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Parliament Special Session (India)

2023-09-16T02:02:07Z

Nikita:

{{short description|Special gathering of legislature in Indian Parliament}}

A special session in the [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Indian Parliament]] is a period when the legislature body of [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]s gather to conduct the House business outside of their usual legislative sessions.

Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs in an official capacity decides on calling for the session. The calendar-of-events for the legislature in India is not fixed. <ref name="CR2020prs">{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Chakshu |title=Explained: A look at how and when Parliament is convened |url=https://prsindia.org/articles-by-prs-team/explained-a-look-at-how-and-when-parliament-is-convened |website=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=15 September 2023 }}</ref> Parliament of India usually convenes three times a year, with the budget session in beginning of calendar year, the monsoon session during the mid-year and the winter session at the end of calendar year.<ref name="etvBHARAT">{{cite news |title=Special Session of Parliament: What is so special about it? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/opinion/opinion-news/parliament-special-session-agenda/na20230902222219910910768 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TIE6sep23">{{cite news |title=Special Parliament session: As govt says no need to consult parties, here is what the rules say |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/special-parliament-session-govt-says-no-need-to-consult-parties-what-rules-say-8927778/ |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Constitutional Provision==
During the [[British Raj|British era]], ruling lawmakers in the subcontinent were summoned once-a-year for revenue accountability as prescribed in the [[Government of India Act, 1935]]. However, founding fathers of the [[Indian Constitution]] made it imperative that there exists no interval exceeding six months between two consecutive [[Parliament of India|parliament]] sessions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Parliament session: As govt says no need to consult parties, here is what the rules say |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/special-parliament-session-govt-says-no-need-to-consult-parties-what-rules-say-8927778/ |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> '''Article 85(1)''' of the constitution reads "''The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for its first sitting in the next session''"<ref>{{cite web |title=The Constitution of India – in English |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/05/2023050195.pdf |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>

Though the constitution has no direct mention of the "Special Session" but the '''Article 352''' under Emergency Provisions touch upon a "special sitting of the House."<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="Outlook13sep23">{{cite news |title=From 1947 To 2023, Times When Parliament Was Convened For A Special Session |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/from-1947-to-2023-times-when-parliament-was-convened-for-a-special-session-news-317505 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=Outlook India}}</ref>
Since the existing provisions does not impose any restriction on the frequency of parliamentary sessions, this grants the [[President of India]] the authority to convene Parliament on an indefinite number of occasions, as deemed necessary. Even as the President is responsible for issuing the summons, it is the Prime Minister-led government that initiates the session.<ref name="TIE6sep23" />

==Timeline==

===1947===
The inaugural special session of the Parliament was assembled on the midnight of 14 and 15 August, with the purpose of commemorating India's independence and acknowledging the relinquishment of authority from the British.<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="bs23" />

===1962===
Amidst the [[Sino-Indian War]], a delegation headed by the erstwhile Jan Sangh leader, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], demanded for a special parliamentary session to deliberate upon the ongoing conflict. The then Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] yielded to this demand and held a parliament special session on 8 November to discuss the issue.<ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="bs23">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Nandini |title=Special session of Parliament: All about the agenda, history and overview |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/special-session-of-parliament-all-about-the-agenda-history-and-overview-123091200657_1.html |access-date=15 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Call special session of Parliament, allow debates on issues raised by Opposition: Congress to PM Modi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-dares-pm-modi-to-call-special-session-of-parliament-allow-debates-on-issues-raised-by-opposition/cid/1940599 |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=Telegraph India |language=en |quote=In 1962, then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had called a special session of Parliament in the midst of war with China on the request of a lone MP, Atal Bihari Vajpayee}}</ref>

===1972===
On 15 August early midnight, a special session was convened to commemorate the twenty-fifth anniversary of India's freedom from Colonial rule.<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="bs23" />

===1977===
A two-day special session was called in 28 February to discuss on the extension of President's Rule in the state of [[Nagaland]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Members of the upper house met while the lower house was dissolved.<ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="AAdh">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Ayushi |title=Explained {{!}} What is a Special Session of Parliament? How does it work? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/explained-what-is-a-special-session-of-parliament-how-does-it-work-2670559 |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=Deccan Herald |date=2 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> It was the 99th session of Rajya Sabha.<ref name="bs23" />

