TV series)|''Kalyana Parisu 2'']]||Subbulakshmi||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2021–2023||''[[Aanpirannol]]''||Daisy Teacher||[[Amrita TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2024–present||''Meera''||Subhadra ||[[Amrita TV]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2024||''[[Siragadikka Aasai (TV series) ]]''||Subbulakshmi||[[Star Vijay]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|}

=== Other television shows ===
* ''JB Junction''
* ''Tharapakittu''
* ''Red Carpet''
* ''Manassiloru Mazhavillu''

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2019||[[Queen (TV series)|''Queen'']]||Janani Devi||[[MX Player]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|2024-2025||''[[Uppu Puli Kaaram]]''||Subba lakshmi||[[Hotstar]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||
|-
|2025|| ''Yuva Sapnon Ka Safar''|| ||Waves OTT||Multilingual (mainly [[English language|English]])||Anthology series Segment: ''Backstage''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Backstage review: Anjali Menon's film is a gentle take on the fragilities of friendship|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/backstage-review-anjali-menons-film-is-a-gentle-take-on-the-fragilities-of-friendship|website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=23 May 2025|date=25 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0889150}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnachandran, Vanitha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shakti Singh (actor)

2026-04-25T04:54:43Z

NiklasPqy606:

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2018}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shakti Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|09}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/happy-birthday-naveen-saini-karan-hukku-and-shakti-singh|title=Happy Birthday to Naveen Saini, Karan Hukku and Shakti Singh Tellychakkar.com|publisher=Tellychakkar.com |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor, voice actor
| years_active = 1986–present
| children = 2
| parents =
| alias =
| spouse = Janhavi Singh
}}

'''Shakti Singh''' (born 9 October 1955) is an Indian television and voice actor specializing in [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] foreign films, mostly Hollywood films, in [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. He also works in dubbing for [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films.

==Filmography==
===Live action films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Rafta Rafta – The Speed]]'' || Harish || Hindi ||
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Shinaakht]]''|| Prosecutor || Hindi || Short film
|}

===Television shows===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Program title !! Airdate !! Role !! Channel !! Language !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Nukkad]]''
| 1986–1988
| Suresh
|rowspan="3"|[[DD National]]
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
| 1993, 1997
| Inspector, Inspector Sanyal, and Inspector Ramani Sanyal
|Hindi
| 3 episodes
|-
| ''[[Naya Nukkad]]''
| 1993–1994
| Suresh
| Hindi
| Sequel series of ''[[Nukkad]]''
|-
| ''Chahat Aur Nafrat''
| 1997–1999
|
| [[Zee TV]]
| Hindi
| Negative Role
|-
| ''Muskaan''
| 1999
| Sameer's Father
| [[Zee TV]]
| Hindi
|negative role
|-
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| 2000–2004
| Mansukh Virani
| [[Star Plus]]
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
| 2011–present
|Various characters
| [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
| Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|2012–Present
| Subhedar Ratan Singh, Retd Army Officer (Episode 1122) / Mohan Sawant, Retd Police Officer (Episode 1919) / Ravi (Episode 1494)
|[[Star Bharat]]
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
| 2012–2015
| Dayal Garg
| [[Zee TV]]
| Hindi
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/news/shakti-singh-sapne-suhane-ladakpan-ke|title=Shakti Singh in Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke Tellychakkar.com|date=22 May 2012 |access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
| 2015–2016
|[[Valmiki]]
| Star Plus
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]''
| 2015–2016
| Krishnakant Chaturvedi
| [[Colors TV]]
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Agniphera (TV series)|Agnifera]]''
| 2017–2018
| Purushottam Singh
| [[&TV]]
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
| 2018–2019
| Haren Patel
| rowspan="3"|[[Colors TV]]
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka 2]]''
| 2021–2023
| Avinash Narayan
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Suhaagan (TV series)|Suhaagan]]''
| 2023–2024
| Baldev Shukla
| Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Sajan Ji Ghar Aaye Family Kyun Sharmaye]]''
|2025
|Mahesh Lal
|[[Dangal TV]]
|Hindi
|
|}

==Dubbing career==
Singh had a well-known career in dubbing foreign films, most coming from Hollywood. He has voiced over a total of more than 50 films. When performing as a protagonist's voice or an antagonist's voice, Indian consumers often recognize him just by his voice. However, he is uncredited for Hindi-dubbed foreign movies due to the high cost of modifying theatrical releases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindidubbing.blogspot.com/2012/10/a-grade-dubbing-artist-shakti-singh.html |title=Hindi Dubbing Stars: A Grade Dubbing Artist-Shakti Singh|publisher=Blogspot.com |date=1 October 2012 |access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> He has dubbed several actors such as [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Mel Gibson]] for English-language films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/9321.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215064511/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/9321.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2005 |title=Hollywood movie dubbing comes of age in Hindi |work=IndiaGlitz |date=2 June 2004 |access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref>

===Animated films and series===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama]]'' || [[Lakshmana]] || Hindi || An [[India|Indo]]-[[Japan]]ese animated film.
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Ghatothkach]]'' || [[Balram]] || Hindi || An Indian animated film.
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Little Krishna|Little Krishna: The Animated Series and its film trilogy]]'' || Nanda Maharaja, village chief of [[Vrindavan]]a / [[Lord Vishnu]] (cameo appearance) || Hindi || An [[English language|English]]-[[Hindi]] bilingual animated series and trilogy. He briefly dubbed [[Lord Vishnu]] for some specific reasons.
|-
| 2021–2024 || rowspan="2"| ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]'' || [[Jambavana]] || Hindi || Indian [[Animation|animated]] series created by [[Sharad Devarajan]], Jeevan J. Kang and [[Charuvi Agrawal]] for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].
|}

==Dubbing roles==
===Live action television series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[House of Cards (U.S. TV series)|House of Cards]]'' || [[Kevin Spacey]] || [[Frank Underwood (House of Cards)|Francis "Frank" Underwood]] || Hindi || English || || 2013–Present || ||
|-
| ''Outer Range'' || [[Josh Brolin]] || Royal Abbott || Hindi || English || || 2022–present || ||
|}

===Live action films===
====Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
|[[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]
|[[Mohanlal]]
|Tharambil Ashokan/Akkasto
|Hindi
|Malyalam
|1992
|1997
|Hindi titled "Dharam Yodha
|-
|''[[Pratibandh]]''
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|Inspector Siddhanth
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |1990
|
|-
|''[[The Gentleman (film)|The Gentleman]]''
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|Vijay
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |1994
|
|-
|''[[Criminal (1994 film)|Criminal]]''
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|SP Teja
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |1994
|
|-
|''[[Jaihind (1994 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|[[Arjun Sarja]]
|ACP Bharath
|Hindi
|Tamil
|1994
|1995
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jai Bharat''.
|-
|''[[Angrakshak]]''
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Unknown
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |1995
|
|-
|''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]''
|[[Ramesh Aravind]]
|
|colspan="2"|Hindi
|colspan="2"|1996
|
|-
|''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]''
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Inspector Vijay
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |2001
|
|-
|''[[Rakta Charitra|''Rakht Charitra'']]''
|[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]]
|Nalla Narasimha Reddy
| colspan="2" |Hindi
| colspan="2" |2010
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' || [[Arvind Swamy]] || Sridhar || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="2" | 1992 || rowspan="2" | 1992 || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] Rayappa
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kaadhalan]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]] || Prabhu ||rowspan="2"| Hindi ||rowspan="2"| Tamil ||rowspan="2"| 1994 ||rowspan="2"| 1995 ||rowspan="2"| The Hindi dub was titled: ''Humse Hai Muqabala''.
|-
| [[Girish Karnad]] || Minister Kakarla Sathyanarayana (Raja Ranjit Singh in Hindi version)
|-
|''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' || [[Arvind Swamy]] || Shekhar Narayanan Pillai || Hindi || Tamil || 1995 || 1995 ||
|-
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''||[[Nedumudi Venu]] || Krishnaswamy || Hindi || Tamil ||colspan="2"| 1996 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Hindustani''.
|-
|''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Nachiappan and Pechiappan (twins)
|Hindi
|Tamil
|1998
|1998
|
|-
|''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' || [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] || Dantra || Hindi || Telugu || 1999 || 2000 ||
|-
|''[[Raja Kumarudu]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Dhanunjay (Dhanraj in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 1999 || 1999 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Prince No. 1''.
|-
|''[[Aavida Maa Aavide]]'' || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] || C.I. Vikranth || Hindi || Telugu || 1998 || 2000 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Biwi No. 2''.
|-
|''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' ||[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|| Balaram & Krishna (Dual role) || Hindi ||Telugu ||2002 ||2002 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Aaj Ka Deviputra''.
|-
|''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || [[Chiranjeevi]] || Indra Sena Reddy(Indrasen Kumar Singh in Hindi version) / Shankar Narayana || Hindi || Telugu || 2002 || 2003 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Indra: The Tiger''.
|-
|''[[Andarivaadu]]''
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|Govindarajulu a.k.a. Govinda / Siddharth a.k.a. Siddu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2005
|2006
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Ek Aur Himmatwala''.
|-
|''[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Janardan || Hindi || Telugu || 2006 || 2007 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Meri Taaqat''.
|-
|''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' || [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] † || M.L.A. || Hindi || Telugu || 2009 || 2009 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Ek Aur Mahanayak''.
|-
|''[[Arya 2]]'' || [[Sayaji Shinde]] || Raja Reddy || Hindi || Telugu || 2009 || 2010 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Arya: Ek Deewana''.
|-
|''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
|[[Mammootty]]
|Gopikrishnan IPS (Deputy director IB)
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2010
|Unknown
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mission Vande Mataram''.
|-
|''[[Nagavalli (film)|Nagavalli]]'' || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|| Dr. Vijay / King Nagabhairav Rajshekhar || Hindi || Telugu || 2010 || 2011 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mera Badla: Revenge''.
|-
|''[[Aadhavan]]''
|[[Sayaji Shinde]]
|Ibrahim Rowthar
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2009
|2011
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dildaar: The Arya''.
|-
|''[[Jalsa]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Indu's and Bhagyamati's father || Hindi || Telugu || 2008 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Yeh Hai Jalsa''.
|-
|''[[Brindavanam]]'' || [[Srihari]] † || Shiva Prasad alias Shivudu || Hindi || Telugu || 2010 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Super Khiladi''.
|-
|''[[Dookudu]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Murthy || Hindi || Telugu || 2011 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Real Tiger''.
|-
|''[[Singam]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Mayil Vaaganam (Shankar Seth in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2010 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Fighterman Singam''.
|-
|''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]'' || [[Mukhtar Khan (actor)|Mukhtar Khan]]|| Faqtooni's brother || Hindi || Telugu || 2011 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Ek Tha Soldier''.
|-
|''[[Oosaravelli]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Ajju Bhai || Hindi || Telugu || 2011 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mar Mitenge''.
|-
|''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]''
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|Rajaram
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2000
|2012
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Khoon Ka Rishta''.
|-
|''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Varadarajula Naidu || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Karz Chukana Hai''.
|-
|''[[Khatarnak (2006 film)|Khatarnak]]'' || [[Biju Menon]] || Lawyer || Hindi || Telugu || 2006 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Hoon Khatarnak''.
|-
|''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]''
|[[Mohanlal]]
|[[Major Mahadevan]], NSG
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2010
|2012
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''War on Terror - Kandahar''.
|-
|''[[Athadu]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || CBI officer Anjaneya Prasad (Arjun Prasad in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2005 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Cheetah: The Power Of One''.
|-
|''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| Crazy Robert (Yeda Robert in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2013 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Rowdy Baadshah''.
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | ''[[Singam II]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Bhai || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="2" | 2013 ||rowspan="2"| 2013 ||rowspan="2" | The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Hoon Surya Singham II''.
|-
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Mr. Mahalingam
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | ''[[Magadheera]]'' || [[Srihari]] † || Sher Khan / Solomon || rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | Hindi || rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | Telugu || rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | 2009 || rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | 2013 ||rowspan="2"|
|-
|| [[Chiranjeevi]] || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Broker (2010 film)|Broker]]''
|[[Srihari]] †
|Dharma Teja
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2010
|2013
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jugadu No. 1''.
|-
|''[[Dhammu]]'' || [[Suman Talwar]] || Sri Raja Vasi Reddy || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2013 ||
|-
|''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' || [[Srihari]] † || Shankar Gowd || Hindi || Telugu || 2007 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Badi Hera Pheri''.
|-
|''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Ajay Bhardwaj || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''No. 1 Businessman''.
|-
|''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]'' || [[Krishnam Raju]] † || Bhupathi (Janardhan in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Return Of Rebel''.
|-
|''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' || [[Srihari]] † || Devaraj IPS || Hindi || Tamil || 2009 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dangerous Khiladi 3''.
|-
|''[[Muni 2: Kanchana]]'' || [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] || MLA Shankar || Hindi || Tamil || 2011 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Kanchana''.
|-
|''[[Vastadu Naa Raju]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Narasimha || Hindi || Telugu || 2011 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dare Devil''.
|-
|''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]''
|[[Deepak Shirke]]
|Madhumati (Madhu in Hindi version)'s father
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2015
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dum''.
|-
|''[[Rudhramadevi (film)|Rudhramadevi]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Shiva Devaiah || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
|''[[Denikaina Ready]]'' || [[Suman Talwar]] || Basha || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2015 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Badi Hera Pheri 2''.
|-
|''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Guru || Hindi || Tamil || 2006 || 2015 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Super Khiladi Returns''.
|-
|''[[Ramanaa]]'' || [[Vijayakanth]] † || Ramana (Ramlal in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2002 || 2015 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mar Mitenge 3''.
|-
|''[[Thirumalai]]'' || [[Manoj K. Jayan]] || Arasu (Yamraaj in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2003 || 2015 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dum 2''.
|-
|''[[Chandee]]''
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|Minister
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2015
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Chandi: The Power Of Woman''.
|-
|''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Relangi Mavayya (Relangi Uncle) (Prakash Chacha in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2013 || 2015 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Badhkar Hum 2''.
|-
|''[[Srimannarayana]]''
|[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
|Harshad
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2015
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Return of Lion''.
|-
|''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Rana Prathap Naidu || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mera Target''.
|-
|''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]''
|[[John Vijay]]
|Daya
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2013
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Daringbaaz Khiladi''.
|-
|''[[Saguni]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Bhupathy || Hindi || Tamil || 2012 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Rowdy Leader''.
|-
|''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || Golden Raj || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Satyadev: The Fearless Cop''.
|-
|''[[Son of Satyamurthy]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Satyamurthy || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 ||
|-
|''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Lakshmi Narayan || Hindi || Tamil || 2015 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Hoon Rakshak''.
|-
|''[[Heart Attack (2014 film)|Heart Attack]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Himself in a special appearance
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2014
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]'' || [[Suman Talwar]] || Sravanthi (Sharmila in Hindi version)'s father || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dangerous Khiladi 5''.
|-
|''[[Temper (film)|Temper]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Valtair Vasu || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 ||
|-
|''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' || [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] || Chota Nayak || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 ||
|-
|''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Balaraju (Balaraj Singh in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Yevadu 2''.
|-
|''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Anwar Ali || Hindi || Tamil || 2014 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jaan Ki Baazi''.
|-
|''[[Srimanthudu]]'' || [[Jagapathi Babu]] || Ravikanth || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Real Tevar''.
|-
|''[[Mirattal]]''
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu Ganesan]]
|Shankar Dhadha
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2012
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Daringbaaz Aashiq 2''.
|-
|''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]''
|[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
|Mr. Viswanathan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Kanchana Returns''.
|-
|''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]''
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Rudraraju
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2016
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Return of Raju''.
|-
|''[[Jaggu Dada]]''
|[[Rajat Bedi]]
|Mumbai Don Subhash Bhai
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2016
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Khatarnak Khiladi 3''.
|-
|''[[Sarrainodu]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Umapathi || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Billa (2009 film)|Billa]]'' || [[Krishnam Raju]] † || ACP Krishnamoorthy || Hindi || Telugu || 2009 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Return Of Rebel 2''.
|-
|''[[Geethaanjali]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || Dr. Sunny Joseph (Sunny Pathak in Hindi version) || Hindi || Malayalam || 2013 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Janatha Garage]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || Sathyam || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Janta Garage''.
|-
|''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || [[M. J. Shriram]] || Ramkumar || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''VIP-2 Lalkar''.
|-
|''[[Thani Oruvan]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Chief Minister || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Double Attack 2''.
|-
|''[[Speedunnodu]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Veerabhadrappa || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Dynamite (2015 film)|Dynamite]]'' || [[Nagineedu]] || S.I. Swaminath || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]'' || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || DJ's uncle || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''DJ''.
|-
|''[[Doosukeltha]]'' || [[Nagineedu]] || Alekhya (Alia in Hindi version)'s grandfather || Hindi || Telugu || 2013 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dangerous Khiladi 6''.
|-
|''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda]]'' || [[Mohan Babu]] || Naidu / Graha Raju (Graha Raja in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Badi Hera Pheri 3''.
|-
|''[[Soukhyam]]'' || [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] || PR || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mard Ki Zaban 2''.
|-
|''[[Saagasam]]'' || [[Rao Ramesh]] || Inspector Rajamanickam || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jeene Nahi Doonga 2''.
|-
|''[[Khaidi No. 150]]'' || [[Chiranjeevi]] || Kaththi Seenu / Konidela Siva Shankar Vara Prasad (Dual role) || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]''
| colspan="2" |Narrator
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2016
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Raj Mahal 3''.
|-
|''[[Terror (2016 film)|Terror]]''
|[[Vinay Varma]]
|DCP V. Rathod
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2016
|2017
|
|-
|''[[Pulimurugan]]''
|[[Mohanlal]]
|Murugan
|Hindi
|Malayalam
|2016
|2018
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sher Ka Shikaar''.
|-
|''[[Nenu Local]]'' || [[Rao Ramesh]] || Bride's father || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Super Khiladi 4''.
|-
|''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] † || Judge || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' || [[Mukesh Rishi]] || Mudra || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Rowdy Rajkumar 2''.
|-
|''[[Luckunnodu]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Bhakthavatsalam (Bhagat Varma in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Bada Zero''.
|-
|''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] || Muthukrishnan || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Hero No. Zero 2''.
|-
|''[[Eedo Rakam Aado Rakam]]'' || [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] || Advocate Narayana || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Hyper''.
|-
|''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Yogeswaran (Yograj Makrand in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2011 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Real Leader''.
|-
|''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || [[P. Sai Kumar]]|| Kaka || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Power Of 3: Jai Luv Kush''.
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | ''[[Hebbuli]]'' || colspan="2" | Narrator || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | Kannada || rowspan="2" | 2017 || rowspan="2" | 2018 || rowspan="2"|
|-
|| [[Ravi Kale]] || Chief Officer Murali Menon
|-
|''[[Hello (2017 film)|Hello]]'' || [[Jagapathi Babu]]|| Prakash || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Taqdeer''.
|-
|''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' || [[Achyuth Kumar]] || Surendhar || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]'' || [[R. Sarathkumar]] || Chakravarthy || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jaya Janaki Nayaka - Khoonkhar''.
|-
|''[[Jawaan (film)|Jawaan]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Jai's father || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Villain (2017 film)|Villain]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || ADGP Mathew Manjooran IPS || Hindi || Malayalam || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Kaun Hai Villain''.
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:centre" | ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]'' || colspan="2" | Narrator || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | 2004 || rowspan="2" | 2018 || rowspan="2"|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Insaaf Karoonga 2''.
|-
|| [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] † || MLA's father-in-law
|-
|''[[Saithan]]'' || [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] || Psychiatrist || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Shaitan''.
|-
|''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' || [[Aruldoss]] || Dorai (Rajan in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Vanamagan]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Rajashekar || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Tarzan - The Heman''.
|-
|''[[Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde]]'' || [[Ahuti Prasad]] † || Shravani's father || Hindi || Telugu || 2013 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Heart Attack 2''.
|-
|''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]'' || [[Rao Ramesh]] || Murali Krishna || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Aditya's brother || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Yevadu 3''.
|-
|''[[Bhaagamathie]]'' || [[Jayaram]] || Eashwar Prasad || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || himself || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2018 ||
|-
|''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Varadarajulu || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dashing CM Bharath''.
|-
|''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Kasi Annan || Hindi || Tamil || 2017 || 2019 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Ghayal Khiladi''.
|-
|''[[Nela Ticket]]'' || [[Sarath Babu]] || Ananda Bhupathi || Hindi || Telugu || 2018 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || Stephen Nedumpally / Khureshi Ab'raam || Hindi || Malayalam || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || BCCI Chairman || Hindi || Telugu || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' || [[Mammootty]] || Chandroth Valiya Panicker / Kurup || Hindi || Malayalam || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|Parandhaman IPS
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2009
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Temper 2''.
|-
|[[Chitralahari (film)|''Chitralahari'']]
|[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
|CEO
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2019
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Premam''.
|-
|[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']]
|[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]]
|Dr. Marc Anthony
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2018
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Amar Akhbar Anthoni''.
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|Raghu Ramanakoppa
|Harishchandra, a treasure hunter
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2019
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Adventures of Srimannarayana''.
|-
|''[[Saravana]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Soundarapandiyan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2006
|2020
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dangerous Khiladi 7''.
|-
|''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Krishna Prasad || Hindi || Telugu || 2019 || 2020 ||
|-
|''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' || [[Jeeva Ravi]] || Janani's father || Hindi || Tamil || 2012 || 2020 ||
|-
|''[[Dwaraka (film)|Dwaraka]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || CM || Hindi || Telugu || 2017 || 2020 ||
|-
|''[[Marudhamalai]]'' || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Marudhamalai (Arjun in Hindi version)'s father || Hindi || Tamil || 2007 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Policewala Gunda 4''.
|-
|''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' || [[Anant Nag]] || Anand Ingalagi || Bhojpuri || Kannada || 2018 || 2020 ||
|-
|''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' || [[Delhi Ganesh]] || Chidambaram || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Bada Zero 2''.
|-
|''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|ACP Mayilravanan IPS (Manish Kumar in Hindi version)
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2006
|2020
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mard Ki Zaban 3''.
|-
|''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|[[Ameer (director)|Ameer]]
|Rajan
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2018
|2020
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Chennai Central''.
|-
|''[[Thamizhan]]''
|[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
|GK
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2002
|2021
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jeet - Born To Win''.
|-
| ''[[Odiyan]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || Odiyan Manickyan || Hindi || Malayalam || 2018 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[World Famous Lover]]'' || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] || Murthy || Hindi || Telugu || 2020 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Venugopal Seshadri || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Attack (2016 film)|Attack]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Guru Raj || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Zulmi Sitamgar''.
|-
|''[[Yuvarathnaa]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || Gurudev Deshmukh || Hindi || Kannada || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Kaappaan]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || Chandrakanth Varma || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Rowdy Rakshak''.
|-
|''[[Pokkiri]]''
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|Ali Bhai '''(Second dub)'''
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2007
|2021
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Wanted Baghi''.
|-
|''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]'' || [[Mohanlal]] || Sachidanandan / Sachi || Hindi || Malayalam || 2020 || 2021 ||
|-
|[[Villu (film)|''Villu'']]
|[[Prakash Raj]]
|J. D. '''(Second dub)'''
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2009
|2021
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Ek Aur Jaanbaaz Khiladi''.
|-
|''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]'' || [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]]|| Dr. Vishwanath || Hindi || Telugu || 2020 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || Sathyasai Srinivas || DCP B. Satya Kumar || Hindi || Telugu || 2020 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Size Zero]]'' || [[Prakash Raj]] || 'Size Zero' Satyanand || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''
|[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
|Lakshminarayana
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2020
|2022
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dumdaar Khiladi 2''.
|-
|[[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']]
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|Brahma
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2022
|2022
|
|-
| ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]''
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|Waltair Veerayya
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2023
|2023
|
|-
| ''[[Chengiz]]''
| [[Shataf Figar]]
| Omar
| Hindi
| Bengali
| 2023
| 2023
|
|}

====Foreign language films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' || [[James Stewart]] || John "Scottie" Ferguson || Hindi || English || 1958 || 2020 ||
|-
|''[[The Evil Dead]]''
|[[Bruce Campbell]]
|Ash Williams
|Hindi
|English
|1981
|Unknown
|
|-
|''[[Never Say Never Again]]''
|[[Sean Connery]] †
|[[James Bond filmography|James Bond]]
|Hindi
|English
|rowspan="2"|1983
|Unknown
|
|-
|''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]''
| [[Robert Loggia]]
| Frank Lopez
|Hindi
|English
|1990
|
|-
|''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]''
|[[Robert De Niro]]
|Al Capone
|Hindi
|English
|1987
|1988
|
|-
|''[[Jurassic Park (film)|Jurassic Park]]'' || [[Jeff Goldblum]] || [[Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)|Ian Malcolm]]|| Hindi || English || 1993 || 1994 || Released in theaters dubbed in Hindi on 15 April 1994 in India.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140610205846/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4220747.html HighBeam]</ref>
|-
|''[[Braveheart]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19951115-started-by-roja-and-jurassic-park-dubbing-for-hollywood-blockbusters-becomes-big-business-807911-1995-11-14 |title=Started by Roja and Jurassic Park, dubbing for Hollywood blockbusters becomes big business |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=1995-11-15 |access-date=2014-12-02}}</ref> || [[Mel Gibson]] || [[William Wallace]] || Hindi || English || 1995 || 1995 ||
|-
| ''[[GoldenEye]]'' || [[Pierce Brosnan]] || [[Portrayal of James Bond in film|James Bond]] || Hindi || English || 1995 || Unknown ||
|-
|''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' || [[Emilio Estevez]] || Jack Harmon || Hindi || English || 1996 || Unknown ||
|-
|''[[The Phantom (1996 film)|The Phantom]]'' || [[James Remar]] || Quill || Hindi || English || 1996 || 1996 ||
|-
| ''[[Home Alone 3]]'' || [[Kevin Kilner]] || Jack Pruitt || Hindi || English || 1997 || Unknown ||
|-
|''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' || [[Billy Zane]] || Caledon Nathan "Cal" Hockley || Hindi || English || 1997 || 1998 ||
|-
|''[[Men in Black (1997 film)|Men in Black]]'' || [[Tommy Lee Jones]] || [[Agent K|Kevin Brown / Agent K]] || Hindi || English || 1997 || 1997 ||
|-
|''[[Men in Black II]]'' || Tommy Lee Jones || Kevin Brown / Agent K || Hindi || English || 2002 || 2002 ||
|-
|''[[Men in Black 3]]'' || Tommy Lee Jones || Kevin Brown / Agent K || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[Stuart Little (film)|Stuart Little]]'' || [[Hugh Laurie]]|| Mr. Frederick Little || Hindi|| English || 1999 || 2000 ||
|-
|''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' || [[Bruce Willis]] || Dr. Malcolm Crowe || Hindi || English || 1999 || 2005 || Dubbed for television broadcasting on [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]].
|-
|''[[The Matrix]]'' || [[Hugo Weaving]] || [[Agent Smith]] || Hindi || English || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
|''[[The Matrix Reloaded]]'' || Hugo Weaving || Agent Smith || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
|''[[The Matrix Revolutions]]'' || Hugo Weaving || Agent Smith || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
|''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' || [[Brendan Fraser]] || Rick O'Connell || Hindi || English Arabic [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]] || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
|''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' || Brendan Fraser || Rick O'Connell || Hindi || English Arabic || 2001 || 2001 ||
|-
|''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]'' || Brendan Fraser || Rick O' Connell || Hindi || English [[Mandarin Chinese]] [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
|''[[The Bone Collector]]'' || [[John Benjamin Hickey]] || Doctor Barry Lehman || Hindi || English || 1999 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' || [[Joaquin Phoenix]] || [[Commodus]] || Hindi || English || 2000 || 2000 ||
|-
|''[[The 6th Day]]'' || [[Tony Goldwyn]] || Michael Drucker || Hindi || English || 2000 || 2000 ||
|-
|''[[Rush Hour 2]]'' || [[John Lone]] || Ricky Tan || Hindi || English [[Mandarin Chinese]] [[Cantonese Chinese]] || 2001 || 2001 ||
|-
|''[[Black Hawk Down (film)|Black Hawk Down]]'' || [[Jason Isaacs]] || Captain Steele || Hindi || English || 2001 || 2001 ||
|-
|''[[Swordfish (film)|Swordfish]]'' || [[John Travolta]] || Gabriel Shear || Hindi || English || 2001 || 2001 ||
|-
|''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Augustus Gibbons || Hindi || English German Spanish Russian Czech || 2002 || 2002 ||
|-
|''[[XXX: State of the Union]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Augustus Gibbons || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man (2002 film)|Spider-Man]]'' || [[Willem Dafoe]] || [[Norman Osborn (2002 film series character)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]|| Hindi || English || 2002 || 2002 ||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' || [[Alfred Molina]] || [[Otto Octavius (film character)|Dr. Otto Octavius / Doctor Octopus]]|| Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
|''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' || [[Geoffrey Rush]] || [[Hector Barbossa|Captain Hector Barbossa]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
|''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' || [[Bill Nighy]] || [[Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)|Davy Jones]] || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
|''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]'' || Bill Nighy || Davy Jones || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
|''[[X2 (film)|X2]]'' || [[Hugh Jackman]] || [[Wolverine (character)|Logan / Wolverine]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
|''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]'' || Hugh Jackman || Logan / Wolverine || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]'' || Hugh Jackman || Logan / Wolverine || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[X-Men: First Class]]'' || [[Oliver Platt]] || CIA Agent || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]'' || [[Steve Coogan]] || Octavius || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
|''[[Underworld (2003 film)|Underworld]]'' || [[Shane Brolly]] || Kraven || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
|''[[The Day After Tomorrow]]'' || [[Dennis Quaid]] || Professor Jack Hall || Hindi || English || 2004 || 2004 ||
|-
|''[[King Kong (2005 film)|King Kong]]'' || [[Thomas Kretschmann]] || Captain Englehorn || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
|''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' || [[Daniel Craig]] || [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' || Daniel Craig || James Bond || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
|''[[Skyfall]]'' || Daniel Craig || James Bond || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 || Singh's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits of the DVD release of the film, also containing the Tamil, Telugu, Russian and Ukrainian credits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wssYBIOFq3w |title=Skyfall Dubbing Cast – Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Russian, Ukrainian |publisher=YouTube.com |date=21 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Spectre (2015 film)|Spectre]]'' || Daniel Craig || James Bond || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
|''[[Next (2007 film)|Next]]'' || [[Nicolas Cage]] || Cris Johnson || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
|''[[Shoot 'Em Up]]'' || [[Paul Giamatti]] || Karl Hertz || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
|''[[The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)|The Taking of Pelham 123]]'' || [[Denzel Washington]] || Walter Garber || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
|''[[Race to Witch Mountain]]'' || [[Ciarán Hinds]] || Henry Burke || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 || The Hindi dub was re-titled as: "Resa Tisari Duniya Taka", which translates to: "Race to Third World". After the original ending credits for the DVD release of the Hindi dub, Singh's name was mentioned on the Hindi dubbing credits, and it's also written in the Hindi language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHwz4xvUvsU |title=Race to Witch Mountain 2009 part 10 hindi.flv |publisher=YouTube.com |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]'' || [[Billy Burke (actor)|Billy Burke]] || [[Charlie Swan (Twilight)|Charlie Swan]] || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
|''[[The Twilight Saga: New Moon]]'' || Billy Burke || Charlie Swan || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
|''[[The Twilight Saga: Eclipse]]'' || Billy Burke || Charlie Swan || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1]]'' || Billy Burke || Charlie Swan || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
|''[[The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2]]'' || Billy Burke || Charlie Swan || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[The Wolfman (2010 film)|The Wolfman]]'' || [[Anthony Hopkins]] || Sir John Talbot || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'' || [[Eric Roberts]] || James Munroe || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' || [[Liam Neeson]] || [[Zeus]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[Wrath of the Titans]]'' || Liam Neeson || Zeus || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' || [[Gary Sweet]] || [[Lord Drinian]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[Cowboys & Aliens]]'' || [[Daniel Craig]] || Jake Lonergan || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
|''[[The Adventures of Tintin (film)|The Adventures of Tintin]]'' || [[Andy Serkis]] || [[Captain Archibald Haddock]] and [[Sir Francis Haddock]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
|''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'' || [[Anthony Hopkins]] || [[Odin (Marvel Comics)|Odin]]|| Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Iron Man 2]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
|''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]'' || [[Willem Dafoe]] || Green Tarks's Emperor || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
|''[[The Mask of Zorro]]'' || [[Anthony Hopkins]] || Diego De La Vega || Hindi || English || 1998 || 1998 ||
|-
|''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' || [[Anthony Hopkins]] || [[Odin (Marvel Comics)|Odin]]|| Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
|''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]'' || [[Russell Crowe]] || [[Jor-El]] || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
|''[[The Wolverine (film)|The Wolverine]]'' || [[Hugh Jackman]] || [[Wolverine (character)|Logan / Wolverine]] || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' || [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]] || Owen Davian || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[102 Dalmatians]]'' || [[Gérard Depardieu]] || Jean Pierre Le Pelt || Hindi || English || 2000 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' || [[Ken Watanabe]] || Lord Moritsugu Katsumoto || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] || Hindi || English || 2015 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Augustus Gibbons || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Logan (film)|Logan]]'' || [[Hugh Jackman]] || [[Wolverine (character)|Logan / Wolverine]] || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
|''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' || [[Geoffrey Holder]] || Narrator || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Mask (1994 film)|The Mask]]'' || [[Peter Greene]] || Dorian Tyrel (Goldy) || Hindi || English || 1994 || || Released only for Home Media. Character's name was changed to Goldy for the Hindi dub.
|-
| ''[[Kingsman: The Secret Service]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Richmond Valentine || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' || [[Anthony Hopkins]] || [[Odin (Marvel Comics)|Odin]]|| Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] (uncredited cameo) || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom]]'' || [[Jeff Goldblum]] || [[Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)|Ian Malcolm]]|| Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] (cameo) || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: Far From Home]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || [[Nick Fury]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Hollow Man]]'' || [[Kevin Bacon]] || Dr. Sebastian Caine || Hindi || English || 2000 || 2000 ||
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man: No Way Home]]'' || [[Willem Dafoe]] || [[Norman Osborn (2002 film series character)|Norman Osborn / Green Goblin]]|| Hindi || English || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[No Time to Die]]'' || [[Daniel Craig]] || [[James Bond]] || Hindi || English || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Iron Monkey (1993 film)|Iron Monkey]]''
|[[Yu Rongguang]]
|Yang Tianchun/Iron Monkey
|Hindi
|Cantonese Chinese
|1993
|Unknown
|
|-
|''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'' || [[Jeff Goldblum]] || [[Ian Malcolm (Jurassic Park)|Ian Malcolm]]|| Hindi || English || 2022 || 2022 ||
|-
|''[[Provoked (film)]]'' || [[Steve McFadden]] || DS Ron Meyers || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
|''[[Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery]]'' || [[Daniel Craig]] || Benoit Blanc || Hindi || English || 2022 || 2022 ||
|-
|''[[A Haunting in Venice]]'' || [[Kenneth Branagh]] || Hercule Poirot || Hindi || English || 2023 || 2023 ||
|-
|''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]'' || [[Hugh Jackman]] || Logan/Wolverine || Hindi || English || 2024 || 2024 ||
|-
|-''[[Gladiator II]] || [[Denzel Washington]] || Macrinus || Hindi || English || 2024 || 2024 ||
|}

===Animated films (English) ===
{| class= wikitable
|-
! Film title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' || [[Albert Brooks]] || Marlin || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[Puss in Boots (2011 film)|Puss in Boots]]'' || [[Guillermo del Toro]] || [[List of Shrek characters#Commandante|Commandante]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 || Hindi dub released theatrically and also for Home media releases and Television airings. He was credited as: "SHAKTEE SINGH".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJ3l-ecPBLE |title=Puss in Boots – Hebrew, Hindi and Hungarian Credits |website=[[YouTube]] |date=15 May 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Turbo (2013 film)|Turbo]]'' || [[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Whiplash || Hindi || English || 2013 || 2013 ||
|-
| ''[[Finding Dory]]'' || [[Albert Brooks]] || Marlin || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[Spies in Disguise]]'' || Ben Mendelssohn || Killian || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]'' || [[Fred Armisen]] || [[Cranky Kong]] || Hindi || English || 2023 || 2023 ||
|}

===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Program title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Number of episodes !! Original airdate !! Dubbed airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Masters of the Universe vs. The Snake Men]]'' || [[Brian Dobson (actor)|Brian Dobson]] || [[Skeletor|Skeletor / Keldor]] || Hindi || English || 39 || 16 August 2002 – 10 January 2004 || ||
|}
|The legend of Hanuman
|Jambavana
|Shaktee Singh
2021 - 29th January 2021

==See also==
* [[List of Indian dubbing artists]]
* [[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0802232}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shakti}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Blue Line (Namma Metro)

2026-04-23T10:39:43Z

NiklasPqy606: added new details w/ sources

{{Short description|Metro line in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Blue Line
| other_name = {{hlist|ORR East Line|Airport Metro|Line 5|Central Silk Board - KIAL Terminals Line}}
| native_name = ನೀಲಿ ಮಾರ್ಗ (Nīli mārga)
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| color = {{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}}
| logo = Namma metro.svg
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Metro]]
| system = [[Namma Metro]]
| status =
| locale = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| start = {{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}
| end = {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}}
| connectinglines = '''''Operational''''' (2): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}} '''''Upcoming''''' (3): {{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}}
| stations = 13 (Phase-2A) + 16 (Phase-2B) = '''29''' 03 (Phase-2B) - '''''Future stations'''''
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| linenumber =
| website = [https://english.bmrc.co.in/ bmrc.co.in]
| yearcommenced = 
| planopen = Phase 2A - {{start date and age|2026|12|df=y}} Phase 2B - {{start date and age|2027|12|df=y}}
| open = 
| yearcompleted = 
| close = 
| owner = Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
| operator =
| character = Elevated, At Grade
| depot = Baiyappanahalli, Doddajala
| stock =
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| linelength_km = 58.19
| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| map = {{BMR Blue Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_name = Blue Line Map (TBC)
}}
The '''Blue Line''' is part of the [[Namma Metro]] rail network for the city of [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It consists of two sections - Phase-2A (Central Silk Board to Krishnarajapura) and Phase-2B (Krishnarajapura to Airport). Construction of Phase-2A began in August 2021. Construction of Phase-2B began in February 2022. The 58.19 km line connects Central Silk Board with the [[Kempegowda International Airport]].

The line passes through the eastern part of Outer Ring Road and passes through many major tech hubs and neighbourhoods of the city, such as HSR Layout, Agara, Bellandur, Kadubeesanahalli, Marathahalli, Doddanekundi, Mahadevapura, Krishnarajapura, Kasturi Nagar, Horamavu, Kalyan Nagar, Hennur, Nagawara, Hebbal and then runs parallely along the National Highway 44, where it passes through Kodigehalli, Jakkur, Yelahanka, Doddajala and then passes along the Airport Road.

The Line is mostly elevated but also has 2 at-grade (surface) sections, at the AFS Yelahanka Campus Bengaluru, and the Airport City station, and also has 1 underground section - at the KIA Terminals . There are 29 stations on the line of which 27 are elevated, 1 is at grade, and 1 is underground - making it the second line, after Purple Line, in the Namma Metro system to contain all 3 station types. The Blue Line will have interchanges with the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]] at Central Silk Board, [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] at Krishnarajapura, [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] at Nagawara and a planned interchange with the proposed [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]] at Hebbal.

In June 2022, the BMRCL launched the first ever U Girder span on ORR-Airport metro line.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metros-first-u-girder-launched-on-orr/articleshow/92311987.cms|title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro's first U-girder launched on ORR|newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bmrcl-launches-u-girder-for-the-first-time-on-orr-airport-metro-line/article65543062.ece|title=BMRCL launches U Girder for the first time on ORR-Airport metro line|newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bmrcl-to-switch-to-u-girders-for-orr-kia-metro-lines/articleshow/71144701.cms|title=BMRCL to switch to U-girders for ORR, KIA Metro lines|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 September 2019 }}</ref> The extension of the Purple Line and construction of the Yellow Line is completed and operational, where Construction of Pink Line is currently under progress. The Pink, Yellow and Blue lines will be [[Communication Based Train Control|CBTC]]-signaling enabled, unlike Namma Metro's first two lines (Purple and Green lines use distance-signaling). In June 2023, the Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka [[D. K. Shivakumar]] informed that Metro line to Kempegowda International Airport will be completed by December 2026, plus or minus 3 months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/metro-bengaluru-airport-june-2026-d-k-shivakumar8649143/|title=Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-clarifies-on-upcoming-new-metro-lines-in-bengaluru-details-101686119190176.html|title=Karnataka deputy CM DK Shivakumar clarifies on upcoming new metro lines in Bengaluru. Details}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-12 |title=Namma Metro link to Bengaluru airport will be completed by June 2026: Governor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metro-link-to-bengaluru-airport-will-be-completed-by-june-2026-governor/article67837656.ece |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Metro Update: BMRCL MD Urges Fast-Tracking of Airport Line |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/namma-metro-md-inspects-airport-line-wants-speedy-completion-3660012 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''History'''
|-
! width="5%" |Phase
! width="5%" |Section
! width="5%" |Planned Opening
! width="10%" colspan="2"|Terminals
! width="5%" |Length
! width="5%" |Stations
|-
| rowspan="2" |2A
| rowspan="2" |P2A ORR
| rowspan="2" |''December 2026''
|[[Central Silk Board metro station|Central Silk Board]]
|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Kadubeesanahalli]]
|{{convert|9.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|7
|-
|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Kadubeesanahalli]]
|[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|{{convert|9.85|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|6
|-
| rowspan="2" |2B
| rowspan="2" |P2B APL
| rowspan= "2" |''December 2027''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hindu |first1=The |title=Bengaluru’s Blue Line of Namma Metro scheduled for completion by Dec. 2027 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bengalurus-blue-line-of-namma-metro-scheduled-for-completion-by-dec-2027/article70013051.ece}}</ref>
|[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura]]
|[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]]
|{{convert|11.35|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|8
|-
|[[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]]
|[[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]
|{{convert|27.09|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|8
|-
! colspan="3" |Total||Central Silk Board||KIAL Terminals||{{cvt|58.19|km|mi|abbr=on}}||29
|}

The routes under Phase-2A and Phase-2B (Blue Line) were at first considered a part of the Phase-3 of metro development, but were prioritized under Phase-2, as the Central Government requested BMRCL to begin work on the airport link as early as February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-03|title=DPR for Metro link to BIA in five months|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/289975/dpr-metro-link-bia-five.html|access-date=2020-10-08|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bangalore Metro Rail yet to decide on route for Airport Line|url=http://www.railnews.in/2016/page/15/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812233832/http://www.railnews.in:80/2016/page/15/ |archive-date=12 August 2019 |access-date=|website=}}</ref>

The route from Central Silkboard to K R Pura along the eastern part of Outer Ring Road (ORR) was included as Phase-2A since development on that part of ORR had leap-frogged much ahead of the rest of the city with huge number of new office buildings. As a result, traffic increased several fold with employees traveling from different parts of the city to this new CBD. Chief Minister of Karnataka, [[Siddaramaiah]] announced in September 2016 that a new {{Convert|18|km|4=1|abbr=on}} line connecting Central Silk Board with KR Pura along ORR would be included in Phase 2 as Phase-2A of the project at an estimated cost of ₹4202 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 15, 2016|title=Metro line from Silk Board to KR Puram to be fast-tracked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Metro-line-from-Silk-Board-to-KR-Puram-to-be-fast-tracked/articleshow/54339779.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-02|title=KR Puram-Silk Board Metro line gets Cabinet approval|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/599012/kr8200puram-silk-board-metro-line.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

[[Kempegowda International Airport]] (opened during May 2008) being very far from city center (about 35 km), commuting time by road in traffic congestion is time-consuming. Hence, attention for building a fast mass transit was in the minds of planners from the very beginning, especially since air traffic had kept increasing. The old airport in Bengaluru, the [[HAL Airport]], located well within the city, had closed for commercial operations as part of the terms of the PPP for the new airport.
[[File:NammaMetro-BlueLine-2025-08-18.png|left|frameless|655x655px]]
To connect airport to city, there had initially been a [[Bangalore high-speed rail link|proposal to build]] a 33 km (21 mi) high speed rail line from MG Road to [[Kempegowda International Airport]] (KIA). Cost was estimated at ₹5,767 crore (US$810 million). This was to be executed by an independent SPV - Bangalore Airport Rail Link Limited (BARLL).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore High-Speed Rail Link|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/bangalorehighspeedra/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Railway Technology|language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the plan for an exclusive city-airport high speed rail was canceled during October 2013 due to high cost and viability concerns.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 19, 2013|title=Cost, viability nix high-speed rail link to Bengaluru International Airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Cost-viability-nix-high-speed-rail-link-to-Bengaluru-International-Airport/articleshow/24355940.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

It was decided that BMRCL would manage the airport rail project and a regular metro line with fewer halts would be built instead of a high speed rail. Following this, suggestions were invited from public during September 2016 to choose any one of nine possible extension routes from existing and proposed metro lines to the airport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-15|title=Now, suggest a Namma Metro route to the airport|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/570497/now-suggest-namma-metro-route.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The proposed extension routes had an average length of 30 km (19 mi), and cost estimates ranged between ₹4,500 crore and ₹7,000 crore. A 25.9 km (16.1 mi) extension from Nagawara via Kannur and Bagaluru was the shortest, while the 35.4 km (22.0 mi) extension from Yeshwanthpur via Yelahanka, Kannur and Bagaluru was the longest of the proposed routes. BMRC received 1,300 responses from the public.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-14|title=Central funding brightens prospects of metro line to Bengaluru airport|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Central-funding-brightens-prospects-of-metro-line-to-Bengaluru-airport/article17037936.ece|access-date=2020-09-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The shortest (25.9 km, 16.1 mi) extension of the Kalena Agrahara (previously Gottigere) – Nagawara line via Kannur and Bagaluru to the airport emerged as the most popular choice.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 7, 2016|first=Suchith |last=Kidiyoor|title=Bengaluru wants KIA Metro line via Nagawara|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Bengaluru-wants-KIA-Metro-line-via-Nagawara/articleshow/55842423.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref> In February 2017, the Centre requested BMRC to start work on the airport link before Phase 3. Thus, the Airport Line was included in Phase 2 as Phase 2B.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bangalore Metro Rail yet to decide on route for Airport Line – RailNews Media India Ltd|url=http://www.railnews.in/bangalore-metro-rail-yet-to-decide-on-route-for-airport-line/|access-date=2020-09-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Since the airport's managing company, ''Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL)'' forbade underground construction from the southern side of the airport due to security concerns as it would have to pass beneath the airport's second runway, the shortest route options (i.e. extending the Pink line from Nagawara directly north) were eliminated. An alternate route proceeding north till RK Hegde Nagar and then turning west to Jakkur and then along Airport Road was explored. Bangalore Development Minister [[K. J. George]] announced on 12 May 2017 that the government had finalized the Nagawara—Ramakrishna Hegde Nagar—Jakkur—Yelahanka route to the airport.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-13|title=Govt finalises KIA metro link route|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/611271/govt-finalises-kia-metro-link.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> However, this route had an obstacle as a high-pressure petroleum pipeline was passing through the originally proposed route.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bengaluru Metro airport line to now run through Hebbal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/oct/12/bengaluru-metro-airport-line-to-now-run-through-hebbal-1884445.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

This was changed and on 10 January 2019, the State Cabinet approved a change in alignment for the proposed metro line to the airport. The new line would begin at Krishnarajapura (K.R. Pura) and be aligned along the northern part of ORR (Outer Ring road), passing Kasturinagar, Nagawara, Hebbal, and Jakkur before heading towards the airport. The line would be {{Convert|38|km|4=1|abbr=on}} long, about {{Convert|9|km|abbr=on}} longer than the route previously proposed, estimated to cost ₹10,584 crore (US$1.5 billion).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=January 11, 2019|title=Karnataka government clears suburban rail project, Metro to airport | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-government-clears-suburban-rail-project-metro-to-airport/articleshow/67480625.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Tendering ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
!colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Blue Line'''
|-
!colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Pre-Construction Activity'''
|-
!Tendering
!Section
!Activity
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|Phase-2A/ORR/2018/Demolition/DLN-9/35
|Central Silk Board to K. R. Pura
|Demolition
|{{INRConvert|2.24|c}}
|B R Chawla Demolition
|12 Oct 2018
|-
|Phase-2A & 2B/Via & Stns /PMC/2020/72
|Central Silk Board to KIAL
|Project Management Consultant
|{{INRConvert|20.58|c}}
|RITES
|17 Dec 2021
|-
|Phase-2A&2B/DDC/Sec-1
|Central Silk Board - HBR Layout
|Detailed Design Consultant
|{{INRConvert|8.30|c}}
|SMEC International
|07 Feb 2020
|-
|Phase-2A&2B/DDC/Sec-2
|HBR Layout - KIAL Airport
|Detailed Design Consultant
|{{INRConvert|6.26|c}}
|AECOM – CEG JV
|12 Feb 2020
|-
|Airport Depot & Byp Depot/DDC/2021/76
|Baiyappanahalli & Airport Depot
|Detailed Design Consultant
|{{INRConvert|3.94|c}}
|AECOM – CEG JV
|16 Sept 2021
|-
|CE-US/ELE/EHV/ORR/PH-2A
|Central Silk Board to K.R. Pura
|Conversion of Electrical Lines
|{{INRConvert|19.13|c}}
|Rahul Cables
|13 May 2022
|-
|colspan="2"| Miscellaneous
|KR Pura - KIAL Airport
|{{INRConvert|9.27|c}}
|Various
|19 Dec 2020
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|69.72|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Civil Work'''
|-
!Tendering
!Section
!Length
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|Package 2A/P1/60(a)
|Central Silk Board - Kodibeesanahalli
|{{Cvt|9.859|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|785.25|c}}
|[[Afcons Infrastructure|Afcons]]
|25 May 2021
|-
|Package 2A/P2/60(b)
|Kodibeesanahalli - KR Pura
|{{Cvt|9.774|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|623.55|c}}
|Shankaranarayana
|25 May 2021
|-
|Package 2B/P2/69(a)
|KR Pura - Kempapura
|{{Cvt|11.003|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|739.04|c}}
|NCC
|17 Nov 2021
|-
|Package 2B/P2/69(b)
|Kempapura - Bagalur Cross
|{{Cvt|11.678|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|747.99|c}}
|NCC
|17 Nov 2021
|-
|Package 2B/P2/69(c)
|Bagalur Cross - KIAL Terminals
|{{Cvt|15.011|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|680.21|c}}
|NCC
|17 Nov 2021
|-
| colspan="3" | Veerannapalya Station<ref>Veerannapalya Station was initially awarded to NCC as part of Package 2B/P2/69(a). However, due to a severe delay in shifting an underground gas pipeline the station was unloaded from NCC scope of work. BMRCL re-invited tenders for this station, which was later awarded to URC Constructions.</ref>
|{{INRConvert|35.74|c}}
|URC Constructions
|07 Feb 2025
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
|{{Cvt|58.19|km|}}
|{{INRConvert|3611.78|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Depot Work'''
|-
! colspan="3" |Tendering
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
| colspan="3" |Remodelling Baiyappanahalli Depot
|{{INRConvert|249.19|c}}
|J Kumar – AICPL JV
|18 Mar 2023
|-
| colspan="3" |Airport Depot
|{{INRConvert|182.39|c}}
|J Kumar – AICPL JV
|18 Mar 2023
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|431.58|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Architectural Finishing Works'''
|-
! colspan="3" |Tendering
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
|Package 2A-A1
| colspan="2" |Central Silk Board - Kadubeesanahalli
|{{INRConvert|65.58|c}}
|MR Constructions
|16 Dec 2024
|-
|Package 2A-A2
| colspan="2" |Kodibeesanahalli - KR Pura
|{{INRConvert|66.78|c}}
|Godrej & Boyce
|09 Nov 2024
|-
|Phase-2B/Arch. Works/A2/RT/2025/136
| colspan="2" |Hebbal - Doddajala
|{{INRConvert|72.21|c}}
|NSL Construction
|09 Nov 2024
|-
|Phase-2B/Arch. Works/A1/2025/129
| colspan="2" |Kasturi Nagar - Kempapura
| colspan="3" |Tenders under evaluation
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|204.57|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="6" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Miscellaneous'''
|-
!colspan="3" |Tendering
!Successful Bid /Cost
!Contractor
!Award
|-
| colspan="3" |Land Acquisition
|{{INRConvert|2762|c}}
|N/A
|2020
|-
|Phase-2A and 2B/Plantations/2023/95
| colspan="2" |Plantation and Maintenance of Trees
|{{INRConvert|7.29|c}}
|Various
|28 Mar 2023
|-
|Phase-2A and 2B/Track Work/2022/93
| colspan="2" |[[Ballastless Track]] Work
|{{INRConvert|500.94|c}}
|[[Larsen & Toubro]]
|02 Jun 2023
|-
|5RS-DM
| colspan="2" |[[Rolling Stock]] (222 Coaches)
|{{INRConvert|2217.78|c}}
|[[BEML]]
|08 Aug 2023
|-
|Phase-2A & 2B/Turnouts /2023/101
| colspan="2" |Track Turnout
|{{INRConvert|29.98|c}}
|[[Vossloh]]
|22 Mar 2024
|-
|EPC6-CC
| colspan="2" |Engineering, Supply, Erection, Testing and Commissioning of Power Supply
|{{INRConvert|248.61|c}}
|KEC International
|10 Jun 2024
|-
|EPC5-CC
| colspan="2" |750V [[Direct current|DC]] [[Third Rail]] electrification
|{{INRConvert|764.64|c}}
|[[Siemens]] – [[Rail Vikas Nigam|RVNL]] JV
|11 Jun 2024
|-
| colspan="3" |Signalling System ([[CBTC]]) & [[Platform screen doors|PSD]]
|{{INRConvert|548.48|c}}
|[[Alstom]]
|12 Jun 2024
|-
|Phase II/ 9 ESCAL - DM
| colspan="2" |Elevators & Escalators
|{{INRConvert|203.08|c}}
|Johnson Lifts
|6 Feb 2025
|-
|E&M-6
| colspan="2" |Electrical & Mechanical
|{{INRConvert|197.04|c}}
|Jakson
|7 Feb 2025
|-
|Phase II/6 ELEV-DM
| colspan="2" |Machine Room Less Gearless Elevators
|{{INRConvert|45.31
|c}}
|
|20 Mar 2025
|-
|BMRCL/Travellator (R5 CSB to Ph2A/P1 CSB)/ Works /2026/146
| colspan="2" |Travellator and Connecting Walkway between Yellow Line and Blue line ORR Central Silk Board Metro Stations (to be completed in 9 months after successful bidding)
|₹58.99 crore (US$7.04 million)
|Bidding Underway
|5 May 2026 (Bidding State Date)
|-
|Phase-2B/Arch. Works/A1/2025/129
| colspan="2" |Automatic Fare Collection System
| colspan="3" |Tenders Under Evaluation
|-
! colspan="3" |Total
|{{INRConvert|7435.15|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="3" |Total Line Cost
|{{INRConvert|11752.8|c}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

=== Phase-2A ===
BMRCL prepared the detailed project report for the proposed Central Silk Board - KR Pura Line and submitted the DPR to the state government on 28 October 2016. Phase 2A was approved by the State Cabinet on 1 March 2017.

