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Prathichaya

2026-05-08T10:19:52Z

NiklasKinard: adding new info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|2026 film by B. Unnikrishnan}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Prathichaya Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Unnikrishnan B | B. Unnikrishnan]]
| writer = [[Unnikrishnan B | B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = {{ubl|Gokulam Gopalan |RD Illuminations LLP}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nivin Pauly]] | [[Balachandra Menon]] | [[Sharaf U Dheen]] | [[Harisree Ashokan]] | [[Nishanth Sagar]]}}
| cinematography = [[Chandru Selvaraj]]
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor) | Manoj]]
| music = [[Justin Varghese]]
| studio = {{ubl| Sree Gokulam Movies | RD Illuminations LLP}}
| distributor = Sree Gokulam Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|03|26}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 162 minutes
}}

'''''Prathichaya''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam-language]] [[political thriller film]] directed by [[Unnikrishnan B|B. Unnikrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Pure coincidence.’ B Unnikrishnan on his political drama ‘Prathichaya’ releasing during Kerala polls|website=Onmanorama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/03/23/prathichaya-movie-release-kerala-elections-b-unnikrishnan-nivin-pauly.html}}</ref> The film stars [[Nivin Pauly]] in the [[title role]], while [[Balachandra Menon]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Ann Augustine]] and [[Harisree Ashokan]] plays supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly-B Unnikrishnan film titled Prathichaya, trailer out|website=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Feb/18/malayalamnews2026feb18nivin-pauly-b-unnikrishnan-film-titled-prathichaya}}</ref> The film was released theatrically on 26 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly's Political Thriller 'Prathichaya' Gets Release Date, To Hit Theatres On March 26|website=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/malayalam-cinema/nivin-paulys-political-thriller-prathichaya-gets-release-date-to-hit-theatres-on-march-26-ws-kl-9981073.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly's 'Prathichaya' To Be Released On March 26|website=Hollywood Reporter India|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/nivin-paulys-prathichaya-to-be-released-on-march-26}}</ref>

The film was produced by Sree Gokulam Movies and RD Illuminations LLP and the music is composed by [[Justin Varghese]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly announces release date of political thriller 'Prathichaya' for March 26: 'A father’s legacy, a son’s destiny'|website=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-announces-release-date-of-political-thriller-prathichaya-for-march-26-a-fathers-legacy-a-sons-destiny/articleshow/129632842.cms}}</ref> The film develops as a tense father-son drama set against a backdrop of modern political warfare and digital surveillance.

==Plot==
John Varghese, a tech entrepreneur who attempts to salvage the reputation of his father, a Chief Minister embroiled in a political scandal. As John deploys technology and strategic narratives to influence public perception, he uncovers layers of conspiracy involving political rivals, media manipulation and corporate interests.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as John Varghese
* [[Balachandra Menon]] as K. N. Varghese, [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Ravi Madhavan
* [[Ann Augustine]] as Nisha Chandrakumar
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Purushothaman
* [[Nishanth Sagar]] as Tobin Varghese
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as N. P. Jayadevan
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Ramakrishan
* [[Chirag Jani (actor)|Chirag Jani]] as Sukesh Pandey
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Annamma Varghese
* Neethu Krishna as Rosa Jayadevan
* Vijitha Vijayakumar as Rani Tobin
* Megha Thomas as Thara Vijayan
* Nandini Gopalakrishnan
* Baby Dhwani as Mariya Tobin
* Vyshakh as Ishaan Tejas
* Aneena as Elizabeth Jacob
* Vishnu Agasthya as Arvind
* Baby Fyza as Aswini Chandrakumar
{{colend}}

==Release==
The film was released theatrically on 26 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title='പ്രതിഛായ' റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; മാർച്ച് 26-ന് തിയേറ്ററിലെത്തും|website=Mathrubhumi News|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/prathichaya-movie-release-date-qi2nfxfa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=നിവിൻ പോളി, ബാലചന്ദ്ര മേനോൻ ചിത്രം 'പ്രതിഛായ' മാർച്ച് റിലീസ്|website=News18|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/nivin-pauly-balachandra-menon-movie-prathichaya-gets-release-date-mm-766241.html}}</ref>

The digital streaming rights of the film is acquired by [[JioHotstar]] and began streaming from 24 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title='Prathichaya' OTT release: When and where to watch Nivin Pauly and B Unnikrishnan's political thriller|website=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prathichaya-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-nivin-pauly-and-b-unnikrishnans-political-thriller/articleshow/130345535.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nivin Pauly starrer 'Prathichaya' locks its OTT release date; here's where to watch|website=Onmanorama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/04/20/nivin-pauly-balachandra-menon-movie-prathichaya-ott-release-date.html}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics.

Sajin Sreejith of [[The Week (magazine)|The Week]] rated 4 out of 5 and wrote "B. Unnikrishnan's best film with efficient turns from Nivin Pauly and Balachandra Menon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2026/03/26/prathichaya-review-b-unnikrishnans-best-film-with-efficient-turns-from-nivin-pauly-and-balachandra-menon.html|title='Prathichaya' review: B. Unnikrishnan's best film with efficient turns from Nivin Pauly and Balachandra Menon|date=26 March 2026|website=The Week|access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of [[NDTV]] gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Prathichaya turns out to be a slow-paced family and political drama with an underwhelming script".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/prathichaya-review-nivin-paulys-political-thriller-lacks-thrills-drowns-in-monotony-from-weak-script-11269636 | title=Prathichaya Review: Nivin Pauly's Political Thriller Drowns In Monotony | date=26 March 2026 | website=NDTV | access-date=4 May 2026 | archive-date=4 May 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504154603/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/prathichaya-review-nivin-paulys-political-thriller-lacks-thrills-drowns-in-monotony-from-weak-script-11269636 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of [[The Indian Express]] gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "Prathichaya is marred throughout by poor performances from the main cast".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/prathichaya-movie-review-nivin-pauly-political-drama-is-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-10601805/ | title=Prathichaya movie review: Nivin Pauly's political drama is old wine in a new bottle | date=27 March 2026 | website=Indian Express | access-date=4 May 2026 | archive-date=4 May 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504155927/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/prathichaya-movie-review-nivin-pauly-political-drama-is-old-wine-in-a-new-bottle-10601805/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

S R Praveen of [[The Hindu]] reviewed the film as "Not even a whitewash can contemporise this old-fashioned political thriller".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prathichaya-movie-review-nivin-pauly-malayalam-movie-kerala-politics-old-fashioned-thriller/article70788022.ece | title=‘Prathichaya’ movie review: Not even a whitewash can contemporise this old-fashioned political thriller | date=26 March 2026 | website=The Hindu | access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

Vignesh Madhu of [[Cinema Express]] wrote "A dated political drama lifted by flashes of sharp writing ".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2026/Mar/26/prathichaya-movie-review-a-dated-political-drama-lifted-by-flashes-of-sharp-writing | title=Prathichaya Movie Review: A dated political drama lifted by flashes of sharp writing | date=26 March 2026 | website=Cinema Express | access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

Sanjay Ponnappa of [[India Today]] wrote "This Nivin Pauly film needs max patience for minimal pay-off".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/nivin-pauly-prathichaya-political-drama-corruption-scandal-review-2887445-2026-03-26 | title=Prathichaya review: This Nivin Pauly film needs max patience for minimal pay-off | date=26 March 2026 | website=India Today| access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of [[Onmanorama]] wrote "B Unnikrishnan-Nivin Pauly film is an emotionally-charged political thriller".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/03/26/prathichaya-full-review-b-unnikrishnan-nivin-pauly-political-movie.html | title='Prathichaya' review: B Unnikrishnan-Nivin Pauly film is an emotionally-charged political thriller | date=26 March 2026 | website=Onamanorama| access-date=8 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
{{IMDb title|tt39283431}}
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020s political films]]
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]

Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-07T09:47:12Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up The Stub Added Tags

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Maldaha Dakshin {{Small|WB-8}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Maldaha Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Isha Khan Choudhury.jpg
| mp = [[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]] [[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]] [[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]] [[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur]] [[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]] [[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]] [[Samserganj Assembly constituency|Samserganj]]
| electors = 1,347,143<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[Malda district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is considered to be a bastion of the [[Indian National Congress]]. While five of the assembly segments of No. 8 Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Malda district]] in [[West Bengal]], two assembly segments are in [[Murshidabad district]]. As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency]] ceased to exist from 2009 and two new ones came into being: [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency]] and Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|250px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. '''Maldaha Dakshin''', 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency (parliamentary constituency no. 8) is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref name =delimitation/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|49
|[[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Malda district|Malda]]
|[[Gour Chandra Mandal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|51
|[[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|[[Amlan Bhaduri]]
|-
|52
|[[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]]
|Islam Nazrul
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|53
|[[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur]]
|[[Sabina Yeasmin]]
|-
|54
|[[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
|[[Raju Karmakar]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|55
|[[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|Motab Sheikh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|56
|[[Samserganj Assembly constituency|Samserganj]]
|Noor Alam
|{{party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maldaha Dakshin Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/maldaha-dakshin.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Till 2008 : See [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="1" | [[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Maldaha Dakshin<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Maldaha Dakshin">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Maldaha Dakshin |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S258.htm |accessdate=6 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706113251/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S258.htm |archivedate=6 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maldaha Dakshin Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Maldaha Dakshin Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/maldaha-dakshin |access-date=6 July 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706113359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/maldaha-dakshin |archive-date=6 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Isha Khan Choudhury]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,72,395
|percentage = 41.79
|change = {{increase}}7.06
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=[[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury]]|votes=4,44,027|percentage=32.42|change={{decrease}}1.67}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Shahnawaz Ali Raihan|votes=3,01,026|percentage=21.98|change={{decrease}}5.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=2,797|percentage=0.20|change={{decrease}}0.74}}

{{Election box majority||votes=1,28,368|percentage=9.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,69,789|percentage=76.69|change={{decrease}}4.55}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
Source:[http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS258.htm?ac=8 Source]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|2019 Indian general election]]: Maldaha Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate= [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes= 444,270
|percentage= 34.73
|change= -0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sreerupa Mitra Chaudhury]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 436,048
|percentage = 34.09
|change = +14.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Md Moazzem Hossain
|party=All India Trinamool Congress
|votes=351,353
|percentage= 27.47
|change= +6.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Debojit Mandal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 9,430
|percentage = 0.74
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Fulchand Mandal
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes= 6,190
|percentage= 0.48
|change= -0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate= Angushudhar Mandal
|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India
|votes= 5,605
|percentage= 0.44
|change= ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 12,062
|percentage = 0.94
|change = +0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 8,222
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -14.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,279,977
|percentage = 81.24
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,575,590
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -7.05
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Maldaha Dakshin<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 380,291
|percentage = 34.81
|change = -18.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bishnupada Roy
|votes = 216,181
|percentage = 19.79
|change = +14.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Abul Hasnat Khan]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 209,480
|percentage = 19.18
|change = -17.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md Moazzem Hossain
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 192,632
|percentage = 17.63
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md. Najrul Islam
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 21,207
|percentage = 1.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Imtiaz Ahmed Mollah
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|votes = 12,952
|percentage = 1.18
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manjur Alahi Munshi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 11,426
|percentage = 1.04
|change = +0.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sadhan Chatterjee
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,536
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Naresh Rishi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,616
|percentage = 0.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nikhil Chandra Mondal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,138
|percentage = 0.56
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box candidate
|candidate = Md Ezaruddin
|party = Jamat-E-Seratul Mustakim
|votes = 3,377
|percentage = 0.30
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md Faruque Hossain
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|votes = 3,282
|percentage = 0.30
|change = -0.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Murshed Shekh
|party = Republican Party of India
|votes = 2,720
|percentage = 0.24
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nasmul Hoque
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|votes = 2,466
|percentage = 0.22
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bimal Mardi
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|votes = 1,921
|percentage = 0.17
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dipak Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
|votes = 1449
|percentage = 0.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Firoz Akhtar
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|votes = 1,342
|percentage = 0.12
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,392
|percentage = 0.77
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 164,111
|percentage = 15.02
|change = -1.41
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,092,407
|percentage = 81.09
|change = +2.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -18.84
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[English Bazar|Maldaha Dakshin]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2 June 2014 }}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
|votes = 443,377
|percentage = 53.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Abdur Razzaque
|votes = 307,097
|percentage = 37.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Chowdhury
|votes = 43,997
|percentage = 5.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Bharat Chandra Mandal
|votes = 5,889
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Md. Ejaruddin
|votes = 5,752
|percentage = 0.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manjur Alahi Munshi
|votes = 3,167
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Kamal Basirujjaman
|votes = 3,411
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rustam Ali
|votes = 5,944
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shyamal Das
|votes = 10,852
|percentage = 1.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 136,280
|percentage = 16.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 829,482
|percentage = 78.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Malda topics}}

{{coord|24.8515889|N|88.0109596|E|display=title|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Maldah]]

Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited

2026-05-06T03:26:32Z

NiklasKinard: article

{{Short description|Electricity transmission and distribution company in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL)
| logo = Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = UPPCL Logo
| logo_caption = LOGO Used on the official website
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt = UPPCL Headquarters located in Hazaratganj, Lucknow
| image_caption = UPPCL Headquarters situated in Hazaratganj, Lucknow.
| native_name = उत्तर प्रदेश पावर कारपोरेशन लिमिटेड
| native_name_lang = hi
| type = Uttar Pradesh State Government Undertaking
| founded = {{start date and age|1999|11|30|df=yes}}
| hq_location = [[Lucknow]], India
| area_served = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| key_people = Shri Arvind Kumar Sharma, Ashish Kumar Goel ([[Chairman]]), Mayur Maheshwari (IAS) (Managing Director)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mayur Maheshwari new MD of UP Power Transmission Corp |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/mayur-maheshwari-new-md-of-up-power-transmission-corp/articleshow/124883089.cms |website=The Times of India |date=29 October 2025 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IAS Posting Details: Mayur Maheshwari |url=https://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?437 |website=niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in |access-date=29 October 2025 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805131138/http://niyuktionline.upsdc.gov.in/ias-posting-detail.htm?437 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| services = Electricity Transmission & Distribution
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| industry = [[Electric Power]]
| predecessor = UPSEB
| owner = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| num_employees =
| subsid = DVVNL MVVNL PVVNL PuVVNL KESCO
| homepage = {{URL|uppcl.org}}
}}

'''Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited (UPPCL)''' is a state government company, responsible for electricity transmission and distribution within the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=E-government for Improving Performance of Power Sector in India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Geetika-Goel-2/publication/221229234_E-government_for_Improving_Performance_of_Power_Sector_in_India/links/5707555f08ae04e9708c1327/E-government-for-Improving-Performance-of-Power-Sector-in-India.pdf}}</ref> The incumbent chairman is Dr. Ashish Kumar Goel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Headquarters / Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=https://uppcl.org/uppcl/en/page/headquarter#:~:text=1.,chairmanuppcl%40gmail.com |website=uppcl.org}}</ref>

== History ==
U.P. Power Corporation Limited was incorporated on 30 November 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=U. P. Power Corporation Limited Information - U. P. Power Corporation Limited Company Profile, U. P. Power Corporation Limited News on The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> and commenced its business w.e.f. 15 January 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=https://uppcl.org/uppcl/en#:~:text=The%20creation%20of%20Uttar%20Pradesh,distribution%20and%20supply%20of%20electricity. |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=uppcl.org}}</ref> It was formed as part of restructuring of then Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board (UPSEB).

== Organization ==
For efficient operation & management, UPPCL is divided six divisions:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation Structure / Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. |url=https://uppcl.org/uppcl/en/article/organisation-structure |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=uppcl.org}}</ref>

* Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (DVVNL) - Agra Zone Discom
* Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (MVVNL) - Lucknow, Ayodhya Zone Discom
* Pashchimanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (PVVNL) - Meerut Zone Discom
* Purvanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (PUVVNL) - Prayagraj, Varanasi Zone Discom
* [[Kanpur Electricity Supply Company]] (KESCO) - [[Kanpur]] City Discom

== Power procurement ==
UPPCL procures power from state government-owned power generators ([[Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam]] & Uttar Pradesh Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited), central government-owned power generators ([[NTPC Limited]] & [[THDC India Limited|THDC Ltd]]) and independent power producers - IPP (mostly private power companies) through [[power purchase agreement]] for lowest per unit cost of electricity.

== Financial condition and line losses ==
The total loss of the UPPCL for the year ended on 31 March 2017 is estimated to be ₹ 8,825 crores.

The causes of such poor financial conditions include:

* Higher line losses due to ageing over-stressed infrastructure
* Pilferage of power at large scale
* Inferior quality of transformers and other equipment
* Widespread corruption
* Inefficient use of IT-enabled infrastructure for administrative as well as technical purposes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theft and Loss of Electricity in an Indian State1 |url=https://leitner.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/resources/papers/GM_PowerTheft_20120409.pdf}}</ref>

Discom-wise Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) Loss / Total line losses (in %) for the period 2010-11:
* Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (DVVNL) - 46.80%
* Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (MVVNL) - 39.10%
* Pashchimanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (PVVNL) - 31.60%
* Purvanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (PUVVNL) - 29.72%

== Power plants ==

In line of [[Power Finance Corporation]], UPPCL created [[Special-purpose entity|Special Purpose Vehicles]] (SPVs):

* To attract private investment in the implementation of New Power Plant Projects in the state of Uttar Pradesh
* To meet the growing power demand of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state
* To procure power at the lowest possible feasible rates

The role of SPVs are -

* Preparing feasibility report (including Technology, Size, Coal linkages, Land & Water issues),
* Clearances (including environment clearances) & land acquisition, etc.

These SPVs are transferred to a developer private company through bidding for the lowest per unit cast of selling electricity to UPPCL.

UPPCL SPVs:

* [[Bara Thermal Power Station|Bara Thermal Power Project]], Prayagraj Power Generation Company Limited (Tehsil - Bara, Distt. Allahabad) - 3 x 660 MW
* [[Tanda thermal power plant]] ([[Ambedkar Nagar district]]) 4× 1680 MW, 4× 660 MW
* [[Karchana Thermal Power Station]], Sangam Power Generation Company Limited (Tehsil - Karchana, Distt. Allahabad) - 2 x 660 MW (Under Construction)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Electric power distribution network operators in India]]
[[Category:Government-owned energy companies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies based in Lucknow]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1999]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1999]]

Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express

2026-05-04T15:29:39Z

NiklasKinard: adding new details.

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Porbandar – Delhi Sarai Rohilla ''Superfast Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] & Delhi
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Porbandar}} (PBR)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} (DEE)
| distance = {{convert|1375|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 23 hrs 50 mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Pantry Car, On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 20937 / 20938
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 20937 / 20938 '''Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to the [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[Porbandar railway station|Porbandar]] of [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] in [[India]].<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3196&did=1461906541618B4B5CE51E0172E689B19F13569C68015.web91 "WESTERN RAILWAY TO ATTACH EXTRA 3AC COACHES IN 19 PAIRS OF TRAINS ON TEMPORARY BASIS"]</ref><ref>[http://epaper.bhaskar.com/detail/?id=590998&boxid=82904252265&ch=0&map=map&currentTab=tabs-1&pagedate=08/29/2014&editioncode=86&pageno=1&view=image "Provide Stoppage of 3 trains at dausa railway sattion ''(sic)''"]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3695&did=139763008338248A1C1026F1F92BAF93729149A6BF894 "TEMPORARY AUGMENTATION OF EXPRESS TRAINS TO CLEAR RUSH DURING SUMMER-2014"]</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has Modern LHB rakes with max speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :

* 1 First AC Coach
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 4 General Unreserved
* 1 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 EOG Car

== Service==

19263/Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1373 km in 23 hrs 55 mins.

19264/Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Porbandar Superfast Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1373 km in 24 hrs 15 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Porbandar}}
* {{rws|Jamnagar}}
* {{rws|Hapa}}
* {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{rws|Chandlodiya}} (Ahmedabad)
* {{rws|Abu Road}}
* {{rws|Marwar Junction}}
* {{rws|Ajmer Junction}}
* {{rws|Jaipur Junction}}
* {{rws|Alwar Junction}}
* {{rws|Rewari Junction}}
* {{rws|Gurgaon}}
* {{rws|Delhi Cantonment}}
* {{rws|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 20937 || PBR || Porbandar || 19:35 PM || Tue, Sat || Delhi Sarai Rohilla || 19:30 PM || Sun, Wed
|-
| 20938 || MFP || Delhi Sarai Rohilla || 08:10 AM || Mon, Thu || Porbandar || 08:25 AM || Tue, Fri
|}

== Rake sharing ==

The train shares its rake with 12905/12906 [[Shalimar–Porbandar Superfast Express]], 19269/19270 [[Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express]] and 19201/19202 [[Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express]].

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] electric locomotive from Delhi Sarai Rohilla to Porbandar and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Porbandar railway station]]
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station]]
* [[Secunderabad–Porbandar Weekly Express]]
* [[Porbandar–Muzaffarpur Express]]
* [[Shalimar–Porbandar Superfast Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/401 20937/Porbandar–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Superfast Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1260 20938/Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Porbandar Superfast Express]

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porbandar-Delhi Sarai Rohilla Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Porbandar]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Pushpaben Mehta

2026-04-24T19:25:04Z

NiklasKinard: adding new info.

{{Short description|Indian social worker and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pushpaben Mehta
| office = [[1952 Saurashtra Legislative Assembly election|1st Speaker of Saurashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| image = Pushpaben Mehta receiving award Probable free to use if India gov pic.jpeg
| caption = Pushpaben Mehta receiving the Jamnalal Bajaj Award, 1983
| constituency3 = [[Gujarat]]
| preceded = ''Office Established''
| succeeded = [[S. L. Silam]]
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1956
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
 [[Syndicate Congress|INC(O)]] (after 1969)
| constituency1 = [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Veraval Town]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = ''Office Established''
| succeeded1 = Hamir Sarman Solanki
| term_end1 = 1956
| term_start1 = 1952
| term_end2 = 02 April 1972
| term_start2 = 03 April 1966
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1905|03|21}}
| birth_place = [[Veraval]], [[Junagadh State]], [[British India]] (now [[Gujarat]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1988|04|12|1905|03|21}}
| death_place = [[Amdavad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater = [[Baroda College]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1956) [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] (1983)
}}

'''Pushpa Janardanrai Mehta''', (21 March 1905 ― 2 April 1988) also known as '''Pushpaben Mehta''', was an Indian social worker and politician from [[Gujarat]]. She founded and headed several women and child welfare organisations in [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region. She served as the member of legislative assemblies of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay]] and [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] states consecutively from 1952 to 1962. She served as the member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1966 to 1972. She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1956.

==Early life==
Pushpaben was born on 21 March 1905 to Harprasad Desai, an official of the [[Junagadh State]], and Hetuba in [[Veraval]] (now in [[Gir Somnath district]], Gujarat, India).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Priti|date=2002-01-01|title=મહેતા, પુષ્પાબહેન જનાર્દનરાય|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8-%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|language=gu}}</ref>{{sfn|Desai|1981|pp=26, 33}} After studying in local girls school in Veraval, she joined the experimental school of the Mahalaxmi Female Training College at Ahmedabad in 1915. Her family returned to Veraval following the plague in Ahmedabad.{{sfn|Desai|1981|p=37}}

She married Janardan Mehta, a teacher from [[Bhavnagar]], in Veraval on 25 January 1920. They moved to [[Karachi]] following their marriage where Janardan could teach at [[B. V. S. Parsi High School]].{{sfn|Desai|1981|p=43}} She gained a stepson from Janardan's previous marriage. Usha was their only daughter who was born in 1922.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Desai|1981|p=44}} She matriculated in 1930.{{sfn|Desai|1981|p=58}} Her husband, Janardan, died from fever on 27 December 1931.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Desai|1981|pp=44, 65}} She moved to Ahmedabad and completed a BA from [[Baroda]]. She became a teacher in the Municipal Girls School in Ahmedabad.{{sfn|Desai|1981|p=45, 59, 71}}

== Social welfare career ==
Her work was blessed by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref name=":0"/> and participated in the [[Indian independence movement]]. [[Mridula Sarabhai]] invited her to join Jyoti Sangh, an organisation established for women and child welfare founded by Sarabhai. She became a secretary of Jyoti Sangh in November 1934. During her years at Jyoti Sangh, she rehabilitated destitute women and children. She founded the Vikas Gruh at Saurashtra Society in Ahmedabad in 1937 to shelter those women and make them self-reliant. The organisation grew with welfare, residential and commercial facilities. In 1954, the new building of Vikas Gruh was opened by [[Rajendra Prasad]], the [[President of India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Smt. Pushpavati Janardanrai Mehta|url=https://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/Media/pdf/JBA_1983_Bio_Pushpvati_Mehta.pdf|website=Jamanalal Bajaj Foundation}}</ref>

She founded social organisations in the Saurashtra region including Revashankar Pancholi Pragati Gruh at [[Halvad]] in 1944, Vikas Vidyalaya at [[Wadhwan]] in 1945, Kanta Stree Vikas Gruh at [[Rajkot]] in 1945, Shishu Mangal at [[Junagadh]] in 1947-48, Mahila Vikas Mandal at [[Amreli]] in 1950, Kasturba Stree Vikas Gruh at [[Jamnagar]] in 1956, Tapibai Vikas Gruh at Bhavnagar in 1960 and Kalyan Gram-Vikas Vidyalaya at [[Morbi]] in 1979. She established three Ashram Shalas (residential schools) in tribal regions of Saurashtra.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Desai|1981|pp=163, 183}} She founded the Maldhari Sangh in 1950 to address the problem of [[Maldhari|Maldhari people]] during the famine in Saurashtra.<ref name=":1" /> She was the founder and president of the Samasta Gujarat Samajik Sanstha Madhyastha Mandal, a federation of about 130 social welfare organisations in Gujarat, which was founded in 1945.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Desai|1981|pp=163, 165}}

== Political career ==
Mehta was a cabinet member of the Arzi Hukumat (provisional government) which was instrumental during the [[annexation of Junagadh]] in 1947. She was a member of legislative assemblies of [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay]] and [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]] states from 1952 to 1962.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=સ્‍વાતંત્ર્ય સેનાની અને સમાજસેવિકા પુષ્‍પાબે મહેતા : ૧૧૧મી જન્‍મજયંતિ|url=https://www.akilanews.com/Saurashtra_news/Detail/2016-03-19/45729|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Akila News|language=gu}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jani|first=Shashikant Vishwanath|date=2002-01-01|title=આરઝી હકૂમત|url=https://gujarativishwakosh.org/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80-%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A4/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]]|language=gu}}</ref> She was the first speaker of the Saurashtra Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":0" /> She served as the Chairman of the Social Welfare Boards of Saurashtra, Bombay and Gujarat states from 1954 to 1965.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She served as the member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 3 April 1966 to 2 April 1972 representing [[Congress (O)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Former Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise)|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/mpterms.aspx|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Rajya Sabha}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

She died on 2 April 1988 in Ahmedabad.<ref name=":1" />

== Recognition ==
She was awarded the [[Jamnalal Bajaj Award]] for Women and Children Welfare in 1983. She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award of India, in 1956 for her contribution in public affairs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite thesis|last=Desai|first=Gira Shambhuprasad|script-title=gu:પુષ્પાબહેન મહેતા : એક સ્ત્રી નેતા અને સામાજિક સંસ્થાઓના સ્થાપક : જીવનવૃત્તાંતનો અભ્યાસ (1905-1988)|trans-title=Pushpaben Mehta : A Women Leader and Founder of Social Organizations : (1905-1988) : (A Biographical Study)|date=1981-12-31|degree=PhD|publisher=Department of History, Gujarat University|place=Ahmedabad|hdl=10603/47983|via=Shodhganga|language=gu}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Pushpaben}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gir Somnath district]]
[[Category:People from Veraval]]
[[Category:Social workers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1960–1962]]
[[Category:Saurashtra MLAs 1952–1956]]
[[Category:Bombay State MLAs 1957–1960]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]

Sibgatullah Ansari

2026-04-21T12:16:44Z

NiklasKinard: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sibgatullah Ansari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]]
| image =
| predecessor = [[Alka Rai]]
| successor = [[Alka Rai]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2017
| birth_name = Sibgatullah Ansari
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2021–present)
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| spouse =
| father =
| mother =
| relations = {{ubl|[[Abbas Ansari]] (nephew)|[[Afzal Ansari]] (brother)|[[Mukhtar Ansari]] (brother)|[[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]] (grandfather)}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Post Graduate College, Ghazipur|PG College Ghazipur]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Sibgatullah Ansari''' or '''Sibakatullah Ansari''' from Uttar Pradesh who have served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]] in Ghazipur district, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India from 2007 to 2017.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-minister-sacked-by-akhilesh-yadav-breaks-down-says-samajwadi-party-is-his-life-2226461 Sibgatullah Ansari on Daily News and Analysis (DNA) website], Published 22 June 2016, Retrieved 24 August 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-times-of-india-mumbai-edition/20170228/282076276647687 Sibgatullah Ansari on pressreader.com website], Published 28 February 2017, Retrieved 24 August 2017</ref> He is the elder brother of [[Mukhtar Ansari]] and [[Afzal Ansari]].

==Positions held==
Sibgatullah Ansari has been elected 2 times as MLA.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=613 |title=Sibgatullah Ansari (QED), Constituency:Mohammadabad |work=Myneta.info |date=3 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=422 |title=Sibgatullah Ansari (SP), Constituency:Mohammadabad |work=Myneta.info |date=3 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Party
|-
| 1.
| 2007
| 2012
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (1st term) from [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]]
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
| 2.
| 2012
| 2017
| [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] (2nd term) from [[Mohammadabad Assembly constituency|Mohammadabad]]
| [[Quami Ekta Dal|QED]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Mukhtar Ansari]]
* [[Afzal Ansari]]
* [[Hamid Ansari]]
* [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]
* [[Shaukatullah Shah Ansari]]
* [[Faridul Haq Ansari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Sibgatullah}}
[[Category:Politicians from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Quami Ekta Dal politicians]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]

Tejasvi Singh Dahiya

2026-04-20T13:58:22Z

NiklasKinard: done!