===1991===
Rajya Sabha members met on 3 and 4 June in order to obtain the endorsement of the President's Rule in the state of [[Haryana]].<ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="AAdh" /> While the Lok Sabha was dissolved, the 158th session of Rajya Sabha was convened.<ref name="bs23" />

===1992===
An early midnight session was convened on 9 August to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="TIE6sep23" /><ref name="bs23" />

===1997===
A midnight session was convened on 15 August, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of India's independence. Leader of Opposition party [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] moved the motion to consider ''the state of Indian democracy and its democratic institutions, economic situation, position of infrastructure and potential in the field of science and technology and the state of human development in the country.'' The six-day special session was held from 26 August to 1 September to discuss on the agenda.<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Editorial Note |journal=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |volume=XLIII |issue=4 |page=357 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763113/1/jpi_December_1997.pdf |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>

===2008===
In July, a special session of the Lok Sabha was convened during the tenure of Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. This session was called when the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government lost the coalition support of the Left parties leading to a no-confidence motion.<ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="AAdh" />

===2012===
On May 13, the Lok Sabha convened a special session on a Sunday to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the inaugural sitting of the Indian Parliament.<ref name="bs23" />

===2015===
On 26 November, a two-day special session was called to commemorate 125th birth anniversary of Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the founding father of Indian Constitution.<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="bs23" />

===2017===
On 30 June, the [[Narendra Modi]] administration convened a joint midnight session of both houses of Parliament to introduce the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST), which was hailed as the most significant indirect tax reform since India's independence. This marked the first instance of a special session of Parliament being convened to deliberate on a bill.<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref name="AAdh" />

===2023===
{{main|Parliament Special Session, 2023}}
The Modi Government called for a [[Parliament Special Session, 2023|special session]] of the parliament from 18 to 22 September. The newly built [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]] will see the commencement of House business during Day 2 of the special session. The session will begin the old building and proceedings will move to the new parliament building on 19 September, the auspicious day of [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].<ref name="etvBHARAT" /><ref name="Outlook13sep23" /><ref>{{cite news |title=How the new Parliament building is readying for special session |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-special-session-19-september-ganesh-chaturthi-puja-13114192.html |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Parliament of India}}
{{Law}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:National legislatures|India]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]

Piro Assembly constituency

2023-09-15T09:12:49Z

Nikita: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}

'''Piro''' was an [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]] in [[Bihar]] which existed until 2008. It came under [[Bikramganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. From 2008 the seat was succeeded by [[Tarari Assembly constituency]]. [[Sunil Pandey]] was the last MLA from this constituency.
==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piro Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/piro-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Devidayal Ram
| style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (India)}}" |
|[[Socialist Party (India)|Socialist Party]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Sumitra Devi (politician)|Sumitra Devi]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Nagina Dusadh
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Indramani Singh
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R. M. Rai
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Ram Ekbal Singh Warsi]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Jay Narayan
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Raghupati Gop]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Muni Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Raghupati Gop]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lokdal}}" |
|[[Lokdal]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Chander Deep Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian People's Front}}" |
|[[Indian People's Front]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Kanti Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sunil Pandey]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samata Party}}" |
|[[Samata Party]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards : See [[Tarari Assembly constituency]]''}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

{{Bihar-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Sathnam Sanghera

2023-08-29T13:40:24Z

Nikita: Created page with '{{Userspace draft|source=ArticleWizard|date={{Subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{Subst:CURRENTYEAR}}}} {{Subst:Nul|<==do not change this line it will set the date automatic...'

{{short description|British journalist and author (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use British English}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Sathnam Sanghera
|image=Sathnam Sanghera for the British Library.jpg
|caption=Sanghera discusses his book ''Empireland'' for the British Library in 2021
|birth_date=c. 1976
|birth_place=[[Wolverhampton]], United Kingdom
|occupation=Journalist and author
|education=
|work_institutions=[[The Times]]<br>''[[Express and Star]]''<br>[[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature]]
|notable_works=
|parents=
|relatives=
}}
'''Sathnam Sanghera''' (born 1976) is a British journalist and best-selling author.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.sathnam.com/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Sathnam Sanghera |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Sathnam Sanghera was born to Indian Punjabi parents in [[Wolverhampton]] in 1976.<ref name="ob"/><ref name="Biog">{{cite web | url=http://www.sathnam.com/Biog/ | title=Biog | publisher=Sathnam Sanghera | accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> His parents had emigrated from India to the UK in 1968.<ref>Perkins, Roger, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/fictionreviews/3671726/Loves-secrets-and-lies-in-Wolverhampton.html "Loves, secrets and lies in Wolverhampton"], ''[[Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 9 March 2008.</ref><ref name=TimeOut>Batt, David, [http://www.timeout.com/london/books/features/4369/Sathnam_Sanghera-interview.html "Sathnam Sanghera: interview"], ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'', 5 March 2008.</ref> He was raised a [[Sikh]].<ref name=TimeOut /> He attended [[Wolverhampton Grammar School]] and graduated from [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], with a first-class degree in English Language and Literature in 1998.<ref name="Biog"/>