Tenders for the ORR (East) Metro line were called in February 2018 and [[IL&FS]] emerged the lowest bidder for all packages. However, the tenders were quashed due to cash flow problems and bankruptcy proceedings by the selected firm, IL&FS. A second round of tendering was done in December 2019.<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-25|title=Bengaluru: Dead lines of Namma Metro|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/point-blank/bengaluru-dead-lines-of-namma-metro-797954.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The project cost was revised to ₹5994 crores.<ref name="deccanherald.com" /> Fresh bids were received by multiple firms in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-16|title=9 Companies Bid for Namma Metro's ORR Project|url=https://urbanrailways.com/2020/03/16/9-companies-bid-for-namma-metros-orr-project/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Urban Railways|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Namma Metro ORR line tender receives 14 bids|url=http://cms.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/mar/19/namma-metro-orr-line-tender-receives-14-bids-2118624.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404045416/http://cms.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/mar/19/namma-metro-orr-line-tender-receives-14-bids-2118624.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 April 2023|access-date=2020-09-10|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> There are two packages. The first package included 2.84 km of ramps for a flyover at Central Silk board junction in addition to 9.859 km of viaduct with six elevated stations. The second package was for 8.377 km viaduct with seven elevated stations, 1.097 km depot line and a 0.30 km pocket track.

Central government's approval was much delayed<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Neha|date=2020-06-04|title=BMRCL expecting central nod on ORR Metro Corridor in Next 3 months|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/bmrcl-expecting-central-nod-on-orr-metro-corridor-in-next-3-months/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Menezes|first=Naveen|title=Bengaluru Metro Corp to Blame for ORR, Airport Lines Delay?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bengaluru-metro-corp-to-blame-for-orr-airport-lines-delay/articleshow/70853507.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref> and finally received in April-2021.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Bengaluru Metro: Govt approves 58-km phase 2 project, to cost 14,788 crore|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bengaluru-metro-govt-approves-58-km-phase-2-project-to-cost-14-788-crore-11618913593026.html|access-date=2021-08-21|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Tenders were awarded in May-2021 and construction on Phase-2A finally began in August-2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soil testing marks start of work on Namma Metro ORR line|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/jul/03/soil-testing-marks-start-of-work-on-metro-orr-line-2324797.html|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Opening of this phase as per August 2022 from MD of BMRCL is expected around ''December 2026.''

=== Phase-2B ===
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 225
| image1 = Blue Line (Namma Metro) 20241013 164141.jpg
| image2 = Blue Line (Namma Metro) 20241013 154925.jpg
| footer = Installation of [[Girder|U-Girders]] ({{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbala}} - {{stl|Namma Metro|KIAL Terminals}} stretch) under Blue Line of [[Namma Metro]] as of October 2024
| align = left
}}
DPR for the Airport Line had been prepared in September 2017<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 5, 2017|title=Kempe Gowda International Airport Metro link DPR ready, but for Phase 2 or 3?|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/kempe-gowda-international-airport-metro-link-dpr-ready-but-for-phase-2-or-3/articleshow/60943740.cms|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-27|title=Bengaluru Metro {{!}} BMRC plans two metro stations at Bengaluru Airport|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/bengaluru-metro-bmrc-plans-two-metro-stations-planned-bengaluru-airport/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref> and cleared by Government of Karnataka in January 2019.<ref name=":0" />

Tenders for the Airport line were called in July 2020. There are three packages. The first package was for 11.003 km viaduct, including 281 mtrs viaduct beyond Phase-2A with eight elevated stations and 650 mtrs link line to Baiyyappanahalli depot. The second package was for 11.678 km viaduct with 250 mtrs pocket track and two elevated stations. The third package was for 15.011 km viaduct, including 718.18 mtrs cut and cover portion in front of Yelahanka Air Force Station. All three packages include road widening, utility diversion and allied works.

Bettadahalasuru station would be built by Embassy group at a cost of ₹140 crore. Kempegowda International Airport is likely to fund the construction of two airport stations off the highway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Public-Private Partnership between Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) and Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) for Airport section of the ORR-Airport Metro: Signing of MoU|url=https://www.bengaluruairport.com/corporate/media/news-press-releases/public-private-partnership-between-bangalore-metro-rail-corporat.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Public-Private Partnership between Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) and Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) for Airport section of the ORR-Airport Metro: Signing of MoU|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy Group signs MoU with BMRCL for Bettahalasur Metro Station|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/embassy-group-signs-mou-with-bmrcl-for-bettahalasur-metro-station-5813751.html|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Moneycontrol|date=8 September 2020 }}</ref> An MoU was signed between BMRC and KIAL for construction of the {{Convert|4.95|km|abbr=on}} line and stations entailing an investment of ₹800 crore.

Central government's approval was delayed<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and finally received in April 2021.<ref name=":3" /> Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC) emerged as the lowest bidder to construct the line on September 16, 2021. Construction finally began in February 2022. Opening of this phase as per August 2022 from MD of BMRCL is expected around ''December 2027.''

Veerannapalya Station was initially awarded to NCC as part of Package 2B/P2/69(a). However, due to a severe delay in shifting an underground gas pipeline the station was unloaded from NCC scope of work. BMRCL re-invited tenders for this station, which was later awarded to URC Constructions.

== Controversies and Accidents ==
In January 2023, an accident occurred wherein a reinforcement cage of an under-construction metro pier fell onto a woman - Tejaswini Sulakhe - and her son Vihan in HBR Layout,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sudden-loss-leaves-family-shattered-granddad-says-will-fight-bengaluru-metro-apathy/articleshow/96896552.cms|title=Metro pillar crash: Sudden loss leaves Bengaluru family shattered|newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/i-wish-i-had-died-too-husband-recalls-bengaluru-metro-accident-horror-1179829.html|title='I wish I had died too': Husband recalls Bengaluru metro accident horror|date=11 January 2023 }}</ref> which led to their death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-structure-falls-techie-kid-killed/articleshow/96893009.cms|title=Bengaluru metro structure falls; techie, kid killed|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/what-caused-the-under-construction-metro-pier-in-bengaluru-to-fall-1179827.html|title=What caused the under-construction metro pier in Bengaluru to fall?|date=11 January 2023 }}</ref> In respose, BMRCL announced a financial assistance package of {{INR}}20 lakh to the victims' family.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/metro-structure-falls-on-family-of-4-kills-mother-toddler-son-in-bengaluru/articleshow/96894318.cms|title=Metro structure falls on family of 4, kills mother & toddler-son in Bengaluru|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-metro-pillar-collapse-victim-mother-in-law-8373885/|title=I regret not insisting on her to work from home, says mother-in-law of Bengaluru Metro pillar collapse victim|date=10 January 2023 }}</ref> Separately, Chief Minister [[Basavaraj Bommai]] also announced a separate compensation of {{INR}}10 lakh for each victim, taken from the Chief Ministers’ Relief Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/can-you-bring-back-daughter-grandson-bengaluru-metro-pillar-collapse-victim-father-8375477/|title='I will pay you Rs 1 crore. Can you bring back my daughter and grandson?': Bengaluru Metro pillar collapse victim's father|date=11 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-news-live-updates-weather-traffic-8369412/|title=Bengaluru News Highlights: Woman, her son die after under-construction metro pillar collapses in Hennur CM Bommai announces Rs 10 lakh compensation each|date=9 January 2023 }}</ref>

== Funding ==
In totality, the 58.19-km line consisting of both Phase 2A and 2B is estimated to cost ₹14,788 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-20 |title=BMRCL signs loan agreement with ADB |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bmrcl-signs-loan-agreement-with-adb/article36008410.ece |access-date=2021-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Summary |url=http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/PROJ_SUMMARY?prcd=N28000151&stat=O |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=www.cspm.gov.in}}</ref>

The Union and State governments will contribute ₹3,973 crore by way of equity and subordinate debt. Land acquisition costs, estimated at ₹2,762 crore, will be funded by the Government of Karnataka. BMRCL will raise the remaining amount of ₹5,960 crores through loans. In March 2021, it entered into a loan agreement with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for US$318 million (₹2,317 crore). BMRCL also raised US$500 million (₹3,643 crore) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to fund construction of the Blue Line (Phase 2A and 2B).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Seeks ₹3.5k cr from ADB - The Economic Times - Bangalore, 2/26/2019 |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TheEconomicTimes/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=ETBG/2019/02/26&entity=Ar00912&sk=9109F64D&mode=text |access-date=2020-09-10 |website=epaper.timesgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=ADB approves $500 million loan for Silk Board-airport metro|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/adb-approves-500-million-loan-for-silk-board-airport-metro-925197.html|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

On June 10, 2024, [[Rail Vikas Nigam|Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL)]] disclosed in a BSE filing that its joint venture with [[Siemens]] had secured a contract worth approximately ₹762 crore from Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation. This contract encompasses the 750V DC third rail electrification work under package EPC5-CC for the 57 km Blue Line of the [[Namma Metro]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-06-12 |title=Bangalore Metro: Siemens - RVNL JV Bags Rs. 762 Crore Electrification Contract Of Blue Line - Metro Rail News |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/bangalore-metro-siemens-rvnl-jv-bags-rs-762-crore-electrification-contract-of-blue-line/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Stations ==
'''The Blue Line will have 29 stations.'''

=== Interchanges ===
Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other metro and railway lines, will be provided at the following stations:

*{{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}} (Connects to the [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]], which runs between [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road metro station|Rashtreeya Vidyalaya Road]] to [[Bommasandra metro station|Bommasandra]])
*{{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}} (Connects to the [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]], which runs between [[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]] to Sarjapura)
*{{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}} (Connects to the [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]], which runs between [[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]] to Sarjapura)
*[[Krishnarajapuram metro station|Krishnarajapura]] (Connects to the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]], which runs between [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] to [[Challaghatta metro station|Challaghatta]], and also connects to the [[Krishnarajapuram railway station]])
*{{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} (Connects to the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]], which runs between [[Nagawara metro station|Nagawara]] and [[Kalena Agrahara metro station|Kalena Agrahara]])
*{{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}} (Connects to the [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]], which runs between [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]] and Kempapura)
*{{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbal}} (Connects to the [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]], which runs between [[JP Nagar 4th Phase metro station|JP Nagar 4th Phase]] and Kempapura and to the Red Line, which runs from [[Hebbala metro station|Hebbal]] to Sarjapura)
*[[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]] (Connects to the [[Kempegowda International Airport]])

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Namma Metro|Blue}};" | '''Blue Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Expected Openings
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Station Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Level Type
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|-
! colspan="7" |Phase 2A
|-
|1
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Central Silk Board}}
|[[Central Silk Board metro station|ಕೇಂದ್ರ ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಮಂಡಳಿ]]
| rowspan="13" |''December 2026'' <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2025-12-24 |title=Bengaluru Airport line and Pink line to lead Namma Metro’s next major expansion — Check routes, timeline {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/bangalore-airport-line-and-pink-line-to-lead-namma-metro-next-major-bengaluru-expansion-check-routes-timeline-11766563421480.html |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Yellow|croute}}
|Elevated
|{{Abbr|Side|Blue & Yellow Lines under Namma Metro}}
|-
|2
|{{stl|Namma Metro|HSR Layout}}
|[[HSR Layout metro station|ಎಚ್‌ ಎಸ್‌ ಆರ್ ಬಡಾವಣೆ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|3
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Agara}}
|[[Agara metro station|ಅಗರ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} (''Approved'')
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|4
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Ibbaluru}}
|[[Ibbaluru metro station|ಇಬ್ಬಲೂರು]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} (''Approved'')
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|5
|[[Bellandur metro station|Prestige Bellandur]]
|[[Bellandur metro station|ಪ್ರೆಸ್ಟೀಜ್ ಬೆಳ್ಳಂದೂರು]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|6
|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|Embassy TechVillage Devarabeesanahalli]]
|[[Kadubeesanahalli metro station|ಎಂಬೆಸ್ಸಿ ಟೆಕ್ ವಿಲೇಜ್ ದೇವರಬೀಸನಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
| 7
|[[Kodibeesanahalli metro station|Kadubeesanahalli]]
|[[Kodibeesanahalli metro station|ಕಾಡುಬೀಸನಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|8
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Marathahalli}}
|[[Marathahalli metro station|ಮಾರತಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|9
|{{stl|Namma Metro|ISRO}}
|[[ISRO metro station|ಇಸ್ರೋ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|10
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Doddanekundi}}
|[[Doddanekundi metro station|ದೊಡ್ಡನೆಕ್ಕುಂದಿ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|11
|[[DRDO Sports Complex metro station|Bagmane Developers - DRDO Sports Complex]]
|[[DRDO Sports Complex metro station|ಬಾಗ್ಮನೆ ಡೆವಲಪರ್ಸ್ - ರ.ಸಂ.ಅ.ಸಂ. ಕ್ರೀಡಾ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|12
|[[Sarasvathi Nagara metro station|Saraswathi Nagar]]
|[[Sarasvathi Nagara metro station|ಸರಸ್ವತಿ ನಗರ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|13
|[[Krishnarajapura metro station|Krishnarajapura (K.R.Pura)]]
|[[Krishnarajapura metro station|ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜಪುರ (ಕೆ.ಆರ್.ಪುರ)]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
|Elevated
|{{Abbr|Side|Blue & Purple Lines under Namma Metro}}
|-
!
! colspan="7" |Phase 2B
|-
|14
|[[Kasturinagara metro station|Kasturi Nagar]]
|[[Kasturinagara metro station|ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ನಗರ]]
| rowspan="8" |''December 2027'' <ref name=":4" />
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|15
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Horamavu}}
|[[Horamavu metro station|ಹೊರಮಾವು]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|16
|{{stl|Namma Metro|HRBR Layout}}
|[[HRBR Layout metro station|ಎಚ್‌ ಆರ್‌ ಬಿ ಆರ್ ಬಡಾವಣೆ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|17
|[[Kalyan Nagar metro station|Kalyan Nagar]]
|[[Kalyan Nagar metro station|ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ ನಗರ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|18
|[[HBR Layout metro station|HBR Layout]]
|[[HBR Layout metro station|ಎಚ್‌ ಬಿ ಆರ್ ಬಡಾವಣೆ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|19
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}
|[[Nagawara metro station|ನಾಗವಾರ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}} (''Under Construction'')
|Elevated
|{{Abbr|Side|Blue Line under Namma Metro}} & {{Abbr|Island|Pink Line under Namma Metro}}
|-
|20
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Veerannapalya}}
|[[Veerannapalya metro station|ವೀರಣ್ಣಪಾಳ್ಯ]]
|
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|21
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Kempapura}}
|[[Kempapura metro station|ಕೆಂಪಾಪುರ]]
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} (''Approved'')
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|22
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Hebbal}}
|[[Hebbala metro station|ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಳ]]
| rowspan="8" |''June 2027'' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-03-06 |title=₹500 crore for suburban rail, 41 km of metro line to be operational in 2026-27, says Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/500-crore-for-suburban-rail-41-km-of-metro-line-to-be-operational-in-2026-27-says-chief-minister/article70711959.ece |access-date=2026-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|{{rcb|Namma Metro|Orange|croute}} (''Approved'')
{{rcb|Namma Metro|Red|croute}} (''Approved'')
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|23
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Kodigehalli}}
|[[Kodigehalli metro station|ಕೊಡಿಗೇಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|
|Elevated
|Island
|-
|24
| [[Jakkur Cross metro station|Jakkur Cross]]
|[[Jakkur Cross metro station|ಜಕ್ಕೂರು ಕ್ರಾಸ್]]
|
|Elevated
|Island
|-
|25
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Yelahanka}}
|[[Yelahanka metro station|ಯಲಹಂಕ]]
|
|Elevated
|Island
|-
|26
|[[Bagalur Cross metro station|Bagalur Cross]]
|[[Bagalur Cross metro station|ಬಾಗಲೂರು ಕ್ರಾಸ್]]
|
|Elevated
|Island
|-
|27
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Doddajala}}
|[[Doddajala metro station|ದೊಡ್ಡಜಾಲ]]
|
|Elevated
|Island
|-
|28
|{{stl|Namma Metro|Airport City}}
|[[Airport City metro station|ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ನಗರ]]
|Airport City (''Proposed'')
|At-Grade
|Side
|-
|29
|[[KIAL Terminals metro station|KIAL Terminals]]
|[[Kempegowda International Airport|ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ]]
|{{rint|air}} [[Kempegowda International Airport]]
|Underground
|Island
|}

== See also ==

* [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]]
** [[Green Line (Namma Metro)|Green Line]]
** [[Yellow Line (Namma Metro)|Yellow Line]]
** [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]
** [[Orange Line (Namma Metro)|Orange Line]]
** [[Grey Line (Namma Metro)|Grey Line]]
** [[Red Line (Namma Metro)|Red Line]]
** [[Aqua Line (Namma Metro)|Inner Ring Line]]
* [[List of Namma Metro stations|List of Namma Metro Stations]]
* [[Rapid transit in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

==References==
<references />

{{Namma Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro lines]]
[[Category:Airport rail links in India]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Shrimad Ramayan

2026-04-20T16:17:25Z

NiklasPqy606:

{{Short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = [[Epic film|Epic]]
| creator = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| based_on = [[Ramayana|Valmiki Ramayana]] [[Ramcharitmanas]]
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay = Anand Neelakantan
| story =
| director = Kamal Monga Loknath Pandey Sumit Thakur
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| music = Lalit Sen
| open_theme = ''Shrimad Ramayan''
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 358<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/shrimad-ramayan-1700001378.html|title=Shrimad Ramayan Full Episodes}}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] Gayatri Gill Tewary Rahul Kumar Tewary
| news_editor = 
| location = [[Umargam]]
| cinematography = Afsar Faruque Veerdhaval Puranik
| animator = 
| editor = Ganga Kacharla
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20–40 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Productions]]
| budget =
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| network2 = [[Sony SAB]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|01|1}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|08|09|df=y}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|08|12}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|2025|03|10|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Shrimad Ramayan''''' ({{translation|''Holy [[Ramayana]]''}}) is an Indian Hindi-language television series that premiered from 1 January 2024 to 9 August 2024 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] and from 12 August 2024 to 10 March 2025 on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=New mythological show Srimad Ramayan to be launched on January 2024 on Sony TV |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/new-mythological-show-srimad-ramayan-to-be-launched-on-january-2024-on-sony-tv-8894955/ |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी एंटरटेनमेंट |date=2023-08-17 |title=टीवी पर फिर गूंजेगी भगवान श्रीराम की महागाथा, जानें पौराणिक शो 'श्रीमद रामायण' कब और कहा आएगा |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sony-entertainment-television-announced-mythological-serial-srimad-ramayan-will-launch-on-january-2024-2475373 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Produced by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] under the banner of [[Swastik Productions]], the series is based on the epic ''Ramayana''. It starred [[Sujay Reu]] as [[Rama]] and [[Prachi Bansal]] as [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=सोनी टीवी पर दिखेगी भगवान श्रीराम की महागाथा 'श्रीमद रामायण', जानें कब से होगा प्रसारण |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/television/sony-entertainment-television-announces-grandest-mythological-show-srimad-ramayan-will-launch-in-january-2024-2023-08-16 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Srimad Ramayan: टीवी पर आ रही 'श्रीमद् रामायण', रिलीज हुआ टीजर, फैन्स बोले- बस 'आदिपुरुष' जैसी न हो |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/srimad-ramayan-teaser-release-telecast-on-sony-tv-from-january-2024-fans-hope-not-like-adipurush-tmovk-1759666-2023-08-17 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series showcases the life of [[Rama]], the 7th incarnation of Lord [[Vishnu]]. It shows how he dealt with hardships in his life and how his life became an inspiration. It also showcases the ordeal and journey he went through to free his beloved wife, [[Sita]] (Incarnation of Goddess [[Lakshmi]]), from the rakshasa king [[Ravana]], who abducted her.
Lord Ram is born to King Dasharatha and Kaushalya while Bharat (incarnation of Vishnu's Shankha) is born to Kaikeyi and Lakshman (Sheshanaga) and Shatrughan (Sudarshan Chakra) are born to Sumitra.
King Janak and Queen Sunayana get Sita from the Land.
She grows up with her sister Urmila (Nagalakshmi) and cousins Mandavi (Lakshmi's Shankha) and Shrutkirti (Lakshmi's Chakra) and Sita lifts Lord Mahadev's Bow pinaka.
After growing up Ram and Lakshman defeat Tataka and her sons with the guidance of Sage Vishwamitra and reaches Mithila.
Ram - Sita, Bharat - Mandavi, Lakshman - Urmila and Shatrughan - Shrutkirti get married.
Manthara, along with Kaikeyi sends them to exile. The rest of the story is about the difficulties and hardships they faced during and after the exile and how Lord Ram defeated Ravan without leaving Dharma(righteousness).The show then focuses on Lav and Kush, The sons of Lord Ram And Goddess Sita and their Reunion. Goddess Sita spends 12 years into the forest nurturing Lav and Kush as Sita is sent once again on exile when a launder questions Sita's purity. She lives in Lord Valmiki's Aashram. Lav and Kush eventually engage in war with Lord Ram without knowing Goddess Sita is their mother and Lord Ram is their father, this leads to the family's reunion but Sita's purity is once again in question so Sita returns to mother earth. As the time of Lord Ram's departure from mortal world nears, lakshman takes jal samadhi and returns to Sheshnaag form. Lord Ram later crowns Lav as King of North Ayodhya with Lavpuri as his capital kingdom and Kush is crowned as King of South Ayodhya with Kushavati as his capital kingdom. The sons of Bharat, Lakshman and Shatrughan are also given their respective kingdom's to rule. Bharat's son elder Pushkala ruled over Pushkalavati and younger son Taksha ruled over Takshila. Lakshman' s elder son Angad was given kingdom of Karupada and younger son Chandraketu ruled over a Kingdom named Chandrakanta. Shatrughna's elder son Subahu ruled over Madhupur and younger son, Shatrughati was crowned as King of Vidisha. At last Ram, Bharat and Shatrughna take jal samadhi while Hanuman and Vibhishan are asked to stay in mortal world until Lord Vishnu takes their final avatar in Kal Yug and help him in re-establish dharma in Kal Yug.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sujay Reu]] as [[Rama]] / Lord [[Vishnu]] - Vishnu's 7th incarnation; and Kaushalya's son; Bharat, Lakshmana and Shatrughna's half-brother; Sita's husband; Lav and Kush's father
**Tanmay Shah as Young Ram
*[[Prachi Bansal]] as [[Sita]] / Devi [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]] - Lakshmi's incarnation; Janak and Sunaina's adoptive daughter; Urmila's elder adoptive sister, Mandavi and Shrutakirti's adoptive cousin; Rama's wife; Lav and Kush's mother
**Hansika Jangid as Young Sita
*[[Basant Bhatt]] as [[Lakshmana]] - [[Shesha|Sheshanaga]]'s incarnation; Dasharatha and Sumitra's elder son; Rama and Bharata's half-brother; Shatrughna's brother; Urmila's husband; Angada and Chandraketu's father
**Subhan Khan as Young Lakshman
*[[Nikitin Dheer]] as [[Ravana]] - [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya]]'s incarnation; King of [[Lanka]]; Vishrava and Kaikasi's second son; Sahastra Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Shurpanakha's brother; Mandodari's husband; Meghanada, Akshayakumara and Atikaya's father
**Athar Khan as Young Ravan
*[[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] as
** [[Hanuman]] - Lord Vayu's son; Kesari and Anjana's son; Rama's devotee ( Incarnation of Lord Shiva)
***Karim Qureshi as Young Hanuman
** [[Makaradhwaja]] - Hanuman's son

===Recurring===
*Nikhlesh Rathore as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] - [[Panchajanya|Shankha]]'s incarnation; Dasharatha and Kaikeyi's son; Ram, Lakshmana and Shatrughna's half-brother; Mandavi's husband; Taksha and Pushkala's father
**Hassan Syed as Young Bharata
*Samarthya Gupta / Purusharth Rawat as [[Shatrughna]] - [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshana]]'s incarnation; Dasharatha and Sumitra's younger son; Rama and Bharata's half-brother; Lakshmana's brother; Shrutakirti's husband; Subahu and Shatrughati's father
**Shabd Grover as Young Shatrughna
* [[Vaidehi Nair]] as [[Urmila]] - [[Nagalakshmi]]'s incarnation; Janak and Sunaina's biological daughter; Sita's adoptive sister, Mandavi and Shrutakirti's cousin; Lakshmana's wife; Angada and Chandraketu's mother
** Purvi Mishra as Young Urmila
* Sheersha Tiwari as [[Mandavi]] - Lakshmi shankh's incarnation; Kushadhvaj and Chandrabhaga's elder daughter; Sita and Urmila's cousin; Shrutakirti's sister; Bharata's wife; Taksha and Pushkala's mother
**Dhwani Buch as Young Mandavi
* Siddhi Sharma / Charmi Dhami / Sonal Singh as [[Shrutakirti]] - Lakshmi chakra's incarnation; Kushadhvaj and Chandrabhaga's younger daughter; Sita and Urmila's cousin; Mandavi's sister; Shatrughna's wife; Subahu and Shatrughati's mother
**Dhivija Arora as Young Shrutakirti
* [[Arav Chowdharry]] as [[Dasharatha]] - King of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]; Aja and Indumati's son; Kaushalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra's husband; Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna's father
* Anandi Tripathi as [[Kaushalya]] - Dasharatha's first wife; Rama's mother
* [[Shilpa Saklani]] as [[Kaikeyi]] - Dasharatha's second wife; Bharata's mother
* Bhawna Aneja as [[Sumitra]] - Dasharatha's third wife; Lakshmana and Shatrughna's mother
* Atharv J Jhony as [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] - Ram and Sita's younger son; Lava's twin brother
* Shourya Mandoriya as [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] - Ram and Sita's elder son; Kusha's twin brother
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as [[Janaka]] - King of [[Videha|Mithila]]; Kushadhvaja's brother; Sunaina's husband; Sita and Urmila's father
* Via Roy Chaudhary as [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]] - Janaka's wife; Sita and Urmila's mother
* [[Rushiraj Pawar]] as [[Indrajit|Meghanada]] - Ravana and Mandodari's elder son; Akshayakumara and Atikaya's brother; Sulochana's husband
* [[Gurpreet Bedi]] / Harleen Rekhi as [[Mandodari]] - Mayasura and Hema's daughter; Ravana's wife; Meghanada and Akshayakumara's mother
* Pratik Vohra as [[Mayasura]] - Architect of Asuras, Hema's husband, Mandodari's father, Meghanada and Akshayakumara's grandfather
* Sameer Khan as [[Kumbhakarna]] - [[Jaya-Vijaya|Vijaya]]'s incarnation; Vishrava and Kaikasi's second son; Sahastra Ravana, Ravana, Vibhishana and Shurpanakha's brother; Kumbha and Nikumbha's father
** Nishkarsh Dixit as Young [[Kumbhakarna]]
* [[Kunal Bakshi]] as [[Vibhishana]] - Vishrava and Kaikasi's third son; Sahastra Ravana, Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Shurpanakha's brother; Rama's devotee
* [[Vinit Kakar]] as Sambrasur
* Sangeeta Odwani as [[Shurpanakha]] - Vishrava and Kaikasi's daughter; Sahastra Ravana, Ravana, Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana's sister; Vidyutjiva's wife; Shambuka's mother
*[[Praneet Bhat]] as Sahastra Ravana - Vishrava and Kaikasi's eldest son; Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Shrupanakha's brother; Indumukhi's husband and Chandrabahu's father
* Akash Kapoor as [[Akshayakumara]] - Ravana and Mandodari's younger son; Meghanada and Atikaya's brother
* [[Malhar Pandya]] as
** [[Sugriva]] - King of [[Kishkindha]]; Vali's younger twin brother; Tara and Ruma's husband
** [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] - King of [[Kishkindha]]; Sugriva elder twin's brother; Tara's husband; Angada's father
* Abhishek Jangra as [[Angada]] - Prince of [[Kishkindha]]; Vali and Tara's son
* Vanshika Yadav as Trinavati - Princess of [[Kishkindha]]; Sugriv and Ruma's daughter
* Tarun Sharma as
** [[Jatayu]] - Shyeni and Aruna's younger son; Sampati's brother
** [[Jambavan]] - Rama's devotee; Jambavati's father
* [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as Lord [[Shiva]] - Parvati's husband; Kartikeya and Ganesha's father
* Aishwarya Raj Bhakuni as Devi [[Parvati]]/ [[Mahagauri]] - Shiva's wife; Kartikeya and Ganesha's mother
* Ketan Karande as [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] Lord Shiva's bull
* Geeta Khanna as [[Manthara]] - Kaikeyi's maid
* [[Surendra Pal]] / Krishnakant Singh Bundela as [[Vasishtha]] - Family priest of Ayodhya; Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna's teacher
* Vishnu Sharma as [[Vishvamitra]] - Rama and Lakshmana's teacher
* Dhananjay Singh as Sumantra - Dasharatha's minister
* Yogesh Mahajan as [[Ahalya#Children|Shatananda]] - Gautama Maharishi and Ahalya's son; Janaka's advisor
* [[Manish Khanna]] as [[Jabali]] - Dasharatha's advisor
* Sandeep Arora as [[Nala (Ramayana)|Nala]] - Vishwakarma's son; Nila's brother
* Nitin Parashar as [[Nila (Ramayana)|Nila]] - Vishwakarma's son; Nala's brother
* Snehal Waghmare as [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] - Vali and Sugriva's wife; Angad's mother
* Meghna Panchal as [[Rumā]] - Sugriva and Vali's wife
* Jameel Chaudhary as [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]] - Brihaspati's son; Anjana's husband; Hanuman's father
* Kinjal Pandya as [[Añjanā|Anjana]] - Kesari's wife; Hanuman's mother
* Mrinal Shrivastav as [[Shabari]] - Rama's devotee; Matanga's student
* Deepak Bhatia as [[Parashurama]] - Vishnu's 6th incarnation; Jamadagni and Renuka’s son; Shiva’s disciple
* [[Garima Jain]] as [[Ahalya]] - Gautama's wife; Shatananda's mother
* Arun Singh as [[Atri]] - Anasuya's husband; Rama's guide; One of the Saptarshis
* Sampada Vaze as [[Anasuya]] - Atri's wife
* Meenakshi Sethi as [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi]] - Vachaknu's daughter
* Raja Kapse as [[Kakabhushundi]] - Rama's devotee
*Prithvi Sankhala as [[Valmiki]] - Author of Ramayana; Sita stays at his aashram during her exile; Lava and Kusha's guru; Brahma's avatar
* Rivaan Thakkar as [[Angada (Lakshmana's son)|Angada]] - Lakshmana and Urmila's elder son; Chandraketu's elder brother
* Samveg Kaudan as [[Chandraketu]] - Lakshmana and Urmila's younger son; Angad's younger brother
* Rithvik Gupta as [[Taksha]] - Bharata and Mandavi's elder son; Pushkala's elder brother
* Veer Sharma as [[Pushkala]] - Bharata and Mandavi's younger son; Taksha's younger brother
* Prithil Jain as [[Subahu (Shatrughna's son)|Subahu]] - Shatrughna and Shrutakirti's elder son; Shatrughati's elder brother
* Goraksh Babel as [[Shatrughati]] - Shatrughna and Shrutakirti's younger son; Subahu's younger brother
* Neha Nirwan as [[Sulochana (Ramayana)|Sulochana]] - Vasuki and Shatashirsha's daughter; Meghanada's wife
* Brownie Parashar as [[Shukra|Shukracharya]] - Meghanada's teacher
* Kamaljeet Rana as [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khara]] - Dushana's twin brother; Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Shurpanakha's step-brother
* Amit Kalra as [[Dushana]] - Khara's twin brother; Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Shurpanakha's step-brother
* Arjun Kumar as [[List of characters in Ramayana#Vidyutjiva|Vidyutjiva]] - Shurpanakha's husband; Shambuka's father
* Devish Ahuja as [[Shambuka]] - Shurpanakha and Vidyutjiva's son
* Neetu Pandey as [[List of characters in Ramayana#Kaikasi|Kaikasi]] - Vishrava's wife; Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Shurpanakha's mother
* Yogesh Bhardwaj as [[Prahasta]] - Sumali and Ketumathi's son; Ravana's uncle; Lanka's chief commander
* Vineet Asthana as [[Kumbha]] - Kumbhakarna and Vajrajvala's elder son; Nikumbha's brother
* Touseef Raza Barkati as [[Nikumbha]] - Kumbhakarna and Vajrajvala's younger son; Kumbha's brother
* Bhupinder Bhoopi as Kampana, Lankan Commander in Ravana’s army
* [[Ansha Sayed]] as [[Tataka]] - Sunda's wife; Marich and Subhau's mother
* Satendra Yadav as [[Subahu]] - Sunda and Tataka's son; Marich's brother
* Asha Singh as [[Trijata]] - Sita's guard at Ashoka vatika
* Ritu P Sood as [[Surasa]] - Daksha and Asikni's daughter; Kashyapa's wife
* Mohammed Saud Suri as [[Shravana Kumara]] - Shantanu and Gyanvanti's son
* Govind Namdev as Lord [[Brahma]] - Creator of the Universe; Saraswati's husband
* Shreya Khanna as [[Saraswati]] - Goddess of Knowledge; Brahma's wife
* Sarthak Dayma as Lord [[Ganesha]] - God of Wisdom and Luck; Shiva and Parvati's younger son
* Devesh Gangawar as [[Surya]] - Spiritual teacher of Hanuman
* [[Meer Ali]] as [[Indra]] - King of Devas; Jayanta's father
* Gaurav Sharma as [[Jayanta]] - Indra's son
* [[Praneet Bhat]] as Sahastramukh Ravan - Brother of Ravana. Father of Chandrabahu.
* Bharat Bhatia / Akshay Dandekar as [[Kubera]] - God of Wealth; Vishrava and Ilavida's son; Ravana, Kumbhakarna, Vibhishana and Shurpanakha's step-brother
* Sharma M Shishir as [[Shani]] - God of Karma
* Aryan Hasan as Varshal Mahabal - Commander of Vanara sena
* Sandeep Sharma as [[Narada]] - Messenger of the Devas
* Punesh Tripathi as [[List of characters in Ramayana#Jambumali|Jambumali]] - Prahasta's son; Ravana's cousin
* Arnav as Somkaran - Luv and Kush's friend
* Dhrisha Kalyani as - Prasuta; Sister in Law
* Rudraksh nisiddh panchal as - Villager ; Gurukul's student ( Child Shree Ram Friend )

==Production==
===Development===
[[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] announced ''Shrimad Ramayan'', that is produced under his banner [[Swastik Productions]] in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Srimad Ramayan: Teaser of TV show unveiled months after Adipurush release, internet says 'hope it's not like the film' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/srimad-ramayan-sony-entertainment-television-teaser-months-after-adipurush-101692263626780.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is an adaptation of the epic Ramayana, and is based on [[Valmiki]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Tulsidas]]'s ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New mythological show 'Srimad Ramayan' to premiere in January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/sony-tv-announces-new-mythological-show-srimad-ramayan-premiering-in-january-2024-2421950-2023-08-16 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=India Today |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=Sony TV gets a show titled Srimad Ramayan, to go on air in January 2024 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/sony-tv-announces-new-mythological-show-titled-srimad-ramayan-to-go-on-air-in-january-2024-23303933 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> In December 2023, Tewary stated that criticism to film ''[[Adipurush]]'', was one of the reason to make the show. He added,
{{Blockquote|Honestly, I like the fact that audiences are sensitive towards the history of our country. It defines our history, culture and even our country. There is a reason why someone would get offended. And it's not my intention to offend anyone. I want them to come together and celebrate it with me. I have a proper research team and everything that's going out, every word about this show is properly vetted. So if anyone raises a question tomorrow, we have an authentic source that we can count on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan producer: Negativity faced by Adipurush is why I'm making this |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shrimad-ramayan-producer-on-negativity-faced-by-adipurush-explains-why-he-is-making-tv-show-2476701-2023-12-16 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=India Today |date=16 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}

The team of ''Shrimad Ramayan'' also visited [[Ayodhya]], before the launch of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan team goes on a pilgrimage to Ayodhya ahead of shows launch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/shrimad-ramayan-team-goes-on-a-pilgrimage-to-ayodhya-ahead-of-shows-launch-article-106341114 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Times Now News |date=28 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Sujay Reu]] and [[Prachi Bansal]] were cast as [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/photos/entertainment/shrimad-ramayan-cast-sujay-reu-to-play-lord-ram-character-know-prachi-bansasl-to-shilpa-saklani-also-finlalised-photo-gallery-105591625/1 | title=Shrimad Ramayan Cast: भगवान राम सहित इन किरदारों के लिए फाइनल हुई कास्ट, TV पर फिर गूंजेगी जय-जयकार | access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Times Now News| date=29 November 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sujay-reu-and-prachi-bansal-to-play-ram-and-sita-in-siddharth-kumar-tewarys-shrimad-ramayan/articleshow/105415070.cms | title=Sujay Reu And Prachi Bansal To Play Ram And Sita In Siddharth Kumar Tewary's Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=28 November 2023 |work=Times of India| date=22 November 2023 }}</ref> The series marks Reu's third and Bansal's second project with the production house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sujay Reu plays Maryada Purushottam Prabhu Shri Ram in Sony Entertainment's new show Srimad Ramayan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sujay-reu-plays-maryada-purushottam-prabhu-shri-ram-sony-entertainments-new-show-srimad-ramayan/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Promo: Prachi Bansal introduced as Sita in the new Sony Entertainment Television show |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shrimad-ramayan-promo-prachi-bansal-introduced-sita-new-sony-entertainment-television-show/ |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=8 December 2023 }}</ref> [[Basant Bhatt]] and Vaidehi Nair were cast as [[Lakshmana]] and [[Urmila]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/basant-bhatt-on-playing-prince-lakshmana-in-shrimad-ramayan-says-it-is-about-commitment-brotherhood-loyalty-and-love-exclusive/articleshow/107461002.cms | title=Basant Bhatt on playing Lakshmana in Shrimad Ramayan: It is about commitment, brotherhood, loyalty and love | access-date=12 February 2024 |work=Times of India| date=6 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-vaidehi-nair-to-play-pivotal-role-in-siddharth-kumar-tewarys-shrimad-ramayan-1261770?amp | title=Vaidehi Nair to play pivotal role in Siddharth Kumar Tewary's Srimad Ramayan | access-date=29 November 2023 |work=Pinkvilla| date=29 November 2023 }}</ref> [[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] was cast as [[Hanuman]], in his fourth on-screen portrayal of the character.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nirbhay-wadhwa-all-set-to-play-lord-hanuman-in-ramayan/articleshow/106301351.cms | title=Nirbhay Wadhwa all set to play Lord Hanuman again in Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=30 December 2023 |work=The Times of India| date=30 December 2023 }}</ref>

In October 2023, [[Nikitin Dheer]] joined the cast as [[Ravana]], marking his television comeback after 5 year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-23 |title=Exclusive: Chennai Express' Thangaballi Nikitin Dheer to play Ravana in Siddharth Kumar Tewary's Shrimad Ramayan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-chennai-express-thangaballi-nikitin-dheer-to-play-ravana-in-siddharth-kumar-tewarys-shrimad-ramayan/articleshow/104649588.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Aarav Chowdhary]] was cast as [[Dashratha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=रामायण वही किरदार नया, जानें कौन होंगे राम-सीता? |url=https://www.abplive.com/web-stories/siddharth-kumar-tewary-new-tv-show-ramayan-all-starcast-shilpa-saklani-nikitin-dheer-ent-2522423 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> Nikhilesh Rathore was then cast as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikhilesh Rathore on essaying Bharata in 'Srimad Ramayana' : I enjoy spirituality |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nikhilesh-rathore-on-essaying-bharata-in-srimad-ramayana-i-enjoy-spirituality-news-342199/amp |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=Outlook India|date=10 January 2024 }}</ref> and Samarthya Gupta was cast as [[Shatrughna]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-13-fame-samarthya-gupta-to-play-shatrughna-in-srimad-ramayana-says-im-immensely-passionate-about-acting-exclusive/articleshow/106600230.cms | title=Samarthya Gupta to play Shatrughna in Srimad Ramayana, says 'I'm immensely passionate about acting' | access-date=9 January 2024 |work=The Times of India| date=7 January 2024 }}</ref> Later, Anandi Tripathi was cast as [[Kaushalya]], Bhawna Aneja as [[Sumitra]] and [[Shilpa Saklani]] as [[Kaikeyi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarav Chowdhury, Shilpa Saklani, and others open up about Shrimad Ramayan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aarav-chowdhury-shilpa-saklani-others-open-shrimad-ramayan/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Bollywood Hungama|date=19 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV पर बनने जा रही है एक और 'रामायण', शिल्पा बनेंगी कैकेयी और निकितिन धीर को मिला रावण का रोल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/siddharth-kumar-tewary-shrimad-ramayan-cast-shilpa-saklani-as-kaikeyi-nikitin-dheer-ravana/articleshow/104670593.cms |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Neetu Pandey was cast as [[Kaikasi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoranjannews.com/television/news/neetu-pandey-will-be-seen-in-sony-tvs-shrimad-ramayan/2023/11/24 | title=सोनी टीवी के श्रीमद रामायण में नजर आएगी नीतू पांडे | access-date=24 November 2023 |work=Manoranjan News| date=24 November 2023 }}</ref>

In January 2024, [[Gurpreet Bedi]] was cast to play [[Mandodari]] and [[Garima Jain]] was cast to play [[Ahalya]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/garima-jain-confirms-joining-the-cast-of-shrimad-ramayan-exclusive-article-106656287/amp | title=Exclusive - Garima Jain confirms joining the cast of Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=11 January 2024 |work=Times Now News| date=9 January 2024 }}</ref> Sangeeta Odwani was cast to play Shurpanakha and Arjun Kumar was cast to play Vidyutjiva.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sangeeta-odwani-breathes-life-into-the-role-of-shurpanakha-in-shrimad-ramayan-says-its-about-unveiling-the-layers-of-a-misunderstood-character/articleshow/108529366.cms | title=Sangeeta Odwani breathes life into the role of Shurpanakha in Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=28 March 2024 |work=Times of India| date=15 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-actor-arjun-kumar-makes-mythological-debut-with-shrimad-ramayan/articleshow/107122976.cms | title=Kundali Bhaygya actor Arjun Kumar makes mythological debut with Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=24 January 2024 |work=Times of India| date=24 January 2024 }}</ref> Later, in February 2024, [[Rushiraj Pawar]] was cast to play [[Indrajit|Meghanada]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-promo-meghanada-practices-for-yudh-abhyas-aims-to-become-the-best-1280166?amp | title=Shrimad Ramayan: Rushiraj Pawar aka Meghanada practices for Yudh Abhyas; aims to become the best | access-date=17 February 2024 |work=Pinkvilla}}</ref> In March 2024, [[Malhar Pandya]] was cast in the dual role of brothers [[Sugriva]] and [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/malhar-pandya-to-play-sugriva-vali-in-shrimad-ramayan/ | title=Malhar Pandya to play dual role of Sugriva and Vali in Shrimad Ramayan | access-date=7 March 2024 |work=Outlook India| date=6 March 2024 }}</ref> In September 2024, Atharv J Jhony and Shourya Mandoriya were cast as [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] and [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shrimad-ramayan-prachi-bansal-opens-up-about-how-will-luv-kush-bridge-the-distance-between-lord-ram-and-mata-sita/articleshow/113703287.cms | title=Prachi Bansal opens up about how will Luv-Kush bridge the distance between Lord Ram and Mata Sita | access-date=26 September 2024 |work=The Times of India| date=26 September 2024 }}</ref>

===Design===
The series set covering 10 acres of land in [[Umargam]], [[Valsad district|Valsad]], [[Gujarat]], is designed by art director [[Omung Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimad Ramayan promo: Sujay Reu to play Lord Ram, fans praise show's VFX |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/srimad-ramayan-promo-sujay-reu-to-play-lord-ram-fans-praise-shows-vfx-2471647-2023-12-04 |access-date=27 December 2023|website=India Today|date=4 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Costume designer of the series is Shibapriya Sen. Sita's wedding look included 15kg lehenga and 15meter long head trail. The hand-made embroidery took 3 days and 18 hours, with the entire lehenga taking 5 days to complete. Sen added,
{{Blockquote|Designing Sita's wedding look was ethereal, where femininity met divinity. It was a blessing to design the wedding looks for Prabhu Shri Ram and Mata Sita. The costumes and accessories were heavy, but the actors embraced it. We've maintained the sanctity of the occasion through traditional craftsmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan: Decoding exquisite bridal ensemble of Mata Sita's wedding from the show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-decoding-exquisite-bridal-ensemble-of-mata-sitas-wedding-from-show-1274189 |access-date=27 January 2024|website=Pinkvilla|language=en}}</ref>}}

===Filming===
''Shrimad Ramayan'' is mainly shot in Umargam in Gujarat and has a high production and VFX value.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan: क्या सोनी ने बनाई छोटे परदे की 'आदिपुरुष', तकनीक के सहारे रामकथा का ताव बदलने की कोशिश |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/shrimad-ramayan-premieres-on-sony-entertainment-television-soon-shooting-is-in-full-swing-in-gujarat-umargaon-2023-12-19 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=तीन टीवी सीरियल जितना 'श्रीमद रामायण' का बजट:कपड़े-ज्वेलरी पर चार गुना ज्यादा खर्च; अयोध्या और लंका के लिए अलग-अलग सेट बने |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/sony-tv-shrimad-ramayan-shooting-cost-set-location-umargam-gujarat-132347806.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

=== Dubbed versions ===
Since May 2024, ''Shrimad Ramayan'' has been dubbed in other languages such as in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bangla]]. It is broadcast on [[Sun TV Network]]'s group of channels in the respective languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun TV Ramayanam Serial Telecast Date And Time: Promo Video Offers Sneak Peek Into The Show |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/2024/sun-tv-ramayanam-serial-telecast-date-and-time-promo-video-offers-sneak-peek-into-the-show-394129.html |date=30 April 2024 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramayanam Malayalam TV Serial on Surya TV, Starts from 20th May Everyday at 06:00 PM |url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/ramayanam-malayalam-serial-surya-tv/ |date=16 May 2024 |website=Kerala TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gemini TV to telecast Shrimad Ramayanam in Telugu from May 27 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/shrimad-ramayanam-in-telugu-on-gemini-tv-895331|date=23 May 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ಉದಯ ಟಿವಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 'ಶ್ರೀಮದ್ ರಾಮಾಯಣ' ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನೋಡಿ, ನಗದು ಬಹುಮಾನ ಗೆಲ್ಲಿ |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/television/new-kannada-serial-shrimad-ramayana-will-go-on-air-from-20th-may-on-udaya-tv-mdn-832790.html|date=15 May 2024 |website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref> The show is also dubbed in [[Bengali language]] and is broadcast on [[Sony Aath]] since October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title='Shrimad Ramayan' set to launch on Sony AATH |url=https://mediabrief.com/shrimad-ramayan-x-sony-aath/|date=30 September 2024 |website=Mediabrief}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shrimad Ramayan Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Lalit Sen
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2023|12|15|df=yes}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Soundtrack]]
}}
| length = 38:00
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] Gayatri Gill Tewary
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of Shrimad Ramayan has been composed by [[Lalit Sen]] with lyrics written by Vinod Sharma.<ref name="Theme song">{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Title Track - Full Song |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sOV--jH2dzU&pp=ygUZc2hyaW1hZCByYW1heWFuIGFsbCBzb25ncw%3D%3D |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=SET India - YouTube |language=en}}</ref> The original title track and all major songs of the show were sung by [[Harshit Saxena]]. His soulful performance received widespread praise and earned him the Indian Television Academy Award for Best Singer in 2024. Composer [[Lalit Sen]] was also awarded Best Music for the same series. Subhadeep Das Chowdhury, Menuka Poudel, Vaibhav Gupta, Ananya Pal and Utkarsh Wankhede, the contestants of [[Indian Idol (season 14)|Indian Idol 14]], have also sung a version of the title song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Idol 14 contestants lend their voice for Shrimad Ramayan; Shreya Ghoshal expresses being proud of them |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/indian-idol-14-contestants-lend-their-voice-for-shrimad-ramayan-shreya-ghoshal-expresses-being-proud-of-them-1265803?amp |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Shrimad Ramayan: Tracklisting
|title1 = Shrimad Ramayan (Theme Song)
|length1 = 1:48
|title2 = Shrimad Ramayan
|length2 = 1:48
|title3 = Ram Siya Ram
|length3 = 2:14
|title4 = Ramayan Chaupai
|length4 = 20:55
|title5 = Shri Ram Theme
|length5 = 1:00
|title6 = Sita Theme
|length6 = 1:00
|title7 = Ram Janam
|length7 = 0:52
|title8 = Sita Janam
|length8 = 0:52
|title9 = Narayan Theme
|length9 = 1:30
|title10 = Mahadev Theme
|length10 = 0:30
|title11 = Siya Varan Kare Ram
|length11 = 2:12
|title12 = Thumak Thumak
|length12 = 0:44
|title13 = Ram Bhakt Le Chala
|length13 = 0:45
|title14 = Heart Attack
|length14 = 3:18
}}

==Reception==
Gayatri Nirmal from ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' stated, "The surprisingly fresh and convincing cast works. The rich storytelling and the VFX (visual effects) literally added life to the characters, and the dialogues, drawn from the original scripture of Valmiki, are both powerful and thought-provoking."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Review, Episodes 1 and 2: A cinematic visual spectacle on small screen |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/shrimad-ramayan-review-episodes-1-and-2-a-cinematic-visual-spectacle-on-small-screen-1269662?amp |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| [[Nikitin Dheer]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/the-ita-awards/the-24th-ita-awards-2024/|title=ITA Awards 2024: Complete list of winners|access-date=2 January 2025|website=Indian Television Academy Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Costumes|Best Costumes]]
| Shibapriya Sen
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Music Composer|Best Music Composer – TV]]
| Lalit Sen
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards#Best Singer|Best Singer – TV]]
| Harshit Saxsena
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6"| 2025
| rowspan="6"| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Arav Chowdharry]]
| {{won}}
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian Telly Awards 2025 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/winners.html |date=23 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=Indian Telly Awards}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| [[Shilpa Saklani]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
| [[Nikitin Dheer]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Costumes
| Shibapriya Sen
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Editor – Fiction
| Ganga Kacharla
| {{won}}
|-
| Best TV Cameraman – Fiction
| Veerdhaval Puranik
| {{nom}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Mythology}}
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30145246/ ''Shrimad Ramayan''] on [[IMDb]]
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/shrimad-ramayan-1700001378 ''Shrimad Ramayan''] on [[Sony LIV]]
* [https://shrimadramayann.net/ ''Shrimad Ramayan''] on [[Sony LIV]]

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Indian television series about Hindu deities]]
[[Category:Television series set in Ancient India]]
[[Category:Hanuman in popular culture]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]

Mehrab Ali Laskar

2026-04-20T03:38:59Z

NiklasPqy606: new new bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mehrab Ali Laskar
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Jyotsna Chanda]]
| constituency = [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Mehrab Ali Laskar''' is an Indian politician who was a lawmaker in the state of Assam. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar constituency]] in the [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as an Independent candidate.<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_ASSAM.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laskar, Mehrab Ali}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{Assam-politician-stub}}

Krip Suri

2026-04-20T01:50:11Z

NiklasPqy606: made new post

{{Short description|Indian actor and model (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krip Suri
| image = File:Krip Suri at Television Style Awards 2015.jpg
| image_caption = Suri at Television Style Awards 2015
| image size = 180px
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|df=yes|1986|06|14}}
| birth_place =
| yearsactive =
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[actor]]
| parents =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Simran Kaur|2014|2026|reason=divorced}}
| children = 1
| othername =
| known for = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Savitri (TV series)|Savitri]]''
* ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
}}
| birthname =
}}

'''Krip Kapur Suri''', (born 14 June 1986)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-krip-suri-411|title = Happy Birthday Krip Suri}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/happy-birthday-krip-suri-and-supriya-raina-shukla|title = Happy Birthday to Krip Suri and Supriya Raina Shukla}}</ref> is an Indian [[model (people)|model]] turned [[actor]]. He is primarily known for his role of Prof. Vardhan Suryavanshi in [[Channel V India]]’s [[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]] and Raahukaal in Life OK’s [[Savitri (TV series)|Savitri]]. He also portrayed the role of Ravi Garewal in [[Life OK]]'s [[Kalash (2015 TV series)|Kalash]] and Adhiraj Rajawat in [[Zee TV]]'s [[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV series)|Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]] and of Duryodhan in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' on [[Star Bharat]].