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Tejasvi Singh
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Tejasvi Singh Dahiya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|04|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role = [[Wicket-keeper-batsman]]

| club1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| year1 = 2024/25–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2026–present
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 3
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 0
| runs1 = 0
| bat avg1 = 0
| 100s/50s1 = 0
| top score1 = 0
| deliveries1 = 0
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = 0
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 0
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 2
| runs2 = 115
| bat avg2 = 57.50
| 100s/50s2 = 1
| top score2 = 114
| deliveries2 = 0
| wickets2 = 0
| bowl avg2 = 0
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = 0
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–

| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 6
| runs3 = 113
| bat avg3 = 56.50
| 100s/50s3 = 0/1
| top score3 = 53*
| deliveries3 = 0
| wickets3 = 0
| bowl avg3 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = –
| best bowling3 = 0
| catches/stumpings3 = 1/–
| date = 17 December 2025
| source = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tejasvi-dahiya-1460372 ESPNcricinfo]
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Tejasvi Singh Dahiya''' (born 18 April 2002) is an Indian [[Wicket-keeper|wicket-keeper-batter]] who plays for [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in domestic [[cricket]] and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name="Career">{{Cite web |title=Tejasvi Dahiya Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tejasvi-dahiya-1460372 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117055854/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/tejasvi-dahiya-1460372 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Singh gained wider recognition for his performance in the [[Delhi Premier League T20|Delhi Premier League]], where he was the tournament’s leading six-hitter, striking 29 sixes and scoring 339 runs at a strike rate of 190.44.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Premier League Stats 2025 {{!}} DPL Players Stats {{!}} Delhi Premier League 2025 Players Stats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/series-delhi-premier-league-2025/stats |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He was acquired by the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] for ₹3 crore in the IPL 2026 auction on 16 December, having entered the auction with a base price of ₹30 lakh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-16 |title=Tejasvi Singh Dahiya: Son of maths and economics teachers, trained in a jungle, and hits sixes for fun |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/tejasvi-singh-dahiya-son-of-maths-and-economics-teachers-trained-in-a-jungle-and-hits-sixes-for-fun/articleshow/126009496.cms |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:2002 births]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:48Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up Basic Stub Initial Version...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lawngtlai East
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Lawngtlai East highlighted).png
| constituency_no = 38
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah]]
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:21234}}
}}
'''Lawngtlai East''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Lawngtlai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[H. Zothangliana]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[H. Biakzaua]]
|{{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement }}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lawngtlai East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah]]
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 10072
|percentage = 49.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[H. Biakzaua]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 7,971
|percentage = 39.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = H. Zothangliana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,761
|percentage = 8.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = N.C. Muankima
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 368
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 108
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 2,101
|percentage = 10.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Zoram People's Movement
|loser = Mizo National Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Lawngtlai East<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[H. Biakzaua]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

{{coord|22.750|92.958|display=title}}

[[Category:Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Lawngtlai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sikandra, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:14Z

NiklasKinard: post

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sikandra
| type = SLA
| map_image = 240-Sikandra, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Jamui district|Jamui]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|240]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Prafull Kumar Singh|Praful Manjhi]] 
| party = {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = Sudhir Kumar, [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| electors = 301,506
}}
'''Sikandra''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Jamui district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://jamui.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Welcome to Jamui District Official Website {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sikandra.html|title=Sikandra Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Mushtaque Ahmed Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|S. Vivekanand
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Rameshwar Paswan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Nagina Chaudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Rameshwar Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Chandan Kumar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|style=background-color:{{party color|Kosal Party}}|
|Kosal Party
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="3" |Rameshwar Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Sudhir Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan=2|[[Prafull Kumar Singh|Prafull Kumar Manjhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===

Detailed Results at:
https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/ConstituencywiseS04240.htm
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Sikandra<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sikandra">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sikandra |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04240.htm |access-date=16 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116175353/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04240.htm |archive-date=16 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prafull Kumar Singh|Prafull Manjhi]]
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|votes = {{formatnum:91603}}
|percentage = 47.16
|change = +16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Uday Narain Choudhary
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:67696}}
|percentage = 34.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Bosh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:12298}}
|percentage = 6.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manoj Das
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:10701}}
|percentage = 5.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Chaudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:1803}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = -26.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3825}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change = +0.01
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23907}}
|percentage = 12.31
|change = +8.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194223}}
|percentage = 64.42
|change = +11.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Sikandra<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = [[Prafull Kumar Singh|Prafull Kumar Manjhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:47061}}
|percentage = 30.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Banty Choudhary|Sudhir Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:41556}}
|percentage = 27.09
|change = {{decrease}}15.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Bosh
|votes = {{formatnum:18105}}
|percentage = 11.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ravishankar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:10703}}
|percentage = 6.98
|change = {{decrease}}29.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Er. Indrajeet Prasad Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:7576}}
|percentage = 4.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Nandlal Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:7284}}
|percentage = 4.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sindhu Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4724}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3113}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rameshwar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2153}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmendra Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2025}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Janmat Party
|candidate = Brahamdeo Anand Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1762}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Vishnu Priya
|votes = {{formatnum:1434}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = {{decrease}}1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3014}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change = {{decrease}}0.87
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5505}}
|percentage = 3.58
|change = {{decrease}}2.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153426}}
|percentage = 53.13
|change = {{increase}}3.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sikandra<ref name="Sikandra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Sikandra Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sikandra |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116175346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sikandra |archive-date=16 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Alias Banty Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:59092}}
|percentage = 42.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Bosh
|votes = {{formatnum:51102}}
|percentage = 36.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Girja Choudhry
|votes = {{formatnum:8026}}
|percentage = 5.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Golden Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4431}}
|percentage = 3.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Prasad Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3372}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samras Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravishankar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3350}}
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Jagdish Prasad Das
|votes = {{formatnum:3213}}
|percentage = 2.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rekha Das
|votes = {{formatnum:2021}}
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3924}}
|percentage = 2.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7990}}
|percentage = 5.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138531}}
|percentage = 49.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.96|86.03|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Jamui district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Bihar]]

Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai

2026-04-12T06:13:48Z

NiklasKinard:

{{short description|Historic building in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Historic building
| name = Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai
| image = Municipal_Corporation_of_Greater_Mumbai_01.jpg
| caption = Mumbai Municipal Corporation Building
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9400|72.8353|region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| architect = [[Frederick William Stevens]]
| client = [[Bombay Presidency]]
| engineer = Frederick William Stevens
| construction_start_date = 9 December 1884
| completion_date = 1893
| demolished_date =
| cost =
| structural_system = Golden–beige [[basalt]] rock exterior
| architectural_style = [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Gothic]], [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]]
| size = 255 ft tower
}}

The '''Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai''', located in [[South Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] is a Grade IIA heritage building opposite to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (Victoria Terminus; a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]) at the junction of [[Dadabhai Naoroji Road]] and Mahapalika Marg. It is also known as the '''BrihanMumbai Municipal Corporation Building''', or '''BMC Building''' for short.<ref name="theory.tifr.res.in">{{cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/architecture/building/corporation.html|title=The Municipal Corporation Building|accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref name =joshi>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiausp.org/files/spatial_planning/Pankaj_joshi.pdf|title=Heritage Conservation in Mumbai|accessdate=27 March 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

As the name suggests, the V-shaped building houses the civic body that governs the city of Mumbai, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BrihanMumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/|title= the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/forms/logo.aspx|title=Coat of Arms of the City of Mumbai|accessdate=27 March 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621081915/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/forms/logo.aspx|archivedate=21 June 2009}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Gable of BMC Building.jpg|thumb|upright|Winged allegorical figure representing the 'urbs prima in Indis' and [[Emblem of Mumbai|the coat of arms]] of BMC below]]
The BMC was created in 1865 and [[Arthur Crawford]] was its first [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]. The Municipality was initially housed in a modest building at the terminus of Girgaum Road. In 1870, it was shifted to a building on the Esplanade, located between Watson Hotel and the Sassoon Mechanics Institute where the present Army & Navy building is situated. On 9 December 1884, the foundation stone for the new building of the Bombay Municipal Corporation was laid opposite to Victoria Terminus, by the [[Viceroy]] of the time, [[Lord Ripon]].<ref name="phil">{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G.S. |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India |volume=II |publisher=Lotus Press Publishes & Distributors |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzZzFm4pLWQC |isbn=978-81-89093-07-5 |edition=3rd |location=Delhi |pages=429 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="joshi" />

Two designs were considered for the building; one of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] designs done by [[Frederick William Stevens]] and the other in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] design presented by [[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]]. In the end, a blend of [[Venetian Gothic]] and Indo-Saracenic was settled upon. The building was completed in 1893.

==Heritage status and restoration==
The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee of the Municipal Corporation of Mumbai has categorised the heritage buildings of Mumbai under the guidelines prepared for the purpose. According to these guidelines, the Municipal Corporation Building, Bombay has been categorised by the Mumbai Municipal Corporation as Grade II A. The list of heritage buildings, as categorised on 24 April 2005, under Grade I, Grade II, Grade IIA, Grade III and Precincts are 591. For the Bombay Municipal Corporation Building, the details are elaborated below.<ref name="joshi" />
<ref name="glory">{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/125yearold-bmc-building-set-to-regain-old-glory/258245/ |title=125-year-old BMC building set to regain old glory |accessdate=27 March 2009 |author=Shweta Desai |date=6 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923023658/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/125yearold-bmc-building-set-to-regain-old-glory/258245/ |archivedate=23 September 2012 }}</ref>
<blockquote>
''157. Grade-IIA Bombay Municipal Corporation (MCGM Headquarter) - Value Classification - A(his), I(sce), C(seh) A(arch), B(per), B(des), F''
</blockquote>
Grade-II (A&B) is defined as:<ref name="glory" /> <blockquote>
''Buildings, of regional or local importance, possessing special architectural or aesthetical merit, cultural or historical value, though of a lower scale than in Heritage Grade. They are local landmarks, contributing to the image and identity of the City.''
</blockquote>
As per the defined "Scope for Changes (Grade-IIA)", the restorations permitted are:<ref name="glory" /> <blockquote>
''Internal changes, and adaptive reuse will be generally allowed, but external changes will be subject to scrutiny. Care would be taken to ensure the conservation of all special aspects for which it is included in Heritage Grade-II.''
</blockquote>
The "Abbreviations of Criteria (Classification)" used for listing of buildings and conservation areas are:<ref name="glory" />
<blockquote>
''a) Value for architectural, historical or cultural reasons A ''
- architectural A(arc) 
- historical A(his) 
- cultural A(cul) 
b) The date and / or period and / or design and / or unique use
of the buildings or artefact B 
- period B(per) 
- design B(des) 
- use B(uu) 
c) Relevance to social or economic history C (seh) 
d) Association with well-known persons or events D (bio) 
e) A building or groups of buildings and / or areas, of a distinct architectural design and / or style, historic period or way of life having sociological interest and / or community value E 
- Style 
- Historical 
f) The unique value of a building or architectural features or artefact and / or being part of a chain of architectural development that would be broken if it were lost F 
g) Its value as a part of a group of buildings G (grp) 
h) Representing forms of technological development H (tec) 
i) Vistas of natural / scenic beauty or interest, including
water–front areas, distinctive and / or planned lines of sight, street line, skyline or topographical I (sce)
j) Open spaces sometimes integrally planned with their associated areas having a distinctive way of life and for which are and have the potential to be areas of recreation J'' ''
</blockquote>
In keeping with the above categorisation, the restoration works of the Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai was planned by a panel of three [[Architectural conservation|conservation]] architects, namely, [[Abha Narain Lambah]], Shashi Prabhu and Shimul Zaveri Kadri. The [[Building restoration|restoration]] plan for the 125-year-old MCGM Gothic structure envisages a) restoration of interiors and the exterior – from the roof tiles to the exquisite Minton tiles inside and to [[stained glass]] work and b) strengthening several wooden [[Beam (structure)|beams]].<ref name="glory" />
In the first phase the structure would be restored to its original glory involving replacement of broken tiles, repair of statues, and removal of plants and moss.<ref name="glory" />

The subsequent phases of restoration would involve a) reorganisation of office space within the building to improve the operational efficiency of staff members, b) 'Citizens Facilitation Centre' and party offices in the ground floor and c) Corporation Hall to be modified for a larger seating arrangement by including outer corridors and opening the wooden doors to increase its [[seating capacity]] from 200 to 300.<ref name="glory" />

Estimated to cost Rs 80 crore (US$16 million, at current exchange rate), approved by the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee and the civic administration, it is the largest and most comprehensive conservation concept undertaken in the city, without disturbing the routine work of the civic affairs and administration of the MCGM.<ref name="glory" />

The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM), as the primary agency responsible for urban governance, has also signed an [[Memorandum of understanding|MOU]] with [[NGO]] Council to work closely with NGOs in the fields of education, public health, creation of urban amenities, art and culture and heritage conservation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karmayog.com/ngocouncil/moumcgm.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220122838/http://www.karmayog.com/ngocouncil/moumcgm.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=20 February 2006 |title=Memorandum of Understanding Between Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) & NGO Council |date=12 December 2005 |accessdate=27 March 2009 }}</ref>

==Architecture and design==
Before construction, two designs were considered for the building; one of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] designs done by [[Frederick William Stevens]] and the other in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] design presented by Robert Fellowes Chisholm. The Gothic design was finally selected.

The building is known for its {{convert|255|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} tall tower. The chief architectural feature is the central dome that rises to a height of {{convert|71.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name="theory.tifr.res.in" /> The gable has a huge winged allegorical figure representing the 'urbs prima in Indis', the first city of India as it was to be known then. The richly moulded and panelled Council Chamber has a ceiling of unpolished teak. Records also support that at these environs Phansi Talao or Gallows Tank, where public hangings took place, was located.<ref name="phil" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/maharashtra/mumbai/sights/|title=Mumbaimunicipalcorporationbuilding|accessdate=27 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210185744/http://www.world66.com/asia/southasia/india/maharashtra/mumbai/sights/|archive-date=10 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.saarctourism.org/bombay.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902213114/http://india.saarctourism.org/bombay.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2004|title=Mumbai City travel Guide|accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref>
In the period from 1100 to 1500 AD, the architecture of churches constructed with ornamental arches, with ribs supported by [[buttress]]es resulted, in the subsequent idea of the framed structural design with grandeur and monumentality during the [[renaissance period]] of 1500–1700 AD, as the distinct style; the Mumbai Municipal Corporation building, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, the [[Rajabai tower]] and the [[University of Mumbai]] are some examples of this style. The old style of dome construction was also revived and became popular; 1750 onwards was considered to be the period of [[modern architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=noxgCiO6LbMC&dq=Structural+deatils+of+the++%27%27%27Municipal+Corporation+Building,+Mumbai%27%27%27&pg=PT37|title=Building Drawing with an Integrated approach to Built Environment|author=M.G.Shah|author2=C M Kale|author3=S Y Patki|publisher=Tata Macgraw-hill|year=2002|isbn=9780074638767|accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref>
The Gothic architecture with controlled composition custom–made to the climatic extremes of the city has [[wikt:cusped|cusped]] window arches and elaborately domed corner towers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbainews.wordpress.com/2006/08/26/heritage-buildings/.|title=Heritage Buildings|date=26 August 2006|accessdate=27 March 2009}}</ref>

At the entrance to the MCGM stands a bronze statue of Sir [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], a prominent Indian lawyer.<ref name=colaba>{{cite web|url=http://www.mycolaba.com/landmarks.htm. |title=Landmarks in and around Colaba |accessdate=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714142132/http://www.mycolaba.com/landmarks.htm. |archivedate=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:BMC 1.jpg
File:Main Tower of Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai.jpg|The main tower of the building
File:Central dome of the MCGM Building.png|Central Dome of the BMC Building
File:BMC building winged lion.jpg|Winged Lion, Griffin like sculpture or Gargoyle
File:View from BMC towards VT.jpg|[[Pherozeshah Mehta|Sir Pherosha Mehta]] statue watching over the roads, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus and traffic.
File:BMC building monkey.jpg|Intricate carving on the arches of the BMC Building depicting a monkey
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Coat of arms of Mumbai]]
* [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai]]
* [[Mayor of Mumbai]]
* [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai]]
* [[Sheriff of Mumbai]]

==References==
{{commons category|Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai}}
{{reflist}}

{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1893]]
[[Category:Municipal buildings in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]
[[Category:Venetian Gothic architecture]]

Rampal Majra

2026-04-11T20:57:14Z

NiklasKinard: adding a data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rampal Majra
| image = Rampal Majra.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Majra Nand Karan]], [[Kaithal]], [[Kaithal District|Kaithal]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Agriculture
| party =
| father =
| spouse = Smt. Chameli Devi
| children = 2 Sons
| office = [[President (corporate title)|Haryana State President]], [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 1blankname = National President
| 1namedata = [[Om Prakash Chautala]]
| 2blankname = Secretary General
| 2namedata = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| 3blankname = State Vice-President
| 3namedata = * [[Habib Ur Rehman]] 
* Rekha Rana
*Rao Hoshiar Singh
* Bhopal Singh Bhati
* Raj Singh Mor
| predecessor = [[Nafe Singh Rathee]]
| office1 = [[Parliamentary secretary|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]], [[Government of Haryana]]
| term_start1 = 3 March 2000
| term_end1 = 5 March 2005
| 1blankname1 = [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Ministries and Departments]]
| 1namedata1 = *Irrigation & Water Resources
| term_start = 20 March 2024
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kalayat Assembly constituency|Kalayat]]
| term_start2 = 13 October 2009
| term_end2 = 15 October 2014
| constituency3 = [[Pai Assembly constituency|Pai]]
| term_start3 = 22 February 2000
| term_end3 = 27 February 2005
| constituency4 = [[Pai Assembly constituency|Pai]]
| term_start4 = 21 March 1991
| term_end4 = 11 May 1996
}}
'''Rampal Majra'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/haryana-bjp-leader-rampal-majra-quits-party-over-centre-s-new-farm-laws-121012801913_1.html|title=Haryana BJP leader Rampal Majra quits party over Centre's new farm laws|agency=Press Trust of India|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=January 28, 2021|via=Business Standard}}</ref> is an Indian politician from Haryana and the State President of the [[Indian National Lok Dal]]. He has served as a [[Parliamentary secretary|Chief Parliamentary Secretary]] in the [[Government of Haryana]]. He is a three-time former Member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA details |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=22831 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.haribhoomi.com/local/haryana/three-big-leaders-of-kalayat-engaged-in-promoting-their-lads-in-politics-424923 | title=अपने लाडलों को राजनीति में प्रमोट करने में जुटे हरियाणा के ये तीन बड़े नेता, चुनाव से ढाई साल पहले ही तैयारी | Hari Bhoomi | date=9 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Haryana: Former 3-time MLA leaves BJP over farm laws |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-former-3-time-mla-leaves-bjp-over-farm-laws-7165691/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born in his village of Marja in the [[Kaithal district|Katihal district]] of [[Haryana]] in 1954. He's married to Chameli Devi and has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha MLA |url=https://haryanaassembly.gov.in/mla-details/?id=22831 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=haryanaassembly.gov.in}}</ref>

== Education ==
He completed his B.A., LL.B, B.Ed. from Kaithal, Doon College of Law, Sunderpur. He speaks Hindi, English, Punjabi and Sanskrit.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Rampal Majra, a member of the District Bar Association, first became the sarpanch of village Majra in 1978. He became an MLA for the first time in the 1996 elections, contesting the first election from Pai Assembly of Kaithal district on the ticket of [[Samata Party]]. He secured 24291 votes and defeated rival [[Haryana Vikas Party]] candidate Narsingh Dhanda by a margin of 2275 votes. In the year 2000, Majra defeated Tejendra Pal Mann of Congress by 6596 votes on INLD ticket. In 2005, Tejendra Pal Mann contested as an independent and defeated INLD candidate Rampal Majra by a margin of 6502 votes. After this, the pai Assembly was broken in the delimitation and included in the [[Pundri]] and the reserved Kalayat Assembly was opened. On this, Majra contested the 2009 election on INLD ticket from Kalayat Assembly and became MLA<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/nepotism-cloud-haryana-civil-services-results/articleshow/24979715.cms | title=Nepotism cloud Haryana Civil Services results | Chandigarh News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> for the third time<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/haryana-news-rampal-majra-close-to-the-devi-lal-family-was-a-three-time-mla-held-kamal-075541-5544486.html|title=तीन बार विधायक रहे देवीलाल परिवार के करीबी रामपाल माजरा ने थामा कमल|date=22 September 2019|website=Dainik Bhaskar|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> by defeating rival Tejendrapal Mann by a margin of 9400 votes. Tejendra Pal had contested this election on an [[Indian National Congress]] ticket. In the 2014 elections, independent candidate [[Jai Parkash]] defeated him by a margin of 8390 votes. After 40 years of his political career with the [[Devi lal]] Family, he briefly quit INLD, only to rejoin it and becoming State President of the party's Haryana Unit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-inld-in-its-worst-ever-show-in-haryana-ends-up-with-single-seat/341060 | title=INLD, in Its Worst-Ever Show in Haryana, Ends up with Single Seat | date=14 February 2022 }}</ref> of Haryana in 2019 and joined BJP. He resigned<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-haryana-bjp-leader-rampal-majra-quits-party-over-new-farm-laws-3820460.html | title=हरियाणा में BJP को झटका, रामपाल माजरा ने कृषि कानूनों के विरोध में पार्टी छोड़ी }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/former-mla-rampal-majra-quits-bjp-in-protest-204694 | title=Former MLA Rampal Majra quits BJP in protest }}</ref> from [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] on 28 January 2021 in protest of the three farmers bills introduced by Government of India.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majra, Rampal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1996–2000]]
[[Category:1954 births]]

Baby Girl (film)

2026-04-10T06:09:30Z

NiklasKinard: stub!

{{About|the 2026 Malayalam film|disambiguation|Baby Girl (disambiguation){{!}}Baby Girl}}
{{Short description|2026 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Baby Girl poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Varma
| writer = [[Bobby-Sanjay]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Listin Stephen]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Nivin Pauly]]
* [[Sangeeth Prathap]]
* [[Lijomol Jose]]
* [[Abhimanyu Shammy Thilakan|Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan]]
}}
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| editing = Shyjith Kumaran
| cinematography = Faiz Siddik
| studio = [[Magic Frames]]
| distributor = Magic Frames
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|01|23}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2026 |title=''Baby Girl'' (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/baby-girl-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmta5ndi1 |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|1.70}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2026 |title= Baby Girl Box Office collection Day 2: Nivin Pauly’s film off to a dull start, fails to cross 2 cr |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-baby-girl-box-office-collection-day-2-nivin-paulys-film-off-to-a-dull-start-fails-to-cross-2-cr-4118712/}}</ref>
}}

'''''Baby Girl''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[medical thriller]] film directed by Arun Varma and written by the screenwriter duo [[Bobby–Sanjay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=സൂപ്പർഹിറ്റ് തുടർച്ചയ്ക്ക് നിവിൻ പോളി; അറ്റൻഡന്റ് സനൽ മാത്യു വരുന്നു, 'ബേബി ഗേൾ' 23-ന്|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nivin-pauly-baby-girl-release-date-vehpooqm |access-date=15 January 2026|website=Mathrubhumi News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2026 |script-title=ml:റിലീസ് തീയതിയും പുറത്തുവന്നു; നിവിൻ പോളി ചിത്രം 'ബേബി ഗേൾ' വേൾഡ് വൈഡ് റിലീസ് ഈ ദിവസം|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/release-date-for-nivin-pauly-movie-baby-girl-announced-mm-758887.html |access-date=15 January 2026|website=News18}}</ref> The film is produced by [[Listin Stephen]] under the banner of [[Magic Frames]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |script-title=ml:Baby Girl Release: സർവ്വം മായയ്ക്ക് ശേഷം അടുത്ത ഹിറ്റിന് നിവിൻ പോളി; `ബേബി ഗേൾ` തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/baby-girl-release-date-confirmed-nivin-pauly-movie-to-hit-screens-on-23-january-2026-252203 |access-date=15 January 2026|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=പുതുവര്‍ഷത്തില്‍ വിജയത്തുടര്‍ച്ചയ്ക്ക് നിവിന്‍; 'ബേബി ഗേള്‍' റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/baby-girl-malayalam-movie-release-date-announced-nivin-pauly-bobby-sanjay-arun-articleshow-gg4d6pw |access-date=15 January 2026|website=Asianet News}}</ref> It stars [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Sangeeth Prathap]], [[Lijomol Jose]], [[Marco (2024 film)|Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Azees Nedumangad]], and Aswanth Lal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Girl: Nivin Pauly replaces Kunchacko Boban in Arun Varma's next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baby-girl-nivin-pauly-replaces-kunchacko-boban-in-garudan-directors-next/article69449179.ece |website=The Hindu |date=14 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Girl shoot begins in Thiruvananthapuram: Bobby-Sanjay and Arun Varma team up for a new thriller
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/baby-girl-shoot-begins-in-thiruvananthapuram-bobby-sanjay-and-arun-varma-team-up-for-a-new-thriller/articleshow/119961187.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 April 2025 }}</ref>

This film was released on 23 January 2026.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Baby Girl makers drop new poster, lock release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/baby-girl-makers-drop-new-poster-nivin-pauly-starrer-locks-the-release-date/articleshow/126519436.cms |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Nivin Pauly's Upcoming Thriller Baby Girl To Hit Screens On January 23 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/nivin-paulys-upcoming-thriller-baby-girl-to-hit-screens-on-january-23-ws-l-9830363.html |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is set mainly in a hospital in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, where a three-day-old baby girl goes missing from the maternity ward under baffling circumstances.
Sanal Mathew (played by Nivin Pauly) is a hospital attendant who arrives late for his shift on the day the infant vanishes. Because of his lateness and his presence at the scene, he immediately comes under suspicion from the police and hospital authorities.
As the investigation unfolds, tension rises and suspicion spreads. Sanal, desperate to clear his name, starts his own search for the missing child, digging deeper into the case and uncovering hidden secrets and unexpected truths within the hospital environment.
The narrative explores how pressure, fear, and suspicion affect everyone involved — from staff to family members — and raises questions about innocence, guilt, and responsibility.

The film plays out as a high-stakes mystery thriller, with much of the action and revelations occurring within a short span of time, keeping the audience on edge as the truth behind the baby’s disappearance slowly comes to light.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
*[[Nivin Pauly]] as Sanal Mathew
*[[Sangeeth Prathap]] as Rishi
*[[Lijomol Jose]] as Rithu
*Rudraksh as Baby Girl
*[[Aditi Ravi]] as Sini
*Abhimanyu Shammi Thilakan as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rakesh Narayan
*[[Azees Nedumangad]] as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Akbar
*[[Major Ravi]] as [[Commissioner]] of Police Shameer Musthafa [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as [[Circle Inspector]] Sujith
*Mythili Nair as Meenakshi
*Akshay Prashanth as Akash
*[[Jaffar Idukki]] as Security Sukumaran
*Aswath Lal as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Jeffin
*[[Alphy Panjikaran]] as Meenakshi's sister
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandhu]] as Akash's father
*[[Nisha Sarangh]] as Akash's mother
*Ranjini George as Meenakshi's mother
*[[Prem Prakash]] as Chief Minister
*James Eliya as Meenakshi's father
*[[Kichu Tellus]] as Binoy
*[[Anoop Krishnan]] as Police Constable
*Archana Prakash as Sister Nisha
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In January 2025, ''Baby Girl'' was officially announced with [[Nivin Pauly]] in the lead role, marking his reunion with writers [[Bobby–Sanjay]] after ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kunchacko Boban and Bobby Sanjay to reunite for Baby Girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-and-bobby-sanjay-to-reunite-for-baby-girl/articleshow/117006775.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 January 2025 |title=Kunchacko Boban's new film Baby Girl announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/08/kunchacko-bobans-new-film-baby-girl-announced |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film is the second directorial of Arun Varma after ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Baby Girl Movie: അരുൺ വർമ സംവിധാനം ചെയ്യുന്ന നിവിൻ പോളി ചിത്രം ബേബി ഗേളിന്റെ റിലീസ് തിയതി പുറത്ത് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/videos/nivin-paulys-baby-girl-movie-release-date-announced-252225 |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In April 2025, the makers announced that [[Nivin Pauly]] had replaced [[Kunchacko Boban]] as the lead actor due to scheduling conflicts. The decision was taken shortly before the commencement of filming and was officially confirmed by multiple publications.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Nivin Pauly replaces Kunchacko Boban in Baby Girl |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/14/nivin-pauly-replaces-kunchacko-boban-in-baby-girl |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for ''Baby Girl'' began in April 2025 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=Baby Girl goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Apr/02/baby-girl-goes-on-floors |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Nivin Pauly joined the sets during the second schedule of filming, which took place later that month.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Nivin Pauly joins second schedule of Baby Girl |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/05/12/nivin-pauly-joins-second-schedule-baby-girl-movie.html |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> The shooting was completed after multiple schedules across [[Kerala]], with reports confirming the wrap-up in late 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2025 |title=The filming for Nivin Pauly's Baby Girl has wrapped up |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/the-filming-for-nivin-paulys-baby-girl-has-wrapped-up-74422.html |access-date=25 January 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The first look and motion poster of ''Baby Girl'' were unveiled during the [[Onam|Onam festival]]. The promotional material introduced Nivin Pauly’s character, Sanal Mathew, and suggested a dark, suspense-driven narrative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baby Girl first look out: Motion poster unveiled on Onam; promises a gripping thriller ride|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-paulys-baby-girl-first-look-out-motion-poster-unveiled-on-onam-promises-a-gripping-thriller-ride/articleshow/123717014.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 September 2025 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film is composed by [[Sam C. S.]]
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 3:00
| title1 = Baby Girl Promo Song
| length1 = 3:00
| lyrics1 = Vaisakh Sunagan
| extra1 = Sam C.S.
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released on 23 January 2026.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Nivin Pauly's Upcoming Thriller Baby Girl To Hit Screens On January 23 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/nivin-paulys-upcoming-thriller-baby-girl-to-hit-screens-on-january-23-ws-l-9830363.html |access-date=14 January 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2026 |title=Baby Girl OTT partner revealed! Here's where to watch Nivin Pauly's latest thriller after theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/baby-girl-ott-partner-revealed-heres-where-to-watch-nivin-paulys-latest-thriller-after-theatrical-run/98fa82a1aa798 |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

==Reception==
Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said that “Not only do Bobby and Sanjay fail to raise the stakes in the Nivin Pauly-starrer, but they also fail to ensure adequate character development or to anchor the narrative strongly somewhere”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Baby Girl movie review: Nivin Pauly leads a disappointing thriller that feels like it’s written by a Bobby-Sanjay impersonator |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baby-girl-movie-review-nivin-pauly-leads-a-disappointing-thriller-10489828/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter#International editions|The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' said that “Instead of getting Ritu to sit across Meenakshi to have an extremely difficult conversation, what we see is a convoluted mess with this baby being treated like a package that goes missing”.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baby Girl' Movie Review: No Room For Nuance In Nivin Pauly's Silly Thriller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/baby-girl-movie-review-no-room-for-nuance-in-this-silly-thriller-starring-nivin-pauly |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35288598}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2026 thriller films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]

Kosala

2026-03-28T15:37:53Z

NiklasKinard: slightly reworked details for accuracy and added references for consistency

{{Short description|One of the Mahajanapadas}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kosala
| common_name = Kosala
| era = [[Iron Age]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start = c. 7th century BCE{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50}}
| year_end = c. 5th century BCE
| p1 = Black and red ware culture
| s1 = Haryanka dynasty{{!}}Magadha
| p2 = Kāśī (kingdom){{!}}Kashi
| image_map = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| image_map_caption = Kosala and its neighboring kingdoms.
| image_map2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map2_caption = Kosala and the other [[Mahajanapada]]s in the Post Vedic period.
| title_leader = King
| leader1 = [[Ikshvaku]] (first)
| year_leader1 = ?
| year_leader2 = c. 5th century BCE
| leader2 = Sumitra (last)
| capital = [[Ayodhya]] and [[Shravasti]] of Uttar Kosala
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]] [[Jainism]] [[Buddhism]]
| currency =
| today = [[India]] [[Nepal]]
}}

'''Kosala''' ({{ipa|sa|koːɕɐlɐ|ipa}}), sometimes referred to as '''Uttara Kosala''' ({{lit|Northern Kosala}}) was one of the [[Mahajanapadas]] of [[History of India|ancient India]].<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Mahajan|1960|p=230}} It emerged as a [[janapada|small state]] during the [[Vedic period#Later Vedic period (c. 1000 – c. 600 BCE)|Late Vedic period]]{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=61–63}}<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects'' in ''Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. [[Colette Caillat|Caillat]], Paris, 97–265.</ref> and became (along with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]) one of the earliest states to transition from a lineage-based society to a [[monarchy]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thapar|2013|p=260}} – Interestingly, in the transition from lineage-based societies to states, it is Magadha and Kosala which emerge among the earlier states that move towards kingdoms.</ref> By the 6th century BCE, it had consolidated into one of the four great powers of ancient northern India, along with [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Vatsa]], and [[Avanti (region)|Avanti]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kosala {{!}} ancient kingdom, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kosala |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |quote=Kosala rose in political importance early in the 6th century BCE to become one of the 16 states dominant in northern India. It annexed the powerful kingdom of Kashi. About 500 BCE, during the reign of King Prasenajit (Pasenadi), it was regarded as one of the four powers of the north—perhaps the dominant power.}}</ref><ref>Vikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History", ''International Journal of Academic Research and Development'' '''3''' (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 "''Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced into four major ones by 500/400 BCE, by the time of Gautama Buddha. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha.''"</ref>

Kosala belonged to the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture (c. 700–300 BCE){{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50}} and was culturally distinct from the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of the neighboring [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]-[[Pañcāla|Panchala]] region, following independent development toward [[Second Urbanisation|urbanisation and the use of iron]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50-51}} The presence of the lineage of [[Solar dynasty|Ikshvaku]]—described as a [[raja]] in the [[Rigveda|Ṛgveda]] and an ancient hero in the [[Atharvaveda]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thapar|2013|p=138}} – There is a single reference in the Ṛgveda to Ikṣvāku as a rājā, and the Atharvaveda refers to him as an ancient hero.</ref>—to which [[Rama]], [[Mahavira]], and the [[The Buddha|Buddha]] are all thought to have belonged—characterized the Kosalan realm.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thapar|2013|p=287}} – Manu’s eldest son, Ikṣvāku, the progenitor of the Sūryavaṃśa, had three sons, two of whom were important and established themselves at Kosala and Videha, contiguous territories in the middle Ganges plain and important to the narrative of the Rāmāyaṇa. The rulers of Kosala and Videha are therefore of collateral lines.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Scharf |title=Ramopakhyana – The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata: A Sanskrit Independent-Study Reader |publisher=Routledge, 2014 |page=559}}</ref>

One of India's two great [[Indian epic poetry|epics]], [[Ramayana]] is set in the "Kosala-[[Videha]]" realm in which the Kosalan prince [[Rama]] marries the Videhan princess [[Sita]].