==Career==
Before becoming a writer, Sanghera worked at a burger chain, a hospital laundry, a market research firm, a sewing factory and a literacy project in New York.<ref name="Biog"/> As a student he worked at the ''[[Express and Star]]'' in Wolverhampton and dressed up as a "[[news bunny]]" for [[L!VE TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiansinmedia.org/news/article.php/music/1726|title = Les asiatiques dans les médias | Mag, news, actu, jeux, let's play en folie avec notre amie l'asiatique !}}</ref> Between 1998 and 2006 he was a reporter and feature writer for the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name="Biog"/>

He joined ''[[The Times]]'' as a columnist and feature writer in 2007.<ref name="Biog"/> He also writes the motoring column for ''[[Management Today]]'' magazine.<ref name="Biog"/> His memoir, ''The Boy with the Topknot'' (2009) was adapted for [[BBC Two]] in 2017.<ref name="ob">{{cite news|last=Saner|first=Emine|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/nov/05/boy-with-the-topknot-sathnam-sanghera-bbc-drama-mental-illness|title=Sathnam Sanghera on The Boy with the Topknot: 'Mum cried while she told our story. I cried as I wrote it'|work=The Observer|date=5 November 2017|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref> His novel ''Marriage Material'', originally published in 2013, was inspired in part by Arnold Bennett's ''[[The Old Wives' Tale]].''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathnam Sanghera website |url=https://www.sathnam.com/novel/}}</ref>

In 2016, Sanghera was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature]].<ref>Onwuemezi, Natasha, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 "Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows"], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.</ref><ref>[https://rsliterature.org/fellow/sathnam-sanghera/ "Sathnam Sanghera"], The Royal Society of Literature.</ref>

In November 2021, his [[Channel 4]] documentary series about race, ''Empire State of Mind'', got a four star review in ''[[The Guardian]]'' from Chitra Ramaswamy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/nov/20/empire-state-of-mind-review-i-started-crying-on-to-my-laptop|title=Empire State of Mind review – 'Within moments, I am crying on to my laptop'|date=20 November 2021|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Sanghera lives in North London.<ref name="Guardian 19 August 2009">{{cite news |last= O'Hara |first= Mary |title= Home truths |url= https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/aug/19/interview-sathnam-sanghera-mental-illness| date= 19 August 2009 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London| accessdate=4 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Biog"/>

==Publications==

* ''The Boy with the Topknot: A Memoir of Love, Secrets and Lies in Wolverhampton''.<ref name="Interview">{{cite news|last=O'Hara|first=Mary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/aug/19/interview-sathnam-sanghera-mental-illness|title=Interview: Sathnam Sanghera, author of a candid memoir about mental illness|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 August 2009|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref> Published by Penguin, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-14-102859-0}}.
* ''Marriage Material''. Published by Europa Editions, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1-60945-317-6}}.
* ''EmpireLand: How Imperialism has Shaped Modern Britain''. Published by Viking, 2021, {{ISBN|978-0-241-44529-7}}.
* ''Stolen History: the Truth About the British Empire and How It Shaped Us''. Published by Penguin, 2023, ISBN 978-0-241-62343-5.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanghera |first=Sathnam |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/454069/stolen-history-by-sanghera-sathnam/9780241623435 |title=Stolen History |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==