==Personal life==
Krip was born into a Punjabi middle-class family hailing from Delhi.<ref name="tellychakkar1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/meet-the-baap-of-all-villains-television-krip-suri-aka-rahukaal-of-savitri|title = Meet the baap of all villains on television... Krip Suri aka Rahukaal of Savitri}}</ref> Krip had always dream of becoming a successful actor, though didn't even have money to enroll himself into an acting school. In an interview he stated: ''“I arrived in Mumbai ten years ago on 17 January 2003 and was living in a room with eight people. I was unable to pay rent and was out on the streets for three days. On seeing me sleeping on the streets a generous soul offered me accommodation till I could afford to find a roof over my head and pay rent for the same. I was also without any morsel of food for six days.”''<ref name="tellychakkar1"/> However he soon passed this struggling phase with his strong dedication towards acting. Krip has a great interest in photography and is a good football player too.''“Well, acting is my career. But yes, along with acting, I would like to work really hard on my photography skills. I want to keep a really good collection of photographs clicked by me. My camera is my best friend.”'' says he.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/my-camera-my-best-friend-krip-suri-083|title = My camera is my best friend - Krip Suri}}</ref>

Suri married Simran Kaur on 6 December 2014, in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=4 December 2014|title=Krrip Kapur Suri to get married in Delhi next month|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krrip-kapur-suri-to-get-married-in-delhi-next-month/articleshow/45217483.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> However, Suri's father passed away on the morning of the wedding day after battling cancer. Following the tragedy, the elaborate wedding rituals and celebrations were put on hold. They remarried on 5 August 2018, at a gurudwara in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari|first1= Neha|date=6 June 2019|title=Krip Kapur Suri: Simran and I are unfazed by rumours of trouble in our marriage; we are going strong|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krip-kapur-suri-simran-and-i-are-unfazed-by-rumours-of-trouble-in-our-marriage-we-are-going-strong/articleshow/69662872.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> On 19 January 2020, the couple got blessed with a baby girl, Ray Kapur Suri.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=21 January 2020 |title='Uttaran' Actor Krrip Suri & Wife Simran Blessed With A Baby Girl!|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/uttaran-actor-krrip-suri-wife-simran-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-1146081 |work=ABPLive |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> The couple divorced on 1 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=2 January 2026 |title=Udne Ki Aasha fame Krripp Kapur Suri and wife Simran divorce after 11 years of marriage|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/udne-ki-aasha-fame-krripp-kapur-suri-and-wife-simran-get-divorced-23610343 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref(s)
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]''
| Sukhdev (Kohti)
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1773109/fullcredits/|title = Crazy Mad Lover (2011) - IMDb| website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naam Tha Kanhaiyalal]]'' || Anchor || Documentary || style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3zhIGop_JM|title=NAAM THA KANHAIYALAL | DOCUFILM | HEMAA SINGH | PAWAN KUMAR | MUKESH SINGH|date=22 September 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Maan Rahe Tera Pitaah]]''
| Madhav
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Apno Ke Liye Geeta Ka Dharmayudh]]''
| Raghu
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Phulwa]]''
| Babu
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Savitri (TV series)|Savitri]]''
| Raahukaal
|-
| 2013–2015
| ''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
| Prof. Vardhan Suryavanshi
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
| Asgar
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinetvmasti.com/movie_feature_view.php?Interview-with-Krip-Suri-%2F54 |title=Interview-with-Krip-Suri- |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155355/http://www.cinetvmasti.com/movie_feature_view.php?Interview-with-Krip-Suri-%2F54 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar]]
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Kalash (2015 TV series)|Kalash]]''
| Ravi Garewal
|-
| 2016
| ''Box Cricket League''
| Himself
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey (TV series)|Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey]]''
| Adhiraj Rajawat
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Shrikant
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Vish (TV series)|Vish: A Poisonous Story]]''
| Vishaira
|-
| 2020
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| Duryodhan
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''
| Guru khatri / Jwalasur
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
| [[Andhaka]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
| Inspector Virat Singh
|-
| ''[[Shubh Laabh - Aapkey Ghar Mein]]''
| Rishabh Verma
|-
|''[[Swaraj (TV series)|Swaraj]]''
| [[Marthanda Varma]]
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
| Daksh Oberoi
|-
| ''Baghin''
| Agni
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''10:29 Ki Aakhri Dastak''
|Pablo Tripathi
|-
|''Gudiya Rani''
|Mahendra Pratap Shukla
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Udne Ki Aasha]]''
|Arun
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/krip.suri?refid=12 Facebook Profile]
* [https://twitter.com/kripsuri Twitter Profile]
* {{IMDb name|id=4178247}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Krip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]

Najafgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:47Z

NiklasPqy606: new initial pg more to come...

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Najafgarh
| mla = [[Neelam Pahalwan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[West Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 35
}}
'''Najafgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern [[India]].

==Overview==
Present geographical structure of Najafgarh constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Najafgarh is part of [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely, [[Madipur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Madipur]], [[Rajouri Garden (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Rajouri Garden]], [[Hari Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Hari Nagar]], [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tilak Nagar]], [[Janakpuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Janakpuri]], [[Vikaspuri (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vikaspuri]], [[Dwarka (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Dwarka]], [[Matiala (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matiala]] and [[Uttam Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Uttam Nagar]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Suraj Parshad Paliwal
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Kanwal Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Ranbir Singh Kharb
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Bharat Singh Shokeen
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Ajeet Singh Kharkhari
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Neelam Pahalwan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: [[Najafgarh]]<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Najafgarh">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Najafgarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0535.htm |accessdate=16 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316170359/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0535.htm |archivedate=16 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Najafgarh Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Najafgarh Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/najafgarh |accessdate=16 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316170405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/najafgarh |archivedate=16 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Neelam Pahalwan]]
| votes = 1,01,708
| percentage = 56.40
| change = {{Increase}}10.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Tarun Yadav|votes=72,699|percentage=40.31|change={{decrease}}9.55}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sushma Yadav|votes=2,902|percentage=1.61|change={{Increase}}0.15}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,346|percentage=0.75|change={{increase}}0.30}}
{{Election box majority|votes=29,009|percentage=16.09|change={{up}}12.28}} 178,655
{{Election box turnout|votes= 1,78,655 |percentage=64.13|change={{down}}0.80}} +70.90
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = BJP
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2025"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: [[Najafgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| votes = 81,507
| percentage = 49.86
| change = {{Increase}}15.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ajeet Singh Kharkhari
| votes = 75,276
| percentage = 46.05
| change = {{Increase}}21.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sahab Singh
| votes = 2,379
| percentage = 1.46
| change = {{decrease}}3.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 736
| percentage = 0.45
| change = {{Increase}}0.12
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,231
| percentage = 3.81
| change = {{Increase}}2.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,63,517
| percentage = 64.93
| change = -4.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +15.24
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Najafgarh<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3878-delhi-2015/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2015 to the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=28 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Kailash Gahlot]]
| votes = 55,598
| percentage = 34.62
| change = +18.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Bharat Singh
| votes = 54,043
| percentage = 33.65
| change = +2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ajeet Singh Kharkhari
| votes = 39,462
| percentage = 24.57
| change = -8.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jai Kishan Sharma
| votes = 8,180
| percentage = 5.09
| change = -2.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ram Singh
| votes = 1,108
| percentage = 4.60
| change = -2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 535
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,555
| percentage = 0.97
| change = -5.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,60,765
| percentage = 69.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +18.77
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: [[Najafgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ajeet Singh Kharkhari
| votes = 54,358
| percentage = 33.27
| change = +24.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Bharat Singh
| votes = 44,590
| percentage = 31.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Mukesh Kumar Dagar
| votes = 22,798
| percentage = 15.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bijander Dutt
| votes = 10,633
| percentage = 7.39
| change = -14.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ajit Singh
| votes = 6,618
| percentage = 4.60
| change = -13.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Neelam
| votes = 2,660
| percentage = 1.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 733
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 9,768
| percentage = 6.79
| change = -4.40
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,44,153
| percentage = 67.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Independent (politician)
| swing = +24.53
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Najafgarh<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bharat Singh
| votes = 34,028
| percentage = 33.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kanwal Singh Yadav
| votes = 22,575
| percentage = 22.06
| change = -6.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Bijander Dutt
| votes = 18,164
| percentage = 17.75
| change = +11.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Rajesh Sharma
| votes = 13,576
| percentage = 13.27
| change = +4.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ranbir Singh Kharb
| votes = 11,620
| percentage = 11.36
| change = -35.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shyam Kumar
| votes = 585
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramphal Shaokin
| votes = 541
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dinesh Kumar
| votes = 255
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raghunandan Sharma
| votes = 252
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Om Prakash Singh
| votes = 215
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vedpal Singh
| votes = 210
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar
| votes = 137
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhand Bharat Samaj Party
| candidate = Krishan Kumar
| votes = 105
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jitender Kumar
| votes = 65
| percentage =0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,453
| percentage = 11.19
| change = -7.30
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 102,328
| percentage = 59.1
| change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Najafgarh<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ranbir Singh
| votes = 43,342
| percentage = 46.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kanwal Singh
| votes = 26,252
| percentage = 28.41
| change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jai Om Dagar
| votes = 7,970
| percentage = 8.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Bharat Singh
| votes = 7,460
| percentage = 8.07
| change = -12.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Subhash
| votes = 5,638
| percentage = 6.10
| change = +3.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Har Prasad Prajapati
| votes = 451
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sheela Devi
| votes = 338
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bhram Sharma
| votes = 230
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Bal Raj Singh
| votes = 152
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Avtar
| votes = 143
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suresh Kumar Chauhan
| votes = 131
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shoshit Samaj Party
| candidate = S S Goswami
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Anirudh Kumar
| votes = 96
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Devender Singh
| votes = 83
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,090
| percentage = 18.49
| change = +16.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 92,406
| percentage = 58.63
| change = +2.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Najafgarh<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Kanwal Singh
| votes = 21,111
| percentage = 28.02
| change = +12.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Kishan Sharma
| votes = 19,284
| percentage = 25.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Lok Dal
| candidate = Pritam Singh
| votes = 15,382
| percentage = 20.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Jagbir
| votes = 6,244
| percentage = 8.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jai Om Dagar
| votes = 5,980
| percentage = 7.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Sharma
| votes = 3,170
| percentage = 4.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rameshwar Singh
| votes = 2,142
| percentage = 2.84
| change = -1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Vijay Pal
| votes = 875
| percentage = 1.16
| change = -14.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dinesh Kumar Bharadwaj
| votes = 465
| percentage = 0.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahavir Singh
| votes = 292
| percentage = 0.39
| change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Sameer Singh
| votes = 165
| percentage = 0.22
| change = -0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Satvir Singh Goswamy
| votes = 110
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Kumar
| votes = 83
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Krishna Choudhary
| votes = 36
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,827
| percentage = 2.42
| change = -7.26
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 75,339
| percentage = 61.48
| change = -4.94
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Independent (politician)
| swing = +12.49
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Najafgarh<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suraj Prasad Paliwal
| votes = 19,582
| percentage = 35.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ran Singh Dagar
| votes = 14,203
| percentage = 25.55
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Jai Om Dagar
| votes = 8,785
| percentage = 15.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ram Kala Dabas
| votes = 8,629
| percentage = 15.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rameshwar
| votes = 2,487
| percentage = 4.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sat Pal Malik
| votes = 733
| percentage = 1.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Chand Singh Dagar
| votes = 539
| percentage = 0.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suraj Bhan
| votes = 211
| percentage = 0.38
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Party
| candidate = Dev Raj Singh Raghav
| votes = 143
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ved Varat Dagar
| votes = 112
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahavir Singh
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.15
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shiv Singh Bhandari
| votes = 42
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Ram Bilas
| votes = 28
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,379
| percentage = 9.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,580
| percentage = 66.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==See also==
* [[Najafgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.61|76.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:West Delhi district]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Padma Kumari Gohain

2026-04-16T05:54:11Z

NiklasPqy606: creating new bio

{{Short description|Indian stateswoman (1913–1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]]
| predecessor3 = Ghana Kanta Gogoi
| successor3 = Tarun Chandra Chutia
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Assam]], India
| birth_date = 24 February 1913
| spouse = [[Jogesh Chandra Borgohain]] (died 1944)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| term3 = 1957 – 1972
| occupation = {{hlist|Stateswoman|social worker|author}}
| children = [[Shanti Gogoi]]
| death_date = 1987 (aged 74)
| parents = {{ubl|Siddheswar Gohain (father)|Subhadra Aideau (mother)}}
| relatives = [[Rajeswar Singha]] (fourth great-grandfather) [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]] (son-in-law) [[Ranjan Gogoi]] (grandson) [[Anjan Gogoi]] (grandson)
[[Shrinjan Rajkumar Gohain]] (grandson)
| office = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Minister for Social Welfare, Sericulture and Weaving]]
| term_start = 11 November 1970
| term_end = 31 January 1972
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| predecessor = [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]]
| successor = Uttam Chandra Brahma
| office2 = [[Third Chaliha ministry|Minister of State for Social Welfare, Relief and Rehabilitation]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]
| term2 = 1967 – 1970
| birth_name = Padmavati Kumari Gohain
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
}}

'''Padmavati Kumari Gohain''' (24 February 1913 – 1987) was an Indian stateswoman, social worker,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaura |first=Ajīta |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Directory_of_Indian_Women_Today_1976/PAkuAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=padma%20kumari%20gohain%201967 |title=Directory of Indian Women Today, 1976 |date=1976 |publisher=India International Publications |language=en}}</ref> writer, and descendant of the [[Ahom dynasty]] who served as [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Minister for Social Welfare, Sericulture and Weaving]] from 1970 to 1972. She previously served as [[Third Chaliha ministry|Minister of State for Social Welfare, Relief and Rehabilitation]] from 1967 to 1970. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], she was the Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Khowang Assembly constituency|Moran]] for three terms from 1957 to 1972.

Gohain was the first [[Post-independence History of India|post-independence]] female [[cabinet minister]] in [[Assam]], the only woman to contest every [[Elections in India|general election]] from 1946 to 1967, the first woman to contest for a general Assam assembly seat,{{Efn|In 1946, four other women contested for the seat reserved for women in Shillong. Gohain was the only woman to contest for a general seat, in Dibrugarh West}} and one of the first female [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] in Assam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Indian_Journal_of_Political_Science/uW4KAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=padma%20kumari%20gohain |title=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=1978 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association |language=en}}</ref> She was the mother-in-law of Chief Minister [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]], and maternal grandmother of Chief Justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]].

== Ancestry and family ==
Padma Kumari Gohain was the daughter of Siddheswar Gohain and Subhadra Aideau. Her father was the son of Srimat Gohain and grandson of Indunath Gohain, Sarumelia Raja. Indunath Gohain was the son of Bijoy Barmura Gohain, grandson of Ratneswar, Tipam Raja, and great-grandson of Ahom King [[Suremphaa|Rajeswar Singha]]. This made Padma Kumari Gohain the fourth-great-granddaughter of King Rajeswar Singha. Her grandfather, Srimat, was also a first cousin of Ahom King [[Purandar Singha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tungkhungia Buranji |url=https://ia802901.us.archive.org/11/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.283945/2015.283945.Tungkhungia-Buranji_text.pdf}}</ref>

Gohain's brothers were Kumudeswar Gohain, Vice Principal of Moran High School, Sureswar Gohain, Director of Education in Assam and [[Nagaland]], and Debaswar Gohain, an advocate. Her sister Nilopadmani was married to an excise superintendent, and her sister Purobala was married to an IPS officer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-29 |title=A trailblazer from Assam: The story of Padma Kumari Gohain - Assam's first woman minister post independence |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/a-trailblazer-from-assam-the-story-of-padma-kumari-gohain-assams-first-woman-minister-post-independence-902112-2024-02-29 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Padmavati Kumari Gohain was born on 24 February 1913 in [[Shillong]]. She received an education in the [[Ahom language|Tai language]] until [[matriculation]] level.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Gohain began her political career by becoming the first female member of the Dibrugarh local board. She unsuccessfully contested the 1946 Assam election as an [[independent candidate]] for the Dibrugarh West constituency, having polled 839 votes out of 8018.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Asok Kumar |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Women_and_Changing_Power_Structure_in_No/1m7aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=padma%20kumari%20gohain%201946 |title=Women and Changing Power Structure in North-East India |last2=Athparia |first2=R. P. |date=2006 |publisher=North-East India Council for Social Science Research |isbn=978-81-86867-89-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazarika |first=Niru |date=1978 |title=ROLE OF WOMEN IN STATE POLITICS (Assam) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854820 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=61–78 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> In [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1951]], she contested the [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran assembly constituency]] as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate{{Efn|Some sources not that Gohain contested as an independent candidate until she was successfully elected. This article follows the Election India source which states she was the Congress candidate in 1951.}} and received 7955 votes, by was defeated by independent candidate Ghana Kanta Gogoi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Moran (Assam) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/moran.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409234003/https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/moran.html |archive-date=2014-04-09 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> In the [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], she was elected with 20525 votes as the Congress MLA for Moran. She was reelected at the [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] with 9796 votes. At the [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], she won 9037 votes and was reelected.<ref name=":1" />

In 1967, Gohain was appointed Minister of State for Social Welfare, Relief and Rehabilitation in the [[third Chaliha ministry]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Indian_Recorder_Digest/bqEvAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=in%201967,%20padma%20kumari%20gohain |title=Indian Recorder & Digest |date=1966 |publisher=Indian Council of World Affairs. |language=en}}</ref> In 1970, she was promoted to Cabinet as [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry ministry|Minister for Social Welfare, Sericulture and Weaving]] under [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]], serving until 1972. She left politics in the same year.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/India_Who_s_who/tbBJAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=padma%20kumari%20gohain%20social%20welfare%20sericulture |title=India Who's who |date=1971 |publisher=INFA Publications |language=en}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
In 1935, Gohain published her work ''Madhuri'', which was a collection of short stories. In 1952, she published her novel ''Hindu Nari''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akademi |first=Sahitya |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Whos_Who_Of_Indian_Writers/56PWDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Who's Who Of Indian Writers |publisher=Dalcassian Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
Gohain married freedom fighter and politician Jogesh Chandra Borgohain (died 1944), who was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLC]] in the late 1930s. Their children included social activist [[Shanti Gogoi]], who married future Chief Minister of Assam [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]. Gohain was also the maternal grandmother of Chief Justice of India [[Ranjan Gogoi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-04-10 |title=Ex-CJI Ranjan Gogoi's mother passes away in Delhi hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/ex-cji-ranjan-gogois-mother-passes-away-in-delhi-hospital/articleshow/82003320.cms |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Gohain died in 1987, at the age of 74.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baragohāñi |first=Nirupamā |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Abhiyatri/cCS3E11jeR0C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Abhiyatri |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0688-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gohain, Padma Kumari}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Women members of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Shillong]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

Jorabagan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:25:16Z

NiklasPqy606: made info...

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jorabagan
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
| constituency_no = 142
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Jorabagan Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Jorabagan Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 November 2010 |publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

It was part of [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 15 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Jorabagan||Ram Lagan Roy||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 168 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||||Nepal Chandra Roy||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 135|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Nepal Chandra Roy||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 133|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Haraprasad Chatterjee||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 130|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Nepal Chandra Roy||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 130|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Nepal Chandra Roy||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 130|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Ila Roy||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 130|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||[[Haripada Bharati]]||[[Janata Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||[[Subrata Mukherjee]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||[[Subrata Mukherjee]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||[[Subrata Mukherjee]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Sanjoy Bakshi||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Sudhansu Seal||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2004by||||Parimal Biswas||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2004by>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ByeElection/ByeOct2004/S25/ac/be_ae_S25_142.htm|title = Election Statistics – By-election 2004 | work= 142 – Jorabagan (West Bengal)|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Parimal Biswas||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 142|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 22 November 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Results==

===1977-2009===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> the 142 Jorabagan seat was won by Parimal Biswas of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeating his nearest rival Sanjoy Bakshi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. In the 2004 by-elections,<ref name=vidhansabha2004by/> Parimal Biswas of CPI(M) defeated Rajesh Kumar Sinha of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. The by-election was necessitated by the election of sitting MLA, Sudhansu Seal to parliament from [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Sudhansu Seal of CPI(M) defeated Sanjoy Bakshi of Trinamool Congress in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> Sanjoy Bakshi representing Congress defeated Sarala Maheswari of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/>[[Subrata Mukherjee]] of Congress defeated Shantilal Jain of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> and Sarla Maheswari of CPI(M) in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Haripada Bharati of [[Janata Party]] defeated Hara Prasad Chatterjee of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp142.htm |title =142 - Jorabagan Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 15 November 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Ila Roy of Congress defeated Haraprasad Chatterjee of CPI(M) in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Nepal Chandra Roy of Congress defeated Haraprasad Chatterjee of CPI(M) in 1971<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> and 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> Haraprasad Chatterjee of CPI(M) defeated Nepal Chandra Roy of Congress in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Nepal Chandra Roy of Congress defeated Ajit Kumar Biswas of Forward Bloc (Marxist) in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> Ram Lagan Roy of Congress defeated Ardhansu Mitra of CPI in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election in 1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata constituencies}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{Coord|22.588|N|88.355|E|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Kanna Lakshmi Narayana

2026-04-07T21:39:39Z

NiklasPqy606: made a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1954)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kanna Lakshmi Narayana
| image = GDI 0687.jpg
| image_upright = 0.75
| caption =
| office = 11th [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Andhra Pradesh|President of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 13 May 2018
| term_end = 26 July 2020
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[Amit Shah]]
| predecessor = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| successor = [[Somu Veerraju]]
| office1 = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry|Minister of Agriculture]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 25 November 2010
| term_end1 = 21 February 2014
| governor1 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Raghu Veera Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Prathipati Pulla Rao]]
| office2 = [[Second Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Minister for Major Industries, Food Processing, Commerce and Export Promotion]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 25 May 2009
| term_end2 = 24 November 2010
| governor2 = [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = {{ubl|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]}}
| predecessor2 = [[J. Geeta Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[J. Geeta Reddy]]
| office3 = [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|Minister for Transport]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2004
| term_end3 = 20 May 2009
| governor3 = * [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
* [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
| predecessor3 = [[Muddasani Damodar Reddy]]
| successor3 = [[Pithani Satyanarayana]]
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 4 June 2024
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Ambati Rambabu]]
| successor4 =
| constituency4 = [[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalle]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 2009
| term_end5 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor5 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor5 = [[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
| constituency5 = [[Guntur West Assembly constituency|Guntur West]]
| term_start6 = 28 November 1989
| term_end6 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor6 = [[Kasaraneni Sadasivarao]]
| successor6 = [[Kommalapati Sridhar]]
| constituency6 = [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency|Pedakurapadu]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|8|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra State]], [[India]]
| children =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]][[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|30px|Cycle]] (2023 - Present)
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2014 - 2023)}} [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1989 - 2014)}}
| website = [http://www.kannalakshminarayana.com], [http://Andhra.BJP.Org]
}}

'''Kanna Lakshmi Narayana''', (born 13 August 1954) is an Indian politician, ex President [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/may/13/bjp-appoints-kanna-lakshminarayana-as-the-new-andhra-pradesh-president-1814151.html|title=BJP appoints Kanna Lakshminarayana as the new Andhra Pradesh president|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 May 2018 |access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> and ex-Member of the Legislative Assembly for Guntur West constituency<ref>[https://secure.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html "List of MLA's"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222016/https://secure.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html |date= 3 March 2016 }}. APOnline.</ref> and ex-Cabinet Minister for Agriculture & Agriculture Technology Mission in Sri. [[N.Kiran Kumar Reddy]]'s Cabinet.<ref>[http://www.apmlas.info/apmlas/ministerview?mid=385 "List of Ministers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131219181404/http://www.apmlas.info/apmlas/ministerview?mid=385 |date=19 December 2013 }}. Andhra Pradesh MLA's Portal.</ref> He joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] on 23 February 2023 at Mangalagiri TDP's headquarters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Sambasiva Rao |date=2023-02-20 |title=Kanna Lakshminarayana to join TDP on Feb. 23 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kanna-lakshminarayana-to-join-tdp-on-feb-23/article66530995.ece |access-date=2023-02-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanna Lakshminarayana: తెదేపాలో చేరిన కన్నా లక్ష్మీనారాయణ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/general/kanna-laxminarayana-joined-in-tdp/0600/123032389 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref> He is currently the member of the [[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= Kanna Lakshminarayana, TDP Candidate from Sattenapalle Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/kanna-lakshminarayana-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a098e2024c003/}}</ref>

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===

Kanna Lakshmi Narayana was born on 13 August 1954 in Nagaram Palem, Guntur District. He was the youngest child born to Kanna Rangaiah & Kanna Masthanamma.

A successful weightlifter, Kanna Lakshmi Narayana was attracted to politics from a very young age. Hailing from a political family of [[Guntur]], Kanna Lakshmi Narayana has since had a political career of his own, now lasting about 40 years.

Getting on his bicycle during his junior college days, Kanna Lakshmi Narayana, a B. Com. graduate, used to invite all to join NSUI by writing on the walls and, this was his way of getting initiated into politics.

Kanna Lakshmi Narayana has also competed in shooting, winning a gold medal.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/kanna-lakshminarayana-71741.html| title=Kanna Lakshminarayana}}</ref>

=== Politics ===

In 2009 Kanna Lakshmi Narayana won the election to the State Assembly for the fifth term from [[Guntur West Assembly constituency]]; he won from [[Pedakurapadu Assembly constituency]], the biggest constituency in [[Andhra Pradesh]], for four straight terms, from 1989 to 2004, including the 1994 Assembly elections when only 26 Congressmen won the election.

Kanna Lakshmi Narayana was ex-President [[BJP]] party for the state of Andhra Pradesh & ex- Cabinet Minister for Agriculture & Agriculture Technology Mission, Minister for Housing in the cabinet of Hon'ble Chief Minister [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]], and Minister of Major Industries, Food Processing, Commerce, & Export Promotion in the cabinet of Hon'ble Chief Minister [[Konijeti Rosaiah]], having served as Transport Minister in the previous Cabinet of the late Hon’ble CM Dr. [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]].

In 2019, he contested parliament from [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]] and lost the deposit. He came 4th by receiving 1.08% of all the votes polled.

== Policies ==

Kanna Lakshmi Narayana has a progressive outlook. From the time he started his ministerial responsibilities in 1991 under N. Janardhan Reddy's cabinet till today, Narayana has worked to implement welfare and developmental programs for the weaker sections and backward classes.

=== Public services ===

Kanna Lakshmi Narayana has worked to establish Junior colleges in Krosur and Thallur in his constituency, as well as Primary Health Center buildings.

=== Safe drinking water ===
Kanna Lakshmi Narayana has also worked to resolve the health problems caused by the high fluoride content in drinking water in several villages. He secured Rs 3.50 crores of funds sanctioned for Community Protected Drinking Water Scheme for the surrounding villages of Bellamkonda and thus ensured that residents of 17 villages got protected drinking water. Apart from this he also got sanction for 300 bore wells in several villages and, protected drinking water schemes were implemented in many villages.

== Political career ==

'''Kanna Lakshmi Narayana''' won the election to the State Assembly for the fifth term from Guntur (West) Assembly constituency in 2009.
He won from Pedakurapadu, the biggest constituency in Andhra Pradesh, for four straight terms, from 1989 to 2004. He joined the BJP on 27 October 2014 in Delhi in presence of Amit Shah, its national president.<ref>[http://helloap.com/profile-of-kanna-lakshmi-narayana-guntur-west/ "Profile of Kanna Lakshminarayana - Guntur"]. Hello AP. 2010-12-28.</ref> In 2023 February he quit BJP citing that he is unsatisfied with the BJP state unit leadership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-17 |title=Former minister Kanna Lakshminarayana quits BJP, flays 'attitude' of party state chief |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/former-minister-kanna-lakshminarayana-quits-bjp-flays-attitude-of-party-state-chief/articleshow/98001740.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* 1972-1978 : President, District NSUI, Guntur.
* 1979-1985 : Worked as development officer, New India Assurance Company.
* 1986-1987 : President, City Youth Congress, Guntur.
* 1987-1988 : General Secretary, A.P. Youth Congress
* 1988-1990 : President, Guntur District Youth Congress & Labour Cell Chief Vice President INTUC District Organising Secretary, A.P. Sevadal
* 1996-1998 : General Secretary, Pradesh Congress Committee, Andhra Pradesh. Under the Stewardship of Late Dr. Mallikarjun, President.
* 2000-2003 : General Secretary, Pradesh Congress Committee, Andhra Pradesh. Under the Stewardship of Sri M. Satyanarayana Rao, President
* 1995 : Member, State Local Bodies Election Committee APCC
* 1995-1997 : Chairman, Public Accounts Committee
* 1999 : Member State Election Committee APCC
* 2004 : Member State Election Committee APCC
* 2009 : Member State Election Committee APCC

'''AS MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY'''

* 1989-1994 : Elected from Pedakurapadu Assembly Constituency, Guntur District
* 1994-1999 : Elected from Pedakurapadu Assembly Constituency, Guntur District and as a WHIP of Congress Legislature Party
* 1999-2004 : Elected from Pedakurapadu Assembly Constituency, Guntur District
* 2004-2009 : Elected from Pedakurapadu Assembly Constituency, Guntur District
* 2009 : Elected from Guntur West Assembly Constituency
* 2024 : Elected from [[Sattenapalle Assembly constituency|Sattenapalli]] Assembly Constituency

'''AS MINISTER'''

* 1991 - 1994 : Minister of State (Independent Charge) in the Cabinet of Sri. Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy and Late Sri Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy
* 2004 - 2009 : Cabinet Minister in Late Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhar Reddy's Cabinet
* 2009 May : Cabinet Minister for Major Industries, Commerce & Export Promotion and Food Processing in Late Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhar Reddy's Cabinet
* 2009 September : Cabinet Minister for Major Industries, Commerce & Export Promotion and Food Processing in Sri. K. Rosaiah's Cabinet
* 2010 December : Cabinet Minister for Housing in Sri. N. Kiran Kumar Reddy's Cabinet
* 2012 February : Cabinet Minister for Agriculture & agriculture technology mission in Sri. N. Kiran Kumar Reddy's Cabinet
* 2018 - 2020 : President BJP Party for the state of Andhra Pradesh

== Personal life ==

Kanna Lakshminarayana is married to Kanna Vijaya Lakshmi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanna Lakshminarayana: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/kanna-lakshminarayana-71741.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref> They have two sons, [[Kanna Naga Raju]], who was the [[Guntur Municipal Corporation|Ex-Mayor of Guntur]] city<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Hans News |date=2019-03-25 |title=Kanna visits dargah ahead of campaign |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kanna-visits-dargah-ahead-of-campaign-515200 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and Kanna Phaneendra who looks after the family business and owns a polo team which is rated as one of the top three polo teams in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spark of Passion Still Burns |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/may/09/spark-of-passion-still-burns-758275.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 May 2015 }}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshminarayana, Kanna}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:State presidents of Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh

2026-04-04T09:45:41Z

NiklasPqy606:

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Infobox political post
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Himachal Pradesh
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]}}
| appointer = [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| style = [[The Honourable]] (formal) [[Mister|Mr. Chief Minister]] (informal)
| status = Leader of the Executive
| type = [[Head of government]]
| abbreviation = CMoHP
| member_of = {{bulletedlist|[[Himachal Pradesh Council of Ministers|State Cabinet]]|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]}}
| reportsto = * [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| insignia = Government of Himachal Pradesh logo.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Himachal Pradesh]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Himachal Pradesh as well.</ref>
| formation = March 1952
| image = Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu.jpg
| incumbent = [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| incumbentsince = 11 December 2022
| inaugural = [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
| seat = [[Shimla|State Secretariat, Shimla]]
| residence = [[Oakover]], [[Shimla]]
| deputy = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh]]
| imagesize = 200px
| alt = Current Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh
| salary = *{{INRConvert|310000}}/monthly
*{{INRConvert|3720000}}/annually
| website = [https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/chief-minister.html Official website]
}}
The '''chief minister of Himachal Pradesh''' is the [[head of government|chief executive]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governors of states of India|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], the [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh|government]]. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1" /><ref>Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Himachal Pradesh as well.</ref> Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house</ref>

Since 1952, seven people have been chief minister of Himachal Pradesh. Four of these belonged to the [[Indian National Congress]] party, including inaugural office-holder [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]. After his first term ended in 1956, Himachal Pradesh was made a union territory, and the office of chief minister ceased to exist. In 1963, Parmar once again became chief minister, and during his reign, in 1971, Himachal regained full statehood. Until March 2015, when he was surpassed by Virbhadra Singh, Parmar was the state's longest-serving chief minister. Between 1993 and 2017, the chief ministership changed hands every five years between [[Virbhadra Singh]] of the Congress and [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. All chief ministers, except [[Shanta Kumar]], have been from the [[Rajput]] caste.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/report/jai-ram-thakur-himachal-cabinet-rajput-flavour/25190/ |title=Jai Ram Thakur's Himachal cabinet has a distinctly Rajput flavour |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajwa |first=Harpreet |date=9 January 2023 |title=Rajputs dominate Himachal's Sukhu team in Cabinet expansion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jan/09/rajputs-dominate-himachals-sukhu-team-in-cabinet-expansion-2536026.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
== Chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh (1952–56) and (1963–present) ==
The [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh]] was formed on 15 April 1948 through the integration of 30 erstwhile princely-states. In 1951, Himachal Pradejsh become a [[Part C State|Part C state]], under the Government of Part C State, 1951 and was brought under a lieutenant governor with 36-member Legislative Assembly. First elections to the Assembly were held in 1952.<ref name="VS">{{Cite web|title=HP Vidhan Sabha|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Home/HistoricalBackground#:~:text=Vide%20Section%203%20of%20Part,with%2036%20member%20Legislative%20Assembly.&text=But%20a%20great%20price%20had,Governor.}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won 24 seats to form a government under [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chief ministers of [[Bilaspur State|Bilaspur State (1950–1954)]]

!class="unsortable" scope="col"|Portrait
!class="sortable" scope="col"|Name
!scope="col" |Constituency
!colspan="3" scope="colgroup" |Term of office<ref name="Bilaspur">{{cite web |title=States of India since 1947 |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |publisher=WorldStatesmen.org |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517222758/https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
!scope="col" |Assembly
|- align=center
| align="center" height="100px"|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
!scope="row" | {{sortname|Anand|Chand}}
| N/A
| 12 October 1948
| 26 January 1950
| {{Ayd|12 October 1948|26 January 1950}}
| N/A
|- align=center
|align="center" height="100px"|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
!scope="row" | {{sortname|K.S.|Himmatsinhji|Himmatsinhji (general)}}
| N/A
| 26 January 1950
| 1 July 1954
| {{Ayd|26 January 1950|1 July 1954}}
| N/A
|}
In 1954, Bilaspur, another part-C State, was merged with Himachal Pradesh. In 1956 it was made a Union Territory and was placed under a lieutenant governor with a Territorial Council with limited powers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal Legislative Assembly|url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/Himachal/himachal_w.htm|access-date=2021-03-14|website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="10" |List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh (1951–56)
(Part 'C' State)
|-
! rowspan="2" |No{{efn|name=no1|A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
(election)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office

|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| 1
| [[File:Yashwant Singh Parmar 1988 stamp of India.jpg|99x99px]]
| [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
| [[Pachhad Assembly constituency|Pachhad]]
| 8 March 1952
| 31 October 1956
|{{Age in years and days|1952|3|8|1956|10|31}}
|Legislative

Assembly

([[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]])
| [[Indian National Congress|Indian]]
[[Indian National Congress|National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
! colspan="10" |Office abolished, 1956–63
(Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory)
|}

In 1963, Himachal Pradesh though being a Union Territory was provided with a Legislative Assembly. The Territorial Council was converted into the Legislative Assembly of the Union Territory. The assembly has its first sitting on 1 October 1971.<ref name="VS" /> On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal Pradesh emerged as the 18th state of Indian Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal Pradesh NIC|url=https://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/post-independence-period.html#:~:text=The%20Chief%20Commissioner's%20province%20of,Territory%20on%201st%20November%2C%201956.}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="10" |List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh (1963–71)
(Union Territory with Legislature)
|-
! rowspan="2" |No{{efn|name=no1|A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
(election)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|-
!From
!To
!Days in office
|-
| rowspan="2" |(1)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwant Singh Parmar 1988 stamp of India.jpg|frameless|99x99px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency|Shri Renukaji]]
|1 July 1963
|4 March 1967
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1963|7|1|1971|1|25}}
|1st
(Territorial Council)
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|4 March 1967
|25 January 1971
|2nd
([[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]])
|-
! colspan="10" |List of chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh (1971–present)
(State)
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| rowspan="2" | (1)
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Yashwant Singh Parmar 1988 stamp of India.jpg|frameless|99x99px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sri Renukaji Assembly constituency|Shri Renukaji]]
| 25 January 1971
| 10 March 1972
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1971|1|25|1977|1|28}}
|2nd
([[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]])
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10 March 1972
|28 January 1977
| rowspan="2" |3rd
([[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]])
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| 2
| [[File:Thakur Ram Lal.jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
| [[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
| 28 January 1977
| 30 April 1977
|{{Age in years and days|1977|1|28|1977|4|30}}
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| –
|[[File:Emblem of India.svg|center|100x100px]]
| ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR|[[President's rule]] may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 3 March 2013.</ref>}} ([[President's rule]])
| N/A
| 30 April 1977
| 22 June 1977
|{{Age in years and days|1977|4|30|1977|6|22}}
|''Dissolved''
| N/A
| style="background-color: white" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| 3
|[[File: Shanta Kumar.jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Sullah Assembly constituency|Sullah]]
| 22 June 1977
| 14 February 1980
|{{Age in years and days|1977|6|22|1980|2|14}}
| rowspan="2" |4th
([[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]])
| [[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| rowspan="2" | (2)
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Thakur Ram Lal.jpg|94x94px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
| 14 February 1980
| 15 June 1982
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1980|2|14|1983|4|8}}
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|15 June 1982
|8 April 1983
| rowspan="2" |5th
([[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]])
|- align="center" style="height: 50px;"
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Virbhadra_Singh_HP.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jubbal-Kotkhai Assembly constituency|Jubbal-Kotkhai]]
| 8 April 1983
| 8 March 1985
|rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1983|4|8|1990|3|5}}
|- align="center" style="height: 50px;"
| 8 March 1985
| 5 March 1990
|6th
([[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]])
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| (3)
|[[File: Shanta Kumar.jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Palampur Assembly constituency|Palampur]]
| 5 March 1990
| 15 December 1992
|{{Age in years and days|1990|3|5|1992|12|15}}
|7th
([[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]])
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| –
| [[File:Emblem of India.svg|center|100x100px]]
| ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}} ([[President's rule]])
| N/A
| 15 December 1992
| 3 December 1993
| {{Age in years and days|1992|12|15|1993|12|3}}
|''Dissolved''
| N/A
| style="background-color: white" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| (4)
| [[File:Virbhadra_Singh_HP.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| [[Rohru Assembly constituency|Rohru]]
| 3 December 1993
| 24 March 1998
|{{Age in years and days|1993|12|3|1998|3|24}}
|[[8th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|8th]]
([[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]])
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| 5
| [[File:Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| [[Bamsan Assembly constituency|Bamsan]]
| 24 March 1998
| 6 March 2003
|{{Age in years and days|1998|3|24|2003|3|6}}
|[[9th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|9th]]
([[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]])
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| (4)
| [[File:Virbhadra_Singh_HP.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| [[Rohru Assembly constituency|Rohru]]
| 6 March 2003
| 30 December 2007
|{{Age in years and days|2003|3|6|2007|12|30}}
|[[10th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|10th]]
([[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]) 
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| (5)
| [[File:Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| [[Bamsan Assembly constituency|Bamsan]]
| 30 December 2007
| 25 December 2012
|{{Age in years and days|2007|12|30|2012|12|25}}
|[[11th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|11th]]
([[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]])
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| (4)
| [[File:Virbhadra_Singh_HP.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| [[Shimla Rural Assembly constituency|Shimla Rural]]
| 25 December 2012
| 27 December 2017
|{{Age in years and days|2012|12|25|2017|12|27}}
|[[12th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|12th]]
([[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]])
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 100px;"
| 6
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, Shri Jai Ram Thakur calling on the Union Minister for Human Resource Development, Shri Prakash Javadekar, in New Delhi on September 06, 2018.JPG (1).jpg|90x90px]]
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| [[Seraj Assembly constituency|Seraj]]
| 27 December 2017
| 11 December 2022
|{{Age in years and days|2017|12|27|2022|12|11}}
|[[13th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|13th]]
([[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]])
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
| 7
| [[File:Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu.jpg|83x83px]]
| [[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]
| [[Nadaun Assembly constituency|Nadaun]]
| 11 December 2022
| ''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|2022|12|11}}
|[[14th Himachal Pradesh Assembly|14th]]
([[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]])
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|}

==Statistics==

===Statistics for chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh (1971–present)===

{{Pie chart|
| caption= Fraction of time of holding CMO by party (as of December 2025)
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 32.53 | color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value2 = 60.57 | color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label3 = [[Janata Party]]
| value3 = 4.86 | color3 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| label4 = [[President's Rule]]
| value4 = 2.04 | color4 = grey
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! colspan="2" |Term of office
|-
! Longest continuous term
! Total duration of chief ministership
|-
! data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6 years, 331 days
| 21 years, 13 days
|-
! data-sort-value="2" |2
| [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4 years, 361 days
| 9 years, 343 days
|-
! data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 6 years, 3 days
| 6 years, 3 days
|-
! data-sort-value="4" |4
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}/[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 2 years, 285 days
| 5 years, 157 days
|-
! data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 4 years, 349 days
| 4 years, 349 days
|-
! data-sort-value="6" | 6
| [[Thakur Ram Lal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 53 days
| 3 years, 145 days
|-
! data-sort-value="7" | 7
| '''[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]'''*
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| '''{{ayd|2022|12|11}}'''*
| '''{{ayd|2022|12|11}}'''*
|-
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:jan value:rgb(0.121,0.457,0.996) legend: JP
id:bjp value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend: BJP
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1952 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1952
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1952

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:Parmar
bar:Lal
bar:Kumar
bar:Singh
bar:Dhumal
bar:Thakur
bar:Sukhu

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Parmar
from: 08/03/1952 till: 31/10/1956 color:inc
from: 01/07/1963 till: 28/01/1977 color:inc text:"[[Yashwant Singh Parmar]]" fontsize:10
bar:Lal
from: 28/01/1977 till: 30/04/1977 color:inc
from: 14/02/1980 till: 07/04/1983 color:inc text:"[[Thakur Ram Lal]]" fontsize:10
bar:Kumar
from: 22/06/1977 till: 14/02/1980 color:jan
from: 05/03/1990 till: 15/12/1992 color:bjp text:"[[Shanta Kumar]]" fontsize:10
bar:Singh
from: 07/04/1983 till: 05/03/1990 color:inc
from: 03/12/1993 till: 23/03/1998 color:inc
from: 06/03/2003 till: 30/12/2007 color:inc
from: 25/12/2012 till: 27/12/2017 color:inc text:"[[Virbhadra Singh]]" fontsize:10
bar:Dhumal
from: 24/03/1998 till: 05/03/2003 color:bjp
from: 30/12/2007 till: 25/12/2012 color:bjp text:"[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]]" fontsize:10
bar:Thakur
from: 27/12/2017 till: 11/12/2022 color:bjp text:"[[Jai Ram Thakur]]" fontsize:10
bar:Sukhu
from: 11/12/2022 till: $today color:inc text:"[[Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu]]" fontsize:10

}}

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://himachal.gov.in/ Government of Himachal Pradesh, website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101215173416/http://himachal.gov.in/cm.htm Present Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, webpage]

{{Chief_Ministers_of_Indian_States}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chief Ministers Of Himachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Chief ministers of Himachal Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh-related lists|Chief Ministers]]

Pran Nath Chhuttani

2026-03-25T11:55:02Z

NiklasPqy606: creating new pg

{{Short description|Indian physician (1915 – 1996)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1915|2|26|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|7|16|1915|2|26|df=yes}}
| office = Director of [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]]
| term_start = 1969
| term_end = 1978
| birth_place = [[Leiah]]
| relations = Rai Bahadur Tilok Chand (grand father) Rai Sahib Rup Narain (father)
| predecessor = [[Santokh Singh Anand]]
| successor = Iqbal Chand Pathak
| awards = {{Awards|[[Padma Bhushan]]|1972|||}}
}}

'''Pran Nath Chhuttani''' (26 February 1915 – 16 July 1996) was an Indian [[physician]] and medical educator, recognized for his role in establishing and developing [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (New Delhi)|Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]], [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Dr Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wV0EAAAQBAJ |title=A Master Surgeon in Love with Humanity |date=2022-06-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88684-536-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pran Nath Chhuttani was born on 26 February 1915 in [[Leiah]], now part of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNmAAAAMAAJ |title=Who's who in India |date=1986 |publisher=Business Press Private Limited |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> He completed his [[M.B.B.S.]] (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) at [[Punjab University, Lahore]], in 1938. He earned a D.T.M. (Diploma in Tropical Medicine) from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1940 and an [[M.D.]] (Doctor of Medicine) from [[Punjab University, Lahore]] in 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tributes paid to Dr PN Chhuttani |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/tributes-paid-to-dr-pn-chhuttani-47440/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Before his time as a medical student, he volunteered in the aftermath of the [[1935 Quetta earthquake]], assisting patients despite contracting severe [[dysentery]] that required extended hospitalization.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131103/spectrum/book1.htm |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

Post-independence, his family relocated to [[Gangtok]], where his father held the position of Chief Judge.<ref name=":0" /> In 1949, he was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship and pursued further studies in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name=":0" /> When he returned to India, he worked at the [[Government Medical College, Amritsar|Government Medical College]] in [[Amritsar]] and also ran a private practice.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
The Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research was established in 1962 in Chandigarh.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Values, traditions sustain PGI |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/values-traditions-sustain-pgi-412394/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> Chhuttani, along with Dr. Tulsi Das and Dr. [[Santokh Singh Anand]], proposed the idea for the institute.<ref name=":1" /> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] [[Partap Singh Kairon]] supported the plan and got approval from [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=":1" /> Chhuttani became the institute's first Dean and later its Director in 1969, serving for nine years—the longest tenure in PGIMER's history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharti |first=Vishav |date=2015-02-10 |title=PGI to make a film on Dr Chuttani, one of the fouding fathers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/pgi-to-make-a-film-on-dr-chuttani-one-of-the-fouding-fathers/story-QfRSefpZVygM3CkC2j3pGL.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> During his leadership, PGIMER gained prominence as a leading medical research and educational institution, though it also faced challenges, including controversies related to the death of Justice D.S. Lamba<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGxDAAAAYAAJ |title=Link |date=1979 |publisher=United India Periodicals |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref> and the treatment of [[Jai Prakash Narayan Singh|Jai Prakash Narayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shekhar |date=2018-10-11 |title=The cruel truth is that Jayaprakash Narayan was let down by his own followers |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/the-cruel-truth-is-that-jayaprakash-narayan-was-let-down-by-his-own-followers/132970/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chhuttani published over 150 research papers on health sciences, focusing on tropical medicine and communicable diseases.<ref name=":0" /> He was elected a Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Indian Academy of Sciences, Bengaluru]] in 1975 under the Medicine section.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Indian Academy of Sciences |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1975031 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref> Dr. Chhuttani was the recipient of several prestigious awards, including:

* The [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Bhushan&Place=Chandigarh&Year=1972-1972&Field=Literature%20and%20Education |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] from the [[Medical Council of India]].<ref name=":0" />
* The Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize from the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name=":0" />

He also served as the President of The Tribune Trust, helping expand its operations, including setting up a printing press in [[Gurgaon]].<ref name=":0" /> He also established the Tirlok Tirath Vidyavati Chhuttani Charitable Trust, which supports medical relief and research.<ref name=":0" />

== Death and legacy ==
Chhuttani died on 16 July 1996.<ref name=":2" /> After his death, several honours were established in his name:

* PN Chuttani Award (1998) by the Indian Society of Gastroenterology to recognise outstanding contributions in [[gastroenterology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISG - PN Chuttani Award |url=https://www.isg.org.in/pn-chuttani-award |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.isg.org.in}}</ref>
* Dr. Pran Nath Chhuttani Oration (1999) by the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] to promote studies in tropical medicine and communicable diseases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMS ORATIONS 2016-2017 |url=https://nams-india.in/downloads/orations2016_10pages.pdf |access-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>

Additionally, the Chhuttani Medical Centre in Chandigarh stands as a tribute to his enduring impact on healthcare in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - About Us Page |url=https://cmcchandigarh.in/about-us-page/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Chhuttani Medical Centre |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* Dr. Chhuttani's life and contributions are detailed in the biography ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Pran_Nath_Chhuttani.html?id=NZXyoAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Pran Nath Chhuttani: Physician to the Subcontinent]'', written by his cousin and student, Prof. H.K. Chhuttani, a former Director of GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhuttani, Pran Nath}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Harde Sah

2026-03-20T23:00:22Z

NiklasPqy606: made a article

{{short description|Raja of Panna from 1731 to 1739}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = 20 December 1731 – {{Nowrap|6 February 1739}}
| predecessor = [[Chhatrasal]]
| successor = [[Sabha Singh]]
| father = [[Chhatrasal]]
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
| death_date = 6 February 1739
| issue = [[Sabha Singh]] Pirthi Singh
}}

'''Harde Sah''' (died 6 February 1739<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Ma/p2YeAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731-1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |pages=64,95 |language=en}}</ref>), or '''Hirde Sah''', was the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1731 until his death in 1739.