After a series of wars with neighbouring kingdoms, it was finally defeated and absorbed into the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] kingdom in the 5th century BCE. After the collapse of the [[Maurya Empire]] and before the expansion of the [[Kushan Empire]], Kosala was ruled by the [[Deva dynasty (Saketa)|Deva dynasty]], the [[Datta dynasty]], and the [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]].

==Location==
===Geography===
Kosala was bounded by the [[Gomti River|Gomti]] River in the west, [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sarpika]] River in the south, [[Gandaki River|Sadanira]] in the east which separated it from [[Videha]], and the [[Nepal]] Hills in the north. It encompassed the territories of the [[Shakya]]ns, [[Malla (tribe)|Mallakas]], [[Koliya]]s, [[Kālāma]]s and [[Moriya (tribe)|Moriyas]] at its peak. It roughly corresponds to modern-day [[Awadh]] region in India.<ref>{{harvnb|Raychaudhuri|1972|pp=77–79, 99}}</ref>

===Cities and towns===
The Kosala region had two major cities, [[Ayodhya]] (AKA Saketa) and [[Sravasti|Shravasti]], and a number of minor towns as Setavya, Ukattha,{{Sfn | Raychaudhuri | 1972 |p = 89}} Dandakappa, Nalakapana and Pankadha.{{Sfn | Law |1973|p=132}} According to the [[Puranas]] and the [[Ramayana]] epic, [[Ayodhya]] was the capital of Kosala during the reign of [[Ikshvaku]] and [[Ikshvaku dynasty|his descendants]].{{Sfn | Pargiter | 1972|p=257}} Shravasti is recorded as the capital of Kosala during the Mahajanapada period (6th–5th centuries BCE),{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=71}} but post-Maurya (2nd–1st centuries BCE) kings issued their coins from Ayodhya.

==Culture==
Kosala belonged to the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] culture (c. 700–300 BCE),{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50}} which was preceded by the [[Black and red ware culture]] (c. 1450–1200 BCE until c. 700–500 BCE). The Central Gangetic Plain was the earliest area for rice cultivation in South Asia, and entered the Iron Age around 700 BCE.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50}} According to Geoffrey Samuel, following Tim Hopkins, the Central Gangetic Plain was culturally distinct from the [[Painted Grey Ware]] culture of the Vedic Aryans of Kuru-Pancala west of it, and saw an independent development toward urbanisation and the use of iron.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=50-51}}

=== Religion ===
[[File:Jetavana_of_Sravasti_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Northern_Gateway.jpg|thumb|[[Jetavana]] of [[Shravasti|Sravasti]] showing the three preferred residences of the Buddha. [[Sanchi]].]]
Kosala was situated at the crossroads of [[Vedic period|Vedic]] heartland of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]]-[[Pañcāla|Panchala]] and [[Greater Magadha]]n culture.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bausch|2015|p=28}} – Kosala thrived on the edge of both the Vedic world and Greater Magadha, where it formed an important center during the lifetimes of the Vedic sage Yājñavalkya as well as Sakyamuni Buddha.</ref> According to Alexander Wynne, Kosala-[[Videha]] culture was at the center of unorthodox Vedic traditions, ascetic and speculative traditions, possibly reaching back to the late [[Rigveda|Ṛgveda]].<ref>Wynne, A. (2011). "Review of Johannes Bronkhorst. Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India." Buddhism commissioned by David Arnold.</ref> Kosala-Videha culture is thought to be the home of the Śukla school of the [[Yajurveda]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |title=Kosala-Videha |date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-1363 |work=A Dictionary of Hinduism |access-date=2023-06-11 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

According to [[Michael Witzel]] and Joel Brenton, the [[Kanva Shakha|Kāṇva]] school of Vedic traditions (and in turn the first Upanishad i.e, [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad]]) was based in Kosala during the middle and late Vedic periods.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bausch|2015|p=19}}</ref> Kosala had a significant presence of the [[Muni (saint)|muni]] tradition,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bausch|2015|pp=1–2,28}} After Janaka, when the Vajjis surpassed the Videhas, Kosala emerged as a major center of political power and muni religious activity.</ref> which included [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Ājīvika|Ajivikas]], Naga, [[Yaksha|Yakṣa]], and tree worshipers as well as Vedic munis.<ref name=":02">{{Harvcoltxt|Bausch|2018|p=30}}</ref>{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=48}} The muni tradition emphasized on "practicing [[yoga]], meditation, renunciation and wandering mendicancy" as contrasted to the [[Rishi|ṛṣis]] who "recited prayers, conducted [[Homa (ritual)|homa]], and led a householder lifestyle".<ref name=":02" />

According to Samuel, there is "extensive iconographical evidence for a religion of fertility and auspiciousness".{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=61}} According to Hopkins, the region was marked by a
{{blockquote|...world of female powers, natural transformation, sacred earth and sacred places, blood sacrifices, and ritualists who accepted pollution on behalf of their community.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=61}}}}

===Jainism===
Kosala had a particularly strong connection with [[Jainism]]. [[Shravasti]] is often mentioned in Jaina sources. It is also called Chandrapuri or Chandrikapuri or Ārya Kṣetra, because Jaina texts state that two of their Tirthankaras were born here, namely [[Sambhavanatha]] (3rd of 24) and [[Chandraprabha]] (8th of 24). Shravasti is also known as the capital city of [[Kunala]]'s kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Temple |first=Richard |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032545/384 |title=Indian Antiquary Vol 53}}</ref>

Sambhavanatha is said to have had taken initiation, donated all his belongings, and broken his first fast in Shravasti after begging for alms from King Surendradatta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-11-30 |title=Part 10: Sambhava's initiation |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212689.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-11-30 |title=Part 11: Sambhava's fast-breaking |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc212690.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Munisuvrata]]swami, the 20th [[Tirthankara]], visited Shravasti and initiated several members of the royal family. As per the Jaina text [[Jnatadharmakathah]], [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd Tirthankara, also visited Shravasti and inspired several lay-followers to accept initiation.{{sfn|Law|1935|pp=25–26}}

Further, Shravasti is the place of the bitter arguments and meeting between [[Mahavira]] – the 24th Tirthankara, and [[Makkhali Gosala|Gosala Mankhaliputta]] – the founder of [[Ajivikas]] and a rival. According to the Jain texts, the Mahavira visited Shravasti many times and spent his tenth ''varsha'' monsoon season here before attaining omniscience. He was hosted by a wealthy merchant named Nandinipriya. Ancient Jain scholars such as [[Kapila]], Maghavan and [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keshi]] studied in Shravasti.{{sfn|Law|1935|pp=25–26}} At Shravasti, Jamāli, Mahavira's son-in-law, created the first of the eight heretical sects by opposing tenets of [[Jainism]] as taught by Mahavira himself. The eighth heretical sect, [[Digambara]] sect, was created by [[Sivabhuti]] at Rathavirapur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Aseem Kumar |title=Comprehensive History Of Jainism |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/022803/54}}</ref> As described in the Jaina text [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], the discussion between [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] and Mahavira's first disciple, [[Gautama Swami]], is said to have had taken place at Shravasti. This was the place where [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] was established by Keśiśramanācharya after he accepted Mahavira's conduct and became a white-clad monk along with all his disciples who were initially following [[Parshvanatha]]'s conduct.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4525.htm |title=TWENTY-THIRD LECTURE: KÊSI AND GAUTAMA}}</ref> Moreover, the [[Pattavali]] described in the [[Kalpa Sūtra]], states the existence of "Śrāvastikā Śākhā", one of the four branches of the "Veṣavāṭikgaṇa" of the Jaina sangha. It had originated from Ācārya Kāmardhi, a disciple of Ācārya Suhastisuri, belonging to the beginning of the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobi |first=Hermann |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/sbe2290.htm |title=LIST OF THE STHAVIRAS}}</ref> Ācārya Jinaprabhasuri, in his [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]] confirms that a Jaina temple with an image of [[Sambhavanatha]] was renovated multiple times until it was finally completely desecrated during the reign of [[Alauddin Khilji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jinaprabhasuri |first=Ācārya |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/009519/102 |title=Vividha Tirtha Kalpa}}</ref>

==== Buddhism ====
Kosala had a particularly strong connection to the [[The Buddha|Buddha]]'s life. Buddha introduced himself to the king of Magadha in the [[Sutta Nipata|Suttanipata]] as a Kosalan.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bausch|2018|pp=28–29}} – According to the Suttanipāta, Gotama Buddha’s hometown was located in the region of Kosala, what is today eastern Uttar Pradesh. In the Pabbajjāsutta (Sn 3.1), Gotama Buddha explains his personal background to Magadhan King Bimbisāra, telling him that he hails from a country in Kosala.</ref> In the [[Majjhima Nikāya]] too, king Prasenajit refers to Buddha as a Kosalan.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bausch|2018|p=29}} – In an account given in the Majjhimanikāya, King Pasenadi of Kosala calls the Buddha a Kosalan.</ref> He spent much of his time teaching in [[Shravasti|Śrāvastī]], especially in the [[Jetavana]] monastery.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. |title=Kośala |date=2017 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2241 |work=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |access-date=2023-06-11 |publisher=Princeton University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> According to Samuels, early Buddhism was not a protest against an already established Vedic-Brahmanical system, which developed in Kuru-Pancala realm, but an opposition against the growing influence of this Vedic-Brahmanical system, and the superior position granted to Brahmins in it.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=100}}

==Religious textual references==
===In Buddhist and Jain texts===
[[File:Procession of Prasenajit of Kosala leaving Sravasti to meet the Buddha.jpg|thumb|Procession of [[Prasenajit]] of Kosala leaving [[Sravasti]] to meet the [[Buddha]], carved relief from [[Sanchi]].<ref>Marshall [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148 p.59]</ref>]]

[[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]] taught in Kosala. A Buddhist text, the ''Majjhima Nikaya'' mentions [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] as a Kosalan, which indicates that Kosala may have subjugated the [[Shakya]] clan, which the Buddha is traditionally believed to have belonged to.<ref>{{harvnb|Raychaudhuri|1972|pp=88–9}}</ref>

=== In Vedic Literature ===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = Kosala
| width = 250
| image1 = Sravasti-citywall.jpg
| caption1 = The ruins of the city walls of [[Sravasti|Shravasti]], the capital of the Kosala kingdom.
| image2 = Ayodhya Nagri.jpg
| caption2 = Gold carving depiction of the legendary [[Ayodhya]] at the [[Ajmer Jain temple]].
}}
Kosala is not mentioned in the early [[Vedic literature]], but appears as a region in the later Vedic texts of the [[Satapatha Brahmana|Shatapatha Brahmana]] (7th–6th centuries BCE,<ref>[http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Erdosy1995.pdf "Early Indian history: Linguistic and textual parametres."] in The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, edited by G. Erdosy (1995), p. 136</ref> final version 300 BCE<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/index.htm The Satapatha Brahmana]. Sacred Books of the East, Vols. 12, 26, 24, 37, 47, translated by Julius Eggeling [published between 1882 and 1900]</ref>) and the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpasutras]] (6th-century BCE).<ref>{{harvnb|Law|1926|pp=34–85}}</ref>

===In Puranas===
{{main|Kosala Kingdom}}In the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]] the ruling family of the [[Kosala kingdom]] was the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]], which was descended from king [[Ikshvaku]].{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=17}} The Puranas give lists of kings of the Ikshvaku dynasty from [[Ikshvaku]] to [[Prasenajit]] (Pali: ''Pasenadi'').<ref>{{harvnb|Raychaudhuri|1972|pp=89–90}}</ref> According to the Ramayana, [[Rama]] ruled the Kosala kingdom from his capital, [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Raychaudhuri|1972|pp=68–70}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

==History==
===Pre-Mauryan===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction =vertical
| total_width=250
| image1 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Bimbisara's conquests.jpg
| caption1 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Viḍūḍabha's conquests
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kālāma, Sakya and Koliya
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's conquest of Kosala.jpg
| caption3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's defeat by Ajātasattu of Magadha
| footer=
}}
Koshala's first capital of [[Shravasti]] was barely settled by the 6th century BCE, but there is the beginnings of a mud fort. By 500 BCE, [[List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes#Late Janapadas (peoples / tribes) (c. 1100–500 BCE)|Vedic people]] had spread to Koshala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=R. S.|title=India's Ancient Past|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-908786-0|pages=167–169}}</ref>[[File:Kosala coin, 400-300 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|Kosala coin, 400-300 BCE]]
[[File:Kosala Karshapana.jpg|thumb|left|Kosala [[Karshapana]], 5th century BCE.]]

By the 5th century BCE under the reign of King Mahakosala, the neighboring [[Kingdom of Kashi]] had been conquered.<ref>{{harvnb|Raychaudhuri|1972|p=138}}</ref> Mahakosala's daughter was the first wife of King [[Bimbisara]] of Magadha. As a dowry, Bimbisara received a Kashi village that had a revenue of 100,000. This marriage temporarily eased tensions between Koshala and Magadha.<ref name=":0" />

By the time of Mahākosala's son Pasenadi, Kosala had become the suzerain of the [[Kālāma]] tribal republic,{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}} and Pasenadi's realm maintained friendly relations with the powerful [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]] tribe which lived to the east of his kingdom.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=121}}

During Pasenadi's reign, a [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]] named Bandhula who had received education in Takṣaśilā, had offered his services as a general to the Kauśalya king so as to maintain the good relations between the Mallakas and Kosala. Later, Bandhula, along with his wife Mallikā, violated the {{Transliteration|pi|Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī}} sacred tank of the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]], which resulted in armed hostilities between the Kauśalya and the Licchavikas. Bandhula was later treacherously murdered along with his sons by Pasenadi. In retaliation, some Mallakas helped Pasenadi's son [[Virudhaka|Viḍūḍabha]] usurp the throne of Kosala to avenge the death of Bandhula, after which Pasenadi fled from Kosala and died in front of the gates of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]] capital of [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=178-180}}

At some point during his reign, Viḍūḍabha fully annexed the Kālāmas. That the Kālāmas did not request a share of the Buddha's relics after his death was possibly because they had lost their independence by then.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

Shortly after the Buddha's death, the Viḍūḍabha invaded the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]] and [[Koliya]] republics, seeking to conquer their territories because they had once been part of Kosala. Viḍūḍabha finally triumphed over the Sakyas and Koliyas and annexed their state after a long war with massive loss of lives on both sides. Details of this war were exaggerated by later Buddhist accounts, which claimed that Viḍūḍabha's invasion was in retaliation for having given in marriage to his father the slave girl who became Viḍūḍabha's mother, and that he exterminated the Sakyas. In actuality, Viḍūḍabha's invasion of Sakya might instead have had similar motivations to the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]] king [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]]'s conquest of the [[Vajjika League]] because he was the son of a Vajjika princess and was therefore interested in the territory of his mother's homeland. The result of the Kauśalya invasion was that the Sakyas and Koliyas were absorbed into Viḍūḍabha's kingdom.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=182-206}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=207-217}}

The massive life losses incurred by Kosala during its conquest of Sakya weakened it significantly enough that it was itself was soon annexed by its eastern neighbour, the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], and Viḍūḍabha was defeated and killed by the Māgadhī king [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=182-206}}

Under the reign of [[Mahapadma Nanda]] of Magadha, Koshala rebelled but the rebellion was put down.<ref name=":0" />

===Under Mauryan rule===
It is assumed that during the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan reign]], Kosala was administratively under the viceroy at [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mahajan|1960|p=318}}</ref> The [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]], probably issued during the reign of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] deals with a famine in Shravasti and the relief measures to be adopted by the officials.<ref>{{harvnb|Thapar|2001|pp=7–8}}</ref> The [[Yuga Purana]] section of the [[Yuga Purana|Garga Samhita]] mentions about the ''Yavana'' ([[Indo-Greek]]) invasion and subsequent occupation of Saket during the reign of the last [[Maurya]] ruler Brihadratha or [[Pushyamitra Shunga]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lahiri|1974|pp=21–4}}</ref>

===Post-Mauryan period===
[[File:Muladeva coin Kosala.jpg|thumb|Coin of ruler Muladeva, minted in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: ''Muladevasa'', elephant to left facing symbol. Rev: Wreath, above symbol, below snake.]]
[[File:Aryamitra coin Kosala.jpg|thumb|Coin of ruler Aryamitra, issued in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: peacock to right facing tree. Rev: Name ''Ayyamitasa'', humped bull to left facing pole.]]
<gallery>
Kashi coin, 400-300 BCE.jpg|Kashi coin, 400-300 BCE.
</gallery>

{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The names of a number of rulers of Kosala of the post-Maurya period are known from the square copper coins issued by them, mostly found at [[Ayodhya]].<ref>Bhandare (2006)</ref> The rulers, forming the [[Deva dynasty (Saketa)|Deva dynasty]], are: Muladeva, Vayudeva, Vishakhadeva, [[Dhanadeva]], Naradatta, Jyesthadatta and Shivadatta. There is no way to know whether king Muladeva of the coins is identifiable with Muladeva, murderer of the Shunga ruler [[Vasumitra]] or not (though a historian, Jagannath has tried to do so).<ref>{{harvnb|Lahiri|1974|p=141n}}</ref> King Dhanadeva of the coins is identified with king Dhanadeva (1st century BCE) of Ayodhya inscription. In this Sanskrit inscription, King Kaushikiputra [[Dhanadeva]] mentions about setting a ''ketana'' (flag-staff) in memory of his father, Phalgudeva. In this inscription he claimed himself as the sixth in descent from [[Pushyamitra Shunga]]. Dhanadeva issued both cast and die-struck coins and both the types have a bull on obverse.<ref>{{harvnb|Bhandare|2006|pp=77–8, 87–8}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Falk|2006|p=149}}</ref>

Other local rulers whose coins were found in Kosala include: a group of rulers whose name ends in "-mitra" is also known from their coins: Satyamitra, Aryamitra, Vijayamitra and Devamitra, sometimes called the "Late [[Mitra dynasty (Ayodhya)|Mitra dynasty]] of Kosala".<ref>Proceedings – Indian History Congress – Volume 1 – Page 74</ref> Other rulers known from their coins are: Kumudasena, Ajavarman and Sanghamitra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA118|title=Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20–22 April 1960|first=Arthur Llewellyn|last=Basham|date=3 November 1968|publisher=Brill Archive|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|History}}
* [[Kosala Kingdom]]
* [[Ayodhya]]
* [[Rama]]
* [[Pasenadi|Prasenjit of Kosala]]
* [[Janapada]]
* [[Mahajanapada]]
* [[Ancestors of Rama]]
* [[List of Ikshvaku dynasty kings in Hinduism|List of Ikshvaku dynasty kings]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=The Past Before Us: Historical Traditions of Early North India |date=2013 |publisher=Harvard Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-674-72523-2 |edition=1 |location=Cambridge, Mass}}
* {{cite journal |author=Hira Lal |title=The Extent and Capital of Daksina Kosala |journal=Indian Antiquary |volume=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aG5DAAAAYAAJ |year=1986 |orig-year=1933 |publisher=Swati }}
* {{Citation| last = Bhandare| first = S.| year = 2006| title = Between the Empires: Society in India 200 BCE to 400 CE| editor = ''Numismatic Overview of the Maurya-Gupta Interlude'' in P. Olivelle | publisher = New York: Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-568935-6}}.
* {{Citation| last = Falk| first = H.| year = 2006| title = Between the Empires: Society in India 200 BCE to 400 CE| editor = ''The Tidal Waves of Indian History'' in P. Olivelle | publisher = New York: Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-568935-6}}
* {{Citation| last = Lahiri | first = B.| year = 1974| title = Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 300 B.C. to 200 A.D.) | publisher = Calcutta: University of Calcutta}}
* {{Citation| last = Law | first = B.C.| year = 1926| title = Ancient Indian Tribes| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eFy-K56RKU0C&pg=PA34| publisher = Lahore: Motilal Banarsidass| isbn = 9781406751802}}
*{{cite book|first=B.C.|last= Law| year= 1935| title= Sravasti in Indian Literature|publisher = Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India: Number 50, ASI}}
* {{Citation| last = Law | first = B. C.| year = 1973| title = Tribes in Ancient India | publisher = Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute}}
* {{Citation| last = Mahajan | given1 = V.D.| year = 1960| title = Ancient India | publisher = New Delhi: S. Chand| isbn = 81-219-0887-6}}
* {{Citation| last = Pargiter | first = F.E.| year = 1972| title = Ancient Indian Historical Tradition | publisher = Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation| last = Raychaudhuri | first = H.C. | year = 1972| title = Political History of Ancient India| publisher = Calcutta: University of Calcutta}}
* {{Citation | last = Samuel| first = Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Samuel | year = 2010 | title = The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 61–63}}.
* {{Citation| last = Thapar | first = R.| year = 2001| title = {{IAST|Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas}} | publisher = New Delhi: Oxford University Press| isbn = 0-19-564445-X}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Sastri |editor-first=K. A. Nilakanta |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=Second }}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], Netherlands |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
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* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]] |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Kosambi |first=D.D. |title=Ancient Kosala and Magadha |year=1952 |publisher=Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society}}
* {{Citation |last=Bausch |first=L. M. |title=Kosalan Philosophy in the" Kānva Śatapatha Brāhmana" and the "Suttanipāta" |publication-date=2015 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}
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{{refend}}

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Mahajanapada |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Kosala| ]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Deepa Palanad

2026-03-08T17:39:50Z

NiklasKinard: New Basic Entry First Draft

{{short description|Indian Kathakali musician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepa Palanad
| birth_name = Deepa
| alias =
| image = Deepa-passport.jpg
| caption = Deepa in 2007
| birth_date = 17 April 1982
| birth_place = [[Pulamantol]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Kathakali]] musician, maths teacher
| known for =
| awards =
}}

'''Deepa Palanad''' (born 17 April 1982) is one of the few female [[Kathakali]] musicians from the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. She is known to make a mark in the four-century-old classical dance-drama from a social system, that kept women away from temple art, which is mostly dominated by men.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-20 |title=Deepa Palanad: Kathakali sangeetham offers a different experience on each stage |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kathakali-sangeetham-offers-a-different-experience-on-each-stage/articleshow/63366052.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Deepa was born at Kattupara in [[Pulamantol|Pulamanthol]] village near [[Perinthalmanna]] in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]] as the daughter of [[Kathakali]] musician Palanad Diwakaran and Sudha. She started learning the basics of Carnatic music from her father at the age of three and later received first lessons in Kathakali music from her father's teacher, Kalamandalam Unnikrishna Kurup. She then learned advanced Carnatic music under V. V. Sadanandan, Velnezhi Subramanian, Punnapuzha Ramanathan and Vechur Shankar. She studied Kathakali music under Madambi Subrahmanyanambuthiri and Kottakkal Madhu. Deepa has also studied dance under Kalamandalam Sudha.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=കളിയരങ്ങിലെ കിളിനാദം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/09/03/paalanad-diwakaran-sudheep-deepa.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

Deepa's stage debut was delayed because there was no other girl available to sing along with her. Finally in 1999, when Deepa made her debut at the age of seventeen, it was her brother Sudeep who sang with her. Since then, she has performed with artistes like [[Kalamandalam Hyderali|Hyderali]] at many venues in Kerala. Deepa, who also completed her BEd in 2003, started her career as a maths teacher at UCNNM Porur Aided UP School in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=വെണ്മണി ഹരിദാസ് പുരസ്‌കാരം ദീപ പാലനാടിന് {{!}} 25Aug2021 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/news/25aug2021-1.5941238 |access-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009151835/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/news/25aug2021-1.5941238 |archive-date=9 October 2021 }}</ref>

Deepa has won first place in the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|Kerala State School Arts Festival]] for Kathakali music. She is also a winner of the Kalamandalam Unnikrishna Kurup Memorial Kathakali Music Competition. Deepa studied Kathakali music for ten years with a scholarship from the central government. In 2021, she was honoured with the Venmani Haridas Award, which is given for the young singers in Kathakali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കഥകളിപ്പദങ്ങളിൽ അലയടിക്കുന്ന പെൺശബ്ദം ഇതാ ഇവിടെയുണ്ട്! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/news/kathakali-sangeetham-music-mojo-by-deepa-palanad-offers-a-different-experience-for-viewrs/articleshow/71581173.cms |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Palanadu, Deepa}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]

Sankhe Khas

2026-03-06T18:41:13Z

NiklasKinard: stub!

{{Short description|Village in Gopalganj district, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sankhe Khas
| other_name = Shankhe Khash; Sakhekhas
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Gopalganj
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = Uchkagaon
| government_type = Gram panchayat
| governing_body = Shankhe Khash Gram Panchayat
| area_total_km2 = 4.99
| population_total = 6357
| population_as_of = 2011
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 841438
}}

'''Sankhe Khas''' (also spelled '''Shankhe Khash''' or '''Sakhekhas''') is a village in the Uchkagaon Community Development Block of [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAYUSHMAN BHARAT UCHKAGAON SANKHE KHAS {{!}} Website of Gopalganj District {{!}} India |url=https://gopalganj.nic.in/aayushman-bharat-uchkagaon-sankhe-khas/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is administered by the Shankhe Khash Gram Panchayat and forms part of the areas included under the [[Gopalganj Assembly constituency]] as per delimitation lists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): SHANKHE KHASH (शंखे खश ) |url=https://civicatlas.in/gram-panchayat-shankhe-khash-96004 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=civicatlas.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Sankhe Khas spans about 499 hectares (≈4.99 km²), with Mirganj noted as the nearest town at roughly 12 km for major economic activities.

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census of India, Sankhe Khas had a population of 6,357 in 985 households, with an average sex ratio of 1034 and a literacy rate of 65.81% (male 78.88%, female 53.45%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankhe Khas Village Population - Uchkagaon - Gopalganj, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/230763-sankhe-khas-bihar.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The village is under Uchkagaon CD Block in Gopalganj district and is governed locally by the Shankhe Khash Gram Panchayat. The gram panchayat (listed as Sakhekhas/Shankhe Khash) appears in the composition of the Gopalganj Assembly constituency.

== See also ==
* [[Gopalganj (disambiguation)|Gopalganj district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gopalganj district, India]]

Vakil Saheb

2026-03-03T23:08:56Z

NiklasKinard: quick rework citations as per guidelines and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Vakil Saheb
| image =

| caption =
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vakil Saheb''''' is a 1943 Indian Hindi-language film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=23 August 2012|archive-date=10 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210011201/http://www.gomolo.in/|url-status=dead|title=Gomolo.in – here movie lovers meet: Top Indian movie website | Top Hindi movie website | Top Bengali movie website | Bangla Cinema website}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=23 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0829307 |title=Vakil Saheb}}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1943 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

{{1940s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Majnu (2016 film)

2026-03-03T21:50:47Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up A Details More To Come...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Majnu
| image = Majnu (2016 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Virinchi Varma]]
| producer = Geetha Golla P. Kiran
| writer = Virinchi Varma
| starring = [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] [[Anu Emmanuel]] [[Riya Suman]]
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = [[Gnana Shekar V.S.|Gnana Sekhar V.S.]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Anandi Art Creations]] Keva Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|09|23}}
| runtime = 138 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹16 [[crore]]
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|28.4}} crore
}}
'''''Majnu''''' is a 2016 Telugu-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama film]] written and directed by Virinchi Varma. It features [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Anu Emmanuel]], and [[Riya Suman]] in the lead roles. The film was released worldwide on 23 September 2016.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Made on a budget of ₹16 [[crore]], the film grossed more than ₹28.40 crore. Both Anu and Riya made their Telugu debut through this film.<ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/230916/im-not-in-the-race-for-stardom-nani.html "I’m not in the race for stardom: Nani"]</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/majnu-love-boy-nani-set-for-another-romcom-watch-trailer-3014355/ "Majnu: 'Love boy' Nani set for another romcom, watch trailer"]</ref>

==Plot==
The plot revolves around Aditya ([[Nani (actor)|Nani]]), who works as an assistant director for the ''[[Baahubali (film series)|Baahubali]]'' crew. One day, he sees Suma ([[Riya Suman]]), a woman who works in the office of his friend, Kasi ([[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]) and gets attracted to her while trying to help Kasi in proposing to her. After a series of events and on Suma's continued insistence, Aditya tells Suma his love story that traces its way back to his hometown, [[Bhimavaram]].

In the past, after graduation and getting placed in IT major [[Infosys]], [[Bengaluru]], Aditya and his friends hold a party. In a drunken stupor, he sees Kiran ([[Anu Emmanuel]]) and it is [[love at first sight]] for him. Kiran is driving her motorcycle and as an awestruck and frozen Aditya is watching her, she crashes into Aditya and he is rushed to the hospital. In the hospital, he proposes to Kiran before passing out. Aditya leaves his job in Bengaluru to search for Kiran and finds out that she is studying engineering in the same college where he graduated from. While chasing her to her class, the students assume him to be a professor and he continues teaching them. The principal admits Aditya as a junior lecturer as he was impressed by Aditya's teaching skills. After a series of events, Kiran starts to fall for Aditya. One day, when Kiran questions Aditya about what is happening between them, Aditya replies in the form of a love letter and impresses Kiran.

After this story, a crying Aditya runs away from the restaurant. Suma, curious about why they broke up, asks Kasi who informs her that they broke up because of him. One day, Kiran sees Aditya fighting some goons and asks him what happened. It is revealed that the goons had attacked Kasi, hence forcing Aditya to charge on them. When Kiran asks him whether Kasi or herself is more important to him, Aditya replies that his friend is important. Then Aditya tries to convince Kiran but she brushes him off. Fed up with continuous rejection, one day Aditya bursts out and informs Kiran that he will run away to a place where he won't see or remember her.

