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Dhari Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T15:38:24Z

Nikhil009: Made Some Post W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhari
| mla = Kakadiya Jaysukhbhai Vallabhbhai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:223141}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 94
}}

'''Dhari''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Amreli district|Amreli]] district, and is a segment of [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency]].

==List of segments==

This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Dhari Taluka
# Bagasara Taluka – Entire taluka except village – Kadaya
# Khambha Taluka (Part) Villages – Samadhiyala Mota, Rugnathpur, Jikiyali, Vankiya, Kotda, Anida, Ingorala, Bhad, Visavadar, Dhari Nani, Lasa, Tantaniya, Umariya, Nanudi, Dadhiyali, Khambha, Pipalava, Gidardi, Dhavadiya, Bhaniya, Khadadhar, Bhavardi, Sarakadiya – Divana, Sarakadiya, Kodiya, Pati, Raydi

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable SORTABLE"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Premji Leuva
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1967 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2 | Raghavji Leuva
|-
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Manubhai Kotadia]]
|-
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Vajubhai Dhanak
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Manubhai Kotadia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|rowspan=2 | Balubhai Tanti
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Mansukh Bhuva]]
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Nalinbhai Kotadiya
| {{Full party name with color|Gujarat Parivartan Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017" />
| rowspan=3 | [[Jaysukhbhai Kakadiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2020 elections in India|2020 (By election)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2 }}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news|last1=Hindustan Times|title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|accessdate=18 September 2023|date=8 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|accessdate=18 September 2023|date=9 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|archivedate=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Dhari Assembly constituency }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jaysukhbhai Kakadiya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=46,466|percentage=39|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kantibhai Satasiya|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=37,749|percentage=31.68|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kirtikumar Kanubhai Borisagar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=17,978|percentage=15.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vala Upendrabhai Valkubhai|party=Independent|votes=9,625|percentage=8.08|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,845|percentage=1.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,717|percentage=7.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022" />

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dhari<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Gujarat Bypoll Results 2020: BJP wins all 8 seats, Congress turncoat bags Abdasa seat|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|accessdate=5 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140700/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/gujarat-bypoll-results-live-updates-news-bjp-congress-byelection-1739605-2020-11-10|archivedate=5 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = J V Kakadiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: }} |ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dhari<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = J V Kakadiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: 211,917}}
|ref= <ref name="election2017" />
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nalinbhai Kotadiya
|party = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|votes = 41,516
|percentage = 31.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kokilaben Kakadiya|party=Indian National Congress|votes=39,941|percentage=30.56|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,575|percentage=1.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=130,687|percentage=67.19|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Gujarat Parivartan Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===
* Kotadia Manubhai Naranbhai (INC) : 25,455 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/1995-election-results.html|title = Gujarat Assembly Election Results in 1995}}</ref>
* Gajera, Himatbhai Haribhai (BJP) : 17,729

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Amreli district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.33|71.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Gujarat]]

Carmel School, Giridih

2026-05-05T15:02:57Z

Nikhil009: Made Some Data W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|School in Jharkhand, Northern Province, India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Carmel School, Giridih
| logo =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| location = Alkapuri<ref name=schoolD/>
| city = [[Giridih, Jharkhand]]
| province = Northern Province
| postal_code = 815301
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1935|86.2894|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| schooltype = Convent<ref name=schoolD/>
| type = Co-educational<ref name=schoolD/>
| religious_affiliation = Catholic<ref name=schoolD/>
| established =
| founded = {{start date and age|1954}}<ref name=schoolD/>
| founder = Mother [[Teresa of St. Rose of Lima]]<ref name=schoolD/>
| status = Active
| school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|I.C.S.E]]<ref name=schoolD/> ISC
| district = Giridih
| authority = Carmelite Sisters of St. Teresa (CSST)<ref name=schoolD/>
| session = 2023–2024
| principal = Theresilda, C.S.S.T
| head_teacher = Nirmal Kumar Jha
| lower_age = 2.5 yrs
| upper_age = 18 yrs
| classes_offered = Nursery–12
| language = English<ref name=schoolD/>
| fight_song = Carmel School Anthem
| classrooms = 80 (Approximately)
| houses = Rose, Shamrock, Sunflower, Violet
| colours = {{color strip|border-color=black|border-style=dotted|border=1|skyblue|navy|black}} Sky blue, navy, and black
| athletics = 800 m, 400 m, 200 m, 100 m, relay, shot put, discus, football, basketball, athletics, [[Kho kho]]
| national_ranking =
| affiliations = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|I.C.S.E]]<ref name=schoolD/>
| website = {{URL|http://carmelschoolgiridih.com/}}
}}

'''Carmel School''' (also known as '''Carmel Convent School, Giridih''') is a private [[Catholic school]] located in the [[Giridih]] district of [[Jharkhand]], India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Commonweal: Volume 102; Volume 102|year=1975|publisher=Northwestern University|pages=156|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Carmel+School+Giridih%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand: Giridih Schools|url=http://www.jharkhandschools.co.in/giridih/schools-list-1.html|accessdate=18 April 2011|archive-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113095537/http://www.jharkhandschools.co.in/giridih/schools-list-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The school provides a hostel for girls. The boys attend the school as [[Day pupil|day scholars]]. The pupils of Carmel School are referred to as ''Carmelites''. Carmel School also has a neighbouring branch known as ''Carmel Hindi Medium School'', that provides education to pupils with a Hindi curriculum.

==History==
The school was founded in 1954<ref name=carmel_hin>{{cite news|title=एक्स कार्मेलाइट एसो पुनर्गठित|url=http://www.livehindustan.com/home/homepage.php/|accessdate=26 February 2012|newspaper=[[Hindustan Dainik]]|date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226014407/http://livehindustan.com/home/homepage.php|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> by the Carmelite Sisters of St. Teresa (CSST) a community started by Mother [[Teresa of St. Rose of Lima]].<ref name=schoolD>{{cite book|title=School Diary|date=28 February 2015|publisher=Carmel School|pages=1–8}}</ref><ref name="csstn">[http://cssttn.org/history.html History of the Congregation of the Carmelite Sisters of St.Teresa(C.S.S.T)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720011320/http://cssttn.org/history.html |date=20 July 2013 }}, Carmel Convent, Giridih, Eastern-1954.</ref> The school was the first in the region to impart education in English medium to pupils.<ref name=schoolD/> As of July 2019, [[Nun#Distinction between a nun and a religious sister|Sr]] Divya is the principal of the school.<ref name=ICSElocate>{{cite web|title=Locate a Council School|url=http://www.cisce.org/Locate.aspx|publisher=Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|accessdate=25 March 2012}}</ref>

==Nature==
The school is owned and administered by the Carmelite Sisters of St. Teresa, Northern Province.<ref name="schoolD"/>
The school is affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], New Delhi and prepares the pupils for the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] and the [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] board examinations for class X<ref name="schoolD"/> and class XII respectively.

==Curriculum==
The school is affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], New Delhi and prepares the pupils for the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] board examination for class X.<ref>{{cite web|title=CISCE: Locate School on official website CISCE|url=http://www.cisce.org/LocateSchool.jsp|accessdate=18 April 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417190534/http://www.cisce.org/LocateSchool.jsp|archivedate=17 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It provides education up to 12th standard with the [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] Board. Admission for new pupils starts from December and the new session start from the second half of March. It is [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] and instruction is primarily in English.<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Information on School – yellowpages|url=http://yellowpages.sulekha.com/school-finder/jharkhand/giridih/schools/giridih-h-o/carmel-school.htm|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> There are separate kindergarten, Primary, higher and senior secondary sections in the campus.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carmelschoolgiridih.com Official website]

[[Category:Carmelite educational institutions]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Private schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Giridih district]]
[[Category:Education in Giridih]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bihar]]

Results of the 2009 Indian general election by constituency

2026-04-30T16:44:08Z

Nikhil009: put up some details initial version.

{{Short description|Indian lower house election results}}
To constitute India's 15th Lok Sabha, general elections were held in April–May 2009. The results were announced on 16 May 2009. The main contenders were two alliance groups of the Incumbent United Progressive Alliance and the Opposition National Democratic Alliance; led by Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party respectively.

This article describes the performance of various political parties. For the performance of individual candidates, please see, [[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha]].

'''Results of the [[2009 Indian general election]] by [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|parliamentary constituency]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Result}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2009-election-results.html|title = 2009 India General (15th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>

== Results by constituency ==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="3" |Parliamentary Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!No.
!Name
!Type
!Candidate
!Colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!Candidate
!Colspan=2|Party
!Votes
|-
! [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
| GEN
| [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 75,211
| [[Kuldeep Rai Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 72,221
| 2,990
|-
! rowspan="42" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]]
| (ST)
| [[Ramesh Rathod]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,72,268
| Kotnak Ramesh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,57,181
| 1,15,087
|-
| 2
| [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]]
| (SC)
| [[Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,13,748
| Gomasa Srinivas
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 2,64,731
| 49,017
|-
| 3
| [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Ponnam Prabhakar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,17,927
| [[Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 2,67,684
| 50,243
|-
| 4
| [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]]
| GEN
| [[Madhu Goud Yaskhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,96,504
| Bigala Ganesh Gupta
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 2,36,114
| 60,390
|-
| 5
| [[Zahirabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Zahirabad]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Shetkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,95,767
| Syed Yousuf Ali
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 3,78,360
| 17,407
|-
| 6
| [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
| GEN
| [[Vijayashanti]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 3,88,839
| Chaganla Narendra Nath
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,82,762
| 6,077
|-
| 7
| [[Malkajgiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malkajgiri]]
| GEN
| [[Sarve Satyanarayana|Sarvey Sathyanarayana]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,88,368
| Bheemsen T
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 2,95,042
| 93,326
|-
| 8
| [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
| GEN
| [[Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,40,549
| [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,70,382
| 1,70,167
|-
| 9
| [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]]
| GEN
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 3,08,061
| [[Zahid Ali Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 1,94,196
| 1,13,865
|-
| 10
| [[Chevella (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chevella]]
| GEN
| [[Jaipal Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,20,807
| [[A. P. Jithender Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,02,275
| 18,532
|-
| 11
| [[Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Mahbubnagar]]
| GEN
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 3,66,569
| [[Devarakonda Vittal Rao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,46,385
| 20,184
|-
| 12
| [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]]
| (SC)
| [[Manda Jagannath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,22,745
| [[Guvvala Balaraju]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 3,74,978
| 47,767
|-
| 13
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| GEN
| [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,93,849
| [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,40,867
| 1,52,982
|-
| 14
| [[Bhongir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhongir]]
| GEN
| [[Komatireddy Raj Gopal Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,04,103
| [[Nomula Narsimhaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,64,215
| 1,39,888
|-
| 15
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| (SC)
| [[Siricilla Rajaiah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,96,568
| Ramagalla Parameshwar
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 2,71,907
| 1,24,661
|-
| 16
| [[Mahabubabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubabad]]
| (ST)
| [[Balram Naik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,94,447
| Kunja Srinivasa Rao
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,25,490
| 68,957
|-
| 17
| [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]]
| GEN
| [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,69,368
| [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,44,920
| 1,24,448
|-
| 18
| [[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku]]
| (ST)
| [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,60,458
| [[Babu Rao Mediyam|Midiyam Babu Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 1,68,014
| 1,92,444
|-
| 19
| [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
| GEN
| [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,87,694
| [[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,04,707
| 82,987
|-
| 20
| [[Vizianagaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vizianagaram]]
| GEN
| [[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi|Jhansi Laxmi Botcha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,11,584
| Kondapalli Appalanaidu
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,51,013
| 60,571
|-
| 21
| [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
| GEN
| [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,68,812
| Palla Srinivasa Rao
| bgcolor=#66FF00|
| [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| 3,02,126
| 66,686
|-
| 22
| [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]
| GEN
| [[Sabbam Hari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,69,968
| Nookarapu Surya Prakasa Rao
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,17,056
| 52,912
|-
| 23
| [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| GEN
| [[M. M. Pallam Raju|Mallipudi Mangapati Pallam Raju]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,23,607
| Chalamalasetti Sunil
| bgcolor=#66FF00|
| [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| 2,89,563
| 34,044
|-
| 24
| [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| (SC)
| [[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,68,501
| Pothula Prameela Devi
| bgcolor=#66FF00|
| [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| 3,28,496
| 40,005
|-
| 25
| [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]]
| GEN
| [[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,57,449
| [[Murali Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,55,302
| 2,147
|-
| 26
| [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapuram]]
| GEN
| [[Kanumuru Bapi Raju]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,89,422
| [[Thota Seetharama Lakshmi]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 2,74,732
| 1,14,690
|-
| 27
| [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| GEN
| [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,23,777
| [[Maganti Venkateswara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,80,994
| 42,783
|-
| 28
| [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
| GEN
| [[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,09,936
| [[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,97,480
| 12,456
|-
| 29
| [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| GEN
| [[Lagadapati Rajagopal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,29,394
| Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,16,682
| 12,712
|-
| 30
| [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]
| GEN
| [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,03,937
| Madala Rajendra
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,64,582
| 39,355
|-
| 31
| [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
| GEN
| [[Modugula Venugopala Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,63,358
| [[Vallabhaneni Balasouri]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,61,751
| 1,607
|-
| 32
| [[Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]]
| (SC)
| [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,60,757
| [[Malyadri Sriram]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,91,419
| 69,338
|-
| 33
| [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]]
| GEN
| [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,50,442
| Madduluri Malakondaiah Yadav
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,71,919
| 78,523
|-
| 34
| [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| GEN
| [[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,00,023
| [[N. M. D. Farooq]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,09,176
| 90,847
|-
| 35
| [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]]
| GEN
| [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,82,668
| B.T.Naidu
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,08,895
| 73,773
|-
| 36
| [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]]
| GEN
| [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,57,876
| [[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,79,955
| 77,921
|-
| 37
| [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]]
| GEN
| [[Kristappa Nimmala]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,35,753
| Khasim Khan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,12,918
| 22,835
|-
| 38
| [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kadapa]]
| GEN
| [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,42,611
| Palem Srikanth Reddy
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,63,765
| 1,78,846
|-
| 39
| [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| GEN
| [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,30,235
| Vanteru Venu Gopala Reddy
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,75,242
| 54,993
|-
| 40
| [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupati]]
| (SC)
| [[Chinta Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,28,403
| Varla Ramaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,09,127
| 19,276
|-
| 41
| [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| GEN
| [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari|Annayyagari Sai Prathap]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,23,910
| Ramesh Kumar Reddy Reddappagari
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 1,80,537
| 1,10,377
|-
| 42
| [[Chittoor (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]]
| (SC)
| [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,34,376
| [[M. Thippeswamy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,23,717
| 10,659
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| (ST)
| [[Takam Sanjoy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,40,443
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,39,129
| 1,314
|-
| 2
| [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| (ST)
| [[Ninong Ering]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,15,423
| [[Tapir Gao]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 46,974
| 68,449
|-
! rowspan="14" |[[Assam]]
| 1
| [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]
| (SC)
| [[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,59,717
| Rajesh Mallah
| bgcolor=##00FF00|
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| 2,51,797
| 7,920
|-
| 2
| [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]]
| GEN
| [[Kabindra Purkayastha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,43,532
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| bgcolor=##00FF00|
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| 2,02,062
| 41,470
|-
| 3
| [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]]
| (ST)
| [[Biren Sing Engti]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,97,835
| Elwin Teron
| bgcolor=#EE0000|
| [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
| 1,23,287
| 74,548
|-
| 4
| [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| GEN
| [[Badruddin Ajmal]]
| bgcolor=##00FF00|
| [[All India United Democratic Front]]
| 5,40,820
| [[Anwar Hussain (politician)|Anwar Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,56,401
| 1,84,419
|-
| 5
| [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]]
| (ST)
| [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]]
| bgcolor=#FF6600|
| [[Bodoland People's Front]]
| 4,95,211
| [[Urkhao Gwra Brahma]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 3,04,889
| 1,90,322
|-
| 6
| [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
| GEN
| [[Ismail Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,137
| Bhupen Ray
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 2,91,708
| 30,429
|-
| 7
| [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| GEN
| [[Bijoya Chakravarty]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,96,047
| [[Robin Bordoloi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,84,192
| 11,855
|-
| 8
| [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]]
| GEN
| [[Ramen Deka]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,07,881
| Madhab Rajbangshi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,52,032
| 55,849
|-
| 9
| [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]]
| GEN
| Joseph Toppo
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 3,52,246
| [[Moni Kumar Subba]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,093
| 30,153
|-
| 10
| [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
| GEN
| [[Rajen Gohain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,80,921
| Anil Raja
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,35,541
| 45,380
|-
| 11
| [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]]
| GEN
| [[Dip Gogoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,34,676
| [[Gunin Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 2,82,687
| 1,51,989
|-
| 12
| [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| GEN
| [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,62,320
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,90,406
| 71,914
|-
| 13
| [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| GEN
| [[Paban Singh Ghatowar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,59,163
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 3,24,020
| 35,143
|-
| 14
| [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]]
| GEN
| [[Ranee Narah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,52,330
| [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 3,07,758
| 44,572
|-
! rowspan="40" |[[Bihar]]
| 1
| [[Valmiki Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Valmiki Nagar]]
| GEN
| [[Baidyanath Prasad Mahto]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,77,696
| Fakhruddin
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 94,021
| 1,83,675
|-
| 2
| [[Paschim Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Paschim Champaran]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,98,781
| [[Prakash Jha]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1,51,438
| 47,343
|-
| 3
| [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purvi Champaran]]
| GEN
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,01,114
| [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,21,824
| 79,290
|-
| 4
| [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
| GEN
| [[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,33,499
| Md Anwarul Haque
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,07,815
| 1,25,684
|-
| 5
| [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| GEN
| [[Arjun Roy|Arjun Rai]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,32,782
| Samir Kumar Mahaseth
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,22,216
| 1,10,566
|-
| 6
| [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| GEN
| [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,64,094
| [[Abdul Bari Siddiqui]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,54,167
| 9,927
|-
| 7
| [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]]
| GEN
| [[Mangani Lal Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,65,175
| [[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,92,466
| 72,709
|-
| 8
| [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul]]
| GEN
| [[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,13,677
| [[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,47,602
| 1,66,075
|-
| 9
| [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| GEN
| [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,82,742
| Zakir Hussain Khan
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 2,60,240
| 22,502
|-
| 10
| [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| GEN
| [[Mohammad Asrarul Haque]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,39,405
| Syed Mahmood Ashraf
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,59,136
| 80,269
|-
| 11
| [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]]
| GEN
| [[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,69,834
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,55,819
| 14,015
|-
| 12
| [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnia]]
| GEN
| [[Uday Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,62,952
| Shanti Priya
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,76,725
| 1,86,227
|-
| 13
| [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| GEN
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,70,585
| Ravindra Charan Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,92,964
| 1,77,621
|-
| 14
| [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| GEN
| [[Kirti Azad]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,39,268
| [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi|Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,92,815
| 46,453
|-
| 15
| [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]
| GEN
| [[Jai Narain Prasad Nishad]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,95,091
| Bhagwanlal Sahni
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1,47,282
| 47,809
|-
| 16
| [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
| GEN
| [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,84,479
| [[Vijay Kumar Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,62,171
| 22,308
|-
| 17
| [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| (SC)
| [[Purnmasi Ram]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,00,024
| Anil Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,57,552
| 42,472
|-
| 18
| [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]
| GEN
| [[Om Prakash Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,36,194
| [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Hena Shahab]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,72,764
| 63,430
|-
| 19
| [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| GEN
| [[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Umashanker Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,11,610
| [[Prabhunath Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,08,813
| 2,797
|-
| 20
| [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| GEN
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,74,209
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,22,394
| 51,815
|-
| 21
| [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ram Sundar Das]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,46,715
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 2,08,761
| 37,954
|-
| 22
| [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujiarpur]]
| GEN
| [[Ashwamedh Devi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,80,082
| [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,54,770
| 25,312
|-
| 23
| [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| (SC)
| [[Maheshwar Hazari]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,59,458
| [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1,55,082
| 1,04,376
|-
| 24
| [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| GEN
| [[Monazir Hassan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,05,680
| Shatrughna Prasad Singh
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1,64,843
| 40,837
|-
| 25
| [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| GEN
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,66,964
| [[Rabindra Kumar Rana|Ravindar Rana]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,28,209
| 1,38,755
|-
| 26
| [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| GEN
| [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,28,384
| Shakuni Choudhary
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,72,573
| 55,811
|-
| 27
| [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
| GEN
| [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,85,762
| [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,57,046
| 28,716
|-
| 28
| [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Munger]]
| GEN
| [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,74,317
| Ram Badan Roy
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,84,956
| 1,89,361
|-
| 29
| [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]
| GEN
| [[Kaushalendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,99,155
| Satish Kumar
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1,46,478
| 1,52,677
|-
| 30
| [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]]
| GEN
| [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,16,549
| Vijay Kumar
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,49,779
| 1,66,770
|-
| 31
| [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pataliputra]]
| GEN
| [[Ranjan Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,69,298
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,45,757
| 23,541
|-
| 32
| [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]]
| GEN
| [[Meena Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,12,726
| Rama Kishore Singh
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1,38,006
| 74,720
|-
| 33
| [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
| GEN
| [[Jagada Nand Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,32,614
| [[Lalmuni Chaubey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,30,376
| 2,238
|-
| 34
| [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| (SC)
| [[Meira Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,92,213
| [[Muni Lall]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,49,259
| 42,954
|-
| 35
| [[Karakat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karakat]]
| GEN
| [[Mahabali Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,96,946
| Kanti Singh
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,76,463
| 20,483
|-
| 36
| [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
| GEN
| [[Jagdish Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,34,769
| Surendra Yadav
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,13,442
| 21,327
|-
| 37
| [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| GEN
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,60,153
| Shakil Ahmad Khan
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,88,095
| 72,058
|-
| 38
| [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| (SC)
| [[Hari Manjhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,46,255
| Ramji Manjhi
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,83,802
| 62,453
|-
| 39
| [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
| GEN
| [[Bhola Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,30,608
| [[Veena Devi (born 1976)|Veena Devi]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 95,691
| 34,917
|-
| 40
| [[Jamui (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamui]]
| (SC)
| [[Bhudeo Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,78,560
| [[Shyam Rajak]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,48,763
| 29,797
|-
! [[Chandigarh]]
| 1
| [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
| GEN
| [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,61,042
| [[Satya Pal Jain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,02,075
| 58,967
|-
! rowspan="11" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
| 1
| [[Sarguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarguja]]
| (ST)
| [[Murarilal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,16,532
| Bhanu Pratap Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,56,984
| 1,59,548
|-
| 2
| [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| (ST)
| [[Vishnudeo Sai|Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,43,948
| Hridayaram Rathiya
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,88,100
| 55,848
|-
| 3
| [[Janjgir-Champa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]]
| (SC)
| [[Kamla Devi Patle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,02,142
| Shiv Kumar Dahariya
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,14,931
| 87,211
|-
| 4
| [[Korba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Korba]]
| GEN
| [[Charan Das Mahant]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,14,616
| [[Karuna Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,93,879
| 20,737
|-
| 5
| [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| GEN
| [[Dilip Singh Judeo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,47,930
| [[Renu Jogi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,27,791
| 20,139
|-
| 6
| [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| GEN
| [[Madhusudan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,37,721
| [[Devwrat Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,18,647
| 1,19,074
|-
| 7
| [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| GEN
| [[Saroj Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,83,170
| Pradeep Choubey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,73,216
| 9,954
|-
| 8
| [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| GEN
| [[Ramesh Bais]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,64,943
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,07,042
| 57,901
|-
| 9
| [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| GEN
| [[Chandu Lal Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,71,201
| Motilal Sahu
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,19,726
| 51,475
|-
| 10
| [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| (ST)
| [[Baliram Kashyap]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,49,373
| Shankar Sodi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,49,111
| 1,00,262
|-
| 11
| [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| (ST)
| [[Sohan Potai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,41,131
| [[Phulo Devi Netam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,843
| 19,288
|-
! [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| 1
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra And Nagar Haveli]]
| (ST)
| [[Natubhai Gomanbhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 51,242
| [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 50,624
| 618
|-
! [[Daman and Diu]]
| 1
| [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]]
| GEN
| [[Lalubhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 44,546
| [[Dahyabhai Vallabhbhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 19,708
| 24,838
|-
! rowspan="7" |[[Delhi]]
| 1
| [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| GEN
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,65,713
| [[Vijender Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,65,003
| 2,00,710
|-
| 2
| [[North East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North East Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,18,191
| [[Baikunth Lal Sharma|B. L. Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,95,948
| 2,22,243
|-
| 3
| [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Sandeep Dikshit]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,18,001
| [[Chetan Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,76,948
| 2,41,053
|-
| 4
| [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Ajay Maken]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,55,867
| [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,68,058
| 1,87,809
|-
| 5
| [[North West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|North West Delhi]]
| (SC)
| [[Krishna Tirath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,87,404
| Meera Kanwaria
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,02,971
| 1,84,433
|-
| 6
| [[West Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|West Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Mahabal Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,79,899
| [[Jagdish Mukhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,50,889
| 1,29,010
|-
| 7
| [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Ramesh Kumar (politician)|Ramesh Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,60,278
| [[Ramesh Bidhuri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,67,059
| 93,219
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Goa]]
| 1
| [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| GEN
| [[Shripad Naik|Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,37,716
| Jitendra Raghuraj Deshprabhu
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1,31,363
| 6,353
|-
| 2
| [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| GEN
| [[Francisco Sardinha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,27,494
| [[Narendra Keshav Sawaikar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,14,978
| 12,516
|-
! rowspan="26" |[[Gujarat]]
| 1
| [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kachchh]]
| (SC)
| [[Poonamben Veljibhai Jat|Poonamben Jat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,85,300
| Valjibhai Danicha
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,13,957
| 71,343
|-
| 2
| [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]]
| GEN
| [[Mukesh Gadhvi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,89,409
| [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,79,108
| 10,301
|-
| 3
| [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| GEN
| [[Jagdish Thakor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,83,778
| [[Bhavsinh Rathod]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,65,274
| 18,504
|-
| 4
| [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahesana]]
| GEN
| [[Jayshreeben Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,34,631
| [[Jivabhai Ambalal Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,12,766
| 21,865
|-
| 5
| [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]]
| GEN
| [[Mahendrasinh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,37,432
| [[Madhusudan Mistry]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,20,272
| 17,160
|-
| 6
| [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| GEN
| [[L. K. Advani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,34,044
| Sureshkumar Chaturdas Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,12,297
| 1,21,747
|-
| 7
| [[Ahmedabad East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad East]]
| GEN
| [[Harin Pathak]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,18,846
| Deepakbhai Babariya
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,32,790
| 86,056
|-
| 8
| [[Ahmedabad West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad West]]
| (SC)
| [[Kirit Premjibhai Solanki|Kirit Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,76,823
| Shailesh Parmar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,85,696
| 91,127
|-
| 9
| [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]]
| GEN
| [[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel|Somabhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,47,710
| Laljibhai Mer
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,42,879
| 4,831
|-
| 10
| [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]]
| GEN
| [[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya|Kunwarjibhai Bavaliya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,07,553
| Kiran Kumar Patel
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,82,818
| 24,735
|-
| 11
| [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
| GEN
| [[Vitthal Radadiya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,29,436
| Mansukhbhai Shamjibhai Kachariya
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,89,933
| 39,503
|-
| 12
| [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,81,410
| Rameshbhai Mungra
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,54,992
| 26,418
|-
| 13
| [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]]
| GEN
| [[Dinu Solanki|Dinubhai Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,55,335
| [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Jashubhai Barad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,41,576
| 13,759
|-
| 14
| [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]]
| GEN
| [[Naranbhai Kachhadia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,47,666
| Nilaben Thummar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,10,349
| 37,317
|-
| 15
| [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Rajendrasinh Ghanshyamsinh Rana|Rajendrasinh Rana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,13,376
| Mahavirsinh Gohil
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,07,483
| 5,893
|-
| 16
| [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]]
| GEN
| [[Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki|Bharatsinh Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,48,655
| Dipakbhai Patel
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,81,337
| 67,318
|-
| 17
| [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheda]]
| GEN
| [[Dinsha Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,84,004
| [[Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan|Devusinh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,83,158
| 846
|-
| 18
| [[Panchmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panchmahal]]
| GEN
| [[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,82,079
| [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,79,998
| 2,081
|-
| 19
| [[Dahod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahod]]
| (ST)
| [[Prabha Kishor Taviad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,50,586
| [[Somjibhai Damor]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,92,050
| 58,536
|-
| 20
| [[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadodara]]
| GEN
| [[Balkrishna Khanderao Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,28,833
| Satyajitsinh Gaekwad
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,92,805
| 1,36,028
|-
| 21
| [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]]
| (ST)
| [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,53,534
| [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,26,536
| 26,998
|-
| 22
| [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharuch]]
| GEN
| [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,11,019
| Aziz Tankarvi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,83,787
| 27,232
|-
| 23
| [[Bardoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardoli]]
| (ST)
| [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,98,430
| [[Ritesh Vasava|Riteshkumar Vasava]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,39,445
| 58,985
|-
| 24
| [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]]
| GEN
| [[Darshana Jardosh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,64,947
| Dhirubhai Haribhai Gajera
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,90,149
| 74,798
|-
| 25
| [[Navsari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Navsari]]
| GEN
| [[C. R. Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,23,413
| Dhansukh Rajput
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,90,770
| 1,32,643
|-
| 26
| [[Valsad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Valsad]]
| (ST)
| [[Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,57,755
| DC Patel
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,50,586
| 7,169
|-
! rowspan="10" |[[Haryana]]
| 1
| [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]]
| (SC)
| [[Selja Kumari|Kumari Selja]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,258
| [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,07,688
| 14,570
|-
| 2
| [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| GEN
| [[Naveen Jindal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,97,204
| Ashok Kumar Arora
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,78,475
| 1,18,729
|-
| 3
| [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| (SC)
| [[Ashok Tanwar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,15,584
| Sita Ram
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 3,80,085
| 35,499
|-
| 4
| [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| GEN
| [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)]]
| 2,48,476
| Sampat Singh
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,41,493
| 6,983
|-
| 5
| [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| GEN
| [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,04,698
| Maratha Virender Verma
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,28,352
| 76,346
|-
| 6
| [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonipat]]
| GEN
| [[Jitender Singh Malik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,38,795
| [[Kishan Singh Sangwan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,77,511
| 1,61,284
|-
| 7
| [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| GEN
| [[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,85,016
| [[Nafe Singh Rathee]]
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 1,39,280
| 4,45,736
|-
| 8
| [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
| GEN
| [[Shruti Choudhry]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,02,817
| [[Ajay Singh Chautala]]
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,47,240
| 55,577
|-
| 9
| [[Gurgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurgaon]]
| GEN
| [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,78,516
| [[Zakir Hussain (Haryana politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,93,652
| 84,864
|-
| 10
| [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| GEN
| [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,57,864
| [[Ram Chander Bainda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,89,663
| 68,201
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| GEN
| [[Rajan Sushant]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,22,254
| [[Chander Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,01,475
| 20,779
|-
| 2
| [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
| GEN
| [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,40,973
| [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,26,976
| 13,997
|-
| 3
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| GEN
| [[Anurag Thakur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,73,598
| Narinder Thakur
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,00,866
| 72,732
|-
| 4
| [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimla]]
| (SC)
| [[Virender Kashyap]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,10,946
| [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,83,619
| 27,327
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 1
| [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| GEN
| [[Sharifuddin Shariq]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 2,03,022
| Mohammad Dilawar Mir
| bgcolor=#990099|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 1,38,208
| 64,814
|-
| 2
| [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| GEN
| [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 1,47,035
| [[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]]
| bgcolor=#990099|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 1,16,793
| 30,242
|-
| 3
| [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]
| GEN
| [[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 1,48,317
| Peer Mohd Hussain
| bgcolor=#990099|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 1,43,093
| 5,224
|-
| 4
| [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]]
| GEN
| [[Hassan Khan (politician)|Hassan Khan]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 32,701
| Phuntsog Namgyal
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 29,017
| 3,684
|-
| 5
| [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| GEN
| [[Lal Singh Chaudhary (politician)|Chaudhary Lal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,31,853
| Nirmal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,18,459
| 13,394
|-
| 6
| [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]
| GEN
| [[Madan Lal Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,82,305
| Lila Karan Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,60,932
| 1,21,373
|-
! rowspan="14" |[[Jharkhand]]
| 1
| [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| (ST)
| [[Devidhan Besra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,68,357
| [[Hemlal Murmu]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 1,59,374
| 8,983
|-
| 2
| [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| (ST)
| [[Shibu Soren]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 2,08,518
| [[Sunil Soren]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,89,706
| 18,812
|-
| 3
| [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
| GEN
| [[Nishikant Dubey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,89,526
| [[Furqan Ansari|Furkan Ansari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,83,119
| 6,407
|-
| 4
| [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
| GEN
| [[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,08,336
| [[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 92,158
| 16,178
|-
| 5
| [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| GEN
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
| bgcolor=#EDFB06|
| [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]
| 1,99,462
| [[Raj Kumar Yadav (Jharkhand)|Raj Kumar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| 1,50,942
| 48,520
|-
| 6
| [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| GEN
| [[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,33,435
| [[Tek Lal Mahto]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 1,38,697
| 94,738
|-
| 7
| [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
| GEN
| [[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,60,521
| [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,02,474
| 58,047
|-
| 8
| [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| GEN
| [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,10,499
| [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,97,149
| 13,350
|-
| 9
| [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| GEN
| [[Arjun Munda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,19,620
| [[Suman Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 1,99,957
| 1,19,663
|-
| 10
| [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| (ST)
| [[Madhu Koda]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,56,827
| Barkuwar Gagrai
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,67,154
| 89,673
|-
| 11
| [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| (ST)
| [[Kariya Munda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,214
| Neil Tirkey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,30,039
| 80,175
|-
| 12
| [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| (ST)
| [[Sudarshan Bhagat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,44,628
| [[Chamra Linda]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,36,345
| 8,283
|-
| 13
| [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]]
| (SC)
| [[Kameshwar Baitha]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 1,67,995
| [[Ghuran Ram]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,44,457
| 23,538
|-
| 14
| [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| GEN
| [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,19,810
| [[Saurabh Narain Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,79,646
| 40,164
|-
! rowspan="28" |[[Karnataka]]
| 1
| [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]
| GEN
| [[Ramesh Vishwanath Katti|Ramesh Katti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,38,081
| [[Prakash Hukkeri]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,82,794
| 55,287
|-
| 2
| [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Angadi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,84,324
| [[Amarsinh Vasantrao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,65,637
| 1,18,687
|-
| 3
| [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| GEN
| [[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,13,272
| [[J. T. Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,77,826
| 35,446
|-
| 4
| [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,08,939
| Prakash Rathod
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,66,535
| 42,404
|-
| 5
| [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| (SC)
| [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,45,241
| [[Revu Naik Belamgi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,31,837
| 13,404
|-
| 6
| [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]]
| (ST)
| [[Sanna Pakirappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,16,450
| Raja Venkatappa Naik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,85,814
| 30,636
|-
| 7
| [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| GEN
| [[Dharam Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,37,957
| [[Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,98,338
| 39,619
|-
| 8
| [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]]
| GEN
| [[Shivaramagouda Shivanagouda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,91,693
| [[Basavaraj Rayareddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,91,693
| 81,789
|-
| 9
| [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| (ST)
| [[J. Shantha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,02,213
| [[N. Y. Hanumanthappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,99,970
| 2,243
|-
| 10
| [[Haveri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haveri]]
| GEN
| [[Shivkumar Chanabasappa Udasi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,30,293
| [[Saleem Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,42,373
| 87,920
|-
| 11
| [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad]]
| GEN
| [[Pralhad Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,46,786
| [[Manjunath Kunnur]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,09,123
| 1,37,663
|-
| 12
| [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uttara Kannada]]
| GEN
| [[Anant Kumar Hegde]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,39,300
| [[Margaret Alva]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,16,531
| 22,769
|-
| 13
| [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere]]
| GEN
| [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,23,447
| SS Mallikarjuna
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,21,423
| 2,024
|-
| 14
| [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]
| GEN
| [[B. Y. Raghavendra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,82,783
| [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,29,890
| 52,893
|-
| 15
| [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
| GEN
| [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,01,441
| [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,74,423
| 27,018
|-
| 16
| [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| GEN
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 4,96,429
| K H Hanume Gowda
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,05,316
| 2,91,113
|-
| 17
| [[Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dakshina Kannada]]
| GEN
| [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,99,385
| [[Janardhana Poojary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,58,965
| 40,420
|-
| 18
| [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| (SC)
| [[Janardhana Swamy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,70,920
| B Thippeswamy
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,35,349
| 1,35,571
|-
| 19
| [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]]
| GEN
| [[G. S. Basavaraj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,31,064
| [[S. P. Muddahanumegowda]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,09,619
| 21,445
|-
| 20
| [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
| GEN
| [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy|N Cheluvaraya Swamy]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,84,443
| [[Ambareesh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,60,943
| 23,500
|-
| 21
| [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]
| GEN
| [[Adagur H. Vishwanath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,54,810
| [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,47,119
| 7,691
|-
| 22
| [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| (SC)
| [[R. Dhruvanarayana]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,69,970
| A R Krishnamurthy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,65,968
| 4,002
|-
| 23
| [[Bangalore Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Rural]]
| GEN
| [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 4,93,302
| [[C. P. Yogeeshwara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,63,027
| 1,30,275
|-
| 24
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| GEN
| [[D. B. Chandre Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,52,920
| [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,93,255
| 59,665
|-
| 25
| [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]
| GEN
| [[P. C. Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,40,162
| [[H. T. Sangliana]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,04,944
| 35,218
|-
| 26
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
| GEN
| [[Ananth Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,37,953
| [[Krishna Byre Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,00,341
| 37,612
|-
| 27
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
| GEN
| [[Veerappa Moily]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,90,500
| C Aswathanarayana
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,39,119
| 51,381
|-
| 28
| [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]
| GEN
| [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,44,771
| DS Veeraiah
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,21,765
| 23,006
|-
! rowspan="20" | [[Kerala]]
| 1
| [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| GEN
| [[P. Karunakaran]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,85,522
| Shahida Kamal
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,095
| 64,427
|-
| 2
| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]
| GEN
| [[K. Sudhakaran]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,32,878
| [[K. K. Ragesh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,89,727
| 43,151
|-
| 3
| [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| GEN
| [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,21,255
| [[P. Sathidevi|P Satheedevi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,65,069
| 56,186
|-
| 4
| [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]]
| GEN
| [[M. I. Shanavas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,10,703
| M Rahmathulla
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2,57,264
| 1,53,439
|-
| 5
| [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]
| GEN
| [[M. K. Raghavan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,42,309
| [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,41,471
| 838
|-
| 6
| [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]]
| GEN
| [[E. Ahamed]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
| 4,27,940
| [[T. K. Hamza]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,12,343
| 1,15,597
|-
| 7
| [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| GEN
| [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
| 3,85,801
| Hussain Randathani
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 3,03,117
| 82,684
|-
| 8
| [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]
| GEN
| [[M. B. Rajesh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,38,070
| [[Satheeshan Pacheni]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,36,250
| 1,820
|-
| 9
| [[Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alathur]]
| (SC)
| [[P. K. Biju]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,87,352
| NK Sudheer
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,66,392
| 20,960
|-
| 10
| [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]
| GEN
| [[P. C. Chacko]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,85,297
| [[C. N. Jayadevan]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,60,146
| 25,151
|-
| 11
| [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]
| GEN
| [[K. P. Dhanapalan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,99,035
| UP Joseph
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,27,356
| 71,679
|-
| 12
| [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| GEN
| [[K. V. Thomas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,42,845
| [[Sindhu Joy]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,31,055
| 11,790
|-
| 13
| [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| GEN
| [[P. T. Thomas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,08,484
| [[Francis George (Kerala politician)|Francis George]]
| bgcolor=#CC6600|
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| 3,33,688
| 74,796
|-
| 14
| [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| GEN
| [[Jose K. Mani]]
| bgcolor=#CC9900|
| [[Kerala Congress (M)]]
| 4,04,962
| [[K. Suresh Kurup]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,33,392
| 71,570
|-
| 15
| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]
| GEN
| [[K. C. Venugopal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,68,679
| [[K. S. Manoj]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,11,044
| 57,635
|-
| 16
| [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara]]
| (SC)
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,97,211
| RS Anil
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,49,163
| 48,048
|-
| 17
| [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]]
| GEN
| [[Anto Antony]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,08,232
| K Anantha Gopan
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,97,026
| 1,11,206
|-
| 18
| [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]
| GEN
| [[N. Peethambara Kurup]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,57,401
| [[P. Rajendran]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,39,870
| 17,531
|-
| 19
| [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]]
| GEN
| [[Anirudhan Sampath|A Sampath]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,28,036
| G Balachandran
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,09,695
| 18,341
|-
| 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| GEN
| [[Shashi Tharoor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,26,725
| P Ramachandran Nair
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,26,727
| 99,998
|-
! [[Lakshadweep]]
| 1
| [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]]
| (ST)
| [[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 20,492
| [[P. Pookunhi Koya]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 18,294
| 2,198
|-
! rowspan="29" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| GEN
| [[Narendra Singh Tomar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,00,647
| [[Ramnivas Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,99,650
| 1,00,997
|-
| 2
| [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| (SC)
| [[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Argal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,27,365
| [[Bhagirath Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,08,479
| 18,886
|-
| 3
| [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| GEN
| [[Yashodhara Raje Scindia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,52,314
| Ashok Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,25,723
| 26,591
|-
| 4
| [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]]
| GEN
| [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,13,297
| [[Narottam Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,63,560
| 2,49,737
|-
| 5
| [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| GEN
| [[Bhupendra Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Bhupendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,23,954
| [[Aslam Sher Khan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,92,786
| 1,31,168
|-
| 6
| [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
| (SC)
| [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,00,109
| Ahirwar Vrindavan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,58,247
| 41,862
|-
| 7
| [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| GEN
| [[Shivraj Singh Lodhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,02,673
| [[Chandrabhan Bhaiya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,31,796
| 70,877
|-
| 8
| [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| GEN
| [[Jeetendra Singh Bundela]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,29,369
| Raja Pateria
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,01,037
| 28,332
|-
| 9
| [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| GEN
| [[Ganesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,94,624
| Sukhlal Kushwaha
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,90,206
| 4,418
|-
| 10
| [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| GEN
| [[Deoraj Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,72,002
| [[Sundar Lal Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,67,981
| 4,021
|-
| 11
| [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| GEN
| [[Govind Prasad Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,70,914
| Indrajeet Kumar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,25,174
| 45,740
|-
| 12
| [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]]
| (ST)
| [[Rajesh Nandini Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,63,434
| Narendra Singh Maravi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,50,019
| 13,415
|-
| 13
| [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]]
| GEN
| [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,43,922
| Rameshwar Neekhra
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,37,919
| 1,06,003
|-
| 14
| [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]]
| (ST)
| [[Basori Singh Masram]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,91,133
| [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,26,080
| 65,053
|-
| 15
| [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
| GEN
| [[K. D. Deshmukh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,99,959
| Vishveshwar Bhagat
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,59,140
| 40,819
|-
| 16
| [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
| GEN
| [[Kamal Nath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,09,736
| Marot Rao Khavase
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,88,516
| 1,21,220
|-
| 17
| [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narmadapuram]]
| GEN
| [[Uday Pratap Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Uday Pratap Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,39,496
| [[Rampal Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)|Rampal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,20,251
| 19,245
|-
| 18
| [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
| GEN
| [[Sushma Swaraj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,38,235
| [[Munvvar Saleem]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 48,391
| 3,89,844
|-
| 19
| [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]
| GEN
| [[Kailash Chandra Joshi|Kailash Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,35,678
| Surendra Singh Thakur
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,70,521
| 65,157
|-
| 20
| [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
| GEN
| [[Narayan Singh Amlabe]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,19,371
| [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,94,983
| 24,388
|-
| 21
| [[Dewas (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dewas]]
| (SC)
| [[Sajjan Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,76,421
| [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,60,964
| 15,457
|-
| 22
| [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| (SC)
| [[Premchand Guddu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,26,905
| Satyanarayan Jatiya
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,11,064
| 15,841
|-
| 23
| [[Mandsour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]]
| GEN
| [[Meenakshi Natarajan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,532
| [[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,42,713
| 30,819
|-
| 24
| [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam]]
| (ST)
| [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,08,923
| [[Dileep Singh Bhuria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,51,255
| 57,668
|-
| 25
| [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
| (ST)
| [[Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,02,660
| Mukam Singh Kirade
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,99,999
| 2,661
|-
| 26
| [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| GEN
| [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,88,662
| [[Satyanarayan Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,77,182
| 11,480
|-
| 27
| [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]]
| (ST)
| [[Makhansingh Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,51,296
| [[Bala Bachchan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,17,121
| 34,175
|-
| 28
| [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]]
| GEN
| [[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav|Arun Subhash Chandra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,94,241
| [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,45,160
| 49,081
|-
| 29
| [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
| (ST)
| [[Jyoti Dhurve]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,34,939
| Ojharam Evane
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,37,622
| 97,317
|-
! rowspan="48" |[[Maharashtra]]
| 1
| [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]]
| (ST)
| [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,75,936
| Sharad Gavit
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,35,093
| 40,843
|-
| 2
| [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| GEN
| [[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,63,260
| Amarishbhai Rasiklal Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,43,841
| 19,419
|-
| 3
| [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| GEN
| [[A. T. Patil|AT Nana Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,43,647
| [[Vasantrao More]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,47,627
| 96,020
|-
| 4
| [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]]
| GEN
| [[Haribhau Jawale]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,28,843
| Ravindra Patil
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,00,625
| 28,218
|-
| 5
| [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]
| GEN
| [[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,53,671
| [[Rajendra Shingne]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,25,593
| 28,078
|-
| 6
| [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,87,526
| [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF3300|
| [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]
| 2,22,678
| 64,848
|-
| 7
| [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| (SC)
| [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,14,286
| [[Rajendra Gavai]]
| bgcolor=#6633EE|
| [[Republican Party of India (Gavai)|Republican Party of India (G)]]
| 2,52,570
| 61,716
|-
| 8
| [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]]
| GEN
| [[Datta Meghe]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,52,853
| [[Suresh Ganapat Wagmare|Suresh Wagmare]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,56,935
| 95,918
|-
| 9
| [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]
| (SC)
| [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,11,614
| Krupal Tumane
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2,94,913
| 16,701
|-
| 10
| [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]
| GEN
| [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,15,148
| [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,90,749
| 24,399
|-
| 11
| [[Bhandara–Gondiya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara-Gondiya]]
| GEN
| [[Praful Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,89,814
| [[Nana Patole]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,37,899
| 2,51,915
|-
| 12
| [[Gadchiroli–Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gadchiroli-Chimur]]
| (ST)
| [[Marotrao Kowase]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,756
| [[Ashok Nete]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,93,176
| 28,580
|-
| 13
| [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]]
| GEN
| [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,01,467
| [[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia|Naresh Puglia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,68,972
| 32,495
|-
| 14
| [[Yavatmal-Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal-Washim]]
| GEN
| [[Bhavana Gawali]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,84,443
| [[Harising Nasaru Rathod|Harising Rathod]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,27,492
| 56,951
|-
| 15
| [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]]
| GEN
| [[Subhash Bapurao Wankhede|Subhash Wankhede]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,40,148
| [[Suryakanta Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,66,514
| 73,634
|-
| 16
| [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]]
| GEN
| [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil|Bhaskarrao Khatgaonkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,46,400
| Sambhaji Pawar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,71,786
| 74,614
|-
| 17
| [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]]
| GEN
| [[Ganeshrao Nagorao Dudhgaonkar|Ganeshrao Dudhgaonkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,85,387
| [[Suresh Warpudkar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,19,969
| 65,418
|-
| 18
| [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]
| GEN
| [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,50,710
| [[Kalyan Vaijinath Kale]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,42,228
| 8,482
|-
| 19
| [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| GEN
| [[Chandrakant Khaire]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2,55,896
| [[Uttamsingh Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,22,882
| 33,014
|-
| 20
| [[Dindori (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindori]]
| (ST)
| [[Harischandra Devram Chavan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,81,254
| [[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,43,907
| 37,347
|-
| 21
| [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]]
| GEN
| [[Sameer Bhujbal]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,38,706
| [[Hemant Godse]]
| bgcolor=#FBB917|
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
| 2,16,674
| 22,032
|-
| 22
| [[Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghar]]
| (ST)
| [[Baliram Sukur Jadhav|Baliram Jadhav]]
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]
| 2,23,234
| [[Chintaman Vanaga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,874
| 12,360
|-
| 23
| [[Bhiwandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwandi]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Kashinath Taware]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,82,789
| [[Jagannath Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,41,425
| 41,364
|-
| 24
| [[Kalyan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalyan]]
| GEN
| [[Anand Paranjpe]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2,12,476
| [[Vasant Davkhare]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1,88,274
| 24,202
|-
| 25
| [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjeev Naik]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,01,000
| [[Vijay Chougule]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2,51,980
| 49,020
|-
| 26
| [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,55,157
| [[Ram Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,49,378
| 5,779
|-
| 27
| [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]]
| GEN
| [[Gurudas Kamat]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,53,920
| [[Gajanan Kirtikar]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2,15,533
| 38,387
|-
| 28
| [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Dina Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,13,505
| [[Kirit Somaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,572
| 2,933
|-
| 29
| [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]]
| GEN
| [[Priya Dutt]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,19,352
| Mahesh Ram Jethmalani
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,44,797
| 1,74,555
|-
| 30
| [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]]
| GEN
| [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,57,523
| Suresh Anant Gambhir
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 1,81,817
| 75,706
|-
| 31
| [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]]
| GEN
| [[Milind Deora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,72,411
| [[Bala Nandgaonkar]]
| bgcolor=#FBB917|
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]]
| 1,59,729
| 1,12,682
|-
| 32
| [[Raigad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigad]]
| GEN
| [[Anant Geete]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 4,13,546
| [[A. R. Antulay]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,67,025
| 1,46,521
|-
| 33
| [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval]]
| GEN
| [[Gajanan Dharmshi Babar|Gajanan Babar]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,64,857
| Azam Pansare
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,84,238
| 80,619
|-
| 34
| [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,79,973
| [[Anil Shirole]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,54,272
| 25,701
|-
| 35
| [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
| GEN
| [[Supriya Sule]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,87,827
| [[Kanta Nalawade]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,50,996
| 3,36,831
|-
| 36
| [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
| GEN
| [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 4,82,563
| Vilas Vithoba Lande
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,03,952
| 1,78,611
|-
| 37
| [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| GEN
| [[Dilipkumar Gandhi|Dilip Kumar Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,12,047
| Kardile Shivaji Bhanudas
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,65,316
| 46,731
|-
| 38
| [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi]]
| (SC)
| [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure|Bhausaheb Wakchaure]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,59,921
| [[Ramdas Athawale]]
| bgcolor=#000080|
| [[Republican Party of India (A)]]
| 2,27,170
| 1,32,751
|-
| 39
| [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
| GEN
| [[Gopinath Munde]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,53,994
| Rameshrao Baburao Kokate
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,13,042
| 1,40,952
|-
| 40
| [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| GEN
| [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Padamsinha Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,08,840
| [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 4,02,053
| 6,787
|-
| 41
| [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
| (SC)
| [[Jaywantrao Awale]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,72,890
| [[Sunil Gaikwad]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,64,915
| 7,975
|-
| 42
| [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Solapur]]
| (SC)
| [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,87,591
| [[Sharad Bansode]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,87,959
| 99,632
|-
| 43
| [[Madha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madha]]
| GEN
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 5,30,596
| [[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,16,137
| 3,14,459
|-
| 44
| [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
| GEN
| [[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil|Pratik Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,78,620
| Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 3,38,837
| 39,783
|-
| 45
| [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| GEN
| [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 5,32,583
| Purushottam Bajirao Jadhav
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 2,35,068
| 2,97,515
|-
| 46
| [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]]
| GEN
| [[Nilesh Narayan Rane]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,53,915
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| 3,07,165
| 46,750
|-
| 47
| [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]]
| GEN
| [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik|Sadashivrao Mandlik]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 4,28,082
| [[Sambhaji Raje]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,83,282
| 44,800
|-
| 48
| [[Hatkanangle (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hatkanangle]]
| GEN
| [[Raju Shetti]]
| bgcolor=#7F00FF|
| [[Swabhimani Paksha]]
| 4,81,025
| [[Nivedita Sambhajirao Mane|Nivedita Mane]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,85,965
| 95,060
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Manipur]]
| 1
| [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| GEN
| [[Thokchom Meinya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,30,876
| [[Moirangthem Nara]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1,99,916
| 30,960
|-
| 2
| [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| (ST)
| [[Thangso Baite]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,44,517
| [[Mani Charenamei]]
| bgcolor=Red|
| [[People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur)|People's Democratic Alliance]]
| 2,24,719
| 1,19,798
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Meghalaya]]
| 1
| [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| (ST)
| [[Vincent Pala]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,32,270
| John Filmore Kharshiing
| bgcolor=#CEF2E0|
| [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]
| 1,24,402
| 1,07,868
|-
| 2
| [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| (ST)
| [[Agatha Sangma]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1,54,476
| Debora C Marak
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,36,531
| 17,945
|-
! [[Mizoram]]
| 1
| [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| (ST)
| [[C. L. Ruala]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,13,779
| H. Lallungmuana
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,04,824
| 1,08,955
|-
! [[Nagaland]]
| 1
| [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| (ST)
| [[C. M. Chang]]
| bgcolor=#990066|
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| 8,32,224
| K. Asungba Sangtam
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,49,203
| 4,83,021
|-
! rowspan="21" |[[Odisha]]
| 1
| [[Bargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bargarh]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Bhoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,97,375
| Hamid Hussain
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 2,98,931
| 98,444
|-
| 2
| [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]]
| (ST)
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,80,054
| [[Jual Oram]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,68,430
| 11,624
|-
| 3
| [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
| GEN
| [[Amarnath Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,04,890
| [[Rohit Pujari]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 2,90,016
| 14,874
|-
| 4
| [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| (ST)
| [[Yashbant Narayan Singh Laguri]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,89,104
| [[Dhanurjaya Sidu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,62,620
| 1,26,484
|-
| 5
| [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]
| (ST)
| [[Laxman Tudu]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 2,56,648
| [[Sudam Marndi]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 1,90,470
| 66,178
|-
| 6
| [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]
| GEN
| [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,13,888
| Arun Dey
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,74,988
| 38,900
|-
| 7
| [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| (SC)
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,16,808
| Ananta Prasad Sethi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,61,870
| 54,938
|-
| 8
| [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Mohan Jena]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,33,350
| Amiya Kanta Mallik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,05,603
| 1,27,747
|-
| 9
| [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| GEN
| [[Tathagata Satpathy]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,98,568
| Chandra Sekhar Tripathi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,11,981
| 1,86,587
|-
| 10
| [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| GEN
| [[Kalikesh Narayan Singh Deo]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,30,150
| [[Narasingha Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,39,315
| 90,835
|-
| 11
| [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]]
| GEN
| [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,01,736
| Subash Chandra Nayak
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 2,47,699
| 1,54,037
|-
| 12
| [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabarangpur]]
| (ST)
| [[Pradeep Kumar Majhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,08,307
| Domburu Majhi
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 2,78,330
| 29,977
|-
| 13
| [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| GEN
| [[Rudra Madhab Ray]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,15,314
| Suzit Kumar Padhi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,64,307
| 1,51,007
|-
| 14
| [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| GEN
| [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,65,089
| Bibhuti Bhusan Mishra
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,28,797
| 2,36,292
|-
| 15
| [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]]
| GEN
| [[Baijayant Panda]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 5,02,635
| [[Ranjib Biswal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,75,528
| 1,27,107
|-
| 16
| [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Bibhu Prasad Tarai]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 4,57,234
| Rabindra Kumar Sethy
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,80,499
| 76,735
|-
| 17
| [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]]
| GEN
| [[Pinaki Misra]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,36,961
| Debendra Nath Mansingh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,25,656
| 2,11,305
|-
| 18
| [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| GEN
| [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,00,472
| Santosh Mohanty
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,47,712
| 2,52,760
|-
| 19
| [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| GEN
| [[Nityananda Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,19,862
| [[Ramchandra Rath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,87,028
| 2,32,834
|-
| 20
| [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| GEN
| [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,19,839
| [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,62,552
| 57,287
|-
| 21
| [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
| (ST)
| [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,12,776
| [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,16,416
| 96,360
|-
! [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 1
| [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| GEN
| [[V. Narayanasamy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,00,391
| [[M. Ramadass]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 2,08,619
| 91,772
|-
! rowspan="13" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 1
| [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]]
| GEN
| [[Pratap Singh Bajwa|Partap Singh Bajwa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,47,994
| [[Vinod Khanna]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,39,652
| 8,342
|-
| 2
| [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| GEN
| [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,92,046
| Om Parkash Soni
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,85,188
| 6,858
|-
| 3
| [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| GEN
| [[Rattan Singh Ajnala]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 4,67,980
| [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,35,720
| 32,260
|-
| 4
| [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalandhar]]
| (SC)
| [[Mohinder Singh Kaypee]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,08,103
| [[Hans Raj Hans]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,71,658
| 36,445
|-
| 5
| [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Santosh Chowdhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,58,812
| Som Parkash
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,58,446
| 366
|-
| 6
| [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| GEN
| [[Ravneet Singh Bittu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,04,836
| [[Daljit Singh Cheema]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,37,632
| 67,204
|-
| 7
| [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| GEN
| [[Manish Tewari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,49,264
| [[Gurcharan Singh Galib]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,35,558
| 1,13,706
|-
| 8
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| (SC)
| [[Sukhdev Singh Libra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,93,557
| [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,59,258
| 34,299
|-
| 9
| [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| (SC)
| [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 4,57,734
| Sukhwinder Singh Danny
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,95,692
| 62,042
|-
| 10
| [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]]
| GEN
| [[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 4,50,900
| [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,29,829
| 21,071
|-
| 11
| [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bathinda]]
| GEN
| [[Harsimrat Kaur Badal]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 5,29,472
| Raninder Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,08,524
| 1,20,948
|-
| 12
| [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| GEN
| [[Vijay Inder Singla]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,58,670
| [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,17,798
| 40,872
|-
| 13
| [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| GEN
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,74,188
| [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,76,799
| 97,389
|-
! rowspan="25" |[[Rajasthan]]
| 1
| [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]]
| (SC)
| [[Bharat Ram Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,76,554
| [[Nihalchand]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,35,886
| 1,40,668
|-
| 2
| [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]]
| (SC)
| [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,44,537
| Rewat Ram Panwar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,24,962
| 19,575
|-
| 3
| [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| GEN
| [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,76,708
| Rafique Mandelia
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,64,268
| 12,440
|-
| 4
| [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]]
| GEN
| [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,06,330
| Dasrath Singh Shekhawat
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,40,998
| 65,332
|-
| 5
| [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]]
| GEN
| [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,24,812
| [[Subhash Maharia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,75,386
| 1,49,426
|-
| 6
| [[Jaipur Rural (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur Rural]]
| GEN
| [[Lalchand Kataria|Lal Chand Kataria]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,78,266
| [[Rao Rajendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,26,029
| 52,237
|-
| 7
| [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]]
| GEN
| [[Mahesh Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,97,438
| [[Ramcharan Bohra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,81,339
| 16,099
|-
| 8
| [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
| GEN
| [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Bhanwar Jitendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,50,119
| Kiran Yadav
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,93,500
| 1,56,619
|-
| 9
| [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ratan Singh (Bharatpur Member of Parliament)|Ratan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,01,434
| Khemchand
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,19,980
| 81,454
|-
| 10
| [[Karauli–Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karauli–Dholpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Khiladi Lal Bairwa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,15,810
| [[Manoj Rajoria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,86,087
| 29,723
|-
| 11
| [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| (ST)
| [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 4,33,666
| Qummer Rubbani
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,95,907
| 1,37,759
|-
| 12
| [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk–Sawai Madhopur]]
| GEN
| [[Namo Narain Meena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,75,572
| [[Kirori Singh Bainsla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,75,255
| 317
|-
| 13
| [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
| GEN
| [[Sachin Pilot]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,05,575
| [[Kiran Maheshwari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,29,440
| 76,135
|-
| 14
| [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]]
| GEN
| [[Jyoti Mirdha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,33,261
| Bindu Chaudhary
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,78,124
| 1,55,137
|-
| 15
| [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]]
| GEN
| [[Badri Ram Jakhar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,87,604
| [[Pusp Jain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,90,887
| 1,96,717
|-
| 16
| [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| GEN
| [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,61,577
| [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,63,248
| 98,329
|-
| 17
| [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]
| GEN
| [[Harish Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,16,497
| [[Manvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,97,391
| 1,19,106
|-
| 18
| [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]]
| (SC)
| [[Devji Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,94,503
| [[Buta Singh]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,44,698
| 49,805
|-
| 19
| [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]]
| (ST)
| [[Raghuveer Meena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,11,510
| [[Mahaveer Bhagora]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,46,585
| 1,64,925
|-
| 20
| [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]]
| (ST)
| [[Tarachand Bhagora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,13,169
| Hakaru Maida
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,13,751
| 1,99,418
|-
| 21
| [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]]
| GEN
| [[Girija Vyas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,99,663
| Shrichand Kriplani
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,26,885
| 72,778
|-
| 22
| [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajsamand]]
| GEN
| [[Gopal Singh Shekhawat]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,94,451
| Rasa Singh Rawat
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,48,561
| 45,890
|-
| 23
| [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]]
| GEN
| [[C. P. Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,13,128
| [[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,77,760
| 1,35,368
|-
| 24
| [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]]
| GEN
| [[Ijyaraj Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,60,486
| Shyam Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,77,393
| 83,093
|-
| 25
| [[Jhalawar–Baran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar–Baran]]
| GEN
| [[Dushyant Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,29,096
| Urmila Jain
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,76,255
| 52,841
|-
! [[Sikkim]]
| 1
| [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| GEN
| [[Prem Das Rai]]
| bgcolor=#FFFC06|
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| 1,59,351
| [[Kharananda Upreti]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 74,483
| 84,868
|-
! rowspan="39" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1
| [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ponnusamy Venugopal|P Venugopal]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,68,294
| Gayathri S
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,36,621
| 31,673
|-
| 2
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai North]]
| GEN
| [[T. K. S. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,81,055
| [[D. Pandian]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2,61,902
| 19,153
|-
| 3
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| GEN
| [[C. Rajendran]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,08,567
| [[R. S. Bharathi]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,75,632
| 32,935
|-
| 4
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai Central]]
| GEN
| [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,85,783
| S.M.K Mogamed Ali Jinnah
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,52,329
| 33,454
|-
| 5
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| (SC)
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,52,641
| [[A. K. Moorthy]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,27,605
| 25,036
|-
| 6
| [[Kancheepuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
| (SC)
| [[P. Viswanathan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,30,237
| Ramakrishnan E
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,17,134
| 13,103
|-
| 7
| [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]
| (SC)
| [[S. Jagathrakshakan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,15,041
| [[R. Velu]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,05,245
| 1,09,796
|-
| 8
| [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| (SC)
| [[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,60,474
| L.K.M.B Vasu
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,53,081
| 1,07,393
|-
| 9
| [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
| GEN
| [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,35,977
| Nanjegowdu K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,59,379
| 76,598
|-
| 10
| [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| GEN
| [[R. Thamaraiselvan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,65,812
| [[R. Senthil]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 2,29,870
| 1,35,942
|-
| 11
| [[Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]]
| GEN
| [[D. Venugopal]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,36,866
| Guru Gurunathan
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 2,88,566
| 1,48,300
|-
| 12
| [[Arani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arani]]
| GEN
| [[M. Krishnasamy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,96,728
| [[Mukkur N. Subramanian|N. Subramanian]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,89,898
| 1,06,830
|-
| 13
| [[Viluppuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Viluppuram]]
| GEN
| [[K. Murugesan Anandan|Anandan M]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,06,826
| Swamidurai K
| bgcolor=#1E90FF|
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| 3,04,029
| 2,797
|-
| 14
| [[Kallakurichi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kallakurichi]]
| GEN
| [[Adhi Sankar]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,63,601
| [[K. Dhanaraju]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 2,54,993
| 1,08,608
|-
| 15
| [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]
| GEN
| [[S. Semmalai]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,80,460
| [[K. V. Thangkabalu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,33,969
| 46,491
|-
| 16
| [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal]]
| GEN
| [[S. Gandhiselvan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,71,476
| Vairam Tamilarasi
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,69,045
| 1,02,431
|-
| 17
| [[Erode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erode]]
| GEN
| [[A. Ganeshamurthi]]
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,84,148
| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,34,812
| 49,336
|-
| 18
| [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur]]
| GEN
| [[C. Sivasamy]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,95,731
| [[S. K. Kharventhan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,10,385
| 85,346
|-
| 19
| [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]]
| GEN
| [[Andimuthu Raja|A. Raja]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,16,802
| Krishnan C
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,30,781
| 86,021
|-
| 20
| [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| GEN
| [[P. R. Natarajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,93,165
| [[R. Prabhu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,54,501
| 38,664
|-
| 21
| [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]]
| GEN
| [[K. Sugumar]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,05,935
| [[K. Shamugasundaram]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,59,910
| 46,025
|-
| 22
| [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| GEN
| [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,61,545
| Baalasubramani P
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,07,198
| 54,347
|-
| 23
| [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| GEN
| [[M. Thambidurai]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,80,542
| [[K. C. Palanisamy (DMK politician)|K. C. Palanisamy]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,33,288
| 47,254
|-
| 24
| [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
| GEN
| [[P Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,98,710
| [[Charubala Tondaiman|Sarubala R Thondaiman]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,94,375
| 4,335
|-
| 25
| [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| GEN
| [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon D]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,98,742
| Balasubramanian KK
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,21,138
| 77,604
|-
| 26
| [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]
| GEN
| [[K. S. Alagiri]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,20,473
| [[M. C. Sampath]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,96,941
| 23,532
|-
| 27
| [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| (SC)
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| bgcolor=#1E90FF|
| [[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
| 4,28,804
| [[E. Ponnuswamy]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,29,721
| 99,083
|-
| 28
| [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]
| GEN
| [[O. S. Manian]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,64,089
| [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,27,235
| 36,854
|-
| 29
| [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
| (SC)
| [[A. K. S. Vijayan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,69,915
| [[M. Selvarasu|Selvaraj M]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,21,953
| 47,962
|-
| 30
| [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]
| (SC)
| [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,08,343
| Durai Balakrishnan
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,06,556
| 1,01,787
|-
| 31
| [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| GEN
| [[P. Chidambaram]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,34,348
| [[Raja Kannappan|R. S. Raja Kannappan]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,30,994
| 3,354
|-
| 32
| [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| GEN
| [[M. K. Alagiri]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,31,295
| [[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,90,310
| 1,40,985
|-
| 33
| [[Theni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Theni]]
| GEN
| [[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,40,575
| [[Thanga Tamil Selvan]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,34,273
| 6,302
|-
| 34
| [[Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Virudhunagar]]
| GEN
| [[Manicka Tagore|Manickam Tagore]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,07,187
| [[Vaiko]]
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,91,423
| 15,764
|-
| 35
| [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| GEN
| [[J. K. Rithesh]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,94,945
| Sathiamoorthy V
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,25,030
| 69,915
|-
| 36
| [[Thoothukkudi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thoothukkudi]]
| GEN
| [[S. R. Jeyadurai]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,11,017
| Cynthia Pandian
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,34,368
| 76,649
|-
| 37
| [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| GEN
| [[P. Lingam]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2,81,174
| Vellaipandi G
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,497
| 34,677
|-
| 38
| [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
| GEN
| [[S. S. Ramasubbu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,74,932
| K Annamalai
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,53,629
| 21,303
|-
| 39
| [[Kanyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanyakumari]]
| GEN
| [[J. Helen Davidson]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,20,161
| [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,54,474
| 65,687
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Tripura]]
| 1
| [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| GEN
| [[Khagen Das]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,63,799
| [[Sudip Roy Barman]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,15,250
| 2,48,549
|-
| 2
| [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| (ST)
| [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,21,084
| [[Diba Chandra Hrangkhawl]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,25,503
| 2,95,581
|-
! rowspan="80" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]]
| GEN
| [[Jagdish Singh Rana]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 3,54,807
| [[Rasheed Masood]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,69,934
| 84,873
|-
| 2
| [[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
| GEN
| [[Begum Tabassum Hasan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,83,259
| [[Hukum Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,60,796
| 22,463
|-
| 3
| [[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Kadir Rana]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,75,318
| [[Anuradha Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 2,54,720
| 20,598
|-
| 4
| [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 2,44,587
| [[Shahid Siddiqui]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,16,157
| 28,430
|-
| 5
| [[Nagina (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagina]]
| (SC)
| [[Yashvir Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,34,815
| Ram Kishan Singh
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,75,127
| 59,688
|-
| 6
| [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]]
| GEN
| [[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,01,283
| [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,52,176
| 49,107
|-
| 7
| [[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]]
| GEN
| [[Jaya Prada]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,30,724
| [[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,99,793
| 30,931
|-
| 8
| [[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]]
| GEN
| [[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,07,422
| [[Iqbal Mehmood]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,93,958
| 13,464
|-
| 9
| [[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]]
| GEN
| [[Devendra Nagpal]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 2,83,182
| [[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradeshi politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,91,099
| 92,083
|-
| 10
| [[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]]
| GEN
| [[Rajendra Agrawal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,32,137
| [[Malook Nagar]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,84,991
| 47,146
|-
| 11
| [[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]]
| GEN
| [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 2,38,638
| Mukesh Sharma
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,75,611
| 63,027
|-
| 12
| [[Ghaziabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghaziabad]]
| GEN
| [[Rajnath Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,59,637
| [[Surendra Prakash Goel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,68,956
| 90,681
|-
| 13
| [[Gautam Buddh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gautam Buddh Nagar]]
| GEN
| [[Surendra Singh Nagar]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,45,613
| [[Mahesh Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,29,709
| 15,904
|-
| 14
| [[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
| (SC)
| [[Kamlesh Balmiki]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,36,257
| [[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,70,192
| 66,065
|-
| 15
| [[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]]
| GEN
| [[Raj Kumari Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,93,444
| [[Zafar Alam (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Zafar Alam]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,76,887
| 16,557
|-
| 16
| [[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]]
| (SC)
| [[Sarika Devendra Singh Baghel|Sarika Singh]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 2,47,927
| Rajendra Kumar
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,11,075
| 36,852
|-
| 17
| [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]
| GEN
| [[Jayant Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| 3,79,870
| [[Shyam Sunder Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,10,257
| 1,69,613
|-
| 18
| [[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]]
| (SC)
| [[Ram Shankar Katheria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,03,697
| Kunwar Chand
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,93,982
| 9,715
|-
| 19
| [[Fatehpur Sikri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur Sikri]]
| GEN
| [[Seema Upadhyay]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,09,466
| [[Raj Babbar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,99,530
| 9,936
|-
| 20
| [[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]
| GEN
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,87,011
| [[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,19,710
| 67,301
|-
| 21
| [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]
| GEN
| [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 3,92,308
| [[Vinay Shakya]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,19,239
| 1,73,069
|-
| 22
| [[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]]
| GEN
| [[Kalyan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,75,717
| [[Devendra Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,47,449
| 1,28,268
|-
| 23
| [[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badaun]]
| GEN
| [[Dharmendra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,33,744
| [[D. P. Yadav|Dharam Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,01,202
| 32,542
|-
| 24
| [[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]]
| GEN
| [[Maneka Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,16,503
| [[Dharmendra Kashyap]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,08,822
| 7,681
|-
| 25
| [[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]]
| GEN
| [[Praveen Singh Aron]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,20,976
| [[Santosh Gangwar|Santosh Kumar Gangwar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,11,638
| 9,338
|-
| 26
| [[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]]
| GEN
| [[Varun Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,19,539
| V M Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,38,038
| 2,81,501
|-
| 27
| [[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Mithlesh Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,57,033
| Sunita Singh
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,86,454
| 70,579
|-
| 28
| [[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]]
| GEN
| [[Zafar Ali Naqvi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,84,982
| [[Iliyas Azmi]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,76,205
| 8,777
|-
| 29
| [[Dhaurahra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhaurahra]]
| GEN
| [[Jitin Prasada]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,91,391
| [[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,06,882
| 1,84,509
|-
| 30
| [[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]]
| GEN
| [[Kaisar Jahan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,41,106
| Mahendra Singh Verma
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,21,474
| 19,632
|-
| 31
| [[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]]
| (SC)
| [[Usha Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,94,030
| Ram Kumar Kuril
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,01,095
| 92,935
|-
| 32
| [[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]]
| (SC)
| [[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,07,627
| Shyam Prakash
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,84,335
| 23,292
|-
| 33
| [[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]]
| GEN
| [[Annu Tandon]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,75,476
| Arun Shankar Shukla
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,73,384
| 3,02,092
|-
| 34
| [[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]]
| (SC)
| [[Sushila Saroj]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,56,367
| [[Jai Prakash|Jai Prakash Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,79,772
| 76,595
|-
| 35
| [[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
| GEN
| [[Lalji Tandon]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,04,028
| [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,63,127
| 40,901
|-
| 36
| [[Rae Bareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rae Bareli]]
| GEN
| [[Sonia Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,81,490
| [[R. S. Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,09,325
| 3,72,165
|-
| 37
| [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]
| GEN
| [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,64,195
| Asheesh Shukla
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 93,997
| 3,70,198
|-
| 38
| [[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjaya Sinh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,00,411
| [[Mohammad Tahir Khan|Mohammad Tahir]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,01,632
| 98,779
|-
| 39
| [[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
| GEN
| [[Ratna Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,69,137
| [[Shivakant Ojha]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,39,358
| 29,779
|-
| 40
| [[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]]
| GEN
| [[Salman Khurshid]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,69,351
| [[Naresh Chandra Agrawal]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,42,152
| 27,199
|-
| 41
| [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]]
| (SC)
| [[Premdas Katheria]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,78,776
| Gaurishanker
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,32,030
| 46,746
|-
| 42
| [[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]]
| GEN
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 3,37,751
| Mahesh Chandra Verma
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,21,887
| 1,15,864
|-
| 43
| [[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur Urban]]
| GEN
| [[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,14,988
| [[Satish Mahana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,96,082
| 18,906
|-
| 44
| [[Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]]
| GEN
| [[Raja Ram Pal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,92,549
| [[Anil Shukla Warsi]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,60,506
| 32,043
|-
| 45
| [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]
| (SC)
| [[Ghanshyam Anuragi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,83,023
| Tilak Chandra Ahirwar
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,71,614
| 11,409
|-
| 46
| [[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]]
| GEN
| [[Pradeep Jain Aditya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,52,712
| Ramesh Kumar Sharma
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,05,042
| 47,670
|-
| 47
| [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]]
| GEN
| [[Vijay Bahadur Singh]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,99,143
| Siddha Gopal Sahu
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,73,641
| 25,502
|-
| 48
| [[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
| GEN
| [[R. K. Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,40,948
| Bhairon Prasad Mishra
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,06,355
| 34,593
|-
| 49
| [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| GEN
| [[Rakesh Sachan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,18,953
| [[Mahendra Prasad Nishad]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,66,725
| 52,228
|-
| 50
| [[Kaushambi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaushambi]]
| (SC)
| [[Shailendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,46,501
| Girish Chandra Pasi
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,90,712
| 55,789
|-
| 51
| [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
| GEN
| [[Kapil Muni Karwariya]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,67,542
| [[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,52,964
| 14,578
|-
| 52
| [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]]
| GEN
| [[Rewati Raman Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,09,431
| Ashok Kumar Bajpai
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,74,511
| 34,920
|-
| 53
| [[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barabanki]]
| (SC)
| [[P. L. Punia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,28,418
| [[Ram Sagar Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,60,505
| 1,67,913
|-
| 54
| [[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]
| GEN
| [[Nirmal Khatri]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,11,543
| [[Mitrasen Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,57,315
| 54,228
|-
| 55
| [[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| GEN
| [[Rakesh Pandey (politician, born 1952)|Rakesh Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,59,487
| [[Shankhlal Majhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,36,751
| 22,736
|-
| 56
| [[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]]
| (SC)
| [[Kamal Kishor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,60,005
| [[Lal Mani Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,21,052
| 38,953
|-
| 57
| [[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
| GEN
| [[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,96,063
| Surendra Nath Awasthi
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,23,864
| 72,199
|-
| 58
| [[Shrawasti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shrawasti]]
| GEN
| [[Vinay Kumar Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,01,556
| [[Rizwan Zaheer]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,59,527
| 42,029
|-
| 59
| [[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]]
| GEN
| [[Beni Prasad Verma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,55,675
| [[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,32,000
| 23,675
|-
| 60
| [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]]
| GEN
| [[Jagdambika Pal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,29,872
| Jai Pratap Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,53,306
| 76,566
|-
| 61
| [[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]]
| GEN
| [[Arvind Kumar Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,68,666
| [[Raj Kishor Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,63,456
| 1,05,210
|-
| 62
| [[Sant Kabir Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| GEN
| [[Bhishma Shankar Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,11,043
| [[Sharad Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,81,547
| 29,496
|-
| 63
| [[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| GEN
| [[Harsh Vardhan (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,05,474
| Ganesh Shanker Pandey
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,81,846
| 1,23,628
|-
| 64
| [[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
| GEN
| [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,03,156
| [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,82,885
| 2,20,271
|-
| 65
| [[Kushi Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kushi Nagar]]
| GEN
| [[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh|R. P. N. Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,23,954
| [[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,02,860
| 21,094
|-
| 66
| [[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]]
| GEN
| [[Gorakh Prasad Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,19,889
| [[Prakash Mani Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,78,110
| 41,779
|-
| 67
| [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]]
| (SC)
| [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,23,011
| Shree Nath Ji
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,70,224
| 52,787
|-
| 68
| [[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
| (SC)
| [[Bali Ram]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,07,998
| [[Neelam Sonkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,68,050
| 39,948
|-
| 69
| [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]]
| GEN
| [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,47,648
| [[Akbar Ahmad|Akbar Ahmad Dumpy]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,98,609
| 49,039
|-
| 70
| [[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]]
| GEN
| [[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,20,695
| Arshad Jamal Ansari
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,59,750
| 60,945
|-
| 71
| [[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]]
| GEN
| [[Ramashankar Rajbhar]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,75,088
| Bhola Pandey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,56,783
| 18,305
|-
| 72
| [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]]
| GEN
| [[Neeraj Shekhar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,76,649
| Sangram Singh Yadav
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 2,04,094
| 72,555
|-
| 73
| [[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]]
| GEN
| [[Dhananjay Singh]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 3,02,618
| [[Parasnath Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,22,267
| 80,351
|-
| 74
| [[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]]
| (SC)
| Tufani Saroj
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,23,152
| Kamla Kant Gautam
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,98,846
| 24,306
|-
| 75
| [[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]
| GEN
| [[Radhe Mohan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 3,79,233
| [[Afzal Ansari]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 3,09,924
| 69,309
|-
| 76
| [[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]]
| GEN
| [[Ramkishun]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,80,114
| [[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,79,655
| 459
|-
| 77
| [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
| GEN
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,03,122
| [[Mukhtar Ansari]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,85,911
| 17,211
|-
| 78
| [[Bhadohi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadohi]]
| GEN
| [[Gorakh Nath Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,95,808
| Chhotelal Bind
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,82,845
| 12,963
|-
| 79
| [[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]
| GEN
| [[Bal Kumar Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,18,898
| [[Anil Kumar Maurya]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,99,216
| 19,682
|-
| 80
| [[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]]
| (SC)
| [[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 2,16,478
| Ram Chandra Tyagi
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,66,219
| 50,259
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Uttarakhand]]
| 1
| [[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
| GEN
| [[Vijay Bahuguna]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,63,083
| [[Jaspal Rana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,144
| 52,939
|-
| 2
| [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
| GEN
| [[Satpal Maharaj]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,36,949
| [[Tejpal Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,19,552
| 17,397
|-
| 3
| [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
| (SC)
| [[Pradeep Tamta]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,00,824
| [[Ajay Tamta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,93,874
| 6,950
|-
| 4
| [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| GEN
| [[K. C. Singh Baba]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,377
| [[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,32,965
| 88,412
|-
| 5
| [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]]
| GEN
| [[Harish Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,32,235
| Swami Yatindranand Giri
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,27,412
| 2,04,823
|-
! rowspan="42" |[[West Bengal]]
| 1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| (SC)
| [[Nripendra Nath Roy]]
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 5,00,677
| [[Arghya Roy Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,66,928
| 33,749
|-
| 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
| (SC)
| Manohar Tirkey
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 3,84,890
| Paban Kumar Lakra
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 2,72,068
| 1,12,822
|-
| 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| (SC)
| [[Mahendra Kumar Roy (West Bengal politician)|Mahendra Kumar Roy]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,69,613
| Sukhbilas Barma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,81,242
| 88,371
|-
| 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| GEN
| [[Jaswant Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,97,649
| Jibesh Sarkar
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,44,360
| 2,53,289
|-
| 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| GEN
| [[Deepa Dasmunsi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,51,776
| Bireswar Lahiri
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,46,573
| 1,05,203
|-
| 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| GEN
| [[Prasanta Kumar Majumdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 3,88,444
| Biplab Mitra
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 3,83,339
| 5,105
|-
| 7
| [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| GEN
| [[Mausam Noor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,40,264
| [[Sailen Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,80,123
| 60,141
|-
| 8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| GEN
| [[Abu Hasem Khan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,43,377
| Abdur Razzaque
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,07,097
| 1,36,280
|-
| 9
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| GEN
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,06,749
| Mriganka Sekhar Bhattacharya
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,78,600
| 1,28,149
|-
| 10
| [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]
| GEN
| [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,41,920
| [[Promothes Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 3,54,943
| 1,86,977
|-
| 11
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| GEN
| [[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,96,348
| [[Anisur Rahman (politician, born 1952)|Anisur Rahman Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,60,701
| 35,647
|-
| 12
| [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| GEN
| [[Tapas Paul]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,43,679
| [[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,66,293
| 77,386
|-
| 13
| [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| (SC)
| [[Sucharu Ranjan Haldar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,75,058
| [[Basudeb Barman]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,73,235
| 1,01,823
|-
| 14
| [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| (SC)
| [[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,46,596
| [[Asim Bala]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,53,770
| 92,826
|-
| 15
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpur]]
| GEN
| [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,28,699
| [[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,72,675
| 56,024
|-
| 16
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| GEN
| [[Saugata Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,58,988
| [[Amitava Nandy]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,38,510
| 20,478
|-
| 17
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| GEN
| [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,22,530
| Sudin Chattopadhyay
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 3,99,629
| 1,22,901
|-
| 18
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| GEN
| [[Haji Nurul Islam]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,79,650
| [[Ajay Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 4,19,267
| 60,383
|-
| 19
| [[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaynagar]]
| (SC)
| [[Tarun Mandal]]
| bgcolor=darksalmon|
| [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India (C)]]
| 4,46,200
| Nimai Barman
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
| 3,92,495
| 53,705
|-
| 20
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| (SC)
| [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,65,505
| Animesh Naskar
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,35,542
| 1,29,963
|-
| 21
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| GEN
| [[Somen Mitra]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,64,612
| [[Samik Lahiri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,12,923
| 1,51,689
|-
| 22
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| GEN
| [[Kabir Suman]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,40,667
| [[Sujan Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,84,400
| 56,267
|-
| 23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| GEN
| [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,76,045
| [[Rabin Deb]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,56,474
| 2,19,571
|-
| 24
| [[Kolkata Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Uttar]]
| GEN
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,60,646
| [[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,51,368
| 1,09,278
|-
| 25
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| GEN
| [[Ambica Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,77,449
| [[Swadesh Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,40,057
| 37,392
|-
| 26
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| GEN
| [[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,14,193
| [[Hannan Mollah]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,15,257
| 98,936
|-
| 27
| [[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srerampur]]
| GEN
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,69,725
| [[Santasri Chatterjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,32,535
| 1,37,190
|-
| 28
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| GEN
| [[Ratna De]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 5,74,022
| [[Rupchand Pal]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,92,499
| 81,523
|-
| 29
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| (SC)
| [[Sakti Mohan Malik]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 6,30,254
| Sambhu Nath Malik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,28,696
| 2,01,558
|-
| 30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| GEN
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 6,37,664
| [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,64,706
| 1,72,958
|-
| 31
| [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| GEN
| [[Sisir Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 6,06,712
| [[Prasanta Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,77,609
| 1,29,103
|-
| 32
| [[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
| GEN
| [[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 6,25,923
| [[Noor Alam Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,78,739
| 1,47,184
|-
| 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
| (ST)
| [[Pulin Bihari Baske]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,45,231
| Amrit Hansda
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,52,886
| 2,92,345
|-
| 34
| [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| GEN
| [[Prabodh Panda]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 4,93,021
| Dipak Kumar Ghosh
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,45,004
| 48,017
|-
| 35
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| GEN
| [[Narahari Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| 3,99,201
| [[Santiram Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,79,900
| 19,301
|-
| 36
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| GEN
| [[Basudeb Acharia]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,69,223
| [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,61,421
| 1,07,802
|-
| 37
| [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| (SC)
| [[Susmita Bauri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,41,075
| [[Seuli Saha]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,11,709
| 1,29,366
|-
| 38
| [[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
| (SC)
| [[Anup Kumar Saha]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,31,987
| Ashoke Biswas
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,72,568
| 59,419
|-
| 39
| [[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| GEN
| [[Sheikh Saidul Haque]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,73,399
| Nargis Begum
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,65,162
| 1,08,237
|-
| 40
| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| GEN
| [[Bansa Gopal Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,35,161
| [[Moloy Ghatak]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 3,62,205
| 72,956
|-
| 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ram Chandra Dome]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 5,38,383
| [[Asit Kumar Mal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,11,501
| 1,26,882
|-
| 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| GEN
| [[Satabdi Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 4,86,553
| Braja Mukherjee
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,25,034
| 61,519