== Biography ==
In 1731, his father, [[Chhatrasal]], divided his principality among his sons and granted the largest portion, valued at 39 lakhs annually, to his eldest son, Harde Sah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=T |first=J. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Juvenile_History_of_Charkhari/eTSy_conpsQC |title=“A” Juvenile History of Charkhari |date=1886 |publisher=Babus Ganés Das & Company, Booksellers |pages=106–108 |language=en}}</ref> Harde Sah's share included [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name="cz">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=140–141}}</ref> In 1731, he succeeded his father as the ruler of [[Bundelkhand]].<ref name="cz"/> That same year, he established his capital at [[Panna district|Panna]], which marked the beginning of [[Panna State|Panna]]’s existence as a separate [[principality]].<ref name="cz"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=606 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1732, he attacked the state of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]] during the minority of its ruler, Avadhut Singh, and constructed the Bundela Darwaza there.<ref name="gs">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Central_India_State_Gazetteer_Series/W_8bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1907 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ci">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Central_India_State_Gazetteer_Series/Qv0bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1907 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> He also annexed Birsinghpur, a part of [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa]], into his territory.<ref name="gs"/><ref name="ci"/> He continued to hold Rewa until 1739, when he restored it to Avadhut Singh.<ref name="gs"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Contemporary_Sources_of_the_Mediaeval_an/vXduAAAAMAAJ |title=Contemporary Sources of the Mediaeval and Modern History of Bundelkhand (1531-1857): Panna records (1688-1740) |date=1999 |publisher=S.S. Publishers |isbn=978-81-85396-23-1 |pages=27 |language=en}}</ref>

He married and had a total of nine sons, eight of whom were legitimate and one illegitimate.<ref name="gs"/>

He died on 6 February 1739 and was succeeded by his son [[Sabha Singh]].<ref name="cz"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ? |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> He had another son, Pirthi Singh, who was appointed to [[Garhakota]] and became the ancestor of the [[Raja]] of [[Shahgarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=North-western Provinces (India) |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023947736/ |title=Statistical, descriptive and historical account of the North-western Provinces of India |last2=Atkinson |first2=Edwin T. (Edwin Thomas) |date=1874 |publisher=Allahabad : Printed at the North-western Provinces' Government Press |others=Cornell University Library |pages=28,48–49,358,395,567}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1739 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]

Easwara Pillai Vicharippukar

2026-03-17T04:12:27Z

NiklasPqy606: added basic details initial version

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=March 2026}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{citation style|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Short description|Indian Kathakali actor and media pioneer (1815–1874)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Easwara Pillai Vicharippukar
| birth_name = Kumaran Easwaran
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1815 (990 [[Kollam Era|M.E.]], month of [[Medam]])
| birth_place = Aanaavoor Daesam, [[Perumkadavila]], [[Neyyattinkara]] Taluk, [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
| death_date = 1874
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kingdom of Travancore
| occupation = [[Kathakali]] actor, printing press proprietor
| notable_works = Established [[Kerala Vilasam Press]]; published first anthology of [[Aattakatha (performance)|Attakatha]]s
| spouse = Four wives (see [[#Personal life|Personal life]])
| children = Multiple (see [[#Personal life|Personal life]])
}}

'''Kumaran Easwaran''' (990–1049 [[Kollam Era|M.E.]]; 1815–1874 CE), known as '''Easwara Pillai Vicharippukar''', was an Indian [[Kathakali]] actor and media pioneer in the [[Kingdom of Travancore]]. Regarded as one of the greatest Kathakali artists of the 19th century, he was the leading performer of the Valia Kottaaram Kathakali Yogam (Royal Palace Kathakali Troupe) under [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Maharaja Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] (r. 1847–1861). He also established the '''Kerala Vilasam Achhukkoodam''' (Kerala Vilasam Press), one of the earliest printing presses set up by a private citizen in [[Kerala]], and published the first compiled anthology of 54 [[Aattakatha (performance)|Attakatha]]s (Kathakali plays).

The honorific ''Vicharippukar'' (Manager) was his palace title, conferred when the Maharaja appointed him as the ''Palliyara Vicharippukar'' (Bedroom Manager) of the royal household in 1849 CE.

== Early life and adoption ==

Easwaran was born in 990 M.E. (c. 1815 CE) in [[Ashwini (nakshatra)|Ashwati Nakshatram]] during the month of [[Medam]], in the Arappurayum Veedu of Aanaavoor Daesam, [[Perumkadavila]] village, [[Neyyattinkara]] Taluk. His mother was the elder daughter of Kali Thukka of Arappurayum Veedu, who had married a [[Namboothiri]] priest (''Poojari'') of the Aankode Mahadeva Temple. Easwaran's mother died before he turned ten, and he was raised by his mother's younger sister.

Through a complex process of matrilineal adoption, Easwaran, his elder step-brother Narayanan, and his mother's younger sister were adopted by Chakki Kali — daughter of Kali Poovamma, the elder sister of Kali Thukka — into the Amkode Veedu family of Kumaran Easwaran Kurup. Following this adoption, Easwaran received the name '''Kanakku Kumaran Easwara Pillai''', while his brother became Kanakku Kumaran Narayana Pillai. Narayana Pillai later built the house called Piralakoddu in Perumkadavila.

== Kathakali career ==

=== Training ===

A ''Kaaryakkaar'' (Manager) of the Travancore Palace, who hailed from Piralakkodu in Neyyattinkara Taluk and was a grand-uncle of I.S. Narayana Pillai (later Secretary to the Travancore State Government), noticed the young Easwaran's striking physique and physiognomy as highly suitable for Kathakali performance. He brought Easwaran to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and introduced him to [[Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma|Maharaja Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma]].

Impressed by Easwaran's appearance and potential, the Maharaja enrolled him in the Palace Kathakali Yogam (Royal Troupe). Easwaran received rigorous training under several eminent ''[[guru]]s'':

* '''Kudamaloor Vilaayikkottu Illathu Eravi Namboothiri''' — initial three-year training in foundational Kathakali performance
* '''Valiya Kochaiyappa Panikkar''' and '''Kochoonjan''' — further foundational training
* '''Poyilath Shekhara Varier''' — specialist training for approximately eighteen months in the ''Kaplingaadan'' style of Kathakali, specifically to enact the four Attakathas of [[Kottayath Thampuran]]. Shekhara Varier was brought from [[Ponnani]] in south [[Malabar region|Malabar]] by the Maharaja in 1846 CE for this purpose.
* '''Ammannur Cheriya Parameswara Chakyar''' — the celebrated [[Koodiyattam]] master, nephew of Valia Parameswara Chakyar, who trained Easwaran in the refined nuances of ''[[Abhinaya]]'' (dramatic expression). The Chakyar stayed in Thiruvananthapuram for four months and performed ''Asokavanikamkom'' Koodiyattam seven times specifically to instruct Easwara Pillai. This was considered exceptional, as Chakyars traditionally did not train persons outside their own community.

The Maharaja also engaged literary scholars (''Vidwaans'') to educate Easwaran in the [[Puranas]], ''[[Kavya]]s'', and [[Sanskrit drama]].

=== Synthesis of Kathakali styles ===

The Maharaja's training programme for Easwaran was part of a broader effort to refine and systematize the art of Kathakali. At the time, three major styles or schools of Kathakali existed: ''Kaplingaadan'', ''Kalladikkodan'', and ''Vettath'', each emphasizing different aspects such as ''Kalaasams'' (rhythmic sequences), gestures, or ''Mukhaabhinaya'' (facial expression). Uthram Thirunal sought to synthesize the best elements of all three traditions within his Palace Troupe. This coalescence of styles, as noted by [[Kottarathil Sankunni]] in ''[[Aithihyamala]]'', won widespread appreciation from Kathakali connoisseurs across Kerala.<ref name="aithihyamala">{{Cite book |last=Kottarathil Sankunni |title=Aithihyamaala |volume=II |publisher=Kottarathil Sankunni Memorial Committee |location=Kottayam |date=April 1974}}</ref>

=== Repertoire and style ===

Easwara Pillai became a highly proficient all-rounder (''Aadyavasaana Vaesham''), performing all major Kathakali role types except ''Kari'' and ''Thadi''. He was particularly acclaimed for his portrayals in the ''Pacha'' (green — noble characters), ''Kathi'' (knife — anti-heroes), and ''Minukku'' (polished — refined characters) categories.

His most celebrated roles included:
* '''Nala''' in ''[[Nala Charitham]]''
* '''Keechaka'''
* '''Cheriya Narakasura'''
* '''Ravana''' in ''Bali Vijayam'' and ''Karthaveeryaarjuna Vijayam''
* '''Sundara Brahmanan''' in ''Nala Charitam'' and ''Rukmini Swayamvaram''

He was equally renowned for performing slow ''padams'' (lyrical passages) requiring consummate acting finesse and elaborate ''Ilakiyattams'' (extended dance sequences without lyrics depicting episodes in detail), including ''Swargavarnana'' (Description of Heaven) and ''Kailasoddhaaranam'' (Lifting of Mount Kailasa).

Under the Maharaja's guidance, Easwara Pillai gave pre-eminence to ''Aadyavasana Kathi Vaeshams'' in performances, which became a hallmark of the southern school (''Thekkan Chitta'') of Kathakali. The major ''Kathi'' roles of Duryodhana in [[Irayimman Thampi]]'s ''Uttaraaswayamvaram'' and Ravana in Kilimanoor Rajaraja Varma Koithampuran's ''Ravana Vijayam'' became especially prized by connoisseurs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aymanam Krishna Kaimal |title=Aattakkathaasaahityam |page=317 |publisher=State Institute of Languages (Kerala Bhasha Institute)}}</ref>

=== Notable contemporaries ===

Other actors in the Valia Kottaaram Kathakali Yogam included Kavalam Kochu Narayana Panikkar, Thakazhi Velu Pillai, Nalan Unni, Kurichi Krishna Pillai, Kandiyoor Pappu Pillai, Pazhavangaadi Nanu Pillai (noted for female roles), and Thaadi Kittunni (noted for ''Chuvanna Thadi'' roles). Easwara Pillai was regarded as pre-eminent among all of them, as well as among leading Kathakali actors elsewhere in Kerala.

=== Patronage and accoutrements ===

The Maharaja had special crowns (headgear) and other adornments, trinkets, and vestments made exclusively for Easwara Pillai, some in pure gold studded with precious gems. Pillai reportedly never wore any vestments or ornaments other than those specially made for him, and seldom mingled with other Kathakali actors offstage.

=== Post-Palace career ===

When [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal]] succeeded Uthram Thirunal and disbanded the Palace Kathakali Yogam, Easwara Pillai briefly joined Maadathaanni Kunchu Kurup's troupe as an all-rounder for about a year before largely retiring from regular performance. He continued to perform on special occasions at the invitation of nobles and close associates.

The south Malabar writer Perumpilavil Theyyunni Menon recalled seeing Easwara Pillai perform in 1869 CE at [[Olappamanna Mana]] in south Malabar, describing him as a tall, hefty person with a magnificent bearing who wore the Thiruvananthapuram-style ''Katti'' and ''Kavani'', expensive diamond rings, and travelled in a ''Doli'' (palanquin) with four attendants and a pet fawn with a bell around its neck.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K.P.S. Menon |title=Kathakali Rangam}}</ref>

== Famous anecdotes ==

Several well-known anecdotes illustrate Easwara Pillai's exceptional versatility and his ability to dominate performances even in minor roles, typically arising from the jealousy of co-actors who complained to the Maharaja about his always being assigned the lead.

=== Kailasoddhaaranam as Narada ===

When co-actors complained about Easwara Pillai always performing the role of Ravana in ''Bali Vijayam'', the Maharaja assigned him the lesser role of Maharshi [[Narada]] instead. During the performance, when Narada was supposed to ask Ravana how he obtained the divine sword ''Chandrahaasam'' from [[Shiva|Lord Siva]], Easwara Pillai as Narada indicated through gestures that ''he already knew'' the answer and proceeded to delineate the entire ''Kailasoddhaaranam'' episode himself in elaborate detail, leaving the actor playing Ravana stupefied. The incident reportedly silenced the complainants.<ref name="aithihyamala" />

=== Vidyujjihwan's grand procession ===

Assigned the minor role of Vidyujjihwan (fiancé of [[Surpanakha|Soorpanakha]]) in ''Raavanodbhavam'', Easwara Pillai arranged an elaborate wedding procession with soldiers, a musical band, ''[[Panchavadyam]]'', ''[[Nadaswaram]]'', torches, and fireworks. The entire audience left the main stage — where the actor playing Ravana was performing an elaborate ''padam'' — to watch Vidyujjihwan's spectacular arrival. The display was dramatically appropriate for a royal bridegroom, yet it left the Ravana actor performing to an empty audience.<ref name="aithihyamala" />

=== Arjuna in Santhaanagopaalam ===

In a staging of ''Santhaanagopaalam'', the actor Ampalapuzha Narayana Panikkar, performing the Brahmin role, used his ''Ilakiyattam'' to mock Arjuna (played by Easwara Pillai), taunting him about his arrogance. Easwara Pillai did not respond at the time but in the final scene, after Arjuna restores the Brahmin's ten dead sons to life, he delivered an ''Ilakiyattam'' attributing all credit to "this Swami" — gesturing towards [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] on stage while turning his gaze towards the Maharaja in the audience — and advising the Brahmin that his misfortunes stemmed from a lack of devotion. The audience remarked that Panikkar had received a rebuff "with double interest."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kottarathil Sankunni |title=Aithihyamaala |volume=II |publisher=Kottarathil Sankunni Memorial Committee |location=Kottayam |date=April 1974 |pages=189–190}}</ref>

=== Maathali at Vadakkunnatha Temple ===

While visiting [[Thrissur]] during a pilgrimage to [[Guruvayur]], Easwara Pillai was invited to perform before the [[Maharaja of Cochin]] at the [[Vadakkunnathan Temple]]. Local actors assigned him the minor role of Maathali (Lord [[Indra]]'s charioteer) in ''Kaalakaeya Vadham''. Distressed, Easwara Pillai sought guidance from the Sanskrit scholar Kunjikkaavu Nampoothiripad, who pointed out that while occupants of Indra's throne changed across ''[[Yuga]]s'', the charioteer Maathali remained constant — implying that Maathali knew [[Svarga|Swargam]] (Heaven) more intimately than any Indra. Inspired, Easwara Pillai performed an extraordinarily detailed ''Swargavarnana'' as Maathali, leaving the actor playing Arjuna at a loss. The Nampoothiripad, witnessing the performance, was so moved that he ascended the stage and presented his own shoulder cloth (''thorthu'') to Easwara Pillai, who reportedly treasured it for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vaidyamaddham Brahmadatthan Nampoothiripad |title=Article in Souvenir |journal=Thandava Kathakali Theatre Souvenir |date=1989–90 |location=Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>

== Kerala Vilasam Press and media contributions ==

In 1853 CE (1028 M.E.), with the encouragement and financial support of Maharaja Uthram Thirunal, Easwara Pillai established the '''Kerala Vilasam Achhukkoodam''' (Kerala Vilasam Press) within the Fort at Thiruvananthapuram. It was among the first printing presses in Kerala established by a private citizen, as earlier presses had been set up by Christian missionaries such as [[Hermann Gundert]] or by the State Government.

Major publications from the press included:
* Anthologies of ''[[Keertanam|Keertanams]]'' of [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|Maharaja Swati Thirunal]] and [[Irayimman Thampi]] (1853 CE)
* ''[[Adhyatma Ramayanam]]'' and ''[[Nalacharitham Attakatha|Nalacharitam]]'' in the ''[[Kilippattu]]'' genre (1853 CE)
* The first compiled anthology of 54 [[Aattakatha (performance)|Attakatha]]s (Kathakali plays) (1858 CE), considered a landmark contribution to both literature and Kathakali

The press thrived until approximately 1890 CE. [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer|Mahakavi Ulloor Parameswara Aiyer]], in Volume IV of ''Kerala Sahitya Charitram'', states that ''Vidya Vilasini'', described as the first literary magazine in [[Malayalam]], was published from this press beginning in March–April 1881 CE, carrying informative and scientific articles and poems including contributions by [[Visakham Thirunal|Maharaja Vishakham Thirunal]] and Kerala Varma Valia Koithampuran. However, this attribution has been contested by Puthuppalli Raghavan in ''Kerala Patra-pravartana Charitram'' and G. Priyadarsanan in ''Malayala Patrapravarthanam — Praarambhaswaroopam'', who argue with supporting evidence that ''Vidya Vilasini'' was published by a different press called Keralodayam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ulloor Parameswara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram |volume=IV}}</ref>

Easwara Pillai's pioneering contributions to the print media have been noted in most media and literary histories of Kerala.

== Palace appointments and honours ==

In 1849 CE (1024 M.E.), Maharaja Uthram Thirunal appointed Easwara Pillai, then aged 34, as '''Palliyara Vicharippukar''' (Bedroom Manager) of the royal household and as the head (''Aasaan'') of the Valia Kottaaram Kathakali Yogam. The Maharaja also:

* Built the '''Punnackal House''' for Easwara Pillai in the Palace precincts within the Fort, located opposite the western gate of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] on a lane now known as Punnackal Road
* Provided tax-free landed properties in Thiruvananthapuram, Neyyattinkara, Nadayara near [[Varkala]], and [[Vaikom]]

Easwara Pillai is also recorded as having thatched the roof of the Amkode Mahadeva Temple with copper sheets in place of tiles, an act commemorated by a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscription in the temple.

== Personal life ==

=== Marriages ===

Easwara Pillai married four times:

# '''First wife''' — from Thiruvananthapuram. They had two sons and two daughters. The elder son, '''Velayudhan''' (alias Kochu Velu Pillai), trained in Kathakali before entering government service as a ''Shirastadar'' and was later appointed Mint Superintendent during the reign of [[Moolam Thirunal|Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal]]. The elder daughter, '''Gourikkutty''', was briefly married to Pazhavangadi Nanu Pillai, a fellow actor in the Palace Troupe, at the Maharaja's suggestion. When Easwara Pillai expressed his displeasure with the match — reportedly through his performance as Daksha in ''Daksha Yagam'', directing the relevant ''padam'' about giving one's daughter to an unworthy person towards the Maharaja — the alliance was dissolved and Gourikkutty returned to Punnackal House.
# '''Second wife''' — reportedly from [[Thrissur]].
# '''Third wife''' — '''Kalyanikkutty''' (born 1839 CE), second daughter of Cheruparampath Kunjukrishna Menon, the ''Sarvaadhikaariakkaar'' (Chief Administrator) of the [[Maharaja of Cochin]]. She came from the Mathirappali family of Cheranalloor in the [[Kingdom of Cochin]]. After living with Easwara Pillai in Punnackal House, she was given in marriage to [[Ayilyam Thirunal|Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma]] of Travancore in 1863 CE, becoming his consort with the title ''Ammachi'' and later being adopted into the Nagerkovil Ammaveedu under the name '''Kalyanikkutty Thankachi'''. She was a poet and authored several literary works in Malayalam.
# '''Fourth wife''' — from the Jagathy Maelay Veedu in Thiruvananthapuram.

=== Family and Punnackal House ===

Easwara Pillai's matrilineal joint family, including his maternal aunt and maternal cousin Kaliyamma Pillai Narayani Pillai and her descendants, came to reside in Punnackal House. His grand-nephew, '''Aiyappan Pillai Raman Pillai''' (alias '''Punnackal A.R. Pillai'''; 1879–1938), was a notable figure who married Gouri Amma, the eldest daughter of the celebrated novelist [[C. V. Raman Pillai]], in 1905 CE.

== Legacy ==

Kathakali connoisseurs across Kerala have acknowledged Easwara Pillai as one of the greatest Kathakali artists in the history of the art form. His synthesis of multiple Kathakali traditions under royal patronage contributed significantly to the development of the southern school (''Thekkan Chitta'') of Kathakali. His establishment of the Kerala Vilasam Press and his publication of the first anthology of Attakathas are regarded as landmark contributions to both [[Malayalam literature]] and the preservation of Kathakali as a literary and performing art.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ulloor Parameswara Aiyer |title=Kerala Sahitya Charitram |volume=IV}}
* {{Cite book |last=K.P.S. Menon |title=Kathakali Rangam}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kottarathil Sankunni |title=Aithihyamaala |volume=II |publisher=Kottarathil Sankunni Memorial Committee |location=Kottayam |date=April 1974}}
* {{Cite book |last=Aymanam Krishna Kaimal |title=Aattakkathaasaahityam |publisher=State Institute of Languages (Kerala Bhasha Institute)}}
* {{Cite book |last=V.S. Sarma |title=Thiruvithamkoor Rajavamsam}}
* Thandava Kathakali Theatre Souvenir, 1989–90, Thiruvananthapuram

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Easwara Pillai Vicharippukar}}
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1874 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Nina Sabnani

2026-03-14T19:23:11Z

NiklasPqy606: creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nina Sabnani
| image = Nina Sabnani at National Institute of Design Ahmedabad.jpg
| caption = Nina Sabnani at National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1956}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Design]], [[Syracuse University]]
| known_for = [[Animation]], [[Illustration]]
| awards = Rajat Kamal Award
}}
'''Nina Sabnani''' (born 1956) is an Indian animation filmmaker, illustrator and an educator. She is known for her films which blend together [[animation]] and [[ethnography]]. Collaboration with diverse ethnic communities as well as storytelling with words and imagery have been her research interests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nina Sabnani |url=https://nalandaway.org/team/nina-sabnani/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=NalandaWay |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sabnani has taught for more than two decades at the [[National Institute of Design|National Institute of Design (NID), Ahmedabad]]. Along with Animation Design, Sabnani also served as the coordinator of the New Media Design when it was introduced in 2001 at [[National Institute of Design]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-01 |title=FIRST PERSONNID launches PGD in New Media |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/-first-personbrnid-launches-pgd-in-new-media/articleshow/706954120.cms |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is currently a professor at the [[IDC School of Design|Industrial Design Centre (IDC), IIT Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-11-09 |title=Sabnani, Nina |url=http://www.idc.iitb.ac.in/people/faculty/sabnani-nina |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=IDC School of Design |language=en}}</ref>

== Academic background ==
Sabnani graduated in painting from the [[University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts|Faculty of Fine Arts, MSU, Vadodara]] and completed a certificate program in [[Animation|animation film making]] at the NID, Ahmedabad. She received a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Fellowship]] in 1997 to purse post-graduate studies in [[film]] at [[Syracuse University|Syracuse University, New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nina Sabnani {{!}} DER Filmmaker Bio |url=https://www.der.org/resources/filmmaker-bios/nina-sabnani/ |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=www.der.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Her doctoral research at the IDC, IIT Bombay was based on [[Rajasthan]]'s Kaavad storytelling tradition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sabnani |first=Nina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vuoQEACAAJ |title=Kaavad Tradition of Rajasthan: A Portable Pilgrimage |date=2014 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-83098-32-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
|-
|1982
|''Drawing! Drawing!''
|-
|1984
|''Shubh Vivah''
|-
|1987
|''A Summer Story''
|-
|1988
|''Badhte Kadam''
|-
|1989-90
|''All About Nothing''
|-
|1990
|''One Day in Fatehpur Sikri''
|-
|1994
|''Patents for Progress''
|-
|2005
|''Mukund and Riaz''
|-
|2009
|''The Makers of Tales''
|-
|2009
|''Tanko Bole Chhe (The Stitches Speak)''
|-
|2011
|''Baat Wahi Hai (It's The Same Story)''
|-
|2012
|''Bemata''
|-
|2013
|''Thank You Many Times''
|-
|2016
|''Hum Chitra Banate Hain (We Make Images)''
|}

== Bibliography ==

* Sabnani, Nina. Stitching Stories: The Art of Embroidery in Gujarat. India, Tulika Publishers, 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabnani |first=Nina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F5fVuQULo4C |title=Stitching Stories: The Art of Embroidery in Gujarat |date=2011 |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-81-8146-961-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* Sabnani, Nina. Kaavad Tradition of Rajasthan: A Portable Pilgrimage. India, Niyogi Books, 2014.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to the Director Ms. Nina Sabnani for the Best Animation, Film Hum Chitra Banate Hai, in Non-Feature Film Section, at the 64th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Nina Sabnani receiving Rajat Kamal Award from President Pranab Mukherjee]]
* 2017 - Rajat Kamal Award for Best Animation in the film ''Hum Chitra Banate Hai'', in Non-Feature Film Section.<ref>{{cite press_release |title=64th National Film Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
* 2018 - Lifetime Achievement Award for Illustration by Tata Trusts at Tata Lit Live, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film-maker Ketan Mehta, Nina Sabnani to be honoured at Animation Masters Summit 2021 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/art-and-culture/2021/04/29/ketan-mehta-nina-sabnani-to-be-honoured-at-animation-masters-summit-2021.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nina Sabnani}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/ninamsabnani YouTube Channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efF7Q5UO8b8 Interview on The Story of Indian Animation]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkIOtBQzwAc Podcast on Landscape of Indian Animation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabnani, Nina}}
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women animators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women illustrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Jammu

2026-03-13T22:55:40Z

NiklasPqy606: minor edit

{{Short description|City in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{other uses|Jammu (disambiguation)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jammu
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Hari_niwas.jpg
| photo2a = Bahu Fort, Jammu.jpg
| photo2b = Jammu skyline.jpg
| photo3a = Mubarak Mandi Complex.jpg
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| color_border = white
| color = white
| size = 266
| foot_montage = [[Hari Niwas Palace]], [[Bahu Fort]], Tawi Bridge and [[Mubarak Mandi Palace]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = City of Temples<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jammu-srinagar-nh-reopens-for-one-way-traffic-119013000622_1.html |title=Jammu-Srinagar NH reopens for one-way traffic |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 January 2019 |work=Business Standard India |access-date=28 February 2019 |quote=Jammu, the City of Temples, recorded a low of 7.7 degrees Celsius compared to the previous night's 4.1 degrees Celsius}}</ref>
| image_map1 = Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing Jammu division administered by India in neon blue.jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption1 = Jammu lies in the Jammu division (neon blue) of the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (shaded [[tan (color)|tan]]) in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region.{{efn|The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by several [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage.<ref name= Britannica-subcontinent>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent| encyclopedia= [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019| url-access= subscription | quote= Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia| encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Britannica |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019| url-access= subscription |quote= Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Kashmir |encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia Americana]] |publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328| first= C. E.| last= Bosworth |quote= the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Osmańczyk| first1=Edmund Jan | title= Jammu and Kashmir |encyclopedia =Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements| volume= G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191– |quote= Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China.}}</ref> Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them,<ref>{{cite book|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29| quote= We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.}}</ref><ref name= Britannica-subcontinent /><ref>{{cite book |last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294 |year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293| quote= J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166| quote= Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.}}</ref> "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied".<ref>{{cite book |last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10| quote= Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'.}}</ref>}}
| image_map =
| coordinates = {{coord|32.73|N|74.87|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type1 = Administering country
| subdivision_type2 = Region of administration
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
| established_title = Settled
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = Jammu Municipal Corporation and Jammu Development Authority
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Chander Mohan Gupta, [[BJP]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Jammu gets new mayor, deputy mayor |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jammu-gets-new-mayor-deputy-mayor/articleshow/66637932.cms |agency= [[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=1 April 2020 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date=15 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='JMC'>{{cite web|title=Jammu City |website= jmcjammu.org |url=https://www.jmcjammu.org/jmc.html |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125175627/https://www.jmcjammu.org/jmc.html |url-status=dead |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 240
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Elevation">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UiY20bY7aMC&pg=PA1 |title=Regional Planning for Health Care System in Jammu and Kashmir |last=Akhtar |first=Rais |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180696275 |page=1| year=2009}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 300–400
| elevation_ft = 1000-1300
| population_total = 502,197
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 45
| population_metro = 657,314
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|94th]]
| population_demonym = Jammuwala, Jammuwale, Jammuites
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]],<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf
|title= The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020| work= [[The Gazette of India]] |via= egazette.nic.in |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url= http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dogri language|Dogri]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet Approves Bill |website= indiatvnews.com| language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> [[Urdu]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web| title= 52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India| url= http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in| publisher= [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]| access-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="langoff"/><ref name="Census"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 180001<ref>{{cite web |title=Village/Locality based Pin mapping as on 16th March 2017 |url= https://data.gov.in/resources/villagelocality-based-pin-mapping-16th-march-2017 |website=data.gov.in |publisher= Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India| date=16 March 2017 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>
| registration_plate = JK-02
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 867 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|jammu.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 90.14%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{cvt|575|km|mi}} NW
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{cvt|1971|km|mi}} NE ([[National highways of India|land]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{cvt|710|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|29.6|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|17.7|°C|°F}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| total_type = City
}}
'''Jammu''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}) is a city in [[India]]n-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Jammu division|Jammu]] region. It is the [[winter capital]] of the [[union territory]] of Jammu and Kashmir. It is the headquarters and the largest city in [[Jammu district]]. Lying on the banks of the river [[Tawi River|Tawi]], the city of Jammu, with an area of {{cvt|240|sqkm}},<ref name='JMC'/> is surrounded by the [[Himalayas]] in the north and the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|northern plains]] in the south. Jammu is the second-most populous city of the union territory. Jammu is known as "City of Temples" for its ancient temples and Hindu shrines.

==Etymology==
According to local tradition, Jammu is named after its founder, Raja Jambulochan, who is believed to have ruled the area in the 9th century.<ref name= "foundation">{{cite news | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/priya-sethi-lays-foundation-stone-of-statue-of-jambu-lochan/ | title=Priya Sethi lays foundation stone of statue of Jambu Lochan | work= [[Daily Excelsior]] | date=1 August 2016 | access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> Local tradition holds the city to be 3,000 years old but this is not supported by historians.<ref name= Kapur80>{{cite book |last=Kapur |first=Manohar Lal |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir State: The making of the State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWw8AAAAIAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Kashmir History Publications}}</ref>{{rp|9}}

==History==
According to ''[[Tarikh-i-Azmi]]'', Jammu came into existence around 900 CE. The state of ''Durgara'' (modern forms "Duggar" and "[[Dogras|Dogra]])") is also attested from around this time.<ref name= Kapur80 />{{rp|9–10}} <ref name= "Charak & Billwaria">{{cite book |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |last1=Charak |first2=Anita K. |last2=Billawaria |title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-8-17017-356-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C}}</ref>{{rp|6}} The capital of the Durgara state at that time is believed to have been Vallapura (identified with modern [[Billawar]]). Its rulers are repeatedly mentioned in Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]''.{{cite book|last=Bamzai |first=P. N. K. |author-link=P. N. K. Bamzai |title=Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Ancient Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMfzTBcXcYC |year=1994 |publisher= M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-31-0 |page= 184}} Babbapura (modern Babor) is another state mentioned in ''Rajatarangini'', some of whose rulers also appear by in the ''Vamshavali'' (family chronicles) of later Jammu rulers. These rulers are believed to have enjoyed almost independent status and allied themselves with the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultans of Delhi]].

Jammu is mentioned by name in the chronicles of [[Timur]] ({{reign|1370|1406}}), who invaded Delhi in 1398 and returned to [[Samarkand]] via Jammu. Raja Bhim Dev is prominently mentioned in the Delhi chronicles as a supporter of [[Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)|Mubarah Shah]] ({{reign|1421|1434}}) against [[Jasrat]].<ref name= "Charak & Billwaria" />{{rp|6–7}} Between 1423 and 1442, Jammu came under control of Jasrat ({{reign|1405|1442}}) who [[Jasrat#Invasion of Jammu (1423)|conquered it]] after killing his arch-enemy Bhim Dev in 1423. Later, Jasrat appointed Manik Dev (also known as Ajeo Dev) as vassal, and married his daughter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charak |first=Sukh Dev Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhtIAAAAIAAJ&q=A+Short+History+of+Jammu+Raj |title=A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Ajaya Prakashan |language=en|pages=76–78}}</ref> In the Mughal chronicles of [[Babur]] in the early 16th century, Jammu is mentioned as a powerful state in the Punjab hills. It is said to have been ruled by [[Manhas]] Rajputs. Emperor [[Akbar]] brought the hill kingdoms of the region under Mughal suzerainty, but the kings enjoyed considerable political autonomy. In addition to Jammu, other kingdoms of the region such as [[Kishtwar]] and [[Rajauri]] were also prominently mentioned. It is evident that the Mughal empire treated these hill chiefs as allies and partners in the empire.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mohammad |first=Jigar |title=Raja Ranjit Dev's Inclusive Policies and Politico-economic developments in Jammu |newspaper=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |date= November 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA40 |pages=40–42}}</ref>

=== Modern history===
[[File:Maharaja Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[File:Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895 - 1961).jpg|thumb|right|Maharaja of Kashmir, [[Hari Singh]] (1895–1961)]]

After the decline of the Mughal power in the 18th century, the Jammu state under Raja Dhruv Dev of the ''Jamuwal'' (''[[Jamwal]]'') family asserted its supremacy among the Dugar states. Its ascent reached its peak under his successor, Raja Ranjit Dev (r. 1728–1780), who was widely respected among the hill states.<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeratha |first=Aśoka |title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&pg=PA22 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-082-8 |page= 187}}</ref><ref name= Panikker30>{{cite book |first=K. M. |last=Panikkar |author-link=K. M. Panikkar |title=Gulab Singh |publisher=Martin Hopkinson Ltd |year=1930 |location=London |url= https://archive.org/details/gulabsingh179218031570mbp | access-date= }}</ref>{{rp|10}} Ranjit Dev promoted religious freedom and security, which attracted many craftsmen and traders to settle in Jammu, contributing to its economic prosperity.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mridu |last=Rai|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=1850656614| pages= 94–95}}</ref>

Towards the end of Ranjit Dev's rule, the Sikh clans of Punjab (''[[misls]]'') gained ascendency, and Jammu began to be contested by the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangi]], [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiya]] and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakia]] ''misls''. Around 1770, the Bhangi ''misl'' attacked Jammu and forced Ranjit Dev to become a tributary. Brij Lal Dev, Ranjit Dev's successor, was defeated by the Sukerchakia chief Mahan Singh, who sacked Jammu and plundered it. Thus Jammu lost its supremacy over the surrounding country. In the Battle of Rumal, the Jammu ruler was killed by Sikhs.<ref name=":0">{{cite book| url= https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12482/page/n41/mode/2up|title=Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories| first= Sukhdev |last= Singh Charak |year= 1978 |pages=37|publisher=Ajaya Prakashan| place= Jammu| via= archive.org}}</ref><ref name= Panikker30 />{{rp|10–12}}

In 1808, Jammu itself was annexed to the [[Sikh Empire]] by [[Ranjit Singh]], the son of Mahan Singh.<ref name= Panikker30 />{{rp|15–16}} In 1818 Raja Kishore Singh, father of Raja [[Gulab Singh]], was appointed and anointed the ruler of Jammu principality, and hence started the Jamwal dynasty, aka [[Dogra dynasty]], which came to rule the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under British suzerainty. The rulers built large temples, renovated old shrines, built educational institutes and many more. A {{cvt|43|km}} long [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway line]] connecting Jammu with [[Sialkot]] was laid in 1897<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_055.gif |title= Jammu Town | encyclopedia= [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]] | volume= 14| page= 49 |url-status= dead| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070556/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_055.gif| archivedate= 2009-03-27| via= University of Chicago}}</ref>

Jammu has historically been the capital of [[Jammu Division|Jammu Province]] and the winter capital of the princely state of [[Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (1846–1952).

After the partition of India, Jammu continues as the winter capital of the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

===Battles===
# [[Battle of Jammu]] (1712)
# [[Battle of Jammu (1774)]]
# Battle of Rumal<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhsVol.IvTheSikhCommonwealthOrRiseAndFallOfSikh/page/n349/mode/2up?q=1772|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol. IV The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls| first=Hari Ram |last= Gupta|date=1982|pages=339–340}}</ref>
# Battle of Jammu (1808)<ref>{{citation |title=General Hari Singh Nalwa |last=Sandhu |first=Autar Singh |year=1935 |publisher=Cunningham Historical Society |location=Lahore |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/hari-singh-nalwa/book.php?fldr=book }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Valley of Jammu.jpg|thumb|left|The Valley of Jammu]]
Jammu is located at {{coord|32.73|N|74.87|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Jammu.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Jammu, India| website= fallingrain.com| publisher= | date= | access-date= }}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{cvt|300|m}}. Jammu city is situated on a series of uneven ridges of low heights in the [[Shivalik hills]]. It is surrounded by the Shivalik range to the north, east, and southeast while the Trikuta Range borders it in the northwest. It is approximately {{cvt|600|km|mi}} from the national capital, [[New Delhi]].

The city straddles the Tawi river. The old city overlooks the river from the north (right bank) while the new neighbourhoods are spread around the southern side (left bank) of the river. There are five bridges over the river.
{{clear left}}

==Climate==

Jammu, like the rest of north-western India, features a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa''), with extreme summer highs reaching {{convert|46|C|F}}, and temperatures in the winter months occasionally falling below {{convert|4|C|F}}. June is the hottest month with average highs of {{convert|40.6|C|F}}, while January is the coldest month with average lows reaching {{convert|7|C|F}}. Average yearly precipitation is about {{cvt|1400|mm|in|abbr=on}} with the bulk of the rainfall in the months from June to September, although the winters can also be rather wet. In winter dense fog causes much inconvenience and temperature even drops to {{convert|2|C|F}}. In summer, particularly in May and June, extremely intense sunlight or hot winds can raise the temperature to {{convert|46|C|F}}. Following the hot season, the [[monsoon]] lashes the city with heavy downpours along with thunderstorms; rainfall may total up to {{cvt|669|mm|in}} in the wettest months. The city is exposed to heatwaves.{{clarify|date=April 2020}}

Highest recorded temperature: {{Convert|47.4|C|F|abbr=on}} on 31 May 1988.<ref name="NCEI">{{cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Jammu |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/India/XLS/JAMMU_42056.xlsx |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]| place= US |access-date=22 March 2024 |format=XLSX |quote=WMO number: 42056}}</ref>

Lowest recorded temperature: {{Convert|0.5|C|F|abbr=on}} on 24 January 2016.<ref name= "NCEI"/>
{{Climate chart|Jammu|7.3|18.1|67.9|10.2|21.5|74.6|14.5|26.6|64.1|19.7|32.7|41.4|24.3|37.6|22.5|26.1|38.3|109.5|25.5|34.3|416.5|24.9|33.1|403.1|23.2|32.8|144.8|18.4|31.1|23.5|13.0|26.4|12.2|8.7|21.1|21.9|float=left|clear=left}}{{Weather box
|width = auto
| collapsed =
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Jammu (1991–2020, extremes 1925–2020)
| Jan record high C = 28.0
| Feb record high C = 31.7
| Mar record high C = 37.3
| Apr record high C = 43.9
| May record high C = 47.4
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 45.0
| Aug record high C = 41.7
| Sep record high C = 39.2
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Nov record high C = 34.2
| Dec record high C = 28.5
|year record high C = 47.4

| Jan high C = 18.1
| Feb high C = 21.5
| Mar high C = 26.6
| Apr high C = 32.7
| May high C = 37.6
| Jun high C = 38.3
| Jul high C = 34.3
| Aug high C = 33.1
| Sep high C = 32.8
| Oct high C = 31.1
| Nov high C = 26.4
| Dec high C = 21.1
| year high C = 29.5
| Jan mean C = 12.7
| Feb mean C = 15.9
| Mar mean C = 20.6
| Apr mean C = 26.2
| May mean C = 31.0
| Jun mean C = 32.2
| Jul mean C = 29.9
| Aug mean C = 29.0
| Sep mean C = 28.0
| Oct mean C = 24.8
| Nov mean C = 19.7
| Dec mean C = 14.9
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 7.3
| Feb low C = 10.2
| Mar low C = 14.5
| Apr low C = 19.7
| May low C = 24.3
| Jun low C = 26.1
| Jul low C = 25.5
| Aug low C = 24.9
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 18.4
| Nov low C = 13.0
| Dec low C = 8.7
|year low C = 18.0

| Jan record low C = 0.5
| Feb record low C = 1.1
| Mar record low C = 4.4
| Apr record low C = 8.5
| May record low C = 9.8
| Jun record low C = 16.6
| Jul record low C = 14.0
| Aug record low C = 15.0
| Sep record low C = 15.0
| Oct record low C = 11.3
| Nov record low C = 6.1
| Dec record low C = 0.9
|year record low C = 0.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm =67.9
| Feb rain mm =74.6
| Mar rain mm =64.1
| Apr rain mm =41.4
| May rain mm =22.5
| Jun rain mm =109.5
| Jul rain mm =416.5
| Aug rain mm =403.1
| Sep rain mm =144.8
| Oct rain mm =23.5
| Nov rain mm =12.2
| Dec rain mm =21.9
| year rain mm =1401.9
| Jan rain days =3.5
| Feb rain days =4.3
| Mar rain days =4.3
| Apr rain days =2.8
| May rain days =2.4
| Jun rain days =6.0
| Jul rain days =13.2
| Aug rain days =12.3
| Sep rain days =6.0
| Oct rain days =1.6
| Nov rain days =0.9
| Dec rain days =1.5
| year rain days =59.0
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity =66
| Feb humidity =57
| Mar humidity =51
| Apr humidity =38
| May humidity =31
| Jun humidity =41
| Jul humidity =66
| Aug humidity =72
| Sep humidity =68
| Oct humidity =58
| Nov humidity =63
| Dec humidity =69
| year humidity =57
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| website= imdpune.gov.in
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref>
}}

==Transport==
[[File:NE Aerial Jammu Tawi Rly Station Jul24 A7CR 01922.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Jammu Tawi]] station]]
Jammu city has a railway station called [[Jammu Tawi]] (station code JAT) that is connected with major cities of India. The old [[Jammu–Sialkot line|railway link]] to Sialkot was suspended by Pakistan in September 1947, and Jammu had no rail services until 1971, when the [[Indian Railways]] laid the [[Pathankot]]-Jammu Tawi [[Broad Gauge]] line. The new Jammu Tawi station opened in October 1972 and is an origination point for express trains.
With the commencement of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], all trains to the [[Kashmir Valley]] will pass through Jammu Tawi. A part of the Jammu–Baramulla project has been executed and the track has been extended to [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. [[Jalandhar]] - [[Pathankot]]-Jammu Tawi section has been doubled and electrified.

In January 2025, the Jammu Division of [[Indian Railways]] was inaugurated. The new division will create employment opportunities, infrastructure development, promote tourism and lead to overall socio-economic development of the region.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Jammu railway division, terminal station in Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-jammu-railway-division-terminal-station-in-telangana/article69065376.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |date=5 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>

[[NH 44|National Highway 44]] which passes through Jammu connects it to the [[Kashmir Valley]]. National Highway 1B connects Jammu with Poonch town. Jammu is {{cvt|80|km|mi}} from Kathua town, while it is {{cvt|68|km|mi}} from Udhampur city. The famous pilgrimage town of [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] is {{cvt|49|km|mi}} from Jammu.

[[Jammu Airport]] is in the middle of Jammu. It has direct flights to [[Srinagar]], [[Delhi]], [[Amritsar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Leh]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bengaluru]]. Jammu Airport operates daily 30 arrival and departure of flights which are served by [[Air India]], [[SpiceJet]], and [[IndiGo]].

The city has [[JKSRTC]] city buses and minibusses for local transport which run on some defined routes. These minibusses are called "Matadors". Besides this auto-rickshaw and cycle-rickshaw service is also available. Local taxis are also available.

==Administration==
{{See also|Darbar Move}}
[[File:Tawi Bridges River Jammu Aerial Jul24 A7CR 01909.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Jammu city and Tawi river]]
Jammu city serves as the winter capital of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state from November to April when all the offices move from [[Srinagar]] to Jammu. Srinagar serves as the summer capital from May to October.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://ceojammukashmir.nic.in/pdf/Moving_Emp.pdf
|website= ceojammukashmir.nic.in
|title = Scheme for voting by postal ballot by a person holding any office under the Govt. and verified to be moving along with the headquarters of the Govt. from Kashmir Province to Jammu Province or vice-versa
|publisher = Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Jammu and Kashmir
|access-date = 8 December 2008
|page=1
|quote=...the State Govt. functions for six months (November to April) in the winter capital Jammu after which it moves to the summer capital Srinagar...}}</ref> Jammu was a municipal committee during 2001 census of India, but after 5 September 2003, it upgraded its status to a municipal corporation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jmc.nic.in/jmc.html |title=History of Jammu Municipal Corporation |publisher= Jammu Municipal Corporation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410050036/http://jmc.nic.in/jmc.html |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=4 December 2008}}</ref>

==Economy==
Jammu city is the main cultural and economic centre of the administrative division of Jammu. A famous local [[basmati rice]] is produced in the RS Pura area near Jammu, and processed in rice mills in Jammu. The industrial estate at [[Bari Brahmana|Bari Brahamna]] has a large presence of industrial units manufacturing a variety of products including carpets and electronic goods.