Suma impressed by Aditya's love story starts getting attracted to him. When Kasi tells him about this, Aditya says that he realized that he is still in love with Kiran and packs up to leave for Bhimavaram. At the railway station, Aditya sees Kiran and is shocked to learn that she is Suma's cousin. At Suma's house, Suma tells Aditya her love story. She loved Raghu who duped her following which she fell into depression. Aditya tries to talk to Kiran, who tells him that she misunderstood Kasi and came to apologize to him but was hurt by his talk. Suma tells Aditya that she and Kiran are going to [[Mumbai]] for Kiran's job interview to which he offers to accompany them. In Mumbai, he gives Kiran confidence for her job interview. After returning to Hyderabad, he follows Kiran to Bhimavaram (even fighting goons for her), only to learn that Kiran will marry Hemanth ([[Raj Tarun]]). Kiran and Aditya tell Suma that the woman in Aditya's love story was Kiran. Aditya again tells them that he will run away to a place where he won't see or remember them. Suma, who forgives Aditya, tells Kiran to do the same and gives Aditya's letter to her. Kiran realizes that everything he wrote in the letter was true and informs Hemanth. Hemanth agrees to help them reach Aditya who is leaving for Goa. When Aditya boards the train, Kiran, who follows the train on a bike, catches him while he gets down to drink water. Kiran then proposes to Aditya. The film ends with [[S. S. Rajamouli]] calling Aditya and offering him the job of a co-director.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Aditya, Assistant Director to [[S.S.Rajamouli]]
* [[Anu Emmanuel]] as Kiranmayi "Kiran" (voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi]])
* [[Riya Suman]] as Sumanjali "Suma" (credited as Priya Shri)
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Kashi, Aditya's friend
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Sanjay Leela Bhansali<ref name="FilmCompan">{{cite news |last1=Mamillapalle |first1=Nischala |title=10 Memorable Performances of Telugu Actor Vennela Kishore |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/telugu-movies-10-memorable-performances-of-telugu-actor-vennela-kishore-nani-mahesh-babu-chi-la-sow |access-date=8 March 2024 |publisher=Film Companion |date=17 September 2020}}</ref>
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as a Lecturer
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as College principal
* [[Saptagiri (Telugu actor)|Saptagiri]] as Koti, Suma's driver
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Suma's mother
* [[Raj Madiraju]] as Aditya's father
* [[Raj Tarun]] as Hemanth (cameo appearance)
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as himself, on the sets of [[Baahubali: The Conclusion]]
* Keshav Deepak as Suma's Father}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Majnu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{film date|df=y|2016|9|4}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:06
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| prev_title = Dhooram
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Puli Murugan]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

[[Gopi Sunder]] was roped in to compose the original soundtrack and score for ''Majnu''. This marked [[Nani (actor)|Nani]]'s second collaboration with Sunder after their first collaboration with [[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]].

{{Tracklist
| headline =
| extra_column = Singers(s)
| total_length = 25:07
| title1 = Kallumoosi
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[Suchith Suresan]]
| length1 = 03:39
| title2 = Oorikey Ala
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 05:54
| title3 = Andamaina
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra3 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length3 = 04:24
| title4 = Jare Jare
| lyrics4 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra4 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length4 = 05:00
| title5 = Oye Meghamla
| lyrics5 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi|Chinmayi Sripada]]
| length5 = 03:08
| title6 = Aadara
| lyrics6 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra6 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Divya S. Menon]]
| length6 = 03:01
| total length = 25:06
}}

==Critical response==
The film received mixed reviews from critics, although many praised Nani's performance and claimed it was the movie's saving grace. ''[[The Times of India]]'' also commented positively on the small-town setting of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/majnu/movie-review/54484570.cms|date=11 January 2017|accessdate=19 July 2017|title=''Majnu'' movie review|website=[[The Times of India]]|author=Pasupulate, Karthik}}</ref> On the other hand, reviewers at ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted the plot's lack of originality as well as Priya Shri's and Anu Emmanuel's acting deficiencies.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 November 2016|accessdate=19 July 2017|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Majnu-Feel-good-romance/article14995438.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=''Majnu'': Feel-good romance}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Vamsi, Krishna|date=23 September 2016|accessdate=19 July 2017|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/majnu-movie-review-nani-songs-makes-the-script-work-varinchi-varma-3046683/|title=''Majnu'' movie review: Nani makes the script work|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]

Yashwanth

2026-03-03T21:49:04Z

NiklasKinard: new

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|2005 Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yashwanth
| image = Yashwanth VCD cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dayal Padmanabhan|Dayal]]
| writer = Dayal
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[K. Manju]]
| starring = [[Sriimurali|Murali]] [[Rakshitha]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sathya Hegde
| editing = Vinod Manohar
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Lakshmishree Combines
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|2|1}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yashwanth''''' (spelled onscreen as '''''Yeshwanth''''') is a 2005 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama directed by [[Dayal Padmanabhan|Dayal]] and starring [[Sriimurali|Murali]] and [[Rakshitha]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sriimurali|Murali]] as Yashwanth
*[[Rakshitha]]
*Pawan Kumar
*[[Vinayak Joshi]]
*Sanjana
*Preethi
*Muni
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*Indudhar
*A. S. Murthy
*[[Nagashekar]]
*Chandu
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi Shivamani]]
*[[Vanitha Vasu]] as Rakshitha's mother
*Malathi Saradeshpande
*"Gundu" Gurulakshmi
*[[Dheerendra Gopal]] as the dog's voice
*[[Suja Varunee|Suja]] (item number in "Aadu Aata Aadu")<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viggy.com/english/current_item_dance.asp|title=New trend of 'item numbers'|work=Viggy|date=2004|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315105010/http://viggy.com/english/current_item_dance.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
This film was the third film of both director [[Dayal Padmanabhan|Dayal]], of ''[[Baa Baaro Rasika]]'' (2004) fame, and [[Sriimurali|Murali]].<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_yashwanth.asp|title=Yashwanth - new film by Dayal|work=Viggy|date=2004|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315101238/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_yashwanth.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's story is based on a real life incident in the director's life when he had to give up his wife's jewelry when he was under financial pressure.<ref name="V"/> The film was produced by [[K. Manju]], whose previous film ''[[Sahukara]]'' (2004) was a hit. Reena Yadav and [[Namitha]] were each considered to play one of the film's heroines before [[Rakshita]] was cast.<ref name="V"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_yashwanth.asp|title=Yashwanth - Murali strikes again...|work=Viggy|date=2005|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315101235/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_yashwanth.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was launched at Kanteerava Studios with financier K. V. Nagesh Kumar clapping the shot and KFCC president H. D. Gangaraju switching on the camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|title=Yashwanth Muhurat|website=Screen|access-date=11 August 2025|date=22 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107110236/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|archive-date=7 November 2004}}</ref> Murali Manohara, who worked under choreographer
Five Star Ganesh, debuted as a dance director with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=11137&ptype=News&title=MURALI%20MANOHARA%20%96%20DANCE%20AND%20DIRECTION|title=MURALI MANOHARA DANCE AND DIRECTION|date=6 July 2018|work=chitratara|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316023731/http://chitratara.com/show-content.php?id=11137&ptype=News&title=MURALI%20MANOHARA%20%96%20DANCE%20AND%20DIRECTION|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Vanitha Vasu]] plays Rakshitha's mother in the film, who later becomes estranged.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/957578.cms |title=Straight answers |date=13 December 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316022506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/straight-answers/articleshow/957578.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Yashwanth
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded = 2005
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:38
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|YgoII0q7xYI| Yashwanth - Full Jukebox}}
}}
}}
The songs were composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. The song "Nodana Bengaluru" was shot on a [[double decker bus]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lakshminarayana |first=Shruti Indira |date=December 2019 |title=Script your adventure |url=https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |magazine=Karnataka: One state. Many worlds. |location=India |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |page=15 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318102230/https://cdn.kstdc.co/uploads/2020/01/Filmi_Hi_RES_compressed.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The audio was released at KSCA Club in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13646394|title='Yashwanth' audio released|work=Sify|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408231144/http://sify.com/entertainment/movies/kannada/fullstory.php?id=13646394|date=11 January 2005|archive-date=8 April 2005|access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/yeswanth-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1004726955|title=Yeswanth (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2005|access-date=2023-03-18|archive-date=2023-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318102220/https://music.apple.com/us/album/yeswanth-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1004726955|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:38
| title1 = Ambari Meleri
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| length1 = 4:56
| title2 = Duddu Yaara Kailiddare
| lyrics2 = [[Shashank (director)|Shashank]]
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length2 = 4:27
| title3 = Mannige Maara Baarave
| lyrics3 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 5:30
| title4 = Nodenna Bengalooru
| lyrics4 = Dwarki
| extra4 = Karthik
| length4 = 4:44
| title5 = Moda Modalu
| lyrics5 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Nanditha
| length5 = 5:26
| title6 = Aadu Ata Aadu
| lyrics6 = Manjunath Rao
| extra6 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length6 = 4:35
}}

== Reception ==
S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "There is nothing new in the story. The director has taken up a simple story of today’s youth, mixes some action and romance and tries to make it an entertaining film. He focuses on how today’s youth spend time and invite problems. Besides, he also shows that they can also achieve something if they focus on a single goal, that’s all".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb062005/mr3.asp|title=Yeshwanth|date=6 February 2005|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220014939/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb062005/mr3.asp|archive-date=20 February 2005|access-date=27 March 2025|first=S. N.|last=Deepak}}</ref> A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "On the whole, ''Yashwanth'' is not as gripping as one would've expected it to be. Its an absolute letdown but enthralls the frontbenchers!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/review_yashawanth.asp|title=Yashwanth - film review|date=2005|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-03-16|archive-date=2022-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204043324/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_yashawanth.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The film failed at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep42005/enter122544200593.asp|date=4 September 2005|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=5 April 2025|title=This Shambu ain't a Shikari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007101246/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep42005/enter122544200593.asp|archive-date=7 October 2006|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|30146855}}

[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]

Thrissivaperoor Kliptham

2026-03-03T20:35:36Z

NiklasKinard: post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thrissivaperoor Kliptham
| image = Thrissivaperoor Kliptham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ratheish Kumar
| producer = Fareed Khan (producer) Shaleel Azeez
| writer = PS Rafeeque
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] [[Aparna Balamurali]] [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] [[Irshad]] [[Rony David]]
| music = [[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Swaroop Philip]]
| editing = [[Shameer Muhammed]]
| studio = M-Little Star Communications
| distributor = Whitesands Media House
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|08|11|India|ref1=}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = 
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Thrissivaperoor Kliptham''''' (English: [[Thrissivaperoor]] Ltd.) is a 2017 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[black comedy]]-[[comedy-thriller|thriller film]] directed by debutant Ratheish Kumar and written by PS Rafeeque.<ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Thrissivaperoor-Kliptham--Fun-film-gets-ready-imagegallery-malayalam-qkylfDfcbaggd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105233112/http://www.sify.com/movies/Thrissivaperoor-Kliptham--Fun-film-gets-ready-imagegallery-malayalam-qkylfDfcbaggd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2016|website=[[Sify]]|title='Thrissivaperoor Kliptham' - Fun film gets ready|accessdate=2016-11-05}}</ref> It stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Irshad]] and [[Rony David]]. It was produced jointly by Fareed Khan and Shaleel Azeez under the banner of Whitesands Media House.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Zareena-Wahab-in-a-spunky-avatar/articleshow/55047311.cms|title = Zareena Wahab returns to Mollywood in a spunky avatar - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/050916/the-art-of-framing-it-right-swaroop-philip.html|title = The art of framing it right: Swaroop Philip|date = 5 September 2016}}</ref> The film was released on 11 August 2017.

==Plot==
David 'Davis' Pauly hails from [[Thrissur]]. His marriage with a lady, arranged by his brother Sensilavos, is unsuccessful, after a bottle of [[alcoholic drink|alcohol]], which one of his 'friends' sent him as a present and he hid, breaks in the church. Davy's aunt speculates that Joy Chembadan, Davy's classmate in school and now arch-nemesis, was the one who sent it to him.

Girija 'Giri' Vallabhan is from [[Pattikkad, Thrissur|Pattikad]] and is naive. He is friends with Ambiyettan, an emigrant [[guru]] from another part of [[Kerala]], who introduces him to Davy and his gang, consisting of Bahuleyan, Philip Kannadakkaran and Alahu, after a fight in the market with Joy's henchmen.

In a parallel storyline, Bhageerathi "Baaghi" is an honorable female auto driver trying to save two young girls (who are her neighbors) from turning into [[prostitutes]] at the insistence of Ayyappan, a wicked man also Bhaagi's neighbor who is hellbent on forcing them to sell their bodies. It is also portrayed that the girls' father is in dire need of money, for which their mother, unable to pay the bills for her husband's operation, is ready to let her daughters be prostitutes.

Conflicts naturally occur between Davy and Joy. Once, when Joy orders film actress Nileena Mehndi to inaugurate his shop, he shows off and looks down on Davy for not being able to do the same. Enraged by this, Davy decided to kidnap and coerce the one responsible for helping Joy get Davy, Rent-A-Star Mansoor, Nileena Mehndi's assistant.

When Davy and their gang finally do succeed in capturing Mansoor, no matter how much they force him, he refuses to tell Nileena to back off the deal made with Joy (for which advance of 30 lakhs are collected). Infuriated, Davy barks at Sudeesh violently, forcefully stating that he was calling upon Nileena for an inauguration, and not for [[fornication]]. Unmoved by Davy's recklessness, Mansoor replies coolly, stating that although the withdrawal of Nileena's contract to Joy isn't possible, she would gladly spend a night with one person - only one person - in a [[one-night stand]] for 10 lakh rupees.

Shocked at this revelation, the gang lets him go. They, with deceit and helplessness, make up 10 lakh rupees. Amidst this, though, Joy embarrasses one of Davy's gang members by arresting him with his separated wife in a shady hotel falsely accusing him of [[adultery]]. After this, Davy swears to take revenge from Joy. They realize that only one of them can be the lucky one, so they put on a lucky draw, in which Giri is able to win. Hence, Giri heads to a hotel holding a suitcase filled with 10 lakh rupees, as per Mansoor's instructions. Meanwhile, outraged by how close he got to ruining the innocent women's lives through prostitution, Baaghi vengefully kills Ayyappan in a celebration.

A little time later, Davy and gang see on the news that Nileena will be retiring from her acting career temporarily due to [[cancer]]. Appalled, they visit the exact same hotel, where they notice that the bag of money is missing from an unconscious Giri. They investigate with the help of Kozhikkaran Cheru, Davy's friend and a local businessman, also a professional gambler and owns a local casino. Cheru tells them that Mansoor's actual name was Porinju. It is revealed that he was the driver of Cheru. Porinju stabbed Cheru and ran away with the money of Cheru.

After hearing the story of Cheru, the next day, they are able to corner Porinju (who was about to escape), where he reveals that when he went in the hotel room, even he wasn't able to find the money. Davy hands him over to Joy, who was also scammed of his money. When they reach their residence, they find Baaghi there, who confesses to have taken the money for the operation of the girls' father. She says that, in return for the money, she is willing to sleep with any one of them, for one night. But the men turn down her offer, having gained a better understanding about greed and its consequences.

In the end, Davy is reunited with his high school crush thanks to Joy, who has now understood his mistake, and it is implied that Giri and Baaghi have fallen in love with each other.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Girijavallabhan 'Giri'
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as David 'Davis/Davi' Pauly
*[[Aparna Balamurali]] as Bhageerathy 'Bhaagi'
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Joy Chembadan
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]]
*[[Rony David]] as Philip Kannadakkaran
*[[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]] as Bahuleyan
*[[Abi (actor)|Abi]] as Sensilavos Davi's Elder brother
*[[Sudheesh]] as Mansoor / Porinju
*[[Vineeth Mohan]] as Fr. Gregory Pauly
*[[Shilpi Sharma (actress, born 1994)|Shilpi Sharma]] as Nilina Mehndi
*[[Parvathi T]] as Mini, Bhageerathy's mother
*[[Jewel Mary]] as Sunitha P.S [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
*[[T G Ravi]] as Kozhikkaran Cheru
*[[Meghanathan]] as Subramanian
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Ambiyettan
*[[Zarina Wahab]] as Ammachi
*[[Rachana Narayanankutty]]
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as S.I Sheherladen / Cherlaapu
*[[Alexander Prasanth]]
*[[Jayaraj Warrier]]
*[[Sunil Sukhada]]
*[[Gilu Joseph]] as Damayanthi
*Neeraja Rajendran as Giri's mother
*[[Arya Salim]] as Police constable Saramma
*[[Vijilesh Karayad]]
*[[Shibil Paravath]] as Schoolmate}}

==Production==
The film is produced by Fareed Khan and Shaleel Azeez under the banner of Whitesands Media House. [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] and [[Aparna Balamurali]] plays the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/driving-an-autorickshaw-was-fun-aparna-balamurali/articleshow/54937039.cms|title = Driving an autorickshaw was fun: Aparna Balamurali - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> In September 2016, Shooting began in [[Thrissur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/thrissivaperoor-kliptham.html|title = Thrissivaperoor Kliptham (2017) | Thrissivaperoor Kliptham Movie | Thrissivaperoor Kliptham (Thrissivaperoor Kliptham) Malayalam Movie Cast & Crew, Release Date, Review, Photos, Videos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/aparna-balamurali-on-her-tryst-with-tinsel-town/article9158379.ece#|title = With STARS in her eyes|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 September 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
All songs were composed by [[Bijibal]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Track
!Song title
!Lyrics
!Singer
|-
|1
|"Kaanthaa"
|Traditional folk song
|Vipin Lal
|-
|2
|"Manga Poolu Poloru"
|[[PS Rafeeque]]
|[[Bijibal]]
|-
|3
|"Oruthiri Aasha"
|B. K. Harinarayanan
|Vivek Moozhikulam
|-
|4
|"Puthiyoru Kada"
|P. S. Rafeeque
|Sannidaanandan
|-
|5
|"Thrissooru"
|P. S. Rafeeque
|Pushpavathi
|-
|6
|"Venne Vennakkal"
|P. S. Rafeeque
|[[Sayanora Philip]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5972292}}

[[Category:2017 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bijibal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru

2026-03-03T17:52:57Z

NiklasKinard: adding new article.

{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru
| image = Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ravi Kiran Kola
| producer = Manovikas D. Media9 Manoj
| writer = Ravi Kiran Kola
| based_on = Ravi Kiran Kola's real life experiences he witnessed since his childhood in his hometown.
| starring = [[Kiran Abbavaram]] Rahasya Gorak
| narrator =
| music = Jay Krish
| cinematography = Vidya Sagar Chinta Amardeep Guttula
| editing = Viplav Nyshadam
| studio = SL Entertainments
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2019|11|29|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-release-date-of-ravi-kiran-kolas-directorial-film-announced/articleshow/71790579.cms|title=Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru: Release date of Ravi Kiran Kola's directorial film announced|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 October 2019|accessdate=30 August 2022|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211195649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-release-date-of-ravi-kiran-kolas-directorial-film-announced/articleshow/71790579.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime =
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru''''' ({{translation|Raja sir, Rani madam}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Ravi Kiran Kola and starring debutantes [[Kiran Abbavaram]] and Rahasya Gorak with *Yazurved Gurram and [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-trailer-stunning-countryside-visuals-and-the-interesting-premise-will-keep-you-glued/articleshow/72124484.cms|title=Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru Trailer: Stunning countryside visuals and the interesting premise will keep you glued|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192848/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-trailer-stunning-countryside-visuals-and-the-interesting-premise-will-keep-you-glued/articleshow/72124484.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is about how Raja is scared to express his love to Rani because of his fear that he will get rejected.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ravi-kiran-kola-discusses-the-making-of-the-telugu-film-raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru/article30184478.ece|title='Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru': An old-world romance on the banks of Godavari|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=5 December 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192809/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-ravi-kiran-kola-discusses-the-making-of-the-telugu-film-raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru/article30184478.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kiran Abbavaram]] as Raja
*Rahasya Gorak as Rani
*Yazurved Gurram as Naidu
*[[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] as Chowdary
*Divya Narni as Swetha
*Sneha Madhuri Sharma as Geetha
*Kedhar Shankar as Raja's father
*Durga as Raja's mother
*Bogireddy Srinivas as Rani's father
*Bombay Padma as Rani's grandmother
*Chotu Chery as Rani's brother-in-law
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Kapileswarapuram, East Godavari district]].<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/audience-will-reminisce-their-first-love-while-watching-the-film-says-raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-director-ravi-kiran-kola/articleshow/71971997.cms|title=Audience will reminisce their first love while watching the film, says Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru director Ravi Kiran Kola|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/audience-will-reminisce-their-first-love-while-watching-the-film-says-raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-director-ravi-kiran-kola/articleshow/71971997.cms|url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Asha Kiran }}</ref> Two hundred people were selected to star in the film and auditions were held to choose the right cast.<ref name="TOI" /> Debutantes Yazurved and [[Rajkumar Kasireddy]] were brought in for comedy portions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-rajkumar-kasireddy-and-yazurved-the-fun-duo-of-raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru/article30395031.ece|title=The unlikely scene stealers in 'Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru'|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=25 December 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192813/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-rajkumar-kasireddy-and-yazurved-the-fun-duo-of-raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru/article30395031.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Suresh Productions]] distributed the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-new-poster-launched/articleshow/71477182.cms|title='Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru' new poster launched|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211192732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-new-poster-launched/articleshow/71477182.cms|url-status=live |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Newcomer Jay Krish composed the music.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1482911609 |title=Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Jay Krish |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206120806/https://music.apple.com/us/album/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1482911609 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Title Song
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 5:10
| title2 = Nammela Ledhe
| extra2 = Anurag Kulkarni
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = Pain Song
| extra3 = Anurag Kulkarni
| length3 = 3:15
| title4 = Get Well Soon
| extra4 = Hariharasudhan
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Tirigi Tirigi
| extra5 = Jay Krish, [[Ramya Behara]]
| length5 = 3:09
| total_length = 21:41
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and said that "Go watch this one this weekend if you're looking for a feel-good love story that’ll leave you with a happy smile on your face".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru/movie-review/72291399.cms|title=Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru Movie Review {3/5}: You'll leave with a smile on your face|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' said that "''Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru'' is a fun, heart warming and cute film that throws up fresh and abundant talent not just in the form of artistes but crew too".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-movie-review-an-enjoyable-romance-with-an-old-world-charm/article30115736.ece|title='Raja Vaaru Rani Gaaru' movie review: An enjoyable romance with an old world charm|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=29 November 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202220127/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/raja-vaaru-rani-gaaru-movie-review-an-enjoyable-romance-with-an-old-world-charm/article30115736.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Home media ==
The movie was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|10905616}}

[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Konaseema]]

Madha (film)

2026-03-03T17:48:34Z

NiklasKinard: quick cleaned up layout per standard format and updated info to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Madha
| image = Madha (film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Srividya Basawa
| producer = Indira Basawa
| writer = Prashanth Sagar Atlluri
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Trishna Mukherjee
*Rahul Venkat
}}
| music = Naresh Kumaran
| cinematography = Abhiraj Nair
| editing = Renjith Touchriver
| studio = Third Eye Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|01||Noida Film Festival|2020|3|13}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Madha''''' is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language [[Medical thrillers|medical thriller]] film directed by Srividya Basawa (in her directorial debut) and starring Trishna Mukherjee and Rahul Venkat.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2021}}

== Cast ==
*Trishna Mukherjee as Nisha<ref name="T">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/madha/movie-review/74608647.cms|title=Madha|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Paturi|last=Rajasekhar|date=13 March 2020|accessdate=12 June 2021}}</ref>
*Rahul Venkat as Arjun<ref name="T"/>
*[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Balasubramaniam<ref name="T"/>
*[[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Ravi Varma<ref name="T"/>

== Production ==
Sri Vidya Basawa conceptualized the film in 2011.<ref name="Ti">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/film-festival-favourite-madha-has-a-release-date/articleshow/74460837.cms|title=Film festival favourite Madha has a release date|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> Initially, the venture was supposed to be an independent film before it was made into a feature film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-lights-and-colours-in-madha/articleshow/75086740.cms|title=The lights and colours in Madha|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film is of the thriller genre and much of the crew of the film are relatively newcomers and marks the directorial debut of the director.<ref name="H">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/srividya-basawas-madha-a-gritty-thriller-in-the-making/article24192232.ece|title=Madha : A gritty thriller in the making|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 June 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The low-budget film began shooting in June 2017 and commenced in September 2017.<ref name="H" /><ref name="Ti"/>

== Themes ==
According to the director Sri Vidya Basawa, Madha means "madness personified" in Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sending-chills-down-your-spine|title=Sending chills down your spine|website=Telangana Today}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film released on 13 March 2020 and was removed from theatres two days later due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-release-of-madha-remains-a-bitter-sweet-experience-for-me-sri-vidya-basawa/articleshow/74892583.cms|title=The release of Madha remains a bitter-sweet experience for me: Sri Vidya Basawa|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref>

''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film a rating of one out of five stars and stated that "All in all, ''Madha'', somewhere at its core, had a decent plot. Between a low budget, bad actors, and incoherent screenplay, it loses its essence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/madha-review-half-baked-plot-full-creepy-characters-120161|title='Madha' review: Half-baked plot full of creepy characters|date=13 March 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain]]'' noted that "Despite some shortcomings, Madha will stay as a nice attempt with good script/technical work".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/madha.html|title=Madha review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Trishna Mukherjee & Venkat Rahul|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''Film Companion'' wrote that "But for all that it gets wrong, ''Madha'' does more things right".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/madha-movie-review-srividya-basawa-makes-an-assured-debut-as-director-with-a-middling-thriller-that-boasts-good-performances/|title=Madha Movie Review: Srividya Basawa Makes An Assured Debut As Director With A Middling Thriller That Boasts Good Performances|first=Sankeertana|last=Varma|date=14 March 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and stated that "''Madha'' is a well-written thriller, penned by Prashanth Sagar Atlluri and helmed by Vidya, majorly because the duo does not indulge in clichés specific to the genre. This is one gripping thriller that’s worth a watch".<ref name="T"/>

The film was available on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/10-new-south-indian-films-you-can-now-watch-online-122194|title=10 new south Indian films you can now watch online|date=9 April 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amazon-prime-video-new-arrivals-it-chapter-two-dharala-prabhu-godzilla-and-other-titles/article31278939.ece|title=Amazon Prime Video new arrivals: 'It: Chapter Two', 'Dharala Prabhu', 'Godzilla' and other titles|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujam|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 April 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
* Noida International Film Festival 2019 - Best Feature<ref name="Ti"/>
* SIIMA Award for Best Debut Producer - Telugu for Third Eye Productions

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|9612136}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]

Sikaram

2026-03-03T05:02:59Z

NiklasKinard: creating!

{{short description|1991 film by Ananthu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sigaram.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]
| writer = Ananthu
| producer = Rajam Balachander Pushpa Kandaswamy
| starring = {{ubl|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]}}
| cinematography = R. Raghunatha Reddy
| editing = Ganesh Kumar
| music = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|01|11}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sikaram''''' ({{translation|Peak}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]] and produced by [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]. The film stars [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] (who composed this film's music), [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]. It was released on 11 January 1991.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Damodar is a famous music director and playback singer who has won many awards. Gnanam, the man behind his success, works hard for his breakthrough and he now considers Damodar as his archenemy. Damodar's son Krishna is a drunkard and spoils his life by drinking alcohol. In the past, Krishna was in love with Aparna, but there was a difference of opinion between the two, so they separated.

Later, Sukanya, Damodar's wife, dies by falling off the stairs. Damodar then falls ill and Dr Priya takes care of him. Priya was a fan of Damodar and they were in love when they were young.

Thereafter, Gnanam steals Damodar's records in his studio and becomes one of the top music directors. In the meantime, Damodar gets well and Priya meets Aparna to talk about Krishna. Aparna admitted that she was cheated by her friend and she attempted to commit suicide but she failed to because she cannot forget her lover Krishna. Gnanam then apologises to Damodar for his misdeeds. Finally, Krishna marries Aparna, and Damodar and Priya also marry.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Damodar<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Priya<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Sukanya<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Anand Babu]] as Krishna<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Ramya Krishnan]] as Aparna<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Gnanam<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Charle]] as Madhavan
* [[Lalitha Kumari]]
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Sachidhanandam
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] in a guest appearance
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] in a guest appearance
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] in a guest appearance
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] in a guest appearance
}}

== Production ==
''Sikaram'' marked the directorial debut of Ananthu. He said he wrote this script in 1985.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 December 1990 |title=சிகரத்தில் பாலு! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-23/page/n45/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230831123524/https://archive.org/details/kalki1990-12-23/page/n45/mode/2up |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=28 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=47 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], who also played the lead role, with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigaram (1990) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107132023/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001926 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=4 June 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Itho Itho En Pallavi" is based on "Priya Priya Vinodave" from the 1987 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]]'', composed by Balasubrahmanyam.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} The song "Muthamma Ennai" is based on "[[Happy Together (song)|Happy Together]]" by [[the Turtles]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2 January 2019 |title=How The Turtles' Smash Hit 'Happy Together' Was Used Twice In Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/how-the-turtles-smash-hit-happy-together-was-used-twice-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220322090324/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/how-the-turtles-smash-hit-happy-together-was-used-twice-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> while the first line of "Vannam Konda" was inspired by the [[Hindi]] song "Kabhi Khud Pe" which was composed by [[Jaidev]] for the film ''[[Hum Dono (1961 film)|Hum Dono]]'' (1961).<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=25 September 2020 |title=Remembering 'Sigaram': SPB's pride as a music composer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sigaram-spb-s-pride-music-composer-133921 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231164904/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remembering-sigaram-spb-s-pride-music-composer-133921 |archive-date=31 December 2021 |access-date=9 November 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> It is set in [[Pilu (raga)|Pilu]], a [[Hindustani raga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Anil |author-link=Anil Srinivasan |date=26 September 2020 |title=SP Balasubrahmanyam remembered: 'There is no death, he is already so much a part of us' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/974130/sp-balasubrahmanyam-remembered-there-is-no-death-he-is-already-so-much-a-part-of-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831132416/https://scroll.in/reel/974130/sp-balasubrahmanyam-remembered-there-is-no-death-he-is-already-so-much-a-part-of-us |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Agaram Ippo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 5:11
|-
| "Iduppu Kudangal" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 1:16
|-
| "Itho Itho En Pallavi" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:39
|-
| "Jannalil" || [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 5:29
|-2 suggestions: mdashfix whitespacefix
| "Muthamma Ennai" || [[S. N. Surendar]], S. P. Sailaja || 4:21
|-
| "Nithiyathil Erupeerum" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 1:26
|-
| "Panchali Katharukiral" || [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] || 2:27
|-
| "Petrathaithanai" || S. P. Sailaja || 1:19
|-
| "Puliku Piranthavane" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 1:49
|-
| "Sangeethame Sannedi" || [[Instrumental]] || 4:28
|-
| "Unnai Kanda Pinpu" (female)|| K. S. Chithra || 3:01
|-
| "Unnai Kanda Pinpu" (male)|| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 2:28
|-
| "Vannam Konda" (solo) || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 5:05
|-
| "Vannam Konda" (duet) || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. P. Sailaja || 1:53
|-
| "Vannam Konda" (chorus) || [[Choir|Chorus]] || 0:43
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Sikaram'' was released on 11 January 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 1991 |title=Sikaram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910111&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=9 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 25 January, "The script bristles with {{sic|humo|rous}} as well as tragic sequences, and if there is something to quarrel with it is the way it is structured."<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=25 January 1991 |title=Sigaram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that though the songs were melodious, they were too many.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=20 January 1991 |title=சிகரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-01-20/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230831124058/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-01-20/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=31 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was a commercial success, with Balasubrahmanyam attributing it to Vairamuthu's lyrics and Yesudas' singing.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Senthil |first=Anitha |date=1 January 2019 |title=For the love of music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sigaram-a-concert-by-sp-balasubrahmanyam-was-a-treat-for-a-tamil-film-buff/article25879428.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317060116/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sigaram-a-concert-by-sp-balasubrahmanyam-was-a-treat-for-a-tamil-film-buff/article25879428.ece |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=3 January 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Balasubrahmanyam won the Film Fans Association Award for Best Music Director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1992 |title=Kamal adjudged best actor for role in ''Guna'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

{{Improve categories|date=May 2024}}

[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical films]]

Dibamus nicobaricum

2026-03-02T08:20:22Z

NiklasKinard: fixed issues

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Dibamus nicobaricum''
| genus = Dibamus
| species = nicobaricum
| authority = ([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1867)
}}

'''''Dibamus nicobaricum''''' is a [[species]] of [[lizard]] found in the [[Nicobar Islands]] of India.