* Young Journalist of the Year at the [[British Press Awards]], 2002.<ref name="Biog"/>
* Article of the Year in the 2005 ''[[Management Today]]'' Writing Awards.<ref name="Biog"/>
* Newspaper Feature of the Year, Workworld Media Awards.<ref name="Biog"/>
* Journalist of the Year, Watson Wyatt Awards, 2006 and 2009.<ref name="Biog"/>
* Shortlisted for the Costa Biography Award, 2009
* Shortlisted for the [[PEN/Ackerley Prize]], 2009.<ref name="Biog"/>
* Winner, Mind Book of the Year, 2009.<ref>[http://thelangarhall.com/health/sikh-author-wins-mind-book-of-the-year-award/ "Sikh Author Wins Mind Book of the Year Award"], The Langar Hall, 26 May 2009.</ref>
* Honorary Doctor of Letters for services to journalism, [[University of Wolverhampton]], September 2009.<ref name="Biog"/>
* President's Medal, [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]], 2010.<ref name="Biog"/>
* [[2013 Costa Book Awards|Costa Book Awards]] (First Novel) shortlisted for ''Marriage Material''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/26/costa-book-award-shortlists-2013 |title=Costa book awards 2013: late author on all-female fiction shortlist |work=The Guardian |author=Brown, Mark |date=26 November 2013 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of British Sikhs]]
* [[David Olusoga]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.sathnam.com/}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanghera, Sathnam}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British Sikhs]]
[[Category:English male journalists]]
[[Category:British memoirists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:People educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School]]
[[Category:Writers from Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:The Times people]]
[[Category:21st-century British memoirists]]

Hitlist (2009 film)

2023-07-19T15:28:02Z

Nikita: Created an enlightening manuscript.

{{refimprove}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Hitlist
| director = Sandip Ray
| writer = Sandip Ray
| screenplay = Sandip Ray
| producer = Mou Roychowdhury
| cinematography = Sasanko Palit
| editing = Bollywoodupdates147 Roy
| music = Sandip Ray
| distributor =
| released = 2009
| country = India
| language = Bengali
}}

'''Hitlist''' is a 2009 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] thriller drama film. Screenplay written, story written, music composition and directed [[Sandip Ray]] produced by Mou Roychowdhury. The film stars [[Koel Mallick]], [[Saheb Chatterjee]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] and [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Hitlist (2009) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/hitlist-2009-bengali-movie |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Babul Supriyo - 'Chander Bari' (2007), 'Hitlist' (2009) and 'Ogo Bodhu Sundori' (2010) |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/bengali-singers-who-have-appeared-in-classic-bengali-hits/babul-supriyo-chander-bari-2007-hitlist-2009-and-ogo-bodhu-sundori-2010/photostory/64202104.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Lead role===
*[[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
*[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
*[[Sudipta Chakraborty]]
*[[Saheb Chatterjee]]
*[[Saswata Chatterjee]]
*[[Subhrajit Dutta]]
*[[Siddhartha Chatterjee]]
*[[Koel Mallick]]

===Guest appearance===
*[[Dipankar De]]
*[[Mithu Chakrabarty]]

===Special appearance===
*[[Tinnu Anand]]
*[[Babul Supriyo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt1613097}}
*

{{Uncategorized}}

Lord Falkland (locomotive)

2023-07-12T12:56:18Z

Nikita:

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Lord Falkland
| image =
| caption =
| powertype = Steam
| builder = [[E. B. Wilson and Company]]
| builddate = 1850/1851 (likely)
| whytetype = [[0-6-0]]
| driverdiameter =
| locoweight =
| fueltype = Steam
| fuelcap =
| watercap =
| boilerpressure =
| totalsurface =
| cylindercount =
| cylindersize =
| maxspeed =
| tractiveeffort =
| operator = [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]
| firstrundate = 18 February 1852
| retiredate =
| disposition = Unknown
}}
'''Lord Falkland''' was the first [[steam locomotive]] to run in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. It made its maiden run on 18 February 1852,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Aklekar |first=Rajendra B. |title=Halt Station India: The Dramatic Tale of the Nation's First Rail Lines |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-291-3497-4 |pages=43 |language=English}}</ref> fourteen months before the official opening of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (the company that operated it) on 16 April 1853, the beginning of rail transport in India.

It was Named after the then Governor of Bombay, [[Lucius Cary, 10th Viscount Falkland|Lucius Cary]], the tenth Lord Falkland. The Locomotive was a tank engine presumably built by [[E. B. Wilson and Company|E.B.Wilson Foundry]], the same foundry whose standard gauge loco Thomason first ran in [[Roorkee]] December 1851, during the construction of the Solani Aqueduct. A locomotive of the 0-6-0 configuration,<ref>https://railwaysofraj.blogspot.com/2015/01/historical-steam-locomotives-of-india.html?m=1</ref> it was primarily used for shunting wagons, later also for pulling first trial train run between Bombay and Tannah(now Thane) in November 1852.