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir}}

Tourism is the largest industry in Jammu city. It is also a focal point for the pilgrims going to [[Vaishno Devi]] and Kashmir valley as it is second last railway terminal in North India. All the routes leading to Kashmir, Poonch, Doda and Laddakh start from Jammu city. So throughout the year, the city remains full of people from all the parts of India. Places of interest include old historic palaces like [[Mubarak Mandi Palace]], Purani Mandi, Rani Park, [[Amar Mahal]], [[Bahu Fort]], [[Raghunath Temple]], Ranbireshwar Temple, Karbala, Peer Meetha, Old city.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Bahu Fort 01.JPG|[[Bahu Fort]]
File:Historical architecture.jpg|[[Mubarak Mandi Palace]]
File:Amar Mahal Palace1.JPG|[[Amar Mahal]]
File:Raghunath Temple Jammu.JPG|[[Raghunath Temple]]
</gallery>

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jammu City<ref name="Jammu City Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/jammu/jammu/jammu-mcorp-og-population.html|title=Jammu City Population|work= censusindia2011.com| publisher= Census India|accessdate=11 July 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220416214521/https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/jammu/jammu/jammu-mcorp-og-population.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/3-jammu.html|title=Jammu City Population Census 2011-2019 | Jammu and Kashmir |website= census2011.co.in| publisher= | date= | access-date= }}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.19}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|8.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Punjab, India|Islam]]|green|7.95}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, India|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.35}}
{{bar percent|Others|lightgrey|0.28}}
}}

As of 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=7318| website= censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Census of India]]| title=Jammu Municipal Corporation Demographics|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> the population of Jammu city was 502,197. Males constituted 52.7% of the population; females numbered constituted 47.3% of the population. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males against the national average of 940. Jammu had an average [[literacy]] rate of 89.66%, much higher than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy was 93.13% and female literacy was 85.82%. 8.47% of the population were under 6 years of age. The urban agglomeration of Jammu had a population of 657,314.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.citypopulation.de/India-JammuKashmir.html|title=Jammu & Kashmir (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work= CityPopulation.de | publisher= |date= |access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Most of Jammu and Kashmir's Hindus live in the Jammu region; many speak [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|title=Jammu and Kashmir| encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica| date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Malika Pukhraj (1912-2004) in 1920s.jpg|thumb|upright|Singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] in 1920s]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|Rank
!|Language
!|1961<ref name="Census">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cb7UAAAAMAAJ|chapter= Jammu & Kashmir: Jammu| title= District Census Handbook |first1= M. H.|last1= Kamili| year=1966|via=Google Books}}</ref>
|-
| 1
! [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| 55%
|-
| 2
! [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| 22%
|-
| 3
! [[Hindi]]
| 11.6%
|-
| —
! Other
|11.4%
|}

===Muslim communities===
{{main|1947 Jammu massacres}}
The city of Jammu had a significant Muslim population prior to the [[Partition of India]], 30 per cent by the 1941 census.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wreford |first=R.G. |title=Jammu and Kashmir, Parts I and II |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503972/page/n115/mode/1up |work=[[1941 Census of India]] |pages=102, 103 |via=archive.org}}</ref> During the [[1947 Jammu massacres]], which preceded and continued during the [[1947 Indo-Pakistani War|Pakistan tribal invasion of Kashmir]], many Muslims were killed and many driven away to Pakistan.<ref name="Bhasin">{{Cite news| url= http://www.kashmirlife.net/jammu-1947-issue-35-vol-07-89728/|title=Jammu 1947|last=Bhasin |first= Ved |author-link=Ved Bhasin|date=17 November 2015 |newspaper= Kashmir Life|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas Ahmad |title=Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947-1961 |date=September 2009 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/ |pages= 182, 183 |publisher=Centre for Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, School of Humanities, University of Southampton |access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmA0DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics|last1=Singh|first1=Amritjit|last2=Iyer|first2=Nalini|last3=Gairola|first3=Rahul K.|date=15 June 2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498531054|pages=149|language=en}}</ref>

After the conflict ended, many of the displaced Muslims returned and resettled back in the state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom| volume= 2 |year=2015 |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |location=Mirpur |page= 481| quote= Towards the middle of 1949, a movement for return started on a small scale which gained momentum by the end of 1950. A fair estimate of the returnees is about a hundred thousand. Sheikh Abdullah's Government re-settled them on their abandoned properties, advanced taqqavi loans and appointed a special staff to look after their problems.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jammu & Kashmir, 1947–50: An Account of Activities of First Three Years of Sheikh Abdullah's Government |page=90 |year=1951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjHHO3z_1_wC |publisher= Ranbir Government Press}}</ref> Others settled in [[Sialkot District]] and other parts of Pakistani Punjab. Many prominent Punjabi residents in Pakistan, including politician [[Chaudhry Amir Hussain]], economist [[Mahbub ul Haq]], Air Marshal [[Asghar Khan]], journalist [[Khalid Hasan]] and singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] were from Jammu.<ref name= Across>{{cite book|last=Puri |first=Luv |title=Across the Line of Control: Inside Azad Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYVcuqYr5FIC |date=2012 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80084-6}}</ref>{{rp|3, 31}} In 1961, about 17 per cent of the population in the city was Muslim.<ref>{{cite web| last= Kamili|first=H.M.|title=Jammu and Kashmir, District Census Handbook, 7, Jammu District| url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5856/1/22166_1961_JAM.pdf |work=[[1961 Census of India]]|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government|page=42}}</ref><ref name= Across />{{rp|30}}

==Education==
[[file:Common Lecture halls ,GCET Jammu.jpg|thumb|[[Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu]]]]
In the 2014–2015 [[Union budget of India|General Budget of India]], [[Arun Jaitley]], the [[Finance Minister of India]], proposed an [[Indian Institute of Technology]] and an [[Indian Institute of Management]] for the division. List of some educational institutions is provided below.

===Engineering Colleges in Jammu===
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Jammu]]
* [[Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu]]
* [[Model Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jammu]]
* University Institute of Engineering and Technology, [[University of Jammu]]

===Medical Institutions===
* [[Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine]], CSIR
* [[Government Medical College, Jammu]]

===Legal Institutions===
* [[Kishen Chand Law College]], Jammu
* [[Dogra Law College]], Jammu
* [[Calliope School of Legal Studies]], Jammu
* [[R. K. Law College]], Jammu

===General Degree Courses (colleges)===
* [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College]], Jammu
* [[Govt. MAM PG College, Jammu]]

===Universities===
* [[Central University of Jammu]]
* [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu]]
* [[University of Jammu]]

===Schools===
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Bantalab]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Sunjuwan]]

==Cuisine==
[[File:Famous Kalaadi of Ramnagar.jpg|thumb|[[Kalari cheese]]]]
Jammu is known for its [[Panjiri|sund panjeeri]], [[patisa]], [[rajma]] with rice and [[Kalari cheese]]. Dogri food specialties include ambal, khatta meat, [[Macrotyloma uniflorum|kulthein di dal]], dal patt, maa da madra, [[rajma]], and {{lang|mis|italic=no|auriya}}. Pickles typical of Jammu are made of [[Fiddlehead fern|kasrod]], {{lang|mis|italic=no|girgle}}, mango with [[saunf]], [[Yam (vegetable)|jimikand]], {{lang|mis|italic=no|tyaoo}}, {{lang|mis|italic=no|seyoo}}, and potatoes. Auriya is a dish made with potatoes. Jammu cuisine features various [[chaat]]s, especially [[Panipuri|gol gappas]], kachalu, [[Chole bhature]], gulgule, [[rajma]] [[Kulcha|kulche]] and [[Dahi vada|dahi palla]], among various others.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://citypincode.in/JAMMU_AND_KASHMIR/JAMMU |title=Jammu Pincode |publisher= | work= citypincode.in |access-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>

==Refugees==
===Kashmiri Pandit refugees===
{{main|Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus}}
Being comparatively safe from terrorism, Jammu city has become a hub of refugees. These primarily include [[Kashmiri Hindus]] who migrated from Kashmir Valley in 1989. Hindus from [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Jammu and Kashmir]] who migrated to India have also settled in Jammu city. According to records, approximately 31,619 Hindu families had migrated from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir to India. Of these 26,319 families are settled in Jammu.<ref>{{cite web |title= Application for Domicile for J&K| date= 2020-09-20 |url= https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1656969&reg=3&lang=1 |website= pib.gov.in| publisher= Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date= 2026-01-16}}</ref>

===Rohingya refugees===
{{main|2015 Rohingya refugee crisis}}
[[Rohingya people|Rohingyas]] who fled [[Rohingya conflict|Myanmar during 2016]] have also currently settled in Jammu.<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/as-jammu-becomes-home-for-refugees-from-four-communities-state-govt-has-to-deal-with-complex-issue-of-rights-4980561.html |title=As Jammu becomes home for refugees from four communities, govt has to deal with complex issue of rights |last=Sharma |first=Arjun |website= firstpost.com| publisher= |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1246_land/page9.shtml |title=Paradise Lost - the Kashmiri Pandits |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |work= bbc.co.uk | publisher= [[BBC World Service]] |access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Some believes the settlements of Rohingya Muslims have also raised security threats in Jammu.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/demographic-changes-make-jammu-ticking-time-bomb/ |title=Demographic changes make Jammu a "Ticking Time Bomb" | work=Daily Excelsior |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/columnists/rohingya-refugees--a-threat-to-jammu.html |title=Rohingya refugees: A threat to Jammu |last=Jain |first= Sandhya |access-date=21 March 2019 |work=The Pioneer |date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/demographic-changes-in-assam-bengal-j-k-kerala-aided-rise-of-fundamentalist-forces-himanta-119021901313_1.html |title= Demographic changes in Assam, Bengal, J&K, Kerala aided rise of fundamentalist forces: Himanta |publisher= [[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=19 February 2019 |work= Business Standard India |access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> During the [[2018 Sunjuwan attack]], intelligence agencies suspected but did not prove involvement of Rohingya Muslims in the attack.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-illegal-settlement-of-rohingya-to-be-probed-by-security-agencies/724545.html |title='Illegal settlement' of Rohingya to be probed by security agencies |last=Sharma |first=Arteev |quote=After terror attack on the Sunjuwan military station in February last year, Rohingya again came under the radar of security agencies as their alleged role in assisting militants was probed. However, their involvement has not been established as yet. |date=6 February 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019 |archive-date= 21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321184943/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-illegal-settlement-of-rohingya-to-be-probed-by-security-agencies/724545.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.orfonline.org/research/examining-indias-stance-on-the-rohingya-crisis/ |title=Examining India's stance on the Rohingya crisis |last=Yhome |first=K. |access-date=21 March 2019 |language=en-US |quote=In early February 2018, a terrorist attack on an army camp in Sunjuwan of Jammu city sparked a debate on the involvement of Rohingyas as many had settled around the camp.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bharti |last2=Dua |first2=Rohan |title=Sunjuwan Attack: After intelligence inputs, forces were told to be on alert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-intelligence-inputs-forces-were-told-to-be-on-alert/articleshow/62868233.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 February 2018 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

==Notable people==


*[[Maulana Abdur Rahman]], member of the [[2nd Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jammu (city)}}
*{{wikivoyage inline|Jammu}}

{{Jammu district}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu (City)}}
[[Category:Jammu (city)| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu district]]

[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Gola Barood

2026-03-12T19:18:49Z

NiklasPqy606: added layout per sources

{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gola Barood
| image = Gola Barood.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[David Dhawan]]
| writer = P. D. Mehra
| starring = [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Chunky Pandey]] [[Kimi Katkar]] [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]]
| producer = Ravinder Dhanoa
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| editing =
| released = {{Film date|1989|09|08|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
}}

'''''Gola Barood''''' is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[action film]] directed by [[David Dhawan]], produced by Ravindra Dhanoa, starring [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Chunky Pandey]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gola Barood|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/India-Bollywood-1998-Gola-Barood-Press-Book-Shatrughan-Sinha-Chunky-Pandey-/321192829784?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item4ac895a358|publisher=eBay|accessdate=2014-05-07}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gola Barood (1989) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gola-barood-6675 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174627/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/gola-barood-6675 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Plot==
Vijay is the son of a police officer, who detests the way his father treats hardcore criminals. One day he is attacked by criminals but is saved by Shambhu, an honest truck driver from nowhere. As time passes Shambhu becomes a dreaded criminal with a history of escaping prisons. Vijay takes interest in reforming criminals, and eventually becomes a Deputy Jailor and takes charge of Shambhu. Conflicts and emotions take place until one day Dabur, another villain, kidnaps Vijay's mother. Shambhu saves her and they become friends. But now Dabur kidnaps Shambhu's sister and asks Shambhu to rob the treasury. Shambhu has to rob the treasury to save his sister, and Vijay wants to stop him. Will Shambhu save his sister? Will Vijay stop the robbery? Or will Dabur succeed in his mission of evil?

==Cast==
*[[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Shambhu
*[[Chunky Pandey]] as Vijay
*[[Kimi Katkar]] as Reena
*[[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] as Pickpocket Rekha
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Vishraj
*[[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Dabar
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Tony
*[[Dan Dhanoa]] as Jack
*[[Jagdeep]] as Bus Conductor Hazarilal
*[[Pankaj Udhas]] as himself
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Police Commissioner Ajit Kapoor
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Police Inspector Naresh
*[[Shafi Inamdar]] as Jailor Vinod Sharma
*[[Sudhir Pandey]] as Inspector Mahendranath
*[[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Mrs. Mahendranath
*[[Asha sharma|Asha Sharma]] as Shambhu's Mother
*[[Kavita Thakurhn|Kavita Thakur]] as Guddi
*[[Sunil Dhawan]] as Shambhu's Maternal Uncle

==Songs==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Dard-E-Dil Ka Mere"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Doli Uthegi Aaj Teri Bahena"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Yaad Aayi, Yaad Aayi, Bhuli Woh Kahani Phir Yaad Aayi"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Pankaj Udhas]]
|-
| "Mujhe Logon Samajhke Chor, Sipahi Mere Peechhe"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| "Shabba Shabba"
| [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0363644|title=Gola Barood}}

{{David Dhawan}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by David Dhawan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1989 action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Karan Dewan

2026-03-12T05:21:27Z

NiklasPqy606: made info...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karan Dewan
| image = Karan Diwan in Ratan.JPG
| caption = Karan Diwan in [[Rattan (film)|Rattan 1944]] film.
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|11|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], Punjab, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|08|02|1917|11|06|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| death_cause =
| birth_name = Dewan Karan Chopra
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1939–1979
| spouse = Manju (actress)
}}
'''Karan Dewan''' (born '''Dewan Karan Chopra'''; 6 November 1917 – 2 August 1979) was an [[Indian cinema]] actor in [[Hindi]] film industry. He worked in over seventy films from 1939 to 1979. He started as a journalist while still in college,<ref name="Jain1960">{{cite book |author=Rikhab Dass Jain |title=The Economic Aspects of the Film Industry in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O74dAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 August 2015 |year=1960 |publisher=Atma Ram}}</ref> editing a film-based magazine in [[Urdu]].<ref name=Sathe>{{cite web |last1=Sathe |first1=V. P. |title=Karan Dewan |url=http://cineplot.com/karan-dewan-profile/ |website=cineplot.com |access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref> His brother was the film producer and director Jaimani Dewan.<ref name="Bhattacharya2013">{{cite book |author=Nandini Bhattacharya |title=Hindi Cinema: Repeating the Subject |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfByP2TG8MoC&pg=PA84 |access-date=4 August 2015 |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-18987-6 |pages=84– |chapter=2 - Imagining the past in the present}}</ref>

His decisive film was ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (1944), which was produced by his brother Jaimini Diwan, and this movie turned out to be the biggest hit of 1944.<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003">{{cite book |author1=Gulazāra |author2=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT82 |access-date=4 August 2015 |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |pages=82–}}</ref> He also sang songs in this movie under music director Naushad, and his song "Jab Tum Hi Chale Pardes" became popular.<ref name="Bajaj2014">{{cite book |author=J.K. Bajaj |title=On & Behind the Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1UqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2008-IA81 |access-date=4 August 2015 |date=26 March 2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5083-621-7 |pages=2008–}}</ref> He sang in films such as ''Piya Ghar Aaja'' (1947), ''Mitti Ke Khiloune'' (1948) and ''Lahore'' (1949). His other important films were ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' (1945), ''Lahore'' (1949), ''[[Dahej (film)|Dahej]]'', ''[[Pardes (1950 film)|Pardes]]'' (both 1950), ''[[Bahar (film)|Bahar]]'' (1951) and ''[[Teen Batti Char Raasta]]'' (1953). Known as a "jubilee star", about twenty of his films are stated to have been jubilee (twenty-five weeks or more) hits.<ref name=Sathe />

Dewan married co-actress Manju in 1944 following the release of ''Rattan'', in which she had a character role.<ref name=Sathe /> By 1966, he was working as a casting agent for the film unit of [[Maya (1966 film)|Maya]] (1966).<ref name="Coleman2007">{{cite book |author=Herbert Coleman |title=The Man Who Knew Hitchcock: A Hollywood Memoir |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pebXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA344 |access-date=4 August 2015 |date=8 February 2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-1-4617-0692-2 |pages=344– |chapter=55 - Maya}}</ref> He continued to work in the 1960s and 1970s playing supporting parts in films such as ''[[Apna Ghar]]'' (1960), ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'' (1965), ''Jeene Ki Raah'' (1969) and ''[[Nadaan (1971 film)|Nadaan]]'' (1971), with the last film in which he was credited being Sohanlal Kanwar's ''Atmaram'' (1979).

==Early life==
Dewan Karan Chopra, youngest of three brothers was born on 6 November 1917, at [[Gujranwala]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (now in Pakistan), [[British India]]. He studied in [[Lahore]], where he became interested in journalism and started editing a film magazine in [[Urdu]], ''Jagat Lakshmi''. One of the local distributors he met was [[Tarachand Barjatya]], who was then the Manager of Chandanmal Inder Kumar's distribution office at Lahore. Through his connection with Barjatya he landed in [[Calcutta]], and in 1939, made his acting debut as Puran in the [[Punjabi language]] feature film ''Puran Bhagat'' (1939).<ref name=Sathe />

==Career==

===1940s===
[[File:Piya Ghar Aaja (1948).jpg|thumb|right|[[Meena Kumari]] and Karan Dewan in ''Piya Ghar Aja'' (1948)]]
[[File:Mitti_Ke_Khiloune_(1948).jpg|thumb|right|Karan Dewan in ''Mitti Ke Khiloune'' (1948)]]
Dewan started his film career with the role of Puran in ''Puran Bhagat'' in Punjabi in 1939 in Calcutta. It was produced by Raisaheb Sukhlal Karnani and directed by Roop K. Shorey's father R. L. Shorey. His second film ''Mera Maahi'' (1941) was also a Punjabi film, directed by Shankar Mehta at Lahore and starring Ragini and Manorama. This was the movie in which he sang songs for the first time in the movies under the baton of legendary music director Shyam Sunder. Later, in ''Rattan'', he sang for the first time in Hindi movies for Naushad. [[B. R. Chopra]], then working as a film journalist in Lahore, helped Karan Dewan to get in touch with [[Devika Rani]], who invited Dewan to come to Bombay. When this did not help Dewan get films, he taught "Urdu pronunciation to actors and actresses".

In 1944, Karan Dewan acted in ''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'', a musical romantic drama, directed by M. Sadiq, which became one of the most popular films of that year. "A tremendous hit", it paired Dewan with [[Swaran Lata (actress)|Swaranlata]].<ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003" /> The music director was [[Naushad]], who gave a break to all the singers in the film; [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]], [[Amirbai Karnataki]], [[Rajkumari Dubey]], [[Tun Tun]] (as Uma Devi) and including Dewan himself. The songs of the film became popular.<ref name="Bajaj2014" /> The song "Saawan Ke Baadalon" (O Monsoon Clouds), sung by Dewan and Zohrabai Ambalewali, and picturised on Dewan and Swarnalata, became famous as the pair's "signature" song.<ref name="Mishra2013">{{cite book |author=Vijay Mishra |title=Bollywood Cinema: Temples of Desire |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1zcvGwVckgC&pg=PA149 |access-date=6 August 2015 |date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-31092-9 |pages=149– |chapter=5-The Actor As Parallel Text}}</ref> ''Gaali'' (1944) was a social film, written and directed by Rama Chowdhary, for producer Nanubhai Desai, under his N. R. Desai Productions banner. It co-starred Dewan with Manjula and [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]]. The film was stated to have been a commercial success at the box office.<ref name=filmindia>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Pictures In The Making |journal=Filmindia |date=January 1945 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=44 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194511unse#page/n45/mode/2up/search/Karan+Diwan |access-date=8 August 2015 |ref=N. R. Desai Productions (Bombay)}}</ref>

In 1945, ''Bhai Jan'' was a successful [[Muslim social]] family melodrama, which starred Dewan with [[Noor Jehan]], Shah Nawaz, [[Meena Shorey]] and Anees Khatoon. The music was composed by Shyam Sunder. The film was a debut from a small production company called United Films, and was praised for quality and content.<ref name=BhaiJan>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Review-Bhai Jan |journal=Filmindia |date=November 1945 |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=69 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194511unse#page/68/mode/2up |access-date=8 August 2015 |ref=Our Review "Bhai Jan" Exploits An Orthodox Theme}}</ref> Another Muslim social, which was a big success the same year, especially for its leading lady Noor Jehan, was ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]''. Directed by [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]], it had music by Mir Saheb with several popular songs sung by Noor Jehan.<ref name=Zeenat>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Review-Zeenat |journal=Filmindia |date=January 1946 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=71 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194814unse#page/n81/mode/2up/search/Karan+Dewan |access-date=8 August 2015 |ref=Our Review Zeenat}}</ref> In 1947, [[Nargis]], [[Begum Para]] and Dewan starred in ''Mehndi'', directed by S. Faizal.<ref name="Ahuja">{{cite book |author=M.L. Ahuja |title=EMINENT INDIANS: FILM PERSONALITIES |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7KeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3334-2 |pages=74– |chapter=Nargis}}</ref>

1948 had Dewan acting in films such as ''Phir Bhi Apna Hai'', ''Chand Chakori'' with Swaranlata, and ''[[Piya Ghar Aaja]]'' with [[Meena Kumari]]. ''Piya Ghar Aaja'' was a social film directed by Prahlad Dutt for [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]. It co-starred Dewan with Meena Kumari, Aga Jan and [[S. N. Tripathi]], with music composed by [[Bulo C Rani]]. The film was stated to be a "clean picture from Ranjit" free from "cheapness and vulgarity". Meena Kumari, who was then working in her second film as a lead, was praised for her acting.<ref name=PiyaGharAja>{{cite journal |last1=Patel |first1=Baburao |title=Review-Piya Ghar Aja |journal=Filmindia |date=June 1948 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=47 |url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194612unse#page/n441/mode/2up/search/Karan |access-date=8 August 2015 |ref=Our Review}}</ref> ''[[Chaman (film)|Chaman]]'' (Garden, 1948), the first post-[[Partition of India|Partition]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film in India, directed by Roop Shorey, and starring Karan Dewan, Meena Shorey and [[Kuldip Kaur]], became a major hit. The "melodious" music by composer [[Vinod ER|Vinod]] became "instantly popular".<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]] |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA166 |access-date=4 August 2015 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=166–}}</ref>

''Duniya'' (1949), directed by S. F. Hasnain, under the Fazli Brothers banner, had music by [[C. Ramchandra]] and starred [[Suraiya]] with Karan Dewan, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], and [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]].<ref name="Bharatan1995">{{cite book |author=Raju Bharatan |title=Lata Mangeshkar: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaafAAAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-7476-023-4 |pages=168}}</ref> ''[[Lahore (1949 film)|Lahore]]'' (1949), a film based on the effect partition had on people, had Dewan co-star with Nargis. It was produced by his brother Jaimani Dewan.<ref name="Daiya2011">{{cite book |author=Kavita Daiya |title=Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7a-FuiMcTYC&pg=PA88 |access-date=6 August 2015 |date=4 February 2011 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-744-2 |pages=88– |chapter=3}}</ref><ref name="George1994">{{cite book |author=T. J. S. George |title=The Life and Times of Nargis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byBlAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 August 2015 |year=1994 |publisher=Megatechnics |isbn=978-81-7223-149-1 |pages=206}}</ref>

===1950s===
In 1950, Dewan acted in six films, three of which were with M. Sadiq. ''[[Anmol Ratan]]'' (Rare Jewel), directed by M. Sadiq, was produced by Jaimini Dewan. It co-starred Meena Shorey (as Meena) and [[Nirmala Devi|Nirmala]]. The film had music composed by Vinod, who used [[Talat Mehmood]] for his first Hindi film venture. However, since ''[[Arzoo (1950 film)|Arzoo]]'' (1950), a film in which music was composed by [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] was released earlier, the first Talat song became "Ae Dil Mujhe Aisi" from ''Arzoo''.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book |author=Ashok Damodar Ranade |title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&pg=PA390 |access-date=5 August 2015 |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Bibliophile South Asia |isbn=978-81-85002-64-4 |pages=390–}}</ref> ''[[Pardes (1950 film)|Pardes]]'', a silver jubilee hit, directed by Sadiq, had [[Madhubala]] and [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] in a social family drama with music by [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akbar |first=Katijia |title=I want to live : the story of madhubala |publisher=Hay House Inc |year=1997 |isbn=978-93-81398-21-0 |location= |pages=138 |oclc=1049696819}}</ref> ''Sabak'' directed by Sadiq for his own Sadiq Productions, starred Dewan with [[Munawwar Sultana]] and [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]]; the music was by [[Alla Rakha]].

''[[Dahej (film)|Dahej]]'' (1950) was a melodrama about the evils of the dowry system. It was directed by [[V. Shantaram]] for his [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]. This was the first of two films Dewan worked in for Shantaram. The cast included [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Karan Dewan and Jayshree, with music by [[Vasant Desai]].<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 |access-date=7 August 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=317–}}</ref>

In 1951, Karan was cast in the box office success ''[[Bahar (film)|Bahar]]'', which had [[Vyjayantimala]] acting in her debut Hindi film. It was directed by [[M. V. Raman]] for [[AVM Productions]].<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite book |author=Rinki Roy Bhattacharya |title=BIMAL ROY'S MADHUMATI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8WTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3282-6 |pages=72–}}</ref> The music was composed by [[S. D. Burman]] in association with [[N. Dutta]].<ref name="Burman">{{cite book |author=Khagesh Dev Burman |title=S. D Burman The World of His Music |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYieAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT223 |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3042-6 |pages=223– |chapter=Appendix IV List of songs of S. D. Burman as music director |date=7 May 2013}}</ref> The film's success in Vyjayantimala's words made her a "national star overnight".<ref>{{cite book |last=Vyjayantimala |title=Bonding... A Memoir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkKYzRKeV7IC&pg=PT53 |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=Stellar Publishers |isbn=978-93-82035-01-5 |pages=53–}}</ref>

In 1953, Dewan acted in his second film with Shantaram; ''[[Teen Batti Char Raasta]]''. A social family comedy-drama on national integration, it starred Dewan with Dewan Sharar, [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] and [[Shashikala]].<ref name="Garga1996">{{cite book |author=Bhagwan Das Garga |title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 August 2015 |year=1996 |publisher=Eminence Designs |isbn=978-81-900602-1-9}}</ref> The music was composed by Shivram Krishna. {{Lang|hi-latn|Aag Ka Dariya}} was a 1953 film directed by Roop K. Shorey for Shorey Films. It starred [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] with Meena Shorey, [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] and Dewan.

1955 was a busy year with eight films. The directors he worked with that year ranged from [[Om Prakash]]; ''Duniya Gol Hai'', [[Shakti Samanta]]; ''Bahu'', Roop K. Shorey; ''Jalwa'', Dhirubhai Desai; ''Oonchi Haveli''. M. Sadiq's rare comedy venture; ''[[Musafirkhana (film)|Musafirkhana]]'' (Rest House) was a social comedy about three men from different places, who meet up in Bombay. Dewan, Om Prakash and Johnny Walker played the three characters.<ref name="Narwekar2012">{{cite book |author=Sanjit Narwekar |title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT187 |access-date=7 August 2015 |date=12 December 2012 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-2625-2 |pages=187– |chapter=13-The Image Manipulators}}</ref> Produced by Sadiq Productions, it had music by [[O. P. Nayyar]].

In 1956, Dewan acted in another production from M. Sadiq; ''Chhoo Mantar'' (Hocus Pocus), starring opposite Shyama, [[Anita Guha]] and Johnny Walker. The music was composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]].<ref name=ChhooMantar>{{cite web |title=Chhoo Mantar |url=http://www.citwf.com/film60374.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> ''Chandan'' in 1958, a family melodrama, was directed by M. V. Raman for Dossi films. The cast included [[Nutan]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Kishore Kumar]] and Johnny Walker, with popular songs such as "Aankh Milane Ke Liye", sung by [[Geeta Dutt]].<ref name="Ranade2006" />

===1960s–1970s===
With ''Apna Ghar'' in 1960, Dewan was relegated to playing supporting characters. The film was directed by Ram Pahwa and had [[Prem Nath]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] and [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] in main roles. The music director was [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]. Some of his important films during this period included ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'' (1965), ''[[Aamne Samne (1967 film)|Aamne Samne]]'' (1967), ''Jeene Ki Raah'' (1969), ''[[Maa Aur Mamta]]'' (1970), ''[[Nadaan (1971 film)|Nadaan]]'' (1971), ''[[Shehzada]]'' (1972), ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' (1973), ''[[Kala Sona]]'' (1975), ''Bhanwar'' (1976) and ''Atmaram'' (1979).

==Personal life==
Dewan married actress-singer Manju, who had earlier worked in ''[[Aadmi (1939 film)|Aadmi]]'' and its (original) Marathi version ''[[Manoos]]'' in 1939, in a character role. She worked for six years in films, notably a small but beautiful movie made by [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]] named [[Chhoti Chhoti Baatein]]. After acting in Dewan's most famous film ''Rattan'', the two got married and she stopped working. Dewan and Manju have five daughters and two sons. Dewan died on 2 August 1979, in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]].

==Filmography==
List:<ref name=Dewan>{{cite web |title=Karan Dewan |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=154981&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Filmo>{{cite web |title=Karan Dewan-Filmography |url=http://cineplot.com/karan-dewan-filmography/ |website=cineplot.com |publisher=Cineplot |access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Director
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Co-stars
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Composer
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Studio/Producer
|-
|1939 ||''Puran Bhagat'' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) ||R. L. Shorey || ||Dhummi Khan ||Raisaheb Sukhlal Karnani. (1939)<ref name=PuranBhagat>{{cite web |title=Puran Bhagat |url=http://www.citwf.com/film282746.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |access-date=7 August 2015 |ref=R. L. Shorey}}</ref>
|-
|1941 ||''Mera Mahi'' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]])||Shankar Mehta ||Ragini, Manorama || Shyam Sunder||
|-
|1942 ||''[[Tamanna (1942 film)|Tamanna]]'' (Desire) ||Phani Majumdar ||[[Leela Desai]], [[P. Jairaj]], [[Nargis]], [[Suraiya]] || [[K. C. Dey]] ||Laxmi Productions
|-
|1942 ||''Shobha'' ||Kumarsen Samarth ||[[Shobhna Samarth]], [[Shahu Modak]], Mubarak ||[[Vasant Desai]] ||[[Wadia Movietone]]
|-
|1943 ||''[[School Master (1943 film)|School Master]]'' ||C. M. Luhar (Chimanla Muljibhoy Luhar) ||Maya Bannerji, Kaushalya, Jeevan ||Ninu Majumdar ||Sun Art Pictures
|-
|1943 ||''Adab Arz'' (My Respects) ||V. C. Desai (Virendra Chimanlal Desai) ||[[Nalini Jaywant]], Sulochana Chatterjee ||[[Gyan Dutt]] ||Amar Pictures
|-
|1944 ||''[[Ghar Ki Shobha]]'' ||Harshadrai Mehta ||Swarnalata, Jagdish Sethi, Yashodhra Katju ||Alla Rakha ||Magnet Pictures
|-
|1944 ||''[[Rattan (film)|Rattan]]'' (The Jewel) ||M. Sadiq ||Swarnalata, Wasti, Manju ||[[Naushad]] ||Jaimani Dewan Productions
|-
|1944 ||''[[Gaali]]'' ||[[Rama Chowdhury]] ||[[Nirmala Devi|Nirmala]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Kanhaiyalal ||Sajjad Hussain || N. R. Desai Productions
|-
|1945 ||''[[Bhai Jaan]]'' ||S. Khalil ||[[Noor Jehan]], Meena Shorey || Shyam Sunder|| United Films
|-
|1945 ||''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' ||[[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]] ||[[Noor Jehan]], [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] ||Mir Saheb ||Eastern Pictures
|-
|1946 ||''[[Phir Bhi Apna Hai]]'' ||Raja Nene ||[[Nalini Jaywant]], Sunalini Devi, Saroj Borkar ||Ramchandra Pal ||Venus Pictures
|-
|1947 ||''Do Dil'' ||Jagdish Sethi ||[[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]], [[Suraiya]], Gulab ||Gobindram ||Jamuna Productions
|-
|1947 ||''Piya Ghar Aaja'' ||Prahlad Dutt ||[[Meena Kumari]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] || [[Bulo C Rani]] ||[[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]
|-
|1947 ||''Krishna Sudama'' ||R. Bajaj ||Balakram, [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] ||Shyam Babu ||National Artists
|-
|1947 ||''Mehandi'' (Henna) ||Sibtain Fazli ||[[Nargis]], [[Begum Para]], Murad, ||Ghulam Haider ||Fazli Bros
|-
|1947 ||''Gaon'' (The Village) ||Dwarka Khosla ||Indu, Tiwari ||[[Khemchand Prakash]] ||Jamuna Productions
|-
|1948 ||''Chaman (Punjabi)'' ||[[Roop K Shorey]] ||[[Meena Shorey]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Om Prakash]] ||[[Vinod]] ||Jaimini Pictures
|-
|1948 ||''Shakti'' ||S. I. Hassan || [[Suraiya]], [[Mumtaz Ali]], Sofia, Cuckoo ||Ram Prasad, Azim Baig ||Greater Bombay Pictures
|-
|1948 ||''Mitti Ke Khiloune'' ||Prahlad Dutt ||[[Nigar Sultana (actress)|Nigar Sultana]], [[Nirupa Roy]], [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] ||[[Bulo C Rani]] ||[[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Film Company]]<ref name=MittiKeKhiloune>{{cite web |title=Mitti Ke Khiloune |url=http://www.citwf.com/film226907.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |access-date=7 August 2015 |ref=Mitti Ke Khilone}}</ref>
|-
|1949 ||''Lahore'' ||M. L. Anand ||[[Nargis]], [[Kanan Devi]], [[Om Prakash]] ||Shyam Sunder ||Jaimani Dewan Production
|-
|1949 ||''Duniya'' ||S. F. Hussain ||Suraiya, Yakub, [[Shakila (actress)|Shakila]], [[Bhudo Advani]] ||[[C. Ramchandra]] ||Fazli Bros
|-
|1949 ||''Rakhi'' ||Shanti Kumar ||[[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], Yashodhara Katju ||[[Husnlal Bhagatram]] ||Prakash
|-
|1950 ||''Wafa'' (Trust) ||J. P. Advani (Jagatrai Pesumal Advani) ||Shyam, [[Nimmi]], [[I. S. Johar]], Yakub ||[[Vinod ER|Vinod, Bulo C Rani]] ||Goodluck Pictures
|-
|1950 ||''[[Anmol Ratan]]'' (Rare Jewel) || M. Sadiq || Meena Shorey, [[Nirmala Devi|Nirmala]], Gope ||[[Vinod ER|Vinod]] ||Dewan Production
|-
|1950 ||''Chhoti Bhabhi'' ||Shanti Kumar ||[[Nargis]], [[Shyam (actor)|Shyam]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]] ||[[Husnlal Bhagatram]] ||Filmkar
|-
|1950 ||''[[Dahej (film)|Dahej]]'' (The Dowry) ||[[V. Shantaram]] ||[[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Jayshree, [[Lalita Pawar]] ||[[Vasant Desai]] ||[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
|-
|1950 ||''[[Pardes (1950 film)|Pardes]]'' (Abroad) ||M. Sadiq ||[[Madhubala]], [[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]], [[Surendra (actor)|Surendra]], [[Cuckoo Moray|Cuckoo]]|| [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]] ||All India Pictures
|-
|1950 ||''Sabak'' (The Lesson) ||M. Sadiq ||[[Munawwar Sultana]], Kumar, [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Om Prakash]] ||A. R. Qureshi ||Sadiq Productions
|-
|1951 ||''Bhai Ka Pyar'' (A Brother's Love) ||Raja Nene ||[[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Jagdish Sethi]], Sunalini Devi ||Ramchandra Pal ||Charolia Production
|-
|1951 ||''Bahar'' ||M. V. Raman ||[[Vyjayantimala]], Pandhari Bai, [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Om Prakash]] ||[[S. D. Burman]] ||[[AVM Productions]]
|-
|1951 ||''Ek Nazar'' (One Look) ||[[O. P. Dutta]] ||[[Nalini Jaywant]], [[Gope (actor)|Gope]], Kuldip Kaur, Rehman ||[[S. D. Burman]] ||Kuldip Pictures
|-
|1953 ||''[[Aag Ka Dariya]]'' (The River Of Fire) ||[[Roop K. Shorey]] ||[[Meena Shorey]], [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] ||Vinod ||Shorey Films
|-
|1953 ||''Jalianwala Baag Ki Jyot'' (The Flame Of Jalianwala Baag) ||Rama Chowdhary (R. S. Chowdhary) ||[[Achla Sachdev]], David, Kamlesh Kumari, Roopmala ||[[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] ||Famous Pictures
|-
|1953 ||''[[Teen Batti Char Raasta]]'' (Three Lights Four Roads) ||[[V. Shantaram]] ||Sandhya, [[Shashikala]], Nirupa Roy, Smriti Biswas ||Shivram Krishna ||[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
|-
|1954 ||''Raman'' ||Hiren Bose ||[[Meena Shorey]], Purnima, Om Prakash, Cuckoo ||Vinod ||Metropolitan Films
|-
|1954 ||''Guzara'' (Making A Living) || S. M. Yusuf ||Jabeen Jalil, Paro ||Ghulam Mohammed ||Aina Pictures
|-
|1954 ||''Laadla'' ||Surya Kumar ||[[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], Agha, Krishna Kumari ||[[Vinod ER|Vinod]] ||Verma Films
|-
|1955 ||''Duniya Gol Hai'' ||[[Om Prakash]] ||[[Anita Guha]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], Indu Paul, Om Prakash ||[[C. Ramchandra]] ||New Sai Production
|-
|1955 ||''Bahu'' (Daughter-In-Law) ||[[Shakti Samanta]] ||Usha Kiron, Shashikala, Johnny Walker, Mehmood, Pran ||[[Hemant Kumar]] ||P. R. Films
|-
|1955 ||''Jashan'' ||S. Shamshuddin ||[[Vyjayantimala]], [[Kuldip Kaur]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] ||[[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] ||National Studios
|-
|1955 ||''Jalwa'' ||Roop K. Shorey ||Meena Shorey, [[Begum Para]], [[Hari Shivdasani]] ||Vinod ||Shorey Films
|-
|1955 ||''Sau Ka Note'' (Hundred Rupee Note) ||Yeshwant Pethkar||[[Geeta Bali]], Begum Para, Krishna Kumari ||S. Mohinder ||R. S. Films
|-
|1955 ||''[[Musafirkhana (film)|Musafirkhana]]'' (Rest House) ||M. Sadiq ||Shyama, [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Om Prakash]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], Gope ||[[O. P. Nayyar]] ||Sadiq Production
|-
|1955 ||''Oonchi Haveli'' (The Big Mansion) ||Dhirubhai Desai ||[[Bhagwan (actor)|Bhagwan]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Nirupa Roy]] ||Shivram Krishna ||Sharad Productions
|-
|1955 ||''Deewar'' (Wall) ||I.S. Bali ||Munawwar Sultana, Bhagwan, [[Sheikh Mukhtar]] ||Mohammed Shafi ||Indralok Pictures
|-
|1956 ||''[[Chhoo Mantar]]'' (Hocus Pocus) ||M. Sadiq ||Shyama, Anita Guha, Johnny Walker ||[[O. P. Nayyar]] ||Sadiq Production
|-
|1958 ||''Chandan'' (Sandalwood) ||M. V. Raman ||[[Nutan (actress)|Nutan]], [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] ||[[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]] ||Dossi Films
|-
|1958 ||''Miss 1958'' ||Kuldip Kahar ||[[Suraiya]], [[Madan Puri]], Naaz, Krishna Kumari ||[[N. Dutta]] ||A. K. Movies
|-
|1958 ||''Taqdeer'' ||A. S. Arora ||Shyama, Asha Mathur, Madan Puri ||Dhaniram ||Neela Productions
|-
|1959 ||''Madhu'' ||Gyan Mukerjee, S. Banerjee ||[[Meena Kumari]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]], [[Tun Tun]] ||Roshan ||Maya Art Pictures
|-
|1959 || ''[[School Master (1959 film)|School Master]]'' ||[[B. R. Panthulu]] ||[[Kamini Kadam]], B. R. Panthulu, Shakila, [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Gemini Ganeshan]] ||[[Vasant Desai]] ||A. L. S. Production
|-
|1960 ||''Apna Ghar'' ||Ram Pahwa ||[[Prem Nath]], Shyama, [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] ||[[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] ||Kaizer Films
|-
|1961 || ''Jija ji (Punjabi)'' ||Baldev R Jhingan||Nishi, Sunder || Sapan Jagmohan || S Kirpal
|-
|1961 ||''Tanhai'' (Loneliness) ||Ram Gabale ||[[Usha Kiran]], Purnima ||Mohammed Shafi ||Padma Production
|-
|1962 ||''Raj Nandini'' ||Ramchandra Pal ||[[Ameeta]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]], [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] ||Ramchandra Pal ||Pal Films
|-
|1965 ||''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'' (The Patriot) ||S. Ram Sharma ||[[Manoj Kumar]], [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Indrani Mukherjee]] ||[[Prem Dhawan]] ||K. P. K. Movies
|-
|1966 ||''[[Daadi Maa]]'' ||[[L. V. Prasad]]||[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Bina Rai]], [[Durga Khote]] ||[[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]] ||[[L. V. Prasad]]
|-
|1967 ||''[[Aamne Samne (1967 film)|Aamne Samne]]'' (Neighbours) ||Suraj Prakash ||[[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Prem Chopra]] ||[[Kalyanji–Anandji]] ||Suraj Prakash
|-
|1969 ||''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'' (The Way Of Life) ||[[L. V. Prasad]] ||[[Jeetendra]], [[Tanuja]], Anjali ||[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]||Prasad Production
|-
|Rowspan="2"|1972 ||''[[Shehzada]]'' (The Prince) ||K. Shanker ||[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]], [[Veena (actress)|Veena]] ||[[R. D. Burman]] ||Surinder Kapoor
|-
|[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]|| [[Ramesh Sippy]] || [[Hema Malini]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Dharmendra]]||[[R. D. Burman]] || [[G.P.Sippy]]
|-
|-
|1973|| [[Daag (1973 film)|Daag]] || [[Yash Chopra]] ||[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Rakhee Gulzar]]||[[Laxmikant Pyarelal]] || [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-

|1976 ||''[[Bhanwar (film)|Bhanwar]]'' (The Whirlpool) ||[[Bhappi Sonie]] ||[[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Kamini Kaushal]], [[Ashok Kumar]] ||[[R. D. Burman]] ||Nand Mirani, Shyam Keswani
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dewan, Karan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Punjab, India]]

Jaipur International Airport

2026-03-11T14:38:01Z

NiklasPqy606: slightly correct references as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Airport serving Jaipur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Jaipur International Airport
| nativename = 
| image = Jaipur Airport Logo.svg
| image2 = NIGHT - Jaipur International Airport (13-07-2022) 01.jpg
| image2-width = 250
| caption2 =
| IATA = JAI
| ICAO = VIJP
| type = Public
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| operator = [[Adani Group|Jaipur International Airport Limited]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbonds.com/company/271985/|title=Jaipur International Airport|website=cbonds.com|access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref>
| city-served = [[Jaipur]]
| location = [[Sanganer]], Jaipur, [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| metric-elev = yes
| elevation-f = 1,263
| elevation-m = 385
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|49|27|N|075|48|44|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|adani.com/jaipur-airport}}
| pushpin_map = India Jaipur#India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label = '''JAI'''
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12|frame-latitude=26.8241667|frame-longitude=75.8122222}}
| focus_city = <div>
*[[Air India Express]]
*[[IndiGo]]</div>
| metric-rwy = yes
| r1-number = 08/26
| r1-length-f = 11,178
| r1-length-m = 3,407
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]/[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 6,057,249 ({{increase}} 10.8%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movement
| stat2-data = 48,407 ({{increase}} 7.9%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 21,761 ({{increase}} 12.1%)
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref name="AAI3">{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Jaipur International Airport''' {{Airport codes|JAI|VIJP}} is an [[international airport]] serving [[Jaipur]], the capital of [[Rajasthan]]. It is located in the southern suburb of [[Sanganer]], located about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|title=Jaipur Airport|publisher=Airports Authority of India|access-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614003327/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/jaipur_generalinfo.jsp|archive-date=14 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the [[List of the busiest airports in India|13th-busiest airport in India]] in daily scheduled flight operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-jaipur-airport-lands-in-11th-spot-2588910 |title=Jaipur airport 'lands' in 11th spot |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:SanganerAirportJaipur2.jpg|thumb|Name board for the airport]]
[[File:JaipurTerminal2.jpg|thumb|Jaipur International Airport's Terminal 2, seen from the apron side]]

On 29 December 2005, the airport was granted the status of international airport.<ref name="International Status">{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport to get international status|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929223200/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-29/india/27846342_1_international-status-jaipur-airport-international-flights|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 December 2005}}</ref> The airport's [[Airport ramp|apron]] can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipur airport expansion|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|access-date=30 June 2014|date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185317/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=vguj9Ov3dPulsGSTtM7FMsSLVEFY2P4ktfysyhEWCDxHXrj0=|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 1 July 2009, the second terminal was inaugurated,<ref name="Terminal"/> and further expanded in 2019 when its runway width was expanded by around 20 meters on each side, a new hall was built in the departure area, and three conveyor belts and 2 new aerobridges were installed.<ref>{{cite web |author=ट्रेंडिंग न्यूज़ अलर्ट |url=https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |title=Modifications started in existing terminal |publisher=M.bhaskar.com |access-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001645/https://m.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/c-10-LCL-1400-crores-will-be-our-airport-of-dreams-jp0969-NOR.html |archive-date=14 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/new-bldgs-to-decongest-jaipur-airport-from-may/articleshow/68119188.cms |title=New buildings to decongest Jaipur airport from May | Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=23 February 2019 |access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>

Between 2018-24, T1 was upgraded, floor area was expanded from 10,000 to 18,000 square meters and redesigned to reflect traditional Rajasthani architecture.<ref name=jaipt3>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/jaipur-airport-terminal-one-renovation-for-international-flights/articleshow/63200451.cms|title=[4]|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/terminal-one-renovation-rajasthani-look-international-flights-035626-387247.html|title=[5]|publisher=Bhaskar.com|access-date=19 March 2025}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

2016 plan to construct a new [[greenfield airport]] for [[Jaipur]] at different location just outside the [[Jaipur Ring Road]] at Shivdaspura,<ref>{{cite web|title=New Jaipur Shivdaspura Airport|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/new-jaipur-shivdaspura-airport|work=CAPA|access-date=8 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> was abandoned in May 2023 due to the lack of viability and the acquired land was used for developing an economic hub.<ref>{{cite news |title=Economic hub planned on land meant for airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/economic-hub-planned-on-land-meant-for-airport/articleshow/100045119.cms |access-date=19 March 2025 |date=7 May 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greenfield Airport Project |url=https://www.landconflictwatch.org/conflicts/greenfield-airport-project# |website=Land Conflict Watch |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

==Terminals==

===Terminal T1: International ===

T1, being exclusively used as the international terminal.<ref name=jaipt1>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajasthan/rajasthan-cm-inaugurates-terminal-1-of-jaipur-international-airport/article68800517.ece|title=Rajasthan CM inaugurates terminal 1 of Jaipur international airport|date=17 March 2024|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

===Terminal T2: Domestic ===

T2, used exclusively as the domestic [[Airport terminal|terminal]],<ref name="Terminal">{{cite news|title=New domestic terminal set for take-off on 1 July|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/New-domestic-terminal-set-for-take-off-on-July-1/articleshow/4682413.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907143239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-21/jaipur/28169431_1_new-terminal-traces-of-psychotropic-drugs-domestic-fliers|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Terminal2">{{cite news|title=Passengers welcomed on Terminal-2
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Passengers-welcomed-on-Terminal-2/articleshow/4726502.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606093152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-02/jaipur/28209454_1_terminal-building-new-terminal-international-terminal|url-status=live|archive-date=6 June 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=2 July 2009}}</ref> has {{convert|22950|m2|sqft}} area, 14 [[airport check-in]] counters, four security counters, [[central heating system]], central air conditioning, an inline [[x-ray]] baggage inspection system integrated with the departure conveyor system, baggage claim carousels, [[escalators]], [[public address]] system, [[flight information display system]], CCTV for surveillance, [[airport check-in]] counters with Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE), car parking, etc.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} The domestic terminal building, built in Rajasthani architecture with [[sandstone]] and [[Dholpur]] stone, has a peak hour passenger handling capacity of 500 passengers and an annual handling capacity of 400,000. It has three VIP lounges.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Domestic-flights-to-take-off-from-terminal-2/articleshow/4722234.cms |title=Domestic flights to take off from terminal-2 | Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=1 July 2009 |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=About aimectimes (184 Articles) |url=https://jaipur.org/2012/12/06/jaipur-airport-terminal-2/ |title=Jaipur Airport Terminal 2 – Voice Of Jaipur |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Jaipur.org |access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>

===Terminal T3: proposed===

A 2018 plan for expansion, which envisaged annual passenger growth from 5 million passengers to over 10 million by 2023, a new passenger terminal T3 on 1.25 lakh square meters area was expected to be completed by 2026/27.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Neha|title=Jaipur Airport new Terminal to be 7 times Larger than the Existing One|url=http://newsofrajasthan.com/jaipur-airport-new-terminal-7-times-larger/|work=News of Rajasthan|date=20 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2023|language=en}}</ref> It is yet to see any progress as of August 2025.