==Description==
The snout of this lizard is conical, obtuse, and slightly projecting. It has four enlarged shields on the head besides the rostral and labial scales - a frontal, an interparietal, and an ocular on each side; the interparietal shield is the largest. The eyes are scarcely distinguishable through the ocular scale. It has a narrow, elongate, trapezoidal mental, and a very large sublabial on each side. Scales equal, 22 to 26 round the middle of the body. The preanal scales very small. Its tail is very short and obtuse. Its body is a uniform purplish-brown color.<ref>Boulenger, G. A. 1890. Fauna of British India. Reptilia and Batrachia.</ref>

Total body and tail length is five to eight inches.

==Distribution==
''D. nicobaricum'' is found on Great Nicobar Island, and probably Little Nicobar Island. The type locality is given as "Nicobar Islands".

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Das, I. 1996 The validity of Dibamus nicobaricum (Fitzinger in Steindachner, 1867) (Squamata: Sauria: Dibamidae). Russ. J. Herpetol. 3 (2): 157-162
* Das, I. 1999 Biogeography of the amphibians and reptiles of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. In: Ota,H. (ed) Tropical Island herpetofauna.., Elsevier, pp. 43–77
* Diaz, R.E., M.T. Leong, L.L. Grismer & N.S. Yaakob 2004 A new species of ''Dibamus'' (Squamata: Dibamidae) from West Malaysia. Asiatic Herpetological Research 10: 1-7
* Stoliczka,F. 1873 Notes on some Andamese and Nicobarese Reptiles, with the descriptions of three new species of lizards. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 42: 162-169

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Dibamus nicobaricus}}
* {{NRDB species|genus=Dibamus|species=nicobaricum}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3014252}}

[[Category:Dibamus]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1867]]

{{lizard-stub}}

Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)

2026-02-27T05:15:52Z

NiklasKinard: stub

{{short description|Indian reality television show}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Fanpov|date=August 2025}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bigg Boss Hindi TV Series Logo.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| starring =
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Arshad Warsi]] (S1)
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] (S2)
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] (S3)
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] (S5)
* [[Farah Khan]] (HB)
* [[Salman Khan]] (S4–present)
}}
| num_seasons = 19
| num_episodes = 2076 
| location = * [[Lonavala]] (S1–S4 & S6–S12)
* [[Karjat]] (S5)
* [[Film City, Mumbai]] (S13–present)
| runtime = 60–90 minutes
| company = [[Banijay Entertainment]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]] {{small|(season 1)}}
| network2 = [[Colors TV]] {{small|(season 2–present)}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|11|03}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|08|17}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2007|1|26}}
| last_aired2 = present
| camera = Multi-camera
| based_on = ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]''
| voices = [[Atul Kapoor]]
| narrated = [[Vijay Vikram Singh]]
| related = ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''
}}

'''''Bigg Boss''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language reality television show of the ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' franchise in India that airs on Colors TV. It is based on the Dutch format of ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'', developed by [[Endemol]]. Since its premiere on November 3, 2006, the show has completed nineteen seasons and three ''OTT'' (''Over-the-Top'') seasons.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss 15 promo: Watch Salman Khan with speaking tree voiced by the evergreen actress Rekha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-15-promo-watch-salman-khan-with-speaking-tree-voiced-by-the-evergreen-actress-rekha/articleshow/85517355.cms|access-date=2021-08-27|website=The Times of India|date=21 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Throughout its run, ''Bigg Boss'' has seen a variety of hosts. The first season was hosted by [[Arshad Warsi]], followed by [[Shilpa Shetty]] in the second season and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in the third. [[Farah Khan]] led the ''Halla Bol'' season, while [[Sanjay Dutt]] co-hosted the fifth season with Salman Khan. Since season 4, [[Salman Khan]] has taken the helm as the show's primary host. As of season 19, a total of 353 contestants has participated in ''Bigg Boss''. Thirteen contestants have returned for other seasons, while two played as proxy contestants and 4 were not selected by the audience, preventing them from entering the house. As of season 19, ''Bigg Boss'' has aired a total of 2,076 episodes.

==Overview==

===Concept===
''Bigg Boss'' is a reality TV show inspired by the original [[Big Brother (Dutch TV series)|Dutch ''Big Brother'']] format created by [[John de Mol Jr.]] In this competition, a group of contestants, referred to as "housemates", live together in a specially designed house, cut off from the outside world. Each week, these housemates nominate each other for [[eviction]], and those with the highest nominations face a public vote. Ultimately, one housemate is "evicted" each week.

There are some unique elements to the eviction process. Besides public voting, housemates with special privileges, like the captain, may have the power to evict someone directly. Additionally, ''Bigg Boss'' has the authority to modify the eviction process as needed, sometimes introducing exceptions or twists.

The final week of the show, with three to six housemates left. During this time, the public votes for their favorite contestant, leading to the crowning of a winner.

While most participants are celebrities in Indian version, seasons 10, 11 and 12 saw an influx of commoners as housemates, bringing a new dynamic to the show. Notably, Manveer Gurjar, a commoner, emerged as the winner of Season 10.

The housemates' actions and interactions are monitored by the voice of Bigg Boss, a mysterious figure who represents the show's authority and enforces rules.<ref name="bb">{{cite web |title=Bigg Boss |url=https://endemolshineindia.in/key-shows/biggboss/}}</ref>

===House===
The ''Bigg Boss'' house is a unique and carefully designed space that serves as the central setting for the popular reality show which is built for each season. Over the seasons, its location has varied, with the initial seasons situated in tourist-magnate [[hill station]] of [[Lonavala]], [[Pune]] district of [[Maharashtra]] and later moving to [[ND Studios, Karjat|ND Studios]] in [[Karjat]], in Maharashtra's [[Raigad district]] for Season 5. From Season 13 onwards, the house has been established in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web | title = What the Bigg Boss house is going to be like this season|work= Rediff.com Movies | url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-what-the-bigg-boss-house-is-going-to-be-like/20110930.htm |date=30 September 2011| access-date = 2014-09-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Shweta gets b'day surprise on Bigg Boss|work=MiD DAY| url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/shweta-gets-bday-suprise-on-bigg-boss/97131 |date=5 Oct 2010| access-date = 2014-09-03 }}</ref>

The architecture of the house is contemporary and well-furnished, featuring a range of modern amenities to facilitate the daily lives of the housemates. Key areas include:
Kitchen, Living Area, Bedroom (two in first three seasons while four in sixteenth season and three in seventeenth season), Bathrooms (two toilets, two bathrooms, two washrooms in bedroom, one washroom in jail, one washroom in garden area), Storeroom, Garden and Pool Area, Lounge Room, Activity Area, Medical Room, Smoking Room, Luggage Area, Dining Area, Jail, Gym and Balcony.

One notable aspect of the Bigg Boss house is the Confession Room, an essential feature where housemates can express their thoughts, feelings, strategy or any kind of conversation as Bigg Boss listens and talks with them. This is also where the nomination process occurs sometimes.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|title=What really goes on in Bigg Boss house?|url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/oct/08/slide-show-1-sneak-peek-into-bigg-boss-house.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=20 December 2010|author=Rajul Hegde|date=8 October 2009}}</ref>

To ensure the housemates remain disconnected from the outside world, the house is devoid of televisions, telephones, internet access, clocks, books, pens, or paper.<ref name="bb"/>

===Rules===
While not all the rules have been explicitly communicated to the audience, several key ones are clearly established. Inmates are required to speak only in [[Hindi]]. Tampering with any electronic equipment or other items in the house is strictly prohibited. They may not leave the premises at any time without permission. Physical violence is completely forbidden. Discussing the nomination process with anyone is also not allowed. Housemates must remain awake until the lights go off, and they can only converse outside of the designated smoking area. Additionally, singing is not permitted within the house, nor can they write anything while inside.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lights or not, camera, action |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lights-or-not-camera-action/Article1-610659.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 December 2010 |author=Malvika Nanda |date=9 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130185739/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lights-or-not-camera-action/Article1-610659.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Occasionally, housemates may be nominated for various reasons, including being chosen by individuals with special privileges obtained through tasks, for breaking rules, or for other unspecified reasons. In serious cases, a contestant may face expulsion from the house.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss casts out violent Khan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_bigg-boss-casts-out-violent-khan_1301536|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=2 January 2011|date=22 October 2009}}</ref>

===Airing===
The main television coverage of the show consists of a daily highlights program and a weekly eviction show, typically aired on Saturday/Sunday and known as ''Weekend Ka Vaar'' or for Monday known as ''Somvaar Ka Vaar''. In Seasons 16 and 17, the weekend episodes moved to Friday/Saturday (''Shukravar Ka Vaar'' and ''Shanivar Ka Vaar''), all broadcast on Colors TV, while the first season aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Next Bigg Boss on a new channel?|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/next-bigg-boss-on-a-new-channel/story-qi0iYXhcuWjP7x57L6TmcL.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 January 2014}}</ref>

Each daily episode features key events from the previous day, while Saturday’s episodes focus primarily on the host's analysis of the housemates' performances and special tasks. Sunday’s episodes include a fun segment with guest appearances and the eviction of the housemates nominated that week. Notably, in Seasons [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 16|16]] and [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|17]], evictions took place on Saturdays instead of Sundays.

From [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 14|Season 14]] onward, ''Bigg Boss'' introduced a 24/7 Live Channel for [[Voot|Voot Select]] subscribers, and later for [[JioCinema|JioCinema Premium]] subscribers. This allowed viewers to enjoy direct engagement with the show’s happenings. Episodes were also aired 30 minutes earlier on Voot Select and JioCinema Premium until Season 17.

In Season 16, a new segment titled ''Bigg Bulletin with Shekhar Suman'' was introduced, airing on Sundays and hosted by [[Shekhar Suman]]. Season 17 saw the introduction of another segment, ''Just Chill with Arbaaz & Sohail,'' hosted by [[Arbaaz Khan]] and [[Sohail Khan]], also on Sundays. In [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Season 18]], episodes included ''Tandav Ka Overtime'', extending the usual one-hour episode with additional content to cover the day's events. Season 18 also saw the launch of segment named ''Haye Daiyaa with Ravi Bhaiyya Garda Udaa Denge,'' hosted by [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 1|Season 1]] finalist [[Ravi Kishan]], again on Sundays.

On [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Season 19]], Episodes will be aired 90 minutes before the TV Broadcast on [[JioHotstar]]

==Series details==

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== Spin-off ==
{{Main|Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi Digital series)}}
The series also has a digital version of the show called ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''. Started in 2021, the [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 1)|first season]] was hosted by [[Karan Johar]] and broadcast by [[Voot]] for 24×7 coverage.

The [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|second season]] aired on 2023 and was hosted by [[Salman Khan]] and broadcast by [[JioCinema]] for the 24x7 live feed.

The OTT series has rolled out its [[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 3|third season]] in 2024, hosted by [[Anil Kapoor]] and broadcast by [[JioCinema]] for the 24x7 live feed.

== Controversies ==
{{Main article|List of Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) controversies}}

==Other media==
{{Excerpt|Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Game}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episode|1281973}}

{{Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)}}
{{Bigg Boss (franchise)}}
{{Big Brother}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bigg Boss (Indian Tv Series)}}
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)| ]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television shows adapted into video games]]

P. M. Joseph

2026-02-13T13:50:11Z

NiklasKinard: adding a stub

{{Short description|Indian educationist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. M. Joseph
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chengannur]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Physical education
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

{{Indian name|Joseph|Puthenpurayil Mathew}}'''Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph''' was an Indian educationist and the founder principal of the Laxmibai National College of Physical Education which later grew to become the present day, [[Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education]] (LNIPE), [[Gwalior]].<ref name="Chengannur.net">{{cite web | url=http://www.chengannur.net/personalities.php | title=Chengannur.net | publisher=Chengannur.net | date=2015 | access-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Chengannur]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]],<ref name="Chengannur.net" /> Joseph was also the founder of the Physical Education Foundation of India,<ref name="PEF India">{{cite web | url=http://pefindia.org/dr-pm-joseph/ | title=PEF India | publisher=PEF India | date=2015 | access-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref> a [[non governmental organization]] working towards effective dissemination of scientific knowledge in sports and sports education.<ref name="PEFI About Us">{{cite web | url=http://pefindia.org/about-us/ | title=PEFI About Us | publisher=PEFI | date=2015 | access-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref> LNIPE have named their central library after him.<ref name="LNIPE">{{cite web | url=http://lnipe.nic.in/public_html/thelnipe.html | title=LNIPE | publisher=LNIPE | date=2015 | access-date=May 9, 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020050724/http://lnipe.nic.in/public_html/thelnipe.html | archive-date=October 20, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Joseph Clan">{{cite web | url=http://josephclan.com/pmjoseph.htm | title=Joseph Clan | publisher=Joseph Clan | date=2015 | access-date=May 9, 2015}}</ref>

== Awards ==
He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] in 1967, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the society.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2015 | access-date=November 11, 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Sports}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, P. M.}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Educationist-stub}}

Dharam Vir Ahluwalia

2026-02-07T18:42:37Z

NiklasKinard: add article further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dharam Vir Ahluwalia
| image = Dharam Vir Ahluwalia 2.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1952|10|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Fatehpur, Kaithal]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|2023|10|10|1952|10|20|df=yes}}}}
| death_place = [[Melbourne, Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| mother tongue =
| field = [[Theoretical Physics]] (Mass Dimension One Fermions)
| alma_mater = [[Texas A&M University]] ([[Master of Science|M.S.]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]), [[State University of New York at Buffalo|M.A]], [[University of Delhi|B.Sc]]
| workplaces = [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] [[University of Zacatecas]] [[University of Canterbury]] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| known_for = Mass Dimension One Fermions neutrino mixing matrix gravitationally induced phases non-commutative spacetime
| awards = GRF First Prize GRF Fourth Prize GRF Fifth Prize GRF Third Prize
| footnotes =
| homepage =
|doctoral_students =
}}
'''Dharam Vir Ahluwalia'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DlMc5CYAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Google Scholar}}</ref> (born October 20, 1952, in [[Fatehpur, Kaithal]], [[India]]) was an Indian-born American [[theoretical physicist]] who made significant contributions to [[physics]] of [[neutrino oscillations]], gravitationally induced phases, interface of the gravitational and quantum realms, and mass dimension one [[fermions]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00006-017-0775-1|title=The Theory of Local Mass Dimension One Fermions of Spin One Half|year=2017|doi=10.1007/s00006-017-0775-1|last1=Ahluwalia|first1=Dharam Vir|journal=Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras|volume=27|issue=3|pages=2247–2285|arxiv=1601.03188|s2cid=119178214}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dharam_Ahluwalia|title=ResearchGate Profile}}</ref> In 2019 he published ''Mass Dimension One Fermions'' .<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mass-dimension-one-fermions/2D86BE9225EF9E2B6B5E4D513189A939|title=Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, July 2019), Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics (Cambridge University Press, July 2019)|year=2019 |doi=10.1017/9781316145593 |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Dharam |arxiv=2007.15098 |isbn=978-1-316-14559-3 |s2cid=197482983 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dharam Vir was born in India. He was a [[US citizen]] and a permanent resident of [[New Zealand]].<ref name="Orchid">{{cite web|url= https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-6243|title= Dharam Vir Ahluwalia|access-date= 27 June 2023|last=Ahluwalia|first=Dharam Vir|work= orcid.org|date= 23 June 2023|archive-url= https://archive.today/20230627131928/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-6243|archive-date= 27 June 2023|url-status= live}}</ref>

In 1991, he obtained a Ph.D. from [[Texas A&M University]]. During 1992 to 1998 he was at the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] as a director's postdoctoral fellow and later as a scientist/consultant. From 1998 to 2006 he was a professor of mathematics at the [[Autonomous University of Zacatecas]] in Mexico. For the period 2006-2013 he served as a senior lecturer in physics at the [[University of Canterbury]] in [[Christchurch, New Zealand]], and afterwards he was a visiting professor at numerous other institutes and universities.<ref name="Orchid"/>

== Awards and editorships ==
He was recipient of a [[Gravity Research Foundation]] First Prize (1996, jointly with Christoph Burgard),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/s/1996abstracts.pdf|title=First Prize}}</ref> Fourth Prize (1997),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/s/1997abstracts.pdf|title=Fourth Prize}}</ref> Third Prize (2004),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/s/2004abstracts.pdf|title=Third Prize}}</ref> and Fifth Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gravityresearchfoundation.org/s/2000abstracts.pdf|title=Fifth Prize}}</ref> (2000), with Gilma Adunas, E. Rodriguez-Milla.

He was on the editorial boards of [[Modern Physics Letters A]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/page/mpla/editorial-board|title= Modern Physics Letters A}}</ref> the [[International Journal of Modern Physics A]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/page/ijmpa/editorial-board|title=International Journal of Modern Physics A}}</ref> and the [[International Journal of Modern Physics D]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/page/ijmpd/editorial-board|title=International Journal of Modern Physics D}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
*Mass Dimension One Fermions (Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics, Cambridge University Press, July 2019).<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1017/9781316145593 |title=Mass Dimension One Fermions |year=2019 |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Dharam |s2cid=197482983 |arxiv=2007.15098 |bibcode=2019mdof.book.....A |isbn=978-1-316-14559-3 }}</ref>
*A new class of mass dimension one fermions.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1098/rspa.2020.0249 | title = A new class of mass dimension one fermions | last=Ahluwalia | first = D. V. | journal = Proc. R. Soc. A | volume = 476 | article-number = 20200249 | year = 2020| issue = 2240 | arxiv = 2008.01525 | bibcode = 2020RSPSA.47600249V | s2cid = 220961416 }}</ref>
*Spin-half bosons with mass dimension three-half: Towards a resolution of the cosmological constant problem.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1209/0295-5075/131/41001| title = Spin-half bosons with mass dimension three-half: Towards a resolution of the cosmological constant problem | last=Ahluwalia | first = D. V. | journal = Europhysics Letters | volume = 131 | article-number = 41001 | year = 2020| issue = 4 | arxiv = 2008.02630 | bibcode = 2020EL....13141001A | s2cid = 221006246 }}</ref>
*The Theory of Local Mass Dimension One Fermions of Spin One Half.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Theory of Local Mass Dimension One Fermions of Spin One Half|year=2017|doi=10.1007/s00006-017-0775-1|last1=Ahluwalia|first1= D. V.|journal=Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras|volume=27|issue=3|pages=2247–2285|arxiv=1601.03188|s2cid=119178214}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|arxiv=hep-th/0410192|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.72.067701|title=Dark matter: A spin one-half fermion field with mass dimension one?|year=2005|last1=Ahluwalia-Khalilova|first1=D. V.|last2=Grumiller|first2=D.|journal=Physical Review D|volume=72|issue=6|article-number=067701|bibcode=2005PhRvD..72f7701A|s2cid=5855098}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1088/1475-7516/2005/07/012|title=Spin-half fermions with mass dimension one: Theory, phenomenology, and dark matter|year=2005|last1=Ahluwalia-Khalilova|first1=D. V.|last2=Grumiller|first2=D.|s2cid=228040|journal=Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics|volume=2005|issue=7|page=012|arxiv=hep-th/0412080|bibcode=2005JCAP...07..012A}}</ref>
*Neutrino mixing matrix.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stancu|first1=I.|last2=Ahluwalia|first2=D.V.|journal= Physics Letters B|title= L / E flatness of the electron-like event ratio in Super-Kamiokande and a degeneracy in neutrino masses|volume= 460|year= 1999|issue=3–4|pages=431–436|doi=10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00811-4|arxiv=hep-ph/9903408|bibcode=1999PhLB..460..431S|s2cid=14787873}}</ref>
*Gravitationally induced neutrino-oscillation phases and neutrino oscillations as powerful energy transport mechanism for type-II supernova explosions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahluwalia|first1=D.|last2=Burgard|first2=C.|volume=28|year=1996|journal=General Relativity and Gravitation|title=Gravitationally induced neutrino-oscillation phases|issue=10|pages=1161–1170|doi=10.1007/BF03218936|arxiv=gr-qc/9603008|bibcode=1996GReGr..28.1161A|s2cid=15393012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Ahluwalia|first=D.|journal=General Relativity and Gravitation|volume=36|pages=2183–2187|year=2004|title=Neutrino oscillations and supernovae|doi=10.1023/B:GERG.0000038633.96716.04|arxiv=astro-ph/0404055|s2cid=1045277}}</ref>
*GR and QM imply quantized spacetime.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0370-2693(94)90622-X| title= Quantum measurements, gravitation, and locality| last=Ahluwalia|first=D. V.|journal=Physics Letters B|volume= 339|year=1994| issue= 4| pages= 301–303| arxiv= gr-qc/9308007| bibcode= 1994PhLB..339..301A| s2cid= 18141427}}</ref>
*Wave particle duality at the Planck scale.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahluwalia|first=D. V.| title=Wave particle duality at the Planck scale: Freezing of neutrino oscillations|
journal=Physics Letters A|volume= 275|year=2000|issue=1–2|pages=31–35|doi=10.1016/S0375-9601(00)00578-8|arxiv=gr-qc/0002005|bibcode=2000PhLA..275...31A|s2cid=15176058}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahluwalia, Dharam Vir}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]

Brahmin Tamil

2026-02-07T18:05:04Z

NiklasKinard: content fix

{{short description|Dialect of Tamil}}
'''Brahmin Tamil''' is the name of a [[dialect]] of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] traditionally spoken by [[Tamil Brahmin]]s. The dialect, largely, uses Classical Tamil along with a heavy proportion of Sanskrit derivatives.<ref name="kasbekarp217">{{cite book|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, And Lifestyle|page=217|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=1851096361}}</ref><ref name="rayp436">{{cite book|title=The Atlantic Companion to Literature in English|page=436|editor=Mohit K. Ray|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|year=2007|isbn=978-8126908325}}</ref><ref name="langvariation">{{cite web|title=Language variation in Tamil|url=http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html|access-date=2012-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723185203/http://www.lisindia.net/Tamil/Tamil_vari.html|archive-date=2011-07-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Manipravalam|Grantha alphabet}}

During the early 1900s, Brahmin Tamil was used as the lingua-franca for inter-caste communication.<ref name="langvariation" /><ref name="standardization">{{cite web|title=Standardization or Restandardization: the case for 'Standard' Spoken Tamil|author=Harold F. Schiffman|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/stantam/STANTAM.HTM}}</ref> The principal characters in the Tamil films of the period (1930s and 1940s) also spoke the Brahmin dialect.<ref name="batep188">{{cite book|title=Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&pg=PT212|pages=188–189|chapter=Notes - 12|first=Bernard|last=Bate|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0231147569}}</ref><ref name="baskaranp66">{{cite book|title=The eye of the serpent: An Introduction to Tamil cinema|page=66|first=S. Theodore|last=Baskaran|author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran|publisher=East West Books|year=1996}}</ref> However, with the rise of the [[Pure Tamil Movement]] and the entry of Dravidian ideologues into Tamil cinema in the 1950s, Brahmin Tamil was gradually displaced from public spheres.<ref name="langvariation" /><ref name="batep188" /><ref name="comriep182">{{cite book|title=The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa|first=Bernard|last=Comrie|page=182|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=0415057728}}</ref> Today, Brahmin Tamil is used in films and television soaps centred on the Brahmin society.<ref name="batep188" /> Brahmin Tamil, has however, continued to flourish among the Brahmin community including the expatriates. Often non-Brahmins use this dialect in soaps and films for comic effect while engaging with Brahmins conversationally. And Brahmins effortlessly code switch by speaking the standard Tamil while engaging with non-Brahmins and revert to Brahmin Tamil when conversing among themselves.

The first systematic study of Brahmin Tamil was undertaken by [[Jules Bloch]] in 1910.<ref name="langvariation" /> However, the most detailed study was conducted by [[A K Ramanujan]] and [[William O. Bright|William Bright]] in the 1960s.<ref name="langvariation" /> More recent researches on Brahmin Tamil and other socio-dialects have been conducted by [[Kamil Zvelebil]].<ref name="langvariation" />

== Variations ==

There are many forms of Brahmin Tamil spoken. Brahmin Tamil, in general, is less influenced by regional dialects than the dialects used by other Tamil communities.<ref name="shapirop155">{{cite book|title=Language and society in South Asia|page=155|first1=Michael|last1=C. Shapiro|first2=Harold|last2=F. Schiffman|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1981}}</ref> The two main regional variations are the Thanjavur and Palakkad sub-dialects. Other sub-dialects include Ashtagrama Iyer Tamil, Mysore Vadama Iyer Tamil, Mandyam Tamil and Hebbar Tamil.

The differences between Thanjavur and Palakkad sub-dialects are:

# In the words ending in ''m'' and ''n'' preceded by a [[vowel]], the vowel is nasalised, but the [[nasal stops]] themselves are not pronounced except when followed by a word beginning with a vowel in the [[Thanjavur]] style. In the [[Palakkad]] style, the nasal stops in these cases are always pronounced.
# The accent, style and vocabulary of Tamil used by Tamil Brahmins from Palakkad is greatly influenced by Malayalam apart from Sanskrit, while the sub-dialects used in Tamil Nadu borrow only from Sanskrit.

The Iyengars, particularly those outside Tamil Nadu, speak a dialect retaining ancient lexicon from religious texts such as the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]].

== Differences with standard Tamil ==

=== Vocabulary ===

Brahmin Tamil varies slightly from standard Tamil. It retains minor adaptations of classical Tamil (''Sentamil'') words that are no longer in common usage. For instance, ''ām'', a Brahmin Tamil word for "house", is derived from the classical Tamil word a''gam.'' It also notably incorporates a plethora of [[Sanskrit]] words. This may be observed in the etymology of several words in the Brahmin Tamil lexicon such as ''namaskaram'' (greeting), ''tirtham'' (water), and ''bhakshanam'' (food offering). There are also unique words in the dialect for signifying time, such as ''kartala'' to indicate morning. While non-Brahmin Tamils generally tend to use Sanskrit derivatives in their Prakrit form, Brahmins tend to use original Sanskrit. According to Bright and Ramanujan (1964),

{{quote|It is the Brahmin dialect which has innovated by introducing the loan words. Brahmin Tamil frequently preserves non-native phonology, which non-Brahmin Tamil assimilates to native pattern<ref name="langvariation" />}}

{| class = "wikitable" border = "2" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ '''''Differences with standard Tamil'''''
! '''Brahmin Tamil''' !! '''Standard Tamil''' !! '''English''' !! '''Notes'''
|-
| ''Avāl'', ''Avā'' || ''Avargal'' || they || Probably derived from 'Avarhal' where the r & h are silent. Alternatively derived from the Telugu word ''Vālu'' meaning "person"<ref name="pillaipxiv">{{cite book|title=A history of Tamil literature with texts and translations from the earliest times to 600 A.D.|first1=J. M. Somasundaram|last1=Pillai|first2=T. P.|last2=Meenakshisundaram|year=1968|page=xiv|chapter=Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyw0AAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ivāl'', ''Ivā'' || ''Ivargal'' || these people ||
|-
| ''Ām''/Aathu || ''Veedu'' || house || Derived from [[Old Tamil]] ''Agam'' (with the g pronounced more like silent 'h' -- 'a(h)am') <ref name="comriep182" /><ref name="dravidicp154">{{cite book|title=Dravidic Studies|page=154|chapter=The Sanskritic Elements in the vocabulary of Dravidian languages|first=S. Anavartavinayakam|last=Pillai|year=1974|publisher=University of Madras|editor=Mark Collins}}</ref>
|-
| ''Tirtham'', ''Jalam'' || ''Taṇṇīr'' || water || ''Thūtham'' is largely used in the Thanjavur sub-dialect and is derived from the Sanskrit ''Tīrtham''. Iyengars, however, use the Sanskrit original.<ref name="comriep182" /><ref name="brightp35" />
|-
| ''Sittha'' || ''Konjam'' || some ||Probably derived from Tamil ''Sattru'' meaning "a little."
|-
| ''Manni'' || ''Anni'' || elder brother's wife<ref name="linguisticsp20">{{cite book|title=Linguistic traits across language boundaries|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=20|editor=Sree Krishnan}}</ref> || Derived from "Maru-annai" meaning "another mom"
|-
| ''Athimbēr'' || ''Athai kozhunan'' || paternal aunt's husband || Derived from 'Ahathin Anbar'
|-
| ''Kshēmam''/Sowkyam || ''Nalam'' || goodness (esp. with regard to health) || Derived from Sanskrit
|-
| ''Vāṅgō'' || ''Vāruṅgal'' (Literary), ''Vāṅga'' (Spoken) || Come<ref name="comriep182" /> ||
|-
| ''Pōṅgō'' || ''Pōkuṅgal'' (Literary), ''Pōṅga'' (Spoken) || Go<ref name="comriep182" /> ||
|-
| ''Aatukaran''|| ''Vītukkāran'' || Husband || Derived from ''Agam-udayān'' (house-holder)<ref name="dravidicp154" />
|}

The Ramanujan-Bright hypothesis which examined Brahmin Tamil in detail concluded -

{{quote|In general, the Brahmin dialect seems to show great innovation on the more conscious levels of linguistic change – those of borrowing and semantic extension—while the non-Brahmin dialect shows greater innovation in less conscious type of change—those involving phonemic and morphological replacements<ref name="langvariation" />}}

Bright attributes these changes to the comparatively high literacy rate of the Brahmin community.