|}

==See also==
*[[Results of the 2004 Indian general election by parliamentary constituency]]
*[[Results of the 2009 Indian general election by party]]
*[[Results of the 2009 Indian general election by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2009 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Results of general elections in India]]

Thalainagaram

2026-04-29T05:45:27Z

Nikhil009:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalainagaram
| image = Thalai Nagaram.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]]
| producer = [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991) by [[Priyadarshan]]}}
| screenplay = Suraj
| story = [[T. Damodaran]]
| starring = [[Sundar C]] [[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothirmayi]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = [[Kasi Viswanathan|Mu. Kasi Viswanath]]
| studio = Aascar Film Pvt. Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|5|19|ref1=}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Thalainagaram''''' ({{translation|Capital city}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Suraj (director)|Suraj]] and produced by [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|V. Ravichandran]]. The film stars [[Sundar C]] in his lead acting debut and [[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothirmayi]], while [[Vadivelu]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Judo. K. K. Rathnam]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], and [[Bose Venkat]] play supporting roles. The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]], cinematography was handled by K. S. Selvaraj and editing by [[Kasi Viswanathan|Mu. Kasi Viswanath]].

The film is a unofficial remake of the 1991 Malayalam film ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'',<ref name=sify>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thalainagaram-review-tamil-pclvUXecbjefa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226173547/http://www.sify.com/movies/thalainagaram-review-tamil-pclvUXecbjefa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2016|title=Thalainagaram|date=19 May 2006|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> The film tells the story of a man who sacrifices his life to kick out gangsters who ruin other's lives.

The film was followed by ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'' (2022), a comedy spin-off of Vadivelu's character in the film, and a [[standalone sequel]] ''[[Thalainagaram 2]]'' (2023).

==Plot==
Subramaniam alias Right ([[Sundar C]]) is a rowdy in North Chennai. He runs a separate gang and also works as a sidekick and right-hand man to a big time don named Qaasim Bhai ([[Judo. K. K. Rathnam]]) who resides in [[North Chennai]]. Qaasim Bhai uses Right and his gang as professional killers whenever required. ACP Ravikumar ([[K. S. Ravikumar]]) believes in his own type of law by eliminating criminals instead of wasting time by the court and other procedures. Divya ([[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothimayi]]) a student, surprisingly enters into Right's life and takes shelter in his house. However, things change after she enters his life; both of them fall in love. At a situation, there arises a clash between Right and Qaasim Bhai. Right's friend Balu ([[Bose Venkat]]) kills Qaasim Bhai's son Nassir (Vikas Rishi) for ordering a trucker who rams a convoy which killed innocent children instead of only killing the intended target. Unfortunately, Balu is killed by Qaasim Bhai for killing Nassir. After seeing Balu's death, Right decides to change his lifestyle.

Parallel narration is the track of Naai Shekar ([[Vadivelu]]), Divya's supposed uncle who wants to become a criminal.

For Right's surprise enters a corrupt ACP named Gopinath ([[Prakash Raj]]). He is on a hell bent quest to eradicate crime. He dislikes Right's attitude to leave the underworld and threatens Divya, who is molested in prison. After coming to know of this, Right decides to eliminate all of his foes once and for all. He hatches a plan and orders a sniper shooter ([[Vichu Vishwanath]]) to kill the police inspector of the station. He also orders a trucker (G. K.) and kills the lady inspector. Right kills Gopinath and then plans to kill Qaasim Bhai for Balu's death. Qassim Bhai arrives at the hotel, where he sees his wife Vaani's ([[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]]) wristwatch in the bedroom, which was previously gifted to him by the corrupt MLA ([[Delhi Ganesh]]). Qassim Bhai mistakenly kills the MLA for having an affair with Vani. Right then strangulates Qassim Bhai when he arrives at the basement to board his car. Finally, Right arrives at the dock for a getaway with Divya only to be killed by a battalion of police officers due to the betrayal by Sashi ([[Sashikumar Subramani|Sashikumar]]), his own fellow gang member who mistakenly thinks that Right was behind his sister's suicide.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sundar C]] as Subramaniam alias Right
*[[Jyothirmayi (actress)|Jyothirmayi]] as Divya
*[[Vadivelu]] as Naai Sekar
*[[Prakash Raj]] as ACP Gopinath
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as ACP Ravikumar
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Corrupt Minister
*[[Judo. K. K. Rathnam]] as Qassim Bhai
*[[Bose Venkat]] as Balu
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Naai Sekar's assistant
*[[Vichu Vishwanath]] as Right's gang member
*[[Manobala]] as Police Inspector
*[[Sashikumar Subramani|Sashikumar]] as Sasi
*[[Nellai Siva]] as Police Constable
*[[Chelladurai]] as Barber
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as a victim
*[[Vijay Jasper|Jasper]] as Right's gang member
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as a psycho
*[[Munnar Ramesh]] as Right's gang member
*[[Imman Annachi]] as Right's gang member
*[[Singamuthu]] as a psycho
*Kottai Perumal
*[[M. J. Shriram]] as a police officer
*Vijay Ganesh as a psycho
*[[Maran (actor)|Maran]] as Henchman
*Funky Shankar as a victim
*[[Bhuvaneswari (actress)|Bhuvaneswari]] as Vaani, Qassim Bhai's trophy wife
*[[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]] as Balu's wife
*Master Sachin as Balu's son
*Master Soundarapandian
*Master Saravanakumar
;Uncredited
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as an item number in "Soo Manthrakaali"
*[[Vengal Rao]] as a person in the gorilla cell
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as a man smoking cigarette
*Babilona as Sasi's sister
*Vikash Rishi as Nassir
*G. K. as a truck driver
*[[Sai Dheena]] as Qassim Bhai's henchman
}}

==Production==
''Thalainagaram'' marked Sundar C's acting debut as a lead actor. Since the story is based in Chennai, it was shot in and around places like Ayodhyakuppam and Royapuram.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=10 May 2006 |title=Thalainagaram |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/05thalainagaram.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130031312/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2006/05thalainagaram.asp |archive-date=30 November 2006 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref>
==Soundtrack==
The music is composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalainagaram (2006) |url=https://mio.to/album/Thalainagaram+%282006%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430143007/https://mio.to/album/Thalainagaram%2B(2006) |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| title1 = City of Sins
| extra1 = Vasu, Naveen, Vijay, [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| lyrics1 = [[P. Vijay]]
| title2 = Flames of Victory
| extra2 = [[D. Imman]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| lyrics2 = [[D. Imman]]
| title3 = Madi Madi
| extra3 = Balram, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| lyrics3 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| title4 = Naan Valargirena
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| lyrics4 = Palani Bharathi
| title5 = Soo Manthrakaali
| extra5 = Sujeetha Menon, Funky Shankar, [[Sangeetha Sajith]]
| lyrics5 = [[P. Vijay]]
| title6 = Yedho Ninaikiren
| extra6 = [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]], [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]
| lyrics6 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
}}

==Reception==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "On the whole ''Thalainagaram'' lacks substance and is worth a skip."<ref name=sify /> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "Even though director Suraaj makes many mistakes, his attempt to make a time worn story line into a commercial film must be commended."<ref>{{cite web |title=Thalainagaram |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/thalainagaram2705.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825192033/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/thalainagaram2705.shtml |archive-date=25 August 2006 |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote they have moved the film without any loss of vivacity from scene to scene. Even though it is a story that has already been handled by many people, there is a freshness to it while praising Vadiveli's humour, Jyothirmayi's acting but felt Sundar's innocent face didn't suit the gangster's role and passed muster in the role.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=4 June 2006 |title=தலைநகரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-04/page/n81/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240326015930/https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-06-04/page/n81/mode/2up |archive-date=26 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It's all predictable situations that we have seen before. The script is loosely etched in the second half and the narration tends to lag. Also the director's idea of intercutting the present with frequent long cuts to the past distracts, and is likely to confuse a viewer. A straight narrative style would have helped better".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05thalainagaram.asp|title=Thalainagaram|website=Chennai Online|access-date=9 January 2026|first=Malini|last=Mannath|date=23 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014121752/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/05thalainagaram.asp|archive-date=14 October 2006}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film collected a distributor share of Rs 4 to 5 crores at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 7, 2006 |title=Year of the dark horse |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070700390100.htm |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208212648/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2006/07/07/stories/2006070700390100.htm |archivedate=8 December 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Vadivelu's dialogue "Trisha illana Divya" ({{translation}} If Not Trisha, Then Divya) inspired the title of a 2015 film ''[[Trisha Illana Nayanthara]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=லீ |first=தார்மிக் |date=2017-05-16 |title=வடிவேலுவின் ஃபேமஸ் டயலாக்குகள்தான் இந்தப் படங்களின் டைட்டில்ஸ்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/89469-vadivelus-dialog-as-movies-title |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202054947/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/89469-vadivelus-dialog-as-movies-title |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu with the title [[Nagaram (2008 film)|''Nagaram'']] (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2008 |title=Of thrills, spills and an item number! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/05sl1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241118031909/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/05sl1.htm |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The character Naai Sekar performed by Vadivelu attained cult status. Suraj, who directed this film, made a spin-off film on the character titled ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'', which released in 2022 and had Vadivelu reprising his role as Naai Sekar.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2021 |title=First-look poster of Vadivelu's Naai Sekar Returns is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-vadivelu-s-naai-sekar-returns-out-156291 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=11 October 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029201901/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-poster-vadivelu-s-naai-sekar-returns-out-156291 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A sequel titled ''[[Thalainagaram 2]]'', directed by [[V. Z. Durai]], was released in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Sundar C's Thalainagaram 2 gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-cs-thalainagaram-2-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/101017869.cms |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619171853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-cs-thalainagaram-2-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/101017869.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Suraj (director)}}

[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 action films]]
[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suraj (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1974–75 Santosh Trophy

2026-04-27T15:52:30Z

Nikhil009: new page

{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1974–75
| other_titles =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| dates = November 1974
| num_teams =
| winners = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
| count = 2
| second = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| scoring_leader = [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] (23 goals)
| award =
| prev_season = [[1973–74 Santosh Trophy|1973–74]]
| next_season = 1975–76
}}
The '''1974–75 Santosh Trophy''' was the 31st edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main [[States and union territories of India|State]] competition for [[football in India]]. It was held in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] won the title for the second time, beating [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] 6–0 in the most one-sided Santosh Trophy final.

[[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]], the captain of Punjab, scored 23 goals, the record for a single tournament. [[Surajit Sengupta]] and Mohammad Akbar of Bengal scored eleven goals each. Punjab's previous title had also come at Jalandhar in the 1970-71 tournament.

==Preliminary round==

=== Cluster A ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw1>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98099/page/n730/mode/1up National Soccer : Preliminary round standings], Sportsweek, 1 December 1974, p.28 (p.730)</ref>
|update=complete
|team1=PU |team2=UP |team3=GU
|result1=KO
|win_PU=2 |draw_PU=0 |loss_PU=0 |gf_PU=22 |ga_PU=0
|win_UP=0 |draw_UP=1 |loss_UP=1 |gf_UP=2 |ga_UP=7
|win_GU=0 |draw_GU=1 |loss_GU=1 |gf_GU=2 |ga_GU=19
|name_PU=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_UP=[[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|name_GU=[[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2= [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|goals1=
*[[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2=
|score= 17–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 5–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|team2= [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 2–2
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

Punjab's seventeen goals against Gujarat is the second most scored in a Santosh Trophy match, after Bengal's 18–0 against Tripura in this season. Inder Singh's seven goals equalled the record of [[Fred Pugsley]] in [[1945–46 Santosh Trophy|1945-46]]. Punjab was managed by [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]].

=== Cluster B ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw0/>
|update=complete
|team1=RA |team2=TN |team3=DE
|result1=KO
|win_RA=1 |draw_RA=1 |loss_RA=0 |gf_RA=3 |ga_RA=0
|win_TN=1 |draw_TN=0 |loss_TN=1 |gf_TN=1 |ga_TN=3
|win_DE=0 |draw_DE=1 |loss_DE=1 |gf_DE=0 |ga_DE=1

|name_RA=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_DE=[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|team2= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 0–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|team2= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|goals1=
*[[Magan Singh Rajvi]] {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2=
|score= 3–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|team2= [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 1–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
Magan Singh, who scored the first hat-trick of this high-scoring tournament, was the Rajasthan captain.

=== Cluster C ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek
|update=complete
|team1=GO |team2=SE |team3=DE
|result1=KO
|win_GO=1 |draw_GO=1 |loss_GO=0 |gf_GO=6 |ga_GO=1
|win_SE=0 |draw_SE=2 |loss_SE=0 |gf_SE=1 |ga_SE=1
|win_DE=0 |draw_DE=1 |loss_DE=1 |gf_DE=0 |ga_DE=5

|name_GO=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_SE=[[Services football team|Services]]
|name_DE=[[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team2= [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 1–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team2= [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 5–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Services football team|Services]]
|team2= [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 0–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
Goa was managed by [[Peter Thangaraj]]. This tournament was the debut of the Goa goal-keeper [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar|Brahmanand]] who would later captain India. Henry Britto captained Goa.

=== Cluster D ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek
|update=complete
|team1=MA |team2=OR |team3=HA
|result1=KO
|win_MA=2 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=0 |gf_MA=7 |ga_MA=1
|win_OR=0 |draw_OR=1 |loss_OR=1 |gf_OR=2 |ga_OR=5
|win_HA=0 |draw_HA=1 |loss_HA=1 |gf_HA=1 |ga_HA=4

|name_MA=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_OR=[[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|name_HA=[[Haryana football team|Haryana]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2= [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 3–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2= [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|team2= [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 1–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

=== Cluster E ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw0>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98099/page/n718/mode/1up National Soccer : Champions Kerala, Railways fall], Sportsweek, 1 December 1974, p.16 (p.718)</ref>
|update=complete
|team1=BE |team2=MP |team3=TR
|result1=KO
|win_BE=2 |draw_BE=0 |loss_BE=0 |gf_BE=26 |ga_BE=0
|win_MP=1 |draw_MP=0 |loss_MP=1 |gf_MP=3 |ga_MP=9
|win_TR=0 |draw_TR=0 |loss_TR=2 |gf_TR=1 |ga_TR=21

|name_BE=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|name_MP=[[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|name_TR=[[Tripura football team|Tripura]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 18–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 8–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|team2= [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 3–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
Bengal had a forward line of Mohammad Akbar, [[Surajit Sengupta]], Latifuddin and Pradeep Dutt. Bengal were without the prominent players [[Gautam Sarkar]], [[Subhash Bhowmick]], [[Sudhir Karmakar]] and Samaresh Chowdhury who were not selected as they failed to report for training before the team selection. Ashoklal Banerjee captained the team.

Bengal's 18–0 win against Tripura is a record in Santosh Trophy.

=== Cluster F ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw0/>
|update=complete
|team1=AS |team2=KE |team3=HP
|result1=KO
|win_AS=2 |draw_AS=0 |loss_AS=0 |gf_AS=5 |ga_AS=1
|win_KE=1 |draw_KE=0 |loss_KE=1 |gf_KE=6 |ga_KE=2
|win_HP=0 |draw_HP=0 |loss_HP=2 |gf_HP=2 |ga_HP=10

|name_AS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|name_KE=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_HP=[[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2= [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 6–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|team2= [[Himachal Pradesh football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1= [[Gilbertson Sangma]]
|goals2=
|score= 1–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

The defending champions Kerala needed a draw in the last game but lost to Assam. This was the first appearance of Himachal Pradesh in the Santosh Trophy.

=== Cluster G ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw0/>
|update=complete
|team1=NA |team2=RA |team3=AP
|result1=KO
|win_NA=1 |draw_NA=1 |loss_NA=0 |gf_NA=4 |ga_NA=3
|win_RA=1 |draw_RA=0 |loss_RA=1 |gf_RA=3 |ga_RA=3
|win_AP=0 |draw_AP=1 |loss_AP=1 |gf_AP=3 |ga_AP=4

|name_NA=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|name_RA=[[Railways football team|Railways]]
|name_AP=[[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|team2= [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 2–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|team2= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 2–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|team2= [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 2–2
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
Nagaland were making their debut in Santosh Trophy. They were coached by the former Olympian [[Sarangapani Raman|S. Raman]]. Railways were the finalists in the previous season but lost their second match.

=== Cluster H ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek
|update=complete
|team1=KA |team2=MA |team3=BI
|result1=KO
|win_KA=2 |draw_KA=0 |loss_KA=0 |gf_KA=7 |ga_KA=1
|win_MA=1 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=1 |gf_MA=4 |ga_MA=3
|win_BI=0 |draw_BI=0 |loss_BI=2 |gf_BI=2 |ga_BI=6

|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_MA=[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|name_BI=[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Quarter-finals
}}

== Quarter-final league ==
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw2/>
|update=complete
|team1=PU |team2=GO |team3=MA | team4=RA
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|win_PU=2 |draw_PU=1 |loss_PU=0 |gf_PU= |ga_PU=
|win_GO=2 |draw_GO=1 |loss_GO=0 |gf_GO= |ga_GO=
|win_MA=1 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=2 |gf_MA= |ga_MA=
|win_RA=0 |draw_RA=0 |loss_RA=3 |gf_RA=|ga_RA=

|name_PU=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_GO=[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|name_MA=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_RA=[[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Semi-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 0–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|goals1=
* [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2=
|score=12–x
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2= [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=Sportsweek <ref name=sw2/>
|update=complete
|team1=BE |team2=KA |team3=NA | team4=AS
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|win_BE=3 |draw_BE=0 |loss_BE=0 |gf_BE= |ga_BE=
|win_KA=2 |draw_KA=0 |loss_KA=1 |gf_KA= |ga_KA=
|win_NA=0 |draw_NA=0 |loss_NA=0 |gf_NA= |ga_NA=
|win_AS=0 |draw_AS=0 |loss_AS=0 |gf_AS= |ga_AS=

|name_BE=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_NA=[[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|name_AS=[[Assam football team|Assam]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0

|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to Semi-finals
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 2–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–0
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|team2= [[Nagaland football team|Nagaland]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 4–1
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

==Semi-final==
{{football box
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
*[[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal}}
|goals2=
|score= 2–0 <ref name=sw2/>
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|score= 2–1 <ref name=sw2/>
|stadium= [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=
}}

==Final==
{{football box
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|team1= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|goals1=
*[[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal}} {{goal}} {{goal}}
|goals2=
|score= 6–0 <ref name=sw2>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98099/page/n758/mode/1up Inder steers Punjab to their second triumph], Sportsweek, 8 December 1974, p.18 (p.758)</ref><ref>[https://thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-inder-singh-jct-punjab-legends/ Legends Of Indian Football : Inder Singh], thehardtackle.com</ref>
|stadium= [[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]], [[Jalandhar]], Punjab
|date=
|report=
|referee=J. P. Coutinho
}}

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santosh Trophy 1974-1975}}
[[Category:1974–75 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]

Watapora

2026-04-24T15:51:40Z

Nikhil009: new new post

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Village
| name = Zurbaf Pora
| area_total_ha = 133.2
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| registration_plate = JK15
| population_demonym = Watporaya, Watporayian, Watporuk
| area_code = 01957
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_name = NA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drdk.nic.in/SRO%20211%20Name%20of%20Sarpanch%20%26%20Panchs/BANDIPORA.pdf|title=Sarpanchs in Bandipora|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603175408/http://drdk.nic.in/SRO%20211%20Name%20of%20Sarpanch%20%26%20Panchs/BANDIPORA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| total_type =
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir#India
| blank_name_sec1 = Census of India Village-code
| blank_info_sec1 = 002751
| leader_title1 = [[District Development Council]]
| leader_name1 = Kaunser Shafeeq
| demographics2_title1 = Spoken
| demographics2_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages Spoken
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| established_title = 
| population_total = 3,786
| postal_code = 193502<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mangnipora+193502/@34.4283102,74.5789288,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e112c9ccc6d055:0x55dfcff1b19aac5f!8m2!3d34.426378!4d74.5836739!16s%2Fg%2F12jshvdpc?entry=ttu|title=Postal Pincode in Zurbaf Pora}}</ref>
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Official Languages
| population_density_km2 = Auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| unit_pref = Metric
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]]
| native_name = Watpor
| native_name_lang = ks
| other_name = Watapora
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates = {{coord|34|25|9|N|74|36|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 1578
}}
'''Zurbaf Pora''' alternatively known as Watapora is a village in [[Bandipore district|Bandipora District]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]].

== Transport ==

=== Road ===
Zurbaf Pora is connected by road with other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the Srinagar-Bandipora Road, Sopore-Bandipora Road, etc.{{citation needed|date= February 2024}}

=== Rail ===
The nearest railway stations to Zurbaf Pora are [[Sopore railway station|Sopore Railway Station]] and [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar Railway Station]], located 26 and 73 kilometers from Zurbaf Pora respectively.{{citation needed|date= February 2024}}

=== Air ===
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] located 69 km from Zurbaf Pora.{{citation needed|date= February 2024}}

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total Population
|3,786
|1,971
|1,815
|-
|Literate Population
|2,032
|1,215
|817
|-
|Illiterate Population
|1,754
|756
|998
|}

== Culture ==
See: [[Culture of Kashmir]]

== See also ==

* Patushay
* [[Bandipore district|Bandipora]]
* [[Gurez|Gurez Valley]]
* [[Wular Lake|Wullar Lake]]
* Qazipora Patushi
* [[Harmukh]]
* [[Kashmir]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zurbaf Pora}}
[[Category:Villages in Bandipore district]]
[[Category:Bandipore district]]

History of Beed

2026-04-22T14:52:21Z

Nikhil009: New basic data and citations!

{{Main|Beed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Kankaleshwar temple beed.jpg|thumb|right|Kankaleshwar temple]]
[[Beed]] is a historical town of possibly medieval origin, in [[Maharashtra, India]].

==Historical accounts==

{{More citations needed section|date=November 2010}}
The first historical mention of the town came in the ''Tārīkh-e-Firishta'' (original name ''Gulshan-e-Ibrahimi'') compiled by Muhammad Qasim [[Firishta]] (1560–1620), a 17th-century Persian-Indian historian. Famous English translation of this book ''History of The Rise of Mahomedan Power in India'' by John Briggs has been published several times in India and abroad. Firishta has given little but valuable information about the town of his time. He has also mentioned the famous Kankaleshwar temple in detail. In 1317 AH (1898), Qazi Muhammad Qutbullah, a resident and Qazi of Beed wrote a detailed '''history of Beed''' town (''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'') in Urdu based on the accounts available at that time. Copy of this book, now can only be found in the State Archives, Library of Salar Jang [[Museum]] and Library of [[Osmania University]]; all in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]. However, first detailed history of the town ''Riyāz-ul-Abrār'' (Garden of the Virtuous) was written by Qazi Muhammad Fakhruddin in 1152 AH (1739). Unfortunately this book is not available in the libraries for reference. However, Qutbullah has quoted this book in his ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' (History of Beed) and also has referred for the accounts. In 1361 AH (1942) Syed Basit Ali, a resident of Beed, who was a student of intermediate in the City College of Hyderabad, wrote a brief history ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' in Urdu. Its copies can be found in the library of Osmania University. In recent times Abdul Hamīd Nathapuri wrote ''Zila Bīr Kī Tārīkh'' (history of [[Beed district]]) in Urdu which is published in 1998 from [[Mumbai]]. His book gives accounts of mainly Beed town and is largely based on Qutbullah's accounts and oral traditions. Some historical accounts can also be found in the gazette of Beed district published in 1969 by the Gazetteers Department of Beed district. This Gazette is now out of print but available online at the [[government of Maharashtra]] website. [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], compiled during the British rule also gives some important details of the town and the district.

==Foundation and name==

The history of the foundation of the town is unknown. According to legend, Beed was an inhabited place in the period of [[Pandavas]] and [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]] as ''Durgavati''. Its name was subsequently changed to ''Balni''. Champavati, who was sister of [[Vikramaditya]], after capturing it renamed as ''Champavatinagar''. After that the town fell to [[Chalukya]], Rashtrkuta and [[Yadava dynasty|Yadava]] dynasties before felling to the [[Islam in India|Muslim]] rule. However, some scholars say that it was possibly founded by the Yadava rulers of Devagiri (now Daulatabad).
''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' (history of Beed) mentions that [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] named it ''Bir'' ([[Arabic]] ‘Well’) after building a fort and several wells in and around the town.<ref name="PLACE_BHIR">{{Cite web
|publisher=maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)
|title=Gazetteers Department - Bhir
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_bhir_town.html
|access-date=2007-02-27
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064424/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_bhir_town.html
|archive-date=2007-02-24
}}</ref><ref name="NATHAPURI">{{Cite book
| title = Zilla Bīr Kī Tārīkh (History of Beed District)
| author = Nathapuri, Abdul Hamīd
| publisher = Asian Printing Press, Gulshan Colony, Jogeshwari (W) Mumbai
| year = 1998
| language = ur
}}</ref><ref name="QUAZI">{{Cite book
| title = Tārīkh e Bīr (History of Beed)
| author = Quazi M. Q. Bīri
| publisher = Quazi M. Q. Bīri
| year = 1898
| language = ur
| page= 90
}}</ref> Until recent times, wells were abundant in the town. Because of modern facilities of water supply they became less important and subsequently most of them were filled.
It is unclear that as to how the present name Beed came into use. There are at least two different traditions. The first tradition says that since the district is situated at the foot of Balaghat Range as if it is in a hole, it was named as ''Bil'' (Marathi for hole) which in course of time corrupted to ''Bid''. According to the second tradition a ''Yavana'' ruler of ancient India, named it ''Bhir'' (Persian for Water) after finding water at a very low depth<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/> and Bhir might have become Beed in course of time.
The first tradition seems to be untrue, because with no angle, the entire district can be called a ‘hole’. Only north eastern part of the district is at lower heights and a vast area of 10,615 km2 can not be called a ‘hole’ just because of slight depression. Furthermore, ''Bil'' (hole) in Marathi is spoken for a deep and narrow hole not for a slight depression.
The second tradition though, have some distortion, appears to be true and in accord with ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' of Quazi Muhammad Qutbullah (1898). The word ‘Yavana’ in early [[Indian literature]] meant a [[Greeks|Greek]] or any foreigner. At a much later date it was frequently applied to the [[Islam in India|Muslim]] invaders of India.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = [[Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD]]
| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
| author = Encyclopædia Britannica contributor
| chapter = Yavana
| year = 2007
}}</ref> It is quite possible that [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] may have been referred in this tradition as Yavana ruler. Muslims invaded and ruled the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] for centuries and almost all Muslim rulers had [[Persian language|Persian]] as their court language. It seems that Arabic 'Bir' was eventually pronounced ‘Bhir’ in the Indian languages and the people mistakenly took this [[Arabic]] word as Persian for the court language of the rulers was Persian. Until recent times after independence, the town was called ‘Bir’ and ‘Bhir’ in the official documents.

==Historical events==

{{More citations needed section|date=November 2010}}
[[File:Citadel wall beed.jpg|thumb|right|Degenerating wall of ancient citadel and its Burjs — An unfortunate shield for the violent floods of Bendsura for the fortunate dwellers of the town.]]

According to legend, when [[Ravana]], demon king of ''Lanka'' ([[Sri Lanka]]), abducted [[Sita]] (wife of [[Hinduism in India|Hindu]] deity [[Rama]]) and was taking her to Lanka, ''Jatayu'' (eagle) tried to stop him. Ravana cut its wings and wounded Jatayu fell on the ground. When Rama reached there in search of his beloved wife, Jatayu told him the whole story and died. The place where he died is said to be in Beed town and ''Jatashankar'' temple is standing at the place, which is; according to scholars, possibly built by [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/> Another legend also narrates that Beed was called ''Durgavati'' in the period of Pandavas and Kurus who fought a devastating war of [[Mahabharata]].

==Early history==

Early history of the town is obscure until it came under Tughluq rule. If the town was founded in Yadava era then possibly it happened in king Singhana's (1210–47) period, when [[Yadava dynasty]] reached its height. He may have built the town and Kankaleshwar temple as well. Beed came under Muslim rule for the first time in 1317 when Qutb-ud-Din Mubarak Shah (1316–20), the last [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]], captured Devagiri and Yadava dynasty was annexed to Khalji [[dynasty]]. Beed remained under Khaljis until 1320 when Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq (1320–25) took over. In 1327 [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] (1325–51) made Daulatabad his capital. Tughluq and his army camped in the town in 1341 (AH 742 [[Islamic calendar]]) while on the journey back to Daulatabad from [[Warangal]]. The emperor lost one of his teeth here, which he ordered to be buried with much ceremony and a tomb was constructed at the place.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = History of The Rise of The Mahomedan Power in India
| publisher = Longman, London
| author = Firishta, Muhammad Qasim
| others = John Briggs (translation from original persian text)
| year = 1829
| no-pp = true
| page= Volume I, Page 424
}}</ref> The tomb is still present in very poor condition near the village ''Karjani'' about 13 km south of the town. Juna Khan one of the governors of Tughluq empire is said to have resided in Beed for quite some time and introduced many reforms for the welfare of the ruled. He diverted the course of Bendsura from west to east by constructing a protection wall around the town. Before his time there was no such protection for the town and it was situated on the eastern bank of the river. After that the population was largely shifted to the western part.<ref name="QUAZI"/>
In 1347 Beed came under Bahmanid rule when [[Hasan Gangu]] (1347–58), founder of [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanid Sultanate]], rebelled against Tughluq rule and ascended throne of Daulatabad as Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah. [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughluq]] acted vigorously and came to Deccan to subdue the rebels. He recaptured the province of Daulatabad, of which, Beed was a part. Hasan Gangu and other insurgents fled to [[Bidar]] and [[Gulbarga]]. Before the matter is fully settled a rebel broke in [[Gujarat]] and the sultan approached to Gujarat appointing Imad-ul-Mulk as governor in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. Meanwhile, Hasan Gangu attacked Daulatabad and marched towards Beed and captured it. After that the town remained under Bahmanid rule and is said to be flourished under Firuz Shah Bahmani's (1397–1422) rule. During the reign of [[Humayun Shah]] Bahmani (1451–61), famous as ''Zālim'' (cruel), his brother Hasan Shah rebelled and came to Beed. A Jagirdar (feudatory) of Beed, Habibullah Shah was his supporter. Humayun Shah sent an army and after a fierce fighting in the grounds of Kankaleshwar temple, the rebellion armies defeated Humayun's army. Humayun became furious and sent another force to defeat the rebels. This time rebels were defeated, Habibullah Shah was killed and captured Hasan Shah was taken to the capital and was put before a hungry lion.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

==1600 CE to 1858 CE==

After the decline of Bahmanid Sultanate town fell to Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar. Several wars were fought in Beed between Nizam Shahi and Adil Shahi rulers of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] to take the control of Beed. In 1598 Mughals captured Beed from [[Chand Bibi]] of Ahmadnagar. A year later [[Nihang]] Khan retook it but soon it fell again to [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. Mughal army camped here for some time. During the reign of [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627), Jan Sipar Khan was administering Beed town. He constructed Jama Masjid of Beed in 1036 AH (1627). [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707), appointed Haji Sadar Shah in Beed as ''Naib-e-Subadar'' (assistant of governor). Sadar Shah did some good changes and constructions in the town. He built ''Eid Gah'' (place of Eid prayer) in 1702 and a new habitation on the heights in the eastern part as ''Ghazi Pura'' (now Islam Pura) in 1703. The remains of it are still visible. He also constructed a small citadel (1703) inside the old large citadel which was worn out after standing for several hundred years, from Tughluq period. A stone plate in Persian script at the main entry of Jama Masjid sets the year of construction of citadel by Haji Sadar Shah in the year 1115 AH (1703). In his period economy of the town also flourished. Chhagal (water container made of leather), Gupti (hidden sword in wooden stick) etc. made in Beed were popular in the region.<ref name="QUAZI"/>

[[File:Shahinsha wali beed.jpg|thumb|right|This main entrance of ''Shahinshah Wali tomb'' was constructed by Amīr Nawāz Jang in 1830.]]

Beed was a town during Bahmanids and Mughals. ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' mentions many gardens and amenities of these periods. Until the 1960s there were two well maintained gardens in the town.
In 1724 Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah founded Asaf Jahi kingdom, seizing Deccan against the rule of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah (1719–48). In Nizams' era no major addition or construction was done to the citadel because the old building was serving the purpose and the citadels were losing importance with the advent of modern fighting techniques.
[[Maratha]] ruler of [[Gwalior]], [[Mahadji Scindia]] (1761–94) was defeated and severely injured and was missing in the third war of [[Panipat]] in 1761. His wife, who is said to be from Beed, went to a Muslim [[Sufi]] of Beed Mansur Shah and told him to prey for the return of Mahadji. After return to Gwalior Mahadji called Mansur Shah to Gwalior but he refused and sent his son Habib Shah instead. Mahadji remained thankful to Mansur Shah for all his life. His tomb is in eastern Beed.
Reign of sixth Nizam [[Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]] (1869–1911) proved eventful in the history of Beed. Rebels, great famine and floods happened in his reign. Jagirdars were replaced by ''Awwal Taluqdars'' (Collectors) in his father's reign and Jivanji Ratanji came as the first collector of Beed in 1865. Districts were created and Beed district was formally settled in 1883.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER">{{Cite book
| title = The Imperial Gazetteer of India
| publisher = Oxford, Clarendon Press
| author = Hunter, William Wilson, Sir the school
| date = 1931
| pages=114–117 (volume 8)
| chapter = Bir
| url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer
|access-date=2007-04-26
}}</ref> He constructed one habitation and market ''Mahbub Gunj'' (now Hiralal Chowk) on the eastern bank of Bendsura, remains of that can still be seen. After a very scarce rainfall in three successive years 1897–99, great famine occurred in Beed in 1900. Thousands of cattle and Hundreds of humans died of starvation and thousands migrated to the neighbouring parts of the country. The census in 1901 reported remarkable decrease of 150,464 in the population of Beed district.<ref name="IMPERIAL_GAZETTEER"/>
[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] (1911–48) came after his father's death. Kotwalis, Police Stations, Schools, Hospitals and Dispensaries were built during his period.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher=maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)
|title=Gazetteers Department - Bhir
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/medical_history.html
|access-date=2007-02-27
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064022/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/medical_history.html
|archive-date=2007-02-24
}}</ref> Nizams were allies of the [[British Empire]] in India. During the countrywide [[Indian independence movement|movement for independence]], in 19th and 20th centuries they tried to suppress the feelings of [[nationalism]] which were spreading due to nationwide efforts of the freedom fighters. [[Nationalist]]s in the state of Hyderabad did not like Nizam's friendship with the oppressor [[British Empire]]. Beed was the first place in Marathwada region where freedom struggle started in 1818.<ref name="JAWWAD">{{Cite book
| title = Riyāsat e Hyderābād mein Jadd o Jahd e Āzādi 1800 - 1900 (Freedom struggle in the state of Hyderabad 1800 - 1900)
| publisher = Bureau for Promotion of Urdu Language, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India.
| author = Rizvi, S. M. Jawwād
| year = 1992
| language = ur
| page=79
}}</ref> In 1818 during the rule of Nizam Sikandar Jah (1803–29) first rebellion of Maharashtra broke out in Beed under the leadership of Dharmaji 'Pratap Rao' Garje (a Maratha - Vanjari ruler) with the Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501728 |title=Papers Respecting The Pindarry And Mahratta Wars |date=1824 |language=en}}</ref> Nizam sent the Risala of Navab Murtaza Yar Jang under the command of British Lieutenant John Sutherland. The rebel leader and his brother were captured and a long run rebellion movement in Beed came to an end.<ref name="JAWWAD"/><ref>{{Cite web
|publisher=maharashtra.gov.in (Government of Maharashtra)
|title=Gazetteers Department - Bhir
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/his_modern_period.html
|access-date=2007-02-27
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224064538/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/his_modern_period.html
|archive-date=2007-02-24
}}</ref>

==1858 CE to Present==

Another rebel broke in 1858 and all the rebels were captured. After that many small incidents of defiance happened against [[British rule]] but all were suppressed by force. A major rebel broke under the leadership of Baba Sahab alias Rao Sahab in 1898. The important leaders of this movement were [[Brahmin]]s of Beed and the Brahmin officials in police and judiciary also supported the movement. They were dreaming of Brahmin rule and started collecting money for arms by looting and donations in different parts of the district. But after a short fight the rebels were captured and the movement came to an end. But the feelings of defiance could not be suppressed and different movements under the leadership of Swami Ramanand Teerth and Govind Bhai Shroff continued in Marathwada and the state. After independence, Mir Osman Ali Khan was reluctant to join the Indian Union. Finally, on 12 September 1948 a military action [[Operation Polo]] was launched and the state was easily captured within six days as Nizam's army resisted little. Although Operation Polo caused relatively few casualties, the following communal carnage was all the more terrible. Beed was one of the eight worst hit districts in the state. After calm down, a team visited the town on behalf of Indian government and sent a report to the centre. According to official, {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016201841/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm Sundarlal Report]}}, 27,000-40,000 Muslims were killed throughout the state. Horrible crimes of abduction and rape of women and girls, loot, arson, desecration of mosques, forcible conversions and seizure of houses and lands were mentioned in the report.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Frontline
|title = From the Sundarlal Report
|url = http://www.www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm
|date = 3–16 March 2001
|access-date = 2007-03-07
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070217060944/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm
|archive-date = 17 February 2007
|url-status = usurped
}}</ref> Some unofficial reports, however, puts the figure of killings up to 50,000 and some even to a few hundred thousand.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = Frontline
|title = Of a massacre untold
|author = Noorani, A. G.
|url = http://www.www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051130.htm
|date = 3–16 March 2001
|access-date = 2007-03-07
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070217062048/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051130.htm
|archive-date = 17 February 2007
|url-status = usurped
}}</ref>
A plebiscite was held shortly after the military action in which the population voted overwhelmingly in favour of joining the Indian Union. Many Muslims during and after 1948 migrated to [[Pakistan]]. The town has witnessed communal strife several times in modern India. In 1949 Bendsura Project was launched to provide drinking and irrigation water supply to the town and nearby villages. The project was completed in 1956. In 1952 Beed ''Nagar Pālika'' (Municipal Council) was established under the undivided Hyderabad State. In 1962, a year after the creation of Maharashtra State, ''Beed Zila Parīshad'' (District Council) came into being after dissolving all the local bodies.<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/>

==Chronology==

* 13th Century (possibly) - Beed town was founded.
* 13th/14th Century (possibly) - Kankaleshwar temple was built.
* 1317 - Beed falls to the Khaljis as Qutb-ud-Din Mubarak Shah captures Devagiri.
* 1327 - Beed came under Tughluqs.
* 1341 - Emperor [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughluq]] came to the town. On his order the citadel was built, the flow of Bendsura was turned to the south, several wells were dug in and around the town and the town was named ''Bir''.
* 1347 - Beed comes under Bahmanid rule as Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah founds [[Bahmani Sultanate]].
* 1455(roughly)- a fierce war was fought between Humayun Shah ''Zālim'' and Hasan Shah in the grounds of Kankaleshwar temple. Ruler Humayun was defeated. Humayun sent another army and the rebel was captured.
* 1499 - Beed was annexed to the Nizam Shahi dynasty of [[Ahmadnagar]] after the capture of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]].
* 1583 - Khazana Well constructed.
* 1598 - [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] captures Beed from [[Chand Bibi]] of [[Ahmadnagar]].
* 1627 - Jama Masjid was constructed by Jan Sipar Khan.
* 1702 - Eid Gah (place of Eid prayer) was built.
* 1703 - New citadel inside the old fort and a new habitation on the eastern heights were built during the rule of [[Aurangzeb]].
* 1724 - Beed became part of Asaf Jahi kingdom ([[Hyderabad state]]) as Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah-I seize [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].
* 1739 - Qazi Muhammad Fakhruddin writes a detailed history of Beed town by the name 'Riyāz-ul-Abrār' (Garden of the Virtuous) in [[Urdu]].
* 1818 - Rebel brakes under the leadership of Dharmaji Pratap Rao. [[United Kingdom|British]] Lieutenant John Sutherland comes with army and captures the rebel.
* 1835 - Massive flood hits the town. Kotwali Gate and adjacent wall was constructed as a protection from frequent violent floods.
[[File:Stone plate beed.JPG|thumb|right|''Katba'' — A stone plate carved in [[Persian language|Persian]] at the ''Kotwali gate'' states the date of flood and construction of protection wall as 1251 AH (1835).]]
* 1858 - A small rebel breaks but all the rebels were captured.
* 1865 - Jivanji Ratanji became the first collector of Beed as the feudatory system was abolished by Nizams.
* 1883 - Beed district was formally settled.
* 1898 - A rebel broke under the leadership of Baba Sahab alias Rao Sahab. The rebels were captured.
* 1898 - Qazi Muhammad Qutbullah, a resident and Qazi of Beed wrote a detailed history of Beed town (Tārīkh-e-Bīr) in Urdu.
* 1898 - 1900 - Great famine occurs in Beed. Hundreds of humans and thousands of cattle die.
* 1942 - Syed Basit Ali wrote a brief history of Beed town in Urdu.
* 1947 - India gains independence.
* 1948 - [[Operation Polo]] was launched to annex [[Hyderabad State]] to India on 12 September. During the operation communal strife breaks and thousands killed in the carnage.
* 1949 - Bendsura project was launched.
* 1952 - Beed Nagar Pālika (Municipal Council) established.
* 1956 - Bendsura project completed.
* 1962 - Beed Zila Parīshad (District Council) came into being.
* 1969 - First Gazette of Beed district under the modern India was published.
* 1982 - [[Television]] transmission station was constructed.
* 1982 - Area of 43 villages from Beed district was given to a newly created [[Latur district]].
* 1989 - Massive flood wipes out three habitations in the town. Several died or missing, properties of worth millions of rupees destroyed.
* 1994 - Beed came in headlines worldwide after the breakout of [[Bubonic Plague]].
* 1998 - Abdul Hamīd Nathapuri wrote a history of Beed district (Zila Bīr Kī Tārīkh) in Urdu.
* 2002 - 23rd National junior Kho-Kho championship was held.
* 2004 - First [[mobile phone]] service started in the town.

==Historical buildings==
===Kankaleshwar Temple===

The architectural style suggests that it might have been constructed during Yadava period.,<ref name="PLACE_BHIR"/> most probably during the reign of Singhana (1210–47), who also founded Devagiri (Daulatabad). The design of this temple has some close similarities to the temples at the famous [[caves of Ellora]]. Situated in the middle of a small lake in the eastern part of the town, the temple is built with black stone and is carved with excellent human and divine figures. A fair is held in the grounds of temple during Mahashivratri.

===Jama Masjid (Mosque)===

Built during the period of [[Mughal emperor]] Jahangir (1605–27) by his official in Beed ''Jān Sipār Khan'' in 1036 AH (1627), it is one of the largest mosques in Beed. Situated in the centre of the town at ''Quila'' (citadel) it has three huge domes and four minarets.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

===Shahinshah Wali tomb===

[[File:Shahinsha wali dome.jpg|thumb|right|''Shahinshah Wali tomb'' — dome on the grave of Sufi Shahinshah wali.]]

Shahinshah Wali was a [[Sufi]] of 14th century. He came to Beed during the rule of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Muhammad Tughluq]]. His tomb and surrounding areas were built in different periods from 1385–1840. The details can be seen in the history of Beed. It is situated on the eastern elevations. Each year an ''Urs'' (fair) is held here on 2nd day of ''Rabi’ Al-Awwal'', third month of [[Islamic calendar]].<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

===Khandoba Temple===

It is situated on the eastern hills. Built in ''Hemadpanti'' style, it is often regarded as the symbol of town. Two symmetrical, octagonal ''dīpmal'' (tower of light) rising 21.33 meters (70 ft) are standing in front of the temple. Towers have carved figures of humans and animals, now most of them defaced. There are two stories about the construction of this temple. One says that it was built by Sultanji Nimbalkar a Jagirdar of Nizam era. The other says that it was built by [[Mahadji Scindia]]. ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr'' (History of Beed) mentions it with Nimbalkar.<ref name="QUAZI"/>

===Mansur Shah tomb===

Mansur Shah was 18th century Sufi of ''Suharwardy'' clan of Sufis. He is said to be a ''Dharma Guru'' (spiritual teacher) of Mahadji Scindia. His tomb is in the eastern part of Beed near Khandeshwari temple. Dome of the shrine is made of marble.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/>

===Khazana Well===

[[File:Khazana well beed.jpg|thumb|right|''Khazana well'' — once famous and maintained, now is full of dirty water.]]

This historic and famous well is situated about 6 km south of the town. It was constructed in 991 AH (1583) by ''Salābat Khan'', a Jagirdar of Beed in the period of Murtaza Nizam Shah of [[Ahmadnagar]]. It is said that the water level in this well remains unchanged even in droughts.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/> Three currents of water start from the well and irrigate the land of ''Barg o Zār'' (meaning 'Leaves and Flowers', pronounced in colloquial as Balguzār) around the town. During droughts municipality of the town take water from this well and supply it to some parts of the town and surrounding villages. Salābat Khan also constructed Kāranja (fountains) and a garden in the centre of the town. Tower of Kāranja is still standing in the middle of the town in a very bad condition.

===Historic Gates===

[[File:Kotwali gate beed.JPG|thumb|right|''Bāb-uz-Zafar'' (Gate of success) — now known as Kotwali Ves (Kotwali gate) was built in 1835 on the western bank of Bendsura. The gate is now in poor condition and the adjacent Fatah Burj on left is almost gone.]]

The town had several gates and a small fort in the past.<ref name="NATHAPURI"/> Now only four are remaining and are in poor condition. Only one out of several were built in the eastern part in Mahbub Gunj (now Hiralal Chowk). Kotwali gate (known as Kotwali Ves) is situated at the western bank of river Bendsura. This has got its name because a police station (Kotwali) was situated adjacent to the gate. Another gate, which is also in a bad condition, is found at ''Quila'' near Milliya campus. Fourth gate is in ''Bashīr Gunj'' area and perhaps is in a little better condition than the other gates, most probably due to the grave on its Burj which is said to be of some Sufi ''Buland Shah''.

==Further reading==
* Qazi, M. Q. Bīri (1898): ''Tārīkh-e-Bīr (History of Beed in Urdu).''
* Nathapuri, Abdul Hamīd (1998): ''Zila Bīr Kī Tarīkh (History of Beed District in Urdu).'' Asian Printing Press, Gulshan Colony, Jogeshwari (W) Mumbai.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071024110558/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/home.html ''Gazette of Beed district (1969)''] Gazetteers department–Bhir (Beed). Out of print but available online at the government of Maharashtra web site.
* [http://beed.nic.in Official website of Beed district]
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India.''] New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908–1931. Editors - Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, 1840-1900 /Cotton, James Sutherland, 1847-1918 ed./Burn, Richard, Sir, 1871-1947 joint ed./Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, 1860–1922. joint ed.
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071016201841/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051140.htm ''From the Sundarlal Report'']}} [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1805/18051140.htm Frontline], Volume 18, Issue 05, 3–16 March 2001
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20011230164312/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1805/18051130.htm Noorani, A. G. ''Of a Massacre Untold''.]}} [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1805/18051140.htm Frontline], Volume 18, Issue 05, 3–16 March 2001

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Beed}}
[[Category:Beed district]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra by city|Beed]]
[[Category:Histories of cities in India|Beed]]
[[Category:History of Marathwada]]

Palla Rajeshwar Reddy

2026-04-20T07:01:58Z

Nikhil009: put up a info needs work.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Palla Rajeshwar Reddy
| image = Palla0H6A7017 (cropped).jpg
| alma_mater = PhD [[Osmania University]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|11|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hanamkonda district|Sodheshpally]], [[Telangana]], India
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Muthireddy Yadagiri Reddy
| constituency = [[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
| Official Status =
| constituency1 = Warangal-Khammam-Nalgonda graduates constituency
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 2015 March 30 – 2023 December 9
| predecessor1 = [[Teenmar Mallanna]]
| parents = Palla Raghava Reddy, Anusuya Reddy
| spouse = Neelima
| children = Anurag, Apuroop
| profession = Educationalist, politician
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
}}
'''Palla Rajeshwar Reddy''' (born 4 November 1963) is an Indian politician from the state of Telangana. He is elected to the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jangaon Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref name="Congress sweeps 10 out of 12 seats in erstwhile Warangal">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Congress sweeps 10 out of 12 seats in erstwhile Warangal |url=https://telanganatoday.com/congress-sweeps-10-out-of-12-seats-in-erstwhile-warangal |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114150728/https://telanganatoday.com/congress-sweeps-10-out-of-12-seats-in-erstwhile-warangal |archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Palla Rajeshwar Reddy born in Sodashapalli village of Velair mandal in [[Warangal urban district|Warangal-Urban district]] in 1963. He was associated with the [[Students' Federation of India|Students Federation of India]] (SFI), during his university days and later in 1986 he secured a doctorate degree in physics from [[Osmania University]].

==Political career==
Palla Rajeshwar Reddy started his political journey with the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (Then [[TRS Party|TRS]]) party and unsuccessfully contested from [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda Lok Sabha]] Elections which was held in 2014 later in 2015 he contested [[Telangana Legislative Council]] Elections from Warangal-Khammam-Nalgonda Graduates Constituency elections and was elected as a [[List of members of the Telangana Legislative Council|Member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) and served as Govt. Whip in [[Telangana Legislative Council|Council]] from 2016 to 2019. He was appointed chairman, [[Rythu Samanvaya Samithi|Rythu Samanwaya Samithi]] on 17 November 2019.<ref name="Palla Rajeshwar Reddy named farmers’ panel chief">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=16 November 2019 |title=Palla Rajeshwar Reddy named farmers' panel chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/palla-rajeshwar-reddy-named-farmers-panel-chief/article29993371.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114153957/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/palla-rajeshwar-reddy-named-farmers-panel-chief/article29993371.ece |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Palla Rajeshwar Reddy was party in-charge for [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency]] byelection which was held in 2019<ref name="‘Division of opposition votes will benefit TRS in Huzurnagar’, claims TRS chief election coordinator for Huzurnagar Assembly bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title='Division of opposition votes will benefit TRS in Huzurnagar', claims TRS chief election coordinator for Huzurnagar Assembly bypoll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/oct/18/division-of-opposition-votes-will-benefit-trs-in-huzurnagar-claims-trs-chief-election-coordinator-for-huzurnagar-assembly-bypoll--2049291.html |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114155438/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/oct/18/division-of-opposition-votes-will-benefit-trs-in-huzurnagar-claims-trs-chief-election-coordinator-for-huzurnagar-assembly-bypoll--2049291.html |archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> and [[TRS Party|TRS]] candidate [[Shanampudi Saidireddy]] won with a margin of over 43,000 votes. Palla Rajeshwar Reddy contested Telangana Legislative Council Elections in 2021 from Warangal-Khammam-Nalgonda Graduates Constituency elections<ref name="Rajeshwar Reddy of TRS richest among MLC aspirants">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Rajeshwar Reddy of TRS richest among MLC aspirants |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rajeshwar-reddy-of-trs-richest-among-mlc-aspirants/articleshow/81142513.cms |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114152922/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rajeshwar-reddy-of-trs-richest-among-mlc-aspirants/articleshow/81142513.cms |archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> and was elected as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) for the second time with a majority of 12, 806 votes.<ref name="Palla Rajeshwar retains seat">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Palla Rajeshwar retains seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/palla-rajeshwar-retains-seat/article34121121.ece |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114155901/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/palla-rajeshwar-retains-seat/article34121121.ece |archive-date=14 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Palla Rajeshwar Reddy sworn in as MLC">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |first1= |title=Palla Rajeshwar Reddy sworn in as MLC |url=https://telanganatoday.com/palla-rajeshwar-reddy-sworn-in-as-mlc |access-date=14 January 2024 |date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114160008/https://telanganatoday.com/palla-rajeshwar-reddy-sworn-in-as-mlc |archive-date=14 January 2024}}</ref>

Palla Rajeshwar Reddy was named as [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] party candidate in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]s and was elected as [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jangaon Assembly constituency]] with a majority of 15,783 votes.<ref name="Telangana election results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |date=3 December 2023 |title=Telangana election results 2023: Full list of winners constituency wise |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023-constituency-wise-full-winner-list-brs-aimim-tdp-bjp-congress-candidates/articleshow/105690405.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207043327/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023-constituency-wise-full-winner-list-brs-aimim-tdp-bjp-congress-candidates/articleshow/105690405.cms |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="BRS retains Jangaon seat, Palla Rajeshwar Reddy wins with 98975 votes">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=4 December 2023 |title=BRS retains Jangaon seat, Palla Rajeshwar Reddy wins with 98975 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jangaon-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471011-2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114150459/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jangaon-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471011-2023-12-03 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]

Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier

2026-04-19T06:51:43Z

Nikhil009: Made The Info Basic Info - done

{{Short description|British Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier
| honorific_prefix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Patna High Court|1st Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start = 1 March 1916
| term_end = 30 October 1917
| nominator = 
| appointer = [[George V]]
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = Thomas Fredrick Dawson Miller
| birth_date = {{birth date|1866|06|04|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|11|17|1866|06|04|df=y}}
| children =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| office1 = Judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1910
| term_end1 = 1915
| appointer1 = [[George V]]
}}
'''Sir Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier''' [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], KCIE (4 June 1866 – 17 November 1945) was a British Indian judge and the first Chief Justice of the [[Patna High Court]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The High Court of Judicature at Patna|url=http://patnahighcourt.gov.in/AboutUs.aspx|access-date=2021-06-06|website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCIMAQAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Maynard+Des+Champs|title=Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage|date=1971|publisher=Kelly's Directories|language=en}}</ref><ref name="NationalArchivesF44311">{{Cite web|work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]] |title=The Discovery Service|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F44311|access-date=2021-06-06|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Career==
Sir Edward Chamier passed [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Society|first=Bihar and Orissa Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Maynard+Des+Champs+ICS|title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society|date=1917|publisher=The Society|language=en}}</ref> He was knighted on 1 January 1916 and was appointed the Chief Justice of the Patna High Court on 1 March 1916 and retired on 30 October 1917. During this tenure he set up an example of judicial autonomy at the time of inaugurating the High Court building in 1916. In the opening ceremony Justice Chamier neither invited [[Lieutenant governor|Lieutenant Governor]] of the province Sir [[Edward Albert Gait]] nor even Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=When Chief Justice of Patna High Court kept Viceroy Lord Hardinge, LG out|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/when-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court-kept-viceroy-lord-hardinge-lg-out/articleshow/48316714.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-08-02|title=When Chief Justice of Patna High Court kept Viceroy, LG out|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/when-chief-justice-of-patna-high-court-kept-viceroy-lg-out-115080200269_1.html|access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref>

Chamier was legal adviser to the Secretary of State for India in 1925–26.<ref name="NationalArchivesF44311" /><ref name=lambethpalacelibrary>{{citation |url=https://archives.lambethpalacelibrary.org.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=GB%2F109%2F15062 |work=[[Lambeth Palace Library]] |title=Database of Manuscripts and Archives |access-date=9 June 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chamier, Edward Maynerd Des Champs}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English judges]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]

Ilaiyangudi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:07Z

Nikhil009: New initial page w/ refs

{{Short description|Not existing}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ilaiyangudi
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| abolished= 2008
| district = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
| electors= 1,45,800 (2006)
| reservation= None
}}
'''Ilaiyangudi''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Sivaganga district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref>

In 2008, under a Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency Order, the Ilaiyangudi assembly constituency was merged with [[Manamadurai]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies - 2008|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516071904/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|archive-date=16 May 2019|access-date=|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1967 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[V. Malaikannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| V. Malaikannan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[S. Sivasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[S. Sivasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[Anbalangan, P]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[M. Sathiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[M. S. M. Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[V. D. Natarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Raja Kannappan|R. S. Rajakannappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| 2009
| [[Suba. Mathiarasan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2009 Bypoll ===
Nine contestants were in fray in Ilayankudi constituency. They included three from major political parties, Suba. Mathiarasan of DMK, Azhagu. Balakrishnan of DMDK and P. M. Rajendran of BJP.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nine contestants for Ilayankudi constituency |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/02/stories/2009080252430300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806104502/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/02/stories/2009080252430300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 August 2009}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=Tamil Nadu assembly by-election, 2009: Ilayankudi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = Suba. Mathiarasan
|votes = 61,084
|percentage = 71.97%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = Azhagu. Balakrishnan
|votes = 19,628
|percentage = 23.13%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,456
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 84,875<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081951480300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107094845/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/19/stories/2009081951480300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 November 2012 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Thondamuthur witnesses peaceful and moderate polling | date=19 August 2009}}</ref>
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Raja Kannappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,952 |percentage=52.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ayyachamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,246 |percentage=39.24% |change=-8.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Manimaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,705 |percentage=2.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Deivendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,344 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,229 |percentage=1.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saravanan |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=1,123 |percentage=1.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sethubathi Durai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=614 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ayyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=434 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Balakrishnan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=348 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Baskaran |party=Independent politician |votes=272 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=198 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,706 |percentage=13.04% |change=8.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=97,465 |percentage=66.85% |change= 4.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,800 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. Nadarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,342 |percentage=47.86% |change=15.45% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Raja Kannappan]] |party=Makkal Tamil Desam Katchi |votes=40,660 |percentage=42.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikannan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,080 |percentage=4.31% |change=-8.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Joseph Vincent Amalraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,379 |percentage=2.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Maliraju |party=Independent politician |votes=844 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. K. Rasool Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jesu |party=Independent politician |votes=595 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,682 |percentage=4.94% |change=-12.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,743 |percentage=62.12% |change= -0.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,529 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Tamilkudimagan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,080 |percentage=49.37% |change=15.64% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. Nadarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,276 |percentage=32.40% |change=-29.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikannan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,790 |percentage=12.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gnanathiraviam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,182 |percentage=2.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,438 |percentage=1.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Arockiasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=539 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Alagar |party=Independent politician |votes=232 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ananthan |party=Independent politician |votes=228 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=199 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. N. A. Abdul Sukkur |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Alagar |party=Independent politician |votes=113 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,804 |percentage=16.97% |change=-11.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,260 |percentage=62.45% |change= -0.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,929 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ma. Sa. Ma. Ramachandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,994 |percentage=61.92% |change=38.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Nallasethupathi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,864 |percentage=33.73% |change=-12.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. H. Mohamed Cassim |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=2,784 |percentage=3.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jeyarani |party=Independent politician |votes=346 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=325 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=269 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,130 |percentage=28.20% |change=7.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,582 |percentage=62.58% |change= -8.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,630 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 15.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathiah |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,914 |percentage=45.96% |change=2.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Palanichamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,692 |percentage=24.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Khaja Najumudeen |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,344 |percentage=23.40% |change=-25.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,724 |percentage=2.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Malaikhannan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,679 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Siva Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=448 |percentage=0.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Aruldoss |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,222 |percentage=21.08% |change=16.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,199 |percentage=71.04% |change= -5.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,395 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbalangan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,974 |percentage=48.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,771 |percentage=43.65% |change=-2.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rethinam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,065 |percentage=6.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vedamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Panai A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. N. K. Seenippulavar |party=Independent politician |votes=303 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,203 |percentage=4.99% |change=4.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,234 |percentage=76.30% |change= 8.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,902 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 2.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=34,437 |percentage=46.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikkannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,381 |percentage=46.43% |change=23.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Kalimuthan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,343 |percentage=4.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,342 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. N. K. Seenippulavar |party=Independent politician |votes=545 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=56 |percentage=0.08% |change=-1.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,048 |percentage=68.24% |change= -2.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,607 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 22.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sivasamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=17,677 |percentage=24.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikkannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,887 |percentage=23.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muhammed Sheriff |party=Independent politician |votes=15,362 |percentage=21.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mathavan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,055 |percentage=20.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sankar |party=Janata Party |votes=5,303 |percentage=7.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Thangiah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,707 |percentage=2.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. N. Seeni Pulavar |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=1.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. N. K. J. Naina Mohamed |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=790 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,983 |percentage=70.29% |change= -57.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,262 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,551 |percentage=61.99% |change=4.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramakrishna Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,138 |percentage=32.85% |change=-9.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Viaguiam Udayar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,397 |percentage=3.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Nagainam Aboobacker |party=Independent politician |votes=771 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Candidate Name Not Given |party=Independent politician |votes=625 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,413 |percentage=29.14% |change=14.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,482 |percentage=127.87% |change= 48.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,857 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Ilaiyangudi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Malaikannan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,461 |percentage=57.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,978 |percentage=42.56% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,483 |percentage=14.88% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,439 |percentage=79.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,804 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |accessdate=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=5 October 2010 }}

{{coord|9.63|N|78.63|E|display=title}}
{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Mayilaa

2026-04-14T22:07:07Z

Nikhil009: Stub

{{short description|2026 Indian Tamil film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayilaa
| image = Mayilaa film poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Semmalar Annam]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Anto Chittilappilly
}}
| screenplay = Semmalar Annam
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Melodi Dorcas
* Shudarkodi V, Sathya Maruthani
* [[Geetha Kailasam]]
* Auto Chandran
* Janaki Suresh
}}
| music = Meenakshi Ilayaraja
| cinematography = Vinoth Janakiraman
| editing = [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Newton Cinema]]
* [[Neelam (organisation)|Neelam Productions]]
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2026|1|31|[[55th International Film Festival Rotterdam|IFFR]]}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* India
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Tamil
}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mayilaa''''' ({{Langx|en|[[Peafowl|Peahen]]}}) is a 2026 Tamil drama film directed by [[Semmalar Annam]] in her debut feature and presented by [[Pa. Ranjith]]. The film produced by [[Newton Cinema]] is set in a village in Tamil Nadu and tells the story of Poongodi's struggle for independence and self-respect through the eyes of her daughter, Sudar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/southern_cinema/tamil-film-mayilaa-by-semmalar-annam-to-premiere-at-55th-rotterdam-film-festival-1503502683.html |title=Tamil film ‘Mayilaa’ by Semmalar Annam to premiere at 55th Rotterdam Film Festival |date=24 October 2025|access-date=3 November 2025|website= [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film had its world premiere at the [[55th International Film Festival Rotterdam]] in Bright Future section on 31 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2026/films/mayilaa |title=Mayilaa |work=[[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]|access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="iffr:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/pa-ranjith-backed-mayilaa-to-premiere-at-international-film-festival-of-rotterdam-2026 |title=Pa. Ranjith-Backed ‘Mayilaa’ To Premiere At International Film Festival Of Rotterdam 2026 |website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 30 October 2025 |access-date= 3 November 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Melodi Dorcas as Mayilaa
* Shudarkodi V as Poongodi's daughter
* Sathya Maruthani
* [[Geetha Kailasam]]
* Auto Chandran
* Janaki Suresh

==Production==

The director of the film [[Semmalar Annam]] in an interview disclosed that the idea of the film came to her during her travel to villages for her acting projects. She said, "I would speak to women there, and listen to their life stories. I included all that in my film."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/being-recognised-by-iffr-is-important-for-a-film-like-mayilaa-semmalar-annam/articleshow/124841163.cms |title=Being recognised by IFFR is important for a film like Mayilaa: Semmalar Annam|first=Roopa |last=Radhakrishnan|date=27 October 2025|access-date=5 November 2025|website= [[Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Release==

''Mayilaa'' had its world premiere at the [[55th International Film Festival Rotterdam]] on 31 January 2026, in Bright Future section.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Oct/25/tamilnews2025oct24pa-ranjith-turns-presenter-for-semmalar-annams-mayilaa |title=Pa Ranjith turns presenter for Semmalar Annam's Mayilaa |date=24 October 2025|access-date=3 November 2025|website= [[New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]

Helena Norberg-Hodge

2026-04-13T20:22:04Z

Nikhil009: New some info basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{short description|Swedish activist and documentary director}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Helena Norberg-Hodge
| image = Helena Norberg Hodge 2015.jpg
| caption = Norberg-Hodge in 2015
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|01|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sweden]]
| death_date =
| awards = 1986 [[Right Livelihood Award]] and 2012 Goi Peace Award
| death_place =
| occupation = linguist, writer, activist, documentary film maker
| notable_works = [[Ancient Futures]] 
[[The Economics of Happiness]]
}}

'''Helena Norberg-Hodge''' (born 10 January 1946) is the founder and director of [[Local Futures]], previously known as the International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC) and pioneer of the Localization movement. Local Futures is a non-profit organization "dedicated to the revitalization of cultural and biological diversity, and the strengthening of local communities and economies worldwide."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.localfutures.org|title=Local Futures – Local Futures|website=Local Futures|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>

Norberg-Hodge is the author of the international best-selling book ''[[Ancient Futures]]'' (1991), about tradition and change in the Himalayan region of [[Ladakh]], available in multiple languages, as an ecobook and audiobook versions. She is also the author of ''Local is Our Future'' (2019), in which she advocates for localized alternatives to the global economy, particularly involving the creation of robust [[local food]] systems and democratic structures that can effectively resist [[authoritarianism]].<ref name="Local is Our Future">{{cite web|url=https://www.localfutures.org/publications/local-is-our-future-book-helena-norberg-hodge/|title=Local is Our Future book|website=LocalFutures.org|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> An outspoken critic of [[economic globalization]], she co-founded – along with [[Jerry Mander]], [[Douglas Tompkins|Doug Tompkins]], [[Vandana Shiva]], [[Martin Khor]] and others – the International Forum on Globalization (IFG) in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifg.org/about/history/|title=History – INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON GLOBALIZATION|website=Ifg.org|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> She is a leading proponent of localization as an antidote to the problems arising from globalization, and founded the International Alliance for Localization (IAL) in 2014.

Norberg-Hodge produced and co-directed the award-winning documentary film ''[[The Economics of Happiness]]'' (2011), which lays out her arguments against economic globalization and for localization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.localfutures.org/the-economics-of-happiness/the-film/film/|title=About the film – Local Futures|website=Localfutures.org|access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> Recently she initiated World Localization Day (WLD), which broadcasts globally online. In 1986, she was awarded the [[Right Livelihood Award]] for "preserving the traditional culture and values of Ladakh against the onslaught of tourism and development." In 2012, she received the Goi Peace Award for "her pioneering work in the localization movement".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goipeace.or.jp/en/work/award/award-2012/|title=2012 Goi Peace Award Laureate|website=Goi Peace Foundation|date=August 2012 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

== Education ==
Norberg-Hodge was educated in Sweden, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, and the United States. She specialized in [[linguistics]], including studies at the doctoral level at the [[University of London]] and at [[MIT]], with [[Noam Chomsky]]. Fluent in seven languages, she has lived in and studied numerous cultures at varying degrees of industrialization. The most influential of these in forming Norberg-Hodge's worldview is the Himalayan region of [[Ladakh]].

== Ladakh ==
[[Ladakh]], also known as Little Tibet, is a remote region on the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. Although it is part of [[India]], it has more in common culturally with [[Tibet]]. Because it borders both [[China]] and [[Pakistan]], countries with which India has had tense relations and frequent border disputes, the Indian government kept Ladakh largely isolated from the outside world. It was not until 1962 that the first road was built over the high mountain passes that separate the region from the rest of India, and even then the region was off-limits to all but the Indian military. In 1975, the Indian government decided to open Ladakh to tourism and 'development', and Norberg-Hodge was one of the first westerners to visit the region, accompanying a German film crew as a translator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.share-international.org/archives/social-justice/sj_mllessons.htm|title=Lessons from an ancient culture, Interview with Helena Norberg-Hodge|author=Monte Leach|website=Share-international.org|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028042014/http://share-international.org/archives/social-justice/sj_mllessons.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As she described in an interview with the Indian website Infochange,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://infochangeindia.org/globalisation/related-analysis/localisation-is-about-bringing-the-economy-back-to-a-human-scale.html |title=Localisation is about bringing the economy back to a human scale | Analysis | Globalisation |access-date=30 March 2016 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412115528/http://infochangeindia.org/globalisation/related-analysis/localisation-is-about-bringing-the-economy-back-to-a-human-scale.html |archivedate=12 April 2016 }}</ref> the culture she observed in those early years was a near-paradise of social and ecological well-being, but quickly broke down under the impact of outside economic forces: "When I first arrived in Leh, the capital of 5,000 inhabitants, cows were the most likely cause of congestion and the air was crystal clear. Within five minutes' walk in any direction from the town centre were barley fields, dotted with large farmhouses. For the next twenty years I watched Leh turn into an urban sprawl. The streets became choked with traffic, and the air tasted of diesel fumes. 'Housing colonies' of soulless, cement boxes spread into the dusty desert. The once pristine streams became polluted, the water undrinkable. For the first time, there were homeless people. The increased economic pressures led to unemployment and competition. Within a few years, friction between different communities appeared. All of these things had not existed for the previous 500 years."

Many of the changes that 'development' brought were psychological, as she described in the film version of ''Ancient Futures'': "In one of my first years in Ladakh, I was in this incredibly beautiful village. All the houses were three stories high and painted white. And I was just amazed. So out of curiosity I asked a young man from that village to show me the poorest house. He thought for a bit, and then he said, 'We don't have any poor houses.' The same person I heard eight years later saying to a tourist, 'Oh, if you could only help us Ladakhis, we're so poor!' And what had happened is that in the intervening eight years he had been bombarded with all these one-dimensional images of life in the West. He'd seen people with fast cars, you know, looking as though they never worked, and with lots of money. And suddenly by comparison his culture seemed backward and primitive and poor."

In 1978, Norberg-Hodge founded The Ladakh Project, for which Local Futures is now the parent organization, in order to counter the overly rosy impressions of life in the urban consumer culture, and to re-instill respect for the traditional culture. She also helped establish several indigenous NGOs in Ladakh including the Women's Alliance of Ladakh (WAL), the Ladakh Environment and Health Organisation (LEHO), and the Ladakh Ecological Development Group (LEDeG). LEDeG has designed, built and installed a wide range of small-scale appropriate technologies, including solar water heaters, cookers, passive space heaters, and greenhouses. In 1986, Norberg-Hodge and LEDeG were awarded the [[Right Livelihood Award]] (also known as the 'Alternative Nobel Prize') in recognition of these efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/ladakh.html |title=Right Livelihood Award: 1986 - LEDEG |work=www.rightlivelihood.org |access-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108164840/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/ladakh.html |archivedate=8 January 2009 }}</ref>

== Documentaries ==
Together with the Local Futures team, Helena has produced the following films and animations:

* ''Trade Gone Mad'', 2024, narrated by [[Nathalie Kelley]] (4 minute animation)
* ''Closer to Home: Voices of Hope in a Time of Crisis'', 2024 with [[Cyrus Sutton]] (33 minutes)
* ''The Power of Local'', 2024 (42 minutes)
* ''Planet Local: A Quiet Revolution'', 2023 (50 minutes)
* ''Local Food Can Save the World'', 2023 (3 minutes)
* ''Local, A Story of Hope'', 2022, also featuring [[Damon Gameau]] and Ella Noah Bancroft (8 minutes)
* ''Big Picture Activism'', 2022, also featuring [[Damon Gameau]] and Ella Noah Bancroft (5 minutes)
* ''Small is Beautiful: Growing the Local Food Movement in Dartington / Totnes UK'', (3 minutes)
* ''Young Farmers in Ladakh'', 2021 (7 minutes)
* ''Insane Trade! - How Insane is Global Trade?'', 2021 (3 minutes)
* ''Going Local: the solution-multiplier'', 2017 (2 minutes)
* ''Localization: for People and the Earth'', 2014 (7 minutes)
* ''The Economics of Happiness'', 2012 (1 hour 8 minutes)
* ''Paradise with Side Effects'', 2004 (40 minutes)
* ''The Future of Progress'', 1992 (30 minutes)

== Publications ==
[[File:Helena Norberg-Hodge.jpg|thumb|Norberg-Hodge in 2009]]

Norberg-Hodge's most recent book, ''Local is Our Future'' (2019) describes how a systemic shift from a globalized economy towards a network of decentralized, localized economies could address a number of problems simultaneously, ranging from economic inequality to the climate crisis to mental illness epidemics.<ref name="Local is Our Future" /> The book has received praise from a number of public figures including [[Bill McKibben]], [[Douglas Rushkoff]], [[David Suzuki]], [[Charles Eisenstein]], [[Alice Waters]], and others.<ref name="Local is Our Future" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.localfutures.org/publications/local-is-our-future-book-helena-norberg-hodge/endorsements/|title=Local is Our Future: Endorsements|website=LocalFutures.org|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref>

Her previous book, ''Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh'' (Sierra Club, 1991), was based on Norberg-Hodge's first-hand experience of Ladakh's traditional culture and the impacts of conventional development on it. The book was very well received, and has remained in print ever since. (A second edition, with a different subtitle, "Lessons from Ladakh for a Globalizing World", was published in 2009; a third edition, with no subtitle, is to be published in April 2016). ''Ancient Futures'' has been described as an "inspirational classic" by The London ''Times'' and "one of the most important books of our time" by author Susan Griffin.<ref name="Chelsea Green">{{cite web|url=https://www.chelseagreen.com/science-nature-environment/ancient-futures-3rd-edition|title=Chelsea Green Publishing – Ancient Futures, 3rd Edition|website=Chelsea Green Publishing|date=28 January 2016 |access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> Together with the film version of the book, ''Ancient Futures'' has been translated into more than 40 languages.<ref name="Chelsea Green" />

Norberg-Hodge is also co-author of ''Life After Progress'' (Local Futures, 2022), ''Bringing the Food Economy Home: Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness'' (Kumarian, 2002) and ''From the Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture'' (Zed Books, 1992).

== Lectures, workshops, webinars and presentations ==
Norberg-Hodge lectures extensively in several languages – most often in English, Swedish, German, and Ladakhi, and occasionally in French, Spanish, and Italian. Over the years, lecture tours have brought her to universities, government agencies and private institutions. She has made presentations to parliamentarians in Germany, Sweden, and England; at the White House and the US Congress; to [[UNESCO]], the [[World Bank]], the [[European Commission]], and the IMF; and at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Cornell and numerous other universities. She also teaches regularly at [[Schumacher College]] in England. She frequently lectures and gives workshops for community groups around the world working on localization issues.

In addition, she frequently appears on television and radio programs around the world.

== Recognition ==
* [[Right Livelihood Award]] as recognition for her work with LEDeG, 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/ladakh.html|title=Right Livelihood Laureates|website=Rightlivelihood.org|access-date=7 October 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108164840/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/ladakh.html|archivedate=8 January 2009}}</ref>
* One of the world's 'Ten Most Interesting Environmentalists' by the Earth Journal (1993).
* In Carl McDaniel's book ''Wisdom for a Liveable Planet'' ([[Trinity University (Texas)#Trinity University Press|Trinity University Press]], 2005), she was profiled as one of eight visionaries changing the world today.
* Goi Peace Award from the [[Goi Peace Foundation]] in Japan (2012), "in recognition of her pioneering work in the new economy movement to help create a more sustainable and equitable world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goipeace.or.jp/english/activities/award/award2012.html|title=2012 Goi Peace Award Laureate|website=Goipeace.or.jp|date=August 2012 |access-date=7 October 2017}}</ref>
* The Environment Award at the [https://www.tignano.it/ Tignano Festival], Tuscany - Italy (2023).

== Affiliations ==
Norberg-Hodge is a co-founder of the International Forum on Globalization and the [[Global Ecovillage Network]]. She was a founding member of the International Commission on the Future of Food and Agriculture, launched with the support of the government of Tuscany, and was previously on the editorial board of [[The Ecologist]] magazine. She lives in Australia and the UK.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.localfutures.org/ Local Futures/International Society for Ecology and Culture]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@ISECeconofhappiness Local Futures' catalog of documentaries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229235421/http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=-7846941319183318053&ei=S0QlS-HZF5LW-AalroXiAw&q=helena+norberg+hodge+ancient+futures&hl=en Helena Norberg-Hodge's film – ''Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212113749/http://www.bigpicture.tv/speakers/de774005f Online interviews with Helena Norberg-Hodge]
* [https://www.theecologist.org/ The Ecologist magazine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090108164840/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/ladakh.html The Right Livelihood Award website]
* [https://www.ifg.org/ The International Forum on Globalization (IFG)]
* [http://www.economia.rai.it/articoli/norberg-hodge-leconomia-della-felicità/16592/default.aspx Helena Norberg-Hodge, on the portal RAI Economy]
* [https://greattransition.org/gti-forum/global-local-norberg-hodge "Resist Locally, Renew Globally"], Great Transition Initiative, August 2019
* [https://truthout.org/articles/unlike-a-globalized-food-system-local-food-wont-destroy-the-environment/ "Unlike a Globalized Food System, Local Food Won't Destroy the Environment"], Truthout, December 2018
* [https://www.tni.org/en/publication/localisation-a-strategic-solution-to-globalised-authoritarianism "Localisation: a strategic solution to globalised authoritarianism"], Transnational Institute, May 2018
* [https://commonthreads.sgi.org/post/157897991073/localization-and-the-economics-of-happiness "Localization and the Economics of Happiness"], Soka Gakkai International, March 2017
* [https://www.tikkun.org/nextgen/strengthening-local-economies-the-path-to-peace/ "Strengthening Local Economies: The Path to Peace?"], Tikkun, 29 July 2015
* [https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article4444-a-new-call-for-resistance-and-renewal.html/ "A New Call for Resistance and Renewal"], Resurgence, July–August 2015
* [http://www.ecotrust.org/the-economics-of-climate-change/ "The Economics of Climate Change"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422232557/https://ecotrust.org/the-economics-of-climate-change/ |date=22 April 2021 }} Ecotrust, 23 February 2015
* [https://www.resilience.org/stories/2019-12-18/helena-norberg-hodge-is-localization-a-solution-to-the-crisis-of-capitalism-in-conversation/ "Is Localization a Solution to the Crisis of Capitalism?"] (interview on the Upstream Podcast, December 2019)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVPcIj9fiE0 "Helena Norberg-Hodge on Looking at the Big System"] (appearance on the television program Renegade Inc, October 2018)
* [http://upliftconnect.com/the-economics-of-happiness/ "Understanding the Economic Equation for Creating Happiness"] (interview on the UPLIFT Podcast, May 2017)
* [https://www.localfutures.org/programs/global-to-local/webinars/debt-and-speculation-webinar/ "Debt and Speculation in the Global Economy"] (webinar with Charles Eisenstein, March 2016).
* [https://www.localfutures.org/programs/global-to-local/webinars/going-local/ "Going Local"] (webinar with Michael Shuman, December 2015).
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsXf88fy8FU "Economics of Happiness – How Human-Scale Is Essential for Solving Our Social and Ecological Problems"] at Lingnan University, Hong Kong, October 2015
* [https://www.communitiesincontrol.com.au/cic/speakers/?speaker=Helena%20Norberg-Hodge Talk at the 'Our Community' Conference] in Melbourne, Australia, May 2015
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r06_F2FIKM "The Economics of Happiness."] TEDx, Christchurch, New Zealand, July 2011

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Swedish political writers]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swedish women essayists]]
[[Category:Swedish women activists]]
[[Category:Women ecologists]]
[[Category:Women political writers]]
[[Category:Neo-Luddites]]
[[Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century non-fiction writers]]
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[[Category:20th-century Swedish women writers]]
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[[Category:Swedish expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Ganga Devi Verma

2026-04-04T22:38:18Z

Nikhil009: Made New Bio W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bagru Assembly constituency|Bagru]]
| term_start = 10 December 2018
| term_end = 4 December 2023
| constituency1 = [[Bagru Assembly constituency|Bagru]]
| term_start1 = 11 December 2008
| term_end1 = 09 December 2013
| successor1 = Kailash Chand Verma
| successor = [[Kailash Chand Verma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| profession = Agriculture
| predecessor =
| mother =
| father =
| spouse = {{marriage|Late Kajodilal Verma|1975}}
| children = 2 sons & 1 daughter
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|1|4|df=y}}
| education = [[Literacy]]
| birth_place = Village Bagru, [[Sanganer]], [[Jaipur district]], Rajasthan
| occupation = Politician
| footnotes = Source [https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/HamareVidhayak/RptMemberSearch.aspx]
}}
'''Ganga Devi Verma''' (born 1958) is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. She is a two-time MLA from [[Bagru Assembly constituency]] of [[Jaipur district]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community. She represents [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress Party]]. She won the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] election in 2008 and regained the seat for Congress in the 2018 assembly election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RLP disrupts Congress and BJP’s political game in Bagru |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/rlp-disrupts-congress-and-bjps-political-game-in-bagru/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=TheDailyGuardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Devi(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BAGRU (SC)(JAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/rajasthan2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3002 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Devi hails from [[Jaipur district|Jaipur District.]] Her father's name is Bhanwar Lal Raigar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress Party |url=https://www.rajpcc.com/gangadeviverma |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.rajpcc.com}}</ref> After school, she remained as a housewife and a social worker.<ref name=":1" /> Her late husband was Kajodi Lal Verma.<ref>https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter</ref>

== Career ==
Devi won as MLA for the first time in 2008 representing [[Indian National Congress]] from Bagru Assembly constituency. She defeated Rakhshpal Kuldeep of BJP by a margin of 3,517 votes in the [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /> She did not contest the 2013 election where Congress fielded Prahlad Raghuvanshi and lost the seat. Again, she won the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Kailash Chand Verma of Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 5,383 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shakti Prakash |date=2023-11-24 |title=RLP disrupts Congress and BJP’s political game in Bagru |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/others/rlp-disrupts-congress-and-bjps-political-game-in-bagru/ |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagru (SC) assembly election results 2023: Bagru (SC) Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/bagru-sc-assembly-result-20056 |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagru Assembly Constituency, Rajasthan- 056 |url=https://proneta.in/bagru_assembly_constituency_rajasthan-056/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=proneta.in}}</ref> She lost the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] to Kailash Chand Verma of the Bharatiya Janata Party by a margin of 45,250 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganga Devi Rajasthan ganga-devi-bagru candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News. ABP Live News |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/ganga-devi-rajasthan-bagru-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> She polled 99,920 votes while Verma got 145,170 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagru Constituency Election Results 2023: Bagru Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/bagru |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Ganga Devi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Sankar (writer)

2026-03-25T18:37:50Z

Nikhil009: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian writer (1933–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sankar
| image = Bengali author Sankar speaks at the UN.jpg
| caption = Sankar in 2011
| birth_name = Mani Sankar Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1933|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Hindmotor]], Hooghly district, Bengal Presidency, British India (present-day Hooghly, West Bengal)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2026|02|20|1933|12|07}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|novelist|essayist|researcher}}
| known_for = Books on [[Swami Vivekananda]], Bengali novels
| awards = Bankim Puraskar Sahitya Akademi
}}

'''Mani Sankar Mukherjee''' (7 December 1933 – 20 February 2026), commonly known by his pen name '''Sankar''' in both Bengali- and English-language literature, was an Indian writer in the [[Bengali language]], who also served as the [[Sheriff of Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite-news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=8 July 2019 |title=Eminent author Shankar becomes Sheriff of Kolkata |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/eminent-author-shankar-becomes-sheriff-of-kolkata-119070800835_1.html |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> He grew up in Debdoot Sheet Nagar in [[Howrah]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Early life and education==
Sankar was the son of Avaya Mukherjee. Sankar's father died while he was still a teenager, as a result of which Sankar became a clerk to the last British barrister of the [[Calcutta High Court]], Noel Frederick Barwell.<ref>{{Cite-web |title=Noel Fredrick Barwell |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/tag/noel-fredrick-barwell |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> At the same time, he entered in [[Surendranath College]] (formerly [[Ripon College, Calcutta]]) for study. He had various jobs, such as typist, cleaner, private tutor and hawker. {{cn|date=February 2026}}

==Literary career==
[[File:At THE CALCUTTA BOOK FAIR 2019.jpg|thumb|Mukherjee in 2019]]
After Noel Barwell's sudden death, ''Sankar'', the professional version of his name adopted for the law courts, sought to honour Barwell. "First, I wanted to build a statue. It was not possible. I then wanted to name a road. Even that was not feasible. And then I decided to write a book about him," according to Sankar. That impetus led to his first novel, about Barwell,<ref>{{Cite-web|date=1 March 2018 |title=Five Iconic Indian Authors |url=https://mediaindia.eu/dossier/five-iconic-indian-authors/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Media India Group |language=en}}</ref> that according to some critics is perhaps the most stimulating -- ''Kato Ajanare'' (So Much Unknown).<ref>{{Cite-web |title=সম্পাদক সমীপেষু : সবার প্রিয় শংকর |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/letters-to-the-editor/letters-to-the-editor-mani-shankar-mukherjee-deserved-sahitya-academy-award-long-time-ago/cid/1271526 |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>

Around the same time in 1962, Sankar conceived ''Chowringhee'' on a rainy day at the waterlogged crossing of Central Avenue and [[B. B. D. Bagh|Dalhousie]] – a busy business district in the heart of [[Kolkata]]. The novel, set in the opulent hotel he called Shahjahan, was made into a cult movie in 1968. It is wrongly said that Sankar marketed his literary work to Bengali households with the marketing slogan ''A bagful of Sankar'' (Ek Bag Sankar) and collections of his books were sold in blue packets through this marketing effort.<ref>{{Cite-web |last=Gupta |first=Trisha |title=Bengali writers know that unless they reach London, nothing will happen: Sankar |url=http://scroll.in/article/733978/bengali-writers-know-that-unless-they-reach-london-nothing-will-happen-sankar |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He was rewarded with [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] on 18 March 2021 for his outstanding autobiographical work of ''Eka Eka Ekashi''.<ref>{{Cite-web |agency=TNN |date=12 March 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi award for Bengali author Shankar {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sahitya-akademi-award-for-bengali-author-shankar/articleshow/81458917.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite-web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

==Death==
Sankar died on 20 February 2026, at the age of 92. He had been hospitalised 15 days prior.<ref>{{Cite-web |title=প্রয়াত সাহিত্যিক শংকর, ‘চৌরঙ্গী’ উপন্যাসের স্রষ্টার প্রয়াণে শোকস্তব্ধ বাংলার লেখকমহল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/veteran-author-moni-shankar-mukherjee-is-no-more-dgtl/cid/1669117}}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Bengali_author_Sankar_speaks_at_the_UN_-_6105163912.jpg|thumb|Sankar, speaking at the UN]]
* ''Jekhane Jemon'' (travelogue) (''As It Is There'')
* ''Kato Ajanare'' (novel) (''The Many Unknowns'') - his [[debut novel]].
* ''Nivedita Research Laboratory'' (novel)
* ''Abasarika'' {{ISBN|978-81-7612-777-6}}
* [[Chowringhee (novel)|''Chowringhee'' (novel)]] (1962)
* ''Swarga Martya Patal''- (collection of three stories: ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' (''The Sea of People''), ''[[Seemabaddha]]'' (''Limited Company'') and ''Asha Akangsha'' (''Hopes and Desires''))
* ''Gharer Madhye Ghar''
* ''Nagar Nandini''
* ''Banglar Meye'' {{ISBN|978-81-7079-454-7}}
* ''Simanta Sambad'' {{ISBN|978-81-7079-554-4}}
* ''Kamana Basana'' {{ISBN|978-81-7079-978-8}}
* ''Purohit Darpan''
* ''Sri Sri Ramkrishna Rahsyamrito''
* ''Purohit Darpan''
* ''Mone Pare''
* ''Mansamman (1981)''
* ''Samrat O Sundari'' (novel)
* ''Charan Chhunye Jai'' {{ISBN|978-81-7079-528-5}}
* ''Bangalir Bittasadhana - Saharar Itikatha'' [https://www.collegestreet.net/index/?product_id=6587] {{ISBN|81-7267-045-1}}
* ''Jaabar Belay'' {{ISBN|978-81-7267-066-5}}
* ''Mathar Opor Chhad''
* ''Patabhumi'' {{ISBN|978-81-7612-637-3}}
* ''Rasabati'' {{ISBN|978-81-7612-637-3}}
* ''Ek Bag Sankar'' (collection) {{ISBN|978-81-7079-091-4}}
* ''Kamana Basana'' {{ISBN|978-81-7079-978-8}}
* ''Sonar Sangsar''
* ''Chhayachhabi'' (collection)
* ''Muktir Swad''
* ''Subarno Sujog''
* ''ABCD''
* ''Charan Chhunye Jai (Vol 2)'' {{ISBN|978-81-7612-888-9}}
* ''Bittabasana''
* ''Eka eka ekashi''
* ''Rup tapos''

===Works in translation===
*''Chowringhee'' translated by Arunava Sinha into English {{ISBN|978-0-14-310103-1}} and {{ISBN|978-1-84354-913-0}}. Translation is pending into Italian. In 2013 the novel has been translated into French by Dr Philippe Benoit, Sanskritist and head of Bengali department of Paris National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO), published by Gallimard house.
*''The Middleman'' translated by Arunava Sinha from "Jana Aranya" into English {{ISBN|978-0-14-306671-2}}.
*''The Great Unknown'' translated by Soma Das from "Kato ajanare" into English {{ISBN|978-0-670-08443-2}}.
*''Thackeray Mansion'' translated by [[Sandipan Deb]] from "Gharer Madhye Ghar" into English {{ISBN|978-0-143-42006-4}}.

==Screen adaptations==
*Many of Sankar's works have been made into films. Some notable ones are – ''[[Chowringhee (film)|Chowringhee]]'', ''[[Jana Aranya]]'' and ''[[Seemabaddha]]'', out of which the last two were directed by [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref>{{Cite-web |title=Mani Shankar Mukhopadhyay to receive Sahitya Academy Award for Eka Eka Ekasi |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mani-shankar-mukhopadhyay-to-receive-sahitya-academy-award-for-eka-eka-ekasi/article34060068.ece |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>
*In 1959, [[Ritwik Ghatak]] started making a film ''[[Kato Ajanare (film)|Kato Ajanare]]'' based on Sankar's first novel.<ref name="Ghatak(India)2000">{{cite-book |author1=Ritwikkumar Ghatak|author2=Ritwik Memorial Trust (India) |title=Rows and rows of fences: Ritwik Ghatak on cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfNkAAAAMAAJ |access-date=1 July 2012 |date=1 December 2000|publisher=Seagull Books |isbn=978-81-7046-178-4}}</ref>
* His novel, ''Man Samman'', was turned into a film by [[Basu Chatterjee]], [[Sheesha (1986 film)|Sheesha]] (1986), starring Mithun Chakraborty, Moonmoon Sen and Mallika Sarabhai.
*[[Shah Jahan Regency]] (2019) by Srijit Mukherji and starring Starring Abir Chatterjee, Anjan Dutt, Mamata Shankar, Parambrata Chatterjee, Rudranil Ghosh, Anirban Bhattacharya, Swastika Mukherjee, Kanchan Mullick, Rittika Sen, Rituparna Sengupta.<ref name="cast reveal">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-cast-of-srijit-mukherji-s-shah-jahan-regency-revealed-241823|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703100457/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-cast-of-srijit-mukherji-s-shah-jahan-regency-revealed-241823|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2018|title=The cast of Srijit Mukherji's Shah Jahan Regency revealed |last=Chatterjee|first=Arindam|newspaper=The Telegraph |date= 3 July 2018 | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1993 – [[Bankim Puraskar]] for ''Gharer Moddhe Ghar''
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]: 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengali-author-sankar-receives-sahitya-akademi-award |title=Bengali author Sankar receives Sahitya Akademi Award |date=12 March 2021 |website=getbengal.com |publisher=Get Bengal}}</ref>
* [[ABP Ananda]] Sera Bangali Award ("Sera'r Sera"): 2022<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/west-bengal/kolkata/abp-ananda-sera-bengali-2022/cid/1394293 |title=বাঙালির ছক-ভাঙা গরিমার স্পর্ধাকে কুর্নিশ |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=25 December 2022 |access-date=26 December 2022 |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nrisingha Prasad Bhaduri]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* ''[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/i-am-happy-i-had-a-ticket-to-ride-in-the-50s-novelist-sankar-interview_10087186.html I am happy I had a ticket to ride in the 50s: novelist Sankar]'' Indo-Asian News Service, 22 August 2008

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mani Shankar Mukherjee|Sankar}}
* {{IMDb name|0611539}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankar}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Surendranath College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]

Jamui district

2026-03-25T14:18:12Z

Nikhil009:

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Jamui}}
{{multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{original research|date=July 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamui district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]] of [[Bihar]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Naldanga palace, Lattu pahar, Simultala 01.jpg
| image_caption = Naldanga Palace, Lattu hill, Simultala
| image_map = Bihar district location map Jamui.svg
| map_caption = Location of Jamui district in Bihar
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Jamui
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Munger division|Munger]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jamui]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3122
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,760,405
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 62.16 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 921
| leader_title = District Magistrate
| leader_name = Abhilasha Sharma, I.A.S <ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Jamui District Official Website {{!}} Secure, Scalable and Sugamya Website as a Service {{!}} India | url=https://jamui.nic.in/ | access-date=2025-12-28 | website=jamui.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1102 mm
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = [https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Jamui/ 811301]
| website = {{URL|https://jamui.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Jamui district''' is a district among 38 [[districts of Bihar]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]]. The district was formed on 21 February 1991, when it was separated from [[Munger district]]. It is located at a longitude of 86° 13'E and the latitude is 24° 55'N.

== History ==
Various literature indicates that Jamui was once known as Jambhiyaagram. According to [[Jainism]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]] lord [[Mahavira]] attained omniscience ([[Kevala Jnana]]) in Jambhiyagram situated on the bank of river named Ujjihuvaliya. Another place traced as "Jrimbhikgram" on the bank of Rijuvalika river, resembles Jambhiyagram, Ujjhuvaliya.

The Hindi translation of the words Jambhiya and Jrimbhikgram is Jamuhi which is developed in the recent time as Jamui.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

With the passage of time, the river Ujhuvaliya /Rijuvalika is supposed to be developed as the river Ulai and as such both the place are still found in Jamui. The Ulai river is still flowing nearby Jamui. The old name of Jamui has been traced as Jambhubani in a copper plate which has been kept in Patna Museum. This plate clarifies that in the 12th century, Jambhubani was today's Jamui. Thus, the two ancient names as Jambhiyagram and Jambubani prove that this district was important as a religious place for [[List of Jains|Jains]], and it was also a place of [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jamui|first1=District|title=History|website=Welcome to District Portal Jamui|publisher=District Administration|url=http://jamui.bih.nic.in/|access-date=8 October 2010|archive-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818201023/http://jamui.bih.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 19th century; the historian Buchanan also visited this place in 1811 and found the historical facts. According to other historians Jamui, was also famous in the era of the [[Mahabharata]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

According to available literature,{{Citation needed|reason=what literature?|date=April 2020}} Jamui was related to Gupta and Pala rulers before the 12th century. But after that this place became famous for Chandel rulers.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} Prior to Chandel Raj, this place was ruled by Nigoria, who was defeated by Chandels and the dynasty of [[Chandela]] founded in the 13th century. The kingdom of Chandels spread over the whole of Jamui.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

According to [[wikisource:Author:Joseph David Freedone Melik Beglar|Joseph David Freedone Melik Beglar]] there is the ruin of an old fort in indpe which belongs to Nigoria ruler.

Arun Bharti is the current Member of Parliament from Jamui.

The district is currently a part of the [[Red Corridor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |title=83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme |publisher=IntelliBriefs |date=2009-12-11 |access-date=2011-09-17 |archive-date=27 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027115807/http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Jamui district occupies an area of {{convert|3098|km2|sqmi}},<ref name='Reference Annual'>{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1118–1119 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Indonesia]]'s Yamdena Island.<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Yamdena 3,100km2 | archive-date = 20 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180220003634/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The district has untapped reserves of resources including mica, coal, gold and iron ore.Situated along the Bihar-Jharkhand border, Jamui is dotted with hills and the small retreat town of Simultala falls within the Jhajha block, on the main Delhi-Howrah rail line. The town of [[Gidhaur]], situated {{convert|17|km}} away was the seat of kings during the [[British Raj]] and many buildings from the period still survive. Minto Tower in Gidhaur is a prime example of architecture from the period.

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jamui district
|North = [[Lakhisarai district]]
|Northeast = [[Munger district]]
|East = [[Banka district]]
|Southeast = [[Deoghar district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|South = [[Giridih district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Nawada district]]
|Northwest = [[Sheikhpura district]]
}}

== Politics ==
{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Jamui district}}
|}

==Tourism==
{{Main|Lachhuar Jain temple}}
[[File:Lachhuar Jain Temple.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Lachhuar Jain Mandir]]

'''Jain Mandir Lachhuar''' is a large rest house (dharmsala) of 65 rooms constructed for the Jain pilgrims. There is a Mandir of Lord [[Mahavira]] inside the dhamsala. The idol in this temple is more than 2,600 years old. This black stone idol is of weighs around 250 kg.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/2650-year-old-mahavir-idol-stolen-from-jain-temple-recovered-in-bihar/ {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> This is situated on the way of Kshatriya Kund Gram, the birthplace of Lord [[Mahavira]]. This place is located in Sikandra Block which is about 20 km west from Jamui District Headquarter.

'''Gidheshwar temple:''' Gidheshwar Temple is locally known as a Shiva Temple. The place is located 15 km south of Jamui. It is a beautiful temple of Lord Shiva situated on the top of boulders. As per the legends, when Lankapati Ravana was taking away Mother Sita by deceit, the king of birds, Jatayu, fought with Ravana to save Mother Sita. It is said that Ravana cut off Jatayu's wings. After being badly injured in this fight, Jatayu fell on a mountain. Later, at that place this temple was built. The place is full of devotees on Shivratri and Magh Purnima.

'''Minto Tower Gidhaur''': Minto tower was built by the Maharaja of Gidhaur in 1909 to commemorate the visit of the then British Viceroy Lord Irwin to Gidhaur. It is in the middle of Gidhaur Market on the main Jamui-Jhajha state highway.
[[File:Minto Tower(Gidhaur).jpg|thumbnail|Minto Tower Gidhaur]]

==Economy==
In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Jamui one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date= 5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Blocks==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Subdivision !! Block !! No. Of Panchayat !! No. of Villages
|-
| [[Jamui]] || Jamui || 12 || 081
|-
| || Khaira || 22 || 120
|-
| || Sikandra || 14 || 068
|-
| || Islamnagar Aliganj || 13 || 069
|-
| || [[Lakshmipur, Jamui|Laxmipur]]|| 13 || 082
|-
| || Gidhaur || 08 || 020
|-
| || Barhat || 09 || 043
|-
| || Sono || 19 || 250
|-
| || Chakai || 23 || 600
|-
| || Jhajha || 20 || 197
|-
| || Total || 153 || 1530
|}<ref>{{cite web|last1=Details|first1=Block|title=Information|url=http://jamui.bih.nic.in/districtProfile/jamuiInfo.html|website=Welcome to District Portal Jamui|publisher=Jamui District Administration|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011070447/http://jamui.bih.nic.in/districtProfile/jamuiInfo.html|archive-date=11 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,45,129|13=1911|14=3,55,934|15=1921|16=3,38,455|17=1931|18=3,81,115|19=1941|20=4,30,855|21=1951|22=4,76,167|23=1961|24=5,73,834|25=1971|26=7,13,736|27=1981|28=8,62,589|29=1991|30=10,51,527|31=2001|32=13,98,796|33=2011|34=17,60,405|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jamui district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|86.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|12.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Bihar|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.48}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Jamui district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,760,405,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Jamui |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/270/download/730/DH_2011_1036_PART_A_DCHB_JAMUI.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[The Gambia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Gambia, The 1,797,860 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Nebraska]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Nebraska 1,826,341
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 273rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|567|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.54%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Jamui has a [[sex ratio]] of 921 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 62.16%. 8.26% of the population live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 17.19% and 4.48% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Jamui district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 73.37
| color1 = orange
| label2 = 'Other' Hindi
| value2 = 7.02
| color2 = deeppink
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| value3 = 6.81
| color3 = green
| label4 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]]
| value4 = 5.94
| color4 = red
| value5 = 3.66
| color5 = darkturquoise
| value6 = 3.06
| label6 = [[Magahi]]
| color6 = crimson
| value7 = 0.14
| label7 = Others
| color7 = Grey
| label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 73.37% of Jamui spoke [[Hindi]], 6.81% [[Urdu]] and 5.94% [[Khortha language|Khortha]] as their first language, 3.66% of the population speak [[Santali language|Santali]] and 3.06% of the population speak [[Magahi]] and 0.14% speak other languages. 7.02% of the population spoke languages recorded as 'Others' under Hindi on the census.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Jamui Station}}

Jamui Railway Station, station code JMU, is one of the major railway stations in [[Danapur]] division of [[East Central Railway Zone|East Central Railway]]. Jamui is connected to [[metropolitan area]]s of [[India]], by the [[Howrah-Delhi main line|Delhi-Kolkata Main Line]] via Mugalsarai-Patna route which runs along the historic [[Grand Trunk road]].<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=About District|url=http://jamui.bih.nic.in|publisher=Official District website|access-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818201023/http://jamui.bih.nic.in/|archive-date=18 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=brandbihar>{{cite web|title=Jamui |url=http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/Jamui/Jamui.html |work=Overview |publisher=BrandBihar |access-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419012208/http://brandbihar.com/english/districts/jamui/jamui.html |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref>

Jamui Station serves the headquarters of Jamui district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Railways and roads are the main means of transport in the region. The Jamui railway station is in [[Howrah-Delhi Main Line|Howrah-Patna-Mughalsarai main line]]. Most of the Patna, Barauni bound express trains coming from Howrah, Sealdah, Ranchi, Tatanagar stop here.<ref name=mishap>{{cite news|title=Violation of rly rules led to Jamui mishap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Violation-of-rly-rules-led-to-Jamui-mishap/articleshow/1167333646.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201162116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-19/india/27243202_1_goods-train-jamui-station-master|url-status=live|archive-date=1 December 2012|access-date=16 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 Aug 2001}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
In 1987 Jamui district became home to the [[Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary|Nagi Dam]] [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|7.9|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Bihar |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> It is also home to the [[Nakti Dam Wildlife Sanctuary]], which was established in 1987 and has an area of {{convert|3.3|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks/> There is also some forest in the region including famous Gangta Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-22 |title=जमुई-खड़गपुर एनएच 333 स्थित गंगटा जंगल में जाम की समस्या शुरू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/jamui/story-jamui-kharagpur-nh-333-jam-problem-started-in-gangta-forest-7391038.html |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://jamui.nic.in/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110430231903/http://www.allaboutbihar.com/districts/jamui/index.php Jamui Information Portal]

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{Jamui district}}
{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

{{coord|24.9200|N|86.2200|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Jamui district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Munger division]]

Mass shooting

2026-03-24T02:52:36Z

Nikhil009: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Firearm violence incident}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
{{homicide}}
{{terrorism}}

A '''mass shooting''' is a [[violent crime]] in which one or more attackers use a [[firearm]] to [[Gun violence|kill or injure]] multiple individuals in rapid succession. Mass shootings with multiple deceased victims are a form of [[mass murder]]. There is no widely accepted specific definition of the term, and different organizations tracking such incidents use different criteria. Mass shootings are characterized by the targeting, often indiscriminate, of victims outside a combat setting, and the term generally excludes [[gang violence]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rockinst.org/gun-violence/mass-shooting-factsheet/ |title=Mass Shooting Factsheet |website=Rockefeller Institute of Government |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theviolenceproject.org/methodology/ |title=Methodology |website=The Violence Project |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nmvvrc.org/learn/about-mass-violence/ |title=About Mass Violence |website=National Mass Violence Victimization Resource Center |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> [[shootout]]s, [[domestic violence]] and [[self-defense]]. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an [[active shooter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-11 |title=perpetrator |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/perpetrator |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |language=en}}</ref>

Mass shootings may be done for personal or psychological reasons, such as by individuals who are deeply disgruntled, seeking notoriety, or are [[Going postal|intensely angry]] at a perceived grievance; though they have also been used as a [[terrorist]] tactic, such as when members of an ethnic or religious group are deliberately targeted. It has been theorized that media coverage of mass shootings has contributed to later shooters being [[Mass shooting contagion|motivated by fame-seeking]]. After mass shootings, mental health issues such as [[survivor's guilt]] and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] are commonly suffered by survivors, first responders, and victims' loved ones.

The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed upon definition. In the United States—[[Mass shootings in the United States|the country with the most mass shootings]]—there were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s definition, and 706 deaths using the [[Gun Violence Archive]]'s definition. Mass shootings are relatively rare in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, the United Kingdom, Russia, and across Africa.

Mass shootings perpetrated with legally purchased firearms often prompt scrutiny of and changes to local [[gun control|gun laws]]. For example, mass shootings in [[Dunblane massacre|Dunblane]], [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur]] and [[Christchurch mosque shootings|Christchurch]] respectively contributed to significant expansions of firearm restrictions in [[Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom]], [[Gun laws of Australia|Australia]] and [[Gun law in New Zealand|New Zealand]].

== Definitions ==
{{See also|Massacre|Mass murder|School shooting|Spree shooting}}

There are a variety of definitions of a ''mass shooting'':<ref name="Dallas2015">{{cite web|first=Jeffrey|last=Weiss|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20151205-mass-shootings-in-the-u.s.-this-year-353--or-4-depending-on-your-definition.ece|title=Mass shootings in the U.S. this year? 353 – or 4, depending on your definition|work=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|date=6 December 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827013934/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/local-news/20151205-mass-shootings-in-the-u.s.-this-year-353--or-4-depending-on-your-definition.ece}}</ref><ref name="NYTDec_2015">{{cite news|first=Mark|last=Follman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|title=How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really?|work=The New York Times|date=3 December 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230703/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Mass Shooting Tracker, a crowdsourced data site cited by CNN, [[MSNBC]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', ''[[The Economist]]'', the [[BBC]], etc., defines a mass shooting as any incident in which four or more people are shot, whether injured or killed.<ref name="shooting tracker">{{cite web|url=https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about|title=About the Mass Shooting Tracker|website=Mass Shooting Tracker|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104222719/https://www.massshootingtracker.org/about|archive-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="MyUser_BBC_13_June_2016c">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450|title=Orlando club shootings: Full fury of gun battle emerges|website=- BBC News|date=13 June 2016|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=13 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613132703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-36519450|url-status=live}} Cites Mass Shooting Tracker</ref>
* [[CBS]] defines a mass shooting as an event involving the shooting (not necessarily resulting in death) of five or more people (sometimes four)<ref name="one mass shooting per day">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-u-s-averages-nearly-one-mass-shooting-per-day-so-far-in-2017/|title=Report: U.S. averages nearly one mass shooting per day so far in 2017|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=3 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215204123/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/report-u-s-averages-nearly-one-mass-shooting-per-day-so-far-in-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> with no cooling-off period.<ref name="shooting tracker" /><ref name="one mass shooting per day" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence|title=1,516 mass shootings in 1,735 days: America's gun crisis – in one chart|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=15 February 2018|last1=Morris|first1=Sam|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215081916/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2017/oct/02/america-mass-shootings-gun-violence|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' defines a mass shooting as an indiscriminate rampage in a public place, resulting in three or more victims (excluding the perpetrator) killed by the attacker, excluding gang violence, armed robbery, and attacks by unidentified perpetrators.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |last2=Aronsen |first2=Gavin |last3=Pan |first3=Deanna |title=US mass shootings, 1982–2022: Data from Mother Jones' investigation |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530173627/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="motherjones.com">{{Cite web |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |last2=Aronsen |first2=Gavin |last3=Pan |first3=Deanna |title=A Guide to Mass Shootings in America |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528235745/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Crime violence research group [[Gun Violence Archive]], whose research is used by major American media outlets, defines a mass shooting as having a "minimum of four victims shot, either injured or killed, not including any shooter who may also have been killed or injured in the incident," differentiating between a mass shooting and mass murder and not counting shooters as victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology|title=General Methodology – Gun Violence Archive|website=gunviolencearchive.org}}</ref>
* Media outlets such as [[CNN]], and some crime violence research groups such as the [[Gun Violence Archive]], define mass shootings as involving "four or more shot (injured or killed) in a single incident, at the same general time and location, not including the shooter".<ref>{{cite web |title=General Methodology – Gun Violence Archive |url=https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/methodology |access-date=7 January 2020 |website=gunviolencearchive.org}}</ref>
* A [[Congressional Research Service]] report from 2013 specifies that a ''public mass shooting'' involves four or more killings on indiscriminate victims, while excluding violence committed as a means to an end, such as [[robbery]] or [[terrorism]].<ref name="CRS">{{cite news |last=Bjelopera |first=Jerome P. |date=18 March 2013 |title=Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Implications for Federal Public Health and Safety Policy |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909213006/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2013 |access-date=8 December 2015 |publisher=CRS Report for Congress |agency=Congressional Research Service}} "There is no broadly agreed-to, specific conceptualization of this issue, so this report uses its own definition for public mass shootings."</ref>
* An Australian study from 2006 specifies five individuals killed.<ref name="PMC">{{Cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=S. |date=December 2006 |title=Australia's 1996 gun law reforms: faster falls in firearm deaths, firearm suicides, and a decade without mass shootings |journal=Injury Prevention |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=365–72 |doi=10.1136/ip.2006.013714 |pmc=2704353 |pmid=17170183}}</ref>

There are also different definitions of the term ''mass killing'':
* Under U.S. federal law, the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] – on a request from a state – may assist in investigating "mass killings", rather than mass shootings. The term is defined as the murder of four or more people with no cooling-off period,<ref name="mother">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting|title=What Exactly Is A Mass Shooting|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|magazine=Mother Jones|access-date=9 August 2015|quote=What is a mass shooting? Broadly speaking, the term refers to an incident involving three or more deaths due to gun violence. But there is no official set of criteria or definition for a mass shooting, according to criminology experts and FBI officials contacted by Mother Jones.|archive-date=2 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802205429/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2012/08/what-is-a-mass-shooting|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTDec_2015"/> but was redefined by Congress in 2013 as being the murder of three or more people.<ref>{{cite web|work=United States Congress|url=https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ265/PLAW-112publ265.pdf|title=PUBLIC LAW 112–265|date=14 January 2013|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919125631/https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ265/PLAW-112publ265.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In "Behind the Bloodshed", a report by ''[[USA Today]]'', a mass killing is defined as any incident in which four or more were killed, including familial killings.<ref name="usatoday">{{cite news|title=Behind the Bloodshed|url=http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515181513/http://www.gannett-cdn.com/GDContent/mass-killings/index.html#frequency|url-status=live}}</ref> This definition is also used by the Washington Post.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The terrible numbers that grow with each mass shooting|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/|url-access=subscription|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=24 July 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201062340/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/mass-shootings-in-america/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* According to the [[Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act]] of 2012, signed into law in January 2013, a mass killing is defined as a killing with at least three deaths, excluding the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 January 2013 |title=Text – H.R.2076 – 112th Congress (2011–2012): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2076/text |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614044221/https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/2076/text |archive-date=14 June 2021 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=congress.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text|title=H.R. 2076 (112th): Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012|website=[[govtrack.us]]|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=20 February 2018|quote=(I)the term mass killings means 3 or more killings in a single incident;|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190203/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2076/text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="politifact2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/|title=What we know about mass shootings|last1=Greenberg|first1=Jon|last2=Valverde|first2=Miriam|website=PolitiFact|language=en|quote=In January 2013, a mandate for federal investigation of mass shootings authorized by President Barack Obama lowered that baseline to three or more victims killed|last3=Jacobson|first3=Louis|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806041423/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2018/feb/14/what-we-know-about-mass-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref>
An ''act of mass shooting'' is typically defined as [[terrorist]] when it "appears to have been intended" to intimidate or to coerce people;<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Swanson |date=3 December 2015 |title=When should a shooting really be called 'terrorism'? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/when-should-a-shooting-really-be-called-terrorism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823043220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/when-should-a-shooting-really-be-called-terrorism/ |archive-date=23 August 2016 |access-date=27 June 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> although a mass shooting is not necessarily an act of terrorism solely by itself.<ref name="CRS" />

The lack of a single definition can lead to [[alarmism]] in the news media, with some reports conflating categories of different crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year|title=No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year|author=Mark Follman|date=18 December 2015|work=Mother Jones|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=20 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225122/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Follman|first=Mark|title=No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/|access-date=10 August 2022|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810174700/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Follman|first=Mark|date=3 December 2015|title=Opinion {{!}} How Many Mass Shootings Are There, Really?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html|access-date=10 August 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230703/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/04/opinion/how-many-mass-shootings-are-there-really.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

The perpetrator is typically, but not always excluded from the [[body count]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Mass+Shootings+in+the+United+States:+2009%E2%80%932016&publication_year=2017 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>

==Prevalence==

The number of people killed in mass shootings is difficult to determine due to the lack of a commonly agreed definition.<ref name="Pew2023">{{Cite web |author=Pew Research Center |date=26 April 2023 |title=What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/04/26/what-the-data-says-about-gun-deaths-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> It is also difficult to determine whether their frequency is increasing or decreasing over time, for the same reason. In addition, there is a large impact from random chance, [[outlier]]s, and the specific time frame chosen for analysis.<ref name="Pew2023"/>

===United States===
{{main|Mass shootings in the United States}}

[[File:2000- Outcomes of active shooter attacks.svg|thumb|upright=1.5| A ''New York Times'' study reported how outcomes of active shooter attacks varied with actions of the attacker, the police (42% of total incidents), and bystanders (including a "[[good guy with a gun]]" outcome in 5.1% of total incidents).<ref name=NYTimes_20220622>{{cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Leatherby|first2=Lauren|title=Who Stops a 'Bad Guy With a Gun'?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html|work=The New York Times|date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622111531/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/06/22/us/shootings-police-response-uvalde-buffalo.html|archive-date=22 June 2022|quote=Data source: Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training Center|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
{{multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= 1982- Deaths from mass shootings in the U.S - scatterplot and line chart.svg |caption1=Total deaths in U.S. mass shootings—defined as four or more people shot and killed in one incident, excluding the perpetrator, at a public place, excluding gang-related killings<ref name=MotherJones_MassShootingDeaths>{{cite web|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|last2=Aronsen|first2=Gavin|last3=Pan|first3=Deanna|title=US Mass Shootings, 1982–2023: Data From Mother Jones' Investigation|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/|publisher=Mother Jones|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331034144/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/12/mass-shootings-mother-jones-full-data/|archive-date=31 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=MotherJones_GuideToMassShootings>{{cite web|last1=Follman|first1=Mark|last2=Aronsen|first2=Gavin|last3=Pan|first3=Deanna|title=A Guide to Mass Shootings in America|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/|publisher=MotherJones.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310230204/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map/|archive-date=10 March 2023|date=2012|quote=Updated 27 March 2023|url-status=live}} Describes inclusion criteria.</ref>
| image2= 1998- Mass shootings in developed countries - bubble chart.svg |caption2= The U.S. has substantially more mass shootings (in which four or more people are killed) than other developed countries.<ref name=NYTimes_20220526>{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=German|title=America's Gun Problem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/briefing/guns-america-shooting-deaths.html|work=The New York Times|date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526114221/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/briefing/guns-america-shooting-deaths.html|archive-date=26 May 2022|quote=Source: Jason R. Silva, William Paterson University|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', the U.S. gun homicide rate is as much as 26 times that of other high-income countries.<ref>[https://www.vox.com/23142734/cleveland-texas-mass-shootings America's unique, enduring gun problem, explained] vox, retrieved 3 June 2023</ref>
}}
The United States has had the most mass shootings of any country in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359|title=U.S. Leads World in Mass Shootings|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=2 October 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Palazzolo|first2=Alexis|last2=Flynn|date=3 October 2015|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503021459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-leads-world-in-mass-shootings-1443905359|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN why">{{cite news|last=Christensen|first=Jen|title=Why the US has the most mass shootings|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 November 2017|date=5 October 2017|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419135832/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/27/health/u-s-most-mass-shootings/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html|title=How US gun culture compares with the world in five charts|first=Kara|last=Fox|date=9 March 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607163404/https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/03/americas/us-gun-statistics/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 103 deaths in mass shootings in 2021 (excluding the perpetrators) using the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s definition, and 706 deaths using the [[Gun Violence Archive]]'s definition.<ref name="Pew2023"/> The FBI's definition refers to "active shooter incidents" defined as "one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area", while the Gun Violence Archive's definition counts incidents where at least four people (excluding the perpetrator) were shot, but not necessarily killed.<ref name="Pew2023"/>

In a 2016 study published by criminologist Adam Lankford, it was estimated that 31 percent of all public mass shooters from 1966 to 2012 attacked in the United States, although the U.S. had less than five percent of the world's population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lankford|first=Adam|date=2016|title=Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries|url=http://connect.springerpub.com/lookup/doi/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093|journal=Violence and Victims|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=187–199|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093|pmid=26822013|s2cid=207266615|issn=0886-6708|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219082757/https://connect.springerpub.com/content/sgrvv/31/2/187|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The study concludes that "The United States and other nations with high firearm ownership rates may be particularly susceptible to future public mass shootings, even if they are relatively peaceful or mentally healthy according to other national indicators."<ref name="Lankford2016">{{cite journal|last1=Lankford|first1=Adam|title=Public Mass Shooters and Firearms: A Cross-National Study of 171 Countries|journal=Violence and Victims|volume=31|issue=2|year=2016|pages=187–199|issn=0886-6708|doi=10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00093|pmid=26822013|s2cid=207266615}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

Criminologist [[Gary Kleck]] criticized Lankford's findings, stating the study merely shows a proportional relationship but fails to prove that gun ownership ''causes'' mass shootings. The backlash from economist and gun rights advocate [[John Lott (political activist)|John Lott]] also raised objections to Lankford's methodology and refusal to share his data. He speculated that Lankford had overlooked a significant number of mass shootings outside the U.S., which if accounted for would adjust the nation's share closer to 2.88 percent; slightly below the world average.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/29/john-lott-jr-adam-lankford-botched-study-claiming-/|title=Shock study: U.S. had far fewer mass shootings than previously reported|first=Stephen|last=Dinan|date=16 December 2018|publisher=washingtontimes|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062808/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/aug/29/john-lott-jr-adam-lankford-botched-study-claiming-/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite SSRN|title=How a Botched Study Fooled the World About the U.S. Share of Mass Public Shootings: U.S. Rate is Lower than Global Average|first=John|last=Lott|date=16 December 2018|ssrn=3238736}}</ref> Lankford has since followed up on his research, publishing his data and clarifying that the United States from 1998 to 2012 did have more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone, which is almost always the case with mass shooters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econjwatch.org/articles/confirmation-that-the-united-states-has-six-times-its-global-share-of-public-mass-shooters-courtesy-of-lott-and-moody-s-data|title=Confirmation That the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody's Data|last=Adam|first=Lankford|date=March 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=16 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216081739/https://econjwatch.org/articles/confirmation-that-the-united-states-has-six-times-its-global-share-of-public-mass-shooters-courtesy-of-lott-and-moody-s-data|url-status=live}}</ref> Using the data from Lott and Moody's 2019 study of mass shootings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|title=Is the United States an Outlier in Public Mass Shootings? A Comment on Adam Lankford|last=Moody, Lott|date=March 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=18 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118191654/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1106/LottMoodyMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Lankford explains that "41 of all 138 public mass shootings by single perpetrators worldwide were committed in the United States. That represents 29.7 percent. Because America had in those years approximately 4.5 percent of the world's population (according to Lott and Moody's calculations), this indicates that based on their data, the United States had more than six times its global share of public mass shooters who attacked alone (29.7/4.5 = 6.6).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|title=Confirmation That the United States Has Six Times Its Global Share of Public Mass Shooters, Courtesy of Lott and Moody's Data|last=Lankford|first=Adam|date=March 2019|access-date=16 December 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209222101/https://econjwatch.org/File+download/1105/LankfordMar2019.pdf?mimetype=pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In a subsequent study, Lankford criticized Lott and Moody for including "attacks by terrorist organizations, genocidal militias, armed rebel groups, and paramilitary fighters" in their data and suggested they "misrepresent approximately 1,000 foreign cases from their own dataset" in other ways.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Importance of Analyzing Public Mass Shooters Separately from Other Attackers When Estimating the Prevalence of Their Behavior Worldwide · Econ Journal Watch: public mass shootings, public mass shooter, lone wolf, terrorism, gun policy|url=https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-importance-of-analyzing-public-mass-shooters-separately-from-other-attackers-when-estimating-the-prevalence-of-their-behavior-worldwide|access-date=12 July 2022|website=econjwatch.org|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706124518/https://econjwatch.org/articles/the-importance-of-analyzing-public-mass-shooters-separately-from-other-attackers-when-estimating-the-prevalence-of-their-behavior-worldwide|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mass shootings have also been observed to be followed by an increase in the purchase of weapons, but this does not seem to create an increased feeling of needing guns in either gun owners or non-owners.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Wolfgang|last1=Stroebe|first2=N. Pontus|last2=Leander|first3=Arie W.|last3=Kruglanski|title=The impact of the Orlando mass shooting on fear of victimization and gun-purchasing intentions: Not what one might expect|journal=PLOS One|date=11 August 2017|issn=1932-6203|article-number=e0182408|volume=12|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0182408|pmid=28800365|pmc=5553639|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1282408S|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Even though the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] reduced public gatherings from March 2020 onward, the number of mass shootings increased significantly over that period. It "even doubled in July 2020 compared to a year earlier".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/mass-shootings-increased-in-pandemic/index.html|title=Mass shootings in the US increased during the coronavirus pandemic, study finds|date=16 September 2021|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217091140/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/mass-shootings-increased-in-pandemic/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other countries===

* Mass shootings (and firearm deaths in general) are exceedingly rare in China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan and the United Kingdom.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} [[Gun control in China|China's strict gun control laws]] have prohibited private ownership of firearms since 1951.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yeung|first1=Jessie|last2=George|first2=Steve|title=China and the US were both born from armed conflict. They're now polar opposites on gun control|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/china/gun-control-us-china-mic-intl-hnk/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=20 September 2021|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> Japan has as few as two gun-related homicides per year. These numbers include all homicides in the country, not just mass shootings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/a-land-without-guns-how-japan-has-virtually-eliminated-shooting-deaths/260189/|title=A Land Without Guns: How Japan Has Virtually Eliminated Shooting Deaths|work=The Atlantic|date=23 July 2012|access-date=16 December 2015|first=Max|last=Fisher|archive-date=16 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216014947/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/07/a-land-without-guns-how-japan-has-virtually-eliminated-shooting-deaths/260189/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* While gun violence is relatively uncommon in India due to strict gun control laws, incidents of mass shootings continue to occur.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* Mass shootings are relatively rare in Russia, but they have occurred sporadically over the past decade. Most of the incidents involve lone gunmen, although there have been a few cases involving multiple shooters.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* Mass shootings have become a common occurrence in Mexico, particularly in recent years. The country has been plagued by violence from drug cartels, which have been responsible for many of the deadliest mass shootings in [[Mexican history|Mexico's history]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
* Brazil has one of the highest rates of gun violence in the world, and mass shootings have become more common in recent years. In 2022, there were at least 10 mass shootings in Brazil, resulting in the deaths of over 50 people. Furthermore, In 2017, there were over 45,000 gun-related homicides countrywide.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Malta|first1=Deborah Carvalho|last2=Soares Filho|first2=Adauto Martins|last3=Pinto|first3=Isabella Vitral|last4=de Souza Minayo|first4=Maria Cecília|last5=Lima|first5=Cheila Marina|last6=Machado|first6=Ísis Eloah|last7=Teixeira|first7=Renato Azeredo|last8=Neto|first8=Otaliba Libânio Morais|last9=Ladeira|first9=Roberto Marini |last10=Merchan-Hamann |first10=Edgar|last11=de Souza|first11=Maria de Fatima Marinho|last12=Vasconcelos|first12=Cíntia Honório|last13=Vidotti|first13=Carlos Cezar Flores|last14=Cousin|first14=Ewerton|last15=Glenn|first15=Scott|date=2020-09-30|title=Association between firearms and mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2017: a global burden of disease Brazil study|journal=Population Health Metrics|volume=18|issue=1|page=19|doi=10.1186/s12963-020-00222-3|issn=1478-7954|pmc=7525968|pmid=32993706|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* In Africa, whilst incidents of mass violence resulting from terrorism and [[ethnic conflict]] have occurred, mass shootings are generally understood as rare.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

== Victims and survivors ==

It is common for mass shooting survivors to suffer from [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]<ref name="liberty">{{cite web |last1=Simmons |first1=Laura |date=29 June 2014 |title=Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Mass Shooting Survivors |url=http://guardianlv.com/2014/06/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-mass-shooting-survivors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121024404/http://guardianlv.com/2014/06/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-mass-shooting-survivors/ |archive-date=21 November 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |publisher=Liberty Voice}}</ref><ref name="ptsd">{{cite web |title=Impact of Mass Shootings on Individual Adjustment |url=http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V25N3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083023/http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/newsletters/research-quarterly/V25N3.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 August 2015 |website=ptsd.va.gov |publisher=National Center for PTSD}}</ref> and [[Survivor guilt|survivors guilt]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PTSD: National Center for PTSD |url=https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/types/mass_violence_help.asp |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=ptsd.va.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs}}</ref> In 2019, Sydney Aiello and Calvin Desir, both survivors of the [[Parkland high school shooting]], committed suicide as a result of survivors guilt; Aiello knew of a friend killed in the shooting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mazzei |first1=Patricia |title=After 2 Apparent Student Suicides, Parkland Grieves Again |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/24/us/parkland-suicide-marjory-stoneman-douglas.html |access-date=7 January 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

After mass shootings, survivors frequently report persistent mental health effects; population-based and survivor studies have found elevated major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, particularly among those with higher exposure and limited social support.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba-Aji |first=M |title=Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After a Mass Shooting |journal=JAMA Network Open |year=2024 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e242739 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2739|pmc=10951730 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Abba-Aji |first=M |title=Prevalence and risk factors of depression in U.S. adults post mass shootings: evidence from population-based surveys of multiple communities |journal=Public Health |year=2024 |volume=232 |pages=93-99 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2024.04.016|doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, studies have evaluated post-incident service use, noting variable awareness and uptake of mental health and other support services among affected communities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rancher |first=C |title=Awareness and use of support services following mass violence incidents |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |year=2024 |volume=180 |pages=79-85 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.001}}</ref> A survivor of the [[Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting]] wrote about his reaction to other mass shooting incidents.<ref name="follman">{{cite magazine |last1=Follman |first1=Mark |title='I Was a Survivor': Recalling a Mass Shooting 4 Years Ago Today |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shooting-survivor |magazine=Mother Jones |date=27 July 2012 |access-date=11 August 2015 |archive-date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826041704/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shooting-survivor |url-status=live}}</ref> The father of a victim in [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|a mass shooting at a movie theater]] in [[Aurora, Colorado]], wrote about witnessing other mass shootings after the loss of his son.<ref name="teves">{{cite web|last1=Teves|first1=Tom|title='Something is very wrong in our society': Father of mass-shooting victim calls for an end to the carnage|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/07/31/something_is_very_wrong_in_our_society_father_of_mass_shooting_victim_calls_for_an_end_to_the_carnage/|work=Salon|date=31 July 2015|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=3 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803000933/http://www.salon.com/2015/07/31/something_is_very_wrong_in_our_society_father_of_mass_shooting_victim_calls_for_an_end_to_the_carnage/|url-status=live}}</ref> The survivors of the [[2011 Norway attacks]] recounted their experience to ''[[GQ]]'' magazine.<ref name="GQ">{{cite magazine|last1=Flynn|first1=Sean|title=Is he coming? Is he? Oh God, I think he is.|url=https://www.gq.com/story/anders-behring-breivik-norway-massacre-story|magazine=GQ|date=30 July 2012|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=1 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801031317/http://www.gq.com/story/anders-behring-breivik-norway-massacre-story|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, one paper studied Swedish police officers' reactions to a mass shooting.<ref name="Swedish">{{cite web|last1=Karlsson|first1=Ingemar|title=Memories of traumatic events among swedish police officers|url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Bjsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm&pid=diva2%3A194618&dswid=dtR86wHT|publisher=Stockholm University|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208153127/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf;jsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Bjsessionid=SxWvYmBrGmFpIcCJOzwWXs2bbol3ac-q2FGCR-F4.diva2-search7-vm&pid=diva2%3A194618&dswid=dtR86wHT|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Perpetrators ==
{{For|a detailed list of mass shooters and other rampage killers|List of rampage killers}}
{{Globalize|section|date=March 2023}}

=== Sex and ethnicity ===

==== United States ====
The overwhelming majority of mass shooters in the U.S. are male, with some sources showing males account for 98 percent of mass shooters.<ref name="frum">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/mass-shootings-are-preventable/396644/|title=Mass Shootings Are Preventable|last1=Frum|first1=David|date=23 June 2015|magazine=The Atlantic|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818075309/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/mass-shootings-are-preventable/396644/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/114128/elliott-rodgers-ucsb-santa-barbara-shooter/|title=Why Mass Killers Are Always Male|last1=Kluger|first1=Jeffrey|date=25 May 2014|access-date=11 August 2015|magazine=Time|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916164325/http://time.com/114128/elliott-rodgers-ucsb-santa-barbara-shooter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DFord">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/|title=Who commits mass shootings?|last=Ford|first=Dana|date=24 July 2015|publisher=CNN|access-date=4 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208141548/http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/27/us/mass-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Sky News, male perpetrators committed 110 out of 114 school shootings (96%) in the period 1982{{ndash}}2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/why-are-white-men-more-likely-to-carry-out-mass-shootings-11252808|title=Why are white men carrying out more mass shootings?|publisher=Sky News|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211052755/https://news.sky.com/story/why-are-white-men-more-likely-to-carry-out-mass-shootings-11252808|url-status=live}}</ref> compared to homicides in general in the United States, where 85.3 percent of homicides were committed by males.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kellermann|first1=A. L.|last2=Mercy|first2=J. A.|date=July 1992|title=Men, women, and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization|journal=The Journal of Trauma|volume=33|issue=1|pages=1–5|issn=0022-5282|pmid=1635092}}</ref>

A study by [[Statista]] showed that 65 out of 116 (56%) U.S. mass shootings in a period from 1982 to 2019 involved white shooters (who are 65% of the population).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/476456/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-race/|title=U.S.: mass shootings by race 1982–2019|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=6 January 2020|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104152500/https://www.statista.com/statistics/476456/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-race/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a database compiled by ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'' magazine, the race of the shooters is approximately proportionate to the overall U.S. population, although Asians are overrepresented and Latinos underrepresented.<ref name="DFord" />

=== Mental health ===
In a study of 55 mass shooters from Mother Jones' mass shooting database, researchers found that 87.5 percent of perpetrators had misdiagnosed and incorrectly treated or undiagnosed and untreated psychiatric illnesses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cerfolio|first1=Nina E.|last2=Glick|first2=Ira|last3=Kamis|first3=Danielle|last4=Laurence|first4=Michael|date=1 September 2022|title=A Retrospective Observational Study of Psychosocial Determinants and Psychiatric Diagnoses of Mass Shooters in the United States|url=https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001|journal=Psychodynamic Psychiatry|volume=50|issue=3|pages=513–528|doi=10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001|pmid=35175100|s2cid=246903970|issn=2162-2590|access-date=6 September 2022|archive-date=6 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906025607/https://guilfordjournals.com/doi/10.1521/pdps.2022.50.5.001|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

According to a study by The Violence Project, 42 percent of all mass shooters experienced physical or sexual abuse, childhood trauma, parental suicide, or were victims of bullying.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most mass shooters share these four defining moments, research shows|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/most-mass-shooters-share-these-four-defining-moments-research-show/|access-date=25 November 2022|publisher=CBS News|date=21 November 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124125522/https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/most-mass-shooters-share-these-four-defining-moments-research-show/|url-status=live}}</ref> They also found that 72 percent of perpetrators were suicidal.

In a study of 171 mass shooters who attacked in the United States from 1966 to 2019, researchers Adam Lankford and Rebecca Cowan found that although the vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent, "almost all public mass shooters may have mental health problems." They suggest the frequency of mental health problems among mass shooters is sometimes underestimated because "many perpetrators have never been formally evaluated by a psychiatrist or mental health practitioner...and others deliberately avoid doctors, conceal their mental health problems, or lie about their symptoms due to shame, stigma, or fear of other consequences." However, Lankford and Cowan also emphasize that mental illness is not the sole cause of mass shootings and many other factors play an important role in perpetrators' decisions to attack.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lankford|first1=Adam|last2=Cowan|first2=Rebecca G.|date=September 2020|title=Has the role of mental health problems in mass shootings been significantly underestimated?|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037%2Ftam0000151|journal=Journal of Threat Assessment and Management|language=en|volume=7|issue=3–4|pages=135–156|doi=10.1037/tam0000151|s2cid=234017401|issn=2169-4850|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219082759/https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/tam0000151|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Criminal records ===
Criminologist James Allen Fox said that most mass murderers do not have a criminal record, or involuntary incarceration at a mental health centre,<ref>{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Justin|date=19 December 2013|title=Mass shootings in America: Northeastern criminologists James Alan Fox, Monica J. DeLateur in Homicide Studies refute common myths about mass murder|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2013/12/19/mass_shootings_in_america_northeastern_criminologists_james_alan_fox_monica.html|access-date=8 July 2016|website=Slate.com|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005023137/http://www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2013/12/19/mass_shootings_in_america_northeastern_criminologists_james_alan_fox_monica.html|url-status=live}}</ref> although an article in ''The New York Times'' in December 2015 about 15 recent mass shootings found that six perpetrators had had run-ins with law enforcement, and six had mental health issues.<ref name="larry">{{cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|date=3 December 2015|title=How They Got Their Guns|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html?_r=0|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110010534/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/03/us/how-mass-shooters-got-their-guns.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Motives ===
Mass shootings (that occur in public locations) are usually committed by deeply disgruntled individuals who are seeking [[revenge]] as a [[Motive (law)|motive]], for failures in school, career, romance, or life in general.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fox |first1=James |last2=DeLateur |first2=Monica |title=Mass Shootings in America: Moving Beyond Newtown |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270480045_Mass_Shootings_in_America_Moving_Beyond_Newtown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213903/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270480045_Mass_Shootings_in_America_Moving_Beyond_Newtown |archive-date=2 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Homicide Studies |edition=Vol 8(1) |pages=125–145}}</ref> Additionally, or alternately, they could be seeking fame or attention,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lankford |first=Adam |date=1 March 2016 |title=Fame-seeking rampage shooters: Initial findings and empirical predictions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300027 |url-status=live |journal=Aggression and Violent Behavior |language=en |volume=27 |pages=122–129 |doi=10.1016/j.avb.2016.02.002 |issn=1359-1789 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725120454/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178916300027 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=12 July 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and at least 16 mass shooters since the [[Columbine High School massacre|Columbine massacre]] have cited fame or notoriety as a motive.<ref name="reason.com">{{cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=Are the Media Making Mass Shootings Worse? |url=https://reason.com/video/2022/09/16/is-the-media-making-mass-shootings-worse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013124920/https://reason.com/video/2022/09/16/is-the-media-making-mass-shootings-worse/ |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> Fame-seeking mass shooters kill on average more than twice as many people as mass shooters who are not fame-seeking. Many of the former articulate a desire to surpass "past records".<ref name="reason.com" />

Mass shootings can be motivated by [[religious extremism]], [[political ideologies]] (e.g., [[neo-Nazism]], [[Communism]], [[terrorism]], [[white supremacism]]), [[racism]], [[misogyny]], [[homophobia]], [[Murder–suicide|perpetrator suicidality]], [[mental illness]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/other-hand/2018/02/high-school-students-demand-action-gun-control-following-parkland|title=High school students demand action on gun control following Parkland shooting – rabble.ca|website=rabble.ca|date=16 February 2018|access-date=2 July 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625075226/http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/other-hand/2018/02/high-school-students-demand-action-gun-control-following-parkland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Van Brunt, Brian, and W. Scott Lewis. "Costuming, misogyny, and objectification as risk factors in targeted violence." Violence and gender 1.1 (2014): 25–35.</ref> and revenge against [[bullying]],<ref>Rocque, Michael. "Exploring school rampage shootings: Research, theory, and policy." The Social Science Journal 49.3 (2012): 304–313.</ref> among other reasons.<ref name="frum" /> Forensic psychologist [[Stephen Ross (psychologist)|Stephen Ross]] cites extreme anger and the notion of working for a cause{{snds}}rather than mental illness{{snds}}as primary explanations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Campbell|first1=Holly|title=Inside the mind of a mass murderer|url=http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/|publisher=WANE.com|date=2 December 2015|access-date=10 December 2015|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225401/http://wane.com/2015/12/02/inside-the-mind-of-a-mass-murderer/}}</ref> A study by [[Vanderbilt University]] researchers found that "fewer than five percent of the 120,000 gun-related killings in the United States between 2001 and 2010 were perpetrated by people diagnosed with mental illness."<ref name=wolf>{{cite web|last1=Wolf|first1=Amy|title=Mental Illness is the wrong scapegoat after mass shootings|url=http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/12/mental-illness-wrong-scapegoat-shootings/|publisher=Vanderbilt University|date=11 December 2014|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729073129/http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/12/mental-illness-wrong-scapegoat-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Roman]] of the [[Urban Institute]] argues that, while better access to mental health care, restricting high powered weapons, and creating a defensive infrastructure to combat terrorism are constructive, they do not address the greater issue, which is "we have a lot of really angry young men in our country and in the world."<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-roman-phd/angry-young-men-and-mass_b_10503106.html Angry young Men and Mass Killings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617150707/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-roman-phd/angry-young-men-and-mass_b_10503106.html |date=17 June 2016 }}. ''The Huffington Post''. 16 June 2016.</ref>

Author [[Dave Cullen]], in his 2009 book ''[[Columbine (book)|Columbine]]'' on the 1999 [[Columbine High School massacre]] and its perpetrators [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]], described Harris as an "injustice collector."<ref>{{cite web|title=Finally understand why. Dave Cullen's Edgar-winning Columbine book: the Columbine killers, shooting & myths|url=http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm|website=davecullen.com|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-date=5 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205183019/http://davecullen.com/columbine.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He expanded on the concept in a 2015 ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'' essay on injustice collectors,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Inside the Warped Mind of Vester Flanagan and Other Shooters|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/122669/injustice-collectors-how-understand-vester-flanagans-manifesto|magazine=The New Republic|date=31 August 2015|access-date=27 September 2015|first=Dave|last=Cullen|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925090910/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/122669/injustice-collectors-how-understand-vester-flanagans-manifesto|url-status=live}}</ref> identifying several notorious killers as fitting the category, including [[Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt|Christopher Dorner]], [[Elliot Rodger]], [[Murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward|Vester Flanagan]], and [[Andrew Kehoe]]. Likewise, mass shooting expert and former FBI profiler [[Mary O'Toole (mass shooting expert)|Mary O'Toole]] also uses the phrase "injustice collector" in characterizing motives of some mass shooting perpetrators.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite magazine|last1=Bekiempis|first1=Victoria|title=Meet Mass-Shooting Expert Mary Ellen O'Toole|url=http://www.newsweek.com/serial-killer-mass-shooter-school-shootings-federal-bureau-investigation-367374|date=4 September 2015|magazine=Newsweek|access-date=6 September 2015|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905165833/http://www.newsweek.com/serial-killer-mass-shooter-school-shootings-federal-bureau-investigation-367374|url-status=live}}</ref> In relation, criminologist [[James Alan Fox]] contends that mass murderers are "enabled by social isolation" and typically experience "years of disappointment and failure that produce a mix of profound hopelessness and deep-seated resentment."<ref>{{cite web|first=James Alan|last=Fox|date=16 January 2011|url=http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html|title=The real causes of mass murder|work=Boston.com|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002152559/http://www.boston.com/community/blogs/crime_punishment/2011/01/the_real_causes_of_mass_murder.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/12/03/james-alan-fox-san-bernardino-focus-murderous-partnership/76725342/|title=James Alan Fox: In San Bernardino, focus on the murderous partnership|work=USA Today|date=3 December 2015|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009220849/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2015/12/03/james-alan-fox-san-bernardino-focus-murderous-partnership/76725342/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jillian Peterson]], an assistant professor of criminology at [[Hamline University]] who is participating in the construction of a database on mass shooters, noted that two phenomena surface repeatedly in the statistics: hopelessness and a need for notoriety in life or in death.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wanamaker|first=John|date=8 October 2017|title='This shooter is a little different': Hamline professor studies mass shootings|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/08/this-shooter-is-a-little-different-hamline-professor-studies-mass-shootings|work=[[Minnesota Public Radio|MPR]] News|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008220903/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/10/08/this-shooter-is-a-little-different-hamline-professor-studies-mass-shootings|url-status=live}}</ref> Notoriety was first suggested as a possible motive and researched by Justin Nutt. Nutt stated in a 2013 article, "those who feel nameless and as though no one will care or remember them when they are gone may feel doing something such as a school shooting will make sure they are remembered and listed in the history books."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/|title=School Shootings and Possible Causes|date=14 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216033628/http://www.socialjusticesolutions.org/2013/12/14/school-shootings-possible-causes/|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

In considering the frequency of mass shootings in the United States, criminologist [[Peter Squires (criminologist)|Peter Squires]] says that the individualistic culture in the United States puts the country at greater risk for mass shootings than other countries, noting that <q>many other countries where gun ownership is high, such as Norway, Finland, Switzerland and Israel...tend to have more tight-knit societies where a strong social bond supports people through crises, and mass killings are fewer.</q> He is an advocate of gun control, but contends there is more to mass shootings than the prevalence of guns.<ref name="europe">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|title=In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns|last1=Dorell|first1=Oren|date=18 December 2012|newspaper=USA Today|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003403/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Italian Marxist academic [[Franco Berardi]] argues that the [[hyper-individualism]], [[social alienation]] and competitiveness fomented by [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] ideology and [[capitalism]] creates mass shooters by causing people to "malfunction."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/berardi-interview/|title=This Theorist Believes That Capitalism Creates Mass Murderers by Causing People to 'Malfunction'|last=McIntyre|first=Niamh|date=16 April 2015|work=Vice|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928030150/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/wd7eyw/berardi-interview|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Social science and family structure ===
A noteworthy connection has been reported in the U.S. between mass shootings and domestic or family violence, with a current or former intimate partner or family member killed in 76 of 133 cases (57%), and a perpetrator having previously been charged with domestic violence in 21.<ref name="alter2">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html|title=Mass Shooting Analysis Finds Strong Domestic Violence Connection|author=Melissa Jeltsen|date=18 July 2014|newspaper =Huffington Post|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=8 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508181411/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/domestic-violence-gun_n_5595898.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bloombergstudy">{{cite web|url=http://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/|title=Analysis of Mass Shootings|date=20 August 2015|access-date=13 June 2016|newspaper=Everytownresearch.org|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510122503/https://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/|url-status=live}} This analysis has later figures than reported in the article</ref>

== Responses ==

=== Media ===
Some people have considered whether media attention revolving around the perpetrators of mass shootings is a factor in sparking further incidents.<ref name=birch>{{cite news|last1=Birch|first1=Jenna|title=Does Media Coverage After a Mass Shooting Do More Harm Than Good?|url=https://www.yahoo.com/health/does-media-coverage-after-a-mass-shooting-do-more-125177743017.html|publisher=Yahoo News|date=27 July 2015|access-date=11 August 2015|archive-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816001011/https://www.yahoo.com/health/does-media-coverage-after-a-mass-shooting-do-more-125177743017.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to this, some in law enforcement have decided against naming mass shooting suspects in media-related events to avoid giving them notoriety.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Elinson|first1=Zusha|last2=Lazo|first2=Alejandro|title=More Police Decide Against Naming Mass-Shooting Suspects|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/more-police-decide-against-naming-mass-shooting-suspects-1443985970|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=4 October 2015|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-date=4 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004214121/http://www.wsj.com/articles/more-police-decide-against-naming-mass-shooting-suspects-1443985970|url-status=live}}</ref>

The effects of messages used in the coverage of mass shootings have been studied. Researchers studied the role the coverage plays in shaping attitudes toward persons with serious mental illness and public support for [[gun control]] policies.<ref name=emma>{{Cite journal|last1=McGinty|first1=Emma|title=Effects of News Media Messages About Mass Shootings on Attitudes Toward Persons With Serious Mental Illness and Public Support for Gun Control Policies|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=170|issue=5|pages=494–501|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010014|pmid=23511486|date=1 May 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, a paper written by a physicist and statistician, [[Sherry Towers]], along with four colleagues was published, which proved that there is indeed mass shooting contagion using [[mathematical model]]ing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Towers|first1=Sherry|last2=Gomez-Lievano|first2=Andres|last3=Khan|first3=Maryam|last4=Mubayi|first4=Anuj|last5=Castillo-Chavez|first5=Carlos|date=2 July 2015|editor-last=Yukich|editor-first=Joshua|title=Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings|journal=[[PLOS One]]|volume=10|issue=7|article-number=e0117259|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0117259|pmid=26135941|pmc=4489652|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1017259T|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite news|author=Stephanie Pappas|date=2 July 2015|title=Mass Shootings Are Contagious|work=Live Science|url=https://www.livescience.com/51429-mass-shootings-are-contagious.html|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729062457/https://www.livescience.com/51429-mass-shootings-are-contagious.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2017, Towers said in an interview that she prefers [[Industry self-regulation|self-regulation]] to [[censorship]] to address this issue, just like years ago major news outlets successfully prevent [[copycat suicide]].<ref>{{cite interview|last=Towers|first=Sherry|interviewer=John Hook|title=Newsmaker Sunday: Sherry Towers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sQKZcpolAY|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/-sQKZcpolAY|archive-date=4 November 2021|url-status=live|publisher=[[Fox 10 Phoenix]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona, United States|date=6 December 2017|work=Newsmaker Sunday|access-date=14 June 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2016, the [[American Psychological Association]] published a [[press release]], claiming that [[mass shooting contagion]] does exist and that news media and social media enthusiasts should withhold the name(s) and face(s) of the victimizer(s) when reporting a mass shooting to deny the fame the shooter(s) want to curb contagion.<ref>{{cite press release|last=Johnston|first=Jennifer|date=4 August 2016|title="Media Contagion" Is Factor in Mass Shootings, Study Says|url=http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx|publisher=American Psychological Association|access-date=16 June 2018|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630000356/http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/08/media-contagion.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some news media have weighed in on the gun control debate. After the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]], the ''[[New York Daily News]]''{{'}} front-page headline "God isn't fixing this" was accompanied by "images of tweets from leading Republicans who shared their [[thoughts and prayers|'thoughts' and 'prayers']] for the shooting victims."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/daily-news-cover-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|title=Hard-hitting Daily News cover blasts Republicans for offering only 'prayers' after latest shooting|author=Colin Campbell|website=Business Insider|date=2 December 2015|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203081721/http://www.businessinsider.com/daily-news-cover-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Marina|last=Fang|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-daily-news-cover_565fa492e4b08e945fee15ce|title=New York Daily News Skewers Politicians Refusing to Act on Gun Violence: 'God Isn't Fixing This'|work=Huffington Post|date=2 December 2015|access-date=2 December 2015|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203070026/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/new-york-daily-news-cover_565fa492e4b08e945fee15ce|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2014 Isla Vista killings]], satirical news website ''[[The Onion]]'' has repeatedly republished the story [["No Way to Prevent This", Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens]] with minor edits after major mass shootings, to satirise the popular consensus that there is a lack of political power in the United States to prevent mass shootings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/why-this-onion-article-goes-viral-after-every-mass-shooting/|title=Why this Onion article goes viral after every mass shooting|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=Eli|last1=Rosenberg|access-date=11 November 2018|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190915063118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/why-this-onion-article-goes-viral-after-every-mass-shooting/?noredirect=on|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Gun law reform ===
{{See also|Overview of gun laws by nation}}
Responses to mass shootings take a variety of forms, depending on the country and political climate.

==== Australia ====
After the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur massacre]], Australia changed [[Gun laws in Australia#The Port Arthur massacre and its consequences|its gun laws]].

==== New Zealand ====
In the aftermath of the [[Christchurch mosque shootings]], New Zealand announced a ban on almost all semiautomatic military-style weapons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/world/asia/new-zealand-guns-jacinda-ardern.html|title=New Zealand Passes Law Banning Most Semiautomatic Weapons, Weeks After Massacre|last=Graham-McLay|first=Charlotte|work=The New York Times|access-date=1 June 2019|date=10 April 2019|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524120159/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/world/asia/new-zealand-guns-jacinda-ardern.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Worlds Apart" /><ref name="BBC Auckland shooting" />

==== United Kingdom ====
{{Further|Firearms regulation in the United Kingdom}}

Mass shootings are extremely rare in [[the United Kingdom]], which has some of the strictest gun laws in the world. As a result of the [[Hungerford massacre]] in [[Hungerford]], England, and the [[Dunblane school massacre]] in [[Stirling, Scotland]], the United Kingdom enacted tough gun laws and a buyback program to remove specific classes of firearms from private ownership. They included the Firearms Amendment Act 1988, which limited rifles and shotguns; and the 1997 Firearms Amendment Acts, which restricted or made illegal many handguns.<ref name=hart>{{cite news|last1=Hartmann|first1=Margaret|title=How Australia and Britain Tackled Gun Violence|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/10/how-australia-and-britain-tackled-gun-violence.html|newspaper=Daily Intelligencer|date=2 October 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920204858/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/10/how-australia-and-britain-tackled-gun-violence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, there have been only a handful of mass shootings in the country with relatively few fatalities. The UK has also banned the private ownership of semi-automatic and automatic weapons, and introduced stringent checks before issuing permits to private citizens to own single and low cartridge shotguns. There have been two mass shootings since the laws were restricted: the [[Cumbria shootings]] in 2010, which killed 13 people, including the perpetrator;<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Tarabay|first1=Jamie|last2=Dewan|first2=Angela|title=What the UK and Australia did differently after mass shootings|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/04/world/gun-control-uk-australia/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=4 October 2017|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075948/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/04/world/gun-control-uk-australia/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Plymouth shooting]] in 2021, which killed six people, including the perpetrator.<ref>{{cite news|title=Plymouth shooting: Suspected gunman and five others die|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-58195419|access-date=14 August 2021|publisher=BBC News|date=13 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812203114/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-58195419|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United States ====
{{See also|Mass shootings in the United States|list of mass shootings in the United States|gun politics in the United States}}
In the United States, support for gun law reform [[gun politics in the United States|varies considerably by political party]], with Democrats generally more supportive and Republicans generally more opposed. Some in the U.S. believe that tightening gun laws would prevent future mass shootings.<ref name=progress>{{cite web|last1=Collins|first1=Sam|title=One Change To Our Gun Laws That Could Have Prevented The Last Mass Shooting|url=http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/07/28/3685169/gun-laws-mental-health-lafayette/|website=Think Progress|date=28 July 2015|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=14 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814042431/http://thinkprogress.org/health/2015/07/28/3685169/gun-laws-mental-health-lafayette/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some politicians in the U.S. introduced legislation to reform the [[background check]] system for purchasing a gun.<ref name=ali>{{cite web|last1=Weinberg|first1=Ali|title=These 6 Stalled Bills Aimed at Mass Shootings Like Umpqua Flounder in Congress|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/stalled-bills-aimed-mass-shootings-umpqua-flounder-congress/story?id=34208798|publisher=ABC News|location=United States|date=2 October 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003163902/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/stalled-bills-aimed-mass-shootings-umpqua-flounder-congress/story?id=34208798|url-status=live}}</ref> A vast majority of Americans support tighter background checks. "According to a poll by Quinnipiac University in Connecticut, 93 percent of registered voters said they would support universal background checks for all gun buyers."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/10/americans-support-universal-background-checks|title=An Overwhelming Majority of Americans Still Support Universal Background Checks|work=Mother Jones|date=1 October 2015|access-date=16 December 2015|first=Becca|last=Andrews|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171252/http://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/10/americans-support-universal-background-checks|url-status=live}}</ref>

Others contend that mass shootings should not be the main focus in the gun law reform debate because these shootings account for less than one percent of the U.S. homicide rate and believe that these shootings are hard to stop. They often argue that civilians with concealed guns will be able to stop shootings.<ref name=volokh>{{cite news|last1=Volokh|first1=Eugene|title=Do civilians with guns ever stop mass shootings?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=3 October 2015|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003205419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/10/03/do-civilians-with-guns-ever-stop-mass-shootings/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to British criminologist Peter Squires, who has studied gun violence in different countries, mass shootings may be more due to the "individualistic culture" in the U.S. than its firearm laws.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dorell|first1=Oren|title=In Europe, fewer mass killings due to culture not guns|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|website=USA Today|language=en|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822003403/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/12/17/guns-mass-killings-worldwide/1776191/|url-status=live}}</ref>

U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] repeatedly addressed mass shootings during his eight-year presidency, calling for more gun safety laws in the United States.<ref name=korte>{{cite news|last1=Korte|first1=Gregory|title=11 mass shootings, 11 speeches: How Obama has responded|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/02/11-mass-shootings-11-speeches-how-obama-has-responded/73177526/|newspaper=USA Today|date=2 October 2015|access-date=3 October 2015|archive-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005065906/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/10/02/11-mass-shootings-11-speeches-how-obama-has-responded/73177526/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Charleston church shooting]], and the [[Stoneman Douglas High School shooting]], he renewed his call for reforming gun-safety laws and said that the frequency of mass shootings in the United States has "no parallel in the world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|title=OBAMA: 'We have a pattern now of mass shootings ... that has no parallel'|work=Business Insider|date=2 December 2015|access-date=16 December 2015|first=Maxwell|last=Tani|archive-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212125932/http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-san-bernardino-shooting-2015-12|url-status=live}}</ref> After the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the surviving students, teachers, and parents became leaders in the effort to ban [[assault weapon]] sales and easy accessibility to [[weapon]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Witt|first1=Emily|title=How the Survivors of Parkland Began the Never Again Movement|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-the-survivors-of-parkland-began-the-never-again-movement?CNDID=30462369&spMailingID=12971483&spUserID=MTMzMTgzMTA1MjA0S0&spJobID=1341843325&spReportId=MTM0MTg0MzMyNQS2|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=20 February 2018|language=en|date=19 February 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911044506/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-the-survivors-of-parkland-began-the-never-again-movement?CNDID=30462369&spMailingID=12971483&spUserID=MTMzMTgzMTA1MjA0S0&spJobID=1341843325&spReportId=MTM0MTg0MzMyNQS2|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Mexico====
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
The ongoing violence in Mexico has prompted the government to take action to try to address the issue. In recent years, the government has implemented various measures, including increasing security forces, deploying the military to high-risk areas, and tightening gun control laws. Despite these efforts, mass shootings in Mexico continue to be prominent in the country, and the country remains one of the most violent in the world according to some.

==Examples==
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}

===Africa===
Mass shootings in Africa include a 1927 shooting in [[South Africa]] perpetrated by [[Stephanus Swart]], the 2016 [[Grand-Bassam shootings]] in [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire/Ivory Coast]], and the 1994 [[Kampala wedding massacre]] in [[Kampala]], Uganda.

In [[Egypt]], shootings include both the 1997 [[Luxor massacre]] and the 2013 [[Meet al-Attar shooting]].

In [[Kenya]], on 2 April 2015, armed [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|terrorists]] [[Garissa University College attack|stormed a public university in the North Eastern part of the country and killed 148 people.]]

=== Asia ===

====East Asia====
{{Category see also|Mass shootings in China}}
In China, the [[Chongqing shooting]] occurred on 5 April 1993. Chen Xuerong, a worker at a machine factory used a hunting rifle to kill three coworkers before being captured by police. In 2013, [[2013 Shanghai shooting|Fan Jieming]] entered a shop and shot six people dead before being apprehended by police. Jieming was executed in 2016. Another shooting was the 1994 [[Tian Mingjian incident]].

Japan has had several mass shootings, including the 1938 [[Tsuyama massacre]], the [[2007 Sasebo shooting]], and the [[2010 Habikino shooting]].

In [[South Korea]], the deadliest mass shooting was committed by [[Woo Bum-kon incident|Woo Bum-kon]] in 1982, leaving 62 dead. For many years, it was the deadliest mass shooting in modern history, until surpassed by the [[2011 Norway attacks]].

====South and Southeast Asia====
{{Category see also|Mass shootings in India}}
In India, during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], 10 gunmen affiliated with the terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] attacked multiple targets in Mumbai, killing 175 people and injuring hundreds more. The attack lasted for four days and one of the perpetrators was sentenced to death. Other notable incidents include the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]], in which five gunmen attacked the parliament building in New Delhi, killing nine people, and the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], in which militants attacked an [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Indian Air Force base in Pathankot]], killing seven security personnel. Mass shootings have also occurred in the context of regional conflicts. For example, the [[2014 Chhattisgarh attack]] involved [[Naxalite]] militants attacking a convoy of political leaders and security personnel, killing 15 people, while the [[2021 Sukma-Bijapur attack]] involved [[Naxalism|Naxalite]] rebels attacking security forces, resulting in the deaths of at least 22 security personnel. Other examples include the [[1878 Hyderabad shooting]] and the 1983 [[Pashupatinath Temple shooting]].

In [[Nepal]], the [[Nepalese royal massacre]] occurred in 2001.

In [[Thailand]], a [[Nakhon Ratchasima shootings|mass shooting]] occurred near and in [[Nakhon Ratchasima]], colloquially known as Korat, between 8 and 9 February 2020. A soldier of the Royal Thai Army killed 30 people and wounded 58 others before he was eventually shot and killed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-02-08|title=Soldier kills 29 people in Thailand before being shot|language=en|agency=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-thailand-shooting-idUKKBN2020T7|access-date=2023-09-29|first1=Panu|last1=Wongcha-um|first2=Patpicha|last2=Tanakasempipat}}</ref> On 6 October 2022, 38 people, 24 of them children, were killed in a [[2022 Nong Bua Lamphu massacre|shooting and stabbing spree]] by a former police officer. The main target was a childcare centre in [[Nong Bua Lamphu province]]. The perpetrator then killed both his wife and son at his own home before committing suicide. Other mass shootings that occurred in Thailand are the [[Pak Phanang school shooting]], the [[Lopburi mall shooting]], and the [[Siam Paragon shooting]].

Mass shootings in [[Pakistan]] include the 1948 [[Babrra massacre]], and the [[2014 Peshawar school massacre]] in which 149 people were killed.

====Israel====
{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Israel}}
Notable mass shootings in [[Israel]] include the 1972 [[Lod Airport massacre]], which killed 26 and injured 80, the [[2002 Hadera attack]] in [[Hadera]], the [[2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack]] at [[Mercaz HaRav]], the [[2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack]] in [[Jerusalem]], the [[June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting]] at the popular Sarona centre complex in [[Tel Aviv]], and the [[Nova music festival massacre]], part of the larger [[7 October attacks]], which led to the death of 364 of the participants in 2023. Other notable mass shootings include the [[2005 Shilo shooting]], and the 2013 [[Beersheba bank shooting]]. In April 2022, a [[2022 Tel Aviv shooting|mass shooting]] occurred on [[Dizengoff Street]] in Tel Aviv, in which a Palestinian gunman killed three civilians and injured six. In January 2023, a Palestinian gunman killed at least seven civilians in the Israeli settlement of [[Neve Yaakov]] in occupied [[East Jerusalem]]. The suspect is also reported to have shot at worshippers exiting a synagogue and was shot and killed by police officers.

=== Europe ===
{{see also|List of mass shootings in the United Kingdom|List of mass shootings in Germany|List of massacres in France|List of massacres in the Czech Republic}}
{{category see also|Mass shootings in Europe|Category:Mass shootings in France|Category:Mass shootings in the Czech Republic}}

The deadliest mass shooting by a lone individual in modern history occurred in Europe with the [[2011 Norway attacks]] in [[Norway]], in which 77 people were killed. Of those killed, 67 died of gunshot wounds.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last1=Herring|first1=Keely|last2=Jacobson|first2=Louis|title=Is Barack Obama correct that mass killings don't happen in other countries?|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jun/22/barack-obama/barack-obama-correct-mass-killings-dont-happen-oth/|website=PolitiFact|language=en|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801001612/https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/jun/22/barack-obama/barack-obama-correct-mass-killings-dont-happen-oth/|url-status=live|date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, on [[Hungerford massacre|19 August 1987, in Hungerford, England]], a man killed his mother before killing 16 people and injuring 15 others. On 13 March 1996, in [[Dunblane]], Scotland, a man entered a primary school and opened fire, [[Dunblane massacre|killing 16 children and one teacher]] before committing suicide. On 12 August 2021, in Plymouth, England, a man [[Plymouth shooting|killed five people and injured two others]] before taking his own life. Other mass shootings in the UK include the [[Cumbria shootings]] on 2 June 2010, in which a man killed 12 people and injured 11 others before committing suicide; the [[Wallasey pub shooting]], where 1 person was killed and 4 others injured; and the [[Monkseaton shootings]], where 1 person was killed and 16 others injured.

In [[Germany]], the [[Erfurt school massacre]] on 26 April 2002 was inspired by the [[Columbine High School massacre]]. Former student Robert Steinhäuser killed 16 people, including two students, 11 teachers, a trainee teacher, a secretary and a police officer, before killing himself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zettl|first=Max Sebastian|title=Amok an Schulen. Prävention, Intervention und Nachsorge bei School Shootings.|publisher=Matthias Böhmer|year=2018|isbn=978-3-658-22707-4|pages=71|language=de}}</ref> On 13 March 2009, a 17-year-old student named Tim Kretschmer went on [[Winnenden school shooting|a shooting spree]] at his former high school in [[Winnenden]]. Kretschmer killed 15 people, including nine students, three teachers, and three bystanders, before turning the gun on himself. On 22 July 2016, a lone gunman named David Sonboly [[2016 Munich shooting|opened fire at a shopping mall in Munich]], killing nine people and injuring 36 others. Sonboly, who had a history of mental illness, was armed with a pistol. After a brief exchange of fire with police, he turned the gun on himself. On 9 October 2019, a far-right extremist named Stephan Balliet [[Halle synagogue shooting|attempted to carry out a mass shooting]] at a [[synagogue]] in the eastern city of [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]]. Balliet, who was armed with several [[3D-printed firearm]]s and [[homemade explosive device]]s, tried to force his way into the synagogue during the Jewish holiday of [[Yom Kippur]]. When he was unable to get inside, he shot and killed two people outside the building and injured several others. The entire shooting was live streamed on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]. Balliet was later arrested and charged with murder and attempted murder. Later, on 19 February 2020, a mentally unstable man named Tobias Rathjen [[Hanau shootings|opened fire at two shisha bars]] in the town of [[Hanau]], killing nine people before turning the gun on himself. Rathjen, who had a history of mental illness and far-right extremist views, left behind a manifesto in which he expressed his hatred for immigrants and called for the extermination of several ethnic groups.

In the [[Czech Republic]], [[Petřvald shooting|the first mass shooting]] in its [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|independent history]] occurred on 8 March 2009, when a 42-year-old [[North Macedonia]]n national named Raif Kačar opened fire at the Sokol Restaurant in [[Petřvald (Karviná District)|Petřvald]], killing four. Kačar then shot himself and died four days later as a result of his injuries. The pistol used in the shooting was obtained illegally. [[Uherský Brod shooting|A second mass shooting]] occurred on 24 February 2015, when a 62-year-old man named Zdeněk Kovář, who was legally armed with a [[CZ 75B]] and an Alfa 820 [[revolver]], entered the Družba restaurant in [[Uherský Brod]] and started shooting. Nine people, including Kovář who committed suicide, died in the shooting, and one other person was injured. The police received criticism for its response to the shooting. This incident was the deadliest mass shooting in Czech history until the [[2023 Prague shootings]]. On 10 December 2019, when 42-year-old Ctirad Vitásek, illegally armed with a CZ 75B, [[Ostrava hospital attack|opened fire]] at the traumatology room of the {{Interlanguage link|Ostrava University Hospital|cs|Fakultní Nemocnice Ostrava}}, killing seven and injuring two. Vitásek then fled the scene and committed suicide near the town of [[Děhylov]] after being discovered by the police. On 21 December 2023, 24-year-old David Kozák, a world history student at [[Charles University]] who was also a legal owner of several firearms, murdered his father at his home in [[Hostouň (Kladno District)|Hostouň]] and later opened fire at the Faculty of Arts building of the Charles University in [[Prague]]. 16 people, including Kozák's father and Kozák himself, who committed suicide at the rooftop terrace of the building, died in the shootings. 25 people were wounded. This was the first case of a [[school shooting]] in Czech Republic's history. Kozák had brought several firearms with himself into the school, a [[Glock#Glock 47|Glock 47]] pistol, a [[SIG Sauer P322]] semi-automatic pistol and an [[AR-10]]–style rifle, which he used in the shooting and a [[pump-action shotgun]], which he used to commit suicide. Police later reported that Kozák was one of the many suspects in a case of a [[2023 Prague shootings#Klánovice Forest murders|double-murder of an infant and her father at Klánovice Forest near Prague]], which occurred on 15 December 2023, Police also later announced that evidence linking Kozák to the double-murder has been found. On 27 December 2023, it was reported that police found a letter in Kozák's home, in which he confessed to the double-murder. The Prague shootings are currently the deadliest mass shooting in the Czech Republic's history.

In [[France]], On 13–14 November 2015, [[November 2015 Paris attacks|a series of religiously motivated mass shootings and suicide bombings]] occurred in [[Paris]] leading to the death of 130 people and 7 out of the 9 perpetrators. A few hours after the attacks, the [[Brussels Islamic State terror cell]] claimed to be behind the attacks. Less than a year prior to the Paris attacks, [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|a shooting]] at ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' headquarters in Paris was perpetrated by two brothers, [[Chérif and Saïd Kouachi]], on 7 January 2015. The shooting targeted the employees of ''Charlie Hebdo'' after they posted a satirical magazine article on [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammed]]. The shooting lead to the deaths of 12 people and 11 others were injured. The brothers were shot and killed by a [[GIGN]] team two days after the attack during a [[police standoff|standoff]].

==== Russia and post-Soviet states ====
{{main|List of mass shootings in Russia|List of mass shootings in the Soviet Union}}

{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Ukraine|Mass shootings in Kazakhstan|Mass shootings in Armenia}}

The deadliest shooting in Russia occurred on 8 October 1999, when Achmed Ibragimov [[Mikenskaya shooting|killed at least 34 Russian inhabitants in the village of Mikenskaya]]. Other shootings include the [[Moscow Multifunctional Center shooting]] on 7 December 2021, where a 45-year-old man shot and killed two people and wounded four others, reportedly after being told to put on a face mask. In another incident on 4 April 2020, Anton Franchikov shot five people to death in [[Yelatma]], Ryazan Oblast. In the [[Perm State University shooting]] on 20 September 2021, Timur Bekmansurov fatally shot six people before being apprehended by police. In another incident on 26 September 2022, [[Izhevsk school shooting|Artyom Kazantsev]] opened fire at his former school in [[Izhevsk]], [[Udmurtia]], killing 18 people before committing suicide. One of the largest shootings involving military personnel occurred on 15 October 2022, at the [[Soloti military training ground shooting|Soloti military training ground]] in Belgorod Oblast. Two conscripts from Tajikistan committed friendly fire, killing 11 people before being killed by return fire.

In [[Ukraine]], on 27 January 2022, a gunman [[2022 Dnipro shooting|opened fire at the Yuzhmash factory]] in the city of [[Dnipro]]. The attack left five people dead and five others injured. The shooter, a former employee of the factory, was reportedly disgruntled over his dismissal and had been seeking revenge. Another notable incident of mass shooting in Ukraine took place on 17 October 2018, when Vladislav Roslyakov, an 18-year-old student at the [[Kerch Polytechnic College]] in [[Crimea]], which was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014, [[Kerch Polytechnic College massacre|opened fire on his fellow students]] and teachers, killing 20 and injuring more than 70 others. The shooter committed suicide in the library at the school. The perpetrator is believed to have been [[Columbine effect|inspired by Columbine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Student gunman who killed at least 19 in Crimea school shooting dressed like 1999 Columbine massacre shooter|url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/crimea-bombing-college-kerch-multiple-fatalities-injuries/ff7a079c-b64a-4732-baae-3da86534b4d2|date=18 October 2018|publisher=9 News|access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

=== North America ===
{{See also|List of mass shootings in Canada}}
{{Category see also|Mass shootings in Mexico}}

Notable mass shootings in Canada include the 1989 [[École Polytechnique massacre]] (which led to stronger [[gun control in Canada]]), the 1992 [[Concordia University massacre]], the 2006 [[Dawson College shooting]] in [[Montreal]], the 2012 [[Danzig Street shooting]], the [[2014 Edmonton shooting]] in [[Edmonton]], the 2017 [[Quebec City mosque shooting]] in [[Quebec City]], the [[2018 Toronto shooting]], the [[2020 Nova Scotia attacks]], and the [[2026 Tumbler Ridge shooting]]. Following the attacks in Nova Scotia, collectively considered to be the deadliest mass shooting in Canadian history, Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] banned the use, sale, purchase, and import of [[AR-15]]s{{snds}}the semi-automatic rifle used in the shooting and many other shootings in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2020/5/2/21245067/canada-assault-weapons-ban-trudeau-shooting|title=Canada just banned military-style assault weapons after its deadliest mass shooting|access-date=2 May 2020|website=Vox|date=2 May 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502180535/https://www.vox.com/world/2020/5/2/21245067/canada-assault-weapons-ban-trudeau-shooting|url-status=live|first=Zeeshan|last=Aleem}}</ref>

Notable mass shootings in [[Mexico]] include the [[2010 Chihuahua shootings]] in the state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]]. [[2010 San Fernando massacre|One of the deadliest mass shootings in Mexico]] occurred in 2010 in the town of [[San Fernando, Tamaulipas]]. In that incident, 72 migrants from Central and South America were found dead in a ranch, allegedly killed by members of the Zetas drug cartel. 2 months prior to that, 19 people were killed in Chihuahua in another shooting. Another high-profile mass shooting in Mexico [[2009 Mexico City Metro shooting|took place in 2009]], when a man opened fire on passengers on a Mexico City metro train, killing two people and injuring several others. In 2019, about {{convert|70|mi|km}} south of the [[Mexico–United States border]], the [[LeBarón and Langford families massacre|LeBarón and Langford families]] endured a massacre in the state of [[Sonora]], where nine women and children were killed by suspected members of a drug cartel. The victims were believed to have been mistaken for members of a rival cartel. Other notable mass shootings in Mexico include the [[Minatitlán massacre]] in 2019, the [[Salamanca nightclub shooting]] in 2019, and the [[2019 Villa Unión shootout]]. In 2020, the country experienced several high-profile mass shootings, including the [[Colegio Cervantes shooting]] in Torreón, the [[2020 Irapuato massacres|Irapuato massacres]], and the [[Camargo massacre]]. On 23 May 2022, 11 people were killed in a [[Celaya massacre|mass shooting at the Gala Hotel]] and a nearby bar in [[Celaya, Guanajuato]]. The attackers were reportedly from the [[Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel]], and left a message referring to the [[Jalisco New Generation Cartel]] and three dismembered bodies found earlier that day. On 27 March 2022, 20 people were killed in a [[Las Tinajas massacre|mass shooting at an illegal cockfighting pit in Las Tinajas]], Zinapécuaro, Michoacán. The attackers were believed to be from the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, and the massacre was part of a conflict between the cartel and the local gang [[La Familia Michoacana|Familia Michoacana]]. On 24 August 2022, eight people were [[Tuzantla shootout|killed in the city of Tuzantla, Michoacán]], in a firefight between rival factions of La Familia Michoacana. The dispute stemmed from infighting between brothers Johnny "El Pez" and Jose Alfredo "El Fresa" Hurtado Olascoaga, leaders of the Tuzantla cell, and their former coworker known as "El Chaparro".

==== United States ====
{{main|List of mass shootings in the United States}}

On August 1, 1966, at the [[University of Texas in Austin]], 25-year-old Marine veteran [[Charles Whitman]] killed 15 people, including an unborn child, and injured 31 others in the [[University of Texas tower shooting]] Whitman was killed by 2 [[Austin Police Department]] officers approximately 96 minutes after he began firing from the observation deck of the [[Main Building tower]]. In the 1999 [[Columbine High School massacre]], [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold|two students]] from the school shot and killed 13 classmates, including a [[Anne Marie Hochhalter|victim who died in 2025]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-13 |title=Paralyzed Columbine survivor's death ruled a homicide 26 years after school massacre |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/paralyzed-columbine-survivors-death-ruled-homicide-26-years-school-mas-rcna196276 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> and a teacher before committing suicide in the school's library. On April 16, 2007, 23-year-old student [[Seung-Hui Cho]] killed 32 students and teachers, and wounded 17 others in the [[Virginia Tech shooting]]. Other people were injured attempting to escape. When police stormed the building he was in, the shooter killed himself. In the [[Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting]], 20-year-old [[Adam Lanza]] killed his mother before shooting and killing 20 children and 6 adults at [[Newtown Public Schools|Sandy Hook Elementary School]] in [[Newtown, Connecticut]]. He then committed suicide; the motive is still inconclusive. On May 24, 2022, in [[Uvalde, Texas]], 18-year-old [[Salvador Ramos]] shot and wounded his grandmother before he drove to his former elementary school, [[Robb Elementary School]], and opened fire. Ramos targeted adjoining classrooms 111 and 112. He killed 19 children and 2 teachers before being shot dead by police around 77 minutes after Ramos entered the classrooms. Eighteen other people were hospitalized as a result of the [[Uvalde school shooting]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2022|title=18 students, one teacher killed in Texas elementary school shooting|publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-respond-active-shooter-texas-elementary-school-rcna30339|access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>

On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old white-supremacist [[Dylann Roof]] killed 9 African Americans, including senior pastor and state senator [[Clementa C. Pinckney]], in the [[Charleston Church Shooting]]. Roof left the scene and a manhunt began before he was apprehended the next morning. He later confessed to attacking the historic black church in an attempt to start a race war. Roof is currently imprisoned at USP Terre Haute where he awaits his death sentence. On June 12, 2016, 29-year-old [[Omar Mateen]] killed 49 people and wounded 53 others in the [[Pulse nightclub shooting]]. Mateen was killed in a shootout with the police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/orlando-shooting.html|title=Orlando Shooting Survivors Cope With the Trauma of Good Fortune|last1=Stolberg|first1=Sheryl Gay|date=14 June 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 November 2018|last2=Pérez-Peña|first2=Richard|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124225/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/15/us/orlando-shooting.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The perpetrator of the [[2022 Buffalo shooting]], who killed 10 people, wrote in a lengthy manifesto that he was radicalized after having "extreme boredom" during the COVID-19 pandemic, when he began browsing [[4chan]] and [[neo-Nazi]] websites linked from it; the accused gunman's manifesto espoused notions from the "[[Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theory and included screenshots of memes and conservative news headlines that he cited as sources for his ideology.<ref name=Tucker>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/buffalo-supermarket-shooting-gunman-radicalization-2669f6fd9dce881b150577eae885e44f|title=Accused Buffalo gunman followed familiar radicalization path|agency=Associated Press|author=Eric Tucker, Michael Kunzelman and Amanda Seitz|date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

=== South America ===
{{See also|Category:Mass shootings in Brazil}}

Notable mass shootings in [[Argentina]] include the 2004 [[Carmen de Patagones school shooting]] in [[Carmen de Patagones]], the [[2006 San Miguel shooting]], a workplace attack in a suburb of [[Buenos Aires]], and the June 2006 mass shooting on Cabildo Avenue in [[Belgrano, Buenos Aires]], committed by serial shooter [[Martín Ríos (murderer)|Martín Ríos]].<ref>{{cite news|title=4 Die in Argentina School Shooting – CBS News|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/4-die-in-argentina-school-shooting/|access-date=18 August 2023|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|date=28 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=El ex directivo de una empresa de transporte que volvió a los balazos|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/sociedad/3-66439-2006-05-04.html|access-date=18 August 2023|work=Pagina12|date=4 May 2006|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lipcovich |first1=Pedro |title=Una tarde de locura y tiros en Belgrano |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-69554-2006-07-07.html |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[Página 12]] |date=7 July 2006 |language=es}}</ref>

Notable mass shootings in Brazil include:
* [[Suzano massacre|Suzano school shooting (2019)]]: Two former students killed 7 people and injured 11 others at Raul Brasil State School in Suzano, São Paulo before killing themself. The perpetrators also killed one of their uncles before the school shooting.
* [[Rio de Janeiro school shooting|Realengo school shooting (2011)]]: A gunman killed 12 students and injured 22 others at Tasso da Silveira Municipal School in Realengo, Rio de Janeiro before committing [[suicide]].
* Fortaleza nightclub shooting (2018): A man killed 14 people at a nightclub in [[Fortaleza]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-27|title=Gunmen kill 14 at Brazilian nightclub|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42847561|access-date=2023-04-14|publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[Campinas Cathedral shooting|Campinas Cathedral shooting (2018)]]: A man killed five people and injured 4 others at the Metropolitan [[Our Lady of the Conception Cathedral, Campinas|Cathedral of Campinas]] in [[Campinas]], São Paulo. Police shot the gunman on his side before he killed himself.
* [[Aracruz school shootings]] (2022): On 25 November 2022, a 16-year-old [[neo-nazi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boy, 16, 'wore swastika' during fatal school shootings in Brazil {{!}} Brazil {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/26/boy-16-killed-three-people-and-wounded-13-in-two-schools-in-brazil|access-date=2023-04-14|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> former student opened fire at two schools in Brazil, killing four and injuring 12.

=== Oceania ===
{{See also|Category:Mass shootings in Australia|Category:Mass shootings in New Zealand}}

Notable mass shootings in Australia include the 1987 [[Hoddle Street massacre]] in [[Hoddle Street]], [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]], [[Melbourne]]; the 1996 [[Port Arthur massacre (Australia)|Port Arthur massacre]] in [[Port Arthur, Tasmania]]; and the [[2025 Bondi Beach shooting]] in [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]. There were 13 mass shootings with five or more deaths between 1979 and 1996, and four mass shootings involving four or more deaths have occurred since the introduction of [[National Firearms Agreement|new gun laws]] following the Port Arthur incident.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/darwin-australia-shooting-latest-updates-today-suspect-arrested-2019-06-04/|title=At least 4 killed and multiple crime scenes after shooting in Australia|publisher=CBS News|date=4 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604210828/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/darwin-australia-shooting-latest-updates-today-suspect-arrested-2019-06-04/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nunn|first1=Gary|title=Darwin shooting: Why mass shooting feels unfamiliar to Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522788|access-date=1 January 2020|publisher=BBC|date=5 June 2019|ref=BBC|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116082126/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522788|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 June 2019, a 45-year-old gunman [[2019 Darwin shooting|began shooting at multiple locations]] in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]], resulting in the death of four people and the injury of one other person.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-06-05|title=Darwin shooting: Banned shotgun used in four killings, police say|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-48522342|access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> The gunman was sentenced to three life sentences without the possibility of parole, with an additional 15-year sentence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-13|title='I haven't really recovered': Victim of Darwin mass shooting speaks, following sentence to life for murderous drug-fuelled rampage|language=en-AU|publisher=ABC News|location=United States|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-13/darwin-shooter-benjamin-glenn-hoffmann-sentenced/101526932|access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> The 2022 [[Wieambilla shootings]] was a religiously motivated [[terrorist attack]] that resulted in the death of two police officers and a neighbour, as well as the fatal shooting of the three perpetrators. The shooting lasted six hours. The motive was found to be [[Christian fundamentalism]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Joe Hinchliffe|title=Wieambilla shootings labelled Australia's first Christian terrorist attack|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/16/wieambilla-shootings-australia-christian-terrorist-attack-queensland-police|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2023-02-16|access-date=2023-02-16|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216234354/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/16/wieambilla-shootings-australia-christian-terrorist-attack-queensland-police|url-status=live}}</ref>

New Zealand has a relatively low rate of gun violence compared to other developed countries despite its formerly lax gun laws.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alpers|first1=Philip|last2=Lovell|first2=Miles|last3=Picard|first3=Michael|title=New Zealand – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law|url=https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/new-zealand|website=GunPolicy.org|publisher=[[University of Sydney]]|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909114815/https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/new-zealand|archive-date=9 September 2023|date=7 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Worlds Apart">{{cite journal|last1=Anglemeyer|first1=Andrew|last2=Beautrais|first2=Annette|title=Political Response to Firearm Violence Resulting in Mass Casualties in New Zealand and the United States: Worlds Apart|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=3 September 2019|volume=171|issue=5|pages=364–365|doi=10.7326/M19-1567|pmid=31404924|s2cid=199549482|url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M19-1567|access-date=2 October 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The country has experienced three major mass shootings since the late 20th century.<ref name="RNZ history of violence">{{cite news|title=A history of violence: mass killings in New Zealand|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384881/a-history-of-violence-mass-killings-in-new-zealand|access-date=2 October 2023|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922160522/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384881/a-history-of-violence-mass-killings-in-new-zealand|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Atlantic 15 March 2009">{{cite news|last1=Fattal|first1=Isabel|title=New Zealand Went More Than 20 Years Between Mass Shootings|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/03/new-zealands-history-mass-shootings-christchurch/585052/|access-date=2 October 2023|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=15 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603190352/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/03/new-zealands-history-mass-shootings-christchurch/585052/|archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="BBC Auckland shooting">{{cite news|last1=Cai|first1=Derek|last2=Wang|first2=Fan|title=Auckland shooting: Renewed debate on rising NZ crime rste|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66253479|access-date=2 October 2023|publisher=BBC News|date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014638/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66253479|archive-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> The [[Aramoana massacre|first mass shooting]] occurred in [[Aramoana]], a small town on the east coast of the South Island, in 1990. David Gray, a 33-year-old man with a history of mental illness, killed 13 people and injured three others before being shot and killed by police.<ref name="RNZ history of violence" /><ref name="The Atlantic 15 March 2009" /> The [[Christchurch mosque shootings|second mass shooting]] occurred in [[Christchurch]], the largest city in [[South Island|southern New Zealand]], in 2019. Brenton Tarrant, a 28-year-old Australian-born man, opened fire on two mosques during Friday prayers, killing 51 people and injuring 40 others. This was the worst mass shooting in New Zealand history.<ref name="RNZ history of violence" /><ref name="The Atlantic 15 March 2009" /> The [[2023 Auckland shooting|third mass shooting]] occurred in [[Auckland]], the largest city in the [[North Island]]. Matu Tangi Magua Reid, who was under house arrest killed two people and injured 10 others during a workplace shooting before killing himself.<ref name="BBC Auckland shooting" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ham|first=Katie|date=2023-07-24|title=Auckland CBD gunman's fatal injury was self-inflicted, police say|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/300934668/auckland-cbd-gunmans-fatal-injury-was-selfinflicted-police-say|access-date=2 October 2023|website=Stuff|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724054426/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/300934668/auckland-cbd-gunmans-fatal-injury-was-selfinflicted-police-say|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Mass shootings by country]]
* [[Active shooter]]
* [[Copycat crime]]
* [[Domestic terrorism]]
* [[List of manifestos of mass killers]]
* [[Mass murder]]
* [[School shooting]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://timelines.latimes.com/deadliest-shooting-rampages/ Timeline: Deadliest U.S. mass shootings]
* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf "Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Policy Implications"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909213006/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43004.pdf |date=9 September 2013 }}—[[Congressional Research Service]]
* [http://www.scilogs.com/algoworld/can-we-predict-mass-shootings/ Algoworld: "Scientific Ways to Predict Mass Shootings"]
* [https://www.npr.org/2014/10/27/359403511/washington-case-revives-debate-about-contagious-mass-shootings "Washington Case Revives Debate About 'Contagious' Mass Shootings"]—''[[All Things Considered]]'', 27 October 2014
* [https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/mass-shootings-rising-harvard "Yes, Mass Shootings Are Occurring More Often"]. ''Mother Jones''. 21 October 2014.
* {{Cite web|last=Jetter|first=Michael|author2=Jay K. Walker|title=The Effect of Media Coverage on Mass Shootings|url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp11900.pdf|publisher=[[IZA Institute of Labor Economics]]|date=October 2018|ref=none}}

{{Lists of mass shootings}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mass shootings| ]]
[[Category:Attacks by method]]
[[Category:Gun violence]]
[[Category:Killings by type]]
[[Category:Mass murder]]
[[Category:Rampages]]
[[Category:Terrorism tactics]]

Tuber

2026-03-20T18:48:22Z

Nikhil009: updated page

{{Short description|Storage organ in plants}}
{{About||fungal genus|Tuber (fungus)|other uses}}
[[File:Ullucus tuberosus (South Peru).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Ulluku (''[[Ullucus tuberosus]]'') tubers]]

'''Tubers''' are a type of enlarged structure that [[plant]]s use as [[storage organ]]s for [[nutrient]]s, derived from stems or roots. Tubers help plants [[perennate]] (survive winter or dry months), provide energy and nutrients, and are a means of [[asexual reproduction]].<ref name="rooting_cuttings_of_tropical_trees">{{Citation |title=Rooting Cuttings of Tropical Trees |pages=11 |year=1994 |location=London |publisher=Commonwealth Science Council |isbn=978-0-85092-394-0}}</ref>

'''Stem tubers''' manifest as thickened [[rhizome]]s (underground stems) or [[stolon]]s (horizontal connections between organisms); examples include the [[potato]] and [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]. The term '''''root tuber''''' describes modified lateral [[root]]s, as in [[sweet potato]], [[cassava]], and [[dahlia]].

==Terminology==
The term originates from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|tuber}}, meaning 'lump, bump, or swelling'.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tuber |title=Tuber |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215121743/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tuber |archive-date=2016-02-15 }}</ref>

Some writers limit the definition of ''tuber'' to structures derived from [[Plant stem|stems]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |title=Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition=5th | year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4496-6580-7 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett Learning |location=Sudbury, MA}}, p. 672</ref> while others also apply the term to structures derived from [[root]]s.<ref name=Been10>{{Citation |last=Beentje |first=Henk |year=2010 |title=The Kew Plant Glossary |location=Richmond, Surrey |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |isbn=978-1-84246-422-9 }}, p. 124</ref>


== Stem tubers ==
[[File:Starr 010725-9001 Anredera cordifolia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Flowers and tuber of ''[[Anredera cordifolia]]'']]

A stem tuber forms from thickened [[rhizome]]s or [[stolon]]s. The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical [[Plant stem|stems]] and leaves and the undersides produce roots. They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface. The underground tuber is normally a short-lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant. The offspring or new tubers are attached to a parent tuber or form at the end of a hypogeogenous (initiated below ground) [[rhizome]]. In the autumn the plant dies, except for the new offspring tubers, which have one dominant bud that in spring regrows a new shoot producing stems and leaves; in summer the tubers decay and new tubers begin to grow. Some plants also form smaller tubers or [[tubercule]]s that act like seeds, producing small plants that resemble (in morphology and size) seedlings. Some stem tubers are long-lived, such as those of tuberous [[begonia]]s, but many plants have tubers that survive only until the plants have fully leafed out, at which point the tuber is reduced to a shriveled-up husk.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Stem tubers generally start off as enlargements of the [[hypocotyl]] section of a seedling, but sometimes also include the first node or two of the [[epicotyl]] and the upper section of the root. The tuber has a vertical orientation, with one or a few vegetative buds on the top and fibrous roots produced on the bottom from a basal section. Typically the tuber has an oblong rounded shape.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Tuberous begonias, [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]],<ref name=FNA>{{eFloras|1|10280|Dioscoreaceae |last1=Raz |first1=Lauren |publisher=Flora of North America North of Mexico |volume=26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419014306/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10280 |archive-date=2006-04-19 }}</ref><ref name=Martin>{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=FW|last2=Ortiz|first2=Sonia|title=Origin and Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora|journal=Botanical Gazette|date=1963|volume=124|issue=6|pages=416–421|doi=10.1086/336228|jstor=2473209|s2cid=84746878}}</ref> and [[cyclamen]]s are commonly grown stem tubers. Mignonette vine (''[[Anredera cordifolia]]'') produces aerial stem tubers on {{convert|12|to|25|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall|order=flip|round=0.5}} vines; the tubers fall to the ground and grow. ''[[Plectranthus esculentus]]'', of the mint family [[Lamiaceae]], produces tuberous underground organs from the base of the stem, weighing up to {{convert|1.8|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} per tuber, forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J. Allemann |author2=P.J. Robbertse |author3=P.S. Hammes |date=20 June 2003 |title=Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of ''Plectranthus esculentus'' N.E.Br. (Lamiaceae) are stem tubers |journal=Field Crops Research |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00054-6 |bibcode=2003FCrRe..83...35A }}</ref> Even though [[legume]]s are not commonly associated with forming stem tubers, ''[[Lathyrus tuberosus]]'' is an example native to Asia and Europe, where it was once grown as a crop.<ref name="Mansfeld2001" />

===Potatoes===
{{Main|Potato}}
[[File:SolanumTuberosumYoungTuber.jpg|thumb|A young [[potato]] tuber]]

Potatoes are stem tubers{{snd}}enlarged stolons thicken to develop into [[storage organ]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://potatogenome.berkeley.edu/nsf5/potato_biology/tuber_formation.php |title=Potato Genome Project |author=University of California, Berkeley |author-link=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200630/http://potatogenome.berkeley.edu/nsf5/potato_biology/tuber_formation.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts, stems, stolons and tubers per potato plant" ''Journal Potato Research''. Springer Netherlands {{ISSN|0014-3065}} (Print) {{ISSN|1871-4528}} (Online) Volume 33, Number 2 / June 1990</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm |title=Introduction to Stems |access-date=2005-05-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413012738/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Stems/stem_lecture_01.htm |archive-date=2005-04-13 | website = Pennsylvania State University - Environmental Science | publisher = Monaco Educational Service | date = 2000}}</ref> The tuber has all the parts of a normal stem, including nodes and internodes. The nodes are the eyes and each has a [[leaf scar]]. The nodes or eyes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral fashion beginning on the end opposite the attachment point to the stolon. The terminal bud is produced at the farthest point away from the stolon attachment and tubers, and thus show the same [[apical dominance]] as a normal stem. Internally, a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged [[parenchyma]]-like cells. The inside of a tuber has the typical cell structures of any stem, including a pith, vascular zones, and a [[Cortex (botany)|cortex]].{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The tuber is produced in one growing season and used to [[perennate]] the plant and as a means of [[Plant propagation|propagation]]. When fall comes, the above-ground structure of the plant dies, but the tubers survive underground over winter until spring, when they regenerate new shoots that use the stored food in the tuber to grow. As the main shoot develops from the tuber, the base of the shoot close to the tuber produces adventitious roots and lateral buds on the shoot. The shoot also produces stolons that are long [[etiolation|etiolated]] stems. The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high [[auxins]] levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon. Before new tuber formation begins, the stolon must be a certain age. The enzyme [[lipoxygenase]] makes a hormone, [[jasmonic acid]], which is involved in the control of potato tuber development.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

The stolons are easily recognized when potato plants are grown from seeds. As the plants grow, stolons are produced around the soil surface from the nodes. The tubers form close to the soil surface and sometimes even on top of the ground. When potatoes are cultivated, the tubers are cut into pieces and planted much deeper into the soil. Planting the pieces deeper creates more area for the plants to generate the tubers and their size increases. The pieces sprout shoots that grow to the surface. These shoots are rhizome-like and generate short stolons from the nodes while in the ground. When the shoots reach the soil surface, they produce roots and shoots that grow into the green plant.{{cn|date=October 2023}}


== Root tubers ==
[[File:Ipomoea batatasL ja01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|Freshly dug [[sweet potato]] plants with tubers]]
[[File:Hem Root.jpg|thumb|''[[Hemerocallis]]'' tuber roots]]

A root tuber, tuberous root or storage root is a modified lateral [[root]], enlarged to function as a [[storage organ]]. The enlarged area of the tuber can be produced at the end or middle of a root or involve the entire root. It is thus different in origin, but similar in function and appearance, to a stem tuber. Plants with tuberous roots include the [[sweet potato]] (''Ipomoea batatas''), [[cassava]], [[dahlia]], and ''[[Sagittaria]]'' (arrowhead) species.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

Root tubers are perennating organs, thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant cannot actively grow, thus permitting survival from one year to the next. The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by sweet potato have the internal and external cell and tissue structures of a normal root; they produce [[adventitious roots]] and stems, which again produce adventitious roots.<ref name=Davis1994>{{Citation| editor1-last = Davis | editor1-first = Tim D.| editor2-last = Haissig | editor2-first = Bruce E.| year = 1994| title = Biology of Adventitious Root Formation| pages = 17 | isbn = 978-0-306-44627-6| publisher = Plenum Press| location = New York}}</ref>

In root tubers, there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves. The proximal end of the tuber, which was attached to the old plant, has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage.<ref name=Kyte1996>{{Citation | last1 = Kyte | first1 = Lydiane | last2 = Kleyn | first2 = John | year = 1996 | title = Plants from Test Tubes: An Introduction to Micropropagation | pages = 23–24 | isbn = 978-0-88192-361-2 | publisher = Timber Press | location = Portland, Or. }}</ref> The distal end of the tuber normally produces unmodified roots. In stem tubers the order is reversed, with the distal end producing stems. Tuberous roots are biennial in duration: the plant produces tubers the first year, and at the end of the growing season, the shoots often die, leaving the newly generated tubers; the next growing season, the tubers produce new shoots. As the shoots of the new plant grow, the stored reserves of the tuber are consumed in the production of new roots, stems, and reproductive organs; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant's regeneration of the next generation of tubers.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

''[[Hemerocallis fulva]]'' (orange daylily) and a number of [[daylily]] hybrids have large root tubers; ''H. fulva'' spreads by underground stolons<ref>{{eFloras|2|200027676|Hemerocallis fulva |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |first2=Junko |last2=Noguchi |volume=24 |access-date=27 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114001709/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027676 |archive-date=14 November 2016 }}</ref> that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick tubers and then send out more stolons.<ref name=Mansfeld2001>{{Citation |last = Mansfeld | first = Rudolf |year = 2001 |title = Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops |pages = 2231 |isbn = 978-3-540-41017-1 |publisher = Springer | location = Berlin }}</ref><ref>http://sain.utk.edu/invasives/species32.shtml{{Dead link|date=January 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Plants with root tubers can be propagated from late summer to late winter by digging up the tubers and separating them, making sure that each piece has some crown tissue for replanting.{{cn|date=October 2023}}
[[File:World Primary Crops Harvested Area By Commodity Group.svg|thumb|Roots and tubers are some of the most widely harvested crops in the world.]]
Root tubers are a rich source of nutrients for humans and wild animals, e.g. those of ''[[Sagittaria]]'' plants which are eaten by [[Duck|ducks]].<ref name="Hammerson2004">{{Citation | last = Hammerson | first = Geoffrey A. | year = 2004 | title = Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation | pages = 89 | isbn = 978-1-58465-369-1 | publisher = University Press of New England | location = Hanover }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bulb]], modified stems with a short fleshy vertical stem, covered by thick fleshy modified leaves that enclose a bud for the next season's growth<ref name=Davis1979>{{Citation | last1 = Davis | first1 = P.H. | last2 = Cullen | first2 = J. | year = 1979 | title = The Identification of Flowering Plant Families, including a Key to those Native and Cultivated in North Temperate Regions | pages = 102 | isbn = 978-0-521-29359-4 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge}}</ref>
* [[Caudex]], a form of [[aerial stem modification|stem modification]] similar in appearance to a tuber
* [[Corm]], modified stems covered by dry scale-like leaves called a tunic, differing from true bulbs by having distinct nodes and internodes
* [[Taproot]], the largest, most central, and most dominant root of some plants

== References ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Tubers}}
* [http://www.foodsubs.com/Tubers.html Cook's Thesaurus] has a good inventory of tuber varieties.
* [https://www.rtb.cgiar.org/ CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Plant morphology]]
[[Category:Plant reproduction]]
[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Tubers|*]]

Sakthi Arulanandam

2026-03-15T09:33:25Z

Nikhil009: new pg

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Arulmozhi
| pseudonym = Sakthi Arulanandam
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1962}}
}}
'''Arulmozhi''' (born 1962) known under the [[pen name]] of '''Sakthi Arulanandam''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Srilata|first1=K.|last2=Rangarajan|first2=Swarnalatha|date=4 January 2019|title=We have become incapable of holding the trust of birds, says this 'green' writer|url=https://scroll.in/article/907966/we-have-become-incapable-of-holding-the-trust-of-birds-says-this-green-writer|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian [[ecofeminist]] poet, author and artist from the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sriram|first=Abhirami Girija|date=30 August 2019|title=Mapping herstories|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/article29062219.ece|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Akila|date=23 December 2017|title=நவீன கவிதைகளில் பெண்ணியம்|url=http://www.keetru.com/index.php/2014-03-08-04-35-27/2014-03-08-12-20-13/34354-2017-12-23-01-16-58|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Keetru|language=ta-in}}</ref> She has been the recipient of the Tanjai Prakash Award, the Sikaram Award and the Tiruppur Arima Sakthi Award for her poetry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Velayuthan|first=Kasu|date=31 August 2019|title=எலெக்ட்ரிகல் கடையில் இலக்கியப் பெண்மணி!|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/mag/kamadenu-08-09-19/olir/513688-sakthi-alunandham.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-18|website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]|language=ta}}</ref> Arulanandam is also described as a successful artists whose paintings have featured in a number of small magazines.<ref name=":0" /> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', her working-class background, dignity for labour and a passion for art and a world of ideas has left an influential mark in her contributions to [[Tamil literature]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mangai|first=A.|date=2019-06-22|title=Lifescapes — Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers from Tamil Nadu: Giving voice to silences|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/lifescapes-interviews-with-contemporary-women-writers-from-tamil-nadu-giving-voice-to-silences/article28098688.ece|access-date=2020-11-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She was born in the village of Sevvaipettai in the [[Salem district]] of Tamil Nadu and became an electrical repair worker for a living while remaining unmarried.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In her testimony, she states that after her mother died when she was in 9th grade, she had to quit school to help in household chores and that she decided to remain unmarried because she didn't want to follow the same old path of serving a man. She had continued to read the works of Tamil writers such as [[Jayakanthan]] and [[Akilan]] and cleared her 10th grade ([[secondary education]]) at a later date for a typewriting job. At the same time she began working as an assistant at an electrical repair shop and eventually learned how to do repairs herself, deciding to stick to it as there were no fixed working hours at such shops and she could dedicate some of her time to reading, writing and drawing. Her first poems were published when she was 17–18 years old which was published in the ''[[Maalai Malar]].''<ref name=":0" /> As of January 2019, Arulanandam has three published anthologies of her poems and twenty five short stories.<ref name=":0" />

== Selected works ==

* ''Irunmaiyilirunthu'' (''From Darkness'')
* ''Paravaikal Purakkanitha Nagaram'' (''The City Deserted by Birds'')
* ''Thoduvanamattra Kadal'' (''The Horizonless Ocean'')

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arulanandam, Sakthi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

The Girlfriend (2025 film)

2026-03-14T01:56:05Z

Nikhil009: new new pg

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Rahul Ravindran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Girlfriend
| image = The Girlfriend (2025 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rahul Ravindran]]
| writer = Rahul Ravindran
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Vidya Koppineedi
* Dheeraj Mogilineni}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rashmika Mandanna]]|[[Dheekshith Shetty]] |[[Anu Emmanuel]]}}
| cinematography = Krishnan Vasant
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] [[Prashanth R Vihari]] '''Score:''' Prashanth R. Vihari
| studio = Dheeraj Mogilineni Entertainment [[Geetha Arts]]
| distributor = {{ubl
| Geetha Arts
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|11|07}}
| runtime = 138 minutes<ref name=":THR"/>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹42 crore<ref name=":1">https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/the-girlfriend-movie-ott-release-and-box-office-collection-details-vqkinhy</ref><ref name=":flop">https://www.v6velugu.com/the-girlfriend-rashmika-mandannas-emotional-drama-flops-at-box-office-ott-deal-with-netflix</ref>
| gross = ₹29 crore<ref name=":1"/>
}}
'''''The Girlfriend''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[Rahul Ravindran]]. The film stars [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Dheekshith Shetty]], and [[Anu Emmanuel]].

Principal photography began in early 2025, with shooting taking place across [[Hyderabad]], [[Visakhapatnam]], and other locations in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Most of the film was shot at India's famous law college [[NALSAR University of Law|NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad]]. The soundtrack and background score was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]].

The film garnered mixed reception from critics and audiences alike, who praised cast performance, the plot, the music, and direction, and grossed around ₹29 crore at the box office becoming a [[box office bomb|commercial failure]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Janhvi Kapoor calls Rashmika Mandanna's The Girlfriend a ‘mandatory watch’ after its OTT release on Netflix |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/janhvi-kapoor-calls-rashmika-mandannas-the-girlfriend-a-mandatory-watch-after-its-ott-release-on-netflix-101765184169447.html |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":flop"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashmika's The GirlFriend OTT Expected Release Date|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/rashmikas-the-girlfriend-ott-expected-release-date-1916478|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|date=12 November 2025|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=‘The Girlfriend’ Movie Review: An Important, Introspective Relationship Drama|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-stars-in-an-important-introspective-drama|website=The Hollywood Reporter India|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Bhooma Devi, a young and sincere postgraduate student who moves to [[Hyderabad]] to pursue her MA in Literature. She is initially innocent, studious, and filled with aspirations about life and love. At her college, Bhooma meets Vikram, a charming and confident young man and they gradually form a connection that blossoms into a romantic relationship. What begins as a typical college love story soon starts to reveal deeper emotional layers.

However, as Vikram’s behaviour becomes more possessive and controlling, Bhooma starts to struggle with the reality of their relationship. What seemed like affection slowly turns into a toxic dynamic, affecting her emotional well-being, friendships, and family ties.

The narrative explores this shift from innocent romance to emotional turmoil, exposing how subtle manipulation and emotional dominance can erode one’s confidence. Through this journey, Bhooma undergoes self-realisation and growth - grappling with societal expectations, personal boundaries, and the true meaning of love and independence.

== Cast ==
* [[Rashmika Mandanna]] as Bhooma Devi "Bhoo"
* [[Dheekshith Shetty]] as Vikram "Vicky"
* [[Anu Emmanuel]] as Durga "Dee"
* [[Rahul Ravindran]] as Prof. Sudheer (HOD)
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Bhooma's father
* [[Rohini Molleti]] as Vicky's mother

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] and [[Prashanth R Vihari]] for 2 songs (Seethakoka Chiluka) & (Tummedhe).<ref name="Gaana-2025">{{cite web |title=The Girlfriend [TELUGU] Songs |url=https://gaana.com/album/the-girlfriend-telugu |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en |date=7 November 2025}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

{{Track listing
| headline = The Girlfriend [Telugu]<ref name="Gaana-2025"/>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:41
| title1 = Reyi Lolothula
| length1 = 1:38
| lyrics1 = [[Rakendu Mouli]] & [[Rahul Ravindran]]
| extra1 = Hesham Abdul Wahab, [[Chinmayi Sripada]] & [[Vijay Deverakonda]]
| title2 = Nadhive
| length2 = 3:39
| lyrics2 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra2 = Hesham Abdul Wahab
| title3 = Em Jaruguthondhi
| length3 = 4:37
| lyrics3 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra3 = Hesham Abdul Wahab, Chinmayi Sripada
| title4 = Laayi Le
| length4 = 2:54
| lyrics4 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title5 = Needhe Katha
| length5 = 3:23
| lyrics5 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra5 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| title6 = Tummedhe
| length6 = 1:23
| lyrics6 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra6 = Abhijith Rao
| title7 = Seethakoka Chiluka
| length7 = 2:07
| lyrics7 = Rakendu Mouli
| extra7 = Lakshmi Meghana
}}

== Release ==
''The Girlfriend'' was released theatrically on 7 November 2025.

=== Home media ===
The film has been streaming on [[Netflix]] since 5 December 2025.

== Reception ==
B. H. Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "Rashmika Mandanna delivers a knock-out performance in a film that is gripping, consistent in its craft and relevant in its themes".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Harsh |first1=B. H. |title=The Girlfriend Movie Review: Emotionally visceral, and the most timely film of the year |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Nov/07/the-girlfriend-movie-review-emotionally-visceral-and-the-most-timely-film-of-the-year |work=Cinema Express |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Divya Shree of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "This film mirrors the realities of many young women by exposing affection disguised as control with parents and romantic partners and unveiling raw human emotions."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Girlfriend Movie Review: An emotionally charged drama that mirrors reality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/the-girlfriend/movie-review/125168213.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and wrote, "Certain choices of the writer-director are tidy and formulaic, but they nevertheless support a story that pivots from the ordinary, and is resonant in many different ways. Watch this for Rashmika Mandanna’s heartfelt performance, if nothing else."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Girlfriend review: Rashmika Mandanna elevates the film with grace and vulnerability |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-elevates-the-film-with-grace-and-vulnerability-10351712/ |work=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Pranati A. S. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "The movie, in many ways is like ‘''[[Arjun Reddy]]''’, but misogyny is not glorified here, instead the director depicts it as a serious mental illness. About 15 minutes into the film, you become aware of the director’s intent. That does make the movie predictable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Film Review: Rashmika's 'The Girlfriend' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-girlfriend-movie-review-a-feminist-mass-entertainer-3790687 |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Sandeep Athreya of ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "Despite a few logical flaws and familiar storytelling, its strong performances, visuals, and message make it a worthwhile watch — especially for audiences who enjoy intense relationship dramas."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Girlfriend Movie Review: Rashmika's Career-Best Show with Rahul's Sensible, Bold Message |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-s-career-best-performance-rahul-ravindran-s |work=Sakshi Post |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Kusumika Das of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave it 3/5 stars and wrote, "Rahul Ravindran’s direction, coupled with Rashmika’s career-best performance, makes this film both moving and meaningful. It’s a story that doesn’t just show heartbreak - it shows healing."<ref>{{cite news |title=The Girlfriend Movie Review: Rashmika Mandanna Delivers Her Most Emotionally Charged Performance Yet |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-delivers-her-most-emotionally-charged-performance-yet-review-153113709 |work=Times Now |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "''The Girlfriend'' is an important, brave film that asks uncomfortable questions and tells both girls and boys that relationships should not be claustrophobic."<ref name=":THR">{{cite news |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi |title='The Girlfriend' movie review: A brilliant Rashmika fronts Rahul Ravindran's slow burn, brave take on stifling relationships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-and-dheekshith-shetty-star-in-rahul-ravindrans-slow-burn-telugu-romance-drama/article70252014.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' wrote, "If you are looking for a movie that might comfort you, ''The Girlfriend'' is definitely not it. It makes men question their privilege, their biases, their attitude towards women, their conditioning."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganeshan |first1=Balakrishna |title=The Girlfriend review: This Rashmika-starrer is a piercing study of patriarchy, control |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/the-girlfriend-review-this-rashmika-starrer-is-a-piercing-study-of-patriarchy-control |work=The News Minute |date=8 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' wrote, "''The Girlfriend'', led skilfully by Mandanna and Shetty, might be about toxic relationships and revolve around a conventional heteronormative couple with an alpha-beta equation, but it always makes sure to keep its characters accountable."<ref>{{cite news |title='The Girlfriend' Movie Review: An Important, Introspective Relationship Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-stars-in-an-important-introspective-drama |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

B. V. S. Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and wrote, "The film tries to deliver a thoughtful message—that toxicity is not always loud or violent; sometimes it lies in emotional dominance, lack of understanding, and the need to control. Unfortunately, the good intention gets lost in slow pacing, overstretched conflicts, and repetitive emotional loops."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prakash |first1=B. V. S. |title=The Girlfriend Movie Review: Rashmika Shines, but the Toxic Love Story Deplorable |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-shines-but-the-toxic-love-story-drags-on-1915479 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and wrote, "Its metaphoric visual storytelling and Rashmika’s magnetic performance are its strengths. However, the stretched narrative and exaggerated contrasts between the leads make parts of the film feel unrealistic."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sistu |first1=Suhas |title='The Girlfriend' review: Emotionally intense yet uneven tale |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-girlfriend-review-emotionally-intense-yet-uneven-tale-1021488 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt29606526|The Girlfriend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girlfriend (2025 film), The}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Prashanth R Vihari]]

Five Star Hospital

2026-03-03T21:16:05Z

Nikhil009: improved article to improve readability as per guidelines

{{short description|1997 film directed by Thaha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Five Star Hospital
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Thaha]]
| producer =
| story = [[Keralapuram Kalam]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[George Vishnu]] [[Jagadish]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Thilakan]]
| music = [[Bombay Ravi]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Screen Art Productions
| distributor = Screen Art Productions
| released = {{Film date|1997|2|24|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Five Star Hospital''''' is a 1997 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Thaha]]. The film stars [[George Vishnu]], [[Jagadish]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], and [[Thilakan]]. The film has musical score by [[Bombay Ravi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3047|title=Five Star Hospital|accessdate=2014-10-28|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3813|title=Five Star Hospital|accessdate=2014-10-28|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/five-star-hospital-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028155547/http://spicyonion.com/title/five-star-hospital-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 October 2014|title=Five Star Hospital|accessdate=2014-10-28|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot ==
The film is about Rafael, a new singer in the Malayalam film industry. It starts off by showing the current situation of government hospitals and the situation of private hospitals. N.F. Varghese plays Nambiar, a doctor who prescribes any and every test for his patients, whether dead or alive. Adipoli Ayeemutti, played by Jagadish is a troupe owner. Rafael works with him. He brings Rafael to MKM Hospital where Nambiar works. Rafael is admitted to the hospital under the fake name of O. Joseph. Nambiar prescribes many tests for Rafael. That is when he meets Dr. Sethulakshmi, who Nambiar has an issue with.

In flashbacks, it is shown that Rafael is the son of Carlos, a butcher. Rafael, however, doesn't like meat or killing animals. Father of the church brings a solution for Rafael who loves to sing by employing him at the church choir. The story takes a turn when Rafael finds out that he is adopted. How Rafael finds out about his true parents, in which Sethulakshmi is his biological mother, and understands the tactics employed by Varma to kill Rafael is what the story is about.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[George Vishnu]] as Rafael
*[[Jagadish]] as Adipoli Aymooti
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Thilakan]] as Carlos
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Snehalatha
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Varma
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Sethulakhshmi
*[[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Dr. Nambiar
*Job Pottas as Hospital Administrator
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Bombay Ravi]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Anaadi Gayakan" || [[K. G. Markose]] || [[Yusufali Kechery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Chiricheppu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 3 || "Ithra Madhurikkumo" || K. J. Yesudas || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 4 || "Maamava" || K. J. Yesudas || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 5 || "Maranno Nee Nilaavil" || K. J. Yesudas || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 6 || "Maranno Nee Nilaavil" (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 7 || "Vaathil Thurakku" (M) || K. J. Yesudas || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 8 || "Vaathil Thurakku" (F) || K. S. Chithra || Yusufali Kechery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355446|Five Star Hospital}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Romans (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:44:32Z

Nikhil009: put up a details more to come.

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romans
| image = Romans (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Boban Samuel]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Arun Ghosh
* Bijoy Chandran
}}
| writer = [[YV Rajesh|Y. V. Rajesh]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kunchacko Boban]]
* [[Biju Menon]]
* [[Nivetha Thomas]]
* [[Lalu Alex]]
* [[Vijayaraghavan]]
}}
| music = {{Plain list|
* [[M. Jayachandran]] {{Small|(Songs)}}
* [[Bijibal]] {{Small|(Background score)}}
}}
| cinematography = Vinod Illampally
| editing = Lijo Paul
| studio = Chand V Creations
| distributor = {{Unbulleted_list|Chand V Creations|Popcorn Entertainments}}
| released = {{Film date|2013|01|17|df=y}}<ref name="Release">{{cite web|title=Romans Arrives|url=http://www.sanscinema.com/2013/01/romans-malayalam-film-releases.html|publisher=Sans Cinema|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120020516/http://www.sanscinema.com/2013/01/romans-malayalam-film-releases.html|archivedate=20 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Release 2">{{cite web|title='Romans' and 'Nakhangal' to release today (Jan 17)|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/romans-and-nakhangal-to-release-today-jan-17-news-malayalam-nbrj0Xiebbe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119051553/http://www.sify.com/movies/romans-and-nakhangal-to-release-today-jan-17-news-malayalam-nbrj0Xiebbe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref>
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romans |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/romans-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjg4mta |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}} 4–4.5 [[crore]]<ref name="gross">{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfg.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708062540/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam-cinema-first-half-of-2013-progress-report-news-malayalam-nhgry4ccbfg.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 July 2013 | title=Malayalam cinema – First Half of 2013 Progress Report | website=[[Sify]] | date=8 July 2013 | accessdate=17 May 2016 | author=Moviebuzz}}</ref><ref name="BO" />
| gross = {{INRConvert|15|c}}<ref name="BO"/>
}}

'''''Romans''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[comedy thriller]] [[mystery film]] directed by [[Boban Samuel]].<ref name="Intro">{{cite web|title=A Roman holiday|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/a-roman-holiday/article4315806.ece|work=The Hindu|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Cast">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/86070.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916031852/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/86070.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2012|title=Romans on roll|date=13 September 2012|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=24 October 2012}}</ref> The film is produced by Arun Ghosh and Bijoy Chandran under the banner Chand V Creations.<ref name="Crew">{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11031/malayalam/romans/cast.and.crew.htm|publisher=NowRunning|title=Romans; Cast and Crew|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103141334/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11031/malayalam/romans/cast.and.crew.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Nivetha Thomas]], [[Lalu Alex]] and [[Vijayaraghavan]]..
The core plots were inspired from 1989 American [[comedy film]] ''[[We're No Angels (1989 film)|We're No Angels]]'', directed by [[Neil Jordan]].

The film released on 17 January 2013,<ref name="Release" /><ref name="Release 2" /> and received positive responses from critics.<ref name="Release 3">{{cite web|title=Romans' up with fine reports|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/90137.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121150955/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/90137.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|website=IndiaGlitz|date=17 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Release 5">{{cite web|title=Romans opens to excellent reports|url=http://www.sanscinema.com/2013/01/romans-early-box-office-collection-report.html|publisher=Sans Cinema|date=19 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121104032/http://www.sanscinema.com/2013/01/romans-early-box-office-collection-report.html|archivedate=21 January 2013}}</ref> The film was an all-time blockbuster at the box office.<ref name="gross" /><ref>Deepa Gauri. ''The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013'' 26 December 2013 ''[[Khaleej Times]]'' [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102124957/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FDecember%2Fcitytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes|date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

==Plot==
Akash and Shibu are two convicted criminals. They are being transported to a jail with another convict via train. Shibu and the other convict beat the cops traveling with them and Shibu jumps out of the train with an unwilling Akash.

Meanwhile, not so far away is a village called Poomala, which is on the [[Kerala]] – [[Tamil Nadu]] border. Poomala is home to a famous century-old [[Latin Catholic]] church which had been closed for years. Thommichan is the only prominent and wealthy man in the village and is highly respected by the townsfolk. He attempts to get two priests to come and reopen their church, however they are unwilling to come. Thommichan however mishears them saying that they will come and starts preparations to welcome them.

By coincidence, Akash and Shibu reach Poomala the day the new priests are supposed to arrive. They end up reaching the church and find themselves surrounded by the townsfolk. However, they soon realize that the people have mistaken them to be the new priests. To evade capture and hide until they receive help from Shibu's friend, the men decide to pretend to be priests. Akash becomes Fr. Paul and Shibu becomes Fr. Sebastian aka Sebu.

As their masquerade continues, the men find luck on their side as their doings end up having positive effects and strengthening the belief of the townspeople. Shibu causes the old, unused church bell to fix itself while he was trying to steal it. Another example is when they are to cure the insanity of the mother of Mathukutty, a tailor. The crazed woman attacks them and unknowingly hits an open socket and gets electrocuted, which cures her. But the event leaves Geevarghese, a preacher who does not like the new priests to unknowingly get electrocuted and become insane. These incidents also make the people believe that the new priests have divine powers.

All the while however, Akash and Shibu hear the people saying that they "came even after knowing everything". Perplexed, they ask Achankunju, the sexton, about the matter and he tells them about the past of the church.

Years ago, the kind-hearted Fr. Rodriguez was the priest in charge of the church. A girl fell in love with him and committed suicide after revealing her feelings to him. When the townsfolk got wind of this, they went to question Fr. Rodriguez, who by then had committed suicide out of guilt. It is believed that his ghost has placed a curse on the church. Every priest who has come to this church has died mysteriously on the day of the Perunnal or the Church Festival, which is why no one was interested in coming and reopening the church.

Akash and Shibu are terrified after learning the truth and plan to escape. Furthermore, Akash realizes that he knows Thommichan's elder daughter, Eleena, and she knows who Akash really is. Akash was a talented magician who performed shows to fund his little sister's medical needs. He met Eleena during a function at her college, where after a brief conflict, they became friends. He however was arrested for cheating and robbery, losing Eleena's trust in the process. She at first threatens to expose the men, but later forgives them after knowing of their unintentional good deeds.

Akash and Shibu's attempt to flee ends up failing, as they somehow circle back and end up in Poomala again. Finally, Shibu plans to steal some ornaments brought for the Perunnal and escape. But Akash opposes him, leading to a fight where Shibu locks him in a room and runs away. Achankunju frees Akash, who finds out that Shibu has not run away and they reconcile.

Later, on the Perunnal Day, they perform the ritual where the priests are said to die. Akash says that Fr. Rodriguez is the cause of the curse and moves to destroy his gravestone. But before he could do anything, he seemingly bleeds to death. When the townsfolk start to blame and criticize Fr. Paul/Akash, Fr.Sebu/Shibu angrilly insults Fr. Rodriguez. This enrages Pappichayan, an elderly photographer who is highly respected in the village. He shouts that the church should be destroyed and a new church in Fr. Rodriguez's name should be built in its place.

Just then, the seemingly dead Fr. Paul/Akash gets up and reveals that he faked his death to bring out the truth in front of the townsfolk. He reveals that Pappichayan is the father of Fr. Rodriguez. He has blamed the town for his son's death and has been killing every priest who comes to the church by poisoning the Vayanayappam, a food which the priests eat during the ritual, thus making it look like a curse or a mysterious death. It is revealed that Shibu saw Pappichayan poisoning the Vayanayappam the night he tried to run away with the loot. This made him return and reveal the facts to Akash. To avoid exposing Fr. Sebu/Shibu, Fr. Paul/Akash lies that Fr. Sebu/Shibu had a premonition in which he saw the truth and the townsfolk blindly believe them (since they think the priests have mystical powers). Pappichayan is subsequently arrested, while Fr. Paul/Akash asks the people to forgive Fr. Rodriguez, believing that it may have been Fr. Rodriguez's spiritual intervention that helped them uncover the truth.

Later in the church, the priests ask the townsfolk to close their eyes for prayer. When everyone is praying, Akash and Shibu escape. While running, Akash sees Eleena, who by now has reconciled with him, and she motivates him to keep going. But they soon are caught by the police. The police inspector Vetrimaaran, who has been hunting the duo since their escape, tells the men that he knows what they did in Poomala and as a reward, their punishment will be reduced. Akash smiles and winks at Eleena, as the cops take him and Shibu away.

Sometime later, it is shown that the people of Poomala are still oblivious to the truth about the priests and think of them to be god's angels. The end credit scenes shows two men in Santa Claus costumes celebrating [[Christmas]] with the elderly. The men are revealed to be Akash and Shibu, who have once again escaped from prison.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] as Akash / Fr. Paul
* [[Biju Menon]] as Shibu / Fr. Sebastian a.k.a. Fr. Sebu
* [[Nivetha Thomas]] as Eleena
* [[Lalu Alex]] as Thommichan
* [[T. G. Ravi|TG Ravi]] as Pappichayan, The Main Antagonist
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Fr. Gabriel
* Arun Ghosh as Fr. Rodriguez/Antony
* Mithili Krishna as Annie aka Annamma
* Nelson Sooranad as Geevarghese
* Kalabhavan Shaju as Mathukkutty
* [[Kochu Preman]] as Achankunju, the sexton
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Durai Raj
* Joice Nadakapadom as Joy
* [[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri]] as Thommichan's wife
* Devu Krishnan as Reena
* [[Shalu Kurian]] as Gracy
* [[Sukumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Pappi's wife
* [[Swati Verma]] as Kathreena
* [[Jayan Cherthala]] as Police Sub-inspector Eanashu
* [[Thomas Unniyadan]] as the MLA (Cameo)
* [[Geetha Salam]] as Aravindan, the oracle
* [[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Andrews, lottery salesman
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Bishop Idachal
* [[Lishoy]] as Akash's father
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as C.I. Vetrimaran
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Mathukutty's mother
* [[J. Pallassery|Joy Pallassery]] as Jose
* Sreekala Thaha as Jose's wife
* Sreelakshmi as Jose's daughter
* Vimal Raj
* Venu Machad
{{colend}}

==Release==
''Romans'' released on 17 January 2013 in 74 cinemas across Kerala,<ref name="Release" /><ref name="Release 2" /> receiving positive response from critics. The film was a notable commercial success at the box office and ran for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="Release 3" /> Satyam Audios released the Blu-ray, DVD and VCD of Romans on 20 May 2013.

==Reception==
=== Critical reception ===
Some critics noted that the plot was similar to the 1989 [[Neil Jordan]] film ''[[We're No Angels (1989 film)|We're No Angels]]''.<ref name="Review 8" />

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "A comedy revolving around two fraud priests, Romans works to an extent, courtesy Biju Menon and a tale that does not fail to flutter if not create a storm".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Romans Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/romans/movie-review/18098729.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Smitha of ''[[Oneindia.in|One India]]'' gave the movie 3.5/5 stars, stating that "''Romans'' is a comic caper and you will have plenty of reasons to laugh your heart out!"<ref name="Review 5" />

''IndiaGlitz'' gave the movie 6.5/10 stars, concluding that "''Romans'' is targeted at the massive number of spectators who relish zany capers. If you are a member of this group, it's double the fun and guffaws this time; almost sure in leading to another commercial hit."<ref name="Review 6" />

===Box office===
The film was commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/comedy-brought-me-closer-to-the-audience-biju-menon/articleshow/43987786.cms|title=Comedy brought me closer to the audience: Biju Menon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-and-biju-menon-team-up-again-imagegallery-malayalam-ogzl3ejechgcc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625181057/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kunchacko-Boban-and-Biju-Menon-team-up-again-imagegallery-Malayalam-ogzl3ejechgcc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2014|title=Kunchacko Boban and Biju Menon team up again|website=[[Sify]]|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> The film was made at a budget of {{INR}} 4.5 [[crore]], including print and publicity cost.<ref name="gross"/> The film ran for over 125 days in theatres and grossed a total of over ₹15 crore from the Kerala box office.<ref name="BO">{{cite news|last=Pudippedi|first=Haricharan|title=Comedies reaped gold for southern cinema (2013 In Retrospect)|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/comedies-reaped-gold-for-southern-cinema-2013-in-retrospect-113121700305_1.html|accessdate=16 July 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|location=India|date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| all_lyrics = Rajeev Alunkal
| all_music = [[M. Jayachandran]] and Band Vidwan
| title1 = Arthunkale Palliyil
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Sudeep Kumar]]
| title2 = Kuyil Paadiyoru
| extra2 = Vijay Yesudas, Merin Gregory
| title3 = Mele Maanathoodaano
| extra3 = Vivek Thomas, Anoop Mohandas
| title4 = Sarvadayaaparane
| extra4 = Anwar Sadat
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title7 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| length3 =
| length6 =
| title6 =
| length5 =
| title5 =
| length4 =
| length2 =
| length1 =
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Review 5">{{cite web|title=Romans Movie Review – It's a comic caper|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/romans-movie-review-102733.html|author=Smitha|work=Oneindia|date=18 January 2013|access-date=19 January 2013}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref>
<ref name="Review 6">{{cite web|title=Romans – These 'Romans' are just right|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/16962.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121004140/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/16962.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013}}{{Rating|6.5|10}}</ref>
<ref name="Review 8">{{cite web|title=Movie Review: Romans|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/romans-review-malayalam-15018106.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322065648/http://www.sify.com/movies/romans-review-malayalam-15018106.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 March 2013|website=[[Sify]]|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=19 January 2013}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Films about Catholicism]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Boban Samuel]]

Nalla Nilavulla Rathri

2026-03-03T09:39:09Z

Nikhil009: New

{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Murphy Devasy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nalla Nilavulla Rathri
| image = Nalla Nilavulla Rathri 2023 Malayalam film poster.webp
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Murphy Devasy
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Murphy Devasy
* Praful Suresh
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sandra Thomas]]
* Wilson Thomas
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]]
* [[Binu Pappu]]
* [[Jinu Joseph]]
* [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]]
* [[Rony David Raj]]
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]]
}}
| cinematography = Ajay David Kachappilly
| editing = Shyam Sasidharan
| music = [[Kailas Menon]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Sandra Thomas Productions
* Million Dreams
}}
| distributor = Goodwill Entertainments
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|06|30|ref1=<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-22 |title=Release date out of 'Nalla Nilavulla Raathri' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/release-date-out-of-nalla-nilavulla-raathri/article66997786.ece |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902072912/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/release-date-out-of-nalla-nilavulla-raathri/article66997786.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 126 minutes{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri''''' ({{Translation|A fine moonlit night}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Slasher film|slasher]] [[horror film]] directed by Murphy Devasy in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Binu Pappu]], [[Jinu Joseph]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]], [[Rony David Raj]], [[Sajin Cherukayil]], and Nithin George. The film follows a group of friends who arrive in [[Shimoga]] as part of a business trip and the unforeseen incidents that occur there.

The film was officially announced in September 2022 and [[principal photography]] began in the same month in [[Kanthalloor]]. [[Kuttikkanam]] was another main filming location. The music was composed by [[Kailas Menon]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Ajay David Kachappilly and Shyam Sasidharan. The film is the first [[slasher film]] in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title='Nalla Nilavulla Rathri' Twitter review: Netizens hail Mollywood's first slasher genre film |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-twitter-review-netizens-hail-mollywoods-first-slasher-genre-film/articleshow/101392565.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-02 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902072914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-twitter-review-netizens-hail-mollywoods-first-slasher-genre-film/articleshow/101392565.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' was released in theatres on 30 June 2023 to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Dominic, Joshi, Peter, and Rajeevan are friends who run an [[Organic farming|organic farm]] in [[Kanthalloor]]. Dominic and Joshi are in charge of sales, while Peter and Rajeevan are in charge of production. They sell their produce to Achayan, a wealthy business person. Although Peter and Rajeevan began the farm, it became more profitable once Joshi and Dominic joined as partners. However, Peter is unhappy about Dominic's profit-driven business.

Meanwhile, Kurien, an operating manager at Siemens in [[Abu Dhabi]], borrows a large sum from Achayan and struggles to pay the interest. Kurien travels to [[Marayur]] with his aunt's son, Paul Joseph, a tourism consultant, and meets Achayan. He learns that Achayan plans to construct a new shopping complex on the land he pledged and assures to repay the money within the agreement's expiration date. Kurien meets Joshi and Dominic, his college juniors, at Achayan's house and goes to their farm with Paul.

Kurien meets Peter and Rajeevan, who are also his college mates, at the farm. He learns that Achayan is the one who purchases all of their farm's produce. Peter expresses his interest in finding a good buyer, as they were fed up with doing business with Achayan, who did not pay them on time. Through Paul, Kurien arranges an agreement between his friends and a supermarket company to sell their produce. Kurien tells his friends about the need to improve and expand their business. He tells them to purchase a 266-acre plot of land with a [[bungalow]] in [[Shimoga]], which is in his care.

Peter tells about the risks of doing business in a faraway location, but Dominic decides to visit the property. Dominic learns from Achayan that the property belongs to Kurien and is now pledged to Achayan. Peter and Rajeevan decide to travel to Shimoga with Kurien, Dominic, and Joshi to thwart the deal. Joshi arranges for a driver named Aneesh for the journey. Irumban, a notorious person who is Dominic's and Joshi's friend, arrives at the bungalow in Shimoga on their call. Kurien is annoyed by the arrival of Irumban, as he has had issues with him in the past.

While everyone plays a [[card game]] at night, Paul informs them that Rajeevan is lying dead outside. After a while, Paul goes missing, and Dominic suspects that it is all part of Kurien and Paul's plan to trap them. Everyone comes out of the bungalow to escape and finds Paul lying dead near the vehicle. Kurien suspects someone has come to target one of them for unknown reasons. When Dominic reveals Kurien's plan to dump the property on them, they get into a fight. Irumban suspects Aneesh and attacks him for carrying a knife.

Dominic loses an arm in a sudden bomb explosion, and one of the hunter gang members kills him. Irumban tells Kurien that the gang came looking for him after he killed one of their members. Kurien tells Irumban about a secret underground tunnel through which they can escape. Irumban escapes through it, whereas Kurien is severely attacked by the gang's [[hunting dog]].

Joshi kills a gang member by pouring acid on him. Joshi, Peter, and Aneesh escape together, and Aneesh kills the dog when it chases and attacks Peter. Irumban fights the people chasing him and manages to escape from them. The next morning, Peter, Joshi, and Aneesh get into a jeep off the road, and Irumban joins them on the way. Aneesh notices the same belt inside the Jeep that was found around the dog's neck. As he asks the driver about where they are going, the driver suddenly stops the jeep and pulls out a gun.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Irumban
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Kurien
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Achayan
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Joshi
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as Dominic
* [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]] as Aneesh
* [[Rony David Raj]] as Peter
* [[Sajin Cherukayil]] as Paul Joseph
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Devappa (Cameo)
* Nithin George as Rajeevan
* Divya M. Nair as Sherly, Kurien's wife
* Shravan Satya as head of the hunting gang
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Sandra Thomas, who was previously a partner of the [[Friday Film House]], started her own production company, Sandra Thomas Productions, in 2020.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Aishwarya |date=2022-09-12 |title=Sandra Thomas begins new production company; First film 'Nalla Nilavulla Rathri' begins |url=https://www.mixindia.com/sandra-thomas-begins-new-production-company-first-film-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-begins/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=MixIndia |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134617/https://www.mixindia.com/sandra-thomas-begins-new-production-company-first-film-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-begins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' is the first film from Sandra Thomas Productions.<ref name=":3" /> The film was officially announced in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandra Thomas With A New Production Company; Nalla Nilavulla Rathri Announced - Malayalam Movie News - Xappie |url=https://m.xappie.com/entertainment-view/sandra-thomas-with-a-new-production-company-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-announced-44089 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=m.xappie.com |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722172530/https://m.xappie.com/entertainment-view/sandra-thomas-with-a-new-production-company-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-announced-44089 |url-status=live }}</ref> The script is written by Murphy Devasy, while the screenplay and dialogue are co-written by Murphy Devasy and Praful Suresh. It is jointly produced by [[Sandra Thomas]] and her husband, Wilson Thomas, under the banner of Sandra Thomas Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Actress Sandra Thomas And Nalla Nilavulla Rathri Team Dance To Thaanaro In Kochi Water Metro |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/actress-sandra-thomas-and-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-team-dance-to-thaanaro-in-kochi-water-metro-7723105.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902074706/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/actress-sandra-thomas-and-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-team-dance-to-thaanaro-in-kochi-water-metro-7723105.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-05 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Raathri trailer: Baburaj and Chemban Vinod promise an action-packed thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/baburaj-chemban-vinod-starrer-nalla-nilavulla-raathri-trailer-action-packed-thriller-8593800/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902080208/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/baburaj-chemban-vinod-starrer-nalla-nilavulla-raathri-trailer-action-packed-thriller-8593800/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On {{Date|Sep 12, 2022|DMY}}, the [[principal photography]] commenced with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony at Vrindavan Gardens in [[Kanthalloor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=നിർമ്മാതാവായി വീണ്ടും; സാന്ദ്രാ തോമസ് പ്രൊഡക്ഷൻ കമ്പനിയുടെ ആദ്യ ചിത്രം 'നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി' |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/sandra-thomas-productions-next-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-pooja-functions/articleshow/94146805.cms |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722135849/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/sandra-thomas-productions-next-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-pooja-functions/articleshow/94146805.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി ': ചിത്രീകരണം കാന്തല്ലൂരില്‍ ആരംഭിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/nalla-nilavulla-rathri/1043948 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722135850/https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/nalla-nilavulla-rathri/1043948 |url-status=live }}</ref> The title poster of the film was released on {{Date|Nov 2, 2022|DMY}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title=സാന്ദ്ര തോമസ് നിർമ്മിക്കുന്ന 'നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി'; ടൈറ്റിൽ പോസ്റ്റർ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sandra-thomas-productions-movie-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-title-poster-rkq5la |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134253/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/sandra-thomas-productions-movie-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-title-poster-rkq5la |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last= |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri {{!}} നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി (2023) - Mallu Release {{!}} Watch Malayalam Full Movies |url=https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/09/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |language=english |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722103032/https://www.mallurelease.com/2022/09/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule was completed in [[Kuttikkanam]] on {{Date|Nov 4, 2022|DMY}}.<ref name=":5" />

== Marketing ==
The film's first-look poster and motion poster were released in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anil |first=Revathy |date=2023-04-17 |title=The First Look Poster Of Nalla Nilavulla Rathri |url=https://b4blaze.com/film-news/the-first-look-poster-of-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-118456/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Film News Portal |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722150455/https://b4blaze.com/film-news/the-first-look-poster-of-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-118456/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The official trailer was launched on YouTube on {{Date|May 5, 2023|DMY}}.<ref name=":4" /> The second-look poster was released on {{Date|Jun 4, 2023|DMY}}, featuring Chemban Vinod Jose, Baburaj, Jinu Joseph, Binu Pappu, and Ganapathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second look poster of Nalla Nilavulla Rathri is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/06/second-look-poster-ofnalla-nilavulla-rathriis-out-44314.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=6 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140850/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/jun/06/second-look-poster-ofnalla-nilavulla-rathriis-out-44314.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=ചെമ്പൻ വിനോദും ബാബുരാജും ഒന്നിക്കുന്ന മാസ്സ് ആക്ഷൻ ത്രില്ലർ;'നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി' സെക്കന്റ് ലുക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/chemban-vinod-baburaj-in-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-second-look-poster-1.8619484 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722140856/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/chemban-vinod-baburaj-in-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-second-look-poster-1.8619484 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nalla Nilavulla Rathri
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Kailas Menon]]
| released = {{Start date|2023|03|22}}
| venue = [[Kochi]]
| studio = {{flatlist|
* K7 Studios
* K-Space
}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=56}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = Goodwill Entertainments
| producer = {{flatlist|
* Praveen Ninan
* Kailas Menon
}}
| prev_title = Flush
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media|audio1=[https://open.spotify.com/album/3sZ0pdCgh4MjQNvSJXRJK0 Audio] on [[Spotify]]|float=left|audio2={{YouTube|id=uKaQcjabnvY|title=Audio}}}}
}}

Kailas Menon composed the film's soundtrack.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri trailer is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/05/nalla-nilavulla-rathritrailer-is-out-43067.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=5 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722121031/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/05/nalla-nilavulla-rathritrailer-is-out-43067.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Murphy Devasy and Praful Suresh wrote the lyrics for the film's only song "Thaanaro Thannaro".<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-03-23 |title=താനാരോ തന്നാരോ ട്രെന്‍ഡിംഗ്; സാന്ദ്ര തോമസ് പ്രൊഡക്ഷന്‍സിന്റെ ആദ്യ ചിത്രം നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി വരുന്നു |url=https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/sandra-thomas-productions-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-song-out |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Southlive |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722112447/https://www.southlive.in/movie/film-news/sandra-thomas-productions-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-song-out |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on YouTube on {{Date|Mar 22, 2023|DMY}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Ratri : "താനാരോ തന്നാരോ"; നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രിയിലെ ഗാനം പുറത്തുവിട്ടു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/nalla-nilavulla-ratri-movie-song-out-now-chemban-vinod-starrer-to-hit-theaters-soon-132021 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722112445/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/nalla-nilavulla-ratri-movie-song-out-now-chemban-vinod-starrer-to-hit-theaters-soon-132021 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thaanaro Thannaro
| length1 = 3:56
| extra1 = Rajesh Thamburu, Baburaj, Rony David, Jinu Joseph, Sajin, Nithin George, Ganapathi, Kailas Menon
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' was released in theatres on 30 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-21 |title='Nalla Nilavulla Rathri' gets a release date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/101167533.cms |access-date=2023-07-23 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722151909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/101167533.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
[[Amazon Prime Video]] acquired the digital rights and began streaming it on 30 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From 'One Piece' to 'Nalla Nilavulla Rathri': New OTT releases this week |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/01/new-ott-releases-movies-web-series-one-piece-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-netflix-amazon-prime.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902055156/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/01/new-ott-releases-movies-web-series-one-piece-nalla-nilavulla-rathri-netflix-amazon-prime.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri out on OTT: Stream the survival thriller here |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-out-on-ott-stream-the-survival-thriller-here/0c44ea40f6589 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902060658/https://www.ottplay.com/news/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-out-on-ott-stream-the-survival-thriller-here/0c44ea40f6589 |url-status=live }}</ref> The satellite rights of the film is acquired by [[Amrita TV]] and will premiere on the occasion of [[Onam]] 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asianet Onam Premiers Are Thudarum , Empuraan, Prince and Family, Bromance and Padakkalam|url=https://www.keralatv.in/asianet-onam-premier-films-list/ |website=Kerala TV|date=25 August 2025|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film earned $16,389 in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo|id=27209716|access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-06-30 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri Review: Is Sandra Thomas, Jinu Joseph's latest film worth watching? Read THIS |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-review-is-sandra-thomas-jinu-joseph-s-latest-film-worth-watching-read-this-rba-rx1yt6 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en |archive-date=2023-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902071902/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-review-is-sandra-thomas-jinu-joseph-s-latest-film-worth-watching-read-this-rba-rx1yt6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=പാളിപ്പോയ പരീക്ഷണം; 'നല്ല നിലാവുള്ള രാത്രി' റിവ്യൂ: Nalla Nilavulla Rathri Movie Review |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722124024/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Gopika ls of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Murphy Devasy's debut ''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' is a watchable movie with some moments of brilliance sprinkled all over. After an interesting build up in first half, the second half was a rollercoaster, which fizzled down towards the end."<ref>{{Cite news |last=ls |first=Gopika |date=1 July 2023 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri Movie Review : A watchable survival thriller with a predictable storyline |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/nallanilavullarathri/movie-review/101411712.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722103534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/nallanilavullarathri/movie-review/101411712.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Raymond John Kuriachan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' has a promising start, but the script lacks the necessary depth in the second half to maintain the character development from the first half. While there are some gripping moments in the second half, it fails to entertain most of the time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=John Kuriachan |first=Raymond |date=2 September 2023 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri review: A decent watch that is entertaining at times |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-review-a-missed-opportunity-at-becoming-a-benchmark-slasher-movie-in-malayalam/5e6a7ed085221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902071110/https://www.ottplay.com/review/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-review-a-missed-opportunity-at-becoming-a-benchmark-slasher-movie-in-malayalam/5e6a7ed085221 |archive-date=2023-09-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Arjun Ramachandran of ''The South First'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Nalla Nilavulla Raathri'' is a thriller that loses its pace at a point but manages to entertain the audience with its technical aspects."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Arjun |date=30 June 2023 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Raathri review: This thriller is high on technical quality, but lacks a good script |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nalla-nilavulla-raathri-review-this-thriller-is-high-on-technical-quality-but-lacks-a-good-script/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722124028/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/nalla-nilavulla-raathri-review-this-thriller-is-high-on-technical-quality-but-lacks-a-good-script/ |archive-date=2023-07-22 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The South First |language=en-GB}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 0.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Nalla Nilavulla Rathri'' can be seen as a slasher film; however, the only thing it truly slashes is the viewers' bank balances, particularly when the month-end is here."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=30 June 2023 |title=Nalla Nilavulla Rathri movie review: This Baburaj, Chemban Vinod-starrer is money down the drain |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review-murphy-devasy-baburaj-chemban-vinod-jose-sandra-thomas-8694574/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721141142/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review-murphy-devasy-baburaj-chemban-vinod-jose-sandra-thomas-8694574/ |archive-date=2023-07-21 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The character building and context setting by Murphy Devassy in the first half is wasted as the movie pivots to become a slasher-home invasion thriller."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=30 June 2023 |title='Nalla Nilavulla Rathri' movie review: Murphy Devassy's directorial debut fails to live up to its interesting premise |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review-murphy-devassys-directorial-debut-fails-to-live-up-to-its-interesting-premise/article67026869.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722102334/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-movie-review-murphy-devassys-directorial-debut-fails-to-live-up-to-its-interesting-premise/article67026869.ece |archive-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "Had makers toned down the violence and focused more on creating a convincing narrative, ''Nala Nilavulla Rathri'' would have been a better watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=30 June 2023 |title=Movie Review {{!}} 'Nalla Nilavulla Rathri' is a survival drama with high violence quotients |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/06/30/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-sandra-thomas-survival-drama-violence-genre.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722103527/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/06/30/nalla-nilavulla-rathri-sandra-thomas-survival-drama-violence-genre.html |archive-date=2023-07-22 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanthalloor]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuttikkanam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kailas Menon]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]

Pachisi

2026-02-27T19:53:53Z

Nikhil009:

{{EngvarB|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Board game that originated in medieval India}}
{{Infobox game
|title = Pachisi
|italic title = no
|image_link = Pachisi-real.jpg
|image_caption = A game of Pachisi on a cloth board
|years = [[Ancient India]] to present
|genre = {{ubl|[[Board game]]|[[Cross and circle game]]|[[Race game]]|[[Mind sport]]}}
|players = 2–4
|ages = 4+
|setup_time = Negligible
|playing_time = 30–60 minutes
|random_chance = Medium ([[Dice game|dice rolling]])
|skills = [[Strategy game|Strategy]], tactics, [[counting]], [[probability]]
|AKA = Twenty-Five
|footnotes =
}}
'''Pachisi''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|tʃ|iː|z|i}}, {{IPA|hns|pəˈtʃiːsiː|lang}}) is a [[Cross and circle game|cross and circle]] [[board game]] that originated in [[History of India|Ancient India]]. It is described in the ancient text ''[[Mahabharata]]'' under the name of "Pasha".<ref>Finkel 2004, citing Falkener (1892, p 257) as the originator of the term.</ref> It is played on a board shaped like a symmetrical cross. A player's pieces move around the board based upon a throw of six or seven [[cowrie]] shells as [[Binary lot|lots]], with the number of shells resting with the aperture upward indicating the number of spaces to move.

The name of the game is derived from the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] word {{Transliteration|hi|paccīs}}, meaning 'twenty-five', the largest score that can be thrown with the cowrie shells; thus this game is also known by the name ''Twenty-Five''. There are other versions of this game where the largest score that can be thrown is thirty.

In addition to [[chaupar]],<ref name="unicef1">{{cite book|last=Swiss Committee for UNICEF|title=Games of the World|year=1982|publisher=National Committees for UNICEF|pages=28–29}}</ref> there are similar games that have originated around the world. {{Interlanguage link|Barjis|lt=Barjis|ar|برجيس}} (barsis) is popular in the [[Levant]], mainly [[Syria]], while [[Parchís]] is another game popular in Spain and northern [[Morocco]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Parcheesi in Tangier Morocco |author=John Lux |date=11 August 2014 |url=http://tangierhotels.net/blog/parcheesi-tangier-morocco/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041130/http://tangierhotels.net/blog/parcheesi-tangier-morocco/ |archive-date=2017-12-01 }}</ref> [[Parqués]] is its [[Colombia]]n equivalent. [[Parcheesi]], Patchesi, [[Sorry! (game)|Sorry!]], and [[Ludo (board game)|Ludo]] are among the commercial versions of similar games. The {{lang|fr|[[jeu des petits chevaux]]}} ('game of little horses') is played in France, and {{lang|de|[[Mensch ärgere Dich nicht]]}} is a popular German cross-and-circle game.

==History==
Games similar to chaupar with different colour schemes along with dice have been identified from the [[Iron Age]] during the [[Painted Grey Ware culture|Painted Grey Ware]] period from sites in [[Mathura]] and Noh (1100–800 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lal |first=B.B |title=The Painted Grey Ware culture of the Iron age |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20painted%20grey%20ware%20culture%20of%20the%20iron%20age.pdf |journal=Silk Road |volume=I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519224534/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/default/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_I%20silk%20road_the%20painted%20grey%20ware%20culture%20of%20the%20iron%20age.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-19 |url-status=live |pages=426–427 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadkarni |first=M. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCklDwAAQBAJ&q=chaupar+painted+grey+ware&pg=PA225 |title=The Bhagavad-Gita for the Modern Reader: History, Interpretations and Philosophy |date=2016-10-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-43899-3 |language=en }}</ref> Cruciform boards have been depicted from art reliefs of [[Chandraketugarh]] dated to 2nd–1st century BC. A 6th- or 7th-century representation of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] said to be playing [[Chaupar]] (a closely related game)<ref>Murray 1913, p 50.</ref> in fact depicts only dice and not the distinctive board.<ref name="Parlett 1999, p 43">Parlett 1999, p 43.</ref> In a similar period, a board identical to pachisi was discovered in the [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] cave system. A [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) document referencing the Chinese game [[Chupu]] ({{lang-zh |c=[[:zh:樗蒲|樗蒲]] |p=chūpú }}),<ref name="cult1">{{cite web |title=Chupu Game |url=http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/11Kaleidoscope2132.html |publisher=Cultural China |access-date=2 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207123104/http://www.cultural-china.com/chinaWH/html/en/11Kaleidoscope2132.html |archive-date=7 December 2011 }}</ref> "invented in western India and spread to China in the time of the [[Cao Wei|Wei dynasty]] (AD 220–265)"<ref>Murray 1952, p 36.</ref> may relate to Chaupar, but the actual nature of the Chinese game (which may be more closely related to [[backgammon]]) is uncertain. Speculation that Pachisi derived from the earlier game of [[Ashtapada]] is plausible but unsubstantiated.<ref name="Parlett 1999, p 43"/>

[[File:The pachisi court.JPG|thumb|Large ancient garden version – [[Fatehpur Sikri]] – India; marked squares can just be made out under the shadows of the onlookers.]]
[[Louis Rousselet]] wrote:

<blockquote>The game of Pachisi was played by [[Akbar]] in a truly regal manner. The Court itself, divided into red and white squares, being the board, and an enormous stone raised on four feet, representing the central point. It was here that Akbar and his courtiers played this game; sixteen young slaves from the harem wearing the players' colours, represented the pieces, and moved to the squares according to the throw of the dice. It is said that the Emperor took such a fancy to playing the game on this grand scale that he had a court for pachisi constructed in all his palaces, and traces of such are still visible at [[Agra]] and [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]].<ref>Falkener 1892, pp. 257–58; quoting Louis Rousselet: ''India and Its Native Princes'', 1876.</ref></blockquote>

[[Irving Finkel]] adds:

<blockquote>To date, these grandiose boards still represent the earliest secure evidence for the existence of the game in India. The game's role in the history of India still remains to be investigated. It is often assumed that the gambling game that plays so significant a role in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the classical literary epic, is ''pachisi'', but the descriptions, such as they are, do not tie in with the game, and this conclusion is perhaps erroneous.<ref>Finkel 2004, p. 47.</ref></blockquote>

In 1938, the American toy and game company [[Transogram]] introduced a mass market [[board game]] version called ''Game of India'',<ref name="harvard">{{cite web |url=https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=transogram_company_inc |title=Transogram Company, Inc. |publisher=[[Harvard Business School]], Lehmann Brothers Collection — Contemporary Business Archives |access-date=December 14, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502184825/https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/company.html?company=transogram_company_inc |url-status=dead }}</ref> later marketed as ''Pa-Chiz-Si: The Game of India''.<ref name="biggame">{{cite web |url=http://thebiggamehunter.com/company-histories/transogram/ |title=Transogram |first=Bruce |last=Whitehill |date=April 2013 |publisher=TheBigGameHunter.com |access-date=December 16, 2017 }}</ref>

==Players==
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art jly 1129.7.jpg|thumb|Pachisi pieces in enamelled gold with [[precious stones]], 18th century Mughal India, [[Khalili Collection of Islamic Art]]]]
Pachisi is a game for two, three, or four players,<ref>Mohr 1997, p. 68.</ref> four usually play in two teams. One team has yellow and black pieces, the other team has red and green. The team which moves all its pieces to the finish first wins the game.

==Traditional equipment==
Each player has four [[beehive (beekeeping)|beehive]]-shaped pieces (this can be increased to up to 16 pieces on each side in some versions). The pieces of one player are distinguishable from another by their colours: black, green, red, and yellow.

Six [[Cowry|cowrie shells]] are used to determine the amount to move the players' pieces. The shells are thrown from the player's hand and the number of cowries which fall with their openings upwards indicate how many spaces the player may move:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Cowries facing up!!Value !!Earns another turn? !! Chance of occurring
|-
|0 || 25 || Yes || 1.6%
|-
|1 || 10 || Yes||9.4%
|-
|2 || 2 || No ||23.4%
|-
|3 || 3 || No||31.2%
|-
|4 || 4 || No ||23.4%
|-
|5 || 5 || No||9.4%
|-
|6 || 6 || Yes || 1.6%
|}

In some versions, seven [[Cowry|cowrie shells]] are used:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Cowries facing up!!Value !!Name!!Earns another turn?
|-
|0 || 7 || Sat || Yes
|-
|1 || 10 || Dus || Yes
|-
|2 || 2 || Dooga || No
|-
|3 || 3 || Teeni || No
|-
|4 || 4 || Chari || No
|-
|5 || 25 || Pachees || Yes
|-
|6 || 35 || Paintees || Yes
|-
|7 || 14 || Chaudah || Yes
|}

The board is usually [[Embroidery|embroidered]] on cloth. The playing area is [[cruciform]]. There is a large square in the centre, called the Charkoni, which is the starting and finishing position of the pieces. The four arms are divided into three columns of eight squares. The players' pieces are moved along these columns during play.

Twelve squares are specially marked as castle squares. Four of these are positioned at the end of the middle columns of each arm; the other eight are four squares inwards from the end of the outer columns on each arm. A piece may not be captured by an opponent while it lies on a castle square.

==Gameplay==
[[File:TCMI beaded board game 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A beaded Pachisi game, [[The Children's Museum of Indianapolis]]]]
[[File:Dhaayam play.JPG|thumbnail|Pachisi being played in Tamil Nadu with tamarind seeds and stones]]

Each player's objective is to move all four of their pieces completely around the board, counter-clockwise, before their opponents do. The pieces start and finish on the Charkoni.

The playing order is decided by each player throwing the cowries. The player with the highest score starts, and turns continue counter-clockwise around the board. In some versions, each player throws the cowrie shells and pieces cannot move until a 2, 3, or 4 is thrown.

If a 6, 10, or 25 is thrown, the player gets a ''grace'', which enables the player to introduce one of their pieces from the Charkoni onto the board. The player then repeats their turn. In other versions, this includes 10, 25, or 35 to introduce another of their pieces. The newly introduced pawn will be landed on square number 1, which is the very first square for every respective player: here, it is said that on throwing 10 or 25, or 35, you will introduce your new pawn at square number 1, and then you will add the second throw numbers that will be appeared on your cowries and 7, 14 as a ''grace'' without the introduction of pieces (here, it should be clear to players that on throwing 7 or 14, you can not introduce your new pawn, you only get an extra turn). A player needs to have at least one piece on the board to be able to throw a 7 or 14.

Simply put, on throwing 10 or 25, or 35, you cannot introduce your new pawn directly to 10 or 25, or 35 number square directly, you have to land the new pawn on square number 1 and then add your remaining numbers. Once your all pawns have entered the game, throwing 10 or 25, or 35 allows you to move the respective numbers ahead.

Each player's first piece may leave the Charkoni on any throw after it has been introduced onto the board. Each player moves their pieces down the centre column of their own arm of the board, then counter-clockwise around the outside columns.

A player may have any number of pieces on the board at one time. Only one piece may be moved with a single throw, or if the player chooses, they can decline to move any piece on a throw. In some versions, a player can move any number of their pieces with a single throw. Also, if the player casts a value higher than they are eligible to move in a single throw, then the player automatically loses that turn.

More than one piece of the same team may occupy a single square (not true for all squares in some versions). However, a piece may not move onto a castle square that is already occupied by an opponent's piece.

If a piece lands on a square (other than a castle square) occupied by any number of the opponent's pieces, those pieces are ''captured''/''killed'' and must return to the Charkoni. Captured pieces may only enter the game again with a grace throw. A player making a capture is allowed another turn (not true in some versions).

In some versions, a player cannot take their pieces back to the Charkoni/home, unless they have captured/killed at least one of the opponent's pieces. Some versions have a rule where if, for example, two players are playing against each other, and Player 1 captures a piece of Player 2, then Player 2, in their immediate turn after being captured for the first time, captures the same piece Player 1 just used to capture, in the same square where the capture took place, then Player 1's capture/kill is invalidated. Player 1 will need to recapture Player 2's piece again to be able to go back to the Charkoni, but Player 2 is free to go ahead to their respective Charkoni unless the above repeats.

A piece completes its trip around the board by moving back up its central column. Returning pieces may be placed on their side in order to distinguish them from pieces that have just entered. A piece can only return to the Charkoni by a direct throw.

Four of the castle squares are placed so they are exactly 25 moves from the Charkoni. A common strategy is for returning pieces to stay on these squares, where they are safe from capture until a 25 is thrown. The pieces can then finish the game directly. This is where the name of the game comes from.

In some versions, where more emphasis is put on the throwing of the cowries, experienced players can cause cowries to land in a specific way, so there are certain other rules to make the game more exciting.

# If a player has their pieces closer to the end, and does not need a higher value throw, there are ways to nullify the higher value throw.
## If the player casts a 10, 25, or 30, the player needs to consecutively throw either 10, 25, or 30 three times (including the original throw) to nullify the higher value throw.
## If the player casts a 7, the player must consecutively cast a 7 only 3 times (including the original throw) to nullify the throw.
## If the player casts a 14, the player must consecutively cast a 14 only 3 times (including the original throw) to nullify the throw.
# Since throwing three consecutive throws of 10, 25, or 30 in a single turn nullifies them, players can instead throw a 7 or 14 in between to keep their turn going. EX: A player can throw the following in a single turn: 25, 25, 14, 10, 30, 7, 25, 30, 7, 10, 14, 25, 3.
# Once all of the player's pieces are introduced onto the board, every time a player throws a 10, 25, or 30, the player must move their piece one additional square, which is known as PYADA. EX: A player casts 25, 25, 3 in their turn, and their pieces can move a total of 53 squares. However, when all the player's pieces have already been introduced onto the board, the player can then move a total of 55 squares (25+25+3+1+1), meaning 2 pyadas extra.

==See also==
* [[Ashta Chamma (board game)|Ashta Chamma]]
* [[Ashte kashte]]—a game with similar rules
* [[Chaupur]]
* [[Patolli]]
* [[Parqués]]
* [[Mensch ärgere Dich nicht]]
* [[Aggravation (board game)|Aggravation]]
* [[Ludo (board game) | Ludo]]
* [[Sorry! (game)]]
* [[Trouble (board game)|Trouble]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book
|last=Falkener
|first=Edward
|author-link=Edward Falkener
|year=1961
|orig-year=1892
|title=Games Ancient and Oriental and How to Play Them
|edition=rpt. New York: Dover Publications
|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company
|location=London
|url=https://archive.org/details/gamesancientorie00falkuoft}}
*{{cite book
|last=Finkel
|first=Irving
|year=2004
|contribution=Round and Round the Houses: The Game of ''Pachisi''
|editor-last=Mackenzie
|editor-first=Colin
|editor2-last=Finkel
|editor2-first=Irving
|title=Asian Games: The Art of Contest
|publisher=Asia Society
|pages=46–57
|isbn=0-87848-099-4}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mohr
|first=Merilyn Simonds
|title=The New Games Treasury
|url=https://archive.org/details/newgamestreasury0000mohr
|url-access=registration
|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company
|year=1997
|isbn=1-57630-058-7}}
*{{cite book
|last=Murray
|first=H. J. R.
|author-link=H. J. R. Murray
|year=2002
|orig-year=1913
|title=A History of Chess
|edition=Reprint Oxford: Oxbow Books
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=Oxford
|isbn=0-19-827403-3}}
*{{cite book
|last=Murray
|first=H. J. R.
|author-link=H. J. R. Murray
|year=2002
|orig-year=1951
|title=A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess
|publisher=Oxbow Books
|location=Oxford
|isbn=0-19-827401-7}}
*{{cite book
|last=Parlett
|first=David
|author-link=David Parlett
|title=The Oxford History of Board Games
|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofb0000parl
|url-access=registration
|year=1999
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=Oxford
|isbn=0-19-212998-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
|last=Bell
|first=R. C.
|author-link=Robert Charles Bell
|title=Board and Table Games From Many Civilizations
|edition=Revised
|volume=I
|pages=9–12
|publisher=Dover Publications
|year=1979
|orig-year=1960, Oxford University Press, London
|isbn=0-671-06030-9
|url=https://archive.org/details/B-001-002-771/page/n5/mode/2up}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pachisi}}
*{{bgg|2136|Pachisi}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Pachisi|short=x}}

[[Category:Cross and circle games]]
[[Category:Traditional board games]]
[[Category:Indian board games]]

1999–2000 Australia Tri-Nation Series

2026-02-27T00:34:54Z

Nikhil009: small changes

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series= 1999–2000 Carlton and United Series
|image=
|caption=
|date= 9 January 2000 – 4 February 2000
|place= Australia
|result= Won by {{cr|AUS}} 2–0 in final series
|player of series= [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
|team1= {{cr|AUS}}
|team2= {{cr|IND}}
|team3= {{cr|PAK}}
|captain1= [[Steve Waugh]]
|captain2= [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|captain3= [[Wasim Akram]]
|runs1= [[Ricky Ponting]] (404) [[Michael Bevan]] (388) [[Mark Waugh]] (305)
|runs2= [[Sourav Ganguly]] (356) [[Rahul Dravid]] (268) [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] (214)
|runs3= [[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]] (263) [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)| Mohammad Yousuf]] (242) [[Saeed Anwar]] (237)
|wickets1= [[Glenn McGrath]] (19) [[Shane Lee (cricketer)|Shane Lee]] (16) [[Brett Lee]] (16)
|wickets2= [[Javagal Srinath]] (14) [[Anil Kumble]] (10) [[Sourav Ganguly]] (6) [[Venkatesh Prasad]] (6)
|wickets3= [[Shoaib Akhtar]] (16) [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] (14) [[Wasim Akram]] (13)
|previous=[[1998–99 Australia Tri-Nation Series|1998–99]]
|next=[[2000–01 Carlton Series|2000–01]]
}}
The '''1999–2000 Australia Tri-Nation Series''' (more commonly known as the '''1999–2000 Carlton and United Series''') was a [[One Day International]] (ODI) [[cricket]] [[Australian Tri-Series|tri-series]] where [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] played host to [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. Australia and Pakistan reached the Finals, which Australia won 2–0.

[[Ricky Ponting]] was the leading scorer of the series<ref>{{cite web|title=Most runs in Carlton & United Series, 1999/00|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=799;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref> and [[Glenn McGrath]], the leading wicket-taker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most wickets in Carlton & United Series, 1999/00|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=799;type=tournament|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 April 2013}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; border-collapse:collapse;" width=55%
|- style="background:#C1D8FF;"
! colspan=3|Squads
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! width=15%|{{cr|AUS}}
! width=15%|{{cr|IND}}
! width=15%|{{cr|PAK}}
|-
| [[Steve Waugh]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) || [[Wasim Akram]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|-
| [[Adam Gilchrist]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Sameer Dighe]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) || [[Moin Khan]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|-
| [[Mark Waugh]] || [[Sourav Ganguly]] || [[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]]
|-
| [[Michael Bevan]] || [[Rahul Dravid]] || [[Yousuf Youhana]]
|-
| [[Damien Fleming]] || [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] || [[Saeed Anwar]]
|-
| [[Shane Lee (cricketer)|Shane Lee]] || [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]] || [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]
|-
| [[Adam Dale]] || [[Anil Kumble]] || [[Azhar Mahmood]]
|-
| [[Ian Harvey]] || [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] || [[Shahid Afridi]]
|-
| [[Brett Lee]] || [[Venkatesh Prasad]] || [[Waqar Younis]]
|-
| [[Stuart MacGill]] || [[VVS Laxman]] || [[Saqlain Mushtaq]]
|-
| [[Glenn McGrath]] || [[Devang Gandhi]] || [[Inzamam ul Haq]]
|-
| [[Damien Martyn]] || [[Javagal Srinath]] || [[Wajahatullah Wasti]]
|-
| [[Ricky Ponting]] || [[Nikhil Chopra]] || [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
|-
| [[Andrew Symonds]] || [[Ajit Agarkar]] || [[Shoaib Malik]]
|-
| [[Shane Warne]] || [[Sunil Joshi]] || [[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer)|Mohammad Wasim]]
|-
| – || [[Debasis Mohanty]] || –
|}

==Group stage==

===Match results===

====1st match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 9 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 184/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 139 (39 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 37 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Andrew Symonds]] 3–34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ricky Ponting]] 32 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 4–23 (8 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 45 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65587.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] & [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] Attendance: 35,738
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

====2nd match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 10 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 195 (48.5 overs)
| score2 = 196/8 (49 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 61 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 3–19 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yousuf Youhana]] 63 (83)
| wickets2 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 4–49 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 2 wickets (with 0 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65588.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] & [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Yousuf Youhana]] Attendance: 15,583
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =Pakistan were fined 1 over for slow over rate
}}

====3rd match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 12 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 269/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 241/6 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Ricky Ponting]] 115 (121)
| wickets1 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2–52 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 100 (127)
| wickets2 = [[Glenn Mcgrath]] 1–32 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 28 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65589.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] & [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ricky Ponting]] Attendance: 73,219
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

====4th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 14 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 100 (36.3 overs)
| score2 = 101/5 (26.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 22 (70)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 4–8 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 37 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 4–30 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 5 wickets (with 139 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65590.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]] & [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Andrew Symonds]] Attendance: 38,831
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

====5th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 16 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 176/9 (41 overs)
| score2 = 177/4 (38.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 51 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Lee (cricketer)|Shane Lee]] 3–24 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Waugh]] 81 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 2–32 (8 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets (with 13 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65591.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]] & [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Steve Waugh]] Attendance: 37,325
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field
| rain = Early rain reduced the match to 41 overs a side.
}}

====6th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 19 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 286 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 205 (45.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Michael Bevan]] 77 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Wasim Akram]] 3–40 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 40 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Stuart MacGill]] 4–19 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 81 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65592.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] & [[Daryl Harper]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Stuart MacGill]] Attendance: 38,006
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

====7th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 21 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 262/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 230 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 70 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 2–41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 93 (103)
| wickets2 = [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] 5–48 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 32 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65593.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]]
| umpires = [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]] & [[Daryl Harper]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] Attendance: 6,128
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field
| rain = India were fined 2 overs for a slow over rate
}}

====8th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 23 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 260/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 245 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Michael Bevan]] 83 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Shahid Afridi]] 2–45 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]] 85 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Lee (cricketer)|Shane Lee]] 4–37 (8.5 overs)
| result = Australia won by 15 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65594.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] & [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Michael Bevan]] Attendance: 56,815
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = Rain interrupted play from 9:18pm to 9:41pm. No change was made to the overs.
}}

====9th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 25 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 267/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 219 (44.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 141 (144)
| wickets1 = [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 2–56 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Azhar Mahmood]] 67 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4–40 (9.4 overs)
| result = India won by 48 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65595.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] & [[Darrell Hair]]
| motm = {{flagicon|India}} [[Sourav Ganguly]] Attendance: 11,263
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat

}}

====10th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 26 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 329/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 177 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Mark Waugh]] 116 (131)
| wickets1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 2–71 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 63 (82)
| wickets2 = [[Brett Lee]] 5–27 (8.5 overs)
| result = Australia won by 152 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65596.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] & [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Mark Waugh]] Attendance: 29,506
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

====11th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 28 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 261/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 157 (46 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Saeed Anwar]] 44 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 3–34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] 51 (102)
| wickets2 = [[Wasim Akram]] 3–10 (7 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 104 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65597.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Simon Taufel]] & [[Darrell Hair]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Wasim Akram]] Attendance: 10,531
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

====12th match====
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 30 January 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 226/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 230/6 (49.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 65 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Damien Martyn]] 1–19 (5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Bevan]] 71 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Sunil Joshi]] 2–33 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 4 wickets (with 3 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65598.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire) |Steve Davis]] & [[Darrell Hair]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Michael Bevan]] Attendance: 26,116
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

===Points table===
Australia and Pakistan qualified for the Finals with seven and four wins respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=38% |Team
! width=7% |P
! width=7% |W
! width=7% |L
! width=7% |T
! width=8% |NR
! width=9% |NRR
! width=9% |Points<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61058.html?view=pointstable Result Summary]</ref>
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{cr|AUS}}
|| 8 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 0 || +0.920 || 14
|- bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{cr|PAK}}
|| 8 || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || +0.070 || 8
|- bgcolor=pink
|align=left| {{cr|IND}}
|| 8 || 1 || 7 || 0 || 0 || −0.972 || 2
|}

==Final series==
Australia won the best of three final series against Pakistan 2–0.

===1st final===
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 2 February 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 154 (47.2 overs)
| score2 = 155/4 (42.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Moin Khan]] 47 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 3–17 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Bevan]] 54 (102)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 2–26 (7 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets (with 44 balls remaining)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65599.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Daryl Harper]] & [[Simon Taufel]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Glenn McGrath]] Attendance: 39,041
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

===2nd final===
{{Limited overs international|
| date = 4 February 2000
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 337/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 185 (36.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Ricky Ponting]] 78 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 2–54 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yousuf Youhana]] 41 (73)
| wickets2 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 5–49 (9.3 overs)
| result = Australia won by 152 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65600.html (scorecard)]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire) |Steve Davis]] & [[Peter Parker (umpire)|Peter Parker]]
| motm = {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Ricky Ponting]] Attendance: 38,123
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of Australia |state=collapsed}}
{{International cricket in 1999–2000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Australia Tri-Nation Series, 1999-2000}}
[[Category:1999–2000 Australian cricket season]]
[[Category:2000 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2000 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2000 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:Australian Tri-Series|1999-2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1997–98 to 2000]]

Maaveerar Naal

2026-02-21T14:26:05Z

Nikhil009: page updated

{{Short description|Sri Lankan Tamil observance, 27 November}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Maaveerar Naal
| type = ethnic
| image = Gloriosa superba flower Toti 14 01 2011.JPG
| imagesize =
| caption = [[Gloriosa superba]] is the symbol of Maaveerar Naal
| official_name = மாவீரர் நாள்
| nickname =
| observedby = [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamils]], [[Tamils]]
| litcolor =
| longtype =
| significance =
| begins =
| ends =
| date = 27 November
| scheduling = same day each year
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = annual
| celebrations =
| observances =
| relatedto =
}}
'''Maaveerar Naal''' ('''Great Heroes' Day'''; {{langx|ta|மாவீரர் நாள்}} ''Māvīrar Nāḷ'') is a remembrance day observed by [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] to remember the deaths of [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|militants]] who fought with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) to achieve an independent Tamil homeland.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/tamil-torontonians-mark-remembrance-day-amidst-tensions-over-elected-ruler-sri-lanka-1.5372017 | title=As Toronto Tamils honour war dead, some fear Sri Lankan election could spark more violence | publisher=CBC | work=Kirthana Sasitharan | date=27 November 2019 | access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref> It is held each year on 27 November, the date on which the first LTTE cadre, Lt. Shankar (Sathiyanathan alias Suresh), died in combat in 1982.<ref name=McDowell>{{cite book|last1=McDowell|first1=Sara|last2=Braniff|first2=Máire|title=Commemoration as Conflict: Space, Memory and Identity in Peace Processes|date=2014|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-27375-7|pages=87–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx5vBAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Traditionally oil lamps are lit for the three days ending on 27 November and the [[Tamil Eelam]] [[Flag of Tamil Eelam|flag]] is raised at ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mylvaganam|first1=K.|title=Vanni Preparing for Heroes' Day|url=http://sangam.org/taraki/articles/2005/11-25_Vanni_Prepares_for_Heroes_Day.php?uid=1327|publisher=Illankai Tamil Sangam}}</ref> The symbol for Maaveerar Naal is the ''[[Gloriosa superba]]'' which blooms during November.<ref>{{cite news|title=Karthigaipoo declared as National flower of Eelam Tamils|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=11322|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=14 April 2004}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Amma-4--maveerarnaal-2002.jpg|thumb|left|A mother of a martyred LTTE cadre raises the Tamil Eelam flag on Maaveerar Naal 2002 in Germany]]
The first Maaveerar Naal was held on 27 November 1989.<ref name=TN251107>{{cite news|last1=Jeyaraj|first1=D. B. S.|title=What will the LTTE Leader say on Great Heroes' Day?|url=http://www.nation.lk/2007/11/25/newsfe7.htm|newspaper=[[The Nation (Sri Lanka)]]|date=25 November 2007|authorlink=}}</ref> The date was chosen as it was the anniversary of the first LTTE cadre to die in combat, Lt. Shankar (Sathiyanathan alias Suresh), who died on 27 November 1982.<ref>{{cite news|title=SL forces prepare for Heroes Week|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=317|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=19 November 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=De Mel|first1=Neloufer|title=Militarizing Sri Lanka: Popular Culture, Memory and Narrative in the Armed Conflict|date=2007|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-0-7619-3635-0|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbOGAwAAQBAJ}}</ref> On 27 November 1989 around 600 LTTE cadres gathered secretly in the jungles near Nithikaikulam in [[Manal Aru]], [[Mullaitivu District]], to remember their fallen comrades who at that time numbered around 1,300.<ref name=TN251107/><ref>{{cite news|title=Heroes Day - 2010|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=99&artid=33106|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2010}}</ref> In his speech LTTE leader [[V. Prabhakaran]] told the gathering that if he ever betrayed Tamil Eelam they must kill him.<ref name=TN251107/>

Following the withdrawal of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in 1990 the LTTE gained controlled of large areas of territory in the north and east of Sri Lanka.<ref name=TN251107/> The LTTE started developing ways to commemorate its dead heroes. They built thuyilum illam (resting place) for their ''maaveerar'' (great heroes) in territory they controlled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing Tamil Tiger Burial Grounds|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka/tamil-tiger-burial-grounds|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205084945/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/sri-lanka/tamil-tiger-burial-grounds|archive-date=2014-12-05}}</ref> In 1991 the week leading up to Maaveerar Naal was declared Great Heroes' Week.<ref name=TN251107/> This resulted in Prabhakaran's birthday, which falls on 26 November, being included in the commemorations.<ref name=TN251107/> The celebration of Prabhakaran's birthday began to overshadow the Maaveerar Naal commemorations to an extent that some even believed that Maaveerar Naal was a celebration of Prabhakaran's birthday.<ref name=TN251107/> This resulted in Prabhakaran banning any celebration of his birthday.<ref name=TN251107/> Commemorations eventually started amongst the growing [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]].<ref name=TN251107/>

Over the years the commemorations became more elaborate, involving meetings, religious rituals, processions and exhibitions with cut-outs, posters and handbills of the dead cadres being distributed widely.<ref name=TN251107/> Every village and every school were expected commemorate their dead cadres.<ref name=TN251107/> Families of the dead cadres would gather at thuyilum illam to mourn their dead relatives.<ref name=TN251107/> The culmination of the commemorations was a great function at a special location at which the reclusive Prabhakaran gave a speech which started at 6.05pm, the precise time Lt. Shankar died.<ref name=TN251107/><ref>{{cite news|title=Tiger leader makes defiant speech|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7752587.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 November 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Peter|title=Sri Lanka rebels say war is the only way|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/sri-lanka-rebels-say-war-is-the-only-way/2006/11/28/1164476204676.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=29 November 2006}}</ref> The highly anticipated speeches began to take on the form of an annual policy statement by the LTTE and were broadcast on LTTE affiliated radio and TV stations in LTTE controlled areas and abroad.<ref name=TN251107/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Director Seeman arrested and deported from Canada|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/director-seeman-arrested-and-deported-from-canada/article55523.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramesh|first1=Randeep|title=Sri Lankan troops 'to capture' Tamil Tiger headquarters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/26/srilanka|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=26 November 2008}}</ref><ref name=BBC271110>{{cite news|last1=Natarajan|first1=Swaminathan|title=Why Sri Lankan Tamils won't remember war dead this year|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11846369|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 November 2010}}</ref>

After the [[Sri Lankan military]] recaptured the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] in 1995 they destroyed LTTE cemeteries, thuyilum illam, in the area including those at Chaadi, Ellangkulam, Kodikamam and [[Kopay Army Base|Kopay]].<ref name=McDowell/> Following the start of the Norwegian mediated peace process in 2002 the LTTE started rebuilding their war cemeteries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Sudha|title=Colombo digs grave for Tamil harmony|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MC26Df02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527234025/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/MC26Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=27 May 2011|work=[[Asia Times Online]]|date=26 March 2011}}</ref> Maaveerar Naal commemorations were allowed in government territory.<ref>{{cite news|title=North East celebrates Heroes Day|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=7901|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=North East celebrates Martyrs Day|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=13486|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Symbols of war commemorated|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20021201/issues.htm|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=1 December 2002}}</ref> In 2004 [[Tamil National Alliance]] (TNA) MPs were allowed to light oil lamps in front of the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]] to commemorate Maaveerar Naal.<ref>{{cite news|title=TNA MPs bring Heroes' Day event to Lanka's parliament|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=13492|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TNA lights up parliamentary complex|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/041128/news/2.html|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=28 November 2004}}</ref> However, after the peace process stalled the Sri Lankan military started imposing restrictions on ''Maaveerar Naal'' commemorations and destroying LTTE cemeteries.<ref>{{cite news|title=SLA sabotages Vavuniya Heroes Day celebrations|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=20424|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=28 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka Army bulldozes Heroes' Cemetery in Trincomalee - Elilan|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=20440&catid=13|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=29 November 2006}}</ref>

=== Restrictions of celebrations ===
Following the end of the [[Sri Lankan civil war|civil war]] in May 2009 the Sri Lankan government and its security forces have clamped down on any attempt at commemorating Maaveerar Naal and destroyed the remaining LTTE cemeteries.<ref name=BBC271110/><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=இலங்கையில் மாவீரர் தினம்: தடையை மீறி கிளிநொச்சி, வவுனியாவில் அனுசரித்த தமிழர்கள் |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/sri-lanka-55105805 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ta}}</ref> All Maaveerar Naal commemorations have been banned.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Paying-tribute-to-Tamil-Tigers-banned-in-Sri-Lanka-29648.html|title=Paying tribute to Tamil Tigers banned in Sri Lanka|date=26 November 2013|work=[[AsiaNews]]|last1=Perera|first1=Melani Manel}}</ref> Critics of the ban argue that the Sri Lankan government is denying the Tamil people the basic human right to mourn their dead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/39878/political-hypocrisy-of-maaveerar-naal-mourning|title=Political hypocrisy of "maaveerar naal" mourning|date=7 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|last1=Jeyaraj|first1=D. B. S.|authorlink=}}</ref> The ban on commemorations has been criticised by the TNA, the main political party representing Sri Lankan Tamils, who point out that the commemoration of the LTTE dead is banned but that of the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] dead is allowed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/international/2013/November/international_November499.xml&section=international|title=Tamil party protests against ban on celebrating 'War Heroes' day|date=27 November 2013|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|last1=Irshad|first1=Qadijah}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/12/01/tna-to-protest-in-jaffna/|title=TNA To Protest In Jaffna|date=1 December 2012|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|last1=Rutnam|first1=Easwaran}}</ref> The JVP waged two violent insurrections against the Sri Lankan government - in [[1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna Insurrection|1971]] and [[1987–89 JVP Insurrection|1987-89]] - which resulted in the death of up to 70,000 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-30017905|title=Rohana Wijeweera: The killing of Sri Lanka's Stalinist icon|date=13 November 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|last1=Haviland|first1=Charles}}</ref>

On 27 November 2012 an attempt by some [[University of Jaffna]] students to commemorate Maaveerar Naal by lighting oil lamps was broken by the Sri Lankan security forces who broke the lamps, threatened the students and pointing weapons at them.<ref name="AI111212">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa37/015/2012/en/|title=ASA 37/015/2012 Sri Lanka: Further information: Crackdown on students spreads further|date=11 December 2012|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35796|title=Ladies' hostel lights Common Flame, bells stun SL military in Jaffna on Heroes Day|date=28 November 2012|work=[[TamilNet]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC291112">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20537417|title=Jaffna University Tamil students boycott classes|date=29 November 2012|work=[[BBC News]]|last1=Haviland|first1=Charles}}</ref> The following day students staged a peaceful protest against the actions of the security forces but they were met by riot police who attacked and beat the protesters, resulting in at least 20 students being injured and four arrested.<ref name=AI111212/><ref name=BBC291112/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35798|title=Peaceful student protest attacked by SL military in Jaffna|date=28 November 2012|work=[[TamilNet]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/caption-story/23833-police-baton-charge-jaffna-students-.html|title=Police baton charge Jaffna students|date=28 November 2012|work=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]}}</ref>

In 2016 the Government Minister Mano Ganesan claimed that Maaveerar Naal can be celebrated as it is a human right for people to celebrate their late loved ones but it was wrong to do it with a political motive. He cited that the marxist [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) also celebrate il Maha Viru Samaruwa in the South to commemorate their dead. However, due to the fact that the LTTE is still proscribed but JVP is no longer considered a terrorist organization the LTTE cannot be mentioned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/People-in-North-can-celebrate-Maaveerar-Naal-without-mentioning-the-LTTE-119572.html|title=People in North can celebrate Maaveerar Naal without mentioning the LTTE|access-date=2016-11-23}}</ref>

In 2020 according to Defence Secretary and retired Major General [[Kamal Gunaratne]] celebration would be allowed as long as they do not disrupt peace and avoid statements that instigate hatred among communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsradio.lk/local/mahaviru-remembrance-day-didnt-disrupt-peace/|title='Mahaviru Remembrance Day didn't disrupt peace'|last=Via-Theme|date=2019-11-30|website=Newsradio|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>

==Remembrance day==
[[File:Maaveerarnaal2006-5.jpg|thumb|right|Maaveerar Naal 2006 in Germany]]
Despite the security restrictions Tamils in Sri Lanka hold small events to commemorate Maaveerar Naal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka bans remembrance of Tamil Tigers|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/11/sri-lanka-bans-remembrance-tamil-tigers-20131125123443185221.html|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=25 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heroes Day observed in Tamil homeland under gagged conditions|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=36851|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heroes Day marked in occupied Tamil Eelam|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=37517|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2014}}</ref> Tamil politicians have started a tradition of planting trees on Maaveerar Naal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Allow people to give way to their emotions, Wigneswaran warns Colombo on Heroes Day|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=36852|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nathaniel|first1=Camelia|title=Events Held On LTTE 'Heroes Week'|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2014/11/30/events-held-on-ltte-heroes-week/|work=[[The Sunday Leader]]|date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

In the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]], a number of political parties, youth organisations, social movement groups etc. engage themselves in organising a number of events commemorating Maaveerar Naal across the state.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fuard|first1=Asif|title=Heroes' Day conundrum|url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/59-18477-news-detail-heroes-day-conundrum.html|work=[[Ceylon Today]]|date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205114525/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/59-18477-news-detail-heroes-day-conundrum.html|archive-date=5 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu marks Maaveerar Naal|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=12993|work=[[Tamil Guardian]]|date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

Amongst the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora, where there are no restrictions on commemorating Maaveerar Naal, large public gatherings continue to be held.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands attend Heroes day remembrance at Excel Centre, London|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=30692|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Record turnout as Canada Heroes Day event asserts sovereignty|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=34657|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=29 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thousands throng Sydney, London Heroes' Day events|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35799|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=28 November 2012}}</ref> In cities such as [[Toronto]], [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Oslo]], [[New Jersey]], and [[Sydney]], thousands of supporters come to honour those who lost their lives fighting for [[Tamil Eelam]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bruland|first=Stine|title=Being There While Being Here|pages=93}}</ref> In November 2014 Canadian [[New Democratic Party]] MP [[Rathika Sitsabaiesan]] was criticised for comparing Maaveerar Naal with [[Remembrance Day]], a holiday which commemorates soldiers from [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth countries]] who died since the [[World War I|First World War]] during a speech in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bell|first1=Stewart|title=NDP MP commemorates event honouring fallen Tamil Tigers, likens it to Remembrance Day in parliament|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ndp-mp-commemorates-event-honouring-fallen-tamil-tigers-likens-it-to-remembrance-day-in-parliament|work=[[National Post]]|date=27 November 2014}}</ref> However, in 2021, [[Brampton]] mayor [[Patrick Brown (Canadian politician)|Patrick Brown]] commemorated Maaveerar Naal on behalf of the city.<ref name="'brampton">{{Cite tweet|author=Patrick Brown|author-link=Patrick Brown (Canadian politician)|user=patrickbrownont|number=1464582907696234496|title=#Brampton Remembers. #MaaveerarNaal2021 commemoration at @gsqbrampton}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mullivaikkal Remembrance Day]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|maveerarnaal.com}}
* {{URL|http://www.tamilnation.co/tamileelam/maveerar/index.htm|Maaveerar - மாவீரர் - அணையாத தீபங்கள், Tamil Nation}}

{{Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

[[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Remembrance days]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Observances in India]]

Muzaffar Ahmad

2026-02-20T04:05:14Z

Nikhil009: updated

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{similar names||Muzaffar Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muzaffar Ahmad
| image = Muzaffar Ahmed Communist.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|08|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sandwip]], [[Chittagong District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (current day [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1973|12|18|1889|08|05|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names = Kakababu
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] [[Communist Party of India]] (1925-1964) [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]] (1925)
}}
'''Muzaffar Ahmad''' (known as '''Kakababu'''; 5 August 1889 – 18 December 1973) was an [[India]]n-[[Bengal]]i politician, journalist and a co-founder of the [[Communist Party of India]].

==Background==
Ahmed was born on 5 August 1889 at Musapur village on [[Sandwip Island]] in [[Chittagong District]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] in the-then [[British India]] (in present-day [[Bangladesh]]) to Mansur Ali. Ahmed received his early education on Sandwip. He passed matriculation from [[Noakhali Zilla School]] in 1913.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Roy, Ranjit|article=Ahmed, Comrade Muzaffar}}</ref><ref name="ma74">{{cite book |title=Muzaffar Ahmad |url=https://archive.org/details/muzaffar-ahmed/page/n3/mode/2up |year=1963 |location=Kolkata |publisher=National Book Agency |page=2 |language=bn}}</ref> He studied at [[Hooghly Mohsin College]] and then [[Bangabasi College]], but was unsuccessful in the Intermediate in Arts examination and left college.<ref name="Singh2001">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Nagendra Kr. |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |title=Ahmad, Muzaffar (1889–1973) |year=2001 |publisher=A. P. H. Publishing Corporation |volume=I |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-231-5 |pages=281–283}}</ref>

==Career==
He participated in political meetings and demonstrations starting in 1916. In 1918, he was appointed assistant secretary of the literary society ''[[Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti]]'' and took responsibility for producing its monthly journal.<ref name="Singh2001" /> In 1920, along with [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], he started a new magazine, ''[[Nabajug]]''.<ref name=Banglapedia/> Later, when another magazine, ''[[Dhumketu (magazine)|Dhumketu]]'', was launched by Nazrul in 1922, he contributed to it using the pseudonym "Dwaipayana".{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Ahmed was one of the founders of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name="Ramnath2008">{{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|title=An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta|url=http://tulikabooks.wordpress.com/catalogue-2/forthcoming/history/an-early-communist-muzaffar-ahmed-in-calcutta-1913%E2%80%931929/|year=2011|publisher=[[Tulika Books]], [[Delhi]]|page=86|first = Suchetana}}</ref> In 1922, the ''Bharat Samyatantra Samiti'' was formed in [[Calcutta]] with Ahmed as its secretary. In 1924, he was sentenced to four years in prison because of his role in the [[Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy case|Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case]] along with [[Shripad Amrit Dange]], Nalini Gupta and [[Shaukat Usmani]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Suchetana |title=An Early Communist: Muzaffar Ahmad in Calcutta |year=2011 |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Tulika Books]] |page=}}</ref> He was released due to illness in 1925. In November 1925, he, along with Kazi Nazrul Islam, [[Hemanta Kumar Sarkar]], and others, organised the [[Labour Swaraj Party]] in Bengal.<ref>Mortuza Khaled, A Study in Leadership: Muzaffar Ahmad and the Communist Movement in Bengal, Progressive Publishers, Kolkata 2001</ref> He was one of the main leaders of CPI in the early 1920s, along with [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]] and [[Abdur Rezzak Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan|publisher=Shishu Sahitya Samsad|isbn=978-81-7955-135-6|pages=575}}</ref>

[[File:Muzaffar Ahmed, Bankim Mukherjee, PC Joshi, Somnath Lahiri1937.jpg|right|thumb|282x282px|(From left to right) Muzaffar Ahmed, [[Bankim Mukherjee]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], and [[Somnath Lahiri]] at Calcutta 1937]]
[[File:Abdul Halim, Saroj Mukherjee, Muzaffar Ahmed1938.jpg|right|thumb|278x278px|(From left to right) [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]], [[Saroj Mukherjee]], and Muzaffar Ahmed at Bengal Provincial Conference (1938 December - 1939 January) of CPI at [[Chandannagar|Chandarnagore]]]]

On 20 March 1929, the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] arrested 31 labour activists and sent them to [[Meerut]] for trial. Ahmed was the chief accused, along with S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, [[Puran Chand Joshi]] and others, and was convicted in this so-called [[Meerut Conspiracy case]]. He was released in 1936. He had served the longest term in jail as the chief accused in the Meerut trial.

[[File:Meerut prisoners outside the jail.jpg|350px|thumb|Portrait of 25 of the [[Meerut]] prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, [[Sohan Singh Josh|S. S. Josh]], [[Lester Hutchinson|H. L. Hutchinson]], [[Shaukat Usmani]], [[Benjamin Francis Bradley|B. F. Bradley]], A. Prasad, [[Philip Spratt|P. Spratt]], [[Gangadhar Adhikari|G. Adhikari]]. Middle row: [[Radharaman Mitra|R. R. Mitra]], Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, [[Sibnath Banerjee|S. Bannerjee]], [[K. N. Joglekar]], [[Puran Chand Joshi|P. C. Joshi]], Muzaffar Ahmad. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, [[S. S. Mirajkar]], [[Shripad Amrit Dange|S. A. Dange]], [[S. V. Ghate]], Gopal Basak.]]

After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Ahmed moved to [[Kolkata]] rather than staying in [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh). On 25 March 1948, the Communist Party of India was banned by the [[Government of India]], and Ahmed was imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1951. He was again arrested and incarcerated for two years in 1962 and for another two years in 1965. He was imprisoned several times in post-Independence India by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] government.

==Personal life==
Ahmed had a daughter, Nargis.<ref name=anec/> She was married to the poet [[Abdul Quadir]].<ref name=anec>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/remembering-abdul-quadir-life-and-anecdotes-1751710|title=Remembering Abdul Quadir: Life and Anecdotes|date=1 June 2019|work=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2019-06-01}}</ref>

==Legacy==
* Co-founder of the [[Communist Party of India]], 26 December 1925
* Founder of the National Book Agency, 26 June 1939<ref name="nab">{{cite web |title=National Book Agency |url=http://www.nationalbookagency.com/aboutus.html}}</ref>
* The headquarters of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in [[West Bengal]] is named after him.
* Ripon Street, a thoroughfare in [[Kolkata]], was renamed "Muzaffar Ahmad Street".

==Selected works==
* ''Qazi Nazrul Islam: Smritikatha'' (in Bengali)<ref name="knis">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Qazi Nazrul Islam - Smritikatha |date=1967 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.456382}}</ref>
* ''Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party'' (in Bengali)<ref name="ajbcp">{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Amar Jiban O Bharater Communist Party |url=https://nbabooks.in/product/amar-jiban-o-bharater-communist-party/ |publisher=National Book Agency}}</ref>
* ''Krishak Samasya'' (in Bengali)<ref name="ks">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Krishak Samasya |date=1954 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hauser |first1=Walter |title=The Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929-1942 |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429275937 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tn-JDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22krishak+samasya%22+muzaffar+ahmad&pg=PT246}}</ref>
* ''Prabase Bharater Communist Party Gathan'' (in Bengali) <ref name="pbcpg">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Prabase Bharater Communist Party Gathan |date=1961 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata |url=https://library.isical.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=118632&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=148786}}</ref>
* ''Bharater Communist Party Gorar Pratham Jug'' (in Bengali)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Bharater Communist Party Gorar Pratham Jug |date=2022 |publisher=Bangla Gabeshana |location=Bangladesh |isbn=9789849616047 |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/225614/communist-party-of-india-years-of-formation-1921-1933}}</ref>
* ''Nirbachita Prabandha'' (in Bengali)<ref name="manp">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Muzaffar |title=Nirbachita Prabandha |date=2011 |publisher=National Book Agency |location=Kolkata |url=https://nbabooks.in/product/nirbacita-prabandha/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Muzaffar (politician)}}
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:People from Sandwip Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Bengali communists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Hooghly Mohsin College alumni]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Noakhali Zilla School alumni]]

Vanisri

2026-02-17T14:10:01Z

Nikhil009: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{distinguish|Vanishree}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vanisri
| image = [[File:Vanisri.jpg|Vanisri]]
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rathna Kumari<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-10-17/I-was-once-tipped-as-a-style-icon-Vanisri/259205 |title=I was once tipped as a style icon: Vanisri |date=17 October 2016}}</ref>
| years_active = 1964–1980 1989–2004
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage |Dr. Karunakaran|1978}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/898476/|title=Income-Tax Officer vs Mrs. Vanishree Karunakaran on 9 March, 2001|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
| awards = [[Filmfare Awards]] [[Nandi Award]]
| height =
| death_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician}}
| works = [[Vanisri filmography|Full list]]
}}

'''Vanisri''' (born '''Rathna Kumari''') is an Indian actress known for her works predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Kannada]] films.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/resting-on-her-laurels/article2273947.ece |title=Resting on her laurels |work=The Hindu |date=11 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsaajtak.in/cinema-world/list-of-indian-actresses/vanisri |title=Vanisri News - List Of Indian Actresses on Newsaajtak - Newsaajtak - News Aajtak - Newsaajtak.in |access-date=23 January 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107081530/http://www.newsaajtak.in/cinema-world/list-of-indian-actresses/vanisri |url-status=dead }}</ref> In a film career spanning 40 years, she has received three [[Filmfare Awards South]], the [[Nandi Awards]] and the Tamil Nadu State Film Award.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==Career==
Vani made her debut with the 1962 Telugu movie ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]''. She gained attention with a supporting role in a film penned by [[K. Balachander]] titled ''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]'', and ''[[Marapurani Katha]]'' (1967). Vanisri has starred in super hits such as ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]'', ''[[Prem Nagar (1971 film)|Prem Nagar]]'', ''[[Dussehra Bullodu]]'', ''Aradhana'', ''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'', ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'', ''Sri Krishna Tulabharam'', ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'', and ''[[Bobbili Raja]]''.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Vanisri-is-my-inspiration-Priya/articleshow/45513316.cms |title=Vanisri is my inspiration: Priya |work=The Times of India|date=14 December 2014 }}</ref>

She played dual roles in ''[[:te:ఇద్దరు అమ్మాయిలు|Iddaru Ammayilu]]'' (1972) (Telugu remake of 1969 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Kappu Bilupu]]''), ''Ganga Manga'' (1973 remake of the Hindi film ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]''), ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]'' (1975), and ''[[Chilipi Krishnudu]]'' (1978). She financed and starred in [[Shyam Benegal]]'s only Telugu film ''[[Anugraham]]'' (1977), co-starring [[Smita Patil]].

With actor [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. R]] Vanisri acted in three films: ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' (1968), ''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]'' (1970), and ''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]'' (1976).

She acted in 20 Telugu films with [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]] and 18 Telugu films with Super Star [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] such as ''[[Marapurani Katha]]'', ''[[Ganga Manga]], Cheekati velugulu, Illu Illalu. ''She acted with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 10 films such as ''[[Uyarntha Manithan]]'' (1968), ''[[Nirai Kudam]]'' (1969), ''[[Kulama Gunama]]'' (1971), ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' (1972), ''[[Sivakamiyin Selvan]]'' (1974), ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' (Tamil remake of the Hindi film ''[[Seeta Aur Geeta]]'') (1974), ''[[Rojavin Raja]]'' (1976), ''[[Ilaya Thalaimurai]]'' (1977), ''[[Punniya Boomi]]'' (1978), and ''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]'' (1979).<ref name="indiatimes.com" /> In 2013, she received the state [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for her contribution to Telugu cinema.<ref name="Correspondent">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hema Malini bag NTR awards |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 April 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vanisri married Dr. Karunkaran in 1978 and left the film industry. The couple became parents to a son and a daughter. Vanisri returned to acting in mother roles from 1989, such as her character in ''[[Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989). She was appeared in the 1999 [[Hindi]] film ''Main Tere Pyar Mein Pagal'', by famous [[Telugu people|Telugu]] director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>

She lost her son Abhinaya Venkatesha Karthik aged 36 on 23 May 2020 to cardiac arrest.<ref name="TOI article">{{cite news |title=Prem Nagar actress Vanisri's son Abhinaya Venkatesha Karthik dies of cardiac arrest |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/prem-nagar-actress-vanisris-son-abhinaya-venkatesha-karthik-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/75914701.cms}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Award category
! Awarded work
|-
| 1973 || rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Awards South]] || rowspan="3" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]|| ''[[Jeevana Tarangalu]]''
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Krishnaveni (film)|Krishnaveni]]''
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)|Jeevana Jyothi]]''
|-
| 2001 || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] ||[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Honorary Award|Kavignar Kannadasan Award]]|| rowspan="4" |Contribution to film industry
|-
| 2004 || Vamsi Awards || Meena Kumari Award
|-
| 2005 || Madhavapeddi Prabhavathi Awards || Madhavapeddi Prabhavathi Award by the Siva Foundation
|-
| 2013 || [[Nandi Awards]] || [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]]<ref name="Correspondent"/>
|}

==Filmography==
{{Main|Vanisri filmography}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0889148|name=Vanisri}}

{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients|state=collapsed}}
{{FilmfareTeluguBestActress|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanisri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]

Cowasji Jehangir

2026-02-06T06:22:43Z

Nikhil009: Made A Info Needs Work - done

{{Short description|British-Indian Baronet (1879–1962)}}
{{other people|Cowasjee Jehangir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals = [[Sir]]
| name = Cowasji Jehangir
| post-nominals = [[Baronet|Bt]], [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Sir Cowasji Jehangir.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1879|02|16}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1962|10|17|1879|02|16}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater = [[St. John's College, Cambridge|St. John's]], [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]]
| father = [[Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney|Cowasji Jehangir, 1st Bt.]]
}}
'''Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet''', (16 February 1879 – 17 October 1962) was a prominent member of the [[Bombay]] [[Parsi people|Parsi]] community. He was the son of [[Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney|Sir Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney, 1st Bt.]] (1853–1934) and grand-nephew of [[Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney|Sir Cowasji Jehangir ''Readymoney'']] (1812–1878). He was educated at [[St John's College, Cambridge]].<ref>Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003.</ref>

Cowasji Jehangir campaigned for a prominent role for the [[Parsi people|Parsi]] [[Zoroastrian]] community in independent India. He had become a member of the "Western India National Liberation Federation", at its founding in 1919, and was elected its president in 1936 and 1937. He was also active in the reactionary "Parsee Central Committee", which was critical of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Parsis like [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] and [[Pherozeshah Mehta]].{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

At the second "[[Round Table Conference]]" in [[London]] during 1930–1932, where the framework for the political and constitutional future of India was laid down, he was one of the three political "liberals" to represent the Parsi community. To the Minorities Committee and the Franchise Committee he advocated a graded franchise based on the standard of education which would have given the Parsis an immense over-representation in future elections. Such a scheme was never taken seriously by any other party in the discussions.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

After 1939, when it was apparent that independence was to come in a short while, a large number of Parsis became active in the "Western India National Liberation Federation", whose meetings were often held at his home. As a last-ditch effort, on the eve of independence in 1945, he pleaded to the [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] in a telegram not to forget the claims of the Parsis. This appeal, made as the president of the "Parsee Central Association" was nullified by a telegram from a group of Parsis calling themselves the "Freedom Group" which rejected any special privilege for the Parsis.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==Legacy==

[[File:Sir Cowasji Jhangir Pub;ic Hall.jpg|thumb|Sir Cowasji Jhangir Public Hall]]
The [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] was established in 1952 in memory of his late son,<ref>[http://www.jehangirartgallery.com/about.php#.URHwifIYGTk About us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620001438/http://jehangirartgallery.com/about.php#.URHwifIYGTk |date=20 June 2016 }} Jehangir Art Gallery.</ref> the [[Cowasji Jehangir Hall]] and [[Sir Cowasjee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry|Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry]] are named after him. The Readymoney Nursing Home (now [[Jehangir Hospital]]) in [[Pune]] was founded on property donated by Sir Cowasji and his wife Lady Hirabai. Originally named ''Readymoney Villa'', it was renamed in 1944 after their son [[Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir]], who died in an accident that year.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

==See also==
* [[Jehangir baronets]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/cowasji-jehangir.html Sir Cowasji Jehangir] [[TIFR]]

== External links ==
* {{NPG name|name=Sir Cowasjee Jehangir, 2nd Baronet}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Jehangir Baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Bombay)'''
| years = 1934–1962
| before = [[Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney]]
| after = [[Hirji Jehangir]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jehangir, Cowasji}}
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian baronets]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]

Ramachandrapura Mutt

2026-01-18T07:02:32Z

Nikhil009: put up initial info first draft.

{{Short description|Hindu monastery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
[[File:Picture samsthana.jpg|thumb|Raghaveshwara Bharathi, the Jagadguru, 2023]]
'''Ramachandrapura Math''' (monastery) is a Hindu monastery located in [[Hosanagara]] taluk of Shimoga, Karnataka. It is followed mainly by the [[Havyaka Brahmin]]s in [[Uttara Kannada]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Udupi]], [[Shimoga]] districts of Karnataka and [[Kasaragod]] district of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=K S|title=People of India, Volume 26, Part 3|date=2003|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=1163|isbn=9788185938981|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VBQwAQAAIAAJ&q=ramachandrapur+monastery|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Bombay Gazetteer">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: North Canara Volume 15, part 1|date=1883|publisher=Government Central Press|location=Bombay (now Mumbai), India|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0r8IAAAAQAAJ&q=ramchandrapur+monastery&pg=PA135|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> It was established by [[Adi Shankaracharya]] originally near [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] on the west coast of India and was initially known as Raghuthama Matha. The [[Swami]] (or [[guru]]) of the [[matha]] is a [[celibate]] (brahmacharya) and a [[Havyaka Brahmin]] by birth. He adds the title Bharati to his name.<ref name="Bombay Gazetteer"/>
[[File:Ramachandrapura mutt.JPG|thumb|Ramachandrapura Math, Hosanagara]]

== History ==
Ramachandrapura Matha which is in 'Ashoke' about three k.m. from [[Gokarnanatheshwara Temple|Gokarna]] (which is known as Southern [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple|Kasi]]) is said to have been established by Adi Shankaracharya. The present Ramachandrapura Matha is situated on the left bank of the river [[Sharavati]] Ramachandrapura is in the [[Hosanagara]] taluk of the Shimoga district of Karnataka state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=About Temple |url=https://www.pureprayer.com/temples/sri-ramachandrapura-matha-shivamogga/ |website=pureprayer.com/}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Raghaveshwara Bharathi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]
[[Category:Shankaracharya mathas in India]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Karnataka]]

Aeronautical Development Agency

2026-01-06T14:35:49Z

Nikhil009: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian governmental aircraft design agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = '''Aeronautical Development Agency'''
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = Ministry of Defence.png
| seal_width = 130px
| seal_caption = Parent Agency - Ministry of Defence
| logo = Aeronautical_Development_Agency_logo.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1984}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = Vimanapura, Doddanekkundi, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]
| minister2_name = Samir Kamat, Chairman DRDO and [[ex officio]] Secretary, Dept of Defence Research and Development
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name = Jitendra Jaisingh Jadav<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-09-13 |title=Man behind Tejas milestone, Jitendra Jadhav takes over as chief of aeronautical development body |url=https://theprint.in/defence/man-behind-tejas-milestone-jitendra-jadhav-takes-over-as-chief-of-aeronautical-development-body/2265852/?amp |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| chief1_position = Director General – ADA (''since 11 September 2024'')
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{official URL}}
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| agency_type =
}}

The '''Aeronautical Development Agency''' ('''ADA'''), under the Department of Defence Research and Development (DR&D) of India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], was established in [[Bangalore]] in 1984 to oversee the development of the India's Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=BEL inks MoU with ADA for advanced medium combat aircraft programme |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/bel-inks-mou-with-ada-for-advanced-medium-combat-aircraft-programme-123022200217_1.html |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> It has developed the [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]] and is developing the [[HAL Tejas Mk2|Tejas Mk 2]], [[HAL TEDBF|TEDBF]] and [[HAL AMCA|AMCA]].<ref name=":0" />

== Facilities ==
*ASMS
*System Design and Evaluation Facility
*Computing Center
*Iron Bird
*LCA Hangar
*Lightning Test Facility
*Virtual Reality
*Wind Tunnel Testing Facility

== Software development ==
ADA has established advanced state of the art computing centre with powerful equipments and software. ADA has developed specialised software in the fields of [[computer-aided design]] (CAD), [[computer-aided engineering]] (CAE), [[computer-aided manufacturing]] (CAM), avionics, systems, independent validation and verification, flight simulation. The spin-off benefits of the research and development is realised with help of commercial partnership with leading multi-national companies such as [[Boeing]], [[Airbus]], [[IBM]], [[Dassault Systèmes]], [[Parametric Technology Corporation]] (PTC). The following are some of the software developed for the LCA-Tejas development programme.

* Autolay
* CADTRANS
* FINESSE
* FINEGRAF
* GITA
* PRANA
* GNRETING

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ada.gov.in/]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1984 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Aviation in India]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1984]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Defence industry of India]]
[[Category:Aviation organisations based in India]]

{{Aviation-org-stub}}

Mandirhasod Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:16:38Z

Nikhil009: Added

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mandirhasod
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 82,127
| mla = Satyanarayan Sharma
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Mandirhasod Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Satyanarayan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Mandirhasod<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Satyanarayan Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,009 |percentage=41.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sobharam Yadav |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,182 |percentage=39.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Tiwari |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,680 |percentage=8.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Markandeya |party=Independent politician |votes=3,110 |percentage=4.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siyaram Dhritlahare |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=896 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manoj Kumar Khemani |party=Independent politician |votes=746 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Radheshyam |party=Independent politician |votes=710 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,827 |percentage=2.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,563 |percentage=78.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,127 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Garware College metro station

2025-12-19T18:20:29Z

Nikhil009: Made The Entry Initial Version - done

{{short description|Pune Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Garware College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Pune Metro Infobox station line|line=Aqua}}
| style = Pune Metro
| image = Garware College metro station.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Khilarewadi, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra 411004
| borough =
| country =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.51204|73.83799|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (MAHA-METRO)
| operator = [[Pune Metro]]
| line = {{rcb|Pune Metro|Aqua|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] Platform-2 → [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]]
| tracks = 2
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| levels = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| architectural_style =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = GWC
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2022|03|6}}
| closed = 
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Metro|line1=Aqua|left=Nal Stop|right=Deccan Gymkhana|to-right=Ramwadi}}
| route_map = {{Pune Metro Aqua Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Garware College''' is an elevated metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]] of [[Pune Metro]] in [[Pune]], India. The station was opened on 6 March 2022 as an inauguration of Pune Metro and was the first to be completed.<ref>{{cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Pune Metro line; check routes and ticket prices here
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/railways/breaking-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-pune-metro-line-check-routes-ticket-prices-and-other-details-2442614.html|website=Zee News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> From March 2022 to August 2023, the Aqua Line was operational between Vanaz and Garware College.<ref>{{cite web |title=Passenger operations on 12 km routes of Pune Metro launched know all about
|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/passenger-operations-on-12-km-routes-of-pune-metro-launched-know-all-about|website=Urban Transport News|access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref> The extended section between Garware College to [[Ruby Hall Clinic metro station|Ruby Hall Clinic]] was inaugurated on 1 August 2023. So the metro operated from Vanaz to Ruby Hall Clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=It’s official, PM to open Pune Metro service on two sections on Aug 1 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/prime-minister-modi-to-inaugurate-pune-metro-stretches-on-august-1-including-crucial-civil-court-interchange-station-101690481441750.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Later the remaining stretch was completed and the line operates till [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] from 6 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Comfortable, convenient & economic: Citizens on Metro launch till Ramwadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/metro-launch-till-ramwadi-citizens-share-their-experience/articleshow/108280993.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Garware College track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Pune Metro|Aqua}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Nal Stop}}
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Pune Metro|Deccan Gymkhana}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → [[Ramwadi metro station|Ramwadi]] '''Next Station:''' [[Deccan Gymkhana metro station|Deccan Gymkhana]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[Vanaz metro station|Vanaz]] '''Next Station:''' [[Nal Stop metro station|Nal Stop]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Pune]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid Transit in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Pune Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
{{Pune Metro}}

List of Kokborok-language films

2025-12-08T20:40:13Z

Nikhil009: minor edit

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}

This is a list of [[Kokborok Cinema]] produced in the [[Kokborok language]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Debroy |first=Prajapita |date=2024 |title=Tripuriness Endangered? Identity Politics and the Aesthetics of Indigeneity in Post-Globalization Kokborok Cinema |url=http://mzuhssjournal.in/images/resources/v10n1/debroy.pdf |journal=Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=541 |issn=2395-7352 |eissn=2581-6780}}</ref>

== Notable feature films: 1980s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Ref.
|-
|1986
|''[[Longtharai (film)|Longtharai]]''
|Dipak Bhattacharya
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |date=2024-07-01 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |journal=Journal of Film and Video |language=en |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |doi=10.5406/19346018.76.2.05 |issn=0742-4671|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|}

== Notable feature films: 1990s ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
! Ref.
|-
|1993
| ''[[Langmani Haduk (film)|Langmani Haduk]]''
| Ruhi Debbarma
| Ruhi Debbarma, Babita Reang, Sukurai Debbarma, Anita Reang
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Langmani Haduk |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14229692/ |website=imdb.com}}</ref>
|}

== Notable feature films: 20004-2009 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
! Ref.
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Mathia (film)|Mathia]]''
| Joseph Pulinthanath
| Jayanta Jamati, Meena Debbarma, Amulya Jamatia, Manoj Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura film makes a point about witch-hunts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tripura-film-makes-a-point-about-witch-hunts/story-kddT8qYXleu0HIOVtGUBAK.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 December 2004 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Yarwng]]''
| Joseph Pulinthanath
| Meena Debbarma, Nirmal Jamatia, Surabhi Debbarma, Sushil Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saltz |first1=Rachel |title=The Variety of Life, Real and Imagined, in Movie-Mad India |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/05/movies/05indi.html |access-date=3 April 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=4 June 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| ''Ganthi''
| Kamal Kalai
| Rex Debbarma, Juki Kalai
|
|-
|}

== Notable feature films: 2010-2018 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Cast
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''Chethuang''
| Kamal Kalai
| Abhishek Debbarma, Roselin Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Kokborok film deals with filial attraction |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kokborok-film-deals-with-filial-attraction-114031800782_1.html |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=18 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kwmajak''
| Soham Saha
| Rinku Debbarma, Hrishie Raj, Surojit Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwmajak on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/kwmajak |website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015
| ''Maari''
| Sarat Reang
| Chayanika Reang, Purbani Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite news |title=TTAADC to release documentary film "Maari": ADC stresses to promote tribal culture |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/news-details/TN/18461/ttaadc-to-release-documentary-film-ldquo-maari-rdquo-adc-stresses-to-promote-tribal-culture.html |access-date=4 April 2021 |work=www.tripurainfoway.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Imang''
| Mrinal Debbarma
| Raju Debbarma, Purbani Debbarma
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''Bwkha''
| Sarat Reang
| Hrishie Raj, Abhishek Debbarma, Shrabani Debbarma, Rocktim Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite news |title=5 reasons why Bwkha is a must Kokborok film for every Indian |url=https://www.thenortheasttoday.com/features/5-reasons-why-bwkha-is-a-must-kokborok-film-for-every-indian |access-date=3 April 2021 |work=thenortheasttoday.com |date=16 October 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Nwngbai 2''
| Sarat Reang
| Rex Debbarma, Nisha Debbarma
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kokborok/movie-details/nwngbai-2/movieshow/61223025.cms |title=Nwngbai 2 Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |date=23 September 2016 |access-date= 23 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''Imang 2''
| Mrinal Debbarma
| Abhishek Debbarma, Purbani Debbarma
| <ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2018
| ''Kwtham Kothoma''
| Sunil Kalai
| Shanta Debbarma, Rangoli Debbarma, Dipra Kishore Debbarma, Manoj Debbarma, Rocktim Debbarma
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

== Notable non-feature films: 2017-present ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Cast
!Ref
|-
|2017
|''Haja''
|Emang Debbarma
|Emang Debbarma, Pohor Debbarma, Mombati Reang
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Watch: A hunter and his son have an unexpected encounter in the wild in short film ‘Haja’ |url=https://scroll.in/reel/863187/watch-a-hunter-and-his-son-have-an-unexpected-encounter-in-the-wild-in-short-film-haja |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''1097''
|Prajapita Debroy
|Tanvi Debbarma, Samrat Debbarma, Rohila Tripura
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1097 (2022) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-nov676/1097/ |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=Radio Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Sumuini Khorang''
|Jacob Tripura
|Subhas Tripura, Preity Tripura, Philiksha Tripura, Ajoy Tripura, Gabriel Sakachep, Chandiram Tripura
|<ref>{{Cite web |title="SUMUINI KHORANG" : Tripura Short Flim Selected in Pune's Mitee Short Flim Festival |url=https://www.todaykokton.com/2022/08/sumuini-khorang-tripura-short-flim.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TodayKokton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327042230/https://www.todaykokton.com/2022/08/sumuini-khorang-tripura-short-flim.html|archive-date=March 27, 2023}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Barma, Aloy Deb. Reading Contemporary Kokborok and Bengali Films and Videos in Tripura: History, Technology and Infrastructure. 2022. Jadavpur U.
*Barma, Aloy Deb, and Prajapita Debroy. Cinema as Art and Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction. Vol. 1, Tribal Research and Cultural Institute, 2022. {{ISBN|978-81-958995-0-0}}. OL 44969662M.
* Debroy, Prajapita. Is Tripuriness Endangered? Reading the Diffused Substance of Tripuri Indigeneity and Hybridity in Contemporary Kokborok Films against Bollywood in a Post-Globalization Era. 2023. Tripura U.

{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kokborok-language films}}
[[Category:Lists of films by language]]
[[Category:Indian film-related lists]]
[[Category:Kokborok|Films]]
[[Category:Cinema of Tripura]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tripura]]

Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre

2025-12-05T06:42:04Z

Nikhil009: Made New Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian national defence laboratory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Laboratory
|name = Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre
|motto =
|logo =
|image =
|established = 1986
|city = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
|research_field =
|type =
|director = CH Durga Prasad
|staff =
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
|affiliations =
|address =
|telephone =
|campus =
|website = {{URL|https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/defence-avionics-research-establishment-dare|CASDIC official website}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre''' ('''CASDIC''') is a laboratory of the Indian [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/inaugural-naval-flight-test-seminar-held-at-goa/articleshow/65887846.cms|title=Inaugural naval flight test seminar held at Goa|date=2018-09-20|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> Located in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afcea.org/content/tags/defence-avionics-research-establishment|title=Defence Avionics Research Establishment|website=SIGNAL Magazine|language=en|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref> it is one of the two DRDO laboratories involved in the research and development of airborne [[electronic warfare]] and [[Avionics|mission avionics]] systems.

==History==
The organisation was established in 1986 as a Project Laboratory, then named "Advanced Systems Integration and Evaluation Organisation" (ASIEO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/research/A-flypast-of-warfare-and-mission-avionics/article12550053.ece|title=A flypast of warfare and mission avionics|last=Warrier|first=B. S|date=2012-10-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-05-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Dr. K. G. Narayanan headed ASIEO from its inception till 2002.<ref name=hisback>{{cite web |title=Historical Background |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/labs1/DARE/English/indexnew.jsp?pg=about-lab.jsp |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (India)]] |accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> The founding members of ASIEO were R.P Ramalingam , S Bimalkhedkar, Gp Capt (Retd) D.Venkateswarlu, V Desikan , Wg Cdr (Retd) Anil Kaistha and CV Krishna rao.

On 1 June 2001, ASIEO became a full-fledged [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) laboratory and was renamed as the Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE).<ref name=hisback/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gokhale |first=B. N. |date=October 2011 |title=Electronic Warfare - War Without Weapons |url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=827 |magazine=SP's Aviation |publisher=SP Guide Publications}}</ref>

Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre (CASDIC), previously known as Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), is placed as a Self-Accounting Unit under administrative control of the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]] (DLRL), Hyderabad on 1 Apr 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre (CASDIC)>>About Us |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-establishment/about-us/defence-avionics-research-establishment-dare |website=drdo.gov.in |publisher=DRDO}}</ref> The current director of CASDIC is CH Durga Prasad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre (CASDIC)>>Director |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-establishment/director/defence-avionics-research-establishment-dare |website=drdo.gov.in |publisher=DRDO}}</ref>

In 2021, CASDIC was part of a group of Indian [[research and development]] (R&D) agencies and organisations that developed the critical [[Avionics|avionic]] [[Line-replaceable unit|line-replaceable units]] (LRUs) for the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Express News Service |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives biggest avionics order ever from HAL for LCA Tejas Fighter Aircraft programme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bel-avionics-hal-lca-tejas-fighter-aircraft-programme-7675850/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> As of 2024, CASDIC is also working on the Super Sukhoi upgrade programme for the [[Indian Air Force]]'s [[Sukhoi]] [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]] fleet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=28 May 2024 |title=DRDO seeks industrial partners to develop indigenous electronic warfare suites for IAF’s SU-30 fighter aircraft |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/drdo-seeks-industrial-partners-to-develop-indigenous-electronic-warfare-suites-for-iafs-su-30-fighter-aircraft-625649/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Areas of work ==
CASDIC has rich experience in developing internal and pod based [[electronic warfare]] (EW) systems for combat platforms, sensor integration and cooling systems development. It is one of the two laboratories of DRDO that works on electronic warfare systems, along with the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory]].<ref name="jed-indianew">{{cite journal |last1=John |first1=Knowles |title=Charting the Course of Indian EW |journal=Journal of Electronic Defense |date=February 2009 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=26–30 |issn=0192-429X}}</ref>

==Products==

===Airborne radar warning and ESM systems===
Survivability of military aircraft in the modern combat scenario of sophisticated [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air defence]] weapon systems is of paramount importance. This can only be achieved by equipping them with electronic armor consisting of advanced [[Electromagnetic warfare|EW]] Systems. DARE has developed a range of state-of-the art EW suites for military aircraft. Systems developed include versatile [[Radar warning receiver|Radar warning receivers]] (RWR), podded jammers and integrated EW suites. These systems have added electronic teeth to the carrier platforms.

====D-29 EW System====
D-29 is an integrated EW system for Radar warning and jamming that encompasses RWR, [[Electronic countermeasure|ECM]], ESM functions and utilizes state-of-the-art active phased arrays for selectively jamming the multiple threat radars for use onboard Indian [[Mikoyan MiG-29]]s. The D-29 system serves primarily as a self-protection jammer that will boost survivability, enhance situation awareness and increase mission effectiveness.<ref name="Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India">{{cite web |title=Development of D-29 System (Internal EW system for MIG-29 Upgrade Aircraft) |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/development-d-29-system-internal-ew-system-mig-29-upgrade-aircraft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183748/https://www.drdo.gov.in/development-d-29-system-internal-ew-system-mig-29-upgrade-aircraft |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref name="pib.nic.in">Sabha, Lok. [http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=54392 "Upgradation of MIG-29 squadrons."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127005939/http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=54392|date=27 November 2009}} ''Pib''. Retrieved 1 August 2010.</ref>

D-29 system detects and gives the information about the position of the RF sources illuminating the aircraft and applies the appropriate jamming technique. The system mainly consists of Unified Receiver Exciter Processor (UREP modified to suit the requirements of D-29), Solid State Transmit / Receive Unit (SSTRU) with Active Array Unit (AAU) and a liquid cooling system.

D-29 System has completed flight evaluation from users for ground and airborne emitters in [[Nashik]] and [[Gwalior]]. The system performance has been satisfactory. Modification of all 06 aircraft has been completed for the installation of D-29 system.

==== Swayam Raksha Kavach EW System ====
CASDIC and [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory|Defense Electronics Research Laboratory]] worked together to jointly design and develop the SRK EW package. The project was initiated in 2021. It consists of the [[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory#Advanced Self Protection Jammer (ASPJ)|Advanced Self Protection Jammer]] (ASPJ) pod and the [[#Dhruti DR118 RWR|Dhruti DR118 RWR]]. It is designed to function with the [[Uttam AESA Radar]]. With enhanced capabilities, the SRK suite is an evolution of the D-29 EW System, which was developed for use on [[Mikoyan MiG-29]] aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2025-06-28 |title=A make in India snub |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20250707-a-make-in-india-snub-2747046-2025-06-28 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=India tests new airborne electronic warfare suite for Tejas Mk 1A |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-tests-new-airborne-electronic-warfare-suite-for-tejas-mk-1a |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref> With the Dhruti DR118 RWR's four wideband receiver channels and the ASPJ pod's [[digital radio frequency memory]] technology, the SRK EW suite offers 360-degree radar warning coverage and can process more than a million pulses per second, offering complete defense against [[electronic warfare]] threats.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-30 |title=HAL Snubs DRDO Tech for Tejas MK-1A |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/hals-controversial-decision-to-abandon-indigenous-radar-and-ew-systems-for-tejas-mk-1a-highlights-systemic-challenges/ |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[HAL Tejas#Prototypes|Tejas LSP-3 (KH2013)]] aircraft was used to test the SRK EW suite for an integrated mode of operation with internal RWR sensor and the ASPJ pod. It included a restricted multi-emitter test scenario for ground and aerial radar jamming. In 2023, several tests and sorties were carried out to check the integration of the SRK EW suite with Uttam radar.<ref name=":70">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives biggest avionics order ever from HAL for LCA Tejas Fighter Aircraft programme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bel-avionics-hal-lca-tejas-fighter-aircraft-programme-7675850/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As of 30 October 2025, the EW suite is undergoing flight trials which is scheduled to conclude by mid-2026. Deployment of the system is expected by 2026 end. While the RWR is integrated within the aircraft, the ASPJ pod will be mounted on a [[hardpoint]].<ref name=":02" />

==== Dhruti DR118 RWR ====
DARE develop a state-of-the-art Digital [[Radar warning receiver|Radar Warning Receiver]] Dhruti DR118 RWR for fighter platforms which offers very good sensitivity, selectivity and wideband instantaneous bandwidth at the same time. The system uses frequency domain detection processing based on digital filtering that offers very low effective [[Spectral leakage|noise bandwidth]], rendering the system highly sensitive and capable of providing very good range advantage factor against all kinds of emitters. With greater pulse density handling capability and lower hardware complexity, power and weight vis-à-vis the predecessor systems, DR118 is an ideal solution for the present and future challenges faced by military aircraft.

It is part of the Unified Electronic Warfare Suite, also referred as Swayam Raksha Kavach, for [[HAL Tejas]]. The Tejas PV-1 aircraft was used to test the technology.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chopra (Retd)|first1=AM Anil|title=Electronic Warfare -Trends – Time For India to Become Atamnirbhar|url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/08/25/electronic-warfare-trends-time-for-india-to-become-atamnirbhar/|website=Air Power Asia|date=25 August 2020|access-date=16 May 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516101606/https://airpowerasia.com/2020/08/25/electronic-warfare-trends-time-for-india-to-become-atamnirbhar/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, CASDIC did a [[Technology transfer|transfer of technology]] of the Digital Radar Warning Receiver to [[Bharat Electronics]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2023 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 3,700 crore contracts with BEL for Medium Power Radars ‘Arudhra’ & 129 DR-118 Radar Warning Receivers |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1910065 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau ]] |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Atul |title=India Showcases Domestically Developed EW Systems |url=https://www.jedonline.com/2023/03/08/india-showcases-domestically-developed-ew-systems/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Journal of Electromagnetic Dominance |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-18 |title=BEL signs multiple LAToTs with various labs of DRDO |url=https://psuwatch.com/defencewatch/bel-signs-multiple-latots-with-various-labs-of-drdo |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=PSU Watch |language=en}}</ref>

The RWR has four channel wide band receivers, which enhance the possibility of detecting and precisely determining the direction of enemy airborne and ground-based radars. The LSP-3 (KH2013) aircraft was used to test the Swayam Raksha Kavach EW suite for an integrated mode of operation with internal RWR sensor and the ASPJ pod. It included a restricted multi-emitter test scenario for ground and aerial radar jamming. In 2023, several tests and sorties were carried out to check the integration of the Swayam Raksha Kavach EW suite with [[Uttam AESA Radar|Uttam radar]].<ref name=":70" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=BEL receives biggest avionics order ever from HAL for LCA Tejas Fighter Aircraft programme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bel-avionics-hal-lca-tejas-fighter-aircraft-programme-7675850/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2025-06-30 |title=Why HAL opting for foreign tech for jets is a Make in India snub |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-hal-opting-for-foreign-tech-for-jets-is-a-make-in-india-snub-2748437-2025-06-30 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==== D-Jag Internal RWJ System ====
D-JAG is an integrated EW system for warning and jamming that encompasses RWR, ECM, ESM functions and uses MPM based transmitters for jamming the enemy radars. The system detects and gives the information about the position of the RF sources illuminating the aircraft and applies the appropriate jamming technique.

==== Tarang radar warning receiver ====
TARANG, developed by DARE, intercepts and identifies airborne and ground based acquisition, target tracking and missile guidance radars in multi-octave frequency bands. The system provides audio and visual warnings in order to alert the pilot against imminent threats and their current state viz. Search, Track and / or missile in air. It cues the onboard self protection jammer to counter each of the detected threats with the most optimum countermeasure technique, besides acting as master of the Counter Measures Dispensing System (CMDS). TARANG RWR is on par with the best in the world and is operational in many IAF and IN aircraft platforms.

====Pods for EW Equipment====
DARE has in its stable subsonic and supersonic pods, employed and capable of carriage of jammer systems, high accuracy Direction Finding (DF) sub systems or special sensors forming part of a larger system.

===Avionics Processors and Software===
DARE has indigenously developed Airborne Computers for [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI]], [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]], [[Mikoyan MiG-27|MiG 27]] upgrade and the prestigious [[HAL Tejas]]. A number of computers have been developed using common module approach with a performance of over 50 million instructions per second. Radar Computer (RC) developed for the Su-30 MKI controls the phased array radar and also functions as the Radar Data Processor. Display Processor (DP) has Colour and Monochrome Symbol Generators to generate anti-aliased graphics to drive four Multi Function Displays (MFD) and Head Up Display (HUD). Currently DARE is engaged in developing Advanced computers for next generation aircraft.

==== Core Avionics Computer ====
DARE has upgraded MiG-27 aircraft into a State-of-the-art potent weapon platform by equipping it with advanced digital avionics systems. The system is built around a modular Core Avionics Computer (CAC) developed by DARE. The CAC built on open system principles houses functional modules using contemporary processors and devices. Accurate weapon delivery with free fall bombs and laser guided bombs are key features of this upgrade.

DARE evolved the system specifications and interface control requirements taking into consideration IAF need for operations and maintenance. These led to the software requirements for the CAC. DARE took up the challenge of developing the mission critical software. Over one million lines of code were developed adhering to stringent real time constraints and requisite software engineering requirements. The resultant quality software was independently verified and validated with external agencies.

===MAWS and MSWS===
'''Dual Colour Missile Approach Warning System (DCMAWS)''' Dual Colour MAWS system operates in the mid IR band for identifying the approaching missiles of all generations. The spectral information of two colors is used to discriminate efficiently between sunlight reflections, background radiation and the radiation from the missile. The DCMAWS consists of a set of up to six dual color IR sensors installed on the platform, which samples the space in accordance with the defined spatial coverage and integrated with advanced processor running state-of-the-art clutter rejection and tracking algorithms to declare the oncoming missile threat with a very good false alarm rate.

'''Multi-Sensor Warning System (MSWS)''' The MSWS is an advanced modern state-of-the-art aircraft self-protection system designed to provide vital EW capability required when operating in sophisticated, diverse and dense threat environment. The MSWS architecture provides for the integration and data fusion from a variety of sensors/receivers which provide RF/UV/Laser spectral coverage. The system shall detect and declare hostile Radars and missiles, provide related warning to pilot and initiate adequate countermeasures. The angular information of the threat is provided through audio and visual display to the pilot. The MSWS together with counter measures makes a complete Self Protection Suite (SPS) and has made entry into a number of aircraft programmes.

===Cockpit Display===
'''Next Generation Avionic Displays''' DARE has developed Multi-Function Displays (MFDs) for modern fighter aircraft. Displays of size 5”x5” & 6”x6” have been developed and are in production for Su-30MKI aircraft. Large format Smart MFDs of size 6”x8” & 12”x9” for new generation aircraft have also been developed by DARE.

===FADEC System===
'''Full Authority Digital Electronic Controller for Control of an Aero Engine (FADEC)''' Modern day aero-engines intended for military aircraft applications are invariably configured with a Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system. The FADEC takes the input in terms of the thrust demand based on the current state of the engine and the flight conditions, controls the engine so as not to exceed any of the limiting parameters of the engine while at the same time providing the best response. In case of a fault condition the controlling channel switches to the second lane configuration. FADEC being a safety critical system, adequate redundancy is configured into the system to provide the necessary reliability and availability. In a single engine application, since in-flight shut down of the engine is not an option, the configuration needs to have additional specific features to ensure the availability.

===Pilot Vehicle Interface===

==== Engineering Flight Simulator ====
DARE has set up an Engineering Flight Simulator [EFS] facility to develop Pilot Vehicle Interface for military platforms. The EFS is based on the open source Flight Simulator environment. The PVI Graphics are developed using OpenGL graphics library for next generation Smart Multi-Function Displays (SMFD). The EFS uses DARE developed algorithms to interface and acquire essential flight data from the core flight simulator and render the MFD Graphics in real-time. The system is capable of producing visual display information for the standard instrument panels and communicating with system modules to generate aerodynamic and inertial navigation data. The simulator has advanced.

===Other Technologies===
# New Generation Digital RWR/ ESM sub system
#Digital Narrow Band Receivers with 1 GHz IBW
#Core EW Unit with 1 GHz Processing
#Digital RF Memory with 1 GHz BW
#5–18 GHz Vivaldi Antenna and Antenna Array
#5–18 GHz, 16 and 32 element based Active Transmit Receive Unit

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://drdo.com/labs/dare/index.html DARE Home Page]

{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka]]

Seawoods–Darave railway station

2025-12-03T11:47:55Z

Nikhil009: improved article

#REDIRECT [[Seawoods-Darave-Karave railway station]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

HURL Barauni

2025-12-01T19:56:56Z

Nikhil009: New initial page basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Urvarak Nagar Barauni
| official_name = HURL, Barauni (Urvarak Nagar)
| image_seal =
| seal_size = 200px
| subdivision_type = Country
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 = HURL Barauni.jpg
| image2 = Fertiliser Plant Barauni.jpg
| image3 =
| Image4 =
| image5 =
}}
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Administration in Bihar|Block]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Barauni]]
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_type6 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name6 = [[Barauni]] [[Urban area|Urban]] [[Area]]
| established_date = 1970s
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Tushar Singla<ref>{{Cite web |title=District website of Begusarai Contents of Begusarai District India |url=https://begusarai.nic.in/ |access-date=27 September 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|MP, Begusarai Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name1 = [[Giriraj Singh]]
| postal_code = 8511xx
| blank1_name_sec1 = Language
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hindi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
}}
'''Urvarak Nagar Barauni''', popularly known as '''HURL, Barauni''' is an Fertilizer plant and township in [[Barauni]], District [[Begusarai]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. [[Barauni Fertiliser Plant]] of Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Limited (HFCL) is located here in 480 acres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/bihar-to-enlist-retd-officials-for-speedy-departmental-actions/1183685|title=Bihar to enlist retd officials for speedy departmental actions}}</ref>

==Barauni Fertiliser Plant==
In January 1961, [[Fertilizer Corporation of India]] Ltd. (FCI) was created out of the merger of Sindri Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd. and Hindustan Fertilizer and Chemicals Ltd. Between 1961 and 1977, FCI created seventeen fertilizer units. Seven started operating while the remaining ten were at various stages of implementation.

In 1978 the Government of India set up a committee to reorganize its fertilizer industry. Per the committee's recommendation, the government approved the split of FCI and [[National Fertilizers]] Ltd. (NFL), into five separate entities. The newly formed Hindustan [[Fertilizer Corporation]] Ltd (HFC) took charge of the [[Namrup]], [[Haldia]], [[Barauni]] and [[Durgapur]], while FCI were assigned the [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Ramagundam]], [[Talcher]], [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]] units and the Jodhpur Mining Organization. The other units were allocated to [[Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers]] Ltd., [[National Fertilizers]] Ltd together with a planning and development company, Project and Development (India) Ltd.

On 13 July 2016, Union Cabinet approved revival of [[Barauni Fertiliser Plant]] by Hindustan Urvarak and Rasayan Limited (HURL).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/revival-of-barauni-fertiliser-plant-soon/articleshow/60799876.cms | title='Revival of Barauni fertiliser plant soon' | date=23 September 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/JlzX6iSVfe2pi73a0eay9K/Govt-plans-to-revive-Gorakhpur-Barauni-Sindri-urea-plants.html|title = Govt plans to revive Gorakhpur, Barauni, Sindri fertilizer plants using US LNG|date = 18 October 2017}}</ref> The contract for revival of Barauni fertiliser plant would be awarded to the SPV (special purpose vehicle) of NTPC, Coal India and IOC in November 2017. In November 2017, Bihar cabinet approved proposal to wave off stamp duty amounting to Rs 216 crore for leasing out 480 acre land of [[Barauni Fertiliser Plant]] belonging to Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Ltd to Hindustan Urvarak and Rasayan Ltd for a period of 55 years for its revival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-cabinet-clears-rs-1100-crore-for-power-distribution-network/articleshow/61551224.cms|title = Bihar cabinet clears Rs 1,100 crore for power distribution network | Patna News - Times of India}}</ref>

{{Infobox power station
| name = HURL, Barauni
| name_official = HURL, Barauni (formerly HFC, Barauni)
| image =
| image_caption = Under construction Plant
| coordinates = {{coord|25.413|N|86.029|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Barauni]], [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]], [[Bihar]]
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 1970 (first unit), 2020 (current plant)
| commissioned = 1970–1999, 2022
| decommissioned =
| owner = [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]], [[Government of India]]
| operator = Hindustan Uravarak and Rasayan Limited (HURL)
| website = https://hurl.net.in/barauni-project
}}

==History==
The township was built in the late 1970s to house the employees of The Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited's, [[urea]] production plant. The installed capacity was 3.3 (lakh-MT).<ref>[http://fert.nic.in/page/fertilizers-companies Government of India The Department of fertilizers Fertilizer companies]</ref>

The Barauni Unit produces urea under the Brand Name "Moti". Production was on 1 January 1999 due to ongoing losses and insufficient subsidies.

Most employees were released via Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS) in 2002–03. The remaining employees were dismissed during 2003–04.

==Layout and facilities==
The township is gated, with two entrances. Represented by Postal Code 851115 with a dedicated sub Post Office, it has over 1,500 housing units. Urvarak Nagar is a copybook example of a well laid out township. Situated by National Highway 31 and spread over an area of 280 acres, all arterial roads crisscrossing this township intersect each other at 90°. Amenities include two shopping complexes, a hospital, bank, recreation centers, guest houses and parks. A temple, a mosque, a church and a [[Gurudwara]] are also in the township.

Sports facilities include badminton, basketball, cricket, shuttle, soccer, tennis and volleyball. The township has two recreation centers, Vinod Kendra and Fertilizer Officer's Club (F.O.C.).

In the mid-1980s it has been linked to a cable network.

==Schools==
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan HFC Barauni (Elementary, Middle & High School)
* DAV Public School (Elementary, Middle & High School)
* KG School (Elementary, Middle)

Kendriya Vidyalaya and DAV Public School are operated by the local administration and respective school committee. KG school closed by 2003.

==Transportation==
The company provides transport service to and from the factory and to several local destinations including district city [[Begusarai]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Begusarai district]]
[[Category:Barauni]]

Aniyathi (film)

2025-11-27T04:26:39Z

Nikhil009: new a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aniyathi
| image = Aniyathi film poster.jpg
| caption = Newspaper snippet
| director = M. Krishnan Nair
| producer = [[P. Subramaniam]]
| writer = M. Kunchacko
| screenplay = [[T. N. Gopinathan Nair]]
| music = Br. Lakshmanan
| released = {{Film date|1955|02|11|df=y}}
| cinematography = N. S. Mani
| editing = K. D. George
| studio = Neela
| distributor = Kumaraswamy & Co.
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Miss Kumari]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Aniyathi''''' is a 1955 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by M. Krishnan Nair and produced by P. Subramaniam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=53|title=Aniyathi (1955)}}</ref> The film stars [[Prem Nazir]] and [[Kumari Thankam|Miss Kumari]]. The film had musical score by Br. Lakshmanan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/aniyathi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112032553/http://spicyonion.com/title/aniyathi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 November 2014|title = Aniyathi}}</ref> The popular song "Kunkuma Chaaraninju" is from this movie.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/aniyathi-1955/article4964492.ece|title = Aniyathi: 1955|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 29 July 2013|last1 = Vijayakumar|first1 = B.}}</ref> Miss Kumari won Madras Film Fans Association Award for Best Actress (1956) for her performance in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniyathi (1955) |url=https://misskumari.com/filmography/aniyathi-1955/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Miss Kumari }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Prem Nazir]] as Rajappan
* [[Miss Kumari|Jayan]] as James
* [[Kumari Thankam|Jayabharathi]] as Sreedevi
* [[Jose Prakash|Vincent]] as Vijayan
* [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair|Sukumaran]] as Raghavan
* [[T. S. Muthaiah|Unnimary]] as Ragini
* [[S. P. Pillai|K.P Ummer]] as Inspector.Madhavan
* [[Aranmula Ponnamma|Nandhitha Bose]] as Thankhamma
* Adoorbhasi as Vasu Pilla

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0214479}}

[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]
[[Category:Films scored by Br Lakshmanan]]

{{1950s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

List of ministers of science and technology of Bihar

2025-11-24T06:54:13Z

Nikhil009: starting first post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Science and technology ministers of Bihar}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

This is a list of Science and Technology Ministers of Bihar, India.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Chief Minister
! Party
|- align = "center"
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
| 11 April 1975
| 30 April 1977
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
| rowspan="5" |
[[Indian National Congress]]
|- align = "center"
|[[Shyam Sunder Singh Dheeraj]]
| 1980
| 1981
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
|- align = "center"
| Sami Nadvi
| 1981
| 1983
|[[Jagannath Mishra]]
|- align = "center"
|[[Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi|L.P. Shahi]]
| 1983
| 1985
|[[Chandrashekhar Singh]]
|- align = "center"
| Vijay Kumar Singh
| 1985
| 1988
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|- align = "center"
| [[Chandrika Roy]]
| 2000
| 2000
| [[Rabari Devi]]
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|- align = "center"
| Dr. Anil Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bihartimes.in/elect_05/elections.html|title=Bihar assembly elections 1995, 2000, 2005}}</ref>
| 2005
| 2008
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|50x50px|alt=]]
[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|- align = "center"
| Shahid Ali Khan
| 2008
| 2010
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|- align = "center"
| Gautam Singh
| 2010
| 2014
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|- align = "center"
|[[Ashok Choudhary]]
| 2015
| 2017
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|- align = "center"
| [[Jai Kumar Singh]]
| 2017
| 9 August 2022
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|50x50px|alt=]]
[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|- align = "center"
| [[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
|9 August 2022
|20 November 2025
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|- align = "center"
| [[Sunil Kumar (born 1988)|Sunil Kumar]]
|20 November 2025
| present
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Department of Science and Technology, Bihar]]
*[[Government of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of finance of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of health of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of sports of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of education of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of transport of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of co-operatives of Bihar]]
*[[List of ministers of panchayati raj of Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Science_and_Technology_Ministers_of_Bihar}}
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|Science and Technology Ministers]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Bihar]]

Mudaima

2025-11-24T04:49:53Z

Nikhil009: New

{{Short description|Indian medicinal tree}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

'''Mudaima''' is a medicinal plant or a medium sized tree. It is commonly identified as [[Buchanania axillaris|''Buchanania axillaris'']],<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-05-16 |title=Mudaima, Mudāīma: 2 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mudaima |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> of family ''Anacardiaceae.'' It is an endemic species and only its kernel, seeds and grains are edible. It is in states like Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. It is used more for its medicinal properties and as timber.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alveda |url=https://ask-ayurveda.com/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=ask-ayurveda.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khare |first=C. P. |title=Indian Medicinal Plants |publisher=Springer |year=2008 |publication-date=2008 |pages=104 |isbn=978-0-387-70637-5 |language=En |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMwLwbUwtfkC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Verma |first=Ravindra |date=May–June 2022 |title=Wild and lesser known fruit germplasm in JNTBGRI: An approach for ex situ conservation |url=https://icar.org.in/sites/default/files/2022-06/IH-May-June-2022.pdf?utm |journal=Indian Horticulture |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=17–26 |via=ICAR}}</ref>

A closely related species in the same genus is ''[[Buchanania lanzan]]'', a deciduous tree with tomentose (hairy) branches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hullatti |first1=Kiran Kumar |last2=JR |first2=Manjunatha |last3=IJ |first3=Kuppasth |date=August 2014 |title=Comparative Study on Diuretic Effect of Buchanania angustifolia Roxb, and Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Fruit Extracts and Fractions |journal=Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=059–063 |issn=2231-3354 |via=JAPS online}}</ref> Its local name in Hindi is Chironji. Its seeds have almond-like flavour.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=Tripti |last2=Quraishi |first2=Afaque |date=2023-12-31 |title=Buchanania lanzan Spreng: An underutilised and valuable tropical fruit tree native to Indian forests |url=https://jru-b.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2023-36-2-9 |journal=Journal of Ravishankar University |language=English |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.52228/JRUB.2023-36-2-9|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is grown in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andaman Islands in India, apart from Sri Lanka and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buchanania axillaris – eFlora of India |url=https://efloraofindia.com/efi/buchanania-axillaris/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buchanania lanzan Spreng. {{!}} Species |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/229000 |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medicinal plants]]

Shakuntala Jakhu

2025-09-30T18:19:27Z

Nikhil009: new a stub

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
'''Shakuntala Jakhu''' was a 1978 batch [[IAS officer]] and the former [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Shakuntala Jakhu to be new Haryana chief secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/shakuntala-jakhu-to-be-new-haryana-chief-secretary/story-4jThPzIvs2HDL3iU2ZalmI.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref> to the [[Government of Haryana]]. She was the fourth female chief secretary of Haryana.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/haryana-gets-woman-chief-secretary/articleshow/39326362.cms?from=mdr | title=Haryana gets woman chief secretary | newspaper=The Times of India | date=31 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/keshni-anand-arora-is-new-haryana-chief-secretary/story-xkUd4NMKksgThXB5ZqD9SP.html | title=Keshni Anand Arora is new Haryana chief secretary | date=July 2019 }}</ref>

==Career==
Before her appointment as Chief Secretary, Jakhu served in several key administrative roles. She was the [[Additional Chief Secretary]] and Financial Commissioner for the Revenue, Disaster Management, and Consolidation Departments.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Shakuntala Jakhu to be new Haryana chief secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/shakuntala-jakhu-to-be-new-haryana-chief-secretary/story-4jThPzIvs2HDL3iU2ZalmI.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref> Her tenure as Chief Secretary began on August 1, 2014, following the retirement of S.C. Choudhary. Initially scheduled to retire on September 30, 2014, her service was extended until November 30, 2014, with clearance from the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shakuntla Jakhu takes over as new Haryana CS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shakuntla-jakhu-takes-over-as-new-haryana-cs-114073101394_1.html |access-date=27 September 2025 |agency=Business Standard}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She wad born in [[Ravidassia|Ravidassia Community]] and married to a 1979 batch IAS officer, [[Ramendra Jakhu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/ec-clears-extension-for-chief-secretary/articleshow/43922202.cms | title=EC clears extension for chief secretary | newspaper=The Times of India | date=October 2014 }}</ref> She is also a close relative of former [[Union Minister]] and [[Lok Sabha MP]] [[Kumari Selja]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/jakhu-to-continue-as-cs-till-november-30/story-qsbBxSKviqieBKh1xkBrNK.html | title=Jakhu to continue as CS till November 30 | date=30 September 2014 }}</ref>

==Controversy==
Jakhu was among three Haryana cadre bureaucrats whose names were in the scam of Associate Journals Limited (AJL), publisher of the National Herald newspaper, despite getting a clean chit from the State Vigilance Bureau (SVB) in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/national-herald-case-ias-officers-named-in-fir-despite-clean-chit-from-haryana-vigilance-bureau-4604567/ | title=National herald case: IAS officers named in FIR despite clean chit from Haryana vigilance bureau | date=8 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/national-herald-case-subramanian-swamy-seeks-b-s-hooda-ex-haryana-cm-as-witness | title=National Herald: Subramanian Swamy Seeks Ex-Haryana CM as Witness | date=23 April 2017 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Malkiat Singh (police officer)|Malkiat Singh Jakhu]]
*[[Jagmohan Singh Raju]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakhu, Shakuntala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Union Public Service Commission]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category: Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]

S. Nagarajan

2025-09-20T17:02:51Z

Nikhil009: put up basic details first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
'''S. Nagarajan''' is an Indian politician and is [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Manamadurai (State Assembly Constituency)|Manamadurai constituency]] in the [[2019 elections in India|by-election in 2019]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/aiadmk-wins-5-dmk-4-assembly-seats-in-south/articleshow/69472719.cms AIADMK wins 5, DMK 4 assembly seats in south]</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nine-aiadmk-members-take-oath-as-mlas/article27282241.ece Nine AIADMK members take oath as MLAs]</ref><ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/mar/20/manamadurai-bypoll-in-three-cornered-contest-aiadmk-hoping-for-a-repeat-1953381.html Manamadurai bypoll: In three-cornered contest, AIADMK hoping for a repeat]</ref>

==See also==
*[[TANSI land acquisition case]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagarajan, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

UFO Moviez

2025-09-13T09:15:56Z

Nikhil009: new new entry

{{Short description|Indian digital cinema distribution network}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| image = UFO_logo.jpg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|539141}}|{{NSE|UFO}}}}
| industry = [[Advertising media selection|Cinema advertising]]
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = Worldwide
| foundation = 2004
| founder = Sanjay Shankar Gaikwad Narendra Hete
| key_people = Sanjay Shankar Gaikwad ([[Managing Director]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Sanjay Shankar Gaikwad|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=31267046&privcapId=31138435|publisher=bloomberg.com|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.ufomoviez.com/}}
}}

'''UFO Moviez India Limited''' is an Indian [[digital cinema]] distribution network and an in-cinema advertising platform.<ref>{{cite news|title=UFO Moviez's theatre arm to start operations next month|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ufo-moviezs-theatre-arm-to-start-operations-next-month/article9163751.ece|access-date=13 March 2018|work=The Hindu|publisher=thehindubusinessline.com|date=29 September 2016}}</ref> It operates a satellite-based digital cinema distribution network using its UFO-M4 platform and D-Cinema network. UFO Moviez is a company in the business of electronic delivery of digitized full-length feature films and content in theatres via satellite. UFO has also contributed to the revival of [[Movie theater|single screen cinemas]] in India and its secure technology has substantially reduced Piracy. UFO has ensured that audiences have ‘day of release’ access to films everywhere. UFO Moviez claimed to have released more than 11,000 films in 22 languages, on its UFO M4-Platform and [[Digital Cinema Initiatives|DCI]] Network and has conducted over 21 million shows.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 June 2017 |title=UFO Moviez India Ltd – India's largest digital cinema distribution network and in-cinema advertising platform |url=http://www.lifeandequities.com/ufo-moviez-india-ltd-indias-largest-digital-cinema-distribution-network-and-in-cinema-advertising-platform/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313155210/http://www.lifeandequities.com/ufo-moviez-india-ltd-indias-largest-digital-cinema-distribution-network-and-in-cinema-advertising-platform/ |archive-date=2018-03-13 |access-date=13 March 2018 |publisher=lifeandequities.com}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 2005, UFO Moviez has been promoted by Valuable Group led by Sanjay Gaikwad & Narendra Hete and Apollo International Limited led by Kanwar Raaja. Valuable Group is, amongst other businesses, engaged in the digital cinema space, film distribution business and delivers, stores and plays movies in private theatres. Apollo International has different business segments such as international trading of tyres, various commodities, products and services, manufacturing and export of leather garments and logistics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs/1419220339596.pdf|title=UFO Moviez History}}</ref> In 2007, 3i Private Equity invested US$22mn. with an aim of funding the company's expansion plans. In 2011, Providence Equity Partners provided growth capital by investing US$60mn. in primary and secondary capital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vccircle.com/providence-equity-partners-invests-rs-260-cr-ufo-moviez/|title=Providence Equity Partners Invests Rs 260 Cr In UFO Moviez|date=2011-04-18|work=VCCircle|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2011, UFO acquired controlling stake in South India based Southern Digital Solutions (SDS) and the only DCI System Integrator in India – Scrabble Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/international-news/ufo-moviez-commits-rs-2bn-for-scrabble-entertainment%E2%80%99s-india-expansion-113102206713_1.html|title=UFO Moviez commits Rs.2bn for Scrabble Entertainment's India expansion|last=indiainfoline.com|access-date=2018-06-04|language=en}}</ref> In 2015, UFO Moviez made a stellar debut on Indian Bourses.

== Products ==

=== Digital Cinema System ===
UFO-M4 is UFO's satellite-based, E-Cinema movie delivery platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1419220339596.pdf |title=Draft Red Herring Prospectus |website=www.sebi.gov.in |access-date=2014-12-22 |date=December 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231114501/http://www.sebi.gov.in/cms/sebi_data/attachdocs/1419220339596.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:UFO Moviez}}
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Steek (Sikh literature)

2025-07-18T18:40:29Z

Nikhil009: typo fix

{{Short description|Sikh exegetical literature}}
{{Infobox
| title = Steek/Teeka
| image = [[File:ਆਸਾ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਨੀ ਟੀਕਾ.pdf|ਆਸਾ ਦੀ ਵਾਰ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਨੀ ਟੀਕਾ|190px|alt=Teeka (exegesis) on the Sikh "Asa Di Vaar" Composition]]
| caption = Teeka (exegesis) on the Sikh "Asa Di Vaar" Composition
}}
{{Sikh literature}}A '''''steek''''' or '''''teeka''''' (other spellings may exist such as ''stik'' or ''tika)'' ({{Langx|pa|ਸਟੀਕ|translit=steek|label=[[Gurmukhi]]}}; '[[Exegesis]]') is an exegesis or [[Commentary (philology)|commentary]] on a [[Sikh scriptures|Sikh religious text]],<ref name=":2">Nabha, Bhai Kahan Singh. "Mahan kosh." ''(No Title)'' (1990).</ref><ref name=":0" /> usually ''[[Gurbani]]'', but can also include other writings like the [[ghazal]]s of [[Bhai Nand Lal]]. An author of a ''steek'' or ''teeka'' is known as a ''teekakar'' (Gurmukhi: ਟੀਕਾਕਾਰ).<ref name=":2" /> A steek always includes an explanation, or ''viakhya'' (Gurmukhi: ਵ੍ਯਾਖ੍ਯਾ)<ref name=":2" /> of the specific religious text, but depending on the complexity of the steek, it can also include footnotes, commentary, and contexts to the specific verses and where they were first written/revealed (known as an "Uthanka" [Gurmukhi: ਉਥਾਨਕਾ]).

There are different characteristics and variations between ''steeks''. Traditional Sikh commentaries on Sikh scripture are known as a ''[[Sampradaya|Sampardai]] Steek/Teeka'' (Gurmukhi: ਸੰਪ੍ਰਦਾਈ ਟੀਕਾ/ਸਟੀਕ) and usually includes more detailed exegesis of Sikh Scripture.

== Etymology ==
According to the ''[[Mahan Kosh]]'', the word ''steek'' (ਸਟੀਕ) means ''"text with annotations, with the original text explanation,"''<ref name=":2" /> whereas the word ''teeka'' (ਟੀਕਾ) means "commentary on a ''granth'' (book), exegesis, 'read aloud with annotations.'"<ref name=":2" /> Both words can trace their etymology to the [[Sanskrit|Sanskrit language]]. A steek is typically a simpler translation of the text in question, whereas a teeka is typically held to be a more complex and in-depth exegesis of the religious text.

== Categorization ==
There are four major types of Sikh scriptural interpretation techniques, they are as follows:<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Anoop |title=A Bibliography of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji |date=27 February 2005 |publisher=Panthic Weekly |pages=8–9 |chapter=Part 4: Interpretations and Commentaries: A - Studies of Interpretive Traditions}}</ref>

* ''Teeka'': commentary providing the meaning of a particular hymn or composition in layman's terms.<ref name=":6" /> This technique is common amongst [[Sikh Studies|Sikh scholars]].<ref name=":6" />
* ''Viakhia'': extended commentary on a ''[[Shabda|shabad]]''.<ref name=":6" /> This is the basic mode of scriptural exegesis performed at Sikh [[gurdwara]]s or ''[[Dera (organization)|deras]]''.<ref name=":6" />
* ''Bhashya'' or ''bhash'': an explanation of difficult words found in a text by the writer.<ref name=":6" />
* ''Paramarth'': a glossary or "word-meanings", providing spiritual meanings of mystic and religious terms found in the scripture.<ref name=":6" />

== History ==
The writings of [[Bhai Gurdas]] are considered to be the first exegeses of Sikh literature, and Bhai Gurdas is considered to be the first Sikh exegete (during the Guru Period).<ref>Philosophical Reflections on Śabad (word): Event - Resonance - Revelation, Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair.</ref> His ''[[Varan Bhai Gurdas|vaars]]'' provide in-depth commentary on [[Gurmat|Sikh theology]]. Later, in 1706, after the [[Battle of Muktsar]], the army of [[Guru Gobind Singh]] camped at Sabo Ki Talwandi, today known as [[Damdama Sahib|Takht Sri Damdamā Sahib]].<ref>Dhillon, Dalbir (1988). Sikhism Origin and Development. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 152.</ref> That year, for nine months, Guru Gobind Singh performed oral exegesis of the Guru Granth Sahib, and this ''[[Vidya (philosophy)|vidya]]'' is said to have been passed down the ''Sikh Sampardai''.<ref>Singh, Nirbhai. ''Philosophy of Sikhism: Reality and its manifestations''. Atlantic Publishers & Distri, 1990.</ref> In this way, traditional Sikh schools of thought ([[Sampradaya|sampardai]]) are said to have received their knowledge and interpretations of scriptural canon from the ''pranali'' (lineage of knowledge).
[[File:Folio of handwritten teeka (exegesis) of the Japji Sahib composition, attributed to Bhai Mani Singh (1).jpg|thumb|Folio of handwritten ''teeka'' (exegesis) of the [[Japji Sahib]] composition, attributed to Bhai Mani Singh]]
There is also contemporary exegesis literature from the period that can be referenced today, such as the works of [[Bhai Mani Singh]], which are often cited as sources for steeks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=SGGS Academy |url=http://archive.org/details/exegesis-of-akaal-ustat |title=Exegesis Of Akaal Ustat: SGGS Academy |date=2019-01-13}}</ref>

== List of major ''Teekas'' and ''Steeks'' ==

=== Faridkot Teeka ===
When Western scholar [[Ernest Trumpp]] began to draft his English translation of the entire Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, his approach earned him the disdain of many Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Studying the Sikhs: issues for North America |date=1993 |publisher=State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2 |editor-last=Hawley |editor-first=John Stratton |series=SUNY series in religious studies |location=Albany, N.Y |editor-last2=Mann |editor-first2=Gurinder Singh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ballantyne |first=Tony |title=Between colonialism and diaspora: Sikh cultural formations in an imperial world |date=2006 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3824-6 |location=Durham, N. C. London}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=McLeod |first=William Hewat |date=11 August 2024 |title=Sikh literature |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sikh-literature |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Following the publication of Trumpp's work in 1877, Raja Bikram Singh, ruler of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]] (1842–98) and patron of the Amritsar Khalsa Diwan,<ref>Singh, Gurdarshan. "The Singh Sabha Movement." ''History and Culture of Punjab'' (1988): 95-107.</ref> commissioned a full-scale commentary on the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":0" /> The revision was completed during the time of Raja Bikram Singh, but he did not live long enough to see publication of the work he had sponsored.<ref name=":0" /> Four volumes of [[Exegesis|exegetical literature]] were later published (three volumes between 1905–06 and the fourth several years later<ref name=":9" />),<ref name=":0" /> collectively known as the ''Faridkot Teeka'',<ref>Macauliffe, Max Arthur, and Devinder Singh. "FORMULATING METHODOLOGY FOR INTERPRETING GURBANI."</ref><ref>McLeod, William Hewat, ed. ''Textual sources for the study of Sikhism''. University of Chicago Press, 1990.</ref> due to its place of origin and exegetical nature. To this day, the ''Faridkot Teeka'' is held in high regard by many Sikhs, although many modern Sikh scholars and [[Theology|theologians]] have raised objections against the ''teeka,'' due to its ''[[Brahmanical philosophy|Brahmanical]]'' and ''[[Vedanta|Vedantic]]'' leanings in explaining Sikh Theology.<ref name=":0" /> Collectively, the teeka is over 4,000 pages of literature<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gurubani |url=http://archive.org/details/FridkotWalaTeeka_201901 |title=Fridkot Wala Teeka}}</ref> and includes (at times) multiple ''arths'' [ਅਰਥ] (meanings) and ''uthankas'' for the various ''[[Shabda|shabads]]'' (hymns) within the Guru Granth Sahib.

=== Shabadarath Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji ===
This commentary was published between 1936 and 1941.<ref name=":9" /> It was mostly the work of Teja Singh.<ref name=":9" />

=== Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib ===
Seven volumes of commentary were published between 1958 and 1962 by [[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh]], though the work was never finished.<ref name=":9" />

=== Garib Ganjini Teeka ===
The Garib Ganjini Teeka is one of the most renowned and respected commentaries within the Sikh tradition. The word "Garib Ganjini" means "to destroy ego", principally the ego of [[Udasi]] Scholar [[Anandghan]].<ref name=":0">Virk, Hardev Singh. "Approaches to the Exegesis of Sri Guru Granth Sahib."</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780199087730 |chapter=5. Nirmala Pranali |quote=The origin of the Nirmala sect within the Panth is obscure, although there is some evidence that it existed during the Misal period in the late eighteenth century. There is no evidence to support the traditional claim that Guru Gobind Singh himself deputed five Sikhs to Kashi for Sanskritic learning. The first recognized Nirmala scholar was Kavi Santokh Singh, who wrote the celebrated works Nanak Prakash and Suraj Prakash in the first half of the nineteenth century. He also wrote a commentary on Japji, popularly known as Garbganjani Tika, 'A Commentary to Humble the Pride [of Udasi Anandghan].' Santokh Singh took strong exception to Anandghan's interpretation that Guru Nanak acknowledged six Gurus in a line from Japji. He was also strongly critical of the esoteric interpretation of gurbani presented in the Udasi work. It appears that the scriptural interpretation was one focus of conflict among various sects within the Panth in the nineteenth century. Like Udasis, however, the Nirmala scholars were equally inclined towards Vedantic interpretations of gurbani. They maintained that gurbani was essentially an expression of the Vedic teachings in the current vernacular language (bhakha). In his commentary on Japji, for instance, Santokh Singh frequently employed the Puranic myths and examples from the Vedas to make a point. Basically, he interpreted certain key Sikh doctrines from a brahminical perspective.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind |title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia |publisher=Routledge |others=Michael Nijhawan, Kelly Pemberton |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-88536-9 |series=Volume 11 of Routledge Studies in Religion |volume=11 |location=New York |pages=76 |oclc=1082242146}}</ref> It was authored by [[Kavi Santokh Singh]], as a rebuttal to a work written the [[Udasi]], who he claimed degraded the ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' and [[Guru Nanak]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Santokh Singh criticized Anandghan for his belief that Guru Nanak recognized 6 Gurus in succession within the Japji Sahib, as well as his [[Exoteric|esoteric]] interpretations of the meanings of the text.<ref name=":1" /> The ''teeka'' only covers the Japji Sahib, and is approximately 180 pages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kavi Santokh Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/garab-ganjinee-teeka |title=Garab Ganjinee Teeka - Searchable in Unicode - Punjabi - Vichar and Exegsis}}</ref>

=== Sri Guru Granth Sahib Darpan ===
The Sri Guru Granth Sahib Darpan is a 10-volume exegetical work, with over 6,000 pages of literature in total.<ref>{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/SriGuruGranthSahibDarpan |title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib Darpan |language=Punjabi}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> The work is notable for its objective nature, achieved through [[Sahib Singh|Sahib Singh's]] (the ''teekakar'') complete reliance on the grammar of the Guru Granth Sahib to derive meanings.<ref>Singh, Devinder. "FORMULATING METHODOLOGY FOR INTERPRETING GURBANI POSSIBLE CAUSES AND/OR EXCUSES."</ref><ref name=":3">Staff, Anoop Singh-Panthic Weekly. "Bibliography of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji."</ref> As such, this exegesis does not include ''uthankas''. The ''Sri Guru Granth Sahib Darpan'' was published between 1962 and 1964.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":9" />

== References ==
<references />{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh literature]]
[[Category:Exegesis]]

C. Basavalingaiah

2025-06-28T19:34:25Z

Nikhil009: Made Basic Bio W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|Indian theatre director (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person 
| name = C. Basavalingaiah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1958|07|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]] [[University of Mysore]]
| known_for = Theatre Direction of [[Kuvempu]]'s [[Malegalalli madumagalu]]
| occupation = [[Theatre director]]
| employer = {{plainlist|
* [[National School of Drama]], Bangalore Centre
* [[Rangayana]]
}}
| awards = Shivakumara State Level Award (2010) Sri K.V. Shankaregowda Award (2010) Karnataka State Award (Rajyotsava Award) (2001) Karnataka Nataka Academy Honorary Fellowship (1996)
}}

'''C. Basavalingaiah''' (born 29 July 1958, India) is an Indian theatre director and theatre activist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/todays-youth-have-no-role-models-says-activist/article3330494.ece|title=Today's youth have no role models, says activist|author=Staff Correspondent|date=19 April 2012|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714060121/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/todays-youth-have-no-role-models-says-activist/article3330494.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He has been appointed as the first director<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/c-basavalingaiah-is-the-first-director-of-bangalore-nsd/article6322471.ece|title=C. Basavalingaiah is the first director of Bangalore NSD|first1=Muralidhara|last1=Khajane|date=16 August 2014|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714060123/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/c-basavalingaiah-is-the-first-director-of-bangalore-nsd/article6322471.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="karnatakafirst.in">{{cite web|url=http://karnatakafirst.in/?p=4|title=First Director of Bangalore National School of Drama. August 2014 - Karnataka First|website=karnatakafirst.in|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031424/http://karnatakafirst.in/?p=4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pressreader.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170106/282729111576406|title=PressReader - the Hindu: 2017-01-06 - an act of individuality|via=PressReader|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031500/https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170106/282729111576406|url-status=live}}</ref> of the National School of Drama Bangalore Centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru Center |url=http://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/bengaluru-center/ |accessdate=20 January 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121162529/http://nsd.gov.in/delhi/index.php/bengaluru-center/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He directed several stage plays that received wide attention. He is an alumnus of the [[National School of Drama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/v6CGIGViir6TGVbXLCzb2I/The-TimeOutMint-Planner.html|title=The TimeOut-Mint Planner - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704001657/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/v6CGIGViir6TGVbXLCzb2I/The-TimeOutMint-Planner.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=L. Romal M. |title=Going strong: Nine hours of pure Kuvempu magic |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-going-strong-nine-hours-of-pure-kuvempu-magic-1843066 |website=DNA India |accessdate=20 January 2020 |language=en |date=3 June 2013 |archive-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421032551/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-going-strong-nine-hours-of-pure-kuvempu-magic-1843066 |url-status=live }}</ref> The views expressed by him on challenges faced by theatre in India today are thought provoking<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98People-are-not-consumers-in-a-democracy%E2%80%99/article16997128.ece|title=People are not consumers in a democracy|first1=Muralidhara|last1=Khajane|date=6 January 2017|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714060124/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98People-are-not-consumers-in-a-democracy%E2%80%99/article16997128.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98People-are-not-consumers-in-a-democracy%E2%80%99/article16997116.ece|title=People are not consumers in a democracy|date=6 January 2017|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714060125/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/%E2%80%98People-are-not-consumers-in-a-democracy%E2%80%99/article16997116.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pressreader.com"/> He received many awards including Karnataka State Award [[Rajyotsava Award]] in 2001.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

==Biography==

C. Basavalingaiah was born in Bangalore, Karnataka. After his school and college he was selected for a three-year course in the [[National School of Drama]].

==Education==

*Post Graduation in Theatre Direction, [[National School of Drama]], Delhi
*MA in Kannada Literature, [[University of Mysore]]

==Major contributions==

Inspired by [[B. V. Karanth]], his subsequent efforts have significantly contributed to develop theater as a medium of entertainment and a tool for social change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/499660/setting-stage-change.html|title=Setting the stage for change|date=7 September 2015|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020137/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/499660/setting-stage-change.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asklaila.com/event/Bangalore/Kannada-Play-Malegalalli-Madumagalu-directed-by-C-Basavalingaiah/397028/|title=Kannada Play : Malegalalli Madumagalu directed by C Basavalingaiah, Theatre, Dance, Drama, Mallattahalli, Bangalore|website=asklaila|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222202106/http://www.asklaila.com/event/Bangalore/Kannada-Play-Malegalalli-Madumagalu-directed-by-C-Basavalingaiah/397028/|archive-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=070-PnKQ0es|title=Malegalalli Madumagalu|last=TheKuvempu|date=29 December 2010|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=YouTube|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714060142/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=070-PnKQ0es|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kuvempu]]'s [[Malegalalli madumagalu]]<ref>[[Malegalalli madumagalu]]</ref> (The Bride in the Mountains) a popular play was directed by Basavalingiah. This play was staged more than 15 times in [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]], and this play was showcased to nearly 60,000 audience.

His contributions were featured in [[Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA135|title=Ramayana Stories in Modern South India: An Anthology|first=Paula|last=Richman|date=20 April 2018|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253219534|accessdate=20 April 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714060123/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-p9Iyk3lpkC&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plays directed==

*Devanooru Mahadeva's Kusumabale
*The Road
*Antigone
*Andhayuga
*Gandhi V/S Gandhi
*Shoodra Thapasvi
*Tippuvina Kanasugalu
*King Oedipus
*Berlge Koral
*Alamana Adbhuta Nyaya
*Erobi
*Shakespeare's A Mid Summer Night's Dreams
*Agni Mattu Male
*Hitler V/s. Brecht
*[[Malegalalli madumagalu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://madhumagaluplay.in/|title=ಮಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮದುಮಗಳು ನಾಟಕ|website=ಮಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮದುಮಗಳು ನಾಟಕ|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220015433/http://madhumagaluplay.in/|archive-date=20 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> (based on the book by Kuvempu)
*2009 and 2014 – Manushya Jati Tanode Valam – a sound and light show for Information Department
*2006 - Lankesharige Namaskaara, (stage adaptation of P. Lankesh's one act plays, poetry, short story, teeke-tippani, etc.)
*2005 - Directed a mega play JANAPADA MAHABHAARATH for children, in which 400 children performed and was well appreciated by the mass & media.
*Samaba Shiva Prahasana
*Pagala Raja
*Jangamadedege
*MacBeth
*Venara Vemana
*Sewooz Nagarath Shin Shular Brutho
*Ekalavya's Thumb
*Edegaarike

==Awards==

*2010 - Shivakumara State Level Award, honoured by Sirigere Bruhanmata, Sanehalli, Karnataka
*2010 - Sri K.V. Shankaregowda Award
*2001 - Karnataka State Award (Rajyotsava Award)
*1996 - Karnataka Nataka Academy, Honorary Fellowship Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basavalingaiah, C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]

Surendran Nair

2025-06-26T12:11:33Z

Nikhil009:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Surendran Nair
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1956
| birth_place = [[Onakkoor]], [[Kerala]] India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = Painting
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
}}

'''Surendran Nair''' (born 1956) is an Indian artist who works with [[Watercolor painting|watercolour]], [[printmaking]] and [[Oil painting|oils]] and his works are inspired from [[surrealism]] and [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Amrita Jhaveri, ''A Guide to 101 Modern and Contemporary Indian Artists'', India Book House, 2005 {{ISBN|81-7508-423-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-25|title=Reclaiming icons|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/473817/reclaiming-icons.html|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nair was born in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] where he took a diploma in painting from the [[College of Fine Arts Trivandrum]]. Later he pursued postgraduate work at the Faculty of Fine Arts, M.S.U., Baroda, taking a diploma in printmaking.<ref>[http://www.saffronart.com www.saffronart.com]</ref>

==Career==
Surendran Nair worked in a realistic style during the 1980s, creating both strong pen and ink drawings and also etchings and lithographs. His works from these years were primarily portraits. In the 1990s Nair worked more and more with oil on canvas, starting his long preoccupation with "corollary mythologies" that drew upon ancient allegories reinvented as modern day fables.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Near the end of the 1990s Nair created a portfolio of hand-coloured etchings collectively titled "The Labyrinth of Eternal Delight". The imagery in these etchings has parallels with the works of the Italian artist Francesco Clemente, but actually is a direct outgrowth from Nair's "Corollary Mythologies".<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

The artist has become known not only for his paintings, but also for his whimsical and preposterously long titles, such as "Tonight I am Coming to Visit You in Your Dream and None Will See and Question Me; Be Sure to Leave Your Door Unlocked, Cuckoonebulopolis, 2002". This series, "Cuckoonebulopolis", was the artist's primary statement in the first decade of the 21st century.<ref name=ReferenceA>[[Ranjit Hoskote]], ''Surendran Nair: Itinerant Mythologies'', Sakshi Gallery, 2009</ref>

Nair became famed in India during 2000 for his painting "An Actor Rehearsing the Interior Monologue of Icarus" which depicts a naked man with strapped-on wings standing atop the Ashoka Column. An uproar was created when governing bodies dominated by right wing nationalist groups decided this painting should be rejected from an exhibition at the National Gallery of Modern Art in New Delhi on the grounds that it was irreverent toward a national symbol. Nair proceed to remove both himself and all of his paintings in a protest that was supported by India's artistic and cultural community.<ref name=ReferenceA />

==Collections==
Surendran Nair's works can be found in collections that include the Fukuoka Asian Art Museum, the [[Queensland Art Gallery & Gallery of Modern Art|Queensland Art Gallery]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=QAGOMA Collection Artist : Surendran NAIR |url=https://collection.qagoma.qld.gov.au/creators/nair-surendran |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Queensland Art Gallery {{!}} Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA)}}</ref> The National Gallery of Australia, and The National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi.<ref name=ReferenceA />

==Major exhibitions==
Third Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art (APT3), Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane, Australia (1999)[http://www.visualarts.qld.gov.au/apt3/artists/artist_bios/surendran_nair_a.htm]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.saffronart.com/artists/surendran-nair "Surendran Nair Profile,Interview and Artworks"]
* [http://www.paletteartgallery.com/artistbiography.asp?artistid=28 Palette Art Gallery]
{{Painters from Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Surendran}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Painters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

War-Jaintia Assembly constituency

2025-06-04T22:19:54Z

Nikhil009: new new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = War-Jaintia
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1978
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 20,497
| mla = Lahkmen Rymbui
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
War-Jaintia Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Johndeng Pohrmen || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || H. Enowell Pohshna || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=2 | Johndeng Pohrmen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Riang Lenon Tariang || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Lahkmen Rymbui || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lahkmen Rymbui |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,896 |percentage=36.40% |change={{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rianglenon Tariang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,996 |percentage=31.65% |change={{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paul Lamin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,230 |percentage=17.05% |change={{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Camillus Albert Lamin |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=2,613 |percentage=13.79% |change={{increase}}12.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Junior Lamin |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=109 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sevenson Dhar |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=99 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=900 |percentage=4.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,943 |percentage=92.42% |change= {{increase}}20.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,497 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}15.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}5.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Riang Lenon Tariang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,211 |percentage=41.56% |change={{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johndeng Pohrmen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,991 |percentage=34.53% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Camillus Albert Lamin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,438 |percentage=19.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Marina Dkhar |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=474 |percentage=2.73% |change={{decrease}}22.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G.W. Pohti |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=236 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,220 |percentage=7.03% |change= {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,350 |percentage=71.78% |change= {{decrease}}5.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,172 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}2.67 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Riang Lenon Tariang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,608 |percentage=38.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johndeng Pohrmen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,898 |percentage=34.71% |change={{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Camillus Albert Lamin |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,276 |percentage=25.16% |change={{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Junior Lamin Phup |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=161 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ebarson Lyngdoh Bhem |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=49 |percentage=0.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=710 |percentage=4.18% |change= {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,992 |percentage=78.53% |change= {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,899 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Johndeng Pohrmen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,349 |percentage=39.10% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Enowell Poshna |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,956 |percentage=30.52% |change={{decrease}}2.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riang Tariang |party=Independent politician |votes=4,863 |percentage=29.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ohowot Khonglah |party=Independent politician |votes=53 |percentage=0.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Savenson Dhar |party=Janata Dal (B) |votes=16 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,393 |percentage=8.58% |change= {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,237 |percentage=82.80% |change= {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,943 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Johndeng Pohrmen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,281 |percentage=37.36% |change={{increase}}4.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Enowell Pohshna |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=3,824 |percentage=33.37% |change={{increase}}27.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yoli Tariang |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,472 |percentage=21.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akbar Khonglah |party=Independent politician |votes=756 |percentage=6.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babyson Pakyntein |party=Communist Party of India |votes=126 |percentage=1.10% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=457 |percentage=3.99% |change= {{increase}}2.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,459 |percentage=84.10% |change= {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,795 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Enowell Pohshna |party=Independent politician |votes=3,399 |percentage=34.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johndeng Pohrmen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,240 |percentage=32.54% |change={{decrease}}9.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yoly Tariang |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,031 |percentage=20.40% |change={{decrease}}33.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amplias Syngkor |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=543 |percentage=5.45% |change={{increase}}1.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Midford Ryngksai |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=3.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brixonbell Dhar |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=211 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babyson Pakyntein |party=Communist Party of India |votes=194 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=159 |percentage=1.60% |change= {{decrease}}9.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,957 |percentage=73.59% |change= {{increase}}3.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,897 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}19.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: War-Jaintia<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Johndeng Pohrmen |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=4,522 |percentage=53.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H.Enowel Pohshna |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,590 |percentage=42.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Latmin Lymba |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=344 |percentage=4.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=932 |percentage=11.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,456 |percentage=69.45% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,393 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

GreenLine (Mumbai Metro)

2025-05-30T10:09:21Z

Nikhil009: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Green Line (Mumbai Metro)]]

Upper Vaitarna Dam

2025-05-16T10:46:23Z

Nikhil009: new a article

{{Infobox dam
| name = Upper Vaitarna Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Upper Vaitarana Dam D03188
| dam_crosses = Vaitarna and Godavari rivers
| location = Igatpuri
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]] [[Dam#Gravity dams|Gravity]]
| dam_length = {{convert|2531|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|41|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|1.520|e6m3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 1973<ref name=uvd>{{cite web |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Upper_Vaitarana_D03188 |title=Upper Vaitarana D03188 |access-date=March 1, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|0.332|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|37.130|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8143122|73.5428669|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Upper Vaitarna Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] and [[dam#Gravity dams|gravity]] dam on west flowing [[Vaitarna]] river near [[Igatpuri]], [[Nashik district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[India]].<ref name=uvd/> The reservoir created by this dam spreads on both Vaitarna and Godavari rivers catchment area.

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|41|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|2531|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|1.520|e6m3|abbr=on}} and live storage capacity is {{convert|331|e6m3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2011-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Municipal water supply to [[Mumbai]] city and [[hydroelectricity]] (60 [[Megawatts|MW]]).

==See also==
* [[Lower Vaitarna Dam|Vaitarna Dam]]
* [[Middle Vaitarna Dam]]
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Nashik district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Maharashtra]]

2009 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2025-04-18T09:55:29Z

Nikhil009: new new info

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| season =2009
| coach = [[John Buchanan (Australian cricketer)|John Buchanan]]
| captain = [[Brendon McCullum]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| comp1 = [[2009 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 8th
| most runs = [[Brad Hodge]] (365)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510061019/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=10 May 2012 }}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Ishant Sharma]] (11)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2009/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102231133/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate= 2 November 2015 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2008|2008]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2010|2010]]
}}

[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Kolkata]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2009 IPL]]. They were captained by [[Brendon McCullum]]. Kolkata Knight Riders finished last in the IPL and did not qualify for the Champions League T20.

== Background ==
Kolkata Knight Riders finished at the bottom of the ranking table with three wins and ten losses including a string of nine successive defeats. KKR was among the least active franchises during the off season, with no player trades. However, the team signed Mohnish Parmar during the period and also re-signed [[Ajantha Mendis]] to a long-term deal.

On 18 April 2009 a [[Fake IPL Player|blog by an anonymous author]] claiming to be a member of the team surfaced on the web. The blog was controversial from the start, giving unflattering nicknames to players, coaches, and owners of KKR and other teams, telling sordid stories, and showing most of them in a very negative light.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2009/apr/22/ipl-indian-premier-league-fake-player|date = 22 April 2009|title = Fake IPL player spins web of intrigue|access-date = 2 May 2011|work = The Guardian}}</ref> The blog rapidly became popular and created a lot of media frenzy.<ref name="Guardian" /> The blog worsened an already bad season for KKR, which lost most of their games, had controversies surrounding their coach, [[John Buchanan (cricketer, born 1953)|John Buchanan]], and frequently changed captains, including [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Brendon McCullum]] based on a series of theories discussing "multiple-captains".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/sports/in-a-hell-called-kolkata-knight-riders|title = In a hell called Kolkata Knight Riders|date = 30 May 2009|access-date = 8 April 2011|publisher=Open magazine}}</ref> In August 2010, [[Bangalore]] based marketing specialist Anupam Mukerji revealed himself to be the person behind the blog. He said he had "never met a cricketer in his life", and was just making up stories. He never expected it to become this big, he remarked, adding that the Fake Player ended up getting legitimized by the media frenzy. He was inspired by the popularity of a similar blog by [[Fake Steve Jobs]], and the [[Richard Gere]] movie ''[[The Hoax]]''.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM/2010/08/29&ID=Ar00105|date = 29 August 2010|work = [[Times of India]]|title = Not KKR insider, Fake IPL Player is a B’lore executive|access-date = 2 May 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120902105415/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOIM%2F2010%2F08%2F29&ID=Ar00105|archive-date = 2 September 2012|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name="FSJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.indibloggies.org/fip-interview |title=My book tells everything that the blog didn’t: Fake IPL Player |date=15 January 2010 |work=indibloggies.org |access-date=4 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413164738/http://www.indibloggies.org/fip-interview |archivedate=13 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cricketnews/And-the-Fake-IPL-Player-is/Article1-593020.aspx |title=And the ‘Fake IPL Player’ is... |author=Siddhanth Aney |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=29 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901174339/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cricketnews/And-the-Fake-IPL-Player-is/Article1-593020.aspx |archivedate= 1 September 2010 }}</ref>

KKR also set up a [[Talent Resource Development Wing]] (TRDW) in 2009 to spot local talent nationwide. This was based on [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]'s 2002–06 model which had discovered talents like [[MS Dhoni]] and [[Suresh Raina]]. The wing was headed by Makarand Wainganker, who had first initiated the TRDW concept for the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association|KSCA]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.iplpulse.com/ipl/kkr-ipl/waingankar-joins-kolkata-knight-riders-as-trdw-chief/|title = Wainganker joins KKR as TRDW chief|date = 1 May 2009|access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref> However, Wainganker eventually resigned after persistent disagreements with [[John Buchanan (cricketer, born 1953)|John Buchanan]] over team selection and Buchanan's "multiple captains" theory.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/sports/in-a-hell-called-kolkata-knight-riders|title = In a hell called Kolkata Knight Riders|date = 30 May 2009|access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>

Despite the poor on field performance of the team and its struggle at the bottom of the points table, the Kolkata Knight Riders were ranked as the richest team in the tournament with a brand value of $42.1 million.<ref name="09 value">{{cite web |url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ipl-valued-at-21-bn-kkr-richest-team/61080/on|title = IPL valued at $2.1 bn; KKR richest team|access-date = 31 May 2012}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
===Season standings===
Kolkata Knight Riders finished last in the league stage of IPL 2009.
{{:2009 Indian Premier League|team=KKR}}

=== Match log ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 19 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Cape Town]] || Lost by 8 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 21 April || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 11 runs (D/L Method), MoM- [[Chris Gayle]] 44* (26)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 23 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by 15 runs in [[Super Over]]
|- style="background:#fbb;
| 27 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by 92 runs
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 29 April || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 5 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 1 May || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 9 runs
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 3 May || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[East London, South Africa|East London]] || Lost by 6 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 5 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Durban]] || Lost by 9 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 10 May || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Johannesburg, South Africa|Johannesburg]] || Lost by 7 Wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 12 May || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Pretoria]] || Lost by 6 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 16 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Port Elizabeth]] || Lost by 6 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 18 May ||.[[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Pretoria]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM- [[Brad Hodge]] 71* (44)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 20 May || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Durban]] || Won by 4 wickets, MoM- [[Laxmi Shukla]] 48* (46)
|- " class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; "| Overall record: 3–10. Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

[[Category:2009 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons]]

Daryl Ferrario

2025-04-04T00:35:48Z

Nikhil009: updated

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Daryl Ferrario
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Daryl Sundar Ferrario
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|5|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right handed
| bowling = Right arm [[off-break]]
| role = [[All-rounder|Batting all-rounder]]

| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = 2017-present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 2
| column1 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 80
| bat avg1 = 13.33
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 33
| deliveries1 = 18
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = —
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/0

| column2 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches2 = 5
| runs2 = 51
| bat avg2 = 12.75
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 22
| deliveries2 = —
| wickets2 = —
| bowl avg2 = —
| fivefor2 = –
| tenfor2 = –
| best bowling2 = –
| catches/stumpings2 = 3/0

| date = 31 January 2022
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070185.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Daryl Sundar Ferrario''' (born 7 May 1998) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who plays for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in domestic cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/players/daryl-ferrario |title=Daryl Ferrario |work=Wisden |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1074/1074118/1074118.html |title=Daryl Ferrario |work=CricketArchive |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> He is an [[all-rounder]] who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm [[offbreak]].<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1070185.html |title=Daryl Ferrario |access-date=4 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Early life==
Daryl was born 7 May 1998<ref name="Bio"/> on [[Malappuram]] in [[Kerala]] where his mother, Amala then worked as a doctor. He was named after the [[South Africa national cricket team|South African]] cricketer [[Daryll Cullinan]], who was his mother's favourite cricketer and the [[Ferrari]] car, which his father was fond of.<ref name="Name"/>

His father, Sunder Singh introduced him to cricket. Aged barely six, Daryl started to represent local cricket sides in the U-10 category in [[Chennai]].<ref name="U-19">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/Daryls-Ferrari-ride-to-Indian-U-19-team/articleshow/55232508.cms|title=Daryl Ferrari side to India U-19 team|work=The Times of India|first=Vijesh|last=MV|date=3 November 2016|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> He started his cricket training at J.S. Rao Academy from Grade II and later at CSSF.<ref name="Name">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/trying-to-make-a-name/article4717911.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Trying to make a name|date=15 May 2013|first=Arun|last=Venugopal|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> He grew up in [[Chennai]] where he was educated till Grade X in [[Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai|Don Bosco, Egmore]].<ref name="U-19"/><ref name="Name"/> He then took a break from studies for two years to concentrate in cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/Daryl-S-Ferrario-in-India-U-19-Asia-Cup-in-Sri-Lanka.html|title=സഞ്ജു സാംസണ് ശേഷം ഇന്ത്യൻ ടീമിലേക്കൊരു കേരളതാരം; ഡാരിൽ ഫെറാറിയോ‍|language=ml|work=Manorama Online|date=4 November 2016|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, his parents moved to [[Kerala]] where he continued his cricketing career.<ref name="Kerala">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2016/nov/04/after-move-to-kerala-all-rounder-daryl-finds-berth-in-india-u-19-squad-1534690.html|work=The New Indian Express|title=After move to Kerala, all-rounder daryl finds berth in India U-19 squad|date=4 November 2016|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Daryl has represented [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] in age-limit levels.<ref name="Bio"/><ref name="U-19"/><ref name="Name"/><ref name="Kerala"/> He led the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] U-16 team in the [[Vijay Merchant]] South Zone championship in 2013. In 2014, he switched bases from Tamil Nadu to [[Kerala]] where he continued to play junior cricket.<ref name="U-19"/>

In 2016, he scored 125 runs in the [[Vinoo Mankad Trophy]] Inter-State tournament including an unbeaten hundred against [[Goa cricket team|Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralacricketassociation.com/rohan-s-kunnumal-and-daryl-s-ferrario|title=Rohan S Kunnumal and Daryl S Ferrario selected for the Paytm Under 19 Challenger Trophy|work=Kerala Cricket Association|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kerala"/> In the same year, he played for India Blue in U-19 [[Challenger Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2016/oct/26/four-tn-boys-make-under-19-challenger-1531850.html|title=Four TN boys make Under-19 Challenger|date=26 October 2016|access-date=31 January 2022|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Following his performances in these tours, he was selected to play for the [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19]] for the Youth Asia Cup held on [[Sri Lanka]] in December 2016.<ref name="Kerala"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ones-potential-matters-in-cricket-daryl-s-ferrario/articleshow/55600075.cms|title=One's potential matters in cricket: Daryl S Ferrario|first=Deepa|last=Soman|date=25 November 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> Though, he was later found ineligible to play as he doesn't meet the criteria for selection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ferrarios-wheels-comes-off-from-indian-u-19-team/articleshow/55779005.cms|title=Ferrario's wheels comes off from Indian U-19 team|work=The Times of India|first=Vijesh |last=MV |date=3 December 2016|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>

He was part of the Indian U-19 side to play the Youth Test series against [[England national under-19 cricket team|England U-19]] held in February 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/sports/cricket/india-u-19-team-for-four-day-matches-announced-1.1698270|title=ഇംഗ്ലണ്ടിനെതിരായ ചതുര്‍ദിന പരമ്പര: ഇന്ത്യന്‍ അണ്ടര്‍-19 ടീമില്‍ മൂന്നു മലയാളികള്‍ |trans-title=Three Keralites in India Under 19 team against England|work=Mathrubhumi|language=Malayalam|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> He hit a century against England U-19 on the first Youth test match on Nagpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/u-19-test-daryl-ferrario-hits-ton-as-india-declare-at-431-for-eight/story-M5S9gWWNuvv6Gb05SPv7XO.html|title=Daryl Ferrario hits ton as India declare at 431 for eight|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> He also played a decent inning of 37 runs in the second inning saving his team from a defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-u-19-team-cricket-1.1737805|title=സിജോമോന് ആറു വിക്കറ്റ്, ഇന്ത്യയുടെ യുവനിരക്ക് സമനില |date=17 February 2017|access-date=31 January 2022|work=Mathrubhumi|language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/92334/lokeshwar-rescues-india-u19-on-final-day|title=Lokeshwar rescues India U19 on final day|date=16 February 2017|access-date=31 January 2022|work=Cricbuzz}}</ref> He scored a half-century on the first innings of the second test match and took four wickets from both innings'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/17712/indu19-vs-engu19-2nd-youth-test-england-under-19-tour-of-india-2017|title=India U19 vs England U19, 2nd Youth Test - Live Cricket Score, Commentary|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] on 4 March 2017 in the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]].<ref name="LA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1053837.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group B: Delhi v Kerala at Cuttack, Mar 4, 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20|T20]] debut for Kerala on 12 January 2018 in the [[2018-19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] against [[Goa cricket team|Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2017-18-1130660/goa-vs-kerala-south-zone-1130696/full-scorecard|title=Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, Kerala v Goa at Visakhapatnam, Jan 4, 2018|access-date=4 January 2018|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He captained [[Salem Spartans]] in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TNPL: Ferrario to lead Salem Spartans as Vijay turns down offer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2021/jul/01/tnpl-ferrario-to-lead-salem-spartans-as-vijay-turns-down-offer-2323874.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/1070185.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ferrario, Daryl}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]