===Air cargo terminal===
[[File:Jaipur international airport, jaipur.jpg|thumb|An AirAsia X A330 at Jaipur International Airport]]

Cargo terminal, adjacent to the T1, has an area of approximately {{convert|700|m2|sqft}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Passenger flights==
{{anchor | Destinations | Destination }}

===Airlines and destinations===

{{Airport-dest-list

| [[Air Arabia]] | [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]]<ref>{{OAGWorldMay2025Ref|title=Sharjah, United Arab Emirates SHJ|pages=1056-1057}}</ref>

| [[Air India]] | [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2025/10/air-india-boosts-flights-in-winter-schedule/|title=Air India boosts flights in winter schedule.|date=20 October 2025 |accessdate=22 October 2025}}</ref>

| [[Akasa Air]] | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Mopa Airport | Goa]]

| {{nowrap|[[Air India Express]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|title=Our Network|work=Air India Express|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>}} |[[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AirIndiaX/status/1811984195973009703|title=Introducing direct flights between Guwahati and Jaipur from 12 August 2024.|work=Air India Express|accessdate=12 July 2024}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Air India Express NS25 Domestic Network Additions – 20APR25 |url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250421-ixns25in |website=Aeroroutes |access-date=21 April 2025}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]}} | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Kullu–Manali Airport|Kullu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/jaipur-to-kullu-flight-services-begin-from-today-in-bonanza-for-tourists-from-rajasthan-know-details-10194310|title= Jaipur to Kullu Flight Commencement|date= 14 October 2024}}</ref>

| [[Etihad Airways]] | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates AUH|pages=14-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240229-eyjun24|title= Etihad further expands NS24 operations from June 2024}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}} | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Bareilly Airport|Bareilly]],<ref name="dom">{{cite news|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/230307-6edom|title=INDIGO 1H23 DOMESTIC ROUTES ADDITION SUMMARY – 05MAR23|work=Aeroroutes|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Bhopal]],<ref name="dom"/> [[Chandigarh Airport|Chandigarh]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Dehradun Airport|Dehradun]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Kangra Airport|Dharamshala]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArenaJet/status/1766450063956414503|title=IndiGo to launch 2nd Route from Dharamshala, From April 2, the airline will connect Chandigarh to Dharamshala|work=JetArena|accessdate=22 April 2024}}</ref> [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa's 2nd international airport starts operations, first flight lands from Hyderabad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jan/05/goas-2nd-international-airport-starts-operations-firstflight-landsfrom-hyderabad-2534958.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport|Indore]], [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Joy|title=IndiGo announces connectivity to Jaisalmer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indigo-announces-connectivity-to-jaisalmer/articleshow/102917084.cms|work=The Times of India|date=21 August 2023|access-date=22 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> [[Jodhpur Airport|Jodhpur]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/indigo-announces-new-jodhpur-jaipur-flight-to-boost-domestic-connectivity-9875411.html|title=IndiGo announces new Jodhpur-Jaipur flight to boost domestic connectivity|work=Moneycontrol|date=16 January 2023|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Lucknow]], [[Navi Mumbai International Airport|Mumbai–Navi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-to-commence-navi-mumbai-international-airport-operations-from-december-25/articleshow/125342581.cms?from=mdr|title=IndiGo to commence flight operations for Navi Mumbai International Airport on December 25|access-date=15 November 2025|date=15 November 2025}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Pantnagar Airport|Pantnagar]],<ref name="dom"/> [[Pune Airport|Pune]], [[Surat Airport|Surat]],{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Maharana Pratap Airport|Udaipur]]

| [[SalamAir]] | [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Cherian|first=Dona|title=Oman's SalamAir launches routes to five destinations in India|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/omans-salamair-launches-routes-to-five-destinations-in-india-1.1700584250064|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=21 November 2023|access-date=23 November 2023|language=en}}</ref>

| {{nowrap|[[SpiceJet]]}} | [[Ahmedabad Airport|Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/11/16/spicejet-adds-another-ahmedabad-jaipur-direct-flight/|title=SpiceJet adds another Ahmedabad-Jaipur direct flight|work=deshgujarat|date=16 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024}}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]], [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai–Shivaji]], [[Pune Airport|Pune]],<ref>{{cite web|title=SpiceJet adds Pune service| url=https://corporate.spicejet.com/Schedules.aspx|website=SpiceJet|accessdate=11 May 2024}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Prayagraj Airport|Prayagraj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/250102-sg1q25ixd|title=SpiceJet Adds Prayagraj Service in 1Q25|date=2 January 2025|website=Aeroroutes}}</ref>

| [[Star Air (India)|Star Air]] | [[Belgaum Airport|Belgaum]]{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

| [[Thai AirAsia]] | [[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Bangkok, Thailand BKK|pages=109-113}}</ref>
}}

=== Top destinations ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Busiest domestic routes from Jaipur International Airport, CY 2024<ref name="DGCAintro">{{cite web |title=City‑pair‑wise Monthly Domestic Passenger Traffic Statistics – 2024 |url=https://www.dgca.gov.in/digigov-portal/?main259/4184/servicename=&page=monthlyStatistics/259/9373/html |access-date=9 May 2025 |publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation}}</ref>
! Rank !! Destination (IATA) !! Passengers (2024) !! Main airlines
|-
| 1 || Delhi (DEL) || 1,520,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express; Akasa Air; SpiceJet;
|-
| 2 || Mumbai (BOM) || 1,280,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express; Akasa Air; [[Air India]]
|-
| 3 || Bengaluru (BLR) || 920,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express
|-
| 4 || Hyderabad (HYD) || 630,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express
|-
| 5 || Ahmedabad (AMD) || 570,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express
|-
| 6 || Pune (PNQ) || 500,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express; SpiceJet
|-
| 7 || Lucknow (LKO) || 400,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Air India Express
|-
| 8 || Goa (GOX/GOI) || 380,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo; Akasa Air
|-
| 9 || Kolkata (CCU) || 350,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || [[IndiGo]], [[SpiceJet]], [[Air India Express]]
|-
|10 || Chandigarh (IXC) || 320,000<ref name="DGCA2024" /> || IndiGo
|}

<ref name="DGCA2024">{{cite web |title=City‑pair‑wise Monthly Domestic Passenger Traffic Statistics – 2024 (machine‑readable copy) |url=https://dataful.in/datasets/21014/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |publisher=Directorate General of Civil Aviation (via Dataful)}}</ref>

==Other details==

===Runway===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Runways at Jaipur International Airport
!Runway number
!Length
!Width
!Approach lights/[[Instrument landing system|ILS]]
!Comments/citations
|-
|08/26
|{{convert|3407|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|CAT III-B / CAT III-B
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-airport-set-to-handle-bigger-planes/articleshow/54301857.cms |title=Jaipur airport set to handle bigger planes | Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=13 September 2016 |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/trial-of-cat-iiib-lighting-system-at-airport-from-december-8/articleshow/55281285.cms |title=Trial of CAT-IIIB lighting system at airport from December 8 | Jaipur News - Times of India |publisher=M.timesofindia.com |date=7 November 2016 |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkcitypost.com/jaipur-airport-taxiway/ |title=Jaipur airport to have a taxiway |publisher=The PinkCity Post |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=30 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Awards===

The airport was declared as the ''World's Best Airport'' in the category of 2 to 5 million passengers per annum three consecutive times in 2015, 2016 and 2018 by [[Airports Council International]].<ref name="BEST AIRPORT">{{cite news|title=Airport Service Quality Awards|url=http://www.aci.aero/Airport-Service-Quality/ASQ-Awards/Current-Winners/Best-Airport-By-Size/2-5million}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jaipur-srinagar-top-ranked-airports-in-small-aerodrome-category/articleshow/61134627.cms|title=Jaipur, Srinagar top ranked airports in small aerodrome category |date=18 October 2017|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipur Airport wins the 'Best Airport in the World' award, Lucknow second|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-jaipur-airport-wins-the-best-airport-in-the-world-award-lucknow-second-2190475|work=[[Zee News]]|date=21 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

===Incidents===

* On 18 February 1969, [[Douglas DC-3]] VT-CJH of [[Indian Airlines]] crashed on take-off on a scheduled passenger flight. The aircraft was overloaded and take-off was either downwind or with a crosswind. All 30 people on board survived.<ref name=ASN180269a>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690218-0 |title=VT-CJH Accident Description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref>
* On 5 January 2014, Flight AI-890 [[Airbus A320]] VT-ESH of [[Air India]] from [[Imphal]] to [[Delhi]] via [[Guwahati]] was diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in Delhi. The rear tire of the plane burst during landing, damaging the right wing. The plane received substantial damage and the aircraft was written off. All 173 passengers and six crew members survived.<ref>{{cite web|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A320-231 VT-ESH Jaipur International Airport|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20140105-2|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|access-date=25 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=First person account: Air India passenger on Guwahati-Delhi flight recounts horror : India, News - India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/air-india-flight-delhi-to-jaipur-airbus-a320-burst-tyre-175810-2014-01-06|access-date=25 March 2015|issue=7 January 2014|publisher=India Today}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Airports in India]]
* [[List of busiest airports in India by passenger traffic]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Jaipur International Airport}}
*{{Official website|https://www.adani.com/jaipur-airport}}
*{{ASN|JAI}}
{{Adani Group}}
{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}
{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Airports in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:International airports in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Prakash Loungani

2026-03-09T23:10:39Z

NiklasPqy606: creating new details

{{short description|Indian macroeconomist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prakash Loungani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] [[University of Rochester]]
| occupation = [[Macroeconomics|Macroeconomist]], writer, professor
| years_active =
| known_for = Economics
| notable_works =
}}
'''Prakash Loungani''' is a macroeconomist known for his work on the difficulty of forecasting recessions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harford |first=Tim |date=2014-05-30 |title=An astonishing record - of complete failure |url=https://www.ft.com/content/70a2a978-adac-11e7-8076-0a4bdda92ca2 |access-date=2017-12-06 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/sep/02/economic-forecasting-flawed-science-data|title=Why economic forecasting has always been a flawed science|last=Shaw|first=Adam|date=2017-09-02|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p058qrkt|title=Forecasting: How to Map the Future, Global Business - BBC World Service|website=BBC|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref> He proffers “[[inclusive growth]]” through research on understanding and lowering unemployment (“Okun’s Law: Fit at 50?”<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ball|first1=Laurence|author1-link=Laurence M. Ball|last2=Leigh|first2=Daniel|last3=Loungani|first3=Prakash|date=2017-10-01|title=Okun's Law: Fit at 50?|journal=Journal of Money, Credit and Banking|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=1413–1441|doi=10.1111/jmcb.12420|s2cid=18828626 |issn=1538-4616|hdl=10419/101356|hdl-access=free}}</ref>); documenting the impact of austerity on inequality (“Painful Medicine”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/09/Ball.htm|title=Finance and Development|website=Finance and Development {{!}} F&D|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref>); and uncovering the role of unfettered capital mobility across national borders in lowering labor’s share of income (“Opening Up to Inequity”).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2016/03/furceri.htm|title=Opening Up to Inequity -- Finance & Development, March 2016|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1158930/13-economists-on-the-best-research-of-2017/|title=13 economists on the research that shaped our world in 2017|last=Kopf|first=Dan|work=Quartz|access-date=2017-12-26|language=en-US}}</ref> His early research focused on understanding the impacts of oil prices on the economy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=In-Moo|last2=Loungani|first2=Prakash|date=1992|title=The role of energy in real business cycle models|url=https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeemoneco/v_3a29_3ay_3a1992_3ai_3a2_3ap_3a173-189.htm|journal=Journal of Monetary Economics|volume=29|issue=2|pages=173–189|issn=0304-3932|doi=10.1016/0304-3932(92)90011-p|hdl=2027/uc1.31822006648067|hdl-access=free}}</ref> He is an advisor and senior personnel manager in the [[International Monetary Fund]]'s Independent Evaluation Office. He blogs as ''The Unassuming Economist''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unassumingeconomist.com/|title=The Unassuming Economist|website=unassumingeconomist.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref>

== Career and education ==
Loungani earned his BA from the University of Bombay (now the [[University of Mumbai]]) and his MA and PhD in economics from the [[University of Rochester]]. Prior to joining the IMF in 1998, he was an analyst at the Federal Reserve Board's International Finance Division (covering Asian economies during the 1997-98 crisis), a senior economist at the [[Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago]] during 1990-92, and an assistant professor at the [[University of Florida]] during 1986-90. He was an adjunct professor of management at Vanderbilt University from 2001 to 2017. Since 2023, Loungani has served as Program Director and a senior lecturer for the Master of Science in Applied Economics<ref>{{cite web|title=Prakash Loungani|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|url=https://advanced.jhu.edu/directory/prakash-loungani/}}</ref> program at [[Johns Hopkins University]].

== Publications ==
Loungani has over 30 publications in the leading field journals in economics, which places him among the top 5% of economists based on citations and impact, according to IDEAS/RePEc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ideas.repec.org/e/plo21.html#stats|title=Prakash Loungani {{!}} IDEAS/RePEc|last=|website=ideas.repec.org|access-date=2017-12-06}}</ref> In addition to his technical work, he is known for his profiles of famous economists, including Robert Barro, Dani Rodrik, Jeff Sachs, Joseph Stiglitz and Stanley Fischer.

===Selected works===
* The distributional effects of capital account liberalization, IMF Working Paper 15/243, '''''Journal of Development Economics''''', 2018, vol. 30, 127-44 (with D. Furceri).
* Okun’s law: fit at fifty? '''''Journal of Money, Credit & Banking''','' 2017, vol. 49 (Oct.), 1413–41 (with L. Ball and D. Leigh).
* Regional labor market adjustments in the United States, '''''Review of Economics & Statistics''''', 2017, vol. 99 (May), 243-57 (with M. Dao and D. Furceri).
* How accurate are private sector forecasts? Cross-country evidence from consensus forecasts of output growth, 2001, '''''International Journal of Forecasting''''', Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 419–32.
* The role of energy in real business cycle models, 1992, '''''Journal of Monetary Economics''''', Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 173–89 (with In-Moo Kim).

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://unassumingeconomist.com/about-me/ Prakash Loungani: Bio]
* {{cite web|title=Citations|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=b_Hjq6UAAAAJ&hl=en|publisher=[[Google Scholar]]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loungani, Prakash}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Rochester alumni]]
[[Category:University of Florida faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]

Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru

2026-03-07T05:50:45Z

NiklasPqy606: made a entry...

{{Short description|Indian film by B. Dhandapani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru
| image = Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = B. Dhandapani
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M. Dhanishanimugamani
| starring = Guru Jeeva [[Aara (actress)|Aara]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Dhalapathy Krushy
| editing = Lokesh
| music = [[Taj Noor]]
| studio = Best Movies
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|11|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru''''' ({{Translation|Guru is at the peak}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by B. Dhandapani and starring Guru Jeeva and [[Aara (actress)|Aara]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2018 |title=Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/guru-uchaththula-irukkaru/articleshow/62650564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813213211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/guru-uchaththula-irukkaru/articleshow/62650564.cms |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=15 November 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Guru Jeeva as Virat
*[[Aara (actress)|Aara]] as Tamizhselvi
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Uthamaputhiran
*[[Pandiarajan]]
*[[Imman Annachi]]
*[[Namo Narayana]]
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
*[[Crane Manohar]]
*[[Naadodigal Gopal]] as Village panchayat leader
}}

== Production ==
Newcomer Guru Jeeva, who studied visual communications, plays the lead role along with [[Aara (actress)|Aara]], who starred in ''[[Paisa (2016 film)|Paisa]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hopes of a debutant: Look out for Director B Dhandapani's political comedy 'Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/22/hopes-of-a-debutant-look-out-for-director-b-dhandapanis-political-comedy-guru-uchaththula-irukkar-1707332.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812093917/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/22/hopes-of-a-debutant-look-out-for-director-b-dhandapanis-political-comedy-guru-uchaththula-irukkar-1707332.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="d">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=9 November 2017 |title=The makers of Guru Uchchathula… take a unique route |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091117/the-makers-of-guru-uchchathula-take-a-unique-route.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812093918/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091117/the-makers-of-guru-uchchathula-take-a-unique-route.html |archive-date=12 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[Taj Noor]] with lyrics by Meenakshi Sundaram, [[Pa. Vijay]] and [[Snehan]].<ref name="d" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2017 |title=குரு உச்சத்துல இருக்காரு இசை வெளியானது [Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru Audio Release] |url=https://chennaivision.com/குரு-உச்சத்துல-இருக்காரு/ |website=Chennai Vision |language=ta}}</ref> A writer from ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' called the song "Pothum Otha Sollu" melodious.<ref>{{Cite web |title=விடைபெறும் 2017: தன்னை முன்னிறுத்தாத இசை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/112827-2017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813213553/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/112827-2017.html |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film released in November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=24 November 2017 |title='Kadvi Hawa', 'Ajji' prominent releases this week as 'Padmavati' postponed |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/PDvqPCFBcEf9O02NNS9UTP/Kadvi-Hawa-Ajji-prominent-releases-this-week-as-Padmav.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813213209/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/PDvqPCFBcEf9O02NNS9UTP/Kadvi-Hawa-Ajji-prominent-releases-this-week-as-Padmav.html |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that the film is "as engaging as watching paint dry".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/guru-uchaththula-irukkaru/movie-review/61792861.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' called the film "average".<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=குரு உச்சத்துல இருக்காரு [Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru] |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/11/29224353/1131751/Guru-Uchaththula-Irukkaru-Movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811030730/https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/cinema/review/2017/11/29224353/1131751/Guru-Uchaththula-Irukkaru-Movie-review.vpf |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=13 August 2022 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title|7675440}}

[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]

M. R. S. Rao

2026-03-05T15:07:13Z

NiklasPqy606: fix lead per sources and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian scientist (1948–2023)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = M. R. S. Rao
| image = Prof MRS Rao -Lab Office.JPG
| caption = Rao in 2010
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1948|01|21|}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|08|13|1948|01|21}}
| death_place = [[Bangaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| citizenship =
| field = [[Biological Sciences]]
| work_institution = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]]
| alma_mater = [[Bangalore University]] [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[G. Padmanabhan]]
| doctoral_students = [[Tapas Kumar Kundu]] [[B. J. Rao]]
| known_for = [[Chromatin]] Biology and Cancer Biology
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| prizes = [[Padma Shri]] (2010) and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]](1988)
| footnotes =
| signature =
}}

'''Manchanahalli Rangaswamy Satyanarayana Rao''' (21 January 1948 – 13 August 2023) was an Indian scientist. He was awarded the fourth-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Shri]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma awardees list at www.india.gov.in|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/celebration2.php}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Padma awardees information at Public Bureau Information (PIB) web portal, Government of India|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=57307}}</ref> for Science and Engineering in 2010. From 2003 to 2013 he was president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR) in [[Bangalore]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Message from President, JNCASR |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/mrsrao}}</ref>

==Education and personal life==
Rao obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in 1966 and Master's of Science degree in 1968 from [[Bangalore University]]. He received his Ph.D. in [[biochemistry]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Bangalore]] in 1973. Former IISc Director [[Govindarajan Padmanabhan]] was his doctoral advisor at the Department of Biochemistry. From 1974 to 1976 he was an assistant professor at [[Baylor College of Medicine]] in [[Houston]], Texas, where he performed his [[postdoctoral research]]. He later returned to India and joined the Department of Biochemistry at IISc as a faculty.

Rao was an honorary professor at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR), Bangalore and was actively running its [[Chromatin]] Biology<ref>{{cite web|title=Chromatin Biology Laboratory of Prof. M.R.S. Rao|url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/pmessage.php}}</ref> laboratory until his death. He has been credited as the first scientist to initiate Chromatin Biology research in [[India]]. During his research career, his lab at IISc and JNCASR, has mentored many Ph.D. students, [[postdoctoral]] fellows, and research trainees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni information of Chromatin Biology Lab, IISc/JNCASR |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/mrsrao/index.php?menu_id=10&user_id=21&page_id=371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804084438/http://www.jncasr.ac.in/mrsrao/index.php?menu_id=10&user_id=21&page_id=371 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=Chromatin Biology Lab Moleculer Biology and Genetics Unit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Present lab members of Chromatin Biology Lab, JNCASR |url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/mrsrao/index.php?menu_id=9&user_id=21&page_id=370 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804071047/http://www.jncasr.ac.in/mrsrao/index.php?menu_id=9&user_id=21&page_id=370 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=Chromatin Biology Lab Moleculer Biology and Genetics Unit}}</ref>

Rao was married to Padma S. Rao with whom he had two sons. Rao died on 13 August 2023, at the age of 75.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eminent scientist Padma Shri MRS Rao passes away in Bengaluru at 75 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/aug/14/eminent-scientistpadma-shri-mrs-rao-passes-away-in-bengaluru-at-75-2605157.html |access-date=14 August 2023 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

==Professional life==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2023}}[[Image:Dr Manmohan Singh with Prof CNR Rao and Prof MRS Rao at JNCASR.JPG|thumb|Rao with [[Manmohan Singh]], Prime Minister of India; [[B.S. Yeddyurappa]], Chief Minister of [[Karnataka]]; and [[C. N. R. Rao]] during a function at JNCASR, Bangalore.]]

After his [[postdoctoral research]] and assistant professorship at Baylor College of Medicine, he returned to India in 1978 and joined the IISc's Department of Biochemistry as an assistant professor. He was promoted to associate professor in 1987 and professor in 1991. He was the chairman of IISc's Centre for Genetic Engineering from 1990 to 1993. On several occasions, he served as a visiting professor at [[Baylor College of Medicine]] (1983, 1986), [[Harvard Medical School]] (1988–1990, 1993), [[Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research]], and [[University of California at San Diego]] (1998).

In 2003, he was appointed chair and president of [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research]] (JNCASR), [[Bangalore]]. He was the chairperson of IISc's Department of Biochemistry (1998–2003) and Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit from 2005 to 2009. He served as president of the Society of Biological Chemists (India) for two terms between 2000 and 2004. Rao was a governing body member and scientific advisor to several research institutes in India. He was a former chairman of the Board of Governors of [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala. He was a member of the Board of Governors of [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]]; chairman of the Research Council of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]], Kolkata; and member of the Selection/Search Committee of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] Directors.

Rao served as a chairperson or subject matter expert for several scientific councils and academies, such as [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]; [[Department of Biotechnology]]; [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]; [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]; [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]; [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]; [[Indian National Science Academy]]; [[Third World Academy of Sciences]]; and science policy-making committees in [[Government of India]] organisations, institutions and universities. He was the chairperson for the Task Force on Human Genetics & Genome Analysis at the Department of Biotechnology, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chairperson of Task Force on Human Genetics & Genome Analysis, DBT- India |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=180 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316083008/https://dbtindia.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=180 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=Department of Biology, Ministry of Science and Technology}}</ref> He was also a member of the governing body of the Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore. He served as a member of the academic council of Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Academic Council Member of Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research|url=http://www.ppisr.res.in/council.html|access-date=7 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181121/http://ppisr.res.in/council.html|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2010, Rao was appointed a member of the National Science and Engineering Research Board, which supports innovation, research and development in various sciences in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India notification dated June 11, 2010 |url=http://www.dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/SERB_BOARD_NOTIFICATION-MEMBER.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122024700/http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programme/SERB_BOARD_NOTIFICATION-MEMBER.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2010 |access-date=13 October 2010}}</ref>

Rao was on the editorial board of several peer-reviewed journals, including as senior member on the editorial board of the American Journal of Cancer Research (AJCR).<ref>{{cite journal|title= Senior Editorial Board Member of American Journal of Cancer Research | journal=American Journal of Cancer Research| issn=2156-6976|url=http://www.ajcr.us/EditorialBoard.html}}</ref>

==Publications==
Rao was a scientific researcher and author of many peer-reviewed and oft-cited international journal articles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Most of his research work had been focused on [[Chromatin]] biology and Cancer biology.

{{As of|2023|August}}, his 1993 publication<ref>{{cite journal|title= The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, Cell, 1993; Vol 75(5):1027–1038|journal=Cell |date=3 December 1993 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=1027–1038 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(93)90546-3 |pmid=8252616 |url=http://www.cell.com/abstract/0092-8674(93)90546-3 |last1=Fishel |first1=Richard |last2=Lescoe |first2=Mary Kay |last3=Rao |first3=M. R. S. |last4=Copeland |first4=Neal G. |last5=Jenkins |first5=Nancy A. |last6=Garber |first6=Judy |last7=Kane |first7=Michael |last8=Kolodner |first8=Richard |s2cid=46235760 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> on [[colon cancer]], published in [[Cell (journal)]], has been [[citations|cited]] over 3700 times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,33&q=%22The+human+mutator+gene+homolog+MSH2+and+its+association+with+hereditary+nonpolyposis+colon+cancer%22&btnG= |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
{{More citations needed section|date=August 2023}}
Rao had received several medals, awards and fellowships both in India and abroad. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2010 for his contribution to Science and Engineering. He received the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in 1988 from the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR),<ref>{{cite web |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatanagar Prize winners (1958–1998) |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/13729624/Bhatnagar-Prize-Winner |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028213140/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13729624/Bhatnagar-Prize-Winner |archive-date=28 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centenary Award from the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 2005,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centenary Award (Year 2004–2005) of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) |url=http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/award2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062831/http://www.icmr.nic.in/award/award2005.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Lecture award from the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA), the [[FICCI]] Award, the J. C. Bose Medal of INSA, a [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Biotechnology Fellowship, the Om Prakash Bhasin Award, the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS) Medal Lecture Award 2008, the [[Ranbaxy]] Science Foundation Award for Basic Medical Sciences, and the Sir M. Visveswaraiah Senior Scientist State award from the [[Government of Karnataka]]. He received the Prof. N. Appaji Rao Best Mentor Award in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|title= Prof. N. Appaji Rao Best Mentor Award (Year 2011) of the Indian Institute of Science Alumni Association (IIScAA)|url=http://www.jncasr.ac.in/newsview.php?id=135}}</ref> an award given by the Indian Institute of Science Alumni Association (IIScAA), Bangalore.

Rao was a fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS), Bangalore; the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA), Delhi; the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI), [[Allahabad]]; the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] (FAMS), India; the [[Third World Academy of Science]] (TWAS), [[Trieste, Italy]]; the [[American Society for Cell Biology]], the [[American Society for Microbiology]], the [[American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]], and the [[Human Genome Organization]].

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|M. R. S. Rao}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, M. R. S.}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Arjuna Award

2026-03-04T11:02:59Z

NiklasPqy606: general enhance intro to improve readability and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian sports award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Arjuna Award
| image = Mohammed Shami Arjuna Award.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = [[Mohammed Shami]] receiving the Arjuna Award in 2024
| subheader = Civilian award for outstanding contributions to Sports (Individual/Team)
| awarded_for = Sports honour in [[India]]
| sponsor = [[Government of India]]
| firstawarded = 1961
| final_award = 2024
| reward = [[Indian rupee|₹]]15,00,000<ref>{{cite news |title=A news website NDTV | newspaper=Ndtvsports.com | url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/national-sports-awards-2024-how-much-prize-money-do-khel-ratna-arjuna-awardees-get-4828020#:~:text=The%20awardees%20of%20the%20Arjuna,Rs%205%20lakhs%20in%202020.}}</ref>
| former name =
| website =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 967 individuals + 1 team award
| previous =
| higher = Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna
| next = [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]]
}}
{{Bar graph
| title = Arjuna award recipients<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 14.5
| width_units = em
| data_max = 178
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 1961–1969
| data1 = 95
| comment1 =+ 1 team award
| label2 = 1970–1979
| data2 = 136
| label3 = 1980–1989
| data3 = 147
| label4 = 1990–1999
| data4 = 147
| label5 = 2000–2009
| data5 = 151
| label6 = 2010–2019
| data6 = 178
| label7 = 2020–2029
| data7 = 119
}}

The '''Arjuna Award''', officially known as '''Arjuna Awards given for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games''',<ref name ="Scheme" /> is the second-highest sporting honour of [[India]], the highest being the Major Dhyan Chand [[Khel Ratna Award]]. The award is named after [[Arjuna]], one of the characters of the [[Sanskrit]] [[Indian epic poetry|epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' of [[History of India|ancient India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691139968/the-bhagavad-gita|title=The Bhagavad Gita|date=26 October 2014|isbn=978-0-691-13996-8|language=en|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.}}</ref> In [[Hinduism]], he has been seen as a symbol of hard work, dedication and concentration.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Sports Ministry unveils new look Sports Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=26 August 2009|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112951/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|url-status=live}}</ref> It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. Before the introduction of the [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]] in 1991–1992, the Arjuna award was the highest sporting honour of India.<ref name="EverestNews" /><ref>{{cite press release|title=Vishwanathan Anand gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=18 August 1992|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The nominations for the award are received from all government-recognised national sports federations, the [[Indian Olympic Association]], the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, the state and the union territory governments and the Major Dhyan Chandra Khel Ratna, Arjuna, [[Dhyan Chand Award|Dhyan Chand]] and [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya]] awardees of the previous years. The recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured for their "good performance in the field of sports over a period of four years" at the international level and for having shown "qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline." {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}."{{efn|name=a}}

Instituted in 1961 to honour the outstanding sportspersons of the country,<ref>{{cite web|title=India in Sports: Some Fabulous Achievements|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=11 February 2017|author=Bhardwaj, D. K.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813230542/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the award over the years has undergone a number of expansions, reviews and rationalizations. The award was expanded to include all the recognised sporting disciplines in 1977, introduced indigenous games and physically handicapped categories in 1995 and introduced a lifetime contribution category in 1995 leading to creation of a separate [[Dhyan Chand Award]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Cash awards for Arjuna winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=12 October 1977|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Awards further expanded|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=24 May 1995|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The latest revision in 2018 stipulates that the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like [[Olympic Games]], [[Paralympic Games]], [[Asian Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[World championship|World Championship]] and [[World cup competition|World Cup]] along with [[cricket]], indigenous games, and [[Disabled sports|Parasports]]. It also recommends giving only fifteen awards in a year, relaxing in case of excellent performance in major [[Multi-sport event|multi-sport events]], team sports, across gender and giving away of at least one award in the physically challenged category.<ref name="Scheme"/>

== History ==
Since the year 2001, the award is given only in disciplines falling under the following categories:
* Olympic Games / Asian Games / Commonwealth Games / World Cup / World Championship Disciplines and Cricket
* Indigenous Games
* Sports for the Physically Challenged


==Lists of recipients==
===By year===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (1961–1969)|Arjuna Award recipients (1961–1969)]]
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (1970–1979)|Arjuna Award recipients (1970–1979)]]
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (1980–1989)|Arjuna Award recipients (1980–1989)]]
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (1990–1999)|Arjuna Award recipients (1990–1999)]]
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (2000–2009)|Arjuna Award recipients (2000–2009)]]
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (2010–2019)|Arjuna Award recipients (2010–2019)]]
* [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (2020–2029)|Arjuna Award recipients (2020–2029)]]
}}
===By sport===
====Olympic sports====
{{main|List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#ArcheryAA|Archery]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in athletics#AA|Athletics]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in badminton#AA|Badminton]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#BasketballAA|Basketball]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in boxing#AA|Boxing]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#CyclingAA|Cycling]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#EquestrianAA|Equestrian]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#FencingAA|Fencing]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#FootballAA|Football]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#GolfAA|Golf]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#GymnasticsAA|Gymnastics]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in hockey#AA|Hockey]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#JudoAA|Judo]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Lawn TennisAA|Lawn Tennis]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#RowingAA|Rowing]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in shooting#AA|Shooting]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#SwimmingAA|Swimming]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Table TennisAA|Table Tennis]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#VolleyballAA|Volleyball]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#WeightliftingAA|Weightlifting]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in Olympic sports#Winter SportsAA|Winter Sports]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in wrestling#AA|Wrestling]]
}}

====Non Olympic sports====
{{main|List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Adventure SportsAA|Adventure Sports]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Ball BadmintonAA|Ball Badminton]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Billiards & SnookerAA|Billiards & Snooker]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#BodybuildingAA|Bodybuilding]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#CarromAA|Carrom]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#ChessAA|Chess]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in cricket#AA|Cricket]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#KabaddiAA|Kabaddi]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Kho KhoAA|Kho Kho]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Motor SportsAA|Motor Sports]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#MountaineeringAA|Mountaineering]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#PoloAA|Polo]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#PowerliftingAA|Powerlifting]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#Roller SkatingAA|Roller Skating]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#SquashAA|Squash]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#WushuAA|Wushu]]
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in non-Olympic sports#YachtingAA|Yachting]]
}}
====Parasports====
{{main|List of National Sports Award recipients in parasports}}
* [[List of National Sports Award recipients in parasports#AA|Parasports]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=a|The cash prize was introduced in the year 1977{{ndash}}1978 as a scholarship of {{INRConvert|200}} a month for 2 years.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Two years Scholarship for winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-&-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=27 October 1978|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-%26-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revised to one time cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|k}} in 1986,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Award for 1986 to 13 Sports persons|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=12 January 1988|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|20|k}} in 1987,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=30 May 1989|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|50|k}} in 1993,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna awards, Dronachrya awards for 1998 Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=22 July 1993|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} in 1998,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=1 September 1998|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143138/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2001,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Arjuna Awards scheme Revised|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=3 April 2002|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143222/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2009,<ref>{{cite press release|title=Several initiatives undertaken for transformation of sports|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=22 September 2020|date=22 December 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163838/http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|url-status=live}}</ref> and to {{INRConvert|15|l}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enhancement of cash amount of Sports Awards 2020|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=22 September 2020|date=27 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143104/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ArjunaAward">{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961-2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=National Sports Awards-2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1582410|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=13 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229190956/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1582410|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|title=National Sports Awards 2020|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=13 September 2020|df=dmy-all|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143213/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2021 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=23 November 2022|date=2 November 2021}}
*{{cite press release|title=Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announces National Sports Awards 2022|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1875896|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=23 November 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|title=Revised Scheme of Arjuna Award|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=22 September 2020|date=7 September 2018|df=dmy-all|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="EverestNews">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Team spirit at its peak for Arjuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |access-date=22 September 2020 |work=Telegraph India |date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205604/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Arjuna Award}}

*{{Official website|https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0}}

{{Arjuna Award}}
{{National Sports Awards}}

[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award| ]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1961]]
[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]

Sirf Tum

2026-03-03T23:44:20Z

NiklasPqy606: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sirf Tum
| image = Sirf Tum poster.jpg

| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Agathiyan|Ahathian]]
| producer = [[Boney Kapoor]]
| writer = Ahathian [[Anees Bazmee]] (dialogues)
| story = Ahathian
| starring = [[Sanjay Kapoor]] [[Priya Gill]] [[Sushmita Sen]] [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Mohnish Behl]]
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = [[Thangar Bachan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (Tamil) by Ahathian}}
| editing = [[Waman Bhonsle]]
| studio = Narsimha Entertprises [[Eros International]]
| distributor = Eros International
| released = {{Film date|1999|06|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2417|title=Sirf Tum – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=18 September 2022|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921174319/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2417|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}11 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Sirf Tum''''' ({{Translation|Only You}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Agathian|Ahathian]]. It was released on 11 June 1999. The film features [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Priya Gill]], [[Sushmita Sen]], [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Mohnish Behl]]. Shot in [[Nainital]], [[Kerala]] and [[Houston]], it is a remake of the 1996 Tamil film ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.easterneye.biz/5-best-movies-of-sanjay-kapoor/|title = 5 best movies of Sanjay Kapoor|date = 30 October 2018|access-date = 17 March 2020|archive-date = 26 November 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221126054214/https://www.easterneye.biz/5-best-movies-of-sanjay-kapoor/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/jun/11sirf.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: The Sirf Tum review|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 July 2022|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505162715/https://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/jun/11sirf.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
Deepak Rai comes across a purse that contains educational certificates belonging to a woman named Aarti. He finds out that she lives in [[Nainital]] and mails her stuff back to her; this starts an enduring correspondence through letters.

Even though the couple has never seen each other, there is a mutual attraction. Aarti's older sister and brother-in-law, Nirmal, are encouraging to a certain extent. While Nirmal suggests she marry a Mr. Prem, a renowned young businessman in his neighborhood and business partner, Aarti's older sister wants Aarti to choose her own life partner.

One day, Aarti starts out on her journey to locate and meet Deepak without informing him that she is on her way. Deepak is currently living in Delhi as he has a job contract with his boss, Neha, temporarily there. Not helping matters is Neha, who is romantically inclined to him, too, but Deepak is not. His heart pines for Aarti. Due to this reason, he resigns, and desperate to make ends meet, starts to drive an auto rickshaw at the behest of Pritam, whom he had befriended when he respected him as a human when he first arrived in Delhi, and Pritam helped him when he did not have a place of his own.

During the correspondence, a few months back, Aarti had gifted Deepak a woollen sweater with an image of a "lit diya" knitted over it. When Aarti arrives in Delhi, she looks for Deepak's address and workplace, hoping she can meet him unaware and surprise him with her presence and see what he is really like. She fails to find Deepak and decides to go back because a week had passed and time was running out. She might not get a chance to come and meet him again. Sadly, she reaches the train station to return home.

Unbeknownst, when Aarti first arrived in Delhi and her rickshaw broke down, she had hired Deepak's auto and had been traveling with him the whole day. While Deepak drops her off at the station, someone mistakenly spills coffee over Deepak's shirt. Deepak removes his shirt, revealing the woollen sweater beneath. Aarti recognizes it, calls out Deepak's name loudl,y and both recognize each other and how they had been looking for each other the whole time.

The film ends with Aarti and Deepak embracing each other while Pritam and Jency look at them with joy.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Deepak
* [[Priya Gill]] as Aarti
* [[Sushmita Sen]] as Neha
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Pritam
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Jency
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Ranjit
* [[Kader Khan]] as Phone Booth Operator
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Niranjan
* [[Shobha Khote]] as Hostel Warden
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Nirmal
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Bharti
* [[Deepshikha]] as Dancer in song "Kabhi To Kudi Phans Jayegi"
* [[Gurdas Maan]] as Himself in song "Kabhi To Kudi Phans Jayegi"
* [[Salman Khan]] as Prem (Special appearance)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sirf Tum
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 March 1999
| recorded = 1996–1997
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 68:00
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

All songs are composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]], with lyrics penned by [[Sameer Anjaan (lyricist)|Sameer]]. Cassettes and CDs are available on [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

The hit duet "Pehli Pehli Baar Mohabbat Ki Hai" became especially popular. The title track "Sirf Tum" is offered in both duet and female-only versions. "Dilbar Dilbar", sung by Alka Yagnik, was a chart-topper and later remixed for the 2018 film [[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|''Satyameva Jayate'']]. The album sold around 2.2 million units, ranking it the 9th best-selling Bollywood soundtrack in India in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2010-01-02 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The long qawwali "Ek Mulaqat Zaroori Hai Sanam" appears twice—the original and a reprise version. "Dekho Zara Kaise Balkhake Chali" features Punjabi singer Gurdas Maan, who also appears in the song sequence.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1. || "Pehli Pehli Baar Mohabbat Ki Hai" || [[Alka Yagnik]] & [[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
| 2. || "Sirf Tum" || [[Anuradha Paudwal]] & [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
| 3. || "[[Dilbar (song)|Dilbar Dilbar]]" || Alka Yagnik
|-
| 4. || "Panchi Sur Main Gaate Hai" || [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| 5. || "Ek Mulakat Zaruri Hai Sanam" ||[[Sabri Brothers|Ameen Sabri & Fareed Sabri]]
|-
| 6. || "Uparwala Apne Saath Hai" || Kumar Sanu
|-
| 7. || "Dekho Zara Kaise Balkhake Chali" || [[Gurdas Maan]]
|-
| 8. || "Sirf Tum" || Anuradha Paudwal
|-
| 9. || "Ek Mulaqat Zaruri Hai Sanam" (Reprise) ||Ameen Sabri & Fareed Sabri & [[Jaspinder Narula]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0244794}}

{{Agathiyan}}

[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Houston]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:1999 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Agathiyan]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Andarivaadu

2026-03-03T18:01:49Z

NiklasPqy606: rework intro for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|2005 Telugu film directed by Srinu Vaitla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Andarivaadu
| image = andarivadu.jpg
| writer = '''Story''': Bhupathi Raja '''Screenplay''': Bhupathi Raja Srinu Vaitla '''Dialogues''': [[Kona Venkat]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Rimi Sen]] [[Rakshita]]
| director = [[Srinu Vaitla]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| distributor = [[Geetha Arts]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2005|06|04}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| cinematography = Kabir Lal
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| budget = 
}}

'''''Andarivaadu: Man of the Masses''''' ({{translation|Everyone's man}}) is a 2005 India [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action film|action]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]]. The film stars [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Rimi Sen]], and [[Rakshita]] while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Sarath Babu]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] and [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The film released on 4 June 2005. In 2006, the film was dubbed in Hindi as ''Ek Aur Himmatwala''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ormA2pZ4Nw_channel=EagleHomeEntertainments |title=Ek Aur Himmathwala (HD) Hindi Dubbed Full Length Movie |publisher=YouTube.com|date=2016-10-18 |access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Govindarajulu is a construction worker who drinks a lot and lives a carefree life. On the other hand, his son Siddartha is a popular TV show host and a very disciplined man — the opposite of his father. Siddhu gets Govindu married to Shanti to sober him.

Siddhu is in love with Swetha, the daughter of a big-time contractor named Veerendra. Veerendra happens to be a childhood friend of Govindu but currently dislikes him due to his behavior. He agrees to get Swetha married to Siddhu but tells Govindu that for the marriage to take place, he must distance himself from Siddhu because Veerendra does not want to be publicly known as connected to Govindu. Govindu decides to fake kicking Siddhu out of the house to let his son be happy.

At the engagement, though, Siddhu publicly reveals the condition that Veerendra has given. It is revealed that Govindu's friend had told Siddhu about the condition, and Siddhu walks out of the engagement party with Govindu. When Veerendra complains about his reputation being ruined, Swetha decides to separate Govindu and Siddhu to get revenge. She begs Govindu to forgive her and take her as his daughter-in-law, as she had not known about Veerendra's condition. Govindu says that if Siddhu wants her, then he is willing to have her in the house because he holds no grudge and wants Siddhu to be happy. Siddhu decides that as long as Govindu is happy, he is too, and agrees to marry Swetha.

Meanwhile, Govindu has differences with a big-time rowdy contractor named Satti Pehelwan. Swetha moves into the house and starts creating differences between Govindu and Siddhu with the help of her cousin Sathi Babu, but she fails miserably each time. The rest of the film revolves around whether she succeeds in her schemes.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Chiranjeevi]] as Govindarajulu "Govindu" and Siddharth "Siddhu"
*[[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] as Young Siddhu
*[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Shanti, Govindarajulu’s wife
*[[Rimi Sen]] as Swetha, Siddu's love interest
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Police Commissioner Narayana, Veerendra’s friend
*[[Rakshita]] as Cheetila Chinni / Janaki
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Minister Sadhu (Cameo)
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Veerendra (Eeru Babu), Swetha's father
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Amrutham, Shanti's mother
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Samarasimma Reddy, Shanti's father
*[[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Satti Pehelwan
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Bangaraju, Siddu's co-reporter
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Sathi Babu, Swetha's cousin and Nephew Of Veerendra
*[[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]] as Police Inspector Shiva
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Vasundhara, Govindarajaulu and Siddharth's paternal mother
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Govindarajaulu and Siddharth's foster mother and Police’s family
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Lakshmi, Govindarajaulu and Siddharth's mother
*[[Janaki Sabesh]] as Annapurna, Govindu and Siddhu's friend mother
*[[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Govindarajaulu and Siddharth's foster father
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Govindu and Siddhu's father
*[[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Govnidu and Siddhu's friend father
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Sivaramakrishnayya, Govindu's and Siddhu's paternal father
*[[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Krishna, Govinda's friend
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Thatharao, Govinda's friend
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu, Govinda's friend
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Jhansi, Swetha's mother Veerendra's wife
*[[Salim Baig]] as Pandu, Pahelwan's younger brother
*[[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] as Hitech Priest
*Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Dattu
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Krishna Rao
*[[Madhu Shalini]] as Pooja
*[[Harish Shankar]] as Shankar
*[[Raghava Lawrence]] in a special appearance
*[[Sajja Teja|Master Sajja Teja]] as Siddhu's son (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The [[muhurat shot]] took place on 28 October 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-geetaarts.html|title=Muhurat - Geeta Arts Production No. 25 - Chiranjeevi|date=28 October 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-andarivadu.html|title=Audio release - Andarivadu|date=23 May 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paduchu Bangarama
| extra1 = [[Mallikarjun]], Sumangali
| lyrics1 =
| length1 = 4:45

| title2 =Ammamma Nee Meesam
| extra2 = [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], [[Udit Narayan]]
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 4:46

| title3 = Kodi Koora Chillu Gaari
| extra3 = Tippu, [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| lyrics3 =
| length3 = 4:54

| title4= Andarivaadu
| extra4 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 3:57

| title5 = Okati Rendu Moodu
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Grace Karunas]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 4:28

| title6 = F T V Figaralle
| extra6 = [[K.K]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| lyrics6 =
| length6 = 4:24
| total_length = 27:38
}}

== Reception ==
B. Anuradha of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Barring some rib-tickling comedy, the much-hyped ''Andharivadu'' is a huge disappointment as it lacks a good storyline."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chiranjeevi is good, but Andharivadu disappoints|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07and.htm|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[Rediff.com]]|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710192411/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/07and.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' also echoed the same and stated: "There is nothing new as far as presentation goes and on the whole it is a damp squib. A Chiranjeevi film will work only if his larger-than-life image is given a new twist with something freash in treatment and director Seenu Vytla has not been able to provide the necessary punch."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-24|title=Review : Andarivadu|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/andarivadu-review-telugu-pclvKcfiibagc.html|access-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142255/https://www.sify.com/movies/andarivadu-review-telugu-pclvKcfiibagc.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|work=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film three out of five and wrote that "''Andarivadu'' is definitely worth a watch for Govindarajulu character".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-andarivadu.html|title=Movie review - Andarivadu|date=4 June 2005|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0431776|Andarivaadu}}

{{Srinu Vaitla}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srinu Vaitla]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]

Semma Botha Aagathey

2026-03-03T03:12:45Z

NiklasPqy606: Created New Data W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Semma Botha Aagathey
| image = Semma Botha Aagatha - Movie Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Badri Venkatesh]]
| producer = [[Atharvaa]] [[Etcetera Entertainment|V. Madhiazhagan]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Atharvaa]] [[Mishti]] [[Anaika Soti]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Amarnath]]
| editing = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| studio = Kickass Entertainment [[Etcetera Entertainment]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|06|29|ref1=<ref name="release">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2018 |title=Semma Botha Aagathey new release date is 29th June |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2018/06/atharvaas-semma-botha-aagathey-new-release-date-is-29th-june.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163410/https://moviegalleri.net/2018/06/atharvaas-semma-botha-aagathey-new-release-date-is-29th-june.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |publisher=moviegalleri.net}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Semma Botha Aagathey''''' ({{translation|Don't get too high}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Badri Venkatesh]], with Pon Elango as assistant director and dialogues written by G. Radhakrishnan. The film stars [[Atharvaa]], who also produces the film, alongside [[Mishti]] and [[Anaika Soti]]. Featuring music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], the film began production during January 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2016 |title='Semma Botha Aagathey' very different film for Atharvaa: Director |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/semma-botha-aagatha-very-different-film-for-atharvaa-director/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826002350/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/semma-botha-aagatha-very-different-film-for-atharvaa-director/ |archive-date=26 August 2016 |access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> and was released in India on 29 June 2018.<ref name="release" />

==Plot==
The movie begins with Ramesh ([[Atharvaa]]) waking up in a hangover and remembering the events of the previous day. After a breakup with his girlfriend Madhu ([[Mishti]]), he is sad and drinks a lot along with his friend Nandhu ([[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]]). On his advice, Ramesh calls for a female escort and sneaks her into his apartment. Ramesh has to step out of his house due to his neighbor Devi's ([[Devadarshini]]) emergency situation. He asks the escort, Nina ([[Anaika Soti]]), to wait inside his house, promising to come back soon. While he returns, he finds that she is dead under mysterious circumstances. Ramesh is shocked and tries to find details about her. He sees restaurant receipts in her bag, checks the CCTV footages, and finds that another man named Ravi ([[Prinz Nithik]]) had accompanied her prior to her meeting him. From her cell phone, he finds her house address, travels to Palakkad, and asks Nandhu to stay behind and guard the dead body. He is not able to find any information from Nina's family and leaves, but Nina's sister makes a call to Sekar ([[John Vijay]]) and informs him about Ramesh.

Sekar tracks Ramesh down and asks about Nina and Ravi. He says Ravi was a henchman and had usurped money and documents from the politician for whom he was working for. Ramesh escapes from Sekar. Nandhu calls him with information about a series of numbers that he found from Nina's purse and also says that he is hiding with the dead body in the attic because of Ramesh's intruding neighbors—Devi's father ([[Manobala]]) and husband Ram ([[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]]), who came to use his gas stove for emergency purposes and would not leave. Ramesh goes to a railway station to find that the cloak room lockers are the series of numbers that Nina had noted down. He sees Ravi opening the lockers, beats him up, and asks why he killed Nina. Ravi says that he escaped with his boss's money and had picked up Nina to escort him. During his stay with her, fake police threatened and looted all the money. He finds that all of this was part of Nina's plan and that she had taken the money, hid it in the lockers and left for Chennai. Ravi found her, and after getting information about the money's location, he poisoned her drink as revenge. It is then that Ramesh had met Nina and she ended up dying at his apartment.

After recording Ravi's confession, Ramesh strikes a deal with him that he should get rid of Nina's body from his house and takes him in his car. Ravi tries to escape, and after a chase, falls to his death. Disappointed, Ramesh returns to Chennai and plans to dispose of the dead body himself. Along with Nandhu, he drives Nina's body to the place where Ravi died. Keeping both of the dead people together along with the money, he informs Sekar of the whereabouts of Ravi, Nina, and the money. Sekar comes to the location, takes back his boss's money, and disposes of both Ravi and Nina's bodies.