{{quote|A possible hypothesis is that literacy, most common among Brahmins has acted as a brake on change in their dialects-that the ‘frozen’ phonology and grammar of the literary language have served to retard change in Brahmin speech<ref name="langvariation" />}}

; Nicknames

There are also a few nicknames and sobriquets used in Brahmin Tamil alone.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" border = "2"
! '''Nickname''' !! '''Source''' !! '''Meaning''' !! '''Usage'''
|-
| ''Ammānji'' || Name for mother's brother's child (a cousin) ||
|-
| ''Pillaiyāndān'' || ''Pillai'' and ''Āndavan'' || || Used to denote a dear child<ref name="guptap28">{{cite book|title=Indian Linguistics|first=Baldev Raj|last=Gupta|page=28|publisher=Ariana Publishing House|year=1990}}</ref>
|}

=== Structure and pronunciation ===

As in standard spoken Tamil, the temporal verbal participles (as in {{lang|ta-Latn|-ccē/-sē}} from '{{lang|ta-Latn|samayam}}' (time)) in Brahmin Tamil, have been borrowed from relative participle constructions on the model {{lang|ta-Latn|varaccē < varuxiṟa samayam}} ('while coming') and {{lang|ta-Latn|pōxasē < pōxiṟa samayam}} ('while going').<ref name="andronovp258">[[#Andronov|Andronov]], p 258</ref> Brahmin Tamil also uses the [[retroflex approximant]] |ɻ| used in Old Tamil, but no longer in use in many non-Brahmin dialects.<ref name="brightp35">{{cite book|title=Variation and change in language: Essays|chapter=Social dialect and language history|page=[https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000brig/page/35 35]|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1976|first=William|last=Bright|isbn=0804709262|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/variationchangei0000brig/page/35}}</ref>

== Usage ==

Though mainly used by Tamil Brahmins, the Brahmin dialect is also used occasionally, and to a lesser extent, by other forward caste Tamils such as Vellalars and Mudaliyars.<ref name="langvariation" /> Until the rise of [[Anti-Brahminism]], the usage of Brahmin Tamil was favoured as the common Tamil dialect<ref name="langvariation" /> In the early decades of the 20th century, the Brahmin Tamil variant spoken in Madras city was considered to be standard spoken Tamil.<ref name="batep188" /><ref name="comriep182" /> However, since the 1950s and the gradual elimination of Sanskrit loan words from the spoken tongue, Brahmin Tamil has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by the [[Central Tamil dialect|Central]] and [[Madurai Tamil|Madurai]] Tamil dialects, by non Brahmin communities, as the preferred spoken dialects for day-to-day use.<ref name="standardization" />

The Vaishnavite [[Iyengars]] having a unique subdialect of Brahmin Tamil of their own, called the Sri Vaishnava Manipravalam which interested linguistics for its peculiar grammatical forms and vocabulary.<ref name="srilatha">{{cite book|title=Self-surrender (prapatti) to God in Śrīvaiṣṇavism: Tamil Cats and Sanskrit Monkeys|first=Srilatha|last=Raman|pages=63–64|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2007|isbn=978-0415391856}}</ref> However, due to the development of a homogenised Brahmin identity during the medieval period, Vaishnavite Brahmins in the Tamil country have largely assimilated Brahmin Tamil with their own dialect, retaining several words of the Vaishnava Manipravalam in their vocabulary. The Hebbar and Mandyam Iyengars who reside outside the native Tamil land, however, continue to use Iyengar Tamil as their mother tongue. So do Ashtagrama Iyers and Mysore Vadama Iyers whose Tamil dialects while largely uses Brahmin Tamil has some Kannada influence. In contrast to peninsular India, the Brahmin dialect was never used by the Tamil Brahmins of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="veluppilaip175">{{cite book|title=Epigraphical evidences for Tamil studies|first=A.|last=Veluppillai|page=175|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|year=1980}}</ref>

The difference between the Smartha and Sri Vaishnava variants are currently limited to vocabulary, particularly to words related to ritual and familial ties, alone.<ref name="beteillep54">{{cite book|title=Caste, Class, and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village|first=Andre|last=Beteille|author-link=Andre Beteille|publisher=University of California Press|year=1965|page=54|isbn=0520020537}}</ref>

{| class = "wikitable" border = "2" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ '''''Words unique to the Sri Vaishnava variant'''''
! '''Smartha Brahmin Variant''' !! '''Sri Vaishnava Variant''' !! '''English meaning'''
|-
| ''Rasam'' || ''Sattru amudu'' || [[Rasam (dish)|Rasam]].<ref name="beteillep54" /> Literally means the stew that is used to mix with rice.
|-
| ''Chithappa''|| ''Chithiya'' || Father's younger brother (colloquial)<ref name="beteillep54" />
|-
| ''Abhishekham'' || ''Thirumanjanam'' || Bath of temple idols in a ceremonial way.<ref name="beteillep54" />
|-
|''Payasam''
|''Thirukanan amudhu''
|Sweet Porridge
|-
|''Samayal''
|''Thaligai''
|Cooking
|-
|''Adukull''
|''Thirumadapalli / Thaligai panra ull''
|Kitchen. Under Sri Vaishnava variant, the first one is to refer kitchen in temples, while the second one is used to refer kitchen in houses.
|-
|''Kari''
|''Kari amudhu''
|Vegetable Fry
|-
|''kozhambu, sambar''
|''Kozhambu''
|Liquid gravy, with dhal or even without dhal (for Sri Vaishnava variant only).
|-
|''Narukurathu''
|''Thirutharathu''
|To cut (generally vegetables)
|-
|''Thootham/Jalam''
|''Theertham''
|Water
|-
|''Thayir Saadham''
|''Dodhyonam''
|Curd rice
|-
|''Thaalikkarathu''
|''Thirupu maarapanrathu''/''Thirumaararthu''
|[[Tempering (spices)|Tempering]]; the process of frying mustard, asafoetida in oil or ghee for aroma
|-
|''Vendikarathu''
|''Sevikkarathu''
|To worship
|-
|''Kumbabhishekam''
|''Samprokshanam''
|Consecration of a temple.
|-
|''Namam pottukarathu''
|''Thiruman ittukarathu''
|To apply one or three stroke Namam (Iyengar tilakam) on forehead
|-
|''Ecchal idardhu''
|''Ecchapiratal''
|Cleaning the left overs after having food
|}

== See also ==
{{wikibooks}}

* [[Iyengar Tamil]]
* [[Tamil Brahmin]]
* [[Sankethi language]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|title=A comparative grammar of Dravidian languages|first=Michail|last=S. Andronov|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2003|isbn=3447044551|ref=Andronov}}
* {{cite book|title=Study of social dialects in Tamil|publisher=All India Tamil Linguistics Association|year=1981|author=K. Karunakaran, C. Sivashanmugman}}
{{Tamil language}}
{{Dialects of Tamil}}

[[Category:Tamil dialects]]

Kahaum pillar

2026-02-01T21:20:51Z

NiklasKinard: starting details

{{short description|One of the Pillars built during Gupta Era}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox artifact
|name = Kahaum pillar
|image = [[File:Kahaum pillar.jpg|200px]]
|image_caption = The Kahaum pillar with carving of [[Parshvanatha]] and an inscription dating back to 461 CE during the reign of [[Skandagupta]]
|material = [[sandstone]]
|size = {{convert|8|m}}
|writing =
|created = 5th century CE
|period = [[Gupta Empire]]
|place =
|location = [[Khukhundoo]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].
| map =
{{Location map
| India#Uttar Pradesh
| width = 200px
| float = center
| border =
| caption =
| alt =
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
| overlay_image =
| label = [[Khukhundoo]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| label_size =
| position =
| background =
| mark = In-jain.svg
| marksize =
| link =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|23|40.7|N|83|50|17|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title, inline}}
}}
|id =
|registration =
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Kahaum pillar''' is an {{convert|8|m|ftin|abbr=on}} structure located in [[Khukhundoo]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The pillar was erected in the 5th century during the reign of [[Skandagupta]]. The pillar has carvings of [[Parshvanatha]] and other tirthankars with Brahmi script.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jain shrines|url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/jain-shrines|access-date=2020-09-17|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]]|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925082108/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/jain-shrines|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Tej Ram |title=Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |page=93 |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151812362491675.pdf}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Kakandi.jpg|thumb|left|Carving of [[Parshvanatha]] at the plinth of the pillar]]

Kahaum pillar is a grey-sandstone that was erected during the reign of [[Skandagupta]], [[Gupta Empire]]{{sfn|Dikshitar|1993|p=332}}{{sfn|The Asiatic Society|1892|p=62}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1989|p=90}} by a Jain ascetic named Madras.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Tej Ram |title=Personal and Geographic Names in Gupta Inscriptions |date=1978 |page=93 |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151812362491675.pdf}}</ref> According to inscription of the pillar, the pillar was erected in the [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha month]] of year 141 of the [[Gupta era]] (A.D. 460–61).{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1981|p=306}}{{sfn|Vajpeyi|1983|p=73}}

There is a {{convert|0.673|by|0.51|m}} on the pillar with writing with characters belonging to eastern variety of Gupta alphabet similar to that of [[Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Samudragupta inscription of Allahabad Pillar]]. The inscription is written in [[Sanskrit]] language, and written in verses except for the first word, ''siddhaṁ''.{{sfn|Fleet|1888|p=66}} The inscription defines reign of Skandagupta as peaceful and describes him as "commander of a hundred kings".{{sfn|Dani|Litvinsky|1996|p=123}}{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=346}} The inscription also has an adoration to [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]] of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Dikshitar|1993|p=332}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1981|p=306}}{{sfn|Deo|1954|p=103}}

There is carving of five [[Jain]] [[Tirthankara]] in [[kayotsarga]] posture — one in a niche square face, two below the circular stone and two on the pinnacle of the column. These images are identified to be of [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Shantinatha]], [[Neminatha]], Parshvanatha and [[Mahavira]].{{refn|group=note|Rishabhanatha, Shantinatha, Neminatha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira attract the most devotional worship among the Jains.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} }}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1974|p=15}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1981|p=306}}{{sfn|Deo|1954|p=103}} According to inscription, these images were carved by Madra who is described as devotee of ''[[dvija]]'', ''[[guru]]'' and ''[[yati]]''.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=524}}{{sfn|Singh|2017|pp=346-347}}

== Inscription ==
{{blockquote|
[[File:461 CE Kahaum pillar inscription, Kakubha, Jainism, Skandagupta.jpg|thumb| inscription on the Kahaum pillar]]
[[File:Kakandi Script.jpg|thumb|inscription on the Kahaum pillar]]

;Genealogy
[Verse 1] (L.1.) — Perfection has been attained! In the tranquil reign of Skandagupta, whose hall of audience is shaken by the wind caused by the falling down (in the act of performing obeisance) of the heads of a hundred kings; who is bom in the lineage of the Gupta; whose fame is spread far and wide; who excels all others in prosperity; who resembles (the god) Sakra : (and) who is the lord of a hundred kings - in the one hundredth year, increased by thirty and ten and one; the month Jyeshtha having arrived.

; Madra Kingdom
[Verse 2] (L.5.) — In this jewel of a village, which is known by people under the name of Kakubha (and) which is pure from association with holy men, (there was) the high-minded Bhattisoma, who (was) the son of Sdmila, that receptacle of many good qualities. His son (was) Rudrasoma, of great intellect and fame, who had the other appellation of Vyaghra. His son was Madra, who (was) especially full of affection for Brahmans and religious preceptors and ascetics.

; Adoration to Jain Tirthankaras
[Verse 3] (L.9.) — He, being alarmed when he observed the whole of this world (to be ever) passing through a succession of changes, acquired for himself a large mass of religious merit. (And by him ), — having set up, for the sake of final beatitude (and) for the welfare of (all) existing beings five excellent (images), made of stone, (of) those who led the way in the path of the Arhats who practise religious observances, there was then planted in the ground this most beautiful pillar of stone, which resembles the tip of the summit of the best of mountains, (and) which confers fame (upon him).|Madra inscription on the Kahaum pillar.{{sfn|Fleet|1888|pp=67-68}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1981|pp=307-308}} }}

== See also ==
* [[Gupta art]]
* [[Pataini temple]]
* [[Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Books ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=Devadatta Ramakrishna |author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar |editor-last=Chhabra | editor-first=Bahadur Chand | editor-link=B. Ch. Chhabra |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum (Revised) | volume=3 | year=1981 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/68681.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=B. C. | title=The Jain Iconography | edition=2nd | year=1974 | orig-year=1939 | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/57452.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. Ramachandra |author-link=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Gupta Polity | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | year=1993 | url={{Google books|KP_DTtd6kJEC|page=332|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | isbn=9788120810242 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dani |first1=Ahmad Hasan |author-link1=Ahmad Hasan Dani | last2=Litvinsky | first2=B. A. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750 | volume=3 |url={{Google books|883OZBe2sMYC|page=123|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=1996 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |isbn=9789231032110 }}
* {{citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Dundas |title=The Jains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |edition=Second |date=2002 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-26605-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Fleet |first=John Faithfull |author-link=John Faithfull Fleet|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum | volume=3 | year=1888 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n273/mode/2up | publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing | location=Calcutta }}
* {{cite book |last=Higham |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Higham (archaeologist) |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations | series=Facts on File Library of World History |url={{Google books|H1c1UIEVH9gC|page=174|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=2014 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=9781438109961 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Radha Kumud |author-link=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=The Gupta Empire
|url={{Google books|uYXDB2gIYbwC|page=90|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |edition=Fifth |date=1989 |orig-year=1973 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0440-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Upinder | author-link=Upinder Singh | url={{Google books|Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|page=524|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | date=2008|publisher=[[Pearson Education]] | isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 }}
* {{cite book | last=Singh | first=Upinder | author-link=Upinder Singh | url={{Google books|dYM4DwAAQBAJ|page=346|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Political Violence in Ancient India
| date=2017|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | isbn=9780674981287 | lccn=2017008399 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |author-link=Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha|title=Dynastic History Of Magadha
| publisher=Abhinav Publications | year=1977 | url={{Google books|V3KDaZY85wYC|page=30|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | isbn=9788170170594 }}
* {{cite book | author=[[The Asiatic Society]] |title=Proceeding of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |year=1892 |publisher=Baptist Misson Press |url={{Google books|H4EbAQAAIAAJ|page=62|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=Deo | first=S. B. | title=The History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature | journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute | publisher= [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] | volume=16 | issue=1/4 | year=1954 | pages=1–608 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929542 | jstor=42929542 | oclc=555200984 | access-date=8 July 2022}}
* {{cite journal | last=Vajpeyi | first=Raghavendra | title=Skandagupta's Bhitari Grant To Visnu-sarngin And Bhitari Excavations | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=44 | year=1983 | pages=70–78 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44139823 | jstor=44139823 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Kahaum pillar}}

{{Jain history}}
{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain art]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century]]
[[Category:5th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit inscriptions in India]]

Farshi pajama

2026-01-17T17:13:31Z

NiklasKinard: New First Stub W/ Sources

{{short description|Woman's dress}}
[[Image:farshi.jpg|thumb|250px| A rough illustration of a farshi pajama. One woman is wearing a farshi pajama while it is spread out; another wearing a farshi pajama is holding it up while walking.]]
'''Farshi [[Pajamas|pajama]]''' ([[Urdu]]: {{Lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|فرشی پاجامہ}}}}, [[Hindi]]: {{Lang|hi|फ़र्शी पजामा}}, [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{Lang|bn|ফর্শি পায়জামা}}) is an Indian woman's dress that was worn between early 20th centuries in the courts of [[Oudh]] by royalty and ladies from privileged classes of Uttar Pradesh (formerly [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] in North India).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shamim |first1=Amna |last2=Mirza |first2=Rupali Saran |title=Lucknow Poetica |date=14 November 2016 |page=xxii |language=en |quote=The capital [of Uttar Pradesh] is widely known for its finesse in clothes. The fine chikan-embroidery and Zardozi-work exhibit dexterity of hands which is rarely found. Distinct styles of clothes such as angarkha, the farshi-pajama, gharara, headgear such as dupalli topi are exclusive and signature styles of Oudh.}}</ref> Modeled after the flowing [[gown]]s worn by [[Great Britain|British]] noblewomen,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2008/585/585_ritu_kumar.htm |title=585 Ritu Kumar, A story of sartorial amalgamation |access-date=2008-07-13 |archive-date=2008-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914135018/http://www.india-seminar.com/2008/585/585_ritu_kumar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> the complete outfit consists of three basic parts – the kurta or a long shirt, the [[dupatta]] or the long [[Stole (shawl)|stole]] (an essential piece in traditional Indian wear covering the head and chest), and the third and most important, the farshi pajama, which is a flowing two-legged skirt held by drawstrings. It falls straight to the ankles from where it starts flaring flowing copiously onto the floor. The farshi pajama in this era is often called farshi [[gharara]], a term not used before the mid-20th century.

The word 'farshi' literally means 'of the floor'; combined with the word 'pajama', the term evolves to mean a bottom-wear garment that falls generously on the floor and trails as one walks. In reality, when walking, an expert wearer holds the dress by carefully pulling up and folding the excess flaring trail and holding it in her left hand, keeping the right one free. The large quantity (historically, 9–15 yards) of expensive cloth, embroidered using the art of [[goldwork (embroidery)|goldwork]] and [[sterling silver]] wire threads (referred to as ''karchob'', ''[[zari]]'' or ''[[zardozi]]'' depending on specific style), used to make a farshi pajama mainly reflects the grandeur and extravagance of the nobles and rulers of that era.

Different eras brought changes to the fashion and cuts of the dress. These variations were also dependent from one princely state's court to another. Modified, smaller-length versions are still, but rarely, worn by women in weddings in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] to recreate bygone elegance.

In media, movies such as ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981) and ''[[Shatranj Ke Khilari]]'' (1977) that depict Indian Muslim culture of 19th-century Lucknow show noblewomen and royal courtesans wearing farshi pajamas.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Clothing in South Asia}}

[[Category:17th-century fashion]]
[[Category:18th-century fashion]]
[[Category:19th-century fashion]]
[[Category:20th-century fashion]]
[[Category:Dresses]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi clothing]]
[[Category:Pakistani clothing]]

{{fashion-stub}}

Marankala

2026-01-14T23:01:46Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up The Article W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Autobiography by Janabai Kachru Girhe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Marankala
| author = [[Janabai Kachru Girhe]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| genre = Autobiography, Dalit literature
| subject = Dalit women's experiences, caste discrimination, patriarchy
| published = 1992
| publisher = Girhe Prakashan
}}
'''''Marankala''''' (lit. ''Deathly Pains'') is an autobiography by Indian writer [[Janabai Kachru Girhe]]. It is recognised as a significant work in [[Dalit literature]] for the portrayal of the struggles of a nomadic community and the challenges of women's education. It was written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and first published in 1992.

== Background ==
Janabai Kachru Girhe, born in 1958, belongs to the Gopal nomadic community, a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Dalit]] group in India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boloji |title=Dalit Women's Autobiographies in Marathi |url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/51997/dalit-womens-autobiographies-in-marathi |access-date=2025-07-26}}</ref> Her autobiography, ''Marankala'' (1992), provides an account of her life experiences, shedding light on the struggles faced by Dalit women due to the intersecting oppressions of [[Caste system in India|caste]] and [[patriarchy]].<ref name="rege_chapter2">{{cite book |last=Rege |first=Sharmila |title=Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Reading Dalit Women's Testimonios |publisher=Zubaan |year=2014 |isbn=9789383074679 |editor-last=Anand |editor-first=S. |pages= |chapter=Reading Janabai Girhe's Marankala}}</ref>

The narrative explores various facets of her life, including challenges related to food scarcity, community dynamics, labor, and the resistance encountered when attempting to pursue education. For instance, Girhe recounts how her community viewed studying as detrimental to her character, leading to a village council ([[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]) imposing a fine on her family for trying to educate her.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Modhurai |first1=S. |title=A Symptomatic Reading of the Representation of Childhood in Select Autobiographies by Female Dalit Writers |url=https://www.rbu.ac.in/home/avz9s6ve0gq6/public_html/ckfinder/userfiles/files/Modhurai%20Chap%203%20for%20Baby%20Kamble.pdf |access-date=2025-07-26}}</ref> The title of the book, ''Marankala'', is inspired from her experience of being a girl in such a community, which she says "is like a 'boon' to suffer eternal pain or ''marankala'' (deathly pain) – pain that takes one almost to the gates of death."<ref name="k222">{{cite book |last=Abraham |first=Joshil K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dalit_Literatures_in_India/T0tWDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=marankala&pg=PT382&printsec=frontcover |title=Dalit Literatures in India |last2=Misrahi-Barak |first2=Judith |date=April 19, 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-95227-2 |page= |access-date=July 26, 2025}}</ref>

== Significance ==
''Marankala'' is frequently cited and analysed in academic discourse concerning Dalit literature and feminist studies in India. It is considered to be the first autobiographical narrative of a woman from the gopal community.<ref name="rege_chapter2" /> [[Sharmila Rege]] have included extracts from Girhe's narrative in their critical works, such as ''[[Writing Caste Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonios]]'', highlighting its importance in understanding the lived experiences of Dalit women.<ref name="rege_chapter2" /> The autobiography is considered part of a broader body of Dalit women's testimonies that challenge mainstream narratives and provide alternative perspectives on Indian society, particularly regarding caste, gender, and social justice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=Anupama |date=June 2021 |title=An Insight into the Condition of Women as Portrayed in Dalit Literature |url=https://www.fwls.org/uploads/soft/210602/10481-210602142238.pdf |journal=Journal of Women's Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=2025-07-26}}</ref> It contributes to the assertion of marginalised identities and offers a voice to those historically silenced.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bridgewater State University |title=Narratives of Dalit Women and 'the Outsider Within': Toward a Literary Practice of Dalit Feminist Standpoint |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2426&context=jiws |access-date=2025-07-26}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dalit literature]]
* [[Feminist literature]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1992 books]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:20th-century non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Feminist books]]
[[Category:Dalit literature]]

Comedian Nato

2026-01-13T21:10:00Z

NiklasKinard: New A Entry W/ Sources.

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Comedian Nato
| image = Comedian Nato 2025.jpg
| caption = Vales in 2024
| birth_name = Natolino Lourenco Vales
| birth_place = [[Curchorem]], Goa, India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|12|28|df=y}}
| years_active = 2000s–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Bernadina Rodrigues|2003}}
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actor|singer}}
| relatives = [[Hortencio Pereira]] (uncle)
| notable_works = ''[[Nachom-ia Kumpasar]]''
}}

'''Natolino Lourenco Vales''' (born 28 December 1972), known professionally as '''Comedian Nato''', is an Indian comedian, actor, and singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Under the mentorship of his uncle [[Hortencio Pereira]], Vales made his debut as a [[child actor]] at the age of 7. In a career spanning more than two decades, he has collaborated with several notable playwrights such as [[John D' Silva]], [[Wilson Mazarello|Wilmix]]-[[Sharon Mazarello|Sharon]], [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], [[William de Curtorim]], among others.

==Early life==
Natolino Lourenco Vales was born on 28 December 1972 in the Kakoda neighborhood of [[Curchorem]], [[Goa]], India.<ref name=":1" /> During his formative years, Vales navigated through a series of obstacles. His mother's decision to pursue work opportunities abroad in order to sustain their family played a pivotal role in contributing to Vales' holistic personal growth. He has articulated a sense of appreciation for the constructive guidance provided by his maternal uncle, [[Hortencio Pereira]], emphasizing that he has embraced significant values through their relationship.<ref name=":0" />

Vales's early interest and involvement in the [[Goan]] theatrical form of ''[[tiatr]]'' was facilitated by his uncle, Hortencio. During his childhood, Hortencio initiated Vales into the world of ''tiatr'' performances at the age of seven. In addition to his attendance at ''tiatr'' performances, Vales immersed himself in the traditional [[street play]]s known as ''Zomnivoile khell'' in his local village, further deepening his engagement with the cultural arts community during his youth. His active engagement in theatrical endeavors during his formative years contributed to his eventual career as a professional ''tiatr'' artist. In an era when transportation was more limited, Vales and his uncle undertook significant journeys from [[Sanvordem]] to [[Margao]], a popular ''tiatr'' center, in order to witness performances.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Vales is known particularly his comedic roles. He commenced his career with minor roles, but a crucial opportunity arose when his two uncles, Agnelo and [[Hortencio Pereira|Hortencio]], who were established comedic actors, invited Vales to replace Agnelo in one of his comedic roles. Vales' performance in this substituted role was so well-received that it marked a significant turning point, leading him to focus more on comedy going forward. Following this breakthrough, he began regularly working with various [[Goan]] theater directors, including Tony Park, with whom he made his professional debut in ''[[tiatr]]s'' (a traditional Goan theater form). He subsequently collaborated on comedic productions with a number of other directors, such as Betty Alvares, Seby de Sarzona, [[William de Curtorim]], Pascoal Rodrigues, Maxy Periera, Milagres de Chandor, Fr Planton Faria, [[Wilson Mazarello|Wilmix]]-[[Sharon Mazarello|Sharon]], Christina Vaz, [[John D' Silva]], [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], Domnic Carvalho, among others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-27 |title=Tickling people with his funny side |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/10/27/magazines/buzz/iwatch-tickling-people-his-funny-side/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vales has appeared in several [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[VCD]] (Video Compact Disc) productions, including the films ''Vizmit'' directed by Arnold D'Costa, ''Stop it'', ''Dog Chedde Dogui Redde'', ''Vadoll'' etc. In addition to his film roles, he has also acted in ''tiatrs'', a form of Konkani theater. One such ''tiatr'' production showcased the story of the [[humanitarian]], [[Mother Teresa]], highlighting her life and contributions. In this theatrical work, Vales was required to [[dual role|portray multiple characters]], a common practice in ''tiatr'' performances. In a specific segment of the performance, he took on the role of a [[goonda]], commonly known as a [[gangster]], who crosses paths with Mother Teresa as she journeys to the [[convent]] with a young child. As part of this role, Vales' character was meant to threaten Mother Teresa using a prop [[pistol]]. However, in a crucial moment of the play, as he aimed the [[prop gun]] at the actress depicting Mother Teresa, the fake [[revolver]]'s [[Muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]] fractured. As a consequence, the spring mechanism of the prop gun became dislodged and was left hanging in his grasp. This [[Firearm malfunction|technical malfunction]] reportedly elicited laughter not only from the audience but also from the actress portraying Mother Teresa herself.<ref name=":0" />

Vales expressed aspirations to direct ''[[tiatr]]s'' (theatrical productions) in the future. As of October 2011, he stated that he intended to pursue this goal, but only after undergoing instruction and guidance from [[Konkani language|Konkani]] directors like [[Mario Menezes]], [[John D' Silva]], and [[Roseferns]]. Vales possesses the ability to perform both comedic roles and sing. He views this versatility as a significant advantage, as this enables him to explore a wider range of professional opportunities overseas and showcase his talents through live shows in ''tiatrs''. These types of skills are often sought after in the [[Tiatr|Konkani entertainment industry]].<ref name=":0" /> In December 2011, Vales was cast in a comedic role in the Konkani [[VCD]] [[action comedy]] film ''Bhognnar'', which was directed by John D' Silva.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-28 |title=VCD Reviews by J P Pereira |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/28/magazines/buzz/iwatch-vcd-reviews-j-p-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vales participated in several theatrical productions in the mid-2010s. In March 2015, he was cast in the comedy film ''Paying Guest'', directed by [[Comedian Agostinho]] in collaboration with Manfa Music. Vales portrayed the lead role of the [[paying guest]], with [[Comedienne Janet]] in a co-starring role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-03 |title=VIDEO REVIEW – J P PEREIRA |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/03/03/magazines/buzz/video-review-j-p-pereira-2-2/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later that same year, in December 2015, Vales was selected to appear in the ''tiatr'' (a form of [[Goan]] theater) titled ''Tuzo-l Dis Yetolo'' (Your Day Will Come), written by playwright [[Roseferns]]. Vales undertook a comic role in the production, acting alongside fellow performers Comedian Richard, Dorothy, and Reggie. Additionally, he and Richard performed a [[Satirical music|political satire]] [[duet]] song as part of the ''tiatr''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=Tiatr Reviews J P Pereira |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/12/15/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-j-p-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> The following year, in May 2016, Vales was again cast in a ''tiatr'' production by Roseferns, this time titled ''All The Best''. Once more, he was given a comic supporting part in the play, co-starring with Richard, Dorothy, and Reggie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-10 |title=Tiatr Reviews JP Pereira |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/10/magazines/buzz/tiatr-reviews-jp-pereira/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vales married Bernadina "Berna" Rodrigues, a fellow [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actress and musician who made her debut in ''[[Tiatr#Khell tiatr|khell tiatrs]]''. She is a [[choir]] leader at Guardian Angel Church in [[Curchorem]] and also runs a [[music school]]. Together, the couple had two sons, Roneber, a fellow [[child actor]] active on the Konkani stage,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2021-03-23 |title=6th Tiatr Competition 'B' group results declared |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/6th-Tiatr-Competition-%E2%80%98B%E2%80%99-group-results-declared/172664 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> and Reyhan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Comedian Nato {{!}} Bernadina Rodrigues {{!}} Candid with Candida {{!}} Ep. 94 {{!}} Prudent {{!}} 161024 |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/comedian-nato-bernadina-rodrigues-candid-with-candida-ep-94-prudent-161024/24035.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2012, Vales resided in the neighborhood of Morailem in [[Curchorem]], Goa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref> Vales and his family are practicing [[Goan Catholic|Roman Catholic]]s. As of 2024, he resides with his family in [[Sanvordem]], Goa.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nato, Comedian}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Diganta Ghatowal

2026-01-07T09:21:23Z

NiklasKinard: New Some Details More To Come.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Ranjit Dutta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Diganta Ghatowal''' is an Indian politician from Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=In BJP’s Assam clean sweep, a surprise loss will pinch Congress the most |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bjp-assam-clean-sweep-surprise-loss-congress-9686483/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He has been a [[Assam Legislative Assembly|member of the Assam Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing the [[Behali Assembly constituency|Behali constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":N18">{{cite web |title=Behali Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Diganta Ghatowal of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/behali-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130400.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assam bypolls: NDA retains Sidli, Behali assembly seats, ahead in 3 others - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/assam/assam-bypolls-ruling-nda-allies-leading-in-4-congress-in-one-seat/articleshow/115591252.cms?from=mdr |website=m.economictimes.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assam bypolls: BJP retains Behali assembly seat |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/assam-bypolls-bjp-retains-behali-assembly-seat/2007958 |website=www.ptinews.com |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Assam]]
* [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghatowal, Diganta}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Meyaadha Maan (soundtrack)

2025-12-22T06:02:56Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up The Entry Added Tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Short description|2017 soundtrack album by Santhosh Narayanan and Pradeep Kumar}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Meyaadha Maan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Narayanan]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| cover = Meyadha Maan album cover.jpg
|border=yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 27 September 2017
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:09
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Santhosh Narayanan]] [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Server Sundaram (upcoming film)|Server Sundaram]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]
| next_year = 2018
| chronology = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Maine Pyar Kiya (2014 film)|Maine Pyar Kiya]]
| prev_year = 2014
| title = Meyaadha Maan
| year = 2017
| next_title = [[Aadai]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{Singles
| name = Meyaadha Maan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Thangachi Song
| single1date = 7 August 2017
| single2 = Enna Naan Seiven
| single2date = 25 August 2017
| single3 = Address Song
| single3date = 13 September 2017
}}
}}

'''''Meyaadha Maan''''' is the soundtrack album jointly composed by [[Santhosh Narayanan]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] for the 2017 film [[Meyaadha Maan|of the same name]] directed by [[Rathna Kumar]]. The album had seven tracks written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], Pradeep Kumar, Rathna Kumar and Mirchi Vijay. Prior to the album release, three songs – "Thangachi Song", "Enna Naan Seiven" and "Address Song" released as singles on 7, 25 August and 13 September, and the full album was unveiled on 27 September 2017, to positive reviews from critics and audience. Post-release, the tracks "Address Song" and "Thangachi Song" gained popularity.