== Commencement of service ==
A Bombay Telegraph report of 17 February 1852 reported that, "She has been landed six days..." suggesting that The Locomotive apparently arrived in Bombay via a ship on 11/12 February 1852. The Engine was pulled on a public road by around 200 coolies, all the way to its shed at the erstwhile toddy farm of Phipps' Oart. The Land belonging to William Phipps among others was purchased by the GIPR at a cost of ₹4000 to house the engine. The locomotive made its first run on 18 February 1852, when it ran between [[Byculla]] and [[Parel]]. The response of the natives of Bombay was great, with them standing outside its shed with wonder, exclaiming with amazement a "Shabash"(great) when the locomotive began its journey. The locomotive began at a walking pace, later speeding up to 15 mi/h (24 km/h). For some time, the natives gathered around the moving contraption, pressing all around her, and barely leaving the line clear. The Locomotive reached Byculla, the then seat of power of the Governor, where it waited for sometime. The second trip was soon undertaken, with this time a lady among the passengers. There were slight stoppages to correct certain issues, but the locomotive appeared in perfect order.<ref name="swr.indianrailways.gov.in">https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597914101378-The%20first%20%20running%20of%20%20railway%20locomotive%20%20in%20India.pdf</ref>

== In regular operations ==
The locomotive was soon put in regular service to [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], carrying Ballast. Once word spread that the loco was used to transport rubbish, and a clarification had to be provided. The steam powered contraption soon became a thing of immense public interest, with the natives observing keenly the immensity pulling twelve wagons up a steep slope during its operations. Unsatisfied of looking from the side, they would come extremely close to the moving engine, only clearing the path when it came just a few meters away. This was deemed dangerous, and it was suggested, that police be provided here for the safety of the public. Eventually, twelve men with sticks, headed by a European, were employed constantly to keep the crowds away. Some people sensing an opportunity, set up booths selling toddy and cakes, for the visitors coming to watch the operation for hours.<ref name="swr.indianrailways.gov.in"/>

== Falkland pulling the first trial train run ==
On 18 November 1852, a trial journey was undertaken by the company, between Bombay and Tannah, pulled by the Lord Falkland. The passengers were to be the directors, engineers and their friends, making their afternoon journey to the Parsick (Parsik) point in Tannah.<ref name="swr.indianrailways.gov.in"/> As reported by the Allen's Indian Mail of 1852, the journey would begin at noon, reaching their destination at around 1 p.m.. With the carriages still not in order, trucks would be fitted up instead. At Parsick, they would tiffin in the tunnel present there, and after some time leaving back for Bombay, and reaching by sunset.<ref>Allen's Indian Mail, 1852 pg.625

https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Allen_s_Indian_Mail_and_Register_of_Inte/G7cOAAAAQAAJ?q=&gbpv=1#f=false</ref> The locomotives and carriages for the GIPR had arrived two months prior in September 1852, but were still under the process of commissioning, the engines being expected to be ready by February of the following year. The contractors hence provided their only working, Lord Falkland for this journey.

The journey was extensively documented by The Bombay Times (now known as [[The Times of India]]) describing the entire route from start to finish, even documenting the works at Tannah. This journey received a large of a response, with several gathering around the line at Mazagaon. This time, the engine achieved a maximum speed of 50 mph (80kmph), with an average of 30 mph (about 48kmph). The Journey was completed in just 45 minutes.<ref name=":0" />

== Aftermath ==
The Official train journey that took place on 16 April 1853 between [[Bori Bunder railway station|Bori Bunder]] and [[Thane railway station|Tannah]], was pulled not by the veteran Lord Falkland, but reportedly by three locomotives, named Sindh, Sultan and Sahib. Lord Falkland continued its service on the line for sometime. Several years later, it was sold to the [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway|BB&CI Railway]] that too began its service in the western part of Bombay in the 1860s.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:Individual locomotives of India]]
[[Category:0-6-0 locomotives]]

Choudhary Babulal

2023-02-26T03:32:04Z

Nikita: Created an inspiring work.

#REDIRECT [[Babulal Chaudhary]]