Finally relieved of all the unwanted trouble, Ramesh and Nandhu get back to their homes in Chennai. Ramesh patches up with Madhu when Nandhu informs him that Sekar and his men died in a road accident. Ramesh and Nandhu are overjoyed because there is no living proof now of their unwitting involvement in Ravi and Nina's murders.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Atharvaa]] as Ramesh
*[[Mishti]] as Madhu
*[[Anaika Soti]] as Nina
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Nandhu
*[[John Vijay]] as Sekar
*[[Prinz Nithik]] as Ravi
*[[Devadarshini]] as Devi
*[[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Ram
*[[Manobala]] as Devi's father
*[[Yogi Babu]] as Soosai
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Kunjunni
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Varghese
*G. K. Reddy as Annachi
*Gayathri
*Iti Acharya as Bindhu
*Billy Murali
{{colend}}

==Production==
On 1 January 2016, [[Atharvaa]] launched a new productions studio named Kickass Entertainment and revealed that he produce a film directed by [[Badri Venkatesh]], who had introduced him in films through ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' (2010). In a turn of events a week later, Atharvaa revealed that he would portray the lead role himself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2016 |title=Atharvaa turns producer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/atharvaa-turns-producer/article8054880.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730191018/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Atharvaa-turns-producer/article13975203.ece |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=26 June 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Atharvaa and Badri Venkat to make a film together, again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Atharvaa-and-Badri-Venkat-to-make-a-film-together-again/articleshow/50482583.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515113826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Atharvaa-and-Badri-Venkat-to-make-a-film-together-again/articleshow/50482583.cms |archive-date=15 May 2018 |access-date=26 June 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In April 2016, actresses [[Mishti]] and [[Anaika Soti]] joined the film's cast, as did [[John Vijay]] and [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anaika plays a bold role in Atharvaa's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anaika-plays-a-bold-role-in-Atharvaas-next/articleshow/51778441.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415175926/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anaika-plays-a-bold-role-in-Atharvaas-next/articleshow/51778441.cms |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=26 June 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was shot across early 2016 in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan's single track has risky stunts performed by Atharvaa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yuvans-single-track-has-risky-stunts-performed-by-Atharvaa/articleshow/52320102.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525120021/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Yuvans-single-track-has-risky-stunts-performed-by-Atharvaa/articleshow/52320102.cms |archive-date=25 May 2016 |access-date=26 June 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2018 |title=Semma Botha Aagathey - Official Trailer #2 |url=http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/trailers/semma-botha-aagathey--official-trailer-2--atharvaa--yuvan-shankar-raja--badri-venkatesh8901/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213549/http://www.pakka.tv/entertainment/trailers/semma-botha-aagathey--official-trailer-2--atharvaa--yuvan-shankar-raja--badri-venkatesh8901/ |archive-date=14 May 2018 |access-date=14 May 2018 |work=PakkaTv}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Semma Botha Aagathey
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|11|22}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semma Botha Aagathey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/semma-botha-aagathey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1316399676 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152731/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/semma-botha-aagathey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1316399676 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:53
| language = Tamil
| label = [[U1 Records]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|FSsS8XrUH3U|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of ''Semma Botha Aagathey'' consists of five songs composed and arranged by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semma Botha Aagathey by Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Semma-Botha-Aagathey-2017/lFwf05FgB2Q_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828090134/https://www.saavn.com/s/album/tamil/Semma-Botha-Aagathey-2017/lFwf05FgB2Q_ |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=13|s=53}}

| title1 = Semma Botha Aagathey
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rokesh]], Badri Venkatesh
| length1 = 02:58

| title2 = Itemkaaran
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Anitha Karthikeyan
| lyrics2 = Rokesh
| length2 = 03:51

| title3 = Idhayathai Oru Nodi
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| lyrics3 = Niranjan Bharathi
| length3 = 03:46

| title4 = Gaali Pannura
| extra4 = [[Remya Nambeesan]]
| lyrics4 = Badri Venkatesh
| length4 = 02:25

| title5 = Survival Theme
| extra5 = Instrumental
| length5 = 00:58
}}

==Release==
Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film were sold for {{INR}}4.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semma Botha Aagatha TN theatrical rights |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz5vzgyCQNs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz5vzgyCQNs |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were bagged by [[Raj TV]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7482302}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 action thriller films]]

Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T06:23:47Z

NiklasPqy606: clean up

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Expand Assamese|topic=|otherarticle=পবিতৰা অভয়াৰণ্য|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Indian Rhino in Pobitora.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Indian rhinoceros in Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary
| image_size =
| map = India Assam#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[Assam]]
| nearest_city = [[Guwahati]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26|14|28|N|92|03|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref name=Konwar2009/>
| area = {{cvt|38.85|km2}}
| established = 1987
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url = http://www.pobitora.com/
}}
'''Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|oʊ|b|ə|t|ɒr|ə}}) is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] on the southern bank of the [[Brahmaputra]] in [[Morigaon district]] in [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was declared in 1987 and covers {{cvt|38.85|sqkm}}, providing grassland and wetland habitat for the [[Indian rhinoceros]]. It holds one of the largest Indian rhinoceros population in Assam.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. U. |year=1985 |title=Distribution of Indian one-horned rhinoceros |journal=Tigerpaper |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=25–30}}</ref><ref name=Konwar2009>{{cite journal |author1=Konwar, P. |author2=Saikia, M. K. |name-list-style=amp |author3=Saikia, P. K. |year=2009 |title=Abundance of food plant species and food habits of ''Rhinoceros unicorns'' Linn. in Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=457–460 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o1640.457-60 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Biodiversity==
Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary's grassland vegetation consists of at least 15 grass species including ''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', whip grass (''[[Hemarthria]] compressa''), [[vetiver]] (''Chrysopogon zizanioides''), [[ravennagrass]] (''Saccharum ravennae''), ''[[Phragmites]] karka'', [[southern cutgrass]] (''Leersia hexandra'') and signalgrass (''[[Brachiaria]] pseudointerrupta''). The grasslands provide habitat and food resource for the [[Indian rhinoceros]], hosting Assam's second largest population.<ref name=Konwar2009/>
Other mammals occurring in the sanctuary are [[golden jackal]], [[wild boar]] and feral [[water buffalo]]. [[Barking deer]], [[Indian leopard]] and [[rhesus macaque]] live foremost in the hilly parts.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Choudhury, A. |year=2005 |title=Threats to the greater one-horned rhino and its habitat, Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India |journal=Pachyderm |volume=38 |pages=82–88 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278055523}}</ref> It is an Important Bird Area and home for more than 2000 [[migratory bird]]s and various reptiles.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Islam, Z. |author2=Rahmani, A. |year=2004 |title=IBAs in India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society and Birdlife International |place=Mumbai and Cambridge}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://anilcherukupalli.com/rhino-translocations-in-assam/ Photo essay on the rhino translocations from Pobitora to Manas National Park]

{{Protected areas of Assam}}

[[Category:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Assam]]
[[Category:Morigaon district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Assam]]

Ujjawal v. State of Haryana

2026-02-23T20:30:00Z

NiklasPqy606: Created The Info V1

{{Short description|Indian LGBT Rights Case}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Ujjawal v. State of Haryana
| judges = Anil Kshetarpal {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| keywords = [[Cohabitation|Cohabitation Rights]], [[Same-sex relationship|Same-sex Relationship]]
| opinions = Refused to provide police protection to a couple facing threat to their lives and personal liberty, citing potential disruption to "social fabric of the society."
| related actions =
| subsequent actions =
| Overturned previous case =
| prior actions =
| concur/dissent =
| dissenting =
| concurring =
| decision by = Anil Kshetarpal {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| number of judges = 1
| court = [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| Concurrence =
| JoinPlurality =
| Plurality =
| citations = {{URL|1=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/punjab-haryana-live-in-relationship-393398.pdf|2={{Abbr|CRWP. No.|Criminal Writ Petition Number}} 4268 of 2021}}
| date decided = 12 May 2021
| full name = Ujjawal {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} versus State of Haryana {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}
| italic title =
}}'''Ujjawal {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} versus State of Haryana''' '''{{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}''' '''(2021)''', a case where [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], refused to provide police protection to a couple facing a threat to their lives and personal liberty, citing potential disruption to "social fabric of the society."<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Dr Subhradipta |title=Judicial fickleness: P&H high court plays snakes and ladders with live-in relationship |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sarkari-thoughts/judicial-fickleness-ph-high-court-plays-snakes-and-ladders-with-live-in-relationship/?source=app&frmapp=yes |access-date=2023-08-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sonia |date=2021-07-26 |title=Legal status of Live-in Relationships in India: Mapping Indian Jurisprudence - Academike |url=https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/live-in-relationships-in-india/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=www.lawctopus.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite court|litigants=Ujjawal {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} versus State of Haryana {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}|court=[[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]|opinion=<nowiki>Criminal Writ Petition Number 4268 of 2021</nowiki>|date=12 May 2021|url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/punjab-haryana-live-in-relationship-393398.pdf}}</ref>

== Background ==
Ujjawal, 18 years old, and his 21-year-old partner have stated that they are engaged in a mutually consensual relationship and are currently residing together. Due to concerns over potential harm to their lives and personal liberty from Ujjawal's family members, the couple approached the Punjab and Haryana High Court to request protective measures.<ref name=":1" />

== Opinion of the Court ==
The Bench observed that Ujjawal is "barely" 18 years old. The Bench opined that if the couple's plea for safeguarding their life and personal liberty from Ujjawal's family is approved, the entire social fabric of the society would be disturbed. As a result, the Bench found no valid grounds to approve the requested protection.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The verdict of the Bench noticeably lacks legal precedents, thorough analysis, and comprehensive reasoning to substantiate its conclusions.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== Legal Analysis ==
The judgement contradicts the precedents set by the apex court, [[Supreme Court of India]]. The Supreme Court has affirmed that the right to choose a partner is protected under Article 21 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], and the constitutional rights cannot be denied on the social moral grounds.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Can same-sex couple live together under one roof? – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/can-same-sex-couple-live-together-under-one-roof/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Comparing Judicial precedents on Live-in relationships: Is the social fabric really pervaded? |url=https://lawbeat.in/articles/comparing-judicial-precedents-live-relationships-social-fabric-really-pervaded |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=LawBeat |date=6 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Right to choose a partner ===
The judgement contradicts the past judgements of the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has affirmed the right to choose a partner is part of the personal liberty protected under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

In ''Shafin Jahan versus Asokan K.M. (2018)'', a two-judge of the Supreme Court, consisting of Chief Justice of India [[Dipak Misra]] and Justice [[A. M. Khanwilkar|A.M. Khanwilkar]], established that the right to choose one's spouse is inherent to Article 21 of the Constitution. While recognizing the significance of social values and morals, the court emphasized that these must not take precedence over constitutionally protected freedoms, which constitute both a fundamental human right and a constitutional right.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite court|litigants=Shafin Jahan versus Asokan K.M. {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}},|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Criminal Appeal {{Abbr|No|Number}} 366 of 2018|date=09 April 2018|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/19702/19702_2017_Judgement_08-Mar-2018.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617112346/https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2017/19702/19702_2017_Judgement_08-Mar-2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=The right to marry a person of one’s choice is integral to Article 21 of the Constitution. The Constitution guarantees the right to life. This right cannot be taken away except through a law which is substantively and procedurally fair, just and reasonable. Intrinsic to the liberty which the Constitution guarantees as a fundamental right is the ability of each individual to take decisions on matters central to the pursuit of happiness.|source={{Abbr|para|Paragraph}} 21, {{Abbr|pp|Page Number}} 57|title=Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K.M.|author={{Abbr|CJI|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dipak Misra]]}}

In ''Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018)'', a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court, consisting of Chief Justice of India [[Dipak Misra]], Justice [[A. M. Khanwilkar|A.M. Khanwilkar]] and Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]] extended legal protection not only to married couples but also to unmarried couples, safeguarding them from potential threats of violence. The bench concluded that ensuring the safety of couples facing such threats is of paramount importance.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite court|litigants=Shakti Vahini v. Union of India {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}},|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Writ Petition (Civil) No. 231 of 2010|date=27 March 2018|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/18233/18233_2010_Judgement_27-Mar-2018.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

=== Constitutional morality ===
{{AI-generated|section=Constitutional|date=August 2025}}
In the case of ''S.Khushboo v. Kanniammal (2010),'' a three-judge bench of the Supreme Court, consisting of Chief Justice of India [[K. G. Balakrishnan|K.G. Balakrishnan]], Justice [[Deepak Verma (judge)|Deepak Verma]] and Justice [[B. S. Chauhan|B.S. Chauhan]], ruled against excessive interference in personal autonomy and freedom of expression, cautioning against using the pretext of upholding social morality, given the subjective nature of these moral concepts.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite court|litigants=S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Criminal Appeal No. 913 of 2010|date=28 April 2010|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36350.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828183115/https://main.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/36350.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>
{{Quote|text=Notions of social morality are inherently subjective and the criminal law cannot be used as a means to unduly interfere with the domain of personal autonomy|author={{Abbr|J|Justice}} [[B. S. Chauhan|B.S. Chauhan]]|source={{Abbr|para|Paragraph}} 29, {{Abbr|pp|Page Number}} 32|title=S.Khushboo v. Kanniammal}}
In the case of ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]'', which led to the [[decriminalization of homosexuality]], a five-judge constitutional bench of the Supreme Court, emphasized the supremacy of 'constitutional morality' over 'social morality'. Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.Y. Chandrachud]], in his concurring opinion, delved into Constitutional morality and the role of Constitutional Courts in safeguarding it. Constitutional morality dictates that citizens should be well-versed in and supportive of the core values of the Constitution, such as liberty, equality, and fraternity, as these foundational principles underlie the overarching objectives of the Constitution. It's crucial to recognize that the integration of constitutional morality is an ongoing process within society, and to facilitate this progression, constitutional courts are entrusted with the task of acting as external enablers. The duty of these courts encompasses overseeing the preservation of constitutional morality, a pivotal role in creating an environment conducive to the advancement of human dignity and liberty.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="SCI2018-09-06-conclusion01a2">{{Cite court|litigants=Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. v. Union of India thr. Secretary Ministry of Law and Justice|court=[[Supreme Court of India]]|opinion=Writ Petition (Criminal) Number 76 of 2016|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2016/14961/14961_2016_Judgement_06-Sep-2018.pdf|quote=|archive-date=2020-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201150/https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2016/14961/14961_2016_Judgement_06-Sep-2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=In a constitutional democracy like ours where the rule of law prevails, [rule of law] must not be allowed to be trampled by obscure notions of social morality which have no legal tenability.|author={{Abbr|CJI|Chief Justice of India}} [[Dipak Misra]]|source={{Abbr|para|Paragraph}} 120, {{Abbr|pp|Page Number}} 79|title=[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]}}

However, the current case contradicted this established legal precedent, as Justice Anil Kshetarpal emphasized the significance of 'social morality' in his verdict.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" />

== Related Cases ==

=== High Court Cases ===
This section delves into relevant cases from the High Courts of India. It's important to note that judgments rendered by one High Court do not hold mandatory authority over another, but they can still be regarded as influential precedents.

==== Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh ====
{{Main articles|Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh}}

In the related case of ''[[Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh|Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2020)]]'', a same-sex couple residing together, approached the [[Allahabad High Court]] seeking protection against threat to their life and liberty by family members and the immediate society. In contrast to the ''Ujjawal v. State of Haryana,'' the verdict in ''Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh'' highlighted the precedence of 'constitutional morality', and upheld Constitutional rights.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Allahabad HC Asks Shamli SP To Give Protection To a Same-Sex Couple |url=https://thewire.in/rights/allahabad-hc-shamli-sp-protection-to-same-sex-couple |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":04">{{Cite court|litigants=Sultana Mirza & Anr. v. State Of Uttar Pradesh & Ors.|court=[[Allahabad High Court]]|pinpoint=WRIT-C. No. 17394 of 2020|date=2 November 2020|url=https://www.newsclick.in/sites/default/files/2020-11/Allahabad-High-Court-Order_LGBTQ_Police-Protection.pdf}}</ref>

A two-judge Bench of the Allahabad High Court invoked the Supreme Court precedent set by ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]'', establishing that sexual orientation imposes both negative and positive obligations on the state, requiring not only non-discrimination but also the acknowledgment of rights that lead to genuine fulfillment in same-sex relationships. The Bench emphasized that as a constitutional court, it is obligated to uphold Constitutional morality and protect the rights of citizens, which are jeopardized solely due to their sexual orientation, and the Bench instructed the relevant law enforcement personnel to offer essential protection and prevent any form of harassment.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Allahabad HC Asks Shamli SP To Give Protection To a Same-Sex Couple |url=https://thewire.in/rights/allahabad-hc-shamli-sp-protection-to-same-sex-couple |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":04" />

{{Quote|text=This Court being a constitutional Court is duty-bound to monitor and observe the Constitutional morality as well as the rights of the citizens which are under threat only on account of the sexual orientation.|title=[[Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh]]|source={{Abbr|pp.|Page Number}} 4|author=Shashi Kant Gupta {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} and Pankaj Bhatia {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}}}

The Supreme Court of India recognized ''Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2020)'' as a significant ruling by a High Court in its "Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community," which addresses the challenges that marginalized queer individuals face within the justice system due to systemic marginalization.<ref name=":022" />

==== Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police ====
{{Main articles|Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police}}
In the related case of ''[[Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police|Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police (2018)]]'', Sreeja submitted a petition to the [[Kerala High Court]] seeking a writ of Habeas Corpus to compel the presentation of her same-sex romantic partner, Aruna, and ensure Aruna's liberty. In contrast to the ''Ujjawal v. State of Haryana,'' the verdict in ''Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police'' refrained from assessing the suitability of the partner and instead upheld Constitutional rights.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Indulia |first=Bhumika |date=2018-10-20 |title=Live-in relationship of a lesbian couple is not violative of any law and is not a crime |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2018/10/20/live-in-relationship-of-a-lesbian-couple-is-not-violative-of-any-law-and-is-not-a-crime/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=SCC Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":06">{{Cite court|litigants=Sreeja S versus Commissioner of Police {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|opinion={{Abbr|W. P. (Crl.) No.|Writ Petition (Criminal) Number}} 372 of 2018|date=24 September 2018|url=https://hckinfo.kerala.gov.in/digicourt/citation/215800003722018_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A two-judge bench of the Kerala High Court observed that the court should abstain from evaluating the suitability of the partner, asserting that not taking action could potentially jeopardize Constitutional rights; consequently, the court issued a writ of Habeas Corpus, granting Aruna the freedom to be with Sreeja. The Bench referenced Supreme Court precedents such as ''Soni Gerry v. Gerry Douglas (2018)'', which established that the court cannot curtail the personal freedom of an adult under the doctrine of parens patriae; ''Nandakumar v. State of Kerala (2018)'', which ruled that adults lacking legal capacity for marriage can cohabit without formal wedlock; and ''Shafin Jahan V. Asokan (2018)'', which underscored the court's role in habeas corpus petitions as ensuring the detainee's independent choice while refraining from assessing partner suitability. Additionally, the Bench relied on ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]'', which established that the Discrimination based on sexual orientation infringes on fundamental rights and asserted that constitutional morality should not be compromised for social morality. Furthermore, the Bench highlighted that the Indian Parliament recognizes 'live-in relationships' under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":06" />

The Supreme Court of India recognized ''Sreeja S v. Commissioner of Police (2018)'' as a significant ruling by a High Court in its "Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community," which addresses the challenges that marginalized queer individuals face within the justice system due to systemic marginalization. The publication highlighted the observations of the High Court on aspects such as women's consent and adulthood, alongside the acknowledgment of 'live-in relationships' among same-sex couples, signifies progress in the acknowledgment of the rights of marginalized queer individuals.<ref name=":022">{{Citation |last=Supreme Court of India |title=Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2023/05/2023050154.pdf |pages=25 |publication-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602010134/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2023/05/2023050154.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |archive-date=2 June 2023 |author-link=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[Devu G v. State Of Kerala|Devu G v. State Of Kerala (2023)]]
* [[S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police (2021)]]
* [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}{{LGBT in India|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:2021 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian law]]

Sutej Singh

2026-02-23T19:16:33Z

NiklasPqy606: Created Initial Biography First Draft

{{Short description|Indian guitarist and composer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Missing information|Singh's birth date and early life|date={{monthyear}}}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| name = Sutej Singh
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| origin = [[Solan]], Himachal Pradesh, India
| genre = [[Progressive rock]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Musician|composer}}
| instrument = Guitar
| discography =
| years_active =
| label =
| current_member_of =
| past_member_of =
| spouse =
| partner =
| website = {{URL|sutejsingh.com}}
}}

'''Sutej Singh''' is an Indian guitarist and composer from [[Solan]], Himachal Pradesh, who primarily plays [[progressive rock]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prabbhan |first=Pooja |date=17 July 2018 |title=Solan's soulful Singh |url=https://www.asianage.comhttps//www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/170718/solans-soulful-singh.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=asianage.comhttps}}</ref>

==Career==
Sutej Singh's debut studio album, ''The Emerging'', was released on 18 May 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2018 |title=Best of 2018, Music Edition |url=https://www.sbcltr.in/best-of-2018-music-edition/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=sbcltr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 in Review: Albums and EPs You Should not Miss Out On – Part 2 |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/2018-in-review-albums-and-eps-you-should-not-miss-out-on--part-2.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=rsjonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=1 June 2018 |title=Solos from Solan: Hear Sutej Singh's Operatic Debut 'The Emerging' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/solos-solan-hear-sutej-singh-operatic-debut-emerging/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=restlessamoeba |date=14 October 2018 |title=Sutej Singh – "The Emerging" |url=https://progressivemusicplanet.com/2018/10/14/sutej-singh-the-emerging/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Rob's Music Planet}}</ref> and reached the No. 1 spot on the [[Apple Music]] India rock charts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vargese |first=Rebecca |date=29 June 2018 |title=Sutej Singh's debut prog-rock album has beaten Queen and John Mayer on Apple Music |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2018/Jun/29/sutej-singhs-debut-prog-rock-album-has-beaten-queen-and-john-mayer-on-apple-music-8468.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Indulgexpress}}</ref>

In 2023, Singh issued the single "Land of Gold". The track was featured as "Editor's Pick" by ''[[Rolling Stone India]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=26 July 2023 |title=Editor's Pick: Sutej Singh Blazes a Trail Into a 'Land of Gold' in New Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/editors-pick-sutej-singh-land-of-gold-video/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> and highlighted by ''Homegrown''{{'}}s #HGMUSIC series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bijolia |first=Disha |date=24 July 2023 |title=#HGMusic: Start Your Week with Some New Releases from Hashbass, Sutej Singh & More |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/hgmusic-start-your-week-with-some-new-releases-from-hassbass-sutej-singh-more |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Homegrown}}</ref>

In 2024, Singh performed at three major music festivals in India. He was a featured artist at the [[Ziro Festival of Music]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ziro Festival 2024 Start Date and Time, Artists, Tickets, and More |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/north-east/arunachal-pradesh/ziro-festival-2024-start-date-and-time-artists-tickets-and-more |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=pratidintime.com}}</ref> as well as playing at Bandland in [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Ankita |date=6 November 2024 |title=From Shilpa Rao and Arijit Singh Live to ISL Football Match, Don't Miss These 8 Events in Bengaluru This November |url=https://curlytales.com/from-shilpa-rao-and-arijit-singh-live-to-isl-football-match-dont-miss-these-events-in-bengaluru-this-november/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Curly Tales}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Srushti |date=22 November 2024 |title=What to do this weekend in Bengaluru: Seven must-attend events to keep yourself entertained |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/events/bangalore/2024/Nov/22/what-to-do-this-weekend-in-bengaluru-seven-must-attend-events-to-keep-yourself-entertained |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Indulgexpress}}</ref> and Mahindra Independence Rock in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahindra Independence Rock 2024 Lineup: Bloodywood, Motherjane, Indus Creed, 13AD and More Announced |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/independence-rock-2024-lineup-bloodywood-motherjane-indus-creed-13ad/ |website=rollingstoneindia.com |date=25 September 2024 |access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, Singh released his second studio album, ''Restless | Relentless''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Restless {{!}} Relentless, by Sutej Singh |url=https://sutejsingh.bandcamp.com/album/restless-relentless |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Sutej Singh}}</ref> He was awarded the TuneCore Grant, selected from over 360 independent artists across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plus |first=Music |date=14 May 2025 |title=Sutej Singh named winner of 2025 TuneCore Grant |url=https://www.musicplus.in/sutej-singh-named-winner-of-2025-tunecore-grant/?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAac7tAKWIB49Qnp8fGePF_inHMygUDC3BXm-dkcdboViz1S2ZapFeSo04e_pjA_aem_XzAyoCCxCR8ROegIvASsbQ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Musicplus}}</ref> Following the album's release, Singh embarked on the Restless | Relentless India Tour 2025, performing across multiple Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sutej Singh open up on his Restless Relentless India tour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sutej-singh-opens-up-on-his-restless-relentless-india-tour/article70289811.ece |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251212053524/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sutej-singh-opens-up-on-his-restless-relentless-india-tour/article70289811.ece |archive-date=12 December 2025 |access-date=23 February 2026 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Discography==
'''Studio albums'''
* ''The Emerging'' (2018)
* ''Restless Relentless'' (2025)

'''Singles'''
* "Oceans Apart" (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive Release: Sutej Singh Brings Roaring New Effort Oceans Apart |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/exclusive-release-sutej-singh-brings-roaring-new-effort-oceans-apart.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=rsjonline.com}}</ref>
* "Walk My Path" (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=7 July 2019 |title=Premiere: Sutej Singh Soars in 'Walk My Path' Playthrough Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/premiere-sutej-singh-walk-my-path-playthrough-video/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
* "Land of Gold" (2023)
* "Kaadambari" (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Sutej Singh Shares New Single, 'Kaadambari' |url=https://www.ticketfairy.com/word/2025/02/14/sutej-singh-shares-new-single-kaadambari/?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAaa_JAO5Er6FfesMm-NZETtIRZoIkLS4_q4WuroA0f8-dvAmjxDRzEKy78M_aem_YxNiOZOMpUNI2-T7s8rO5Q |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=TFword }}</ref>
* "Flight in the Dark" (2025)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=cgiUfEHLZmTUFElt&v=2BKVbcNnZwk&feature=youtu.be |title=Restless {{!}} Relentless – Tracklist |date=12 April 2025 |last=Sutej Singh |access-date=25 April 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|sutejsingh.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sutej}}
[[Category:Indian guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Progressive rock guitarists]]

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

2026-02-22T19:04:13Z

NiklasPqy606: quick updated intro and improved wording

{{Short description|National park in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
| alt_name = Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve
| iucn_category = II
| image = Dibru Saikhuwa National Park.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Assam#India
| map_caption =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Tinsukia]]
| coordinates = {{coords|27|40|N|95|23|E|region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| established = 1999
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
| area_km2 = 350
}}

'''Dibru-Saikhowa National Park''' is a [[national park]] in [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] and [[Tinsukia district]]s, [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was designated a [[Biosphere reserves of India|Biosphere Reserve]] in July 1997 with an area of {{cvt|765|km2}}, including a core area of {{cvt|340|km2}} and a buffer zone of {{cvt|425|km2}}.

It is located at an average elevation of {{cvt|118|m}}, ranging from {{cvt|110|to|126|m}}. The park is bounded by the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] and [[Lohit River]]s in the north and Dibru River in the south. It mainly consists of moist mixed semi-[[evergreen forest]]s, moist mixed [[deciduous forest]]s, [[canebrakes]] and grasslands. It is the largest [[salix]] [[swamp forest]] in north-eastern India, with a tropical [[monsoon]] climate with a hot and wet summer and cool and usually dry winter. Annual rainfall ranges from {{cvt|2300|to|3800|mm}}. It is a haven for many endangered species and rich in fish diversity.

==History==
[[File:Asiatic water buffalo.jpg|thumb|Wild water buffalo]]
The area was declared as Dibru Reserved Forest in 1890. In 1920, additional area was added to the Dibru Reserve Forest. In 1929, Saikhowa Reserve Forest was declared. In 1933, more area was added to the Dibru Reserved Forest. In 1986, an area of {{cvt|650|km2}} was preliminarily declared as a wildlife sanctuary, out of which {{cvt|340|km2}} was finally declared as wildlife sanctuary in 1995. In 1997, Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve was declared with an area of {{cvt|765|km2}} including a core area of {{cvt|340|km2}}. In 1999, the core area was declared as national park.<ref>{{cite book |author=Choudhury, A.U. |year=2009 |chapter=The genesis of a national park |title=Incredible Dibru–Saikhowa National Park |editor=Dwivedi, K.K. |publisher=Dibru–Saikhowa Conservation Society |place=Tinsukia, India |pages=6–11}}</ref> In December 2020, [[Gauhati]] highcourt stayed a permission given to [[Oil India Limited]] for [[hydrocarbon]] exploration at seven locations inside the protected area.<ref>{{cite news |author=Parashar, U. |date=2020 |title=Gauhati HC stays hydrocarbon exploration inside Dibru-Saikhowa national park |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gauhati-hc-stays-hydrocarbon-exploration-inside-dibru-saikhowa-national-park/story-1SqerXwW5MoQsHynIsdbsJ.html}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
===Flora===
The forest of Dibru-Saikhowa consists of semi-evergreen forests, deciduous, littoral and swamp forests and patches of wet evergreen forests. The national park is about 35.84% moist mixed forest, 9.50% degraded forest and 21.25% grassland. Major tree species of the area are tetrasperma, ''[[Dillenia indica]]'', ''[[Bischofia javanica]]'', ''[[Bombax ceiba]]'', ''[[Lagerstroemia parviflora]]'', ''[[Terminalia myriocarpa]]'', ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', ''[[Dalbergia sissoo]]'', and ''[[Ficus]]''. ''[[Arundo donax]]'', ''[[Imperata cylindrica]]'', ''[[Phragmites karka]]'', ''[[Saccharum ravennae]]'' are principal types of grasses in the national park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewildlifeofindia.com/dibru-saikhowa-wildlife-sanctuary.html|title=Dibru Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary - Information, Safari and Tours - Wildlife of India|website=www.thewildlifeofindia.com|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> The [[orchid]] flora comprises 35 [[epiphytic]] and eight terrestrial species.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gogoi, K. |date=2010 |title=Orchid flora of Dibru–Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Assam, India |journal=Pleione |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=124–134 |author2=Borah, R.L. |author3=Sharma, G.C. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303116121}}</ref>

===Fauna===
Thirty-six mammal species have been recorded, of which 12 are listed in Schedule 1 of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Floodwaters-force-animals-to-flee-Dibru-Saikhowa-National-Park/articleshow/35010138.cms|title=Floodwaters force animals to flee Dibru-Saikhowa National Park - Times of India|author=Duttai, R.|date=2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> These include [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[jungle cat]], [[sloth bear]], [[dhole]], [[small Indian civet]], [[Malayan giant squirrel]], [[Chinese pangolin]], [[Ganges dolphin]], [[slow loris]], [[pig tailed macaque]], [[Assamese macaque]], [[rhesus macaque]], [[capped langur]], [[Hoolock gibbon]], [[Asian elephant]], [[wild boar]], [[Sambar deer]], [[hog deer]], [[barking deer]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1998 |title=Mammals, birds and reptiles of Dibru-Saikhowa Sanctuary, Assam, India |journal=Oryx |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=192–200 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.d01-36.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[wild water buffalo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=2010 |title=The vanishing herds, the wild water buffalo |publisher=Gibbon Books, The Rhino Foundation with support from ATREE and COA, Taiwan, Guwahati}}</ref> The [[feral horse]]s living in the park are descendants of army horses let loose after the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Bhuyan, A. |title=Warhorses Gone Wild |date=2011|magazine=Open |url=https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/india/warhorses-gone-wild |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>

Birds recorded include [[swamp francolin]], [[spot-billed pelican]], [[white-bellied heron]], [[grey heron]], [[purple heron]], [[black-crowned night heron]], [[yellow bittern]], [[Asian openbill]], [[lesser adjutant]], [[white-necked stork]], [[black stork]], [[black-necked stork]], [[glossy ibis]], [[fulvous whistling-duck]], [[bar-headed goose]], [[greylag goose]], [[northern pintail]], [[common shelduck]], [[white-winged wood duck]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[Baer's pochard]], [[white-tailed eagle]], [[Pallas's fish eagle]], [[grey-headed fish eagle]], [[greater spotted eagle]], [[Himalayan griffon]], [[white-backed vulture]], [[slender-billed vulture]], [[osprey]], [[crested serpent-eagle]], [[lesser kestrel]], [[Sarus crane]], [[Bengal florican]], [[brown fish owl]], [[great pied hornbill]], [[spotted redshank]], [[greenshank]], and [[pale-capped pigeon]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1994 |title=A report on bird survey in Dibru–Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India |publisher=Oriental Bird Club, UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. |year=2006 |title=Birds of Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Assam, India |journal=Indian Birds |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=95−105}}</ref> [[greater adjutant]], [[ferruginous pochard]], [[Jerdon's babbler]], [[black-breasted parrotbill]], [[marsh babbler]], [[puff-throated babbler]], [[Jerdon's bushchat]], [[Indian grassbird]] and [[chestnut-crowned bush warbler]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Allen, D. |year=2002 |title=A bird survey of the Amarpur area of the Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam, India |journal=Forktail |volume=18 |pages=87−92}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130225044632/http://www.dibrusaikhowanationalpark.in/ Dibru-Saikhowa National Park] - Dibru-Saikhowa Conservation Society
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180807160906/http://dibrusaikhowa.com/ Dibru-Saikhowa National Park] - portal

{{Protected areas of Assam}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]
[[Category:Tinsukia]]
[[Category:National parks in Assam]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1999]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]

Santidev Ghosh

2026-02-22T15:47:12Z

NiklasPqy606: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian author, singer, actor, dancer (1910–1999)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Santidev Ghose
|image = Santidev Ghosh 1980.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = 7 May 1910
|birth_place = Bajapti, near [[Chandpur, Bangladesh|Chandpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
|death_date = 1 December 1999 (aged 89 years)
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], West Bengal, India
|other_names = Santideb Ghosh Shantidev Ghosh
|known_for =
|occupation = author, singer, [[maestro]]
}}
'''Santidev Ghose''' (also '''Santidev Ghosh''', '''Shantidev Ghosh''' and '''Santideb Ghosh'''; 7 May 1910 – 1 December 1999)<ref>''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' (2 December 1999) [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec02/spotlite.htm Spotlight] tribuneindia.com Retrieved 17 March 2008.</ref> was an Indian author, singer, actor, dancer and [[maestro]] of [[Rabindra Sangeet]].

[[Sagarmoy Ghosh]], the renowned editor of Bengali literary journal ''Desh'', was his younger brother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.indian/8c8NcBpfqfo|title=groups.google.com}}</ref>

As a teenager, Ghosh was selected by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] to be a teacher in [[Santiniketan]] and sent across India and even to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Java]] and [[Bali]] to further his musical education for that purpose. Tagore also encouraged Ghosh to act and dance in the poet-laureate's dance dramas, for which Ghosh displayed an uncommon talent for singing, as well as dancing and acting. Some of the poems of Tagore which he converted to new forms of poem-songs, to be sung continuous without repeating the first two lines after each stanza, such as "Krishnakali", were first presented to the public by Ghosh. During his long and productive life in [[Santiniketan]], Ghosh taught numerous students, many of whom were to later become famed notable singers themselves, such as [[Suchitra Mitra]] and Pramita Mallick.<ref>[http://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/102179.html Calcutta Yellow Pages] Retrieved on 17 March 2008.</ref> He also garnered fame as author and an authority, on [[Music of Asia|Asian music]] and especially that of Rabindranath Tagore. During his life, he received notable awards and recognition from the music academies as well as Universities and the Government of India, and was declared a National Scholar by the Government of India. In 2002, India released a postage stamp on Ghosh to commemorate his contribution to music. The Minister for Communication and Information Technology noted that Ghosh "belonged to that class of musicians who through the ages carried forward music's unique creativity".<ref>''[[Times of India]]''. (1 December 2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-01/news-interviews/27309528_1_rabindra-sangeet-visva-bharati-university-santiniketan Stamp on Rabindra Sangeet maestro Santidev Ghosh released]. indiatimes.com Retrieved 17 March 2008.</ref>

In 1976, he was awarded the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] the highest honour conferred by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar''winners (Akademi Fellows)|publisher=Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Biography==
Santidev Ghosh was born on 24 Baisakh 1317 (7 May 1910) in the village of Bajapti near Chandpur. At that time, it was part of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British-controlled areas of India]] and of the province of East Bengal. Today, it is in [[Bangladesh]].

His father was Kalimohan Ghosh, who worked with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] from before Santidev Ghosh was born, and was closely associated in the setting up the Rural Reconstruction Unit at [[Visva-Bharati]]. His mother was Monorama Devi. Originally, Tagore took Kalimohan to work on rural reconstruction programs in the Tagore estates in Silaidah, today's [[Bangladesh]]. Later, Kalimohan was brought by Rabindranath Tagore to Santiniketan, to work on similar scheme of rural reconstruction at [[Sriniketan]], adjacent to [[Santiniketan]]. Kalimohan brought his six-month-old son, then named Santimoy (meaning peaceful) Ghosh, to Tagore. Tagore changed the middle part of his name, so his first name would be Santidev (meaning Lord of peace), which became Ghosh's common first name.

Santidev had his school education at the Santiniketan Ashrama Vidyalaya, which Tagore had founded in 1901. This is where he acquired proficiency in music, dance and acting under the direct guidance of the poet himself and Dinendranath. As Tagore's emissary, he visited [[Sri Lanka]], [[Burma]] and [[Java]] and [[Bali]], in today's [[Indonesia]] to learn music and dance of neighbouring countries.

Santidev joined [[Visva-Bharati University]] as a teacher in 1930, when he was 20 years old. He married Smt. Ila Ghosh in 1946. Later he became professor and head of the Department of Rabindra Music and Dance at [[Sangit Bhavana]], the music department of [[Visva-Bharati University]]. He also served as the principal of the institute between 1964 and 1968 and between 1971 and 1973.

Santidev was appointed a member of the Advisory Board of Akasvani (All India Radio), [[Calcutta]] in 1948 and served as a member of the publication committee of the Sangeet-Natak Akademi, New Delhi (1956–60). He was the president of the music section of Prabasi Bango Sahitya Sammelan (Expatriate Bengali Cultural Organization) and Assam Sahitya Sammelan (1964). The prolific singer widely travelled in India and abroad. He visited the United Kingdom, Japan, [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]] and the former [[USSR]] to acquaint himself with the culture and traditions of those countries and also to propagate the ideals of [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath]].

==Awards and recognition==
* Fellow of Sangeet Natak Akademi in 1977 – Indian National Academi of Music, Dance and Drama, New Delhi
* Sureshchandra Memorial Ananda Award in 1980 – An award by the [[Ananda Publishers]] Group for outstanding contribution to culture
* [[Padma Bhushan|Padmabhusan]] by the Central [[Government of India]] in 1984 – Third highest national award for a civilian.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Deshikottama, the highest award bestowed by the [[Visva-Bharati University]] in 1984, similar to an Honorary D.Litt.
* Honorary D.Litt. from Burdwan University
* Honorary D.Litt. Rabindra Bharati Universities in 1991
* Rabindra Tattvacharya at the Tagore Research Institute, Kolkata.

==Publications==
* ''Rabindra Sangeet'' (''Tagore Music'')
* ''Java O Balir Nrityageet'' (''Music and Dance of [[Java]] and [[Bali]]'')
* ''Rupakar Nandalal'' (''Artist Nandalal'')
* ''Bharatiya Gramin Sanskriti'' (''Folk Culture of India'')
* ''Rabindranather Sikshadarshe Sangit O Nritya'' (''Music and Dance in the Rabindranath's Educational Philosophy'')
* ''Gurudev Rabindranath O Adhunik Bharatiya Nritya'' (''Rabindranath Tagore and Dances of Modern India'')
* ''Rabindra Sangit-Vichitra'' (''Rabindranath Tagore Music Miscellany'')
* ''Nrityakala O Rabindranath'' (''The Art of Dance in the Eyes of Rabindranath Tagore'')
* ''Jiboner Dhrubata'' (''The Polestar of Life''), his autobiography.
* ''Shantidev'' (a full-length documentary film by Shameek Siddartha produced by government of West Bengal)

==Notes==
<references/>

==Sources==
*[http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/GreatMasters/Contents/shantidevghosh.htm Great Masters section on Visva Bharati University official site]
*[http://www.ibaradio.org/India/calcutta/calcutta7.htm A tribute to Santidev Ghosh]
*[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/soc.culture.indian/8c8NcBpfqfo Sagarmoy Gosh: The Legend of a Man]

==External links==
*{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p971162|label=Discography}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Notable singers of Rabindra Sangeet}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Santidev}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Rabindra Sangeet exponents]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Visva-Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]

Mongalkote

2026-02-15T07:12:18Z

NiklasPqy606:

{{About|the [[Town]] in West Bengal, India|the community development block|Mongalkote (community development block)|the assembly constituency|Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|the sculpture|Mangalkot (ancient sculpture)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mongalkote
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|31|30.6|N|87|54|12.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11,537
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713147 (Mongalkote)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03453
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mangalkot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mangalkot]]
| website = {{URL|http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mongalkote''' is a [[Town]] and [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
Mangalkote is an [[Mongalkote archaeological site|ancient place]] .<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, ''Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti'' (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.), {{in lang|bn}}, Vol II, page 587, Radical Impression. {{ISBN|81-85459-36-3}}</ref> In the [[Jataka tales|Jataka tale]] (around 4th century BC) "Vessantara", the capital of Shivirattha kingdom was mentioned as a place called Jatuttara. In his publication "Sibi Kings Vessantara, His Country and Cultural Heritage" Asiwini Kumar Chowdhury has mentioned Jetuttara as being located at or near the present day Mangalkota.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sibi Kings Vessantara, His Country and Cultural Heritage |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12446/page/n48 |access-date=20 February 2019 |work=Page 38 |publisher=archive.org}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|36|0|N|88|3|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Katwa subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place/ religious and/ or cultural centre, C: craft centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|0|N|88|7|48|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Katwa | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Katwa]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|22|N|88|10|47|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Dainhat| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Dainhat]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|37|30|N|88|7|56|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Panuhat | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panuhat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|31|30|N|87|54|12|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Mongalkote| numbered4=R| mark-title4= Mongalkote (R)| shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ketugram| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ketugram]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|32|44|N|87|54|8|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Nutanhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Nutanhat]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|43|53|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kandra| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kandra, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|43|20|N|88|5|52|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Gangatikuri| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Gangatikuri]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|50|N|88|4|29|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chandrapur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chandrapur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|17|N|87|58|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Singot| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Singot]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|34|20|N|88|4|47|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Srikhanda| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Srikhanda]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|41|8|N|88|8|21|E}} | label-pos112right|label12=Uddharanpur| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Uddharanpur]] (H)| shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|32|50|N|87|52|42|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Kogram| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Kogram]] (H)| shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|10|43|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Sribati| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Sribati]] (H)| shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|5|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karui| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karui]] (H)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|34|50|N|88|2|50|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Bankapasi| numbered16=C| mark-title16= [[Bankapasi]] (C)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|40|N|88|1|38|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Kshirgram| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Kshirgram]] (H)| shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|37|48|N|88|6|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Jajigram| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Jajigram]] (H)| shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23.6213|88.1915}}| label19=Hooghly River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19=20| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.6434|87.9914}}| label20=Ajay River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-5| label-pos20=right| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none}}

===Physiography===
Mangolkote is in the flat [[alluvial]] Kanksa Ketugram plain, which lies along the [[Ajay River|Ajay]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Barddhaman |work = Physiography, pages 13–14| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 23 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Paddy fields in Purba Bardhaman.jpg|thumb|Paddy fields in Mongolkote]]

===Police station===
Mongalkote police station has jurisdiction over [[Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]] CD block. The area covered is 364.05 km2.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | title = Purba Bardhaman District Police | work = Police Station | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 23 September 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927234333/http://purbabardhamanpolice.org/ps | archive-date = 27 September 2018 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
88.44% of the population of Katwa subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 11.56% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Mongalkote had a total population of 11,537, of which 5,876 (51%) were males and 5,661 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,508. The total number of literates in Mongalkote was 6,398 (63.79% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 February 2017 }}</ref>

==Transport==
The [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|State Highway 7]], running from Rajgram (in Murshidabad district) to Midnapore (in Paschim Medinipur district), passes through Mongalkote.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 27 February 2017}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Mangalkote Government College]] was established at Mongalkote in 2015. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, history, political science, sociology and zoology.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mangalkotegovtcollege.org/#!/about/ |title = Government General Degree College, Mangalkote | publisher= GGDC | access-date = 2 March 2017}}</ref>

==Culture==
Visiting Mongalkote is a pilgrimage for Muslims. Many fairs and festivals are organised at Mongalkote – the death anniversary of Hamid Daneshmand Bangali is observed in [[Falgun]], death anniversaries of Shah Zakir Ali Kaderi and Makdum Shah Gujrati are also celebrated. The fair of Pir Panchatan is organised. Muslims from different parts of Bengal and beyond come to Mongalkote on these occasions. Special mention may be made of Maulana Hamid Daneshmand, a great scholar. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] had visited him at Mongalkote. There is a mosque near the grave of Daneshmand – it was built under instructions from the emperor. There are several other mosques in Mongalkote.<ref name="binoyghosh">Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part I, 1976 edition, pages 2004-2012, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

==Healthcare==
Mongalkote block primary health centre at [[Nutanhat]] functions with 15 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |access-date = 24 February 2019}}</ref> In 2012, the average monthly patients attending Mongalkote BPHC were 8,795 and average monthly admissions were 373. It handled 484 annual emergency admissions.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/NRHM/pdf/Facility-wise%20Preformance%20Report%20for%202012%20BPHC.pdf | title = Performancee of Block Primary Health Centres (BPHC) in West Bengal during 2012 (January to December)| publisher = Health & Family Welfare Department, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 9 March 2019}}</ref>

See also - [[Healthcare in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Chakli

2026-02-01T23:21:31Z

NiklasPqy606: fixed references further and added references

{{Short description|Savoury Indian snack}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Chakli
| image = Chakli in a bowl.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Chakli
| alternate_name = Chakali, chakli, chakkuli, chakri
| country = {{Flag|India}}
| region = [[Maharashtra]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|Indian]]
| creator =
| course = Snack
| type = [[Fried dough]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Rice flour]], [[Bengal gram]] flour, [[black gram]] flour, water, salt
| variations = [[Murukku]] means ''twisted'' in Tamil. Chakli means chakli piece.
| calories =
}}

[[File:Extruding a chakli.jpg|thumb|280px|alt=Chakli formation|Extruding a chakli]]
'''Chakli''' is a savoury Indian snack with a spiral shape and spiked surface.<ref name="SmarttNwokolo1996">{{cite book |author1=J. Smartt |author2=Emmanuel Nwokolo |title=Food and feed from legumes and oilseeds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUhAQAAMAAJ |date=30 June 1996 |publisher=Chapman & Hall |isbn=978-0-412-45930-6}}</ref> It is also known as ''chakali'', ''chakri'' or ''chakkuli''

Chakli is typically made from [[flour]]s of [[rice flour|rice]], [[Bengal gram]] (brown chickpea) and [[black gram]] (''urad daal'').<ref name="Edmund2001"/> It has several variations, depending on the types and proportion of flours used. It is also very popular in South Africa, introduced by the Indian diaspora. Maize flour is used instead of rice flour with the addition of salt and cumin as the basic dry ingredients. It is sold by street vendors and at neighborhood shops.

[[Kadboli]] is a similar dish, which is shaped by hand instead of with an extruder.<ref name="Edmund2001"/> [[Murukku]] is a [[South Indian]] snack typically made with rice and black gram flour during [[Diwali]]. In [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]], murukku and chakli variations are known as ''akar kelapa'', and are particularly popular among [[Betawi people|Betawi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2010/08/23/kue-akar-kelapa-makanan-khas-lebaran-warga-bekasi |title=Kue Akar Kelapa Makanan Khas Lebaran Warga Bekasi | Poskotanews.com |accessdate=2011-12-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430130613/http://poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2010/08/23/kue-akar-kelapa-makanan-khas-lebaran-warga-bekasi |archivedate=2012-04-30 }}</ref>

==Etymology==

''Chakli'' is known by various names across India, the name of the dish include {{langx|kn|ಚಕ್ಕುಲಿ}} ''chakkuli'', {{langx|mr|चकली}} ''chakali'', [[Odiya language|Odiya]]: ଦାନ୍ତକଲି Dantkali, {{langx|gu|ચકરી}} ''chakri'', {{langx|te|చక్రాలు}} ''chakralu'' or ''jantikalu'' and {{langx|knn|Chakri or Chakkuli}}.