== Production ==
As the lead character runs a [[light music]] troupe, Kumar allowed the narrative of the film to be [[Music genre|musical]] saying that it was an "integral part in the film".<ref name="ie1">{{Cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=23 October 2017 |title=We were nervous about releasing Meyaadha Maan along with Mersal: Actor Vaibhav |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/we-were-nervous-about-releasing-meyaadha-maan-along-with-mersal-actor-vaibhav4902822/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131424/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/we-were-nervous-about-releasing-meyaadha-maan-along-with-mersal-actor-vaibhav4902822/ |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2017 |title=I play an intense character: Vaibhav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-play-an-intense-character-vaibhav/articleshow/59144782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-play-an-intense-character-vaibhav/articleshow/59144782.cms |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> During his scripting process, Rathna Kumar set the film in [[North Chennai]], as he was inspired by the creative talents of people in [[Royapuram]] and he met several lyric writers, singers and percussionists during his visits to the areas. [[Santhosh Narayanan]] was announced as the film's composer, due to his regular collaboration with Karthik Subbaraj, the producer of this film, and in this process he was keen to allow his long-time collaborator [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] to also work on the film as a co-composer, and played a role in bringing him into the project.<ref name="tnie1">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2017 |title='People are abusing me because my film's releasing alongside Mersal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/16/people-are-abusing-me-because-my-films-releasing-alongside-mersal-vaibhav-1675049.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131542/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/oct/16/people-are-abusing-me-because-my-films-releasing-alongside-mersal-vaibhav-1675049.html |archive-date=6 February 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

This film marked the debut of Pradeep as a film composer, who initially worked as a [[playback singer]], mostly for films featuring Santhosh Narayanan. Pradeep contributed two songs for the film, while Santhosh had composed five tracks, and also scored the [[background music]] for the film.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryWr91c1Uoc |title=Meyaadha Maan Songs Preview Teaser |date=23 September 2017 |last=Think Music India |author-link=Think Music |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> Besides composing, Pradeep had also penned lyrics for one song, with [[Rathna Kumar]] penning two songs and Vivek writing four songs for the soundtrack; [[radio personality]] Mirchi Vijay (in his first stint as lyricist) penned one song for this film.<ref name=":1" /> All songs in the album consisted of varied genres basically set in [[North Chennai]], the album was considered to be a mix of [[gaana]] and [[Melody|melodies]].<ref name="dc1">{{Cite web |date=19 August 2017 |title=The good side of North Madras |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190817/the-good-side-of-north-madras.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727062804/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/190817/the-good-side-of-north-madras.html |archive-date=27 July 2019 |access-date=5 February 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |title=Street music fuelled Santhosh Narayanan's journey |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/street-music-fuelled-santhosh-narayanan-s-journey-1004237.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711193003/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/street-music-fuelled-santhosh-narayanan-s-journey-1004237.html |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
The "Thangachi Song" is a dance number picturised on [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] and [[Indhuja Ravichandran]] who plays the role of the former's sister in the film, which was sung by [[Anthony Daasan]] and choreographed by Santhosh. It was released as a single to coincide with the [[Hindus|Hindu]] festival of [[Raksha Bandhan]] on 7 August 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2017 |title=Meyaadha maan single: Thangachi is the perfect song to play to your sister this Rakshabandan |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/meyaadha-maan-single-thangachi-is-the-perfect-song-to-play-to-your-sister-this-rakshabandan-4786537/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118130753/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/meyaadha-maan-single-thangachi-is-the-perfect-song-to-play-to-your-sister-this-rakshabandan-4786537/ |archive-date=18 January 2018 |website=The Indian Express |accessdate=5 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Santhosh |author-link=Santhosh Narayanan |date=7 August 2017 |title=Thangachi Song (From "Meyaadha Maan") – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/thangachi-song-from-meyaadha-maan-single/1268383558 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154334/https://music.apple.com/in/album/thangachi-song-from-meyaadha-maan-single/1268383558 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=iTunes}}</ref> The song gained popularity among the film audiences, for the catchy tune and quirky lyrics, with ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "the song perfectly captures the naughtiness and love that siblings share".<ref name=":0" /> Another single titled "Enna Naan Seiven" sung by Pradeep Kumar and [[Kalyani Nair]] released on 25 August 2017, coinciding with [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Ganesh Chathurthi]], which is a melody number.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |author-link=Pradeep Kumar (musician) |date=25 August 2017 |title=Enna Naan Seiven (From "Meyaadha Maan") – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/tr/album/enna-naan-seiven-from-meyaadha-maan-single/1273604869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154331/https://music.apple.com/tr/album/enna-naan-seiven-from-meyaadha-maan-single/1273604869 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=iTunes}}</ref> The third single "Address Song" (Adiye S. Madhu) sung by Santhosh Narayanan was released on 13 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Santhosh |author-link=Santhosh Narayanan |date=13 September 2017 |title=Adiye S. Madhu – Address Song (From "Meyaadha Maan") – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/adiye-s-madhu-address-song-from-meyaadha-maan-single/1286647333 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154331/https://music.apple.com/us/album/adiye-s-madhu-address-song-from-meyaadha-maan-single/1286647333 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=iTunes}}</ref> Being one of the typical soup-song genre,{{Efn|The term 'Soup' is a colloquial Tamil word which refers to young men experiencing depression after love failure in a love relationship. The "Soup-song" genre became popular among the release of "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]", a song from the [[Dhanush]]-starrer ''[[3 (2012 Tamil film)|3]]''.<ref name="rediff1">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2011 |title=Here's how the Kolaveri Di song happened! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-anirudh-ravichander/20111128.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225121152/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-anirudh-ravichander/20111128.htm%20 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> But it also received criticism from a section of cinephiles for being [[misogynistic]] following the aftermath of [[Swathi murder case]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=12 October 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo to Dhanush's Kolaveri Di: When will Tamil cinema bid goodbye to misogyny? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/remo-review-sivakarthikeyan-dhanush-kolaveri-di-simbu-beep-song-346113-2016-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721084449/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/remo-review-sivakarthikeyan-dhanush-kolaveri-di-simbu-beep-song-346113-2016-10-12 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> where the alleged and unrealistic portrayal of women and love in [[Tamil cinema]] being one of the factors for violence against women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatraman |first=Anusha Surendran & Janane |date=4 July 2017 |title=Tamil films are getting more modern, and more misogynistic |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/tamil-films-are-getting-more-modern-and-more-misogynistic/article19209779.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012712/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/tamil-films-are-getting-more-modern-and-more-misogynistic/article19209779.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Selvaraghavan apologises for 9-yr-old 'Adida Avala' song: Time to kill the soup song |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/selvaraghavan-apologises-9-yr-old-adida-avala-song-time-kill-soup-song-101774 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603041609/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/selvaraghavan-apologises-9-yr-old-adida-avala-song-time-kill-soup-song-101774 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>|name=misogyny}} Rathna Kumar wanted this song to end the entire genre of bar songs that lambaste women.{{efn|name=misogyny}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2017 |title=Meyaadha Maan director Rathna Kumar: We wanted Address Song to bring an end to female-bashing numbers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meyaadha-maan-director-rathna-kumar-we-wanted-address-song-to-bring-an-end-to-female-bashing-numbers4905734/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610154331/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/meyaadha-maan-director-rathna-kumar-we-wanted-address-song-to-bring-an-end-to-female-bashing-numbers4905734/ |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The album which was marketed by [[Think Music]] was released at a promotional launch event held at [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] in [[Chennai]] on 27 September 2017,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Narayanan |first1=Santhosh |author-link=Santhosh Narayanan |last2=Kumar |first2=Pradeep |author-link2=Pradeep Kumar (musician) |date=27 September 2017 |title=Meyaadha Maan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/meyaadha-maan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1278958897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610164340/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/meyaadha-maan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1278958897 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=iTunes}}</ref> with the film's cast and crew and other celebrities in attendance, and also featured a musical performance by Santhosh, Pradeep and his team.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJki4CjZlQc |title=Meyaadha Maan Audio Launch Event |date=27 September 2017 |last=Think Music India |author-link=Think Music |place=India |access-date=10 June 2021 |medium=Event}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The official track list was released by [[Think Music]] on 23 September 2017 ahead of the music launch.<ref name=":1" />{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| title1 = Thangachi Song
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| music1 = [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Enna Naan Seiven
| extra2 = Pradeep Kumar, [[Kalyani Nair]]
| extra4 = [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
| all_lyrics =
| length2 = 5:12
| title3 = Address Song
| extra3 = Santhosh Narayanan, Chinna
| music3 = Santhosh Narayanan
| lyrics3 = [[Rathna Kumar]], Vivek
| length3 = 4:43
| title4 = Rathina Katti
| music2 = Pradeep Kumar
| music4 = Santhosh Narayanan
| music6 = Santhosh Narayanan
| lyrics6 = Vivek
| title5 = Nee Mattum Pothum
| extra5 = [[Sid Sriram]], [[Darshana KT]]
| music5 = Pradeep Kumar
| lyrics5 = Mirchi Vijay
| length5 = 4:21
| title6 = Megamo Aval
| extra6 = Pradeep Kumar, [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]]
| lyrics4 = Vivek
| length4 = 4:16
| length6 = 4:34
| title7 = Enga Veetu Kuthuvilakkey (Area Gaana)
| extra7 = Ka Ka Bala
| music7 = Santhosh Narayanan
| lyrics7 = Rathna Kumar
| length7 = 6:09
| total_length = 28:09
| headline = Track list
}}

== Reception ==
M. Suganth in his review for ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the film's cinematography and music (the background score and the songs) adding that "it gave us a taste of [[North Madras]] life in the region".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meyaadha Maan: Music Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/meyaadha-maan/music-review/61128559.cms |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the review for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Siddharth Srinivas stated that Santhosh and Pradeep "stack up a catchy mix of melodies and kuthu songs for the album", further adding that "the album offers a wondrous mix of variety, dipped in eclectic, exciting tunes that should hit the marquee".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2017 |title=Meyaadha Maan Songs Review: Santhosh Narayanan and Pradeep Kumar deliver a captivating, tuneful soundtrack. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/meyaadha-maan-songs-review/ |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' wrote "The Santhosh-Pradeep combo wins again".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |date=27 September 2017 |title=Meyaadha Maan (Music review), Tamil – Santhosh Narayanan, Pradeep Kumar |url=http://milliblog.com/2017/09/27/meyaadha-maan-music-review-tamil-santhosh-narayanan-pradeep-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131605/http://milliblog.com/2017/09/27/meyaadha-maan-music-review-tamil-santhosh-narayanan-pradeep-kumar/ |archive-date=6 February 2018 |website=Milliblog.com |accessdate=5 February 2018}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' reviewed the album as a "mix of [[gaana]], [[Western culture#Music|western music]] and [[Melody|melodies]] in good proportions which would be a delight for music lovers".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meyaadha Maan music review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/oct/19/meyaadha-maan-music-review-1677854.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722035134/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/oct/19/meyaadha-maan-review-a-winning-musical-1677854.html |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave the album 3.5 out of 5 saying "Santosh Narayanan and Pradeep Kumar deliver a classy set of melodies for ''Meyaadha Maan''" and "it work much better than Santosh Narayanan's quirky tracks".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2017 |title=Meyaadha Maan – Music Review (Tamil Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2017/09/29/meyaadha-maan-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref>

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Chart (2017)
! scope="col" |Song
! scope="col" |Position
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 100
|"Thangachi Song"
|7
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Top 100 Tamil Songs – 2017 |url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/mirchi-top100/2017/1-20/8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722035137/https://www.radiomirchi.com/mirchi-top100/2017/1-20/8 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref>
|-
|"Address Song"
|13
|-
|"Area Gaana"
|16
|-
|"Megamo Aval"
|29
|-
|''[[The Times of India]]''
|"Address Song"
|10
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=Best Tamil songs: Top 10 Tamil songs of 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/best-tamil-songs-top-10-tamil-songs-of-2017/photostory/61846004.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715060627/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/best-tamil-songs-top-10-tamil-songs-of-2017/photostory/61846004.cms |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|Music Aloud
|"Megamo Aval"
|12
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=Music Aloud Playback – Best Songs of 2017! |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2017/12/27/music-aloud-playback-best-songs-of-2017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121101824/https://www.musicaloud.com/2017/12/27/music-aloud-playback-best-songs-of-2017/ |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref>
|}

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[Think Music]]<ref name=":2" />

{{div col}}
* [[Santhosh Narayanan]] – [[Composer]] (Track 1,3,4,6,7), [[arranger]] (Track 1,3,4,6,7), [[Record producer|producer]] (Track 1,3,4,6,7), [[backing vocalist]] (Track 1), [[piano]] (Track 4), [[Sound Engineer|sound engineer]] (Future Tense Studios, [[Chennai]]) [Track 1,3,4,6,7], [[audio mixing]] (Track 1,3,4,6,7)
* [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] – Composer (Track 2,5), arranger (Track 2,5), producer (Track 2,5), backing vocalist (Track 5), [[acoustic guitar]] (Track 2,5), [[bass guitar]] (Track 5)
* [[Kalyani Nair]] – Backing vocalist (Track 1,5)
* Chinna – [[Choir|Chorus]] (Track 3)
* Britto – Chorus (Track 3,7)
* Yogi Sekar – Chorus (Track 3,7)
* Ramanathan – Chorus (Track 7)
* Vinod – Chorus (Track 7)
* 4 Idiots – [[Percussions]] (Track 1,3)
* Naveen – [[Bass guitar|Bass]] (Track 1,3,6)
* Jhanu Chantar – [[Bass guitar|Bass]] (Track 2), [[electric guitar]] (Track 5)
* Tapass Naresh – [[Drum kit|Drums]] (Track 2,5)
* Ramamoorthy KT – Piano (Track 3)
* [[Music of Sydney|Studio Orchestra of Sydney]] – Collins Rajendran (Track 4)
* Phil Hartl – Solo [[violin]] (Track 4)
* Bharath Shankar – Keys (Track 5)
* Ramkumar Kanagarajan – Percussions (Track 5)
* [[Music of North Macedonia|Fame's Macedonian Symphonic Orchestra]] (Track 6)
* Oleg Kondratenko – Orchestra conductor (Track 6)
* Andrew T. Mackay – India orchestra co-ordination (Track 6)
* Venkat – [[Dholak]] (Track 7)
* Ganapathy – Dholak (Track 7)
* Manikandan Murali – [[Arrangement|Additional arrangements]] (Track 7)
* RK Sundar – Sound engineer (Future Tense Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,3,4,6,7], additional [[rhythm]]s (Track 1,3,7)
* Dinesh Anthony – Sound engineer (Prism Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,3,4,6,7]
* Vishnu Namboodhiri – Sound engineer (Krimson Avenue Studios, Chennai) [Track 2,5]
* Christian Wright – Sound engineer (Studio 301, [[Sydney]]) [Track 1,3,4,6,7], [[audio mastering]] (Track 1,3,4,6,7)
* Rahul Ramachandran – Audio mixing (Track 2,5)
* [[Shadab Rayeen]] – Audio mastering (Track 2)
* Stuart Bruce – Audio mastering (Track 5)
* Meenakshi Santhosh – Music co-ordination
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Santhosh Narayanan}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2017 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Santhosh Narayanan soundtracks]]

List of UNICEF national committees

2025-12-19T07:43:37Z

NiklasKinard: New some page and citations!

{{short description|None}}

There are [[UNICEF]] National Committees in 32 countries worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICEF National Committees|url=https://www.unicef.org/unicef-national-committees|access-date=2025-02-21|website=www.unicef.org|language=en}}</ref> each established as an independent local [[non-governmental organization]]. Serving as the public face and dedicated voice of [[UNICEF]], the National Committees raise funds from the private sector, promote children's rights, and secure worldwide visibility for children threatened by poverty, disasters, armed conflict, abuse and exploitation.

UNICEF is funded exclusively by voluntary contributions, and the National Committees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEF's annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations and more than 6 million individual donors worldwide. They also rally many different partners – including the media, national and local government officials, NGOs, specialists such as doctors and lawyers, corporations, schools, young people and the general public – on issues related to [[children’s rights]].

==Countries==

The following countries are home to UNICEF national committees.

{{colbegin}}
*{{flagicon|Andorra}} [[UNICEF Committee for Andorra]] ({{langx|fr|UNICEF Comitè d'Andorra}})
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[UNICEF Australia]]
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[UNICEF Austria]] ({{langx|de|UNICEF Österreich}})
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[UNICEF Belgium]]
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[UNICEF Canada]]
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Committee for UNICEF]] ({{langx|cs|Český výbor pro UNICEF}})
*{{flagicon|Denmark}} [[UNICEF Denmark]] ({{langx|da|UNICEF Danmark}})
*{{flagicon|Finland}} [[UNICEF Finland]] ({{langx|fi|Suomen UNICEF}})
*{{flagicon|France}} [[UNICEF France]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[UNICEF Germany]] ({{langx|de|UNICEF Deutschland}})
*{{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong Committee for UNICEF]] ({{lang-zh|聯合國兒童基金香港委員會}})
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[UNICEF Hungary]]
*{{flagicon|Iceland}} [[UNICEF Iceland]] ({{langx|is|UNICEF Ísland}})
*{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[UNICEF Ireland]]
*{{flagicon|Israel}} Israeli Fund for UNICEF ({{langx|he|יוניסף ישראל}})
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[UNICEF Italy]] ({{langx|it|Comitato Italiano per l'UNICEF Onlus}})
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[UNICEF Japan]]
*{{flagicon|Republic of Korea}} [[Korean Committee for UNICEF]]
*{{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[UNICEF Luxembourg]]
*{{flagicon|The Netherlands}} [[UNICEF the Netherlands]]
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[UNICEF New Zealand]]
*{{flagicon|Norway}} [[UNICEF Norway]] ({{langx|no|UNICEF Norge}})
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[UNICEF Poland]] ({{langx|pl|UNICEF Polska}})
*{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[UNICEF Portugal]]
*{{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[UNICEF Slovakia]] ({{langx|sk|SV pre UNICEF}})
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[UNICEF Slovenia]] ({{langx|sl|UNICEF Slovenija}})
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[UNICEF Spain]] ({{langx|es|UNICEF Comité Español}})
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[UNICEF Sweden]] ({{langx|sv|UNICEF Sverige}})
*{{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[UNICEF Switzerland and Liechtenstein]]
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[UNICEF Turkey]] ({{langx|tr|UNICEF Türkiye Milli Komitesi}})
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[UNICEF UK]]
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[U.S. Fund for UNICEF]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}}

[[Category:UNICEF|National Committees]]

Ellora Roychoudhury

2025-12-09T15:50:51Z

NiklasKinard: New Basic Article and Citations.

{{Short description|Indian social worker and activist}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ellora Roychoudhury
| image = Ellora Roychoudhury ইলোৰা ৰায়চৌধুৰী.jpg
| caption = Ellora Roychoudhury
| birth_date = {{birth date|1969|04|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mangaldai, Assam, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|05|15|1969|04|01|df=y}}
| death_place = Guwahati, Assam, India
| education = Bachelor's degree, Diploma in Textile Technology
| occupation = Social worker, Activist
| known_for = First woman from Northeast India to donate eyes and body posthumously.
| website = {{URL|https://elloravigyan.in}}
| signature = SIgnature Ellora Roychoudhury.png
}}

'''Ellora Roychoudhury''' (Assamese: [[:as:ইলোৰা ৰায়চৌধুৰী|ইলোৰা ৰায়চৌধুৰী]]; 1 April 1969 – 15 May 2003) was an Indian social worker, activist, and the first woman from [[Northeast India]] to posthumously donate her eyes and body.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=A life less ordinary ends with noble gesture |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/a-life-less-ordinary-ends-with-noble-gesture/cid/824570 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219090928/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/a-life-less-ordinary-ends-with-noble-gesture/cid/824570 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-01-31 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Body donor?s family carries out last wish |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/body-donor-s-family-carries-out-last-wish/cid/680324 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220045600/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/body-donor-s-family-carries-out-last-wish/cid/680324 |archive-date=2024-12-20 |access-date=2025-01-31 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=GMCH leads by Ellora example |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/gmch-leads-by-ellora-example/cid/1542654 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219013418/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/gmch-leads-by-ellora-example/cid/1542654 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-01-31 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কৰ্মদল |first='মুক্ত চিন্তা'ৰ |date=2015-06-30 |title=সাক্ষাৎকাৰ : ড° অনিমা গুহৰ দৃষ্টিৰে ড° অমলেন্দু গুহ |url=https://muktosinta.org/interview_anima_guha_amalendu/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=মুক্ত চিন্তা |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-17 |title=First Muslim body donor in Assam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/first-muslim-body-donor-in-assam/article2023902.ece |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Muslim body donor in Assam |url=https://www.itnnews.co.in/indian-transplant-newsletter/issue32/First-Muslim-body-donor-in-Assam-3.htm |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.itnnews.co.in}}</ref> In her memory, the organization [[Ellora Vigyan Mancha]] was established to promote scientific temper and combat superstition and blind beliefs.<ref name=":2" />

== Early life and education ==
Ellora Roychoudhury was born on 1 April 1969 at [[Mangaldoi]], [[Darrang district]], Assam to Hemanta Roychoudhury, a descendant of [[Ambikagiri Raichoudhury|Ambikagiri Roychoudhury]] and Bina Roychoudhury. Her family had a strong legacy of social and cultural contributions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=অনন্যা ইলোৰা |publisher=নিখিল ভাৰত গণতান্ত্ৰিক মহিলা সমিতি |date=June 2003 |language=as |trans-title=The Unparalleled Ellora}}</ref>

== Activism ==
Ellora Roychoudhury was involved in progressive and democratic student movements from her school days. During the [[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]] (1979–1985), she faced numerous challenges and persecution from extremist nationalist and separatist groups. In 1985, she became a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and later joined the [[All India Democratic Women's Association]] after her marriage.<ref name=":3" />

She played a pivotal role in promoting women's literacy and empowerment. In Guwahati's Hedayetpur area, she established a literacy center and tirelessly worked to educate underprivileged women. Ellora was also an active member and leader of the Assam State Employees' Federation.<ref name=":3" />

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:LastWill ElloraRoychoudhury.pdf|alt=A legal document showing the last will signed by Ellora Roychoudhury, pledging her body for medical research, dated two months before her death.|thumb|First page of Last will signed by Ellora Roychoudhury two months before her death, pledging her body for medical research.]]
Ellora Roychoudhury died on 15 May 2003 at the age of 34 after battling cancer. Her decision to donate her eyes and body posthumously became a groundbreaking act in Assam and the Northeast, where such practices were relatively uncommon. Inspired by an article she read about posthumous body and organ donation, Ellora signed her last will on 17 March 2003, donating her body to the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital|Gauhati Medical College]] for medical research.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-07 |title=Home |url=https://elloravigyan.in/ |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Ellora Vigyan Mancha |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Hours after her death, her eyes were donated to the Sankaradeva Netralaya in Guwahati, with the consent of her husband, Isfaqur Rahman.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roychoudhury, Ellora}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darrang district]]
[[Category:Social workers from Assam]]

National Highway 505 (India)

2025-11-19T09:42:40Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up New Article V1

{{short description|National Highway in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 505
| length_km = 275
| image = NH 505-F-Kaza to Losar-38-zwei Bruecken-Fluss-gje.jpg
| image_notes = Bridge across [[Spiti River]]
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=220|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|id=Q55473625|title=National Highway 505|zoom = 8 |frame-lat=32.12|frame-long=77.95 |text= Map of National Highway '''505''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 5
| direction_a = East
| direction_b = West
| terminus_a = [[Khab]]
| terminus_b = Gramphoo
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 5
| next_route = 3
| states = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| destinations =
}}
'''National Highway 505''', commonly called '''NH 505''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0" /> It is a spur road of [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway 5]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> NH 505 traverses the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in India. NH 505 is a high elevation road, covering the [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] and [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti]] districts of Himachal Pradesh, mainly running along the Spiti River in the [[Spiti Valley]]. The highway from Kaza to Gramphu remains closed for 6–9 months in a year due to heavy snowfall and the closure of [[Kunzum Pass|Kunzum La]] pass at an elevation of {{convert|4550|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/how-to-reach/|title=Access to Lahaul & Spiti district by road|website=Lahaul and Spiti district website|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/road-status/|title=Status of roads in Lahaul and Spiti district|website=Lahaul and Spiti district|access-date=1 February 2019}}</ref>

== Overview ==
National Highway 505 was designated as Himachal State Highway 30 prior to its being named on 4 March 2014 as a national highway.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158866.pdf|title=New highways notification dated March, 2014|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> The highway runs through the high-elevation, cold desert area of the [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahaul and Spiti valleys]] of [[Himachal Pradesh|Himachal]], which area receive negligible rainfall.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref> The terrain is barren and treacherous, prone to landslides and disruptions. The road is narrow and rough at places, and crosses the high-elevation Kunzum pass, requiring good driving skills in mountains.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=10 April 2018|title=How to drive to Spiti|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/how-to-drive-to-spiti/|journal=[[Condé Nast Traveller]]}}</ref>

NH 505 has been of key importance to the growth of a cash crop economy, mass tourism, and the expansion of telecommunications in Spiti.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=Abhimanyu |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/reader/download/1166/1166-43-103429-1-10-20230405.pdf |title=Aktuelle Forschungsbeiträge zu Südasien - 12. Jahrestagung des AK Südasien, 21./22. Januar 2022, Bonn/online. |publisher=Heidelberg Asian Studies Publishing |year=2023 |editor-last= |editor-first= |location=Heidelberg |pages=14–17 |chapter=Fragile mountains, extreme winters, and bordering China: Interrogating the shaping of remoteness and connectivity through roads in a Himalayan borderland}}</ref> This highway provides connectivity to some major Buddhist monasteries and various other interesting places.<ref>{{Cite news |title=15 places to visit in the beautiful valleys of Lahaul-Spiti |work=[[The Times of India]] - Times Travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/lahaul-spiti/travel-guide/15-places-to-visit-in-the-beautiful-valleys-of-lahaul-spiti/gs49505730.cms |access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref>

== Route ==
[[File:Tabo Monjastery Entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Tabo Monastery]]]]
The route of NH 505 starts at the [[Khab|Khab Sangam]] in Kinnaur district from National Highway 5. It runs along the Spiti Valley through Kinnaur and enters Lahaul and Spiti district at Sumdo. It continues up the Spiti Valley to Kunzum Pass. It descends and follows the Chandra River to the terminus at Gramphoo.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Distances<ref>{{Cite web|title=NH505 route: Khab Sangam to Gramphoo|url=http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/8052845|access-date=16 Sep 2020|website=OpenstreetMap.org}}</ref>
! Town/Village !! Up !! Down
|-
| Khab Sangam || {{convert|0|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|273|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Nako || {{convert|26|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|247|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Chango || {{convert|48|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|225|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Sumdo || {{convert|62|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|211|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Hurling || {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|203|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Tabo || {{convert|89|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|184|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Kaza || {{convert|135|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|138|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Losar || {{convert|192|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|81|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Kunzum Pass || {{convert|210|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Batal || {{convert|221|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|52|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Chhatru || {{convert|253|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| Gramphoo || {{convert|273|km|mi|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|0|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
|}

=== Kinnaur district ===
The terminus at Khab, Kinnaur district is the preferred point of entry to the [[Spiti Valley]] which is located at an average elevation of {{convert|3,350|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":1" /> This mostly all-weather access point to Spiti Valley from Khab is at an elevation of about {{convert|2,600|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Travelling from [[Chandigarh]] or [[Shimla]] to Khab gives a chance for travellers to gradually acclimatize themselves to avoid altitude sickness. NH 505 climbs steeply from Khab Sangam up to [[Nako Lake|Nako]] ({{convert|3,662|m|ft|abbr=on}}). It descends to Chango on the Spiti River, then enters [[Lahaul and Spiti district]] at Sumdo.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Confluence Spiti Satluj Jun18 D72 6744.jpg|NH 505 enters Spiti Valley from bridge over Sutlej River
File:Nako 2 Stevage.jpg|En route from Khab to Nako
File:Nako 4 Stevage.jpg|Switchback hairpin bends climbing to Nako
File:Leo Spiti NH505 Himachal Jun18 D72 6785.jpg|[[Leo, Kinnaur|Leo village]] on right bank of Spiti, opp. Nako
File:Nako Kinnaur Himachal Jun18 D72 6792.jpg|Nako village from NH 505
File:NH 505-B-Nako nach Chango-06-gje.jpg|En route from Nako to Chango
</gallery>

=== Lahaul and Spiti district ===
[[File:Spiti River Kaza Himachal Jun18 D72 7232.jpg|thumb|right|Broad riverbed of Spiti river above Kaza, Kaza-Kibber road on right]]
From Sumdo, NH 505 runs mostly alongside the Spiti river for about {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} until Losar. After passing through Hurling, the next town is [[Tabo, Himachal Pradesh|Tabo]] with the well-known [[Tabo Monastery]] and caves. The highway passes through some unusual clay pillars<ref name="Harcourt">{{Cite book|last=Harcourt|first=A.F.P.|title=The Himalayan Districts of Kooloo, Lahoul and Spiti|publisher=W.H. Allen & Sons|year=1871|location=London|pages=27, 29}}</ref> en route to [[Kaza, Himachal Pradesh|Kaza]], the largest town in the Spiti Valley. Near Lingti, {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} before Kaza, the {{convert|33|km|mi|abbr=on}} road to [[Pin Valley National Park]] branches off over the Attargo Bridge to the right bank of the Spiti.<ref name="AttargoMud">{{Cite web|title=NH-505 Attargo Bridge to Mudh, Pin Valley|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_car&route=32.1245%2C78.1621%3B31.9593%2C78.0318|access-date=27 Sep 2020|website=OpenStreetmap.org}}</ref> On the Tabo side of Lingti is the road to the [[Dhankar Gompa|Dhanker Monastery]]. In this section, the riverbed is very wide, up to {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in places. The river itself is much narrower and meanders in braids along the broad riverbed.<ref name="Harcourt"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Tabo Monastery -Tabo Spiti -Himachal Pradesh -D72 6869.jpg|Tabo with Spiti River beneath distant cliff, June '18
File:NH505 Monoliths Tabo Upstream Jun18 D72 6916.jpg|Clay pillars, Tabo - Lingti, June '18
File:Pin Valley Spiti Himachal Jun18 D72 7092.jpg|Pin Valley Nat'l Park, Mudh village, June '18
File:NH 505-E-Dhankar to Kaza-08-Kaza-Stadt-gje.jpg|Kaza in Spiti valley
</gallery>
[[File:Kye Gompa-10-Klosterburg-gje.jpg|thumb|[[Key Monastery]]]]
After Kaza, NH 505 crosses to the right bank of the Spiti river over the Rangrik Bridge. At the bridge, the Kaza-Kibber road continues on the left bank to [[Key Monastery]] ({{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}}) and the [[Kibber|Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary]] ({{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaza-Kibber road|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_car&route=32.2477%2C78.0524%3B32.4394%2C77.9090|access-date=27 Sep 2020|website=OpenStreetmap.org}}</ref> NH 505 continues on the right bank running through a flat, narrow valley in which the Spiti Rver has carved a gorge about {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep. The road crosses back to the left bank {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} before Kialto village. Here, the Kaza-Kibber road rejoins NH 505, a distance of {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Kibber. After Morang and Hanse villages, the valley broadens before Losar village.

After Losar, NH 505 turns up the right bank of the Lichu, a right bank tributary of the Spiti. The road climbs gradually up to [[Kunzum Pass|Kunzum La]], elev. {{convert|4,551|m|ft|abbr=on}}. There is a temple at the pass.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:NH505 Spiti Kaza Losar Jun18 D72 7797.jpg|Spiti gorge above Kaza with NH 505 on the right bank (view from Kibber-Kialto road)
File:NH505 Spiti Kaza Losar Jun18 D72 7800.jpg|Spiti gorge with NH 505 on the right and Kibber-Kialto road on the left.
File:NH 505-F-Kaza to Losar-16-zwei Bruecken-Erosionsformen-gje.jpg|En route from Kaza to Losar
File:NH 505-F-Kaza to Losar-14-zwei Bruecken-gje.jpg|Bridge across Spiti river
File:Losar Jun18 D72 7824.jpg|NH 505 entering Losar from the east
File:Losar Spiti Upstream Himachal Jun18 D72 7831.jpg|West of Losar towards Kunzum La, Elev. {{Convert|4090|m|ft}}.
File:Losar-Kunzum Road Jun18 D72 7836.jpg|Losar-Kunzum Road
File:Kunzum La-24-pass height-gje.jpg|[[Kunzum Pass|Kunzum La]], Elev. {{Convert|4551|m|ft}}.
</gallery>

From Kunzum pass, the highway descends through steep hairpin bends to Batal village on the left bank of the Chandra River. [[Chandra Taal]] is a pristine lake on the Chandra River popular with tourists and high-altitude trekkers. The road to Chandra Taal branches off from NH 505 about {{convert|2.9|km|mi}} from Batal and {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Kunzum Pass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_car&route=32.37336%2C77.61564%3B32.46748%2C77.61583#map=12/32.4245/77.6265&layers=C|title=Route from NH-505 to Chandra Taal|website=OpenStreetMap.org|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref>

From Batal, NH 505 follows the left bank of the Chandra River, practically running on the riverbed in some places, as both sides of the narrow valley are very steep. This section is largely unpaved and impassable during the winter months. Passing through Chotta Dara, the highway reaches Chhatru, where it crosses to the right bank. It climbs steeply and runs along the top of a cliff overlooking the Chandra River until the terminus at Gramphu (Gramphoo).<ref name=":12" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:NH505 Chandra River Batal Chhatru Jun18 D72 8022.jpg|[[Bara Shigri Glacier]] on the right bank of the Chandra
File:NH505 Chandra River Batal Chhatru Jun18 D72 8028.jpg|NH 505 runs along Chandra riverbed below Batal
File:NH 505-J-Batal to Chhatru-02-gje.jpg|Batal to Chhatru
File:NH 505-J-Batal to Chhatru-22-Schild-gje.jpg|Chhatru village
File:NH 505-K-Chhatru to Gramphu-08-gje.jpg|Chhatru to Gramphu
File:Gramphoo, Himachal Pradesh.jpeg|Junction with NH 3 on left at Gramphu
</gallery>

== Junctions ==
{{jcttop}}
|[[Kinnaur district]]
|Khab
|0.0
|0.0
|{{jct|NH|5|country=IND}}<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" />
|Southeast terminus
|-
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
|Attargo Bridge
|74.6
|120.0
|[[Mud village, Spiti|Mud village, Pin Valley]]<ref name="AttargoMud"/>
|About {{Convert|1.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} NW of Lingti
|-
|[[Lahaul and Spiti district]]
|Gramphoo
|169.6
|273.0
|{{jct|NH|3|country=IND}}
|Northwest terminus
{{jctbtm|keys=concur}}

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|NH 505 (India)}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH5 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Himachal Pradesh]]

Pesi Shroff

2025-10-10T02:10:12Z

NiklasKinard: adding data

{{Short description|Indian jockey (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox horseracing personality
|name = Pesi Shroff
|image =Pesi Shroff.png
|caption =
|occupation = [[Jockey]], [[Horse trainer]]
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|birth_date = 1965
|death_date =
|career wins =
|race =
|horses =
|updated = 10 May 2008
}}
'''Pesi Shroff''' (b. 1965) is a former [[India|Indian]] champion [[jockey]]. He has ridden 5,614 races and won 1,751 of them, including 106 classic races and 29 Derbys. Born to a [[Parsis|Parsi]] family, he began his career at 16 years old when he was licensed to ride by the [[Royal Western India Turf Club]] in [[Mumbai]] in 1981. He won his first race on ''My Squaw''.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news
| title = Pesi Shroff to retire
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher =
| date = 2004-10-26
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/27/stories/2004102710212000.htm
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130125204111/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/10/27/stories/2004102710212000.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 25 January 2013
| accessdate = 2008-05-10}}</ref>

Pesi had a long association with Indian liquor baron [[Vijay Mallya]] having been on retainer for him for several years. Apart from Mallya, he has also ridden for leading owners of the Indian turf like [[M.A.M. Ramaswamy]], Deepak Khaitan, and Khushroo Dhunjibhoy
.<ref name="hindu" />

To date, he is the only jockey to have piloted eight [[Derby (horse race)|Derby]] winners at the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]], Mumbai and has ridden a classic winner in each of the five major racing centres of India.<ref name="toi">{{cite news
| title = Pesi Shroff wants one last hurrahe
| work = [[Times of India]], [[Mumbai]]
| publisher = [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]
| date = 2004-10-24
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/897857.cms
| accessdate = 2008-05-10
| first1=Ikram
| last1=Khan
| first2=Pradeep
| last2=Vijayakar}}</ref>

On 31 October 2004, he retired from the profession to become a trainer.

Pesi is married to childhood sweetheart Tina (sister of [[Karl Umrigar]]) with whom they have had two children, Yohann and Anya. He also likes to play golf and is a [[cricket]] fan.<ref name="hindu" />

==Career wins as a jockey==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Wins<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news
| title = Pesi Shroff's career highlights
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| publisher =
| date = 2004-11-02
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/11/02/stories/2004110201651700.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080201062118/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/11/02/stories/2004110201651700.htm
| url-status = usurped
| archive-date = 1 February 2008
| accessdate = 2008-05-10}}</ref>
|-
! Year
! Race
! Horse
|-
| 1984
| Indian Derby
| ''Enterprising''
|-
| 1985
| Indian Derby
| ''Revelation''
|-
| 1989
| Indian Derby
| ''Exhilaration''
|-
| 1990
| Indian Derby
| ''Desert Warrior''
|-
| 1991
| Indian Derby
| ''Starfire Girl''
|-
| 1994
| Indian Derby
| ''Little Over''
|-
| 2001
| Indian Derby
| ''Storm Again''
|-
| 2004
| Indian Derby
| ''Psychic Flame''
|-
| 1985
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Revelation''
|-
| 1986
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Amorous Knight''
|-
| 1989
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Exhilaration''
|-
| 1990
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Desert Warrior''
|-
| 1992
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Bugs Bunny''
|-
| 1993
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Adler''
|-
| 2001
| Indian Turf Invitation
| ''Storm Again''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shroff, Pesi}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian jockeys]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]

Pondicherry football team

2025-09-28T22:17:24Z

NiklasKinard: adding a pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{About|the men's team|the women's team|Pondicherry women's football team}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Pondicherry
| current =
| image = Pondicherry Football Association logo.png
| image_size = 220px
| fullname = Pondicherry football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded =
| ground = [[Indira Gandhi Sports Stadium]]
| capacity =
| owner = [[Pondicherry Football Association]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Titus Lakshmanan Raman
| league = [[Santosh Trophy]]
| season = [[2024–25 Santosh Trophy|2024–25]]
| position = Group stage
| pattern_la1 =
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The '''Pondicherry football team''' is an Indian [[association football|football]] team representing [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in Indian state football competitions including the [[Santosh Trophy]]. They have never won the trophy.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pondicherry Football Association |url =https://www.the-aiff.com/association/514|website = AIFF |access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref>

==Squad==
The following 22 players were called for the [[2022–23 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/15942|title=76th National Football Championship for Hero Santosh Trophy 2022-23|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]}}</ref>

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Judson J}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Abdul Rehan Q}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ajeesh Thadeus}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=L Tamilarasan}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Asalam Amanulla}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lettin Joy Amaladasan}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ganesh B}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Austin Jijo}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Arunprasath}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=P Bharathkumar}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sunith Mon P S}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Prabukumar Bharath}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=R Milen}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Deepak S}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Thalirvendhan}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Beera George Mission}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rajesh Kanna G}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Srinath}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Abinath}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Nedumaran}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Srijayakumar}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=|name=Pranav Sankar Cj}}
{{fs end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Santosh Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Football in Puducherry]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Dewas Tekri

2025-06-29T01:59:09Z

NiklasKinard:

{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Dewas Tekri, Dewas
| image = Maa Chamunda Mata Temple, Tekri Dewas.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Dewas Tekri, Dewas
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|22|58|15|N|76|3|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN-MP|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Dewas]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Chamunda]], [[Bhavani|Tulaja Bhavani]], [[Kali]]
| festivals = [[Navaratri]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Dewas Tekri''' (also known as '''Maa Chamunda Tekri''', '''Dewas Mata Tekri''', and '''Devi Vaishini Hill''') is a sacred mountain located in the city of [[Dewas]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Tekri is known for its religious significance as it houses two important shrines: the Devi Chamunda Mata Temple and the Devi Tulja Bhavani Mata Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=टेकरी |url=https://dewas.nic.in/tekri/ |website=District Dewas}}</ref> There are several other temples, including the Kalika Mata Temple, Hanuman Temple, Bhairav Baba Temple, Kho Kho Mata Temple, and Annapurna Mata Temple. The word 'Tekri' means 'hill' in the local language. The main festival celebrated at Tekri is Navaratri, during which people from all over the country come to seek the blessings of Mata.

==Geography==
Dewas Tekri is situated in the middle of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yadav |first=AtharvRaj |date=2019 |title=Madhya Pradesh at a Glance |page=2}}</ref> It's just a 5-minute walk from Dewas Bus Stand and [[Dewas Junction railway station|Dewas Railway Station]]. The nearest airport [[Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport]] is 53 kilometers away. The temples on the hilltop can be accessed via stairs, a sliding path, or a ropeway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dewas Tekri Mandir Ropeway Tekri |url=https://ropeways.com/project/dewas-tekri-mandir-ropeway/ |website=Ropeways}}</ref> The height of Tekri is above 300 feet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2019 |title=History of Chamunda Tekri is centuries old |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/history-of-chamunda-tekri-is-centuries-old |website=FreePressJournal}}</ref>

==Origin==
Legend has it that Dewas Tekri is a Rakt Peeth ([[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]]), where a few drops of Mata Sati's blood fell. At this place, amidst the hills, goddess Raktvahini Chamunda Mata and self-manifested Tulja Bhavani appeared.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2024 |title=Dewas Mata Tekri: रक्त की बूंदें गिरने से बना रक्तपीठ, करना चाहते हैं मां चामुंडा के दर्शन तो यहां पढ़ लीजिये हर जानकारी |url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/dewas-raktpeeth-is-formed-by-falling-drops-of-blood-if-you-want-to-have-darshan-then-read-here-every-information-related-to-mata-tekri-8295610 |website=NaiDunia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इस पहाड़ी पर गिरा था माता का खून, जिसके बाद राजा ने बनवाया था दरबार |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/mp-ind-maa-chamunda-dewas-tekri-mandir-madhya-pradesh-4755937-pho.html |website=Bhaskar}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:An old photograph of Goddess Chamunda Mata's Temple on Dewas Tekri (Hill).jpg|thumb|An old photograph of Goddess Chamunda Mata's Temple on Dewas Tekri]]
There is a disagreement about the age of Tekri. Some sources claim it dates back to the 9th century, while others suggest it to be 1100–1200 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dewas Spiritual |url=https://hellodewas.com/?page_id=4801#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Department%20of,called%20Rak%20Chamunda%20Mata%20Temple. |website=HelloDewas}}</ref> Additionally, some believe that it originates from ancient times, known as "anaadi kaal."

[[E. M. Forster]] in his book [[The Hill of Devi]], has also mentioned that ''Devi (or Devivasini, the Goddess’ Residence) probably gave Dewas its name. It rose about three hundred feet above the level. Stone steps led up to the dark cave of Chamunda on the top. She was a barbaric vermilion object, not often approached by us. Sometimes there were pilgrimages, and at certain festivals she played a part in the ritual. Who was Chamunda, and how long had she resided up there ? I never found out, but it was agreed that she had been around longer than anyone else.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Forster |first=E.M. |author-link=E.M. Forster |date=1953 |title=The Hill of Devi |page=51}}</ref>

===Story of Two Sister===
According to beliefs, both forms of the Mother Goddess are present in an awakened state on this hill. Tulja Bhavani and Maa Chamunda are believed to be sisters, with Tulja Bhavani being the elder sister and Chamunda Devi the younger. They used to reside together on this hill but had a disagreement, causing them to turn away from each other. Angered, they began to leave their place. Tulja Bhavani started disappearing into the Paatal Lok (underworld), while Chamunda Devi started descending the hill.

Lord Hanuman and Bhairav Baba intervened, requesting the goddesses to calm down and stay. However, by this time, part of Tulja Bhavani's body had already sunk into the underworld. She remained in the same position on the hill, while Chamunda Devi, who was descending, stopped at her current position. This is why Tulja Bhavani faces south and Chamunda faces north. Pilgrims visiting the Tekri perform Parikrama, starting with Tulja Bhavani and concluding with a darshan of Goddess Chamunda.

This is also the reason why Goddess Tulja Bhavani is referred to as Badi Mata (the elder mother) and Goddess Chamunda as Chhoti Mata (the younger mother).<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2022 |title=नवरात्रि : दो बहनों का वास देवास जहां दिन में 3 रूप बदलती हैं देवी, सती के अंग यहां गिरे थे... |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/dewas-navratri-2022-dewas-mata-ki-tekri-maa-chamunda-devi-tulja-bhawani-temple-2-sisters-shakti-peeth-mpsg-4650095.html |website=News18}}</ref>

===Cave to Ujjain===
It is said that there has been a [[tunnel]] built connecting Mata Tekri of Dewas to [[Ujjain]]. This tunnel is 45 kilometers long and was used as a secret passage by [[Bharthari (king)|King Bharthari]]. It leads from Dewas to Bharthari Cave in Ujjain, through which the king would travel to seek blessings from Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Navratri 2023 : इन दो देवियों के नाम से बना है MP का देवास, दर्शन करने दूर-दूर से आते हैं भक्त |url=https://mpcg.ndtv.in/madhya-pradesh-news/navratri-2023-mps-dewas-is-built-in-the-name-of-these-two-goddesses-people-come-from-far-and-wide-to-have-darshan-of-both-the-sisters-4496875#:~:text=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8,%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%20%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87. |website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Festivals==
The main festivals celebrated here are Navaratri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2024 |title=Mata Tekri In Dewas: नवरात्रि पर माता के जयकारों से गूंजा मां तुलजा भवानी और मां चामुंडा का दरबार, लाखों की संख्या में पहुंचे श्रद्धालु |url=https://www.ibc24.in/madhya-pradesh/dewas/mata-tekri-in-dewas-the-court-of-maa-tulja-bhavani-and-maa-chamunda-echoed-with-the-cheers-of-mata-on-navratri-lakhs-of-devotees-arrived-2456885.html |website=IBC24}}</ref> During both [[Chaitra]]/Vasantik and [[Ashvin]]/Shardiya [[Navaratri]], lakhs of pilgrims visit Tekri to seek the blessings of Mata. People visit Dewas Tekri from far away to make wishes. Some people pray that if their wishes are granted, they visit Tekri by climbing to the Mata temple on their knees or by performing full bowing (dandwat pranam) all the way up to the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=नवरात्र: कोई घुटनों के बल तो कोई दंडवत होकर पहुंचा माता टेकरी |url=https://www.patrika.com/dewas-news/navratri-some-reached-mata-tekri-on-their-knees-and-some-in-prostrati-8537781 |website=Patrika}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Shree Siddhi Vinayak Ganesh Temple, Nagda]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas]]

Kishor Vankawala

2025-06-24T22:15:01Z

NiklasKinard: starting entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_name = Kishor Vankawala
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|5|24}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|6|30|1944|5|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = Surat
| office = [[Member of Legislative assembly|Member]] of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Surat West Assembly constituency|Surat-West]]
| term_start = 2007
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| term_end = 2013
| successor = [[Purnesh Modi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Kishor Ratilal Vankawala''' (24 May 1944 – 30 June 2013) was an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and twice elected member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Surat West Assembly constituency]].

Vankawala studied in a local municipal school up to intermediate science. He took admission in [[B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad]]; but discontinued his studies due to financial condition of his family and joined his family business of textiles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/surat-bjp-mla-kishore-vankawala-passes-away/articleshow/20837133.cms | title=Surat BJP MLA Kishore Vankawala passes away | newspaper=Times of India | date=30 June 2013 | accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> He had been active in socio-political life for over 50 years starting from [[Jana Sangha]] and later in BJP. He was director of [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]] during 1995 to 2000. He served as president of Surat BJP from 2001 to 2005 and later as vice president of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat|Gujarat BJP]]. He won the [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from Surat West<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm |title=Members of 12th Assembly |access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226045131/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and again won in the [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012 elections]] with nearly 70,000 votes more than the next contender.<ref name="Surat"/>

Vankawala was diagnosed with [[lung cancer]] and underwent treatment for about a year before he died on 30 June 2013 at the age of 69.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-bjp-mla-kishore-vankawala-no-more-1855116 | title=BJP MLA Kishore Vankawala no more | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=30 June 2013 | accessdate=28 March 2023}}</ref> By-elections were held on 4 December 2013 to fill his vacated seat wherein [[Purnesh Modi]] won defeating D.I. Patel of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Surat">{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Surat/BJP-wins-Surat-West-byelection/articleshow/27072759.cms?from=mdr | title=BJP wins Surat West byelection | newspaper=Times of India | date=8 December 2013 | accessdate=28 March 2023 | author=Bhatt, Himanshu}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vankawala, Kishor}}
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]

Chimanrao Patil

2025-06-03T15:53:32Z

NiklasKinard: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chimanrao Patil
| image =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<ref name = Erandol2019/>
| term_start = 2019
| term_end =2024
| successor = [[Amol Patil|Amol Chimanrao Patil]]
| constituency = [[Erandol (Vidhan Sabha constituency) | Erandol]]
| term_start1 =2009
| term_end1 =2014
| predecessor1 = [[Gulabrao Patil]]
| successor1 = [[Satish Bhaskarrao Patil]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|03|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Parola, Maharashtra|Parola]], [[Jalgaon District]]
| death_date =
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| nationality = Indian
}}

'''Chimanrao Rupchand Patil''' is a politician from [[Jalgaon district]], [[Maharashtra]]. He is current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Erandol (Vidhan Sabha constituency) | Erandol Vidhan Sabha constituency ]] as a member of [[Shiv Sena]].<ref name = Erandol2019>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS13168.htm?ac=16 | title = Erandol Vidhan Sabha constituency result 20019}}</ref><ref name = Erandol >{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/erandol.html | title = Sitting and previous MLAs from Erandol Assembly Constituency}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 2009: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref name = Erandol/>
* 2019: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref name = Erandol2019/><ref name = Erandol/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shivsena Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=2020-09-01 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Chimanrao}}
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Jalgaon district]]

K. S. Lakshmana Rao

2025-05-26T06:54:39Z

NiklasKinard: starting a bio.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. S. Lakshmana Rao
| image = Kalagara Sai Lakshmana Rao.jpg
| term_start1 = 30 March 2019
| term_end1 = 30 March 2025
| constituency1 = [[Krishna-Guntur Graduates constituency|Krishna-Guntur Graduates]]
| successor1 = [[Alapati Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor1 = Boddu Nageswara Rao
| term_start2 = 26 March 2007
| term_end2 = 25 March 2015
| constituency2 = Krishna-Guntur Teachers
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Lecturer]]
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council#Members|Member of Legislative Council, Andhra Pradesh]]
}}

'''Kalagara Sai Lakshmana Rao,''' commonly known as '''K. S. Lakshmana Rao''', was a member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].

==Career==
Roa worked as a lecturer in political science at the [[Hindu College, Guntur|Hindu College]] in Guntur. {{As of|2007|March}}, he is the state vice-president for Jan Vignana Vedika.<ref name=hindu20070326/> He has been an active member of United Teacher Federation leading many movements to safeguard the interests of teachers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=29 March 2019|title=Lakshmana Rao wins council poll|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/lakshmana-rao-wins-council-poll/article26668232.ece|access-date=12 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2007 he contested the election for the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council representing Krishna-Guntur Teachers Constituency. He won the election after the second-preference votes were counted and entered the Council for the first time. He secured 5,670 votes while the next contestant secured 2,210 votes.<ref name="hindu20070326">{{cite news|date=26 March 2007|title=Lakshmana Rao is winner in teachers' constituency|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/26/stories/2007032616400500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104094751/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/26/stories/2007032616400500.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref>

He was re-elected in 2009 elections with over 76% of the first-preference votes. He securing 7,625 first presidential votes out of 10,211 votes polled, while the next contestant secured 1,928 votes.<ref>{{cite news|date=10 February 2009|title=Lakshmana Rao wins hands down|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/10/stories/2009021059650500.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215014952/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/10/stories/2009021059650500.htm|archive-date=15 February 2009}}</ref>

He has contested in 2015 elections, held on 22 March to the same constituency, but has lost the election. He secured 5,383 votes while the winner secured 7,146 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 2015|title=Rama Krishna wins from Guntur-Krishna teachers' constituency|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rama-krishna-wins-from-guntur-krishna-teachers-constituency-115032500722_1.html|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref>

He was re-elected in 2019 elections to the same constituency with a majority of 68,120 votes. At the end of 12 rounds of counting, he secured 80,670 votes out of 1.49 lakh votes polled.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kalagara Sai Lakshmana}}
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AndhraPradesh-politician-stub}}

T. C. Kalyani Amma

2025-03-08T12:49:51Z

NiklasKinard: entry

{{Short description|Indian writer and editor (1879–1956)}}
{{orphan|date=November 2024}}
'''T. C. Kalyani Amma''' (28 November 1879 – 26 October 1956) was an Indian writer and editor. She was one of the first women editor's and publishers in [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nair |first1=R. Raman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdi4DAAAQBAJ |title=Chattampi Swamikal: Oru Dhaishanika Jeevacharithram |last2=Devi |first2=L. Sulochana |date=2016-07-24 |publisher=South Indian Studies |isbn=978-93-83763-31-3 |pages=555 |language=ml}}</ref>

Born in [[Thrissur]], she was the daughter of T. C. Ammu, a Sanskrit scholar. Kalyani Amma studied up to matriculation, and in 1896 she married writer, T. K. Krishna Menon. Kalyani Amma was notable in the field of children's literature and translation. She was active in public speaking<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mēnōn |first=Pi E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWcZAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.+%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE |title=ഇന്നലെത്തെ ഗദ്യകാരന്മാർ: തൂലികാചിത്രങ്ങൾ |date=1988 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasanghaṃ |pages=174 |language=ml}}</ref> and became the editor of the women's magazine, ''[[Sharada (Malayalam women's magazine)|Sharada]]''. [[Aesop's Fables]] was first introduced to Malayalam by Kalyani Amma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=വനിതകളുടെ പത്രപ്രവർത്തനവും കൊച്ചിയും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/nagaram/article-1.4108392 |access-date=2024-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422050617/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/ernakulam/nagaram/article-1.4108392 |archive-date=2021-04-22 }}</ref>

== Major works ==

=== Children's literature ===

* Aesop's Fables (1897)
* Kadambari Tales (1920)
* Donkey Tales (1909)
* Parables

=== Translations ===

* Poison ivy
* Krishnakanth's death certificate
* Ammarani (Poem) 1899

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amma, T.C. Kalyani}}
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]

Salt City (TV series)

2025-01-29T01:23:27Z

NiklasKinard: done!

{{Short description|Indian Hindi-language family-drama web television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Salt City Poster.jpg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Family-drama]]
| creator =
| director = Rishabh Anupam Sahay
| producer = [[Sameer Nair]] Deepak Segal Seema & Sudhir
| writer = Pranjal Saxena Rishabh Anupam Sahay Shashank Kunwar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Piyush Mishra]]
* [[Divyenndu]]
* [[Gauahar Khan]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| editor =
| cinematography =
| runtime =
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| music =
| company = [[Applause Entertainment]] & Sunshine Productions
| composer =
| executive_producer =
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|06|16|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Family drama show 'Salt City' to land on June 16 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/family-drama-show-salt-city-to-land-on-june-16/articleshow/92000588.cms |access-date=27 June 2022 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en | agency=PTI | date=4 June 2022}}</ref>
| last_aired =
| released =
}}
'''''Salt City''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] family-drama web television series which was premiered on [[SonyLIV]], on 16 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Watch: 'Salt City' web series is about a complicated family in Mumbai |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1025455/watch-salt-city-web-series-is-about-a-complicated-family-in-mumbai |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> It is produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] & Sunshine Productions and directed by Rishabh Anupam Sahay.<ref>{{cite news |title='Salt City' On SonyLIV Is About The Complexity Of The Bajpai Family-Based In Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/the-web-series-salt-city-is-about-the-complexity-of-the-bajpai-family-based-in-mumbai-571570.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=[[IndiaTimes]] |date=7 June 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Piyush Mishra]] as Harish Bajpai
* [[Divyenndu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Divyendu Sharma s in new style |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994507059/Divyendu-Sharmas-in-new-style |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref> as Saurabh Bajpai
* [[Gauahar Khan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=On starring in a 'real drama' |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/on-starring-in-a-real-drama/81834583.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> as Gunjan Bajpai
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Triveni Bajpai
* Manish Anand as Aman Bajpai
* Pranay Pachauri as Nikhil Bajpai
* Jitin Gulati as Sukesh Sood
* Vinita Joshi as Sulekha Gaitonde
* [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]] as Vibha
* Monica Chaudhary as Ela Bajpai

==Synopsis==

Salt City traces the journey of the Bajpai family, through the pressures that life in a big city puts on their relationships. The story revolves around 5 siblings & how their lives cross each others, exposing their past and unfolding their future. Their journeys make them realise their bitter realities, motivating them to confront it without fear and get closer to themselves.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanabar |first1=Ankita |title=Salt City trailer: A tale of an unhappy family |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/6/34722/salt-city-trailer-a-tale-of-an-unhappy-family |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608060447/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jun/6/34722/salt-city-trailer-a-tale-of-an-unhappy-family |url-status=live |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref>

==Release==

Web television series which was premiered on [[SonyLIV]], on 16 June 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salt City trailer: Piyush Mishra, Gauahar Khan, Divyenndu Sharma lead this complex family drama with 'unusual story' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/salt-city-trailer-piyush-mishra-gauahar-khan-divyendu-sharma-sonyliv-7952360/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|9916128}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/trailer/salt-city-1000173585 Salt City] On SonyLIV

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

Perungulam

2025-01-20T02:55:34Z

NiklasKinard: add structure per sources and added references

<gallery>
[[File:Perungulam-mayakotthan temple-tuticorin district-tamilnadu.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Perungulam mayakoothan temple-profile image-tuticorin district-tamilnadu.jpg|thumb|]]
</gallery>
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Perungulam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|38|53|N|77|59|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6451
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Perungulam''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Thoothukudi district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Tamil Nadu.

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Perungulam had a population of 6,451. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Perungulam has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 74%. 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Landmark==
=== Srinivasa Perumal Temple===
[[Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai|Sri Mayakoothar Temple - Thirukkulandhai, Perunkulam]] is one of the [[Nava Tirupathi]], nine [[Hindu]] temples dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located along the [[Tiruchendur]]-[[Tirunelveli]] route, on the banks of [[Thamiraparani]] river. These temples are classified as "[[Divya Desams]]", the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered by the 12 poet saints, or [[Alwars]].<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [www.mayakoothar.com Mayakoothar]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thoothukudi district]]

{{Thoothukudi-geo-stub}}

Sakha Consulting Wings

2025-01-19T10:25:51Z

NiklasKinard: done

{{Short description|Indian taxi aggregator company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Sakha Consulting Wings
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| type =
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Transport]]
| foundation =
| founder =
| location_city = [[Delhi]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations = 4
| area_served = [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kolkata]], [[Indore]]<ref name="About our Locations">{{cite web|url=http://sakhaconsultingwings.com/about-us/about-our-locations/|title=About our locations|publisher=sakhaconsultingwings.com|author=|language=|date=|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref>
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Arvind Vadera (CEO)|Dolon Sen (Coordination Training)}}<ref name="10vor10-20150515"/>
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| services = [[Vehicles for hire]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = Azad Foundation
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|sakhaconsultingwings.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}

'''Sakha Consulting Wings''' is a [[Vehicle for hire|taxi]] aggregator company based in Delhi, India, those taxis are driven exclusively by woman drivers for women passengers. It also provides facility to book a [[Taxicab|cab]] through calling, through their website or through their [[mobile app]]lication.

== Services ==
Sakha Consulting Wings claims to be a ''unique social enterprise, launched to provide safe transport for women, by women in urban India''. Hence, it offers the services ''Sakha Cabs for Women'' as a cab service driven by women for women in Delhi and in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], ''Sakha Chauffeur Placement Services'' and ''Sakha Chauffeur on Call'' services for a short duration or daily packages, primarily to women and their families.<ref name="sakha-about">{{cite web|url=http://sakhaconsultingwings.com/about-us.php|title=about us|publisher=sakhaconsultingwings.com|author=|language=|date=|accessdate=2015-05-15}}</ref><ref name="bbcnews-2013-02-14">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21380262|title=Delhi's No.1 ladies' taxi company|publisher=[[BBC News]] / PRI's The World, Delhi|author=Rhitu Chatterjee|language=|date=2013-02-14|accessdate=2015-05-15}}</ref> As of 2015, 19 Sakha drivers run taxis in the Delhi area.<ref name="10vor10-20150515">{{cite web|url=http://www.srf.ch/sendungen/10vor10/fokus-unternehmen-boston-bomber-indiens-frauen-b-b-king|title=10vor10 vom 15.5.2015|publisher=[[10vor10]]|author=|language=German|date=2015-05-15|accessdate=2015-05-18}}</ref><ref name="economictimes">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-14/news/57034445_1_cab-young-women-young-woman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613121632/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-14/news/57034445_1_cab-young-women-young-woman|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2015|title=Meet Khushi Prajapati: Driver with Sakha Consulting Wings, a women's-only cab & chauffeur service|publisher=[[The Economic Times]] / ET Bureau|author=Ishani Duttagupta|language=|date=2014-12-14|accessdate=2015-06-12}}</ref>

== Work ==
The taxi service was initiated by the Azad Foundation, and ensures a training in all related subjects for the women drivers in the Metropolitan area of Delhi. It also encourages an understanding of women's rights, particularly ''in protection from violence in public and personal spaces''. The women drivers are ''handpicked from the poor and [[marginalized]] sections of society'', and the Azad Foundation provides their training and development, Sakha's non-profit sister organisation. Driving skills are provided by the ''[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] Institute of Driving and Technology Research''.<ref name="sakha-about"/> The drivers are educated by 14 modules of training for over six months, which included personal grooming, self-defence classes and communication skills besides the intensive driving lessons.<ref name="economictimes"/> In addition, the women drivers also are taught the art of self-defense by the [[Delhi Police]],<ref name="10vor10-20150515" /> respectively the ''Crime against Women Cell'' to equip the drivers with ''the means to deal with any untoward incident that they may face on the roads''.<ref name="sakha-about" />

== See also ==
* [[Taxis in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Taxis of India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Women in Delhi]]

Gangajhari railway station

2024-11-11T01:12:31Z

NiklasKinard: minor fixed page for accuracy and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Gangajhari
| native_name = {{Langx|hi|गंगाझरी}} {{Langx|mr|गंगाझरी}}
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Gangajhari, [[Gondia district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|21.4427604|80.0586984|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|316|m|ft}}
| line = [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]
| other =
| structure = At Ground
| platform = 3
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Available
| bicycle = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1990–91
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GJ
| zone = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| division = Nagpur SEC
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South East Central Railway zone|left=Gondia Junction|right=Kachewani|type=[[Bilaspur–Nagpur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line]]}}
}}
'''Gangajhari railway station''' ({{Langx|mr|'''गंगाझरी रेल्वे स्थानक'''}}) serves Gangajhari<ref>{{Cite web|title = GJ/Gangajhari (3 PFs) Railway Station – Train Arrival Timings – India Rail Info|url = http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/Gangajhari-gj/3637|website = India Rail Info|access-date = 2018-03-30}}</ref> and surrounding villages in [[Gondia district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.

==References==
<references />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Gondia district]]
[[Category:South East Central Railway zone]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Nalvar Nanmanimalai

2024-10-28T01:38:50Z

NiklasKinard: Put Up Basic Details First Draft

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Tamil Hindu work}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}

The '''''Nalvar Nanmani Malai ''''' ({{Langx|ta|நால்வர் நான்மணி மாலை|translit=Nālvar Nāṇmani Mālai}}) is a Tamil Hindu work written by the poet [[Siva Prakasar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sjctni.edu/Library/LIB_RESULT_Title_INFO.jsp?UCan=00153314 |title=St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620002 |access-date=24 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102347/http://www.sjctni.edu/Library/LIB_RESULT_Title_INFO.jsp?UCan=00153314 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overview==
The work describes the history of the four primary [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] poet-saints of the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] tradition: [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Sambandar]], and [[Manikkavacakar]], containing forty stanzas in four different metres.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=M. S. Purnalingam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA303 |title=Tamil Literature |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0955-6 |pages=303 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|1}}{{Hinduism-stub}}
[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]
[[Category:Hymns]]
[[Category:Texts related to Nayanar saints]]
[[Category:17th-century poems]]

Thekrejuma

2024-01-23T20:15:28Z

NiklasKinard: pg

{{Orphan|date=January 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thekrejuma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Thekrejuma
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima district|Kohima]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 316
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268282-thekrejuma-nagaland.html|title=Census 2011, Thekrejuma village Data}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL]]-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 975 [[male]]/[[female]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thekrejuma''' is a village in [[Kohima district]] of [[Nagaland]] state of [[India]].

==References==
<references/>

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Villages in Kohima district]]

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

Senapati (film)

2023-05-17T02:45:40Z

NiklasKinard: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Riingo Banerjee]]