Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Religion in Moldova

2026-05-12T15:56:12Z

NikeNuara: made stub - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Moldova (2024 census)<ref name="2024-Census">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-21 |title=Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor 2024: Caracteristici etnoculturale ale populației|url=https://statistica.gov.md/ro/rezultatele-finale-ale-recensamantului-populatiei-si-locuintelor-2024-caracteris-10121_62043.html|access-date=2025-10-21|website=statistica.md|language=ro}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova|Eastern Orthodoxy]]
| value1 = 94.3
| color1 = #9065CA
| label2 = Other [[Christians]]
| value2 = 3.1
| color2 = #B695C0
| label3 = [[Atheism]] / [[Irreligion]]
| value3 = 1.5
| color3 = Beige
| label4 = Other religions
| value4 = 0.3
| color4 = Lightgray
| label5 = Unanswered
| value5 = 0.8
| color5 = Gray
}}

[[File:Ansamblul Catedralei „Nașterea Domnului” 8.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Nativity Cathedral, Chișinău|Cathedral of Christ's Nativity]] in [[Chișinău]].]]
[[Moldova|Moldova's]] constitution provides for freedom of religion and complete separation of church and state, though the constitution cites the "exceptional importance" of [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/moldova/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Religious discrimination|Discrimination on the basis of religious]] affiliation is illegal, and [[Hate speech|incitement to religious and ethnic hatred]] was made illegal in May 2022.<ref name=":14" /> Moldovans are overwhelmingly adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy. According to the 2024 Moldovan census, 95.2 per cent of the country reported to be of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor |trans-title=Population and Housing Census |url=https://statistica.gov.md/ro/statistic_indicator_details/56 |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor |language=ro}}</ref> Of this number, around eighty to 90 per cent of Orthodox Moldovans belong to the Moldovan Orthodox Church (formally known as [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova]]) which is subordinate to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], and has played a powerful role in deepening Russia's influence in Moldova.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Luchenko |first=Ksenia |date=2023-01-31 |title=Why the Russian Orthodox Church Supports the War in Ukraine |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/01/why-the-russian-orthodox-church-supports-the-war-in-ukraine?lang=en |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]}}</ref> The remaining 10–20 per cent of Orthodox Moldovans belong to the [[Metropolis of Bessarabia]], which is subordinate to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]].<ref name=":14" />

As of 2025, the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] estimates that of the Moldovan population (3.7 million outside of [[Transnistria]], which has a population of 533,000), the remaining non-Orthodox religious demography includes: 5.76% (211,000) non-Orthodox Christian (including [[Catholic Church in Moldova|Catholics]] and [[Protestants]]), 2.45% (90,000) irreligious (including [[agnostics]] and [[atheists]]); 0.46% (17,000) [[Islam in Moldova|Muslim]], and 0.09% (3,000) [[Judaism in Moldova|religious Jews]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=151c |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Association of Religion Data Archives (the ARDA) |language=en-gb}}</ref> In 2011, the [[Ministry of Justice (Moldova)|Moldovan Ministry of Justice]] recognised the Islamic League of Moldova as an NGO representing [[Islam in Moldova|Moldovan Muslims]].<ref name=":1" /> There are six [[List of synagogues in Moldova|synagogues]] in [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Chișinău]], one in [[Orhei]], one in [[Soroca]], and one in [[Tiraspol]], and one mosque in [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Chișinău]]. The [[Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova]] is an organisation providing religious services for Moldovan Jews. The [[Government of Transnistria|Transnistrian authorities]] estimate that 80% of the Transnistrian population belong to the Moldovan Orthodox Church;<ref name=":14" /> the remainder includes other Christians and Jews.

The 1992 Law on Religions, which codifies religious freedoms, contains restrictions that inhibit the activities of unregistered religious groups. Although the law was amended in 2002, many of the restrictions remain in place. The law provides for freedom of religious practice, including each person's right to profess his or her religion in any form. It also protects the confidentiality of the confessional, allows denominations to establish associations and foundations, and states that the Government may not interfere in the religious activities of denominations. The law specifies that "to organize and function", religious organizations must be registered with the Government, and unregistered groups may not own property, engage employees, or obtain space in public cemeteries in their own names.

==Christianity==
[[Image:Condrița_monastery,_Moldova.jpg|thumb|Moldavian Orthodox church in [[Condrița]]|left]]
===Eastern Orthodox Church===
{{Main|Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova}}
The primary religion is [[Christianity]], 95.2 per cent of the population nominally being [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] according to data of the 2024 census.<ref name=":3" /> Administratively, there are two [[autocephaly|autonomous]] churches belonging to two [[autocephaly|autocephalous]] churches (Russian and Romanian) within the Eastern Orthodox [[full communion|communion]]. The autonomous [[Metropolis of Chişinău and Moldova]] (belonging to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]), according to the State Service on Religious Issues, has 1,194 parishes; the autonomous [[Metropolis of Bessarabia]] (belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]) has 124 parishes. Besides followers of the [[Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church]] ([[Old Believers]]) make up approximately 0.09 per cent of the population.
[[File:Biserica Sf. Cuvios Vasile din Orhei St. Basil Church in Orhei (48002809927).jpg |thumb|left|Romanian church in [[Orhei]]]]During the 2004 census, 93.34 per cent of the population declared themselves to be Eastern Orthodox.<ref>[http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=ro&idc=295&id=2234#idc=205& 2004 census]</ref> 80–90 per cent of Orthodox Moldovans belong to the Moldovan Orthodox Church (formally known as [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova]]) which is subordinate to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], and has played a powerful role in deepening Russia's influence in Moldova.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":0" /> The remaining 10–20 per cent of Orthodox Moldovans belong to the [[Metropolis of Bessarabia]], which is subordinate to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]].<ref name=":14" />

The religious traditions of Eastern Orthodoxy are entwined with the culture and patrimony of the country. Many self-professed atheists routinely celebrate religious holidays, cross themselves, and even light candles and kiss icons if local tradition and the occasion demand.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===Catholic Church===
{{Main|Catholic Church in Moldova}}

Moldova forms a single diocese, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chişinău]]. It is not part of any [[ecclesiastical province]], and therefore depends directly upon the [[Holy See]] for [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] authority. About 0.5 per cent of Moldovans adhere to the Catholic faith.

=== Other denominations ===
There are also a growing number of [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christians]], and [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]].<ref name=":14" /> [[Baptists]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] number between 15,000-30,000 each. [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ukraine#Moldova|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons) has two congregations in the country, and a combined total of approximately 455 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=LDS Statistics and Church Facts - Total Church Membership |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/moldova |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Mormon Newsroom}}</ref>

== Judaism ==
{{More|History of the Jews in Moldova}}
[[File:Synagoga Szklarzy.jpg|thumb|Synagogue of the Glaziers, [[Chișinău]].]]
Judaism is a minority religion in Moldova, but Jews have lived in the region since the 1st century [[AD]] when [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire|Roman Jews]] lived in the cities of the province of [[Moesia|Lower Moesia]]. [[History of the Jews in Bessarabia|Bessarabian Jews]] have been living in the area for some time. Between the 4th-7th centuries [[Anno Domini|AD]], Moldova was part of an important trading route between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]], and bordered the [[Khazars|Khazar Khaganate]], where [[Judaism]] was the state religion. Prior to the [[World War II|Second World War]], violent antisemitic movements across the [[Bessarabia|Bessarabian region]] badly affected the region's Jewish population. In the 1930s and 40s, under the Romanian governments of [[Octavian Goga]] and [[Ion Antonescu]], government-directed pogroms and mass deportations led to the concentration and extermination of Jewish citizens followed, leading to the extermination of between 45,000-60,000 Jews across Bessarabia. The total number of [[History of the Jews in Romania|Romanian]] and [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Ukrainian Jews]] who perished in territories under Romanian administration is between 280,000 and 380,000.

Today, the Jewish community in Moldova has been revived and are primarily represented by the Jewish Community of the Republic of Moldova (JCM) organisation. The group was registered in its current form in 1997, but its roots stretch back to founding of the Union of Jewish Communities in Bessarabia on 3 November 1935.

The [[World Jewish Congress]] (of which the JCM is an affiliate member) states that there has been "a widespread development of a national self-consciousness and a return to their roots by the Jews of Moldova, with [[Jewish identity]] and [[Jewish culture|culture]] being celebrated in a number of forms". Diplomatic relations with [[Israel]] began in 1992 and the [[List of diplomatic missions of Israel|Israeli consulate]] is located in the capital city, [[Chișinău|Chişinău]]. Since 2014, Moldova has been an observer country to the [[International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance]], and since 2019 has adopted the IHRA [[Working definition of antisemitism|Working Definition of Antisemitism]] for official use. The Museum of Jewish History was opened in [[Orhei]] on 30 January 2023.

== Islam ==
{{More|Islam in Moldova}}
The Islamic League of Moldova (Liga Islamică din Moldova) was registered with Moldova's [[Ministry of Justice (Moldova)|Ministry of Justice]] in March 2011 and therefore received official government recognition of its role as a representative of Moldova's Muslim community. It is the first legally recognised Muslim association in Moldova.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2011-04-28 |title=Moldovan Muslim Leader 'Disappointed' By Anti-Islamic Remarks |language=en |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/moldovan_muslims_orthodox_church/16797096.html |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref> There is one mosque in Moldova, located in the capital city, [[Chișinău|Chişinău]].

Although the Constitution of Moldova protects freedom of religion in theory, in practice Muslims in Moldova often face discrimination, especially from local government and the [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova|Orthodox Church]]. The municipal government of Chişinău has repeatedly refused requests by the Islamic League of Moldova "allot a plot of land for the Muslim community at the state-run cemetery", in violation of Moldovan law which "provides the right to burial space in public cemeteries for all registered religious groups. The mayoralty rejected both requests sent by the community in January and in March [2022]."<ref name=":14" /> Prior to the groups registration in 2011, "Drop-ins by police on worship services were regularly reported, as well as alleged harassment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puiu |first=Victoria |date=2015-06-23 |title=ISIS-Related Arrests Pose Challenge for Moldova's Muslims |url=https://eurasianet.org/isis-related-arrests-pose-challenge-for-moldovas-muslims |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[Eurasianet]]}}</ref>

Following the 2011 recognition of the Islamic League of Moldova, the [[Bishop (Orthodox Church)|Bishop]] of the [[Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova]], [[Vladimir (Cantarean)]], described the formal recognition of the Muslim association as "a humiliation" for Moldova's Christians. "Other senior church officials suggested that the Muslim association will seek to "cause trouble" in Moldova."<ref name=":1" /> Former [[President of Moldova]], [[Vladimir Voronin]], also condemned the registration.<ref name=":1" /> Members of the Moldovan public organised a protest march in May of 2011. Attenders of the rally made [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] claims that "the Muslims are like a virus. If you let in just a few they will multiply," and that "Muslims would introduce [[polygamy]] and "[[Harem|harems]]" to Moldova. And a priest named Gheorghe was quoted by local media as saying at the rally that the Muslims "are all instructed in [[terrorism]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-18 |title=Moldovans Rally To Protest Formal Recognition Of Islam |language=en |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/moldovans_rally_against_recognition_of_islam/24179150.html |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref>

Nevertheless, as of 2016, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] concluded that Muslims are "thriving" in Moldova.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Muslim community thriving in Moldova |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2016/07/muslim-community-thriving-moldova |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |language=en}}</ref> Following the personal involvement of [[United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief]] [[Heiner Bielefeldt]] after these protests, as well as the personal actions of [[Ministry of Justice (Moldova)|Minister of Justice]], [[Alexandru Tănase|Alexandru Tonase]], the situation was calmed down and the protests came to an end.<ref name=":2" /> Veaceslav Balan, UN Human Rights Office Coordinator in Moldova said that Islamophobia is still, however, "a major challenge facing Muslims today in the country."<ref name=":2" />

==Attitudes towards religion==
According to a survey conducted in 2014, by the Institute of Public Policy in Moldova, 80 per cent of the respondents show a high degree of trust in the Church as an institution, but 85 per cent consider that the church should remain separate from the political sphere and 76 per cent consider that the church should not become involved with governmental issues.

Also, the survey showed that 58 per cent of the respondents go to church less than once per month and ten per cent do not go at all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1707.pdf|title=Traditional religion and political power: Examining the role of the church in Georgia, Armenia, Ukraine and Moldova|publisher=[[Foreign Policy Centre]]|website=fpc.org.uk|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918102552/http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/1707.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Church and state==
Although the Constitution declares the separation of church and state, the [[Moldovan Orthodox Church]] (Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova under the Russian Orthodox Church) is sometimes active in political debate.<ref> D. Carnevale - A Context-Grounded Approach to Religious Freedom: The Case of Orthodoxy in the Moldovan Republic, https://www.mdpi.com/458996 </ref>

In [[2010 Moldovan parliamentary election|June 2010]] Metropolitan [[Vladimir (Cantarean)|Vladimir]] featured in the campaign advertisements of Valeriu Pasat, apparently endorsing his candidacy.

In October 2015 the same Orthodox Church leveraged its authority in a failed attempt to influence the trial of former prime minister [[Vlad Filat]], who was accused of passive corruption and traffic of influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurnal.MD/en/justice/2016/1/5/a-new-trial-in-case-file-former-premier-has-appeared-in-front-of-court/|title=A new trial in case Filat: Former premier has appeared in front of court|work=Jurnal.MD - Ca să ştii total!}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mitropolia.MD/spell-inaltpreasfintitului-mitropolit-Vladimir-adresat-tuturor-institution-status-implicate-in-cercaria-lazuli-domnului-Vlad-flat/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020023214/http://mitropolia.md/all-inaltpreasfintitului-mitropolit-Vladimir-adresat-tuturor-institution-status-implicate-in-cercaria-lazuli-domnului-Vlad-flat/|title=Apelul ÎPS Mitropolit Vladimir adresat tuturor instituțiilor status implicate în cercetarea lazuli Domnului Vlad Filat|archive-date=20 October 2015|work=Mitropolia Chişinăului şi a Întregii Moldove}}</ref>

In December 2015 the Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova challenged the State Tax Service of the Republic of Moldova, refusing to provide revenue reports, although religious organizations lost their tax-exempt status in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deschide.MD/or/news/social/22260/Metropolia-Moldovei-Este-nemul%C8%9Bumit%C4%83-de-impozitare.htm|title=Mitropolia Moldovei Este nemulțumită de impozitare|work=Deschide.md|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, on the eve of the first round of the [[2016 Moldovan presidential election|presidential elections]], metropolitan bishop Vladimir called on church members to cast their votes for [[Igor Dodon]], the pro-Russian leader of the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova. A group of Moldovan clergy of the same church, headed by bishop [[Marchel (Mihăescu)|Marchel]], later called on citizens to vote for Igor Dodon in the November election runoff, stating that the Socialist candidate supported the Orthodox Church, while his competitor [[Maia Sandu]] would fight against it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.publika.md/moldovan-clerics-get-involved-in-electioneering-make-scandalous-assertions_2630299.html|title=Moldovan clerics get involved in electioneering, make scandalous assertions|first=Publika.MD - AICI Sunt|last=Știrile|date=4 November 2016|website=publika.md|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425013152/https://en.publika.md/moldovan-clerics-get-involved-in-electioneering-make-scandalous-assertions_2630299.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population of Moldova by religious group (excluding [[Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester|Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank]] / Transnistria)
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! rowspan="2" | Religious group
! colspan="2" | census 2014
! colspan="2" | census 2024
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number
! %
!Number
! %
|-
| [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova|Eastern Orthodoxy]]
| align="right" | 2,350,041
| align="right" | 90.53
| align="right" | 2,271,105
| align="right" | 94.27
|-
| [[Baptists|Baptist]]
| align="right" | 24,426
| align="right" | 0.94
| align="right" | 26,226
| align="right" | 1.09
|-
| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| align="right" | 16,776
| align="right" | 0.64
| align="right" | 16,505
| align="right" | 0.68
|-
| [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]
| align="right" | 9,504
| align="right" | 0.37
| align="right" | 12,606
| align="right" | 0.52
|-
| [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Adventist]]
| align="right" | 8,339
| align="right" | 0.32
| align="right" | 6,982
| align="right" | 0.29
|-
| [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]]
| align="right" | 4,655
| align="right" | 0.18
| align="right" | 6,364
| align="right" | 0.26
|-
| [[Old Believers]]
| align="right" | 2,447
| align="right" | 0.09
| align="right" | 4,053
| align="right" | 0.17
|-
| [[Catholic Church in Moldova|Catholic]]
| align="right" | 2,527
| align="right" | 0.10
| align="right" | 2,586
| align="right" | 0.11
|-
| '''Christianity''' (total)
| align="right" | '''2,418,715'''
| align="right" | '''93.18'''
| align="right" | '''2,346,427'''
| align="right" | '''97.39'''
|-
| [[Islam in Moldova|Islam]]
| align="right" | 1,798
| align="right" | 0.07
| align="right" | 3,138
| align="right" | 0.13
|-
| Other
| align="right" | 3,277
| align="right" | 0.12
| align="right" | 4,720
| align="right" | 0.20
|-
| Agnostic / Atheist
| align="right" | 5,800
| align="right" | 0.22
| align="right" | 16,768
| align="right" | 0.69
|-
| No religion
| align="right" | 286
| align="right" | 0.01
| align="right" | 20,051
| align="right" | 0.83
|-
| Undeclared
| align="right" | 165,895
| align="right" | 6.39
| align="right" | 18,103
| align="right" | 0.75
|-
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! align="left" | Total
! colspan="2" | 2,595,771
! colspan="2" | 2,409,207
|-
| colspan="5" | Source: [https://statistica.gov.md/ro/rezultatele-finale-ale-recensamantului-populatiei-si-locuintelor-2024-caracteris-10121_62043.html National Bureau of Statistics]
|}

==See also==
*[[Baháʼí Faith in Moldova]]
*[[Catholic Church in Moldova]]
*[[Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova]]
*[[Freedom of religion in Moldova]]
*[[History of the Jews in Moldova]]
*[[Islam in Moldova]]
*[[Protestantism in Moldova]]
*[[Religion by country]]
*[[Religion in Transnistria]]
*[[Slavic Neopaganism]]
*[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ukraine#Moldova|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Moldova]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*The article is based on a 2004 [[public domain]] [[USDoS]] webpage. [[Breadcrumb navigation|Breadcrumb trail]]: [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/ USDoS Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor] > Releases > International Religious Freedom > 2004 > Europe and Eurasia > [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35473.htm Moldova]

==External links==
* {{commonscatinline}}

{{Moldova topics}}
{{Religion in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religion In Moldova}}
[[Category:Religion in Moldova| ]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1979

2026-05-08T09:57:20Z

NikeNuara: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T19:23:09Z

NikeNuara: Added First Data Needs Work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Kasaragod {{Small|KL-1}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Kasaragod.map}}
|map_caption = Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 1957
|reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|mp = [[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|assembly_cons = [[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwar]] [[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]] [[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]] [[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]] [[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Trikaripur]] [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]] [[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]]
|electors = 14,52,230<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=26 May 2024 | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
}}
'''Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-18
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|1
|[[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwar]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|[[A. K. M. Ashraf]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|2
|[[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]]
|[[Kallatra Mahin]]
|-
|3
|[[Udma (State Assembly constituency)|Udma]]
|K. Neelakandan
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4
|[[Kanhangad (State Assembly constituency)|Kanhangad]]
|[[E. Chandrasekharan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
|5
|[[Thrikaripur (State Assembly constituency)|Trikaripur]]
|[[Sandeep Varier]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|6
|[[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyanur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|[[V. Kunhikrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND|rowspan=1}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|7
|[[Kalliasseri (State Assembly constituency)|Kalliasseri]]
|[[M. Vijin]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart
|value1=62.50
|value2=25.00
|value3=12.50
|label1=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''' (10 Times)]]
|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(5 Times)]]
|label3=[[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''' (2 Times)]]
|color1={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India}}
|caption=Most Successful parties from Kasaragod Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="3" |[[A. K. Gopalan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kadannappalli Ramachandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Ramanna Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[I. Rama Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramanna Rai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[T. Govindan]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Karunakaran]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Rajmohan Unnithan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|39.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.50}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.77}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|45.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|46.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|56.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|61.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|62.17}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|51.02}}

}}

===General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kasaragod">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Kasaragod |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S111.htm |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730061521/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S111.htm |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajmohan Unnithan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,90,659|percentage=44.10|change=+0.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. V. Balakrishnan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,90,010|percentage=35.06|change=-4.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. L. Ashwini|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,19,558|percentage=19.73|change=+3.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,112|percentage=0.64|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,00,649|percentage=9.04|change=+5.34}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,17,221|percentage=76.76|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://gyanmandi.com/loksabha-election/Kerala/2019/Kasaragod
|title=Kasaragod Kerala Lok Sabha Elections 2019 Result
|access-date=2024-03-23
|archive-date=22 March 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322214043/https://gyanmandi.com/loksabha-election/Kerala/2019/Kasaragod
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajmohan Unnithan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,74,961 |percentage=43.50 |change=4.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. P. Satheesh Chandran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,34,523 |percentage=39.80 |change=0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravisha Thanthri Kuntar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,76,049 |percentage=16.13 |change=-1.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,438 |percentage=3.70 |change=2.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,91,752 |percentage=80.66 |change= 1.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,63,937 |change =9.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 3.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://gyanmandi.com/loksabha-election/Kerala/2014/Kasaragod
|title=Kasaragod Kerala Lok Sabha Elections 2014 Result
|access-date=2024-03-23
|archive-date=22 March 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322214229/https://gyanmandi.com/loksabha-election/Kerala/2014/Kasaragod
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Karunakaran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,84,964 |percentage=39.52 |change=-6.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Siddique]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,78,043 |percentage=38.80 |change=0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Surendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,72,826 |percentage=17.74 |change=2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. U. Abdul Salam |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=9,713 |percentage=1.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=6,103 |percentage=0.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ambalathara Kunhikrishnan |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=4,996 |percentage=0.51 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,921 |percentage=0.71 |change=-6.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,74,215 |percentage=78.41 |change= 2.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,43,730 |change =11.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -6.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Karunakaran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,85,522 |percentage=45.51 |change=-2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahida Kamal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,21,095 |percentage=37.91 |change=1.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Surendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,25,482 |percentage=14.81 |change=2.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. H. Madhavi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,518 |percentage=0.65 |change=-0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Raman |party=Independent politician |votes=5,008 |percentage=0.59 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=64,427 |percentage=7.61 |change=-4.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,47,096 |percentage=76.15 |change= -1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,13,892 |change =-3.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Karunakaran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,37,284 |percentage=48.50 |change=2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. A. Mohammed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,29,028 |percentage=36.49 |change=-5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Balakrishna Shetty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,10,328 |percentage=12.24 |change=1.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Sivanandan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,726 |percentage=0.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukumaran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,947 |percentage=0.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=4,652 |percentage=0.52 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,08,256 |percentage=12.01 |change=8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,01,603 |percentage=77.77 |change= 0.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,60,134 |change =-3.32 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Govindan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,23,564 |percentage=45.77 |change=0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khader Mangad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,91,986 |percentage=42.36 |change=2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Krishna Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,01,934 |percentage=11.02 |change=-0.88 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,578 |percentage=3.41 |change=-2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,25,384 |percentage=77.64 |change= 5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,99,964 |change =5.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Govindan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,95,910 |percentage=45.69 |change=-0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khader Mangad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,47,670 |percentage=40.12 |change=2.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Krishna Das |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,03,093 |percentage=11.90 |change=-0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. A. Nellikunnu |party=Indian National League |votes=17,736 |percentage=2.05 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,240 |percentage=5.57 |change=-3.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,66,525 |percentage=76.41 |change= 3.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,41,067 |change =1.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. Govindan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,71,997 |percentage=46.63 |change=1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[I. Rama Rai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,97,267 |percentage=37.26 |change=-6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Krishnadas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=97,577 |percentage=12.23 |change=2.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. M. Kunhi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,446 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. K. Ahammed Kunhi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,155 |percentage=0.52 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=74,730 |percentage=9.37 |change=8.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,97,847 |percentage=72.55 |change= -2.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,19,715 |change =7.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 1.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramanna Rai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,44,536 |percentage=44.82 |change=-0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Venugopal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,35,113 |percentage=43.59 |change=-1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Padmanabhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=76,067 |percentage=9.89 |change=1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Ismail |party=Independent politician |votes=3,590 |percentage=0.47 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,423 |percentage=1.23 |change=1.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,68,757 |percentage=74.78 |change= -4.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,36,913 |change =2.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -0.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramanna Rai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,58,723 |percentage=44.99 |change=1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[I. Rama Rai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,57,177 |percentage=44.80 |change=-0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. K. Padmanabhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=69,419 |percentage=8.71 |change=-1.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,546 |percentage=0.19 |change=-1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,97,296 |percentage=79.46 |change= 1.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,10,280 |change =35.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[I. Rama Rai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,62,904 |percentage=45.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balanandan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,51,535 |percentage=43.57 |change=-13.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. G. Marar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,021 |percentage=10.22 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. M. Mohamood |party=Independent politician |votes=2,787 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,369 |percentage=1.97 |change=-13.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,77,331 |percentage=78.17 |change= 9.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,45,222 |change =9.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -11.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramanna Rai]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,63,673 |percentage=56.95 |change=7.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=O. Rajagopal |party=Janata Party |votes=1,90,086 |percentage=41.05 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pattathil Raghavan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,360 |percentage=0.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Abdulla Mallath |party=Independent politician |votes=2,492 |percentage=0.54 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. V. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,415 |percentage=0.52 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,587 |percentage=15.89 |change=14.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,63,026 |percentage=68.83 |change= -11.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,78,476 |change =17.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramachandran Kadannappalli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,27,305 |percentage=50.56 |change=4.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=M. Ramanna Rai|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=2,22,263|percentage=49.44|change=10.35}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,042 |percentage=1.12 |change=-5.77 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,49,568|percentage=80.02|change=8.23}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,78,474 |change =-0.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramachandran Kadannappalli]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,89,486 |percentage=45.98 |change=19.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[E. K. Nayanar]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=1,61,082|percentage=39.09|change=-22.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=U. Ishwara Bhat|party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|votes=43,564|percentage=10.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pattathil Raghavan|party=Independent politician|votes=17,930|percentage=4.35|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,404 |percentage=6.89 |change=-28.39 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=4,12,062|percentage=71.79|change=-3.33}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,79,127 |change =23.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -15.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Gopalan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,06,480 |percentage=61.47 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. V. C. Nair |party=Indian National Congress |votes=87,970 |percentage=26.19 |change= ''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. U. Rao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=41,471
|percentage=12.35|change={{increase}}10.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,18,510 |percentage=35.28 |change={{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,35,921 |percentage=75.12 |change= {{increase}}8.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,67,371 |change ={{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Gopalan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,88,384 |percentage=62.17 |change={{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Karanth |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=1,05,021 |percentage=34.66 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govinda Menoki Illath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,816 |percentage=2.25 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. V. Ebrayan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,806 |percentage=0.93 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=83,363 |percentage=27.51 |change={{increase}}25.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,03,027 |percentage=67.00|change= 10.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,60,358 |change ={{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Kasaragod}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Gopalan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,28,839 |percentage=51.02 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Achutha Shenoy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,23,694 |percentage=48.98 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,145 |percentage=2.04 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,52,533 |percentage=56.21 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,49,300 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kasaragod district]]
* [[Kannur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: [http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission India]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190420072724/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-kasaragod-lok-sabha-constituency-election-results-candidates-list.html 2019 Kasaragod Lok Sabha Constituency Election Results and Candidates List ]}}
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/kasaragod/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Kasaragod Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|12.51|74.98|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasaragod (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Kasaragod district]]

Pepsi Uma

2026-04-28T06:16:58Z

NikeNuara: Creating new entry

{{Short description| Indian video jockey }}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pepsi Uma
| image =
| birth_name = Uma Maheswari
| occupation = Video jockey
| years_active = 1992–2013
| spouse = Sukesh
}}
'''Uma Maheswari''',<ref name="H1">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2013 |title=Jaya TV producer arrested |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jaya-tv-producer-arrested/article4841385.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314092634/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/jaya-tv-producer-arrested/article4841385.ece |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> better known as '''Pepsi Uma''', is an Indian video jockey known for her work in Tamil-language television. She was noted for her "mellifluous voice and flawless diction".<ref name="N" />

== Career ==
Uma worked as a video jockey since she was eleven years old.<ref name="HT" /> In 1994, she hosted ''Ungal Choice'', a weekly phone-in show sponsored by [[Pepsi]] on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref name="I">{{Cite web |last=Vetticad |first=Anna M.M. |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=16 October 2000 |title=Eyecatchers |url=https://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20001016/eyecats.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034423/https://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20001016/eyecats.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="T" /> In 2000, the show was Sun TV's longest show with three-hundred and twenty-five episodes.<ref name="I" /> She subsequently earned the name Pepsi Uma.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 June 2004 |title=A trendsetter, but... |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/12/stories/2004061200020200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110194215/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/12/stories/2004061200020200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2004 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{Cite web |last=V |first=Aarthi |date=20 December 2023 |title=Pepsi Uma: பரிசாக வந்த வெட்டப்பட்ட சிறிய விரல்..பெப்சி உமாவை அதிர வைத்த சம்பவம்! |trans-title=Pepsi Uma: The cut little finger that came as a gift.. The incident that shocked Pepsi Uma! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pepsi-uma-received-the-cut-finger-gift-from-fan-131703002579843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314085520/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pepsi-uma-received-the-cut-finger-gift-from-fan-131703002579843.html |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=அடடே... மீண்டும் இவரா? |trans-title=Huh... Him again? |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/ugh-him-again-962805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722034833/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/ugh-him-again-962805 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=என் கண்ணு உங்க மேலதான் போகுது.. ரஜினி குறித்து பெப்சி உமா சொன்ன ஷாக் தகவல் |trans-title=My eyes are on you.. Pepsi Uma reveals shocking news about Rajinikanth |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-pepsi-uma-video-goes-viral-696747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104155543/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-pepsi-uma-video-goes-viral-696747 |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Ta}}</ref> She simultaneously hosted ''Star Show'' in which she and [[Gangai Amaran]] discussed an issue every week with people from the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] including [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]].<ref name="H2" /><ref name="T" /> In a poll taken in 2000, she was voten the best anchor of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="I" /> She later switched to [[Kalaignar TV]] and left in March 2008.<ref name="E">{{Cite news |date=26 March 2008 |title=Pepsi Uma quits Kalaignar TV – Why ? |url=https://www.extramirchi.com/television/pepsi-uma-quits-kalaignar-tv-why/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601093052/http://www.extramirchi.com/television/pepsi-uma-quits-kalaignar-tv-why/ |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=eXtra Mirchi}}</ref>

In 2013, Uma hosted an hour show on [[Jaya TV]] titled ''Album''.<ref name="H2">{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 May 2013 |title=The fizz is intact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-fizz-is-intact/article4765708.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614054842/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/the-fizz-is-intact/article4765708.ece |archive-date=14 June 2013 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During her work as a video jockey, she received several film offers from [[Rajinikanth]] (two films including ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''),<ref name="HT" /> [[Subhash Ghai]] for a film with [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[K. Balachander]] and [[Bharathiraja]] but did not accept them due to lack of interest.<ref name="N">{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=3 December 2009 |title=The fizzy Uma |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article78094.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926202342/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article78094.ece |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HT" /> She also decided against doing an ad with [[Sachin Tendulkar]] due to the costumes.<ref name="N" /> Unlike other video jockeys, Uma preferred wearing [[Sari|saris]] in all her shows.<ref name="E" />

== Personal life ==
Uma is married to Sukesh, a Punjabi man she met while shooting for an advertisement.<ref name="H2" /> During her tenure with Jaya TV, she was [[Workplace harassment|harassed]] by a senior producer named Saravanaraj, who was later arrested.<ref name="H1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2013 |title=Pepsi Uma harassed by a TV executive ... |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/sexual-harassment-on-pepsi-uma--stern-cction-taken-pepsi-uma-album-23-06-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519212048/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/sexual-harassment-on-pepsi-uma--stern-cction-taken-pepsi-uma-album-23-06-13.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2013 |title=TV channel executive held for harassing VJ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tv-channel-executive-held-for-harassing-vj/articleshow/20722101.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029211438/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/TV-channel-executive-held-for-harassing-VJ/articleshow/20722101.cms |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Her fans wanted to build a temple for her in [[Kumily]].<ref name="H2" /> A distraught fan sent her a mail containing part of his cut [[Little finger|pinky]] which shocked Uma.<ref name="HT" /> As of 2009, she manages her family business Krypton Engineering and a production company.<ref name="N" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uma, Pepsi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian jockeys]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Women television presenters]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}

Hamid Ali Rao

2026-04-24T18:45:26Z

NikeNuara: Added Basic Bio V1

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], India
| image = Hamid Ali Rao.jpg
| parents = [[M. A. Khan]] (father)
| office = Joint Secretary to the [[External Affairs Minister]]
| office2 = Indian Ambassador to [[Saudi Arabia]]
| office1 = India's Permanent Representative to the [[Conference on Disarmament]]
| office3 = Deputy Director-General of the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW)
| term_start = August 2004
| term_end = December 2007
| term_start1 = 18 December 2007
| term_end1 = 10 September 2011
| term_end2 = April 2015
| term_start2 = 24 September 2011
| term_start3 = April 2015
| term_end3 = January 2019
| spouse = Asiya Hamid Rao
| children = 2
| education = M.A. in [[Political Science]]
}}

'''Hamid Ali Rao''' (born 1954) is a retired [[Indian Foreign Service]] (IFS) officer who served as India's Ambassador to [[Saudi Arabia]] from 2011 to 2015, and as Permanent Representative to the [[Conference on Disarmament]] in [[Geneva]] from 2007 to 2011. He also held the position of Deputy Director-General at the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW).

== Early life and education ==
Hamid Ali Rao was born in 1954 in [[Meerut, Uttar Pradesh]], India, to [[M. A. Khan|Kunwar Mahmood Ali Khan]], a former [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|governor of Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=26 September 2011 |title=Hamid Ali Rao is new Indian envoy to Saudi Arabia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/hamid-ali-rao-is-new-indian-envoy-to-saudi-arabia/articleshow/10128856.cms |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Hamid Ali Rao |url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/geneva_error |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=pmindiaun.gov.in}}</ref>

He holds a [[Master's degree]] in [[Political science|Political Science]] and a [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB).<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Rao joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1981. Early in his career, he served as Private Secretary to the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] from 1993 to 1995 and held diplomatic postings in [[Vienna]], [[Dhaka]], and [[Geneva]].<ref name=":0" />

As Joint Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs, he managed portfolios in [[Disarmament]] & International Security Affairs and [[United Nations]] Economic and Social Affairs.<ref name=":0" />

From 2007 to 2011, Rao was India's [[Permanent representative|Permanent Representative]] to the [[Conference on Disarmament]] in Geneva, representing India in multilateral disarmament negotiations.<ref name=":0" />

In 2011, he was appointed Ambassador to [[Saudi Arabia]], succeeding [[Talmiz Ahmad]].<ref name=":1" />

During his tenure, Rao addressed consular and labor-welfare issues, notably managing the regularization of 75,000 Indian workers during a 2013 Saudi labor law grace period and resolving passport-related challenges in [[Jeddah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMPLOYMENT IN K.S.A |url=https://cgijeddah.gov.in/error.php |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=cgijeddah.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2013 |title=Passport issue resolved with Saudi Arabia: Indian mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/middle-east-news/passport-issue-resolved-with-saudi-arabia-indian-mission/articleshow/20210099.cms |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2015, Rao was appointed as the [[Deputy Director-General]] of the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]], and during this period he conducted capacity-building visits to countries including [[Algeria]], [[Mexico]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Russia]], and [[Croatia]], and spoke at the 23rd Session of the Conference of States Parties in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OPCW Deputy Director-General Emphasises Importance of Capacity-Building for Customs Officials during visit to Algeria |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/news/2018/09/opcw-deputy-director-general-emphasises-importance-capacity-building |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=OPCW |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rao is married to Dr. Asiya Hamid Rao, and they have two daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid Ali, Rao}}
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]

G. K. Singh

2026-04-24T10:18:06Z

NikeNuara: adding new biography

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Promotional|date=January 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image = Title pic Gksingh.jpg
| caption = G.K.Singh, at the inauguration of [[Virasat-e-Khalsa]] [[Anandpur Sahib|Sri Anandpur Sahib]], 25 November 2011
| office = Director, Rural Development & Panchayats, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start = 4 August 2016
| predecessor = Sukhjit Singh Bains
| office1 = Director General School Education, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| term_start1 = 29 June 2014
| term_end1 = 26 December 2014
| predecessor1 = Anjali Bhawra
| successor1 = Pradeep Aggarwal
| office2 = [[Deputy Commissioner]], [[Patiala]]
| term_start2 = 20 April 2012
| term_end2 = 23 May 2014
| predecessor2 = Vikas Garg
| successor2 = Varun Roojam
| office3 = [[Deputy Commissioner]], [[Ropar]]
| term_start3 = 3 April 2011
| term_end3 = 19 April 2012
| predecessor3 = Arunjit Singh Miglani
| successor3 = Pradeep Aggarwal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|17}}
| birth_place = Jalwana, [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name = Gopal Krishan Singh Dhaliwal
| profession = [[Indian Administrative Services]]
| spouse = Neel Kamal Kaur Brar Dhaliwal (1988– )
| children = Rohan Bir, Kanwar Partap Bir
| alma_mater = [[Punjabi University, Patiala]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gopal Krishan Singh Dhaliwal''' (born 17 June 1957) is an Indian civil servant who currently serves as Director of the Department of Rural Development and Panchayats for the state of [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabtribune.com/news/730-gk-singh-posted-as-director-of-rural-development-and-panchayats-department.aspx|title=G.K Singh posted as Director of Rural Development and Panchayats Department|website=punjabtribune.com|access-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920050230/http://punjabtribune.com/news/730-gk-singh-posted-as-director-of-rural-development-and-panchayats-department.aspx|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a 1986 batch officer of the Punjab Civil Services, and [[Indian Administrative Service]] in the year 2000.

He is the founder of an NGO, [[Village development committee (India)|Village Development Council]], Jalwana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pindjalwana.com/history.html|title=Official Website of Village Development Council, Jalwana|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216210614/http://www.pindjalwana.com/history.html|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> involved in the integrated development of backward areas of Punjab. He is also one of the founders of [[Sarbat da bhala|Sarbat Da Bhala]] Charitable Trust,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sarbatdabhalacharitabletrust.blogspot.in/|title=sarbat da bhala charitable trust patiala|website=sarbatdabhalacharitabletrust.blogspot.in}}</ref> instrumental in rehabilitation of disabled and bringing back Punjabi youth languishing in jails abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/relief-for-punjabi-youths-on-death-row-in-dubai/357760.html|title=Relief for Punjabi youths on death row in Dubai|date=2017|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Singh was born to Sukhdev Singh Dhaliwal and Mata Gurdial Kaur in village Jalwana, [[Sangrur]] District. He received his primary education in Government Primary School, village Lohatbaddi. He completed his higher studies at [[Government Rajindra College, Bathinda]] and later did political science (honors) from [[Punjabi University|Punjabi University, Patiala]]. He earned the gold medal at the age of 20 years.

== Personal life ==

He married Neel Kamal Brar in 1988 in Bathinda. He has two sons Rohan Bir and Kanwar Partap.

== Teaching career ==
After completing his master’s degree in 1978 at the age of 21, Singh was appointed as a lecturer in the field of International Politics by the Government of Punjab. After quitting his job as an officer in the Punjab Civil Services in 1986, he taught students in Government College, [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Mukatsar Sahib]], Patran (Patiala) and [[Malerkotla]].<ref name="newsweekindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweekindia.com/content/?p=10116|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131216135454/http://www.newsweekindia.com/content/?p=10116|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-16|title=Profile Of D.C. Rupnagar}}</ref> He has given lectures on topics concerning various social issues in colleges.

=== Punjab Civil Services and Indian Administrative Services ===
[[File:Guard of honor pic.jpg|thumb|500px|right|G.K.Singh accompanying His Excellency Sh.[[Shivraj Patil]], [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]], inspecting Guard of Honor at Yadavindra Public School Stadium, Patiala]]

Singh was an officer in the Punjab Civil Services. Also served as Executive Magistrate, [[Bathinda]] and, GA to DC, Faridkot. He was posted as district transport officer, [[Bathinda]] from 1991 to 1993 and regional transport authority from 1994 to 1996. During the latter stint,<ref name="newsweekindia" /> he was instrumental in organizing the annual Road Safety Awareness Week. He joined as the Additional Deputy Commissioner (Development) in April 1996. He also served Departments of school education as Joint Secretary. He was appointed Additional Deputy Commissioner, [[Sangrur]] for a period of three years from 1999 till 2001. Singh also held the post of District Census Officer for 2001 Census Operations. He was awarded the President of India's silver medal for the same.

Singh was promoted to the [[Indian Administrative Services]] with the batch of 2001. He was posted as [http://psebea.org/node/2628 Director, Colonization, Punjab]. He joined as the Deputy Commissioner, District of Rupnagar on 5 April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rupnagar.nic.in/html/dclist.htm|title=DEO/ADEO Information|website=rupnagar.nic.in}}</ref> During his tenure there he was instrumental in improving sanitation and greenery in the city as well as district. He was instrumental in stopping [[Sand theft|illegal sand mining]] in the area and also played in conducting free and fair elections for state assembly in 2012. He later served as [[Deputy Commissioner]] of District of [[Patiala]] in 2012. After a two-year stint in Patiala, Singh was posted as Director General School Education, Punjab looking after the primary, middle and high school education in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/punjab-transfers/item/48656-punjab-transfers-eight-senior-ias-officers-transferred-gk-singh-appointed-dgse|title=Punjab Transfers : Eight Senior IAS Officers Transferred, GK Singh appointed DGSE|date=4 February 2024|access-date=31 December 2014|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231090052/http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/punjab-transfers/item/48656-punjab-transfers-eight-senior-ias-officers-transferred-gk-singh-appointed-dgse|url-status=dead}}</ref> As DGSE, Punjab he laid emphasis on student safety and took steps to prevent child abuse.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jalandhar/dgse-issues-guidelines-to-deos-principals-on-students-safety/article1-1290157.aspx |title=DGSE issues guidelines to DEOs, principals on students' safety - Hindustan Times |access-date=31 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231094137/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jalandhar/dgse-issues-guidelines-to-deos-principals-on-students-safety/article1-1290157.aspx |archive-date=31 December 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He also banned phubbing by teachers during school hours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Phubbing-trouble-for-gurus/articleshow/45665090.cms|title=Phubbing trouble for gurus |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 December 2014 }}</ref> Singh initiated setting up of helpline to redress the public grievances related to the Department of School Education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://suryanewsonline.com/newsdescription.aspx?Id=926|title=Toll free helpline launched by Education department in Chandigarh|work=Surya News Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320053651/http://suryanewsonline.com/newsdescription.aspx?Id=926|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was instrumental in setting up the anti-Drug Awareness Campaign in school across the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/education-dept-to-make-students-aware-of-ill-effects-of-drugs/story-G4EOD7OHxQBA6p8VMLiWnJ.html|title=Education dept to make students aware of ill-effects of drugs|website=Hindustan Times|date=10 July 2014 }}</ref> Singh started the "Sohna School Campaign" and was instrumental in setting up toilets for students in all government schools as a part of the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/all-govt-schools-in-state-to-have-toilets-by-march-31/story-KqyrmaNW1KTWghLPMhpkRK.html|title=All Government Schools To Have Toilets by 31st March|website=Hindustan Times|date=27 September 2014 }}</ref> On 25 December 2014 he was given the charge of Commissioner, Municipal Corporation, Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/14-ias-officers-transferred-in-punjab_1520710.html|title=14 IAS officers transferred in Punjab|date=26 December 2014}}</ref> He laid emphasis on promoting [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan]] improving the green belt and people's participation on joining his new assignment. During his tenure, Ludhiana was chosen as one of the 20 cities and the only city from Punjab for the implementation of Smart City Project by the Ministry of Urban Development, Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/first-20-unveiled-ludhiana-not-chandigarh-in-first-list-of-smart-cities/|title=First 20 unveiled: Ludhiana, not Chandigarh, in first list of smart cities|date=29 January 2016}}</ref> As the Commissioner of Municipal Corporation in Ludhiana, he was instrumental in establishing the public library at Guru Nanak Bhawan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/public-library-thrown-open-at-guru-nanak-bhawan/127601.html |title=Public library thrown open at Guru Nanak Bhawan |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2015-09-02 |access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> upgrading the two landmark greenbelts, Rakh Bagh and Rose Garden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/mc-commissioner-gk-singh-shifted/222034.html |title=MC Commissioner GK Singh shifted |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2016-04-14 |access-date=2018-04-10}}</ref> He reopened the children's library in Ludhiana after a period of 16 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Reading-gets-a-boost-childrens-library-opens/articleshow/49869004.cms|title=Reading gets a boost, children's library opens |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 November 2015 }}</ref> During his tenure in Ludhiana, the city moved to rank 34 from rank 381 in the Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan rankings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/Ludhiana-is-34th-in-countrywide-Swachh-Bharat-rankings/articleshow/50998527.cms|title=Ludhiana is 34th in country wide Bharat rankings|newspaper=Times of India|date=15 February 2016 }}</ref> He was deputed as Director, Rural Development and Panchayats, for the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in August 2016. He initiated scoring and honouring system for best [[Panchayats]] in the state on every Independence Day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/three-punjab-panchayts-honoured-on-on-independence-day-52337.aspx|title=Three Punjab Panchayts honoured on independence Day|website=punjabnewsexpress.com}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Certificate of Recognition by House of Commons, Canada.png|thumb|Certificate of Recognition presented to G.K.Singh by Hon.Gurbax Singh Malhi on behalf of the [[House of Commons of Canada]]|left]]
# President of India Silver Medal for Census Operations, 2001
# Commendation Certificate by the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons, Canada]] by MP Hon. [[Gurbax Singh Malhi]]
# Certificate of Honor by Ms.[[Susan Fennell|Susan Fenell]] [[Mayor of Brampton]], Canada.
# Certificate of Honor by the [[Legislative Assembly of Alberta]] by MPP Mr.[[Darshan Kang]]
# Certificate of Honor by the [[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia]]

== Village Development Council ==

The residents of village Jalwana under his leadership, along with the support of diaspora, founded the Village Development Council on 13 April 1999.
In the very first gathering of the village, a target was set to make it a model village by achieving the following 8 targets:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pindjalwana.com/vdc--its-targets.html|title=Village Development Council Targets and Achievements|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182510/http://www.pindjalwana.com/vdc--its-targets.html|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
# Construction of the village periphery road having a length of 1.25 km.
# Redesigning the water drains and connecting them to Tallewal drain
# Construction of a modern Old Age Home for village elders
# Developing the village [[cremation ground]].
# Street lighting of all village streets and periphery roads and ensuring 24 hour electricity supply
# Building up of peaceful mutual brotherhood conducive to development of entire village
# Providing a strong financial support to brilliant students for higher studies.
# Steps towards mutual co-operation for removal of unemployment.
[[File:GovVisit.jpg|thumb|Erstwhile [[List of Governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]] General [[J. F. R. Jacob]] (Retd.) during his visit to Village Jalwana, declaring it the "Millenium Model Village" |308x308px]]
Within a year the council was successful in achieving 6 of the above given targets. While carrying out these developments of projects the people's participation in all the activities was a great example for the surrounding areas.
They not only contributed in terms of money but physically participated in all these activities. Whether it was the construction of village circular road, redesigning of village drains, development of village cremation ground and construction of mourners' shed or planting ornamental trees on the periphery of the village. It was the mutual co-operation and peoples participation which provided strength to their efforts and created an environment of mutual brotherhood in the village.

This village was the first in the district to have streetlights in all areas. Halogen lamps and electric tubes were installed along the periphery and streets. Residents have associated the lighting with efforts to address illiteracy and social issues. Few criminal cases have been reported from the village in the last 15 years.

The Governor of Punjab His Excellency [[J. F. R. Jacob|Gen. J. F. R. Jacob]] declared it a "Millennium Village" on his maiden visit to the place.

== Columnist ==

[[File:On Radio Talk Show RED FM, Surrey B.C.,Canada.jpg|thumb|175px|G.K.Singh along with philanthropist S.P.Singh Oberoi during a radio talk show hosted by RED FM, [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey B.C.]]]]

Singh has also worked as regular columnist for leading Punjabi newspapers in India and Canada namely [[Gurmat Parkash]], [[Punjabi Tribune]], [[Daily Ajit]], Indo Canadian Times, Desh Sewak, Desh Videsh Times on various social issues plaguing Punjab. He has presented talks on [[All India Radio]], Jalandhar, Red FM, Surrey B.C. As the Deputy Commissioner, Patiala and the ex-officio chairman of the District Child Welfare Council, he launched the magazine, "Balpreet", consisting of contributions by the school children and is circulated in all government and private schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/state-s-first-child-magazine-launched-in-patiala/story-sxHevdWe94G2bkCC2qQ2KI.html|title=State's first child magazine launched in Patiala|website=Hindustan Times|date=13 February 2013 }}</ref> He is also the advisor and founder member of "Saade Pind" magazine published by the Department of Rural Development and Panchayats, Govt. of Punjab, consisting of articles to enlighten farmers about the latest farming practices and overall rural development. His articles and literature about Sikhism has been cited multiple times by the Head Granthi of Sri [[Harimandir Sahib]] during the [[Katha (storytelling format)|katha]] of the [[Hukamnama|Daily Hukamnama]] from [[Manji Sahib]].

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, G.K.}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants|G.K.Singh]]
[[Category:People from Sangrur district]]
[[Category:People from Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Illegal mining in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]

Vivek Agarwal (judge)

2026-04-19T21:25:29Z

NikeNuara: Made New Pg

{{Short description|Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vivek Agarwal
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 7 April 2016
| term_end =
| appointer =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = 28 June 1967
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Judge]]
| profession = Law
}}

'''Vivek Agarwal'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD |first=HIGH COURT ALLAHABAD |title=HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HIGH COURT LEGAL SERVICES COMMITTEE AT JABALPUR {{!}} Madhya Pradesh State Legal Services Authority (MPSLSA) {{!}} India |url=https://madhyapradesh.nalsa.gov.in/high-court-legal-services-committee-at-jabalpur/#:~:text=CHAIRMAN,Pradesh%20on%20October%2020,2021. |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=madhyapradesh.nalsa.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Justice Vivek Aggarwal: MP High Court Judge Who Has Thousands Of Social Media Followers |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/who-is-justice-vivek-aggarwal-mp-high-court-judge-who-has-thousands-of-social-media-followers-2619696.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> is a judge of the High Court of [[Madhya Pradesh]], currently serving at the Principal Seat in [[Jabalpur]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=AK |first=Aditya |title=Collegium reiterates transfer of Justice Vivek Agarwal from Madhya Pradesh HC to Allahabad HC |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-reiterates-transfer-of-justice-vivek-agarwal-from-madhya-pradesh-hc-to-allahabad-hc#:~:text=Justice%20Vivek%20Agarwal%20was%20appointed%20as%20an,made%20a%20permanent%20judge%20in%20March%202018. |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> He is well-known in the Indian legal community for his strict courtroom decorum and viral judicial proceedings.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Live |title=Read all Latest Updates on and about Justice Vivek Agarwal |url=https://www.livelaw.in/tags/justice-vivek-agarwal |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CDJ Law Journal |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=1116&cid=14 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.cdjlawjournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जज साहब से सुनवाई के दौरान बहस करने वाले वकील के सीनियर ने मांगी माफी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur/madhya-pradesh-highcourt-news-lawyers-senior-apologizes-for-misbehaving-with-justice-vivek-agarwal/articleshow/100528720.cms |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Amir |date=2025-08-04 |title=मध्य प्रदेश हाईकोर्ट ने हत्या की जांच पूरी करने के लिए झूठे गवाह थोपने पर पुलिस की कड़ी आलोचना की, डीजीपी को उचित जांच के लिए दिशानिर्देश जारी करने का निर्देश दिया |url=https://hindi.livelaw.in/madhya-pradesh-high-court/madhya-pradesh-high-court-justice-vivek-agarwal-justice-avanindra-kumar-singh-murder-convict-false-witness-implant-witness-299846 |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=hindi.livelaw.in |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Varachha Road Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:44Z

NikeNuara: Made A Entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Varachha Road
| mla = [[Kishor Kanani]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:215926}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 161
}}

'''Varachha Road''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] city and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|last=|first=|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Surat City Taluka (Part) – [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 28, 43, 44, 45.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|2012
|[[Kishor Kanani]]
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kishor Kanani]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2022]]: Varachha Road}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kishor Kanani]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 67206
|percentage = 55.13
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Praful Togadiya (Papanbhai)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2940|percentage=2.41|change=-41.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Alpesh Kathiriya]]|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=50372|percentage=41.32|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=13.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=121908|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:215306}}

}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Varachha Road<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kishor Kanani]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68,472
|percentage = 54.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhirubhai Gajera|party=Indian National Congress|votes=54,474|percentage=43.51|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=13,998|percentage=11.18|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,25,191|percentage=63.03|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kishor Kanani]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=68,529|percentage=53.78|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dhirubhai Gajera|party=Indian National Congress|votes=48,170|percentage=37.80|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=20,359|percentage=15.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=127,420|percentage=68.70|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.99|73.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Nirmala Bhati

2026-04-16T17:30:12Z

NikeNuara: Creating a details

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Nirmala Bhati''' (born 1999)<ref>{{Cite web |title=From nearly quitting Kho Kho to representing India, the rise of Nirmala Bhati |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/from-nearly-quitting-kho-kho-to-representing-india-the-rise-of-nirmala-bhati20241010142611/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian kho kho player from [[Rajasthan]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as a Wazir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> She was part of the Indian women's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.

== Early life and education ==
Bhati is from [[Parewadi]] village, Kuchaman subdivision, [[Nagaur district]], Rajasthan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-11 |title=खो-खो चैंपियन निर्मला का भव्य स्वागत, बोलीं- बेटियों को पढ़ाने के साथ खेलने पर भी हो फोकस |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/international-kho-kho-player-nirmala-bhati-given-a-grand-welcome-in-kuchmancity-after-winning-world-cup-rajasthan-news-rjs25021102496 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/nagaur/kuchaman/news/kho-kho-world-cup-winner-nirmala-bhati-reached-her-native-village-134454410.html</ref> She is a student of Chandigarh University.<ref>https://news.cuchd.in/cus-monica-and-nirmala-bhati-shine-as</ref>

== Career ==
Bhati was part of the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Indian team defeated [[South Korea]], [[IR Iran]] and [[Malaysia]] in the group stages, [[Bangladesh]] in quarterfinals and [[South Africa]] in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78–40 in the final.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> She was declared as the Best Player of the World Cup.<ref name=":0" /> She was felicitated after returning to her village following a successful campaign at the World Cup in Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

=== Coaching career ===
Bhati is one of the senior most Indian players in the team after Nasreen Shaikh. She has also taken part in the sports administration and coached the [[New Zealand]] team in preparation for the World Cup in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehra |first=Sakshi |date=2024-12-12 |title=Kho kho reborn |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/kho-kho-reborn/2399021/ |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhati, Nirmala}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur district]]

Moga Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:22Z

NikeNuara: Creating New Stub W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Moga
| map_image = 73-Moga.svg
| mla = [[Amandeep Kaur Arora]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Moga district|Moga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:203541}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 73
}}
'''Moga Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 73) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Moga district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>

{{TOClimit|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Jagraj Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Gurcharan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Nachattar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Roop Lal Sathi
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Gurdev Kaur
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Roop Lal Sathi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Nachattar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Gurcharan Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
| Malti Thapar
|-
| [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Tota Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="3"|Joginder Pal Jain
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
| 2013^
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Harjot Kamal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Amandeep Kaur Arora]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}
^Bye election

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Moga<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Amandeep Kaur Arora]]
|votes = {{formatnum:59149}}
|percentage = 41.01
|change = {{up}} 6.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Malvika Sood]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
|votes={{formatnum:38234}}
|percentage=26.51
|change={{down}} 9.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Barjinder Singh Brar
|votes={{formatnum:28333}}
|percentage=19.64
|change= {{down}} 5.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=BJP|candidate= [[Harjot Kamal Singh]]
|votes={{formatnum:10606}}
|percentage=7.35
|change= {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate= Manjeet Singh Mallah|votes= {{formatnum:3803}}|percentage= 2.64|change={{increase}} 2.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:925}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{up}} 0.10
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:20915}}
|percentage = 14.5
|change = {{up}}13.28
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:144232}}
|percentage = 70.73
|change = {{down}} 4.04
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors ={{formatnum:203919}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Moga<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harjot Kamal Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:52357}}
|percentage = 36.19
|change = {{down}} 2.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ramesh Grover
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:50593}}
|percentage = 34.97
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party=Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate=Barjinder Singh Brar
|votes={{formatnum:36587}}
|percentage=25.29
|change= {{down}}27.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:785}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:1764}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = {{down}}13.25
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:144678}}
|percentage = 74.77
|change = {{up}} 2.16
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:193504}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations – VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Bye election ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[2013 elections in India#Punjab|2013 Punjab Legislative Assembly Bye election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Joginder Pal Jain
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 69,269
| percentage = 53.16
| change = {{up}}10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sathi Vijay Kumar
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 50,420
| percentage = 38.69
| change = {{down}} 7.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ravinder Singh Dhaliwal
| party = People's Party of Punjab
| votes = 7,554
| percentage = 5.80
| change = {{down}} 1.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Birinderpal Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
| votes = 822
| percentage = 0.63
| change = {{up}} 0.63
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 18,849
| percentage = 14.47
| change = {{up}}11.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,30,302
| percentage = 72.61
| change = {{down}} 4.21
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,79,448
| ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Final Result for Assembly Constituency (A08)- Bye Election 73-Moga |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=1118&l=En&q=election |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Joginder Pal Jain
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 62200
| percentage = 46.40
| change = {{down}} 1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Paramdeep Singh Gill
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 57,575
| percentage = 42.95
| change = {{down}} 3.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ravinder Singh Dhaliwal
| party = People's Party of Punjab
| votes = 9,910
| percentage = 7.39
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Pritpal Singh
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 1,791
| percentage = 1.43
| change = {{up}} 0.51
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 4,625
| percentage = 3.45
| change = {{up}} 2.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,34,065
| percentage = 76.82
| change = {{down}} 4.21
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,74,531
| ref = <ref name="Moga">{{cite web |title=Previous Vidhan Sabha Results of District Moga |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=1114&l=En&q=election |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
| winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Joginder Pal Jain
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 55300
| percentage = 47.77
| change = {{down}} 1.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Tota Singh]]
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 54,008
| percentage = 46.65
| change = {{down}} 3.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Randhir Singh
| party = Communist Party of India
| votes = 3,068
| percentage = 2.65
| change = {{up}} 2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Kulwant Singh
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 1,791
| percentage = 0.92
| change = {{up}} 0.51
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 1,292
| percentage = 1.12
| change = {{up}} 0.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,15,770
| percentage = 75.90
| change = {{up}}17.89
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,52,708
| ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Tota Singh]]
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 42579
| percentage = 47.91
| change = {{up}} 0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sathi Vijay Kumar
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 42,274
| percentage = 47.56
| change = {{up}}24.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Buta Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
| votes = 2,125
| percentage = 2.39
| change = {{up}} 2.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Ved Parkash
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.14
| change = {{up}} 0.14
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 305
| percentage = 0.35
| change = {{down}}24.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 89,194
| percentage = 58.01
| change = {{down}} 8.45
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors = 1,53,753
| ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
| winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1997 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[Tota Singh]]
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 41616
| percentage = 47.41
| change = {{up}}47.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sathi Vijay Kumar
| party = Janata Dal
| votes = 20,217
| percentage = 23.03
| change = {{down}} 7.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Malti Thapar
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 16,919
| percentage = 19.27
| change = {{down}}11.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Amarjit Singh
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 5,703
| percentage = 6.50
| change = {{down}} 3.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Jagdish Chander
| party = Independent
| votes = 2,542
| percentage = 2.90
| change = {{down}}18.11
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,399
|percentage = 24.38
|change = {{up}}24.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,825
|percentage = 66.46
|change = {{up}}42.56
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,33,659
|ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1992 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Malti Thapar
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 7,865
| percentage = 30.78
| change = {{down}} 6.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Janata Dal
| votes = 7,858
| percentage = 30.75
| change = {{down}} 0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Jagdish Chander
| party = Bharatiya Janta Party
| votes = 5,370
| percentage = 21.01
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Malkit Singh
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| votes = 2,557
| percentage = 10.01
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Nanak Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 1,904
| percentage = 7.45
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7
|percentage = 0.03
|change = {{down}} 6.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 26,532
|percentage = 23.90
|change = {{down}}45.26
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,10,970
|ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
| winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Gurcharan Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 23,651
| percentage = 37.55
| change = {{down}} 5.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Janata Party
| votes = 19,848
| percentage = 31.51
| change = {{down}} 0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Charan Dass
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 15,617
| percentage = 24.79
| change = {{up}}12.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Harbans Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 1,232
| percentage = 1.96
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Narotam Lal
| party = Independent
| votes = 1,087
| percentage = 1.73
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Piara Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 660
| percentage = 1.05
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,803
|percentage = 6.04
|change = {{down}} 5.03
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 66,242
|percentage = 69.16
|change = {{up}} 8.23
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 95,776
|ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
| winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Nachhattar Singh
| party = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| votes = 22,460
| percentage = 43.07
| change = {{down}} 1.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Janata Party (Secular)
| votes = 16,686
| percentage = 32.00
| change = {{down}}23.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gurnam Singh Tir
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 6,312
| percentage = 12.10
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gurbux Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 3,702
| percentage = 7.10
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Om Parkash
| party = Bhartiya Janata Party
| votes = 2,295
| percentage = 4.40
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,774
|percentage = 11.07
|change = {{down}} 0.61
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 52,375
|percentage = 60.93
|change = {{down}} 5.98
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 86,547
|ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Indian National Congress (Indira)
| loser = Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Janata Party
| votes = 28,652
| percentage = 55.84
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Iqbal Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 22,656
| percentage = 44.16
| change = {{up}} 2.65
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,996
|percentage = 11.68
|change = {{up}} 4.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 52,050
|percentage = 66.91
|change = {{down}} 7.88
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 77,790
|ref = <ref name="Moga" />
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Gurdev Kaur
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 22,793
| percentage = 41.51
| change = {{up}}18.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Nachhatar Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 18,947
| percentage = 33.96
| change = {{down}} 1.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Independent
| votes = 13,210
| percentage = 24.06
| change = {{down}}15.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Kartar Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 264
| percentage = 0.48
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,146
|percentage = 7.55
|change = {{up}} 3.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 55,774
|percentage = 74.79
|change = {{up}} 0.29
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 74,579
|ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1972 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3447-punjab-1972/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Samyukta Socialist Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1969 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Samyukta Socialist Party
| votes = 19,978
| percentage = 39.56
| change = {{up}}13.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Harbans Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 17,998
| percentage = 35.64
| change = {{up}}12.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Sat Dev
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 11,842
| percentage = 23.45
| change = {{down}}14.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Tara Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 686
| percentage = 1.36
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,980
|percentage = 3.92
|change = {{down}} 8.37
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 51,500
|percentage = 74.48
|change = {{up}} 0.29
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 69,145
|ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1969 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3446-punjab-1969/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Samyukta Socialist Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Nachattar Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 16,847
| percentage = 38.25
| change = {{down}} 5.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Samyukta Socialist Party
| votes = 11,433
| percentage = 25.96
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = D. Singh
| party = Akali Dal – Sant Fateh Singh Group
| votes = 10,324
| percentage = 23.44
| change = {{down}}23.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = R. Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 4,178
| percentage = 9.49
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,414
|percentage = 12.29
|change = {{up}} 9.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 46,430
|percentage = 77.48
|change = {{up}} 3.21
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 59,927
|ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1967 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3445-punjab-1967/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = Gurcharan Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 22,155
| percentage = 47.01
| change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Jagraj Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 20,754
| percentage = 44.03
| change = {{down}}15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Gobind Lal
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| votes = 4,224
| percentage = 8.96
| change = {{down}} 8.96
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,401
|percentage = 2.97
|change = {{down}}34.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 48,514
|percentage = 74.27
|change = {{up}}12.67
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 65,321
|ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1962 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3444-punjab-1962/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing
| winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
| loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin no change| title = [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1957 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3443-punjab-1957/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Jagraj Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 21,417
| percentage = 59.56
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Rattan Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 8,099
| percentage = 22.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Shadi Lal
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| votes = 6,444
| percentage = 17.92
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority no change|
|votes = 13,318
|percentage = 37.04
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|votes = 35,960
|percentage = 61.60
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
|reg. electors = 58,372
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Moga-Dharamkot constituency ==
During the [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], Moga-Dharamkot constituency was one of 21 two-member constituencies.

{{Election box begin no change| title = [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] : Moga-Dharamkot<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1951 To The Legislative Assembly Of Punjab |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3442-punjab-1951/ |publisher=Election Commission Of India |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Davinder Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 19,429
| percentage = 18.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Rattan Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 18,492
| percentage = 18.05
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Mukhtair Singh
| party = Shiromani Akali Dal
| votes = 16,439
| percentage = 16.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sohan Singh
| party = Indian National Congress
| votes = 15,907
| percentage = 15.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Mehar Singh
| party = Communist Party of India
| votes = 9,212
| percentage = 8.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Lal
| party = Independent
| votes = 6,100
| percentage = 5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Roop Lal Sathi
| party = Socialist Party (India)
| votes = 3,641
| percentage = 3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sain Dass
| party = Bharatiya Jan Sangh
| votes = 2,464
| percentage = 2.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Lal Chand
| party = Socialist Party (India)
| votes = 2,358
| percentage = 2.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Bachitar Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 2,023
| percentage = 1.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Labh Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 1,555
| percentage = 1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Anokh Singh
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| votes = 1,320
| percentage = 1.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sandhu Ram
| party = Independent
| votes = 932
| percentage = 0.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sikandar Lal
| party = Independent
| votes = 736
| percentage = 0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Wazir Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 662
| percentage = 0.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Bakhtawar Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 648
| percentage = 0.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Sher Singh
| party = Independent
| votes = 503
| percentage = 0.49
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|votes = 1,02,421
|percentage = 98.33
}}
{{Election box registered electors no change
|reg. electors = 1,04,163
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Moga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.83|75.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Moga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Kalpana Devi Thoudam

2026-04-13T16:08:21Z

NikeNuara: Added Initial Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian judoka (born 1989)}}
{{About||the politician|Kalpana Devi (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox judoka
| image = Commonwealth Judo Gold Medal Winner Ms. Kalpana Devi of ITBP, in New Delhi on January 14, 2010 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Thoudam in New Delhi, 14 January 2010
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|24 December 1989}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]], [[Manipur]], India

| country = [[India]]
| weight_class = –52 kg
| rank = 
| rank_ref =
| dan = 
| club =

| worlds_rank = R32
| worlds_year = 2009
| worlds_weight = 
| worlds_year2 = 2011
| worlds_weight2 = Women's 52 kg
| worlds_year3 = 2017
| worlds_weight3 = Women's 52 kg
| regionals_type = AS
| regionals_rank = 5
| regionals_year = 2014
| regionals_weight = Women's 52 kg
| nationals =
| olympics_rank = 
| olympics_year =
| olympics_weight = 
| commonwealth_rank = 3
| commonwealth_year = 2014
| commonwealth_weight = Women's 52 kg

| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport| Women's [[judo]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[International Judo Federation|IJF]] Grand Prix }}
{{Medal|B| [[2013 Judo Grand Prix Tashkent|2013 Tashkent]] | –52 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Junior Judo Championships|Asian Junior Championships]] }}
{{Medal|G| [[2008 Asian Junior Judo Championships|2008 Sana'a]] | –57 kg }}
{{Medal|S| [[2007 Asian Junior Judo Championships|2007 Hyderabad]] | –52 kg }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Judo at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{Medal|B| [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]] | [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 52 kg|–52 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Judo at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] }}
{{Medal|B| [[Judo at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guhwati]] | [[Judo at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's 52 kg|–52 kg]] }}
| updated = 26 December 2022
}}

'''Kalpana Devi Thoudam''' (born 24 December 1989) is an Indian [[judoka]], born in Imphal East, Manipur. She won the bronze medal in the [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 52 kg|women's 52 kg]] weight class at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Women's –52 kg Bronze medal contest |url= http://results.glasgow2014.com/event/judo/juw052252/womens__52kg_bronze_medal_contest_b.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140729143334/http://results.glasgow2014.com/event/judo/juw052252/womens__52kg_bronze_medal_contest_b.html |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 29 July 2014 |website= glasgow2014.com |date= 24 July 2014 |accessdate= 25 July 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
In her career as a [[judo]]ka, Thoudam won a silver at the sub-junior national championship in [[Guwahati]] in 1998. She then won four gold medals at the junior national championships and one gold at junior Asian judo championship. In 2007, she placed second at the Asian U20 Championships, held in Hyderabad. In 2010, she won a bronze at the International Judo Federation World Cup in Tashkent. In the same year, she won a gold medal at the Commonwealth Judo Championships in [[Singapore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/50359/Kalpana_Devi_Thoudam/judo-career|title=Kalpana Devi Thoudam, Judoka, JudoInside|website=www.judoinside.com|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref> In 2013, she became the first Indian to win a medal at the IJF Grand Prix in [[Tashkent]], [[Uzbekistan]], when she won a bronze medal.<ref>{{cite news |title= Judoka Kalpana wins bronze at IJF Grand Prix in Tashkent |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Judoka-Kalpana-wins-bronze-at-IJF-Grand-Prix-in-Tashkent/articleshow/23587983.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 5 October 2013 |accessdate= 25 July 2014}}</ref> She defeated Zarifa Sultanova of Uzbekistan, but lost to Israeli Gili Cohen. In the repechage round she defeated Raquel Silva from Brazil.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/itbp-s-head-constable-kalpana-devi-wins-bronze-medal-in-world-judo-grand-prix-in-tashkent-113100801094_1.html|title=ITBP's Head Constable Kalpana Devi wins Bronze Medal in World Judo Grand Prix in Tashkent|last=ANI|date=2013-10-08|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref> Additionally, she has served as the Head Constable of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/kalpana-devi-wins-historic-bronze-in-judo-world-cup/20100927.htm|title=Kalpana Devi wins historic bronze in Judo WC|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>

In the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], she won bronze in the [[Judo at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 52 kg|52 kg]] weight class. Shealso won gold medals at the Indian Championships in 2017 and 2018, held in Chennai and Jammu, respectively.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Sports links}}
* {{The-Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi Thoudam, Kalpana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female judoka]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Indian female martial artists]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in judo]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Asian Games judoka for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]

{{India-judo-bio-stub}}

Hakim Ghulam Jilani

2026-04-12T15:57:01Z

NikeNuara: Added A Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian physician (1873–1926)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Hakim Ghulam Jilani
| honorific_prefix = Hakim, Khan Sahib, Shams al-Atibba
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 15 May 1873
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = 23 February 1926
| death_place = Lahore, British India
| occupation = Physician, Hakim, Writer
| alma_mater = [[Lahore Medical College]] (L.M.S.)
| known_for = Author of ''Makhzan-e-Hikmat''
| awards = ''Shams al-Atibba'' (Qajar Iran), ''[[Khan Sahib]]'' (British India), [[Order of the Lion and the Sun]] (Qajar Iran)
}}

'''Ghulam Jilani Ansari''' {{Small|[[Order of the Lion and the Sun|K.L.S.]]}} (15 May 1873 – 23 February 1926) was an Indian physician and [[Hakim (title)|hakim]] (practitioner of [[herbal medicine]]), known for his contributions to [[Urdu]] medical literature.<ref name="RNarain">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=May 1908 |editor-last=Narain |editor-first=Ram |title=Book reviews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emu7urw0OFoC&dq=dr+ghulam+jilani+khan+sahib&pg=PA88 |journal=The Practical Medicine |location=Delhi |volume=VI |issue=5 |pages=88–89 |oclc=67906327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=A. Hameed|title=Ansari's Trade Directory of Pakistan and Who's Who |date=1953 |publisher=Ansari Publishing House |edition=3rd |language=en |chapter=Who's who 1952-53 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Db0wAQAAIAAJ&dq=dr+ghulam+jilani+khan+sahib&pg=PA1047}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Subbarayappa |first=B. V. |title=Medicine and Life Sciences in India |date=2001 |publisher=[[Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture]]|isbn=978-81-87586-07-4 |pages=363 |language=en}}</ref> For his services in the field of medicine, he received the honorary title ''Shams-ul-Attiba'' from the [[Qajar Iran|Government of Qajar Iran]] and the title ''[[Khan Sahib]]'' by the [[British Raj|Government of British India]].

==Early life and education ==
Jilani was born on 15 May 1873 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)]] into a noble [[Ansari (nesba)|Ansari]] family with scholarly traditions. His ancestors had migrated from [[Persia]] to [[Indian subcontinent]]. He completed his early education at home, where he studied [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[English language|English]], later passing the middle school from Normal Middle School, Lahore.{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=166}}

His father, Sultan Mahmood Ansari, was a religious scholar and ''hakīm'' (Unani physician) of his time, running a successful [[Doctor's office|medical practice]] in Lahore. Inspired by his father's legacy, Jilani studied traditional [[Unani medicine]] under his father and other renowned hakims. He later enrolled in the Lahore Medical College, where he pursued modern medical studies. At the time, [[Western medicine|Western medical education]] in India was limited to diploma-level training, and in 1895, he earned a [[Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery]] (L.M.S.). That same year, he entered government service.{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=166}}

== Career ==
Jilani's scholarly abilities earned him an posting in [[Qajar Empire|Persian empire]] (now Iran), after serving in several frontier regions of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=166}} He began his career as the consular physician for the British Government in the areas of [[Qaen County|Qaenat]] and [[Kerman]] before being advanced to British agent in [[Birjand]] and later [[Tehran]]. He received professional acclaim for his medical skills for personal medical adviser to {{ill|Ebrahim Alam|fa|محمدابراهیم علم}} (Shokat-ul-Mulk II), the ruler of Qaenat and Sistan. In 1901, he was appointed Medical Officer to the British consulate in [[Sistan]].{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=167}}

Notable British dignitaries, including [[Sir Henry McMahon]] and [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Ronaldshay]], sought treatment from him during their travels in [[Qajar Iran|Iran]] around 1900 and praised his expertise. In recognition of his services, the Government of British India conferred upon him the honorary title of ''[[Khan Sahib]]'' in 1904. Earlier, in 1902, the Government of Qajar Iran awarded him the title ''Shams ul-Atibba'' (the sun of the physicians), and in 1903, Shah of Iran [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar|Mozaffar ad-Din]] bestowed upon him the prestigious [[Order of the Lion and the Sun]]. In 1904, he was also elected as a member of {{ill|The Imperial Persian Sanitary Council|fa|مجلس حفظ‌الصحة}}.{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=167}}

In 1906, Jilani returned to [[Lahore]] on leave and resigned from the government service in 1907 for personal reasons. He then resumed private [[Doctor's office|medical practice]] in Lahore but devoted much of his time to scholarly writing and research in medicine. His articles were published in ''The Indian Medical Record'', a notable English-language journal based in [[Calcutta]]. Twice, he received award and certificates of merit for prize-winning contributions to the journal.{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=168}}

== Works ==
Jilani was known for his scholarly articles and discussions published in Urdu journals and periodicals. His writings were published in some prominent newspapers like ''{{ill|Paisa Akhbar{{!}}Paisā Akhbār|ur|پیسہ اخبار}}'', ''Watan'', and ''Vakil''. In addition, his research-based and analytical articles were regularly published in well-regarded Unani medical journals, including ''Mujalla Ṭibbiyya'' (Delhi), ''Akhbār-i-Ḥikmat'' (Lahore), and particularly ''Rafīq ul-Aṭibbāʾ''. The medical books, written by Jilani, were immensely popular during his lifetime. The best-known ''Makhzan-i-Hikmat''<ref name="RNarain" /> or ''Ghar ka Hakim o Doctor'' (the Home physician) was widely read and appreciated by laymen and experts. The enduring popularity of the book is evident from the numerous editions published of its two volumes.{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=168}}

His writings were held in such high esteem in scholarly circles that copies of his books were included in the official collections of the [[India Office]] Library and the [[British Museum]] in London.{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=169}}

==Death==
He died on 23 February 1926 and was buried in [[Lahore]] beside his brother, Hakim Ghulam Muhiyuddin {{sfn|Aslam|1993|p=170}}{{sfn|Habiburrahman|1988|p=170}} Among his children, [[Masood Khadarpoosh]] and Hakim Mohammad Mahmood Ansari achieved distinction; the latter also served as custodian of his father's library.{{sfn|Aslam|1993|p=170}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Work cited ===
* {{cite book |last=Habiburrahman |first=Hakim Hafiz Syed |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/hindustaan-ke-mashahoor-atibba-syed-habeebur-rahman-ebooks?lang=ur|title=ہندوستان کے مشہور اطباء |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Tarraqq-i-Urdu Bureau]] |year=1988 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |page=166 |language=ur |trans-title=Renowned Unani physicians of India}}
* {{cite book|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/khuftagan-e-khak-lahore-mohammad-aslam-ebooks?lang=ur |title=خفتگان خاک لاہور |trans-title=Those who lie beneath Lahore's soil |last=Aslam |first=Professor Muhammad |publisher=Idarah-yi Tahqiqat-i Pakistan |location=Lahore |year=1993 |edition=1st|page=169 |language=ur|isbn=978-9694250816}}

[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Punjab, India]]

Savita Kapoor

2026-04-12T01:02:43Z

NikeNuara: Made A Data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Savita Kapoor
| image =
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Dehradun Cantonment (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun Cantonment]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Harbans Kapoor]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| father =
| profession = [[Politician]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Savita Kapoor'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/savita-kapoor-dehradun-cantonment-candidate-s28a021c01/|title=Savita-kapoor in Uttarakhand Assembly Elections 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttarakhand-assembly-election-candidates-list-2022/savita-kapoor-52021-10|title = Savita Kapoor Election Results 2022: News, Votes, Results of Uttarakhand Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-election-result-2022-savita-kapoor-became-1st-women-mla-from-dehradun-district-1110970.html|title=Uttarakhand Election Result: देहरादून को आजादी के बाद पहली बार मिली महिला MLA, सविता कपूर ने दूर किया सूखा|date=11 March 2022}}</ref> is an Indian politician, wife of [[Harbans Kapoor]] and the MLA from [[Dehradun Cantonment (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Dehradun Cantonment Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/dehradun-cantt-election-result-2022-live-updates-suryakant-dhasmana-savita-kapoor-inc-bjp-aap-2022-03-10-763343|title = Dehradun Cantt Election Result 2022: BJP's Savita Kapoor wins with huge margin|date = 10 March 2022}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Savita, Kapoor}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun district]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Madan Lal Bagga

2026-04-07T23:27:52Z

NikeNuara: Creating Initial Post W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Ludhiana North]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor = [[Rakesh Pandey (politician)|Rakesh Pandey]]
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
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| birth_place =
| death_date = 
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| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
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| salary =
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| blank1 =
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}}
'''Madan Lal Bagga''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]<ref name="Committee on Government Assurances">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050545/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=34&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]<ref name="Committee on Local Bodies">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Ludhiana North Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Ludhiana North
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagga, Madan Lal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

M. Selvarasu (Musiri politician)

2026-04-07T23:24:37Z

NikeNuara: Creating First Pg First Draft

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Selvarasu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1966|5|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = Vanavandhi
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Musiri Assembly constituency|Musiri]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[N. R. Sivapathi]]
| successor1 = [[N. Thiyagarajan]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''M. Selvarasu''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from Vanavandhi in [[Musiri taluk|Musiri Taluk]], [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli District]]. Having completed his school education up to the 8th standard, he belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 427-429.</ref> He contested and won the [[Musiri Assembly constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Form 20 - Final result sheet (PS wise) | url=https://elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/FORM%20-%2020/Ac145.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508052142/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/FORM%20-%2020/Ac145.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/musiri-assembly-elections-tn-145/ | title=Musiri Assembly Election Results 2021 to 1977 | accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Musiri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvarasu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=89,398 |percentage=52.31% |change=-2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vijaya Babu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,311 |percentage=33.53% |change=+7.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Rajasekaran |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=8,581 |percentage=5.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,485 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Asaithambi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,446 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ragavan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,423 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,258 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanimuthu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,159 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Haribaskar |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=1,063 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Ramajayam |party=Independent politician |votes=879 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,087 |percentage=18.77% |change=-10.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=170,909 |percentage=80.37% |change= -1.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,655 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvarasu, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nanik Rupani

2026-04-06T10:31:44Z

NikeNuara: Creating Basic Pg V1 - done

{{short description|Indian Entrepreneur (born 1941)}}
{{resume-like|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanik Rupani
| image = Nanik_rupani.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1941
| birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
| occupation = Chairman of Roopmeck Electricals Pvt. Ltd. Chairman Emeritus of Priyadarshni Academy President Indo-American Chamber Chairman of Mumbai Development Committee, Indian Merchants' Chamber
| spouse = Geeta Rupani
| children = Kiran Datwani Reena Rupani
| parents = Kisharam Rupani Radha Rupani
| website = {{URL|http://nanikrupani.com| Nanik Rupani}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nanik Rupani''' (born 1941) is an Indian [[Entrepreneur]]. He is also the Chairman Emeritus of Priyadarshni Academy, an NGO which provides educational scholarships to needy and deserving students. They promote the Indian classical performing arts among the youth.

He also introduced Contact Point on 27 November 1988. It was launched by M. C. Venkatram, Chief General Manager of MTNL. Considering the fact that [[telecommunication]] was introduced in India in 1950, landlines were only available for few and the rest had to face huge waiting periods for contacting someone. He was the first to start communications in the private sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news/34875936_1_iacc-western-india-council-indo-american-chamber|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509075143/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-02/news/34875936_1_iacc-western-india-council-indo-american-chamber|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2016|title=Nanik Rupani is new President of Indo-American Chamber of Commerce|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Rupani was born in undivided India (now [[Pakistan]]) in 1941. With a choiceless situation at the front, all the wealth and property was left and he moved to India with his family at the age of 6. Nanik and family moved to Wadala, a modest distant suburb of Mumbai. His father was a trader who later had to work as a commission agent with cloth dealers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.masterbuilder.co.in/nanik-rupani-takes-over-as-the-regional-president-western-india-council-of-iacc/|title=Nanik Rupani takes over as the Regional President (Western India Council) of IACC|work=masterbuilder}}</ref>

Nanik Rupani completed his schooling from Don Bosco School in 1956. At the age of 19, he dreamt of starting work and settling for a job that gives a steady income. He applied for a job at Accra in [[Ghana]] for which he was interviewed in Bombay (Now Mumbai). With a starting salary of Rs.150 per month, he sailed to Ghana on the West African Coast. As Ghana gained freedom in 1957 he became in charge of the M/s Bhojsons Warehouse and this later resulted in receiving a great experience from Star Trading House. With a deep love for his nation, he promoted Indian goods and products to all wherever he transacted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/photos/juhi-chawla-and-katrina-kaif-among-the-awardees-at-the-32nd-priyadarshni-academy-global-awards-3012072-2.html|title=Juhi Chawla and Katrina Kaif among the awardees at the 32nd Priyadarshni Academy Global Awards |work=firstpost}}</ref>

As a college dropout, Nanik Rupani had restrictions while communicating in English. Due to lack of academics, he was paid 11 pounds while others were paid 30 pounds. Apart from the odds that he faced, he learned the language and helped himself overcome his obstructions. Unlike other youngsters, Nanik desired to return to his own country and be a part of its development. He returned to India in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pix-katrina-receives-smita-patil-memorial-award/20160920.htm|title=PIX: Katrina receives Smita Patil Memorial award|work=rediff}}</ref>

== Career ==
* 1968- Treasurer of Lion’s Club of Wadala.
* 1964- Started powerloom in Bhiwandi (Roop Textiles and Radha Silk Industries)
* 1969- Nanik Silk Industries, [[Kalbadevi]] Marg, Mumbai.
* 1971- President of Wadala Junior Chamber.
* 1971- Hosted The Jawans Canteen During Indo-Pak War.
* 1971- Conducted All India Film Talent Contest.
* 1972- Eastmen Art Emporium, [[Nariman Point]], Mumbai.
* 1972- Hind Decor, Mumbai.
* 1973- President Wadala Jaycee.
* 1975- Hind Industries, Dadar, Mumbai.
* 1975- Hind Industries turned to Roopmeck Enterprises due to immense success.
* 1979- Rupani Enterprises, Wadala, Mumbai.
* 1986- Neutron- Video Conferencing
* 1988- Contact Point was introduced at Nariman Point, Mumbai.
[[File: Nanik Rupani Launches Contact Point.tif|thumb|Nanik Rupani Introduces Contact Point at Nariman Point, Mumbai.]]
* 1993- Adino Telecom, Andheri, Mumbai.
* 1984- Priyadarshini Academy, Mumbai.
* 1993- Addressed a gathering in Parliament House, Delhi.
* 1995- Introduced Laughter Club (Hasya Yoga)
* 1998- Priyadarshini acquired a global recognition
* 2001- Established Vedanta Research Centre. (Joined hands with India International Multi-University.)
* 2004- Became the President of Indian Merchants’ Chamber
* 2005- Received Summa cum laude at [[Jai Hind College]].
* 2006- Conferred The First Kriyasheel Global Awards From Sadguru Shri Mangeshda Kriya Yoga Foundation
* 2007- Integrity India Sub-Committee.
* 2008- [[Confederation of Indian Industry]].
* 2009- Chairman of Programme Committee at [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]] India.
* 2010- Became the [[Non-executive director|Non-Executive Director]] of ‘Aon Global Insurance Brokers Pvt. Ltd.’
* 2012- Became Regional President of Indo-American Chamber of Commerce, India.
* 2014- President of Indo-American Chamber of Commerce.

== Career Breakthrough ==

=== Neutron Electronic Systems Pvt Ltd ===
Neutron Electronic Systems Pvt Ltd was founded in the year 1986 by Nanik Rupani Group Enterprise. The video-conferencing in India was introduced by Neutron Electronic Systems Pvt Ltd in the year 1994.

== Other Business Venture ==

=== Roopmeck Electricals Pvt. Ltd. ===
Nanik Rupani founded Roopmeck Enterprises in the year 1975. The business provides the service of distribution of electrical cables, motors, switchgear, circuit breakers, energy saving devices and other industrial electrical products.

Roopmeck Enterprises became Roopmeck Electricals Pvt. Ltd. in the year 1984.

=== Global Insurance Brokers Pvt. Ltd.===
Nanik Rupani became the Non- Executive Director of ‘Global Insurance Brokers Pvt. Ltd.’ in the year 2010. '''The company was founded in the year 2004 by Late Shri Bhagwandas Peraj Thakker and was previously known as''' ‘Aon Global Insurance Brokers Pvt’. The company started a joint venture with ‘Aon plc’ in 2003 which ended in 2015.

Global Insurance Brokers Pvt. Ltd. provides insurance services to aviation, sports, leisure, entertainment, counter-terrorism, liability and employee benefits.

== Philanthropy ==

=== Priyadarshni Academy ===
Nanik Rupani founded Priyadarshni Academy in 1985. It is a non-profit, socio-cultural and educational organization.

== Political Associations ==

=== Indo-American Chamber of Commerce, India ===
Established in 1968, the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce (IACC) is a non-government, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive role in India’s development process and serves as a much-needed link between the business communities of India and the United States of America. IACC is the only bilateral Chamber of Commerce in India which is committed to the development of Indo-US business and trade relations.

=== Personal life ===
Rupani was born to Kisharam Rupani and Radha Rupani in undivided India (now Pakistan) in 1941. With a choiceless situation at the front, all the wealth and property was left behind by the family and they moved to India with nine children when Nanik was 6 years old. Nanik and family later moved to Wadala, a modest distant suburb of Mumbai. His father was a trader who later had to work as a commission agent with cloth dealers.

At a young age, he dreamt of starting work and settling for a job that gives a steady income. He applied for a job at Accra in Ghana for which he was interviewed in Bombay (Now Mumbai). With a starting salary of Rs.150 per month, he sailed to Ghana on the West African Coast. As Ghana gained freedom in 1957 he became in charge of the M/s Bhojsons Warehouse and this later resulted in receiving a great experience from Star Trading House. With a deep love for his nation, he promoted Indian goods and products to all wherever he transacted.

After returning to India in 1963, Nanik Rupani went through a series of business development and a few breakthroughs. He married Geeta Rupani (earlier Geeta Chandani, daughter of Ishwari and Dunichand Chandani) in May 1967. The couple had two daughters, Neeta (1969) and Reena (1975).

In 1971, during the [[Indo-Pak war]], Nanik Rupani supported the Jawans. He started with a canteen to serve the Jawans who were severely injured in the war. As a part of Wadala Junior Chamber, he was financially and physically assisted by many other people. The canteen was held live for "As Long As The War Went On" as promised by Nanik at the 1971 press conference.

Nanik Rupani also faced a dicey situation where he was presented with a clearing notice for his house at Vikas Valley in [[Khandala]]. The Government had planned the construction of Mumbai-Pune Express Highway through the residential area. He cleared the situation by laying out a smart alternative route with the help of Balasaheb Thackeray.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rupani, Nanik}}
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]

Idea

2026-03-27T12:41:14Z

NikeNuara: small reworked intro for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Mental image or concept}}
{{Redirect|Ideas|other uses|Ideas (disambiguation)|and|Idea (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Plato-raphael.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Plato]], one of the first philosophers to discuss ideas in detail. Aristotle claims that many of Plato's views were [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]] in origin.]]
In [[philosophy]] and in [[Usage (language)|common usage]], an '''idea''' (from the Greek word: ἰδέα (idea), meaning 'a form, or a pattern') is the result of [[thought]].<ref name="Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy">{{cite book|editor1-last=Audi|editor1-first=Robert|title=Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York|isbn=0-521-40224-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00robe/page/355 355]|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00robe|url-access=registration}}</ref> Also in philosophy, ideas can also be [[mental representation]]al images of some [[object (philosophy)|object]]. Many [[philosopher|philosophers]] have considered ideas to be a fundamental [[ontological]] [[category of being]]. The capacity to [[creativity|create]] and [[understanding|understand]] the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of [[human|human beings]].

An idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious [[introspection|reflection]], for example, when we talk about the ''idea'' of a person or a place. A new or an original idea can often lead to [[innovation]]. Our actions are based upon beliefs, beliefs are patterns or organized sets of ideas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Browne |first1=Kevin J. |title=The Power of Ideas |url=https://medium.com/@kyphilosopher/the-power-of-ideas-7e617172aa1c |website=www.medium.com|date=14 September 2022 |access-date=2024-12-18}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''idea'' comes from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|ἰδέα}}, {{small|[[Romanization of Ancient Greek|romanized]]:}} {{translit|grc|idea}}, {{gloss|form, pattern}}, from the root of {{lang|grc|ἰδεῖν}} {{translit|grc|idein}}, {{gloss|to see}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/idea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211204757/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/idea |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 11, 2013 |title=Definition of ''idea'' in English |year=2014 |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>

==History==
An argument over the underlying nature of ideas was opened by [[Plato]], whose exposition of his [[theory of forms]]—which recurs and accumulates over the course of his many dialogs—appropriates and adds a new sense to the Greek word for things that are "seen" (re. εἶδος) that highlights those elements of perception which are encountered without material or objective reference available to the eyes (re. [[wikt:ἰδέα|ἰδέα]]). As this argument was disseminated the word "idea" began to take on connotations that would be more familiarly associated with the term today. In the fifth book of his ''Republic'', Plato defines philosophy as the love of this formal (as opposed to visual) way of seeing.

Plato advanced the theory that perceived but immaterial objects of awareness constitute a realm of deathless forms or ideas from which the material world emanates. Aristotle challenged Plato in this area, positing that the [[Phenomenon|phenomenal]] world of ideas arises as mental composites of remembered observations. Though it is anachronistic to apply these terms to thinkers from antiquity, it clarifies the argument between Plato and Aristotle if we call Plato an [[Idealism|idealist]] thinker and Aristotle an [[Empiricism|empiricist]] thinker.

This antagonism between [[empiricism]] and [[idealism]] generally characterizes the dynamism of the argument over the theory of ideas up to the present. This schism in theory has never been resolved to the satisfaction of thinkers from both sides of the disagreement and is represented today in the split between [[Analytic philosophy|analytic]] and [[Continental philosophy|continental]] schools of philosophy. Persistent contradictions between [[classical physics]] and [[quantum mechanics]] may be pointed to as a rough analogy for the gap between the two schools of thought.

==Philosophy==

===Plato===
{{Main|Theory of Forms}}
[[Plato]] in [[Ancient Greece]] was one of the earliest philosophers to provide a detailed discussion of ideas and of the thinking process (in Plato's Greek the word ''idea'' carries a rather different sense of our modern English term). Plato argued in dialogues such as the ''Phaedo'', ''Symposium'', ''Republic'', and ''Timaeus'' that there is a realm of ideas or forms (''eidei''), which exist independently of anyone who may have thoughts on these ideas, and it is the ideas which distinguish mere opinion from knowledge, for unlike material things which are transient and liable to contrary properties, ideas are unchanging and nothing but just what they are. Consequently, Plato seems to assert forcefully that material things can only be the objects of opinion; real knowledge can only be had of unchanging ideas. Furthermore, ideas for Plato appear to serve as universals; consider the following passage from the ''Republic'':
{{Blockquote
|"We both assert that there are," I said, "and distinguish in speech, many fair things, many good things, and so on for each kind of thing."

"Yes, so we do."

"And we also assert that there is a fair itself, a good itself, and so on for all things that we set down as many. Now, again, we refer to them as one ''idea'' of each as though the ''idea'' were one; and we address it as that which really ''is''."

"That's so."

"And, moreover, we say that the former are seen, but not intellected, while the ''ideas'' are intellected but not seen."|Plato|Bk. VI 507b-c}}

===René Descartes===
[[Descartes]] often wrote of the meaning of the ''idea'' as an image or representation, often but not necessarily "in the mind", which was well known in the [[vernacular]]. Despite Descartes' invention of the non-Platonic use of the term, he at first followed this vernacular use.b In his ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy]]'' he says, "Some of my thoughts are like images of things, and it is to these alone that the name 'idea' properly belongs." He sometimes maintained that ideas were [[innate idea|innate]]<ref>Vol 4: 196–198</ref> and uses of the term ''idea'' diverge from the original primary scholastic use. He provides multiple non-equivalent definitions of the term, uses it to refer to as many as six distinct kinds of entities, and divides ''ideas'' inconsistently into various genetic categories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ideas |title=Descartes's Ideas |access-date=2007-05-15 |archive-date=2007-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609135420/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ideas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For him knowledge took the form of ideas and philosophical investigation is devoted to the consideration of these entities.

===John Locke===
[[John Locke]]'s use of idea stands in striking contrast to Plato's.<ref>Vol 4: 487–503</ref> In his Introduction to [[An Essay Concerning Human Understanding]], Locke defines ''idea'' as "that term which, I think, serves best to stand for whatsoever is the object of the understanding when a man thinks, I have used it to express whatever is meant by phantasm, notion, species, or whatever it is which the mind can be employed about in thinking; And I could not avoid frequently using it."<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=An Essay Concerning Human Understanding |wslink=An Essay Concerning Human Understanding/Introduction |section=Introduction |first=John |last=Locke |at=§ What Idea stands for. |year=1689}}</ref> He said he regarded the contribution offered in his essay as necessary to examine our own abilities and discern what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with. In this style of ideal conception other outstanding figures followed in his footsteps — Hume and Kant in the 18th century, [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] in the 19th century, and [[Bertrand Russell]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], and [[Karl Popper]] in the 20th century. Locke always believed in the ''good sense'' — not pushing things to extremes and while taking fully into account the plain facts of the matter. He prioritized common-sense ideas that struck him as "good-tempered, moderate, and down-to-earth."

As John Locke studied humans in his work "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" he continually referenced Descartes for ideas as he asked this fundamental question: "When we are concerned with something about which we have no certain knowledge, what rules or standards should guide how confident we allow ourselves to be that our opinions are right?"<ref name="ReferenceA">Locke, John. "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding." (n.d.): An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book, I: Innate Notions.</ref> Put in another way, he inquired into how humans might verify their ideas, and considered the distinctions between different types of ideas. Locke found that an idea "can simply mean some sort of brute experience."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=John R. |title=Starting with Mill |date=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-0044-3 }}{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> He shows that there are "No innate principles in the mind."<ref>Locke, John. "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (n.d.): An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Book, I: Innate Notions</ref> Thus, he concludes that "our ideas are all experienced in nature."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheridan |first1=Patricia |title=Locke: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-8983-8 }}{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> An experience can either be a sensation or a reflection: "consider whether there are any innate ideas in the mind before any are brought in by the impression from sensation or reflection."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Therefore, an idea was an experience in which the human mind apprehended something.

In a Lockean view, there are really two types of ideas: complex and simple. Simple ideas are the building blocks for more complex ideas, and "While the mind is wholly passive in the reception of simple ideas, it is very active in the building of complex ideas…"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheridan |first1=Patricia |title=Locke: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-8983-8 }}{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> Complex ideas, therefore, can either be ''modes'', ''substances'', or ''relations''.

''Modes'' combine simpler ideas in order to convey new information. For instance, David Banach <ref>Banach, David. "Locke on Ideas." Locke on Ideas. St. Anselm College, 2006{{page needed|date=April 2021}}</ref> gives the example of beauty as a mode. He points to combinations of color and form as qualities constitutive of this mode. ''Substances'', however, are distinct from modes. ''Substances'' convey the underlying formal unity of certain objects, such as dogs, cats, or tables. ''Relations'' represent the relationship between two or more ideas that contain analogous elements to one another without the implication of underlying formal unity. A painting or a piece of music, for example, can both be called 'art' without belonging to the same substance. They are related as forms of art (the term 'art' in this illustration would be a 'mode of relations'). In this way, Locke concluded that the formal ambiguity around ideas he initially sought to clarify had been resolved.

===David Hume===
[[David Hume|Hume]] differs from Locke by limiting ''idea'' to only one of two possible types of perception. The other one is called "impression", and is more lively: these are perceptions we have "when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will." ''Ideas'' are more complex and are built upon these more basic and more grounded perceptions.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hume |first=David |title=Of the Origin of Ideas |work=An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding |date=2008 |url=https://oxfordworldsclassics.com/display/10.1093/owc/9780199549900.001.0001/isbn-9780199549900-book-part-4 |access-date=2024-01-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en-US |doi=10.1093/owc/9780199549900.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-192173-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Idea |volume=14 |pages=280–281 |inline=1}}</ref><ref>Vol 4: 74–90</ref> Hume shared with Locke the basic empiricist premise that it is only from life experiences (whether their own or others') that humans' knowledge of the existence of anything outside of themselves can be ultimately derived, that they shall carry on doing what they are prompted to do by their emotional drives of varying kinds. In choosing the means to those ends, they shall follow their accustomed associations of ideas.d Hume has contended and defended the notion that "reason alone is merely the 'slave of the passions'."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-moral/#inmo |title=Hume's Moral Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |publisher=Plato.stanford.edu |access-date=2013-06-15 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126100244/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-moral/#inmo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Hume, David: A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects. (1739–40)</ref>

===Immanuel Kant===
[[File:Printing4 Walk of Ideas Berlin.JPG|left|thumb|135px|"Modern Book Printing" from the [[Walk of Ideas]]]]
[[Immanuel Kant]] defines ''ideas'' by distinguishing them from ''[[Concept#A priori concepts|concepts]]''. ''Concepts'' arise by the compositing of experience into abstract categorial representations of presumed or encountered empirical objects whereas the origin of ''ideas,'' for Kant, is a priori to experience. ''Regulative ideas'', for example, are ideals that one must tend towards, but by definition may not be completely realized as objects of empirical experience. [[Liberty]], according to Kant, is an ''idea'' whereas "tree" (as an abstraction covering all species of trees) is a ''concept''. The [[wikt:autonomy|autonomy]] of the rational and [[Universality (philosophy)|universal]] [[subject (philosophy)|subject]] is opposed to the [[determinism]] of the [[empirical]] subject.<ref>Vol 4: 305–324</ref> Kant felt that it is precisely in knowing its limits that philosophy exists. The business of philosophy he thought was not to give rules, but to analyze the private judgement of good common sense.e

===Rudolf Steiner===
Whereas Kant declares limits to knowledge ("we can never know the thing in itself"), in his [[epistemological]] work, [[Rudolf Steiner]] sees ''ideas'' as "objects of experience" which the mind apprehends, much as the eye apprehends light. In ''[[Goethean Science]]'' (1883), he declares, "Thinking ... is no more and no less an organ of perception than the eye or ear. Just as the eye of perception perceives colors and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas." He holds this to be the premise upon which [[Goethe]] made his natural-scientific observations.

===Wilhelm Wundt===
[[Wundt]] widens the term from Kant's usage to include ''conscious representation of some object or process of the external world''. In so doing, he includes not only ideas of [[memory]] and [[imagination]], but also [[perceptual]] processes, whereas other [[psychologist]]s confine the term to the first two groups.<ref name=EB1911/> One of Wundt's main concerns was to investigate conscious processes in their own context by [[experiment]] and [[introspection]]. He regarded both of these as ''exact methods'', interrelated in that experimentation created optimal conditions for introspection. Where the experimental method failed, he turned to other ''objectively valuable aids'', specifically to ''those products of cultural communal life which lead one to infer particular mental motives. Outstanding among these are speech, myth, and social custom.'' Wundt designed the basic mental activity [[apperception]] — a unifying function which should be understood as an activity of the will. Many aspects of his empirical physiological psychology are used today. One is his principles of mutually enhanced contrasts and of [[assimilation (philosophy)|assimilation]] and dissimilation (i.e. in color and form perception and his advocacy of ''objective'' methods of expression and of recording results, especially in language. Another is the principle of heterogony of ends — that multiply motivated acts lead to unintended side effects which in turn become motives for new actions.<ref>Vol 8: 349–351</ref>

===Charles Sanders Peirce===
[[Charles Sanders Peirce|C. S. Peirce]] published the first full statement of [[pragmatism]] in his important works "[[s:How to Make Our Ideas Clear|How to Make Our Ideas Clear]]" (1878) and "[[s:The Fixation of Belief|The Fixation of Belief]]" (1877).<ref>[[Charles Sanders Peirce#Pragmatism|Peirce's pragmatism]]</ref> In "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" he proposed that a ''clear idea'' (in his study he uses [[concept]] and ''idea'' as synonymic) is defined as one, when it is apprehended such as it will be recognized wherever it is met, and no other will be mistaken for it. If it fails of this clearness, it is said to be obscure. He argued that to understand an idea clearly we should ask ourselves what difference its application would make to our evaluation of a proposed solution to the problem at hand. [[Pragmatism]] (a term he appropriated for use in this context), he defended, was a method for ascertaining the meaning of terms (as a theory of meaning). The originality of his ideas is in their rejection of what was accepted as a view and understanding of knowledge as impersonal facts which had been accepted by scientists for some 250 years. Peirce contended that we acquire knowledge as ''participants'', not as ''spectators''. He felt "the real", sooner or later, is composed of information that has been acquired through ideas and knowledge and ordered by the application of logical reasoning. The rational distinction of the empirical object is not prior to its perception by a knowledgeable subject, in other words. He also published many papers on logic in relation to ''ideas''.

===G. F. Stout and J. M. Baldwin===
[[George Stout|G. F. Stout]] and [[James Mark Baldwin|J. M. Baldwin]], in the ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology'', define the ''idea'' as "the reproduction with a more or less adequate [[image]], of an object not actually present to the senses." <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Baldwin/Dictionary |title=Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology |access-date=2007-05-15 |archive-date=2007-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413000149/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Baldwin/Dictionary/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They point out that an idea and a perception are by various authorities contrasted in various ways. "Difference in degree of intensity", "comparative absence of bodily movement on the part of the subject", "comparative dependence on mental activity", are suggested by psychologists as characteristic of an idea as compared with a [[perception]].<ref name=EB1911/>

An idea, in the narrower and generally accepted sense of a mental reproduction, is frequently composite. That is, as in the example given above of the idea of a chair, a great many objects, differing materially in detail, all call a single idea. When a man, for example, has obtained an idea of chairs in general by comparison with which he can say "This is a chair, that is a stool", he has what is known as an "abstract idea" distinct from the reproduction in his mind of any particular chair (see [[abstraction]]). Furthermore, a complex idea may not have any corresponding physical object, though its particular constituent elements may severally be the reproductions of actual perceptions. Thus the idea of a [[centaur]] is a complex mental picture composed of the ideas of [[man]] and [[horse]], that of a [[mermaid]] of a [[woman]] and a [[fish]].<ref name=EB1911/>

=== Walter Benjamin ===
"Ideas are to objects [of perception] as constellations are to stars,"<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Benjamin |first=Walter |title=The origin of German tragic drama |date=2003 |publisher=Verso |isbn=1-85984-413-8 |location=London |pages=34, 36, 23 |oclc=51839777}}</ref> writes [[Walter Benjamin]] in the introduction to his ''[[The Origin of German Tragic Drama]]''. "The set of concepts which assist in the representation of an idea lend it actuality as such a configuration. For phenomena are not incorporated into ideas. They are not contained in them. Ideas are, rather, their objective virtual arrangement, their objective interpretation."

Benjamin advances, "That an idea is that moment in the substance and being of a word in which this word has become, and performs, as a symbol." as George Steiner summarizes.<ref name=":0" /> In this way ''techne--''art and technology—may be represented, ideally, as "discrete, fully autonomous objects...[thus entering] into fusion without losing their identity."<ref name=":0" />

==In anthropology and the social sciences==
[[Diffusion (anthropology)|Diffusion]] studies explore the spread of ideas from culture to culture. Some anthropological theories hold that all cultures imitate ideas from one or a few original cultures, the Adam of the Bible, or several cultural circles that overlap. Evolutionary diffusion theory holds that cultures are influenced by one another but that similar ideas can be developed in isolation.

In the mid-20th century, social scientists began to study how and why ideas spread from one person or culture to another. [[Everett Rogers]] pioneered [[diffusion of innovations]] studies, using research to prove factors in adoption and profiles of adopters of ideas. In 1976, in his book ''[[The Selfish Gene]]'', [[Richard Dawkins]] suggested applying biological [[evolution]]ary theories to the spread of ideas. He coined the term ''[[meme]]'' to describe an abstract unit of [[Selection (biology)|selection]], equivalent to the [[gene]] in [[evolutionary biology]].

==Ideas and intellectual property ==
{{Main|Intellectual property|Idea-expression divide}}

===Relationship between ideas and patents===

==== 1474: In Italy, senate of Venice passed the first statute protecting intellectual property. ====

==== “Any person in this city who makes any new and ingenious contrivance, not made heretofore in our dominion, shall, as soon as it is perfected so that it can be used and exercised, give notice of the same to our State Judicial Office, it being forbidden up to 10 years for any other person in any territory of ours to make a contrivance in the form and resemblance thereof” ====

==== Recognized rights of inventors and provided compensation for infringements. ====

==== Set a precedent for IP rights in Europe. ====
[[Patent]] law regulates various aspects related to the functional manifestation of inventions based on new ideas or incremental improvements to existing ones. Thus, patents have a direct relationship to ideas.

===Relationship between ideas and copyrights===

[[File:Crystal Clear app ktip.svg|thumb|150px|A picture of a [[Incandescent light bulb|lightbulb]] is often used to represent a person having a ''bright'' ''idea''.]]
In some cases, authors can be granted limited [[legal]] monopolies on the manner in which certain works are expressed. This is known colloquially as [[copyright]], although the term [[intellectual property]] is used mistakenly in place of ''copyright''. Copyright law regulating the aforementioned monopolies generally does not cover the actual ideas. The law does not bestow the legal status of [[property]] upon ideas per se. Instead, laws purport to regulate events related to the usage, copying, production, sale and other forms of exploitation of the fundamental expression of a work, that may or may not carry ideas. Copyright law is fundamentally different from [[patent]] law in this respect: patents do grant monopolies on ideas (more on this below).

A [[copyright]] is meant to regulate some aspects of the usage of expressions of a work, ''not'' an idea. Thus, copyrights have a negative relationship to ideas.

Work means a tangible medium of expression. It may be an original or derivative work of art, be it literary, dramatic, musical recitation, artistic, related to sound recording, etc. In (at least) countries adhering to the [[Berne Convention]], copyright automatically starts covering the work upon the original creation and fixation thereof, without any extra steps. While creation usually involves an idea, the idea in itself does not suffice for the purposes of claiming copyright.<ref name="Gene Quinn">[http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/02/15/protecting-ideas-can-ideas-be-protected-or-patented/id=48009/ Protecting Ideas: Can Ideas Be Protected or Patented?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821213007/https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2014/02/15/protecting-ideas-can-ideas-be-protected-or-patented/id=48009/ |date=2019-08-21 }} – article by [http://www.ipwatchdog.com/author/gene-quinn-2/ Gene Quinn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426015419/http://www.ipwatchdog.com/author/gene-quinn-2/ |date=2018-04-26 }} at [http://www.ipwatchdog.com/ Ipwatchdog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301082732/http://www.ipwatchdog.com/ |date=2019-03-01 }}, February 15, 2014</ref><ref>''Copyright protection extends to a description, explanation, or illustration of an idea or system, assuming that the requirements of copyright law are met. Copyright in such a case protects the particular literary or pictorial expression chosen by the author. But it gives the copyright owner no exclusive rights concerning the idea, method or system involved. ''CIT : [https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ31.pdf US Copyright Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128103702/https://copyright.gov/circs/circ31.pdf |date=2019-01-28 }}, circular 31 reviewed: 01 ⁄ 2012 P</ref><ref>''In the case of copyright law, it is the work that realizes the idea that is protected (i.e. a document), and it is the act of recording that work that fixes copyright in the item itself.'' – CIT : [https://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/protect/p21_protecting_ideas The UK Copyright Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331204344/https://www.copyrightservice.co.uk/protect/p21_protecting_ideas |date=2019-03-31 }}, Issued: 17th May 2007, Last amended: 17th May 2007</ref><ref>''(…) there is likely to be an infringement of copyright if the way the information is expressed in the copyrighted work used without the permission of the copyright owner and no exception to infringement applies to the use. This can sometimes occur even if the precise expression is not directly reproduced, but important elements of the work, such as the structure and arrangement of the information, are copied.'' – CIT : [https://www.copyright.org.au/acc_prod/ACC/Legal_Advice/Manage/Precedents/019_Protecting_Ideas.aspx?WebsiteKey=8a471e74-3f78-4994-9023-316f0ecef4ef Australian Copyright Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414235559/https://www.copyright.org.au/acc_prod/ACC/Legal_Advice/Manage/Precedents/019_Protecting_Ideas.aspx?WebsiteKey=8a471e74-3f78-4994-9023-316f0ecef4ef |date=2018-04-14 }}, ACN 001 228 780, 2017</ref><ref>''Intellectual property consists of products, work or processes that you have created and which give you a competitive advantage. There are 3 subcategories: '''Industrial property''' : inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, new varieties of plants and geographic indications of origin '''Artistic work''' protected by copyright: original literary and artistic works, music, television broadcasting, software, databases, architectural designs, advertising creations and multimedia '''Commercial strategies''' : trade secrets, know-how, confidentiality agreements, or rapid production.'' – CIT : [https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/start-grow/intellectual-property-rights/index_en.htm Intellectual property rights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009074501/https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/start-grow/intellectual-property-rights/index_en.htm |date=2018-10-09 }}, [https://europa.eu/ European Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910081642/https://europa.eu/ |date=2020-09-10 }}, Updated 22/01/2018</ref>

===Relationship of ideas to confidentiality agreements===
Confidentiality and [[nondisclosure agreements]] are legal instruments that assist corporations and individuals in keeping ideas from escaping to the general public. Generally, these instruments are covered by contract law.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Philosophy|Psychology|Religion}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Wikiquote|ideas}}
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Brainstorming]]
* [[Creativity techniques]]
* [[Chief idea officer]]
* [[Diffusion of innovations]]
* [[Substantial form|Form]]
* [[Ideology]]
* [[List of perception-related topics]]
* [[Notion (philosophy)]]
* [[Object of the mind]]
* [[Think tank]]
* [[Thought experiment]]
* [[History of ideas]]
* [[Intellectual history]]
* [[Concept]]
* [[Philosophical analysis]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''The Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1973 {{ISBN|0-02-894950-1}} {{ISBN|978-0-02-894950-5}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907141147/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-45 Dictionary of the History of Ideas] Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1973–74, {{LCCN|72007943}} {{ISBN|0-684-16425-6}}
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071211021125/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&query=nous&docs=div1&title=&sample=1-100&grouping=work - Nous]
:: ¹ Volume IV 1a, 3a
:: ² Volume IV 4a, 5a
:: ³ Volume IV 32 - 37
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807105612/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&query=Idea&docs=div1&title=&sample=1-100&grouping=work Ideas]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070806072659/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=9030627&query=Idea&tag=IDEOLOGY Ideology]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807143201/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=1129686&query=Idea&tag=AUTHORITY Authority]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807145708/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=5531029&query=Idea&tag=EDUCATION Education]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110424180029/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=10374338&query=Idea&tag=LIBERALISM Liberalism]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503133057/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w Idea of God]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807110048/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=14090262&query=Idea&tag=PRAGMATISM Pragmatism]
:: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070806070421/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=2479574&query=Idea&tag=CHAIN+OF+BEING Chain of Being]
* ''The Story of Thought'', DK Publishing, [[Bryan Magee]], London, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7894-4455-0}}
: a.k.a. ''The Story of Philosophy'', Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 2001, {{ISBN|0-7894-7994-X}}
:: (subtitled on cover: ''The Essential Guide to the History of Western Philosophy'')
:: a Plato, pages 11 - 17, 24 - 31, 42, 50, 59, 77, 142, 144, 150
:: b Descartes, pages 78, 84 - 89, 91, 