==History==

The earliest mention of a dish similar to Chakli comes from ancient [[Ayurvedic]] texts where it is known as ''"Saskuli"''; it was made from spiced rice flour dough with sesame seeds and then placed in a presser to form a long thread-like design and fried in ghee or oil. <ref>Traditional Foods: Some Products and Technologies - Page 51- Central Food Technological Research Institute (India) · 1986</ref><ref>Traditional methods of food habits and dietary preparations in Ayurveda—the Indian system of medicine https://journalofethnicfoods.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42779-019-0016-4 - Dhanya S (2019) Journal of Ethnic Foods volume 6, Article number: 14 (2019)</ref> The word ''Saskuli'' literally translates to "ear-shaped" design.<ref>Srimad-Bhagavatam, Eleventh Canto: General History Disciples of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, 1982.</ref><ref>Feasts and Fasts: A History of Food in India, page 65, Colleen Taylor Sen · 2015</ref> This early variation of rice flour-based chakli may have more closely resembled ''rice-[[murukku]]'' than the chakli known today.<ref>Spices in Indian Life, 6500 B.C.-1950 A.D. A Comprehensive and Critical Narration about the Role of Spices in Indian Life By Som Nath Mahindru, page 57, 1982.</ref> The recipe that closely resembles modern Chakli finds mention in the medieval period cookbook ''Soopa Shastra'' dated to 1509 AD. This recipe was made from a blend of rice flour, Bengal gram flour and urad dal flour.<ref>The sweet flavour of tradition: mithai, chakli and other tastes of Diwali- Sulekha Nair- October 21, 2014-https://www.firstpost.com/politics/sweet-flavour-tradition-mithai-chakli-tastes-diwali-1766589.html</ref>

==Ingredients and preparation==
Chakli is made from the [[flour]]s of [[rice flour|rice]], [[Bengal gram]] (chickpea) and [[black gram]] (urad dal). Other ingredients include [[coriander]] seed powder, [[cumin]] seed (jeera) powder, sesame seeds, red pepper powder, turmeric powder, salt, asafoetida powder and oil.<ref name="Edmund2001">{{cite book |author1=Edmund W. Lusas |author2=Lloyd W. Rooney |title=Snack Foods Processing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_5wlzckPkMC&pg=PA488 |date=5 June 2001 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-1254-5 |pages=488–}}</ref> Some variations also include [[green gram]] (moong) and [[pigeon pea]] (tuar/arhar) instead of black gram.<ref name="Neera">{{cite book |author=Neera Verma |title=South Indian Cook Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHua3-_qTcYC&pg=PA46 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7182-836-4 |pages=46–}}</ref>

The flours and seed powders are mixed, and boiling water is added to make a [[dough]]. The dough is kneaded and shaped into circular forms, using a mould. In commercial food processing units, usually a chakli [[extrusion|extruder]] is used for shaping the dough.<ref name="Edmund2001"/> The shaped dough is fried in hot oil until it becomes brown in colour. It is then removed from the oil, drained and cooled.<ref name="Edmund2001"/>

==Gallery==
<Gallery>
File:ಸಿದ್ದಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತಿರುವ ಚಕ್ಕುಲಿ.JPG|Preparation of chakri in hot oil
File:Frying chakli.jpg|Frying chakli
File:Chakli bhajanichi.jpg|Chaklis
File:Traditional Murukku, a must have for festivals such as Deepavali.jpg|Muruku chaklis
File:Chakali.JPG|Fully cooked chakli
File:Tradtional brass chakli presser and it's various parts.jpg|Traditional brass presser used for chaklis and various other snacks
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian snacks]]
* [[Murukku]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chakli}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Legume dishes}}

[[Category:Chickpea dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Legume dishes]]

2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election results

2026-02-01T21:09:40Z

NiklasPqy606: rd update

#REDIRECT[[Results of the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]

Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala

2026-01-05T22:17:57Z

NiklasPqy606: Created Initial Info First Draft

{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala
| image = Vishnuvardhan goud with Thomas cup trophy.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Vishnuvardhan with Thomas cup trophy
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|2|11}}
| birth_place =
| height = 6ft
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| coach = [[Mathias Boe]]
| event = Men's doubles
| highest_ranking = 31
| date_of_highest_ranking = with [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] 17 January 2023
| current_ranking = 47
| date_of_current_ranking = with Krishna Prasad Garaga 2 January 2024
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]] | Men's team }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]] | Mixed team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 66528
| bwf_id = 72BA8373-2C87-4FFE-ABE8-14F8DA73EFD3
}}

'''Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala''' (born 11 February 2001) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnuvardhan Goud PANJALA {{!}} Profile |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/66528/vishnuvardhan-goud-panjala/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=bwfbadminton.com}}</ref> He was part of the India team that won the [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Thomas Cup]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2022-05-07 |title=Thomas and Uber Cup Finals 2022: Indian squad, groups, schedule, timings in IST |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/thomas-uber-cup-finals-2022-indian-squad-groups-timings-schedule/article38485091.ece |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> He is currently ranked 32 in the world ranking in the men's doubles event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishna Prasad GARAGA {{!}} Profile |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/74827/krishna-prasad-garaga/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=bwfbadminton.com}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
=== BWF World Tour (2 runners-up) ===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|-
| align="center" | [[2021 Orléans Masters#Finals 3|2021]]
| align="left" | [[Orléans Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ben Lane]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sean Vendy]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 14–21, 19–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |title=Krishna Prasad, Vishnu Vardhan go down fighting in Orleans Masters doubles final |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/orleans-masters-badminton-india-men-doubles-final-result-krishna-prasad-vishnu |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Syed Modi International#Finals 3|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Prasad Garaga
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Tee Kai Wun]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Sindhu trounces Malvika to clinch Syed Modi int'l |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sindhu-trounces-malvika-to-clinch-syed-modi-intl/articleshow/89082135.cms |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 January 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== BWF International Challenge/Series (4 titles, 2 runners-up) ===
''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun George]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyam Shukla]]
| align="left" | 24–22, 13–21, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tournament {{!}} INFOSYS FOUNDATION India International Challenge 2021 |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/tournament/4256/infosys-foundation-india-international-challenge-2021 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=bwfbadminton.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Prasad Garaga
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 15–21, 21–23
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tournament {{!}} India Chattisgarh International Challenge 2022 |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/tournament/4651/india-chattisgarh-international-challenge-2022 |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=bwfbadminton.com}}</ref>
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | [[Réunion Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Krishna Prasad Garaga
| align="left" | {{flagicon|GER}} [[Matthias Kicklitz]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Max Weißkirchen]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Lagos International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Roy]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[P. S. Ravikrishna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshan Shetty]]
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2024 (I)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Pruthvi Roy {{flagicon|IND}} Sai Pratheek K.
| align="left" | 19–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Arjun M. R.
| align="left" | {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dev Ayyappan]] {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Dhiren Ayyappan]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–17
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
| style="text-align:left; background:white" |
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

=== BWF Junior International (1 runner-up) ===
''Boys' doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#C6D4E1"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Bulgarian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[William Jones (badminton)|William Jones]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Brandon Zhi Hao Yap]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panjala, Vishnuvardhan Goud}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Francis David Millet Brown

2025-12-22T14:21:03Z

NiklasPqy606:

{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]]
| name = Francis Brown
| honorific_suffix = [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
| birth_date = 7 August 1837
| death_date = 21 November 1895 (aged 58)
| birth_place = [[Bhagalpur]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Sandown]], [[Isle of Wight]]
| placeofburial = West Hill Cemetery, [[Winchester]]
| image = Francis David Millet Brown VC.jpg
| caption =
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
| serviceyears = 1855–1894
| rank = [[Lieutenant-colonel]] (Official) [[Colonel]] (Field Promotion)
| branch = [[Bengal Army]] [[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Army]] [[British Indian Army]]
| commands =
| unit = [[1st European Bengal Fusiliers]] [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|101st Regiment of Foot]] Indian Staff Corps
| battles = [[Indian Mutiny]] [[Umbeyla Campaign]]
| awards = [[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
}}

[[Colonel]] '''Francis David Millet Brown''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (7 August 1837 – 21 November 1895) was a [[British people|British]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Details==
Brown was born on 7 August 1837 in [[Bhagalpur]], [[India]], the son of [[George Francis Brown]] of the Bengal Civil Service.<ref name="RMF">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalmunsterfusiliers.org/e6brown.htm|title=Royal Munster Fusiliers|accessdate=8 March 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054942/http://www.royalmunsterfusiliers.org/e6brown.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edmund Burke|title=The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of the Year|year=1896|publisher=Longmans, Green|page=217}}</ref> He was educated at Grosvenor College, [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and from 1852 to 1854 by a private tutor, Brisco Morland Gane, late [[curate]] of [[Honiton]].{{cn|date=April 2015}}

He was 20 years old, and a [[lieutenant]] in the [[1st European Bengal Fusiliers]] (later [[The Royal Munster Fusiliers]]) during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the following deed, on 16 November 1857 at [[Narnoul]], [[India]], for which Brown was awarded the Victoria Cross:<blockquote>''For great gallantry at [[Narnoul]], on the 16th November, 1857, in having, at the imminent risk of his own life, rushed to the assistance of a wounded soldier of the 1st European Bengal Fusiliers, whom he carried off, under a very heavy fire from the enemy, whose cavalry were within forty or fifty yards of him at the time.''<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22357|page=557|date=17 February 1860}}</ref></blockquote>

He was again promoted, this time to [[Captain (land and air)|captain]] 23 August 1864. He returned to the army as [[Major (rank)|major]] on 7 December 1875. He was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] 8 December 1881. He was Presented to [[Queen Victoria]] at a [[Levee (event)|Levee]] at [[St James's Palace]] on 24 April 1860. He later {{When|date=April 2015}} achieved the rank of [[colonel]].{{cn|date=April 2015}}

==Personal life==
Between 1868 and 1873, Brown was employed as assistant [[Principal (school)|principal]] of [[University of Roorkee|Thomason Civil Engineering College]], [[Roorkee]]. He married Jessie Rhind Russell. Her date of birth is unknown. They had two sons:

*Frank Russell Brown (24 March 1872 – 3 April 1900). Frank was commissioned 2nd lieutenant, Royal Munster Fusiliers. He was made a lieutenant, 1 August 1895.
*[[Claude Russell-Brown]] (11 April 1873 – 19 January 1939). Claude was commissioned as 2nd lieutenant, [[Royal Engineers]], 22 July 1892. He was made a lieutenant 22 July 1895. Claude moved to [[Canada]] and was better known as a noted amateur tennis player. He reached the quarterfinals of the men's singles event at the 1908 [[Summer Olympics]] and competed at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] in 1904.<ref name="sports-reference">{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/br/charles-brown-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418070145/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/br/charles-brown-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Charles Brown Olympic Results |accessdate=7 October 2020 |work=sports-reference.com}}</ref>

Brown remarried,{{When|date=April 2015}} to Jessie Doris Childs, after the death of his first wife.{{When|date=April 2015}}

==Death==
Francis David Millet Brown died on 21 November 1895, aged 58, from undisclosed causes, in [[Sandown]], [[Isle of Wight]] and was buried in Winchester Cemetery, after a service at [[Winchester Cathedral]].

==See also==
*[[List of Indian Mutiny Victoria Cross recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

*{{cite book|first=David|last=Harvey|year=1999|title=Monuments to Courage: Victoria Cross Headstones and Memorials. Vol.1, 1854–1916|publisher=Kevin & Kay Patience|oclc=59437297}}
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'', ''[[This England (magazine)|This England]]'' (1997); {{ISBN|0-906324-27-0}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041210053535/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/hampshir.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Hampshire)''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054942/http://www.royalmunsterfusiliers.org/e6brown.htm Short Bio]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, Francis}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British East India Company Army officers]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Royal Munster Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Umbeyla Campaign]]
[[Category:Indian Staff Corps officers]]

Muzaffarpur West subdivision

2025-12-11T22:39:15Z

NiklasPqy606: new basic info first draft

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muzaffarpur West subdivision
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1254251|85.3807348|display=inline|region:IN-BR}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = [[Muzaffarpur district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Muzaffarpur]]
| timezone = IST
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

'''Muzaffarpur West subdivision''' is one of the two administrative subdivisions of [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is part of the [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]. The Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO), Muzaffarpur (West) is the administrative head of the subdivision and is responsible for revenue administration, implementation of development programmes and maintenance of law and order.<ref name="subdiv-blocks">{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Block |url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/about-district/administrative-setup/subdivision-blocks/ |publisher=District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar |accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Muzaffarpur West subdivision lies to the west of the city of [[Muzaffarpur]]. The coordinates given in the infobox indicate the approximate location of the Sub-Divisional Office (West). The subdivision covers agricultural plains and semi-urban localities that form part of the Muzaffarpur urban agglomeration.<ref name="subdiv-blocks" />

==Administrative divisions==
According to the official district administration, Muzaffarpur district is divided into two subdivisions, East and West. The Muzaffarpur West subdivision consists of the following seven Community Development Blocks:<ref name="subdiv-blocks" />

* Kanti
* Kurhani
* Marwan
* Paroo
* Sahebganj
* Motipur (also referred to as Baruraj in some records)
* Saraiya

==Governance and administration==
The Sub-Divisional Office (SDO), Muzaffarpur (West) administers the subdivision. The SDO is responsible for land and revenue matters, coordination of development schemes, and supervision of block-level officers. Official notices and tenders issued by the SDO (West) are published on the district website.<ref name="sdo-west">{{cite web |title=SDO WEST Muzaffarpur |url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/notice/sdo-west-muzaffarpur/ |publisher=District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar |accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>

The district [[telephone directory]] provides official contact numbers for the SDO (West) and other officers of the district administration.<ref name="telephone">{{cite web |title=Telephone Directory |url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/telephone-directory/ |publisher=District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar |accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref> Emergency and nodal contacts, including those of the subdivision, are also listed on the district website.<ref name="contacts">{{cite web |title=Important Contact numbers |url=https://muzaffarpur.nic.in/covid-19/important-contact-numbers/ |publisher=District Muzaffarpur, Government of Bihar |accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Population and socio-economic data for Muzaffarpur West subdivision are recorded in the District Census Handbook (Muzaffarpur) prepared by the [[Census of India]]. The 2011 Census provides block-level figures, shown in the table below:<ref name="dchb-b">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Muzaffarpur (Part B) — Primary Census Abstract |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/291/download/814/DH_2011_1014_PART_B_DCHB_MUZAFFARPUR.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population of blocks in Muzaffarpur West subdivision (2011 Census)
! Block !! Population (2011)
|-
| Kurhani || 435,676
|-
| Motipur (Baruraj) || 406,795
|-
| Paroo || 361,662
|-
| Saraiya || 331,651
|-
| Kanti || 272,858
|-
| Sahebganj || 241,438
|-
| Marwan || 164,858
|}

Additional details on literacy, [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]], household amenities and village-level data are available in Part A (Village and Town Directory) and Part B (Primary Census Abstract) of the District Census Handbook (Muzaffarpur).<ref name="dchb-a">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Muzaffarpur (Part A) — Village and Town Directory |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/290/download/810/DH_2011_1014_PART_A_DCHB_MUZAFFARPUR.pdf |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>

==Economy and agriculture==
Agriculture is the primary occupation across the rural blocks of the subdivision. The district is well known for [[lychee|litchi]] cultivation, and the Census Handbook records details of agricultural practices, land use and household livelihoods.<ref name="dchb-a" />

==Infrastructure and transport==
Road networks connect the block headquarters of the subdivision to [[Muzaffarpur]] city and neighbouring districts. Railway stations in areas such as '''Kanti''' and '''Motipur''' provide regional connectivity. Information on public utilities and transport services is maintained by the district administration.<ref name="subdiv-blocks" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Muzaffarpur district]]

Shoorveer Singh Sajwan

2025-12-06T20:02:43Z

NiklasPqy606: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Cleanup|date=December 2025|reason=This article contains grammar and structuring issues. It also lacks citations and hyperlinking.}}
[[File:Shoorveer singh sajwan.jpg|thumb|Shoorveer Singh Sajwan]]{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shoorveer Singh Sajwan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence = [[Uttarakhand]], India
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1989
| constituency = [[Devprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Devprayag]]
| term_start1 = 1993
| term_end1 = 1996
| constituency1 = [[Tehri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tehri]]
| office2 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Rishikesh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rishikesh]]
| term_start2 = 2002
| term_end2 = 2007
| successor2 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| profession =
| website = {{url|https://shoorveersinghsajwan.in}}
}}
'''Shoorveer Singh Sajwan'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Born to serve the public Sajwan - जनता की सेवा के लिए ही जन्म हुआ : सजवाण himanshu semwal |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/story-born-to-serve-the-public-sajwan-2911452.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729155146/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/story-born-to-serve-the-public-sajwan-2911452.html |archive-date=2021-07-29 |website=www.livehindustan.com}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/former-cabinet-minister-shoorveer-singh-sajwan-returned-to-congress-including-sajwana-supporters/90203/ | title=पूर्व कैबिनेट मंत्री शूरवीर सिंह सजवाण समर्थकों समेत कांग्रेस में लौटे | date=23 July 2018 }}</ref> is an Indian politician from the [[Indian National Congress]], in the state of Uttarakhand. He won three legislative elections in 1985, 1993 and 2002. He belongs to village Panchoor which comes under Devprayag legislative Assembly. In 1985 he won his first election from [[Devprayag]] legislative assembly and after that he won his second term from [[Tehri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Tehri]] legislative assembly constituency. After Uttarakhand state separated from Uttar Pradesh he won the first election from Rishikesh legislative Assembly in 2002. He is one of the senior leaders in Uttarakhand Congress. He lost in 2007 as well as in 2012. In 2017 state election he filed his nomination as independent candidate from [[Devprayag]] constituency and lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-congress-divided-over-return-of-leaders-who-had-left-party/story-DxoZx5VmbdnEvwENH82NIP.html|title=Uttarakhand Congress divided over return of leaders who had left party|date=22 July 2018|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> but returned to Congress in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/in-ukhand-politics-nothing-is-permanent-including-party-loyalties/articleshow/68801211.cms|title=In Uttarakhand politics, nothing is permanent, including party loyalties | Dehradun News |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 April 2019 }}</ref>

Sajwan, who thought of development in the political background, was born in a family of freedom fighters. His uncle and grandfather were [[freedom fighter]]s. His father-in-law was the [[Ashoka Chakra|Ashok Chakra winner]]. At the age of 12, by staging the character of Lord Lakshman in Ramlilas, he became famous in the entire area. For many years, many characters of [[Ramayana]] were played by organizing Ramlila from place to place. In the meantime, to protect the environment at a young age, plant trees, save trees, adult education, sacrificial practices, gambling ban, middle prohibition and got full public support of the people. While being a teacher, he became a part of political and social activities by holding positions like the President of Teachers Association of Tehri district, General Secretary of [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Teachers Association]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

In undivided Uttar Pradesh, by making his own identity known as the mountain lion, he illuminated the name of the people of the mountain. Being close to the then [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] Shri Vir Bahadur Singh ji, got employment to about 10000 educated youth in various departments. It was the result of their conscious thinking towards education that 72 (seventy two) high schools and intercolleges were established and upgraded in Tehri district. During this time 8 (eight) ITIs were created in Tehri district. He showed his thinking of development by getting approval and construction of the construction works of infinite roads.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

==Early life==

Sajwan was born on 19 December 1950 in family of Late Mor Singh Sajwan and Smt Dayawanti Devi in Village- Panchoor, [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri-Garhwal]], India in state [[Uttarakhand]]. He got the master's degree in arts (M.A.) in Political Science and also did BTC from [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Garhwal]]. After getting the education he worked as a govt. teacher in school and became Gen. Secretary of Shikshak Sangh. His wife Smt. Ambika Sajwan was ex. Chairperson of [[Tehri Garhwal district|Tehri Zila Panchayat]]. He was very actively involved in various andolans{{which lang|date=August 2021}} during the [[Janata Dal (United)|Janta Dal government]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

After becoming the MLA from [[Rishikesh|Rishikesh Vidhan Sabha]] in the first election of [[Uttarakhand]] state in 2002, after becoming the minister of important departments like irrigation, minor irrigation, flood control and rehabilitation of [[Tehri Dam]] expanses, 2500 small and big roads were constructed. A network of gulls for irrigation and minor irrigation was laid in the entire state. Hundreds of irrigation tubewells were installed all over the state. He is also known as Vikas Purush in Rishikesh Vidhan Sabha. In his area Rishikesh, for the establishment of the biggest institution of the state till now, by getting 106 acres of land, after getting approval, got it constructed. Along with this, the Government Polytechnic at Khadri and a hospital in Chhidarwala were established. In Shyampur area, 9 (nine) bridges were approved and constructed. After being a candidate of Congress party in 2022, making Rishikesh district as soon as it came to power, providing employment to unemployed youth through tourism development on the lines of Marine Drive by constructing embankments for flood protection again on the banks of all river channels. To get rid of wild animals, get wired again. To establish a college in rural area. Establishment of ITI with full subjects. Establishment of a government hospital in Shyampur area and upgradation of Government Hospital of Chhidarwala. To fulfill the demand of refrigerator for restoration of health sub-centres and maintenance of generators and vaccines at all centres.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Parking, beautification, waste disposal, promotion of religious and spiritual tourism in [[Rishikesh|Rishikesh city]]. The main objective would be to open a girls college in the area. Apart from this, according to their needs for women's development, setting up of cottage and small industries and providing 50% grant. To make use of hundreds of acres of land of IDPL, it will be a priority to get employment opportunities for the unemployed by establishing various industries.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]||[[Rishikesh Assembly constituency|Rishikesh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Lost}}||24.87%||[[Premchand Aggarwal]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35.42%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Rishikesh Assembly constituency|Rishikesh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Won}}||25.28%||Sandeep Gupta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||23.86%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf 1985 Statistics]
* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf 1993 Statistics]
* [http://myneta.info/utt2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=148 Info]
*[https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/former-cabinet-minister-shoorveer-singh-sajwan-returned-to-congress-including-sajwana-supporters/90203/ navodayatimes]
*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-congress-divided-over-return-of-leaders-who-had-left-party/story-DxoZx5VmbdnEvwENH82NIP.html hindustantimes]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajwan, Shoorveer Singh}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Irrigation ministers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]

13AD (band)

2025-11-11T11:16:32Z

NiklasPqy606: updated formatting based on references

{{Short description|Rock band from Kochi, India}}
{{For|the year|AD 13}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = 13AD
| alias =
| origin = [[Cochin|Kochi]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Hard rock]] [[Blues-rock]] [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]]
| current_members = Eloy Isaacs Paul KJ Jackson Aruja Floyd Libera Anand Sreeraj 
}}
'''13AD''' is a prominent classic and [[hard rock]] band from [[Cochin|Kochi]], India.<ref name=HINDU>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/26/stories/2002082600310200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104195840/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/26/stories/2002082600310200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2002|title=Jarring note strikes Kochi bandwagon|date=26 August 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-02-12}}</ref>

== History and formation ==
13AD was one of India's topmost rock bands from the 1980s to the mid-1990s. The band was formed in 1977. The line up at that time was Stanley Luiz on vocals, Eloy Isaacs on guitar and vocals, Ashley Pinto on guitars and vocals, Anil Raun on bass guitar, and Petro Correia on drums. 13AD used to play in [[Sealord Hotel]] in Kochi, Kerala, India.

They released two albums, ''[[Ground Zero (13AD album)|Ground Zero]]'' and ''Tough on the Streets'' in the 1990s. George Thomas Jr. (Viju), who used to jam with the band, urged them to write their own songs. Thomas wrote the songs "Ground Zero" and "Revelations". The song "Ground Zero" from the album ''Ground Zero'' was a hit during the 1990s.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

With the release of their debut album ''Ground Zero'' (1989), the band grabbed the attention of young India. After relentless travelling, the band brought out another album ''Tough on the Streets'' (1992).

In 1994, they got the opportunity to perform overseas at a few high-end restaurants in Muscat, Oman. They played at Pavo Real, a Mexican Restaurant, where the band gained further fame and popularity among fans in the Middle East. This line up included George Peter, Pinson Correia and lady crooner Sunita Menon.

== Reunion and recent happenings ==
After a break, the band had announced a reunion in 2008. During the reunion concert, they announced the release of their third album ''City Blues''.

13AD plan to bring forth a new bilingual album.

On 11 January 2024, 13AD played at a sold-out concert in their hometown of Kochi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peter |first1=Joe |title=13AD: When a legendary rock band in Kerala had a city in thrall |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2024/01/27/13-ad-rock-band-in-kerala.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Week |date=2024-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Legendary band 13AD makes a comeback after two decades |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Jan/30/13ad-makes-a-comeback-after-two-decades |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The New Indian Express |publisher=The New Indian Express Group (TNIE) |date=2024-01-30}}</ref> An additional concert was played on 6 April 2024 at Thevara College in Kochi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOUSE OF MUSIC FESTIVAL featuring 13 AD IN CONCERT {{!}} Live in Concert {{!}} Also featuring Fish in the Sink, Legion of Harmony |url=https://insider.in/13-ad-apr6-2024/event |website=insider.in |access-date=2024-03-24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Band members==

*Anand Sreeraj - vocals
*Eloy Isaacs - lead and rhythm guitars
*Jackson Aruja - keyboards
*Pinson Correia - drums
*Floyd Libera - drums
*Paul K J - bass

==Former members==
*George Peter - vocals
*Stanley Luiz – vocals
*Glen La Rive – vocals
*Rose – vocals
*Nadine Gregory - Vocals
*Sarina – vocals
*Sunita Menon – vocals
*Ashley Pinto – guitar, vocals
*Anil Raun – bass guitar
*Petro Correia – drums

==Discography==

*1990 – ''[[Ground Zero (13AD album)|Ground Zero]]''
*1993 – ''[[Tough on the Streets]]''

== In popular media ==
A reference to the band is shown as a wall art in the Malayalam movie [[Bheeshma Parvam]] during the song 'Parudeesa'.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=13 AD | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHVfh8DlbVk |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=The first Rock Band of Kerala 13 AD | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nN9bpoiecg |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=13 AD Returns | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdToaGANdBE |access-date=2024-01-19 |language=en}}
* [https://archive.today/20121218194135/http://indianbandshub.blogspot.in/2010/09/13-ad.html]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100130222536/http://planetradiocity.com/musicopedia/music_band.php?conid=125&Genre=13AD

[[Category:Indian rock music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1980]]

Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority

2025-08-20T14:51:22Z

NiklasPqy606: basic enhance information to improve readability also and added references

{{Short description|Urban planning agency of Vizag}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority
|nativename =
|logo = Vmrda logo.png
|logo_width = 150px
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|picture =
|picture_width =
|picture_caption =
|formed = 5 September 2018
|preceding1 = [[Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority|VUDA]]
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
|headquarters = [[Siripuram, Visakhapatnam|Siripuram]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|17.721527|N|83.318062|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|minister1_pfo = [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
|minister2_name = [[Ponguru Narayana]]
|minister2_pfo = [[Ministry of Municipal Administration and Urban Development|Minister of Municipal Administration and Urban Development]]
|chief1_name = M V Pranav Gopal
|chief1_position = Chairperson
|chief2_name = K S Viswanathan [[Indian Administrative Service|I.A.S]]
|chief2_position = Metropolitan Commissioner<ref>{{cite web|title=Koteswara Rao Is New VMRDA Commissioner|url=https://english.sakshi.com/andhrapradesh/2019/07/21/koteswara-rao-is-new-vmrda-commissioner|publisher=Sakshi|access-date=20 July 2019|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721150131/https://english.sakshi.com/andhrapradesh/2019/07/21/koteswara-rao-is-new-vmrda-commissioner|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|chief3_name =
|chief3_position =
|agency_type = Urban Planning Agency
|parent_agency = [[Ministry of Municipal Administration and Urban Development]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|keydocument1=
|website = {{url|http://www.vmrda.gov.in/}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority''' ('''VMRDA''') is the urban planning agency of [[Visakhapatnam]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was formed by expanding the existing [[Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority]] (VUDA).<ref name=vmrda>{{cite web|title=Overview of VMRDA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizag-to-get-bigger-adds-1200-sq-km/articleshow/65253498.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=11 August 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref> The VMRDA administers the Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region, spread over an area of {{Convert|7,328.86|km2|abbr=on}} <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vizag Limits to expand|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vmrda-area-now-7-3k-sq-km-after-addition-of-13-mandals/articleshow/81657001.cms|access-date=24 March 2021|website=Times of India}}</ref> and covers the districts of [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]],[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Upgradation of VMRDA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vizag-to-get-bigger-adds-1200-sq-km/articleshow/65253498.cms|access-date=21 December 2018|work=Times of India|date=13 August 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=VMRDA loses 1,628 sq.km to new urban development body|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vmrda-loses-1628-sq-km-to-new-urban-development-body/articleshow/67966181.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=13 February 2019|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref> It was set up for the purposes of planning, co-ordination, supervising, promoting and securing the planned development of the [[Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region]]. It coordinates the development activities of the municipal corporations, municipalities and other local authorities.

== Jurisdiction ==
[[File:VMRDA office building (February 2019).jpg|thumb|VMRDA Headquarters at Siripuram, Visakhapatnam]]
Under the jurisdiction of VMRDA, the ''Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region'' (VMR), comprises, [[Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam city]] and the districts of [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]],[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] and [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]. It is spread over an area of {{convert|7,328.86|sqkm|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite news |title=Vizag to expand: 13 mandals added to VMRDA, beach corridor and airport prioritised {{!}} The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vizag-expand-13-mandals-added-vmrda-beach-corridor-and-airport-prioritised-145834 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VMRDA area now 7.3k sq km after addition of 13 mandals {{!}} Visakhapatnam News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vmrda-area-now-7-3k-sq-km-after-addition-of-13-mandals/articleshow/81657001.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and has a population of {{nowrap|40.7 [[lakhs]] according to the 2011 census}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news|title=వుడా ఇకపై జ్ఞాపకమే|url=https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/c/31963840|access-date=5 January 2019|work=Andhrajyothi|date=7 September 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

The below table list the urban areas of ''VMR'':
{| class="wikitable" style="width:200pt,"
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center," |Jurisdiction
|-
! style="text-align: center," |Settlement Type
! style="text-align: center," |Name
! style="text-align: center," |Total
|-
! Municipal Corporations
| [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|GVMC]], [[Vizianagaram Municipal Corporation|Vizianagaram]] || 2
|-
! Municipalities
| [[Yelamanchili]], [[Narsipatnam]]|| 2
|-
! Nagar Panchayat
| [[Nellimarla]]|| 1
|}

== Developing Projects ==
The Future Developing Projects by ''VMRDA'' given below.

* [[Mudasarlova Park]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mudasarlova facelift plan set to be finalised in two weeks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/mudasarlova-facelift-plan-set-to-be-finalised-in-two-weeks/articleshow/62595690.cms|access-date=21 December 2018|work=Times of India|date=22 January 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* Visakhapatnam Metro.<ref>{{cite news|title=Metro Works|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/metro-rail-likely-to-gain-steam/article25686279.ece|access-date=11 December 2018|work=The Hindu|date=21 March 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
* Heli Tourism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heli Tourism|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-11-12/Visakhapatnam-Metropolitan-Region-Development-Authority-plans-to-relaunch-heli-tourism-services/440459|access-date=14 December 2018|work=The Hans India|date=18 March 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>
*Beach corridor from Visakhapatnam to Bhogapuram.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development projects for vizag get hikes.|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vizag-expand-13-mandals-added-vmrda-beach-corridor-and-airport-prioritised-145834|access-date=24 March 2021|website=News Minute}}</ref>
* [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Smart City|url=https://www.smartvizag.in/index.php/plan/|access-date=24 November 2018|work=Smart Vizag|date=14 April 2018|location=Visakhapatnam|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126115319/https://www.smartvizag.in/index.php/plan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Andhra Pradesh Natural History Park, Museum & Research Institute (APNHPM& RI)|Integrated museum and tourism complex]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Integrated museum and tourism complex|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/vmrda-to-conduct-eia-study-on-museum-and-tourism-project/articleshow/67050140.cms|access-date=12 December 2018|work=Times of India|date=28 April 2018|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

== Expansion ==
Thirteen mandals of the Visakhapatnam district have been brought under the Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority (VMRDA). Visakhapatnam District is made up of a total of 46 mandals. 22 were already under VMRDA and the Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) takes care of 11 mandals.<ref name=":0" />

On 23 March 2021, VMRDA has taken the remaining 13 non-Agency mandals under its jurisdiction, taking its total to 52 mandals. This decision comes in light of the rapid urbanisation towards the western corridors of Visakhapatnam city. As per sources, this inclusion of mandals is expected to reduce pressure on the urban infrastructure of the city, ensuring planned development in the fringe areas.<ref name=":0" />

Narsipatnam, Rolugunta, Chodavaram, and Madugula are a few of the 13 mandals. In total, they cover 431 villages and are spread across an area of {{convert|2280.19|sqkm|abbr=on}}. According to sources, these mandals are said to have the potential to develop as urban areas. With this new inclusion, the jurisdiction of VMRDA has extended to a total of {{convert|7328.86|sqkm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
<references />

{{Visakhapatnam}}
{{State agencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Government of Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities in India]]
[[Category:Urban development authorities of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttarandhra]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2018]]

Tiruchirappalli City Police

2025-07-10T10:48:18Z

NiklasPqy606: Created First Location More To Come

{{Short description|Division of the Tamil Nadu Police}}{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Tiruchirappalli City Police
| commonname = Trichy City Police
| abbreviation =
| logo =
| logocaption = Logo of Tamil Nadu Police
| motto = Truth alone triumphs
| mottotranslated =
| formedyear = 1997
| preceding1 = Tiruchirappalli District Police
| employees = 1936<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/pdfs/rti/rticities/Trichycity.pdf|title=Commissioner of Police, Trichirapalli City Right to Information Act 2005 Pro-active disclosure under Sec.4 (1) (b) of the Right to Information Act 2005|website=eservices.tnpolice.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328201853/https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/pdfs/rti/rticities/Trichycity.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 }}</ref>
| budget =
| country = India
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivtype = City
| subdivname = [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| map =
| mapcaption =
| governingbody = [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|Department of Home]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| constitution1 =
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| headquarters = Trichy Police Commissionerate
| sworn =
| unsworn =
| minister1name = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| minister1pfo = [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] & [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = N. Kanmani [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]], [[Trichy]]
| parentagency = [[Tamil Nadu Police]]
| unitname = {{collapsible list |Anti Land Grabing Special Cell|Anti Human Trafficking Unit|Anti Vice Squad|Armed Reserve|City Crime Branch|City Crime Records Bureau|Control Room|Court Cell|Cyber Crime Cell|Intelligence Section|Prohibition Enforcement Wing|Security|Serious Crime Squad|Social Justice and Human Rights|Traffic Investigation Wing|Traffic Regulation Wing}}
| stationtype = Station
| stations = 18
| website = {{URL|tnpolice.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Tiruchirappalli City Police''', also called as Trichy City police, a division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] is the law enforcement agency for the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in [[India]]. The city police force is headed by a [[Commissioner of Police]] and the administrative control vests with the [[Tamil Nadu]] Home Department.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/department/14|title=Home, Prohibition and Excise Department|work=Tamil Nadu Government|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> There are four sub-divisions comprising 18 police stations, including four All Women Police Stations. The city's traffic is managed by the North and South wings of Trichy City Traffic Regulation and Investigation Units. ANPR cameras for Traffic Regulatory Management System were first introduced in Trichy City during 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hindu : Front Page : Number Plate Reader cameras commissioned |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/06/stories/2010080661890100.htm |access-date=14 April 2024 |date=30 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830080031/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/06/stories/2010080661890100.htm |archive-date=30 August 2013 }}</ref>

== History ==
During Pre-Colonial period Kavalar system<ref>{{cite book |title=Manual of the Trichynopoly District |date=15 April 1878 |pages=287–290 |publisher=Govt Press |url=https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12224/page/n299/mode/2up |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> was prevalent for policing activity. By 1816 the system was abolished and taken over by the District Board. The current policing system in Trichinopoly District headed by a Superintendent was introduced in 1860 under The Madras District Police Act, 1859<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE MADRAS DISTRICT POLICE ACT, 1859 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/19099/1/a1859-24.pdf |website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref> after the formation of [[British Raj]] in India. After India got independence Madras Police became Tamil Nadu Police and in the year 1977 in order to manage the Policing activity of the Corporation Area of Tiruchirappalli, current City Police Organisation was formed under the head of Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chennai City Police (Extension to the Cities of Salem, Tiruchirappalli and Tirunelveli) Act, 1997 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/13219/1/1997tn51.pdf |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
=== Hierarchy ===
'''Officers'''
* Commissioner of Police (COP) in [[Inspector general of police#India|IG]] Rank
* Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) in [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Rank
* Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police (ADC) in ADSP Rank
* Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in [[Assistant superintendent#India|ASP]]/[[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DSP]] Rank
'''Subordinates'''
*Inspector of Police (Insp.)
*Sub-Inspector of Police (SI)
*Special Sub-Inspector of Police (SSI)
*Assistant Sub Inspector of Police (ASI)
*Head Constable (HC)
*Police Constable Grade I (SC)
*Police Constable (PC)

== List of police stations ==
Following are the list of police stations within the jurisdiction of Tiruchirappalli City Police.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eservices.tnpolice.gov.in/CCTNSNICSDC/wicket/page?15|title=Trichy City Police Contacts }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Sl. No
!Range
!Station code
!Station name
!Function
|-
|1
|rowspan=4|Fort
|
|[[Gandhi Market]]
|L&O, Crime
|-
|2
|
|Fort
|L&O, Crime
|-
|3
|B2
|[[Palakkarai]]
|
|-
|4
|
|Fort AWPS
|
|-
|5
|rowspan=5|[[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Cantonment]]
|C1
|[[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Cantonment]]
|L&O, Crime
|-
|6
|C3
|[[K.K. Nagar]]
|L&O, Crime
|-
|7
|
|Session Court
|
|-
|8
|B9
|[[Edamalaipatti Pudur]]
|
|-
|9
|
|[[Tiruchirappalli Cantonment|Cantonment]] AWPS
|
|-
|10
|rowspan=4|[[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]]
|
|[[Trichy Airport|Airport]]
|
|-
|11
|
|[[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]]
|
|-
|12
|D3
|[[Ariyamangalam]]
|
|-
|13
|
|[[Golden Rock, Tiruchirappalli|Golden Rock]] AWSP
|
|-
|14
|rowspan=5|[[Srirangam]]
|
|[[Srirangam]]
|L&O, Crime
|-
|15
|B7
|[[Woraiyur]]
|L&O, Crime
|-
|16
|E3
|Government Hospital
|
|-
|17
|
|[[Srirangam]] AWPS
|
|-
|18
|E4
|[[Thillai Nagar]]
|
|-
|19
|rowspan=4|[[Trichy]]
|
|TIW North
|Traffic
|-
|20
|
|TIW South
|Traffic
|-
|21
|
|PEW Trichy
|Prohibition
|-
|22
|
|CCB Trichy
|Crime
|}

== References ==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tnpolice.gov.in Official website]

{{Law enforcement in India}}
{{Tiruchirappalli}}

[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Police]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{law-enforcement-agency-stub}}

Radhabinod Temple

2025-07-01T01:56:37Z

NiklasPqy606: creating place

{{Short description|Temple in Bishnupur, West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Radhabinod Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = File:Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (53).jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| Peetham =
| caption =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| deity =
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =
| festival =
| festivals =
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =
| location = [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]
| locale =
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|4|50.84|N|87|19|39.79|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| architecture_type = [[Bengal temple architecture]]
| architecture_style = ''[[At-chala]]'' style
| founded_by = [[Raghunath Singha Dev]]
| creator =
| established = {{Start date and age|1659}}
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed =
| date_demolished =
| facade_direction =
| length = {{cvt|6.4|m|ft}}
| width = {{cvt|6.2|m|ft}}
| height_max = {{cvt|10.7|m|ft}}
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_footnotes =
| designation1 = Monuments of National Importance (India)
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_offname = Radha Vinod Temple
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =
| footnotes = {{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=26}}
| website =
|designation1_number = IN-WB-20}}
'''Radhabinod Temple''' also known as '''Radha Vinod Temple''', Located in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] in [[India|Indian]] state of [[West Bengal]].

== History and architecture ==
The temple was built in 1659 by [[Raghunath Singha Dev]] King of [[Mallabhum]]. The Temple is built in the ''At-chala'' style temple architecture.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=26}}<ref>{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Radha_Vinod |website=www.asikolkata.in}}</ref>

The Radha-Vinoda Temple in Bishnupur, located in the Khar Bangla area, is one of the two at-chala style temples in the region. Despite significant damage to the upper roof and entrance wall, the temple remains an important architectural and historical site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bera |first=Shyamsundar |date=2019-12-23 |title=জয়দেবের স্মৃতিতেই রাধাবিনোদ মন্দির |trans-title=Radhabinod Temple, in memory of Jayadeva |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/others/radhabinod-temple-in-memory-of-jayadev/72926175.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> This temple is particularly notable for its intricate design and its unique at-chala construction, where the roof consists of eight sections. However, due to a narrow break between the upper and lower roof sections, the temple gives the impression of a char-chala structure, which typically features four sloping roofs.
Facing east, the temple stands on a nearly square plinth measuring approximately 6.4 meters in length and 6.2 meters in breadth. The overall height of the temple is about 10.7 meters. Despite the collapse of some parts of the structure, the temple's rich decorative elements would have originally showcased the craftsmanship of the time. The temple's construction reflects the cultural influence of Vaishnavism and the patronage of local rulers like Raghunatha Singha during the 17th century.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=26}}

Today, the Radha-Vinoda Temple is an important relic of Bishnupur's architectural heritage, offering insight into the artistic and religious traditions of the period.{{sfn|Biswas|1992|pp=26}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Souvik |date=11 December 2022 |title=বীরভূমের রাধাবিনোদ মন্দির - জিয়ো বাংলা |trans-title=History of Radhabinod Temple |url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/bn/news/history-of-radhabinod-temple |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=JiyoBangla |language=Bengali}}</ref>

Currently, it is preserved as one of the archaeological monuments by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ASI, Kolkata Circle |url=https://www.asikolkata.in/bankura.aspx#Radha_Vinod |website=www.asikolkata.in}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (48).jpg
File:Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (45).jpg
File:Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (07).jpg
File:Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (02).jpg
File:Radhabinod temple of Bishnupur (51).jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Biswas |first1=S. S. |title=Bishnupur |date=1992 |publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |edition=University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypxFqTmRsgC |language=en}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite web |last=Sanyal |first=Hitesranjan |title=Radhabinod temple, Jaydev Kenduli, Bolpur |url=https://hrsarchive.cssscal.org/collections/show/109 |access-date=20 December 2024 |website=Hitesranjan Sanyal Collection at [[Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta]]}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|}}

{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Mallabhum temples]]
[[Category:Bishnupur, Bankura]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]
[[Category:Temples in Bishnupur, Bankura]]

S. Thanga Pandian

2025-06-29T20:54:16Z

NiklasPqy606: creating new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Thanga Pandian
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2016
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]
| successor = [[K. Gopalsamy]]
}}

'''S. Thanga Pandian''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2016 & 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211231092213/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC202.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC202.pdf|access-date= 28 Apr 2022 |archive-date=31 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajapalayam Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a202|access-date= 28 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||41.94% || [[K. T. Rajenthra Bhalaji]]|| [[ADMK]] || 39.73%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||43.82% || A. A. S. Shyam|| [[ADMK]] || 41.00%
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Rajapalayam Assembly constituency|Rajapalayam]]|| [[ADMK|DMK]] || Lost ||39.41% || [[K. Gopalsamy]]|| [[AIADMK]] || 53.80%

|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thangappandian, S}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Robert F. Cook

2025-05-25T17:47:28Z

NiklasPqy606: rework citations per sources

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Robert F. Cook''' (1880–1958) was an American Christian [[missionary]] to India responsible for the establishment of the [[Pentecostal]] movement in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pneumafoundation.org/article.jsp?article=/YDas-RFCook.xml |title=A Dalit Tribute to Robert F. Cook: The Pentecostal Pioneer in India |author=Rev. J. Yesunatha Das, M.Th. |date= |website=Pneuma Foundation}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
*''37 Years of Glorious Service'' Robert F. Cook. Cleveland: Church of God Publishing, 1975.

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, Robert F}}
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:American Pentecostal missionaries]]
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]

Udumala Bala Showreddy

2025-04-03T15:07:42Z

NiklasPqy606: Created Initial Details Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian Catholic archbishop and clergyman (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Metropolitan Archbishop
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[The Most Reverend]] [[Monsignor]]
| name = Dr. Udumala Bala Showreddy
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam|Metropolitan Archbishop of Vishakhapatnam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/08/250208b.html/ | title=Resignations and Appointments }}</ref>
| image =
| image_size = 400px
| caption =
| archdiocese =
| appointed = 08 February 2025
| enthroned =
| ended =
| predecessor = Mallavarapu Prakash
| successor = ''Incumbent''
| previous_post = Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal|Warangal]] (2013–2025)
| ordination = 20 Feb 1979
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 23 May 2013
| consecrated_by = [[Oswald Cardinal Gracias]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|6|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ghanpur, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| alma_mater = [[Alphonsian Academy]]
| signature =
| coat_of_arms =
| motto = Amor Omnia Vincit
}}

Archbishop Mons. Dr. '''Udumala Bala Showreddy'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ccbi.in/bishop-udumala-bala-appointed-archbishop-of-visakhapatnam/ |title=Bishop Udumala Bala Appointed Archbishop of Visakhapatnam |date=8 February 2025 }}</ref> is an Indian Catholic prelate and clergyman. On 8 February 2025, he was appointed as the Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Visakhapatnam]], succeeding Mons. Mallavarapu Prakash.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/08/250208b.html/ | title=Resignations and Appointments }}</ref> He served as the Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal]] until 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/08/0119/00245.html/ | title=Rinunce e nomine }}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 18 June 1954 in Ghanpur, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2013/04/13/pope_appoints_bishop_of_warangal/in2-682700|title=Vatican Radio Vatican Radio|website=en.radiovaticana.va|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}</ref>

== Education ==
He has acquired the [[Doctorate]] in [[Ethics in religion|Moral Theology]] from [[Alphonsian Academy|Alphonsianum]], [[Rome]].

== Priesthood ==
He was ordained a priest on 20 February 1979. He has served in several pastoral and administrative roles in his diocese before becoming a bishop. He was deputy-secretary general of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (CCBI), [[Bangalore]]. From 1994 to 2006 he taught moral theology at [[St. John's Regional Seminary|St. John’s Regional Seminary]], [[Hyderabad]].

== Episcopate ==
He was appointed bishop of Warangal, India, on 13 April 2013 by [[Pope Francis]]. He was ordained a bishop on 23 May 2013 by [[Oswald Gracias|Oswald Cardinal Gracias]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/breddy.html|title=Bishop Udumala Bala Showreddy [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-bala-showreddy/682|title=Bishop Udumala Bala Showreddy {{!}} Bishop of Warangal Diocese Udumala Bala Showreddy {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=2017-08-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udumala Bala Showreddy}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Alphonsian Academy alumni]]

Chowdavarapu Vishwanatham

2025-03-07T16:03:47Z

NiklasPqy606: added a article from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=August 2015}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
'''Chowdavarapu Vishwanadham''' (1921–2002) was born in Gudur Village, Mandal [[Palakurthi]], [[Warangal district|District Waranagal]], [[Telangana]] State. He was a freedom fighter, philanthropist and social worker.

He participated in the movement for liberation of [[Hyderabad]] State as member of [[Andhra Maha Sabha]] and actively worked as congress leader under the leader ship of Swami Ramananda theertha. He was arrested by the Nizam government number of occasions for participating and organizing people against the rule of Nizam. He also played active role in library movement in the then Hyderabad state.

==References==
*Libraries in India's National Developmental Perspective: A Saga of Fifty Years Since Independence. Author Mohamed Taher page 95.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwanatham, Chowdavarapu}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hanamkonda district]]

Pallava art and architecture

2024-12-22T10:21:56Z

NiklasPqy606:

{{Short description|Architectural style in 7th-century India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Mahabalipuram Descent of ganges.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Descent of the Ganges]] rock carvings at [[Mamallapuram]].]]

'''Pallava art and architecture''' represent an early stage of [[Dravidian architecture]] which blossomed to its fullest extent under the [[Chola Dynasty]]. The first stone and mortar temples of [[South India]] were constructed during [[Pallava]] rule and were based on earlier brick and timber prototypes.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p399">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|author=James G. Lochtefeld|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n405 399]}}</ref><ref name="Unesco">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO.org|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Advisory">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/249.pdf|title=Advisory body evaluation|publisher=UNESCO.org|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

Starting with [[rock cut]] temples, built between 695AD and 722AD, and archaeological excavations dated to the 6th century and earlier.<ref name="Unesco2">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO.org|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_detail.asp Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, Dist. Kanchipuram] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204944/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_mahabalipuram_detail.asp |date=29 May 2018 }}, Archaeological Survey of India (2014)</ref> Pallava sculptors later graduated to free-standing structural shrines which inspired Chola dynasty's temples of a later age. Some of the best examples of Pallava art and architecture are the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikuntha Perumal Temple]] at [[Kanchipuram]], the [[Shore Temple]] and the [[Pancha Rathas]] of [[Mahabalipuram]]. Akshara was the greatest sculptor of their time.<ref name="britmamalla">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mamallapuram Mamallapuram], Encyclopedia Britannica</ref><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p3992">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|author=James G. Lochtefeld|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n405 399]}}</ref><ref name="Unesco4">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO.org|access-date=23 October 2012}}</ref>

== History of Pallava architecture ==

Pallava architecture was sub-divided into two phases: the rock cut phase and the structural phase. The rock cut phase lasted from the 610 AD to 668 AD and consisted of two groups of monuments, the Mahendra group and the Mamalla group. The Mahendra group is the name given to monuments constructed during the reign of [[Mahendravarman I]] (610 AD- 630 AD). The monuments of this group are invariably pillared halls hewn out of mountain faces. These pillared halls or mandapas follow the prototype of Jain temples of the period. The best examples of Mahendra group of monuments are the [[Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple|cave temples at Mandagapattu]], [[Pallavaram]] and [[Mamandur]].

The second group of rock cut monuments belongs to the Mamalla group from 630 to 668 AD. During this period free-standing monolithic shrines called ''ratha''s (chariots) were constructed alongside pillared halls. Some of the best examples of this style are the Pancha Rathas and [[Arjuna's Penance]] at Mahabalipuram.
[[File:Pallava_Pillar_Mandagappattu.png|alt=|left|thumb|Pallava Pillar Mandagappattu, 7th century]]
The second phase of Pallava architecture is the structural phase when free-standing shrines were constructed with stone and mortar brought in for the purpose. Monuments of this phase are of two groups—the Rajasimha group (690 to 800 AD) and the Nandivarman group (800 to 900 AD).<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval India the study of a civilization|first=Irfan|last=Habib|page=43|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-5255-6|year=2007}}</ref> The Rajasimha group encompasses the early structural temples of the Pallavas when a lot of experimentation was carried out. The best examples of this period are the [[Shore Temple]] at Mahabalipuram and the [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple]] at Kanchipuram both constructed by [[Narasimhavarman II]] who was known as Rajasimha. The best example of the Nandivarman group of monuments is the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikunta Perumal Temple]] at Kanchipuram. During this period, Pallava architecture attained full maturity and provided the models upon which the massive Brihadeeswarar Temple of the Cholas at Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram and various other architectural works of note were constructed.

==Gallery==
<gallery heights="150px" perrow="4" mode="packed">
File:Tirumurthi-Caves-Mahabalipuarm-Chennai-2.JPG|Trimurthi cave
File:Les temples du rivage (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13949513945).jpg|Somaskanda Panel
File:01MahabalipuramShoreTemple.jpg|Shore Temple
File:Krishna soulève le mont Govardhana (Mahabalipuram, Inde) (13943133062).jpg|[[Krishna]] holding Govardhana giri
File:Varaha Mandapam, Pallava period, 7th century, Mahabalipuram (11) (37428423256).jpg|Durga Panel
File:Rock Cut Varaha Temple Containing Varaha And Vamana Incarnation Of Vishnu (4).jpg|Gajalakshmi Panel
File:Rock Cut Varaha Temple Containing Varaha And Vamana Incarnation Of Vishnu - 3.jpg|Thrivikrama Panel
File:Varaha-mahabalipuram.jpg|Varaha Panel
File:Pancha Ratha Panorama (1).jpg|Paranomic view of the Pancha Ratha Temple
File:Thiruvellarai (28).jpg|Rock Cut Mandapam by Pallavas at [[Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple]]
File:Parameswara Vinnagaram.JPG|[[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikuntha Perumal Temple]]
File:7th century Sri Kailashnathar Temple Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu India 01 (11).jpg|[[Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchi]]
File:Iratheshwarar2.jpg|[[Iravatanesvara Temple, Kanchipuram|Iravatanesvara Temple]]
File:Tiruvallikeni1.jpg|[[Parthasarathy Temple, Chennai|Parthasarathy Perumal Temple, Chennai]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Architecture of the Pallava dynasty}}

[[Category:Pallava Empire]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture| ]]
[[Category:Tamil art]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]
[[Category:Indian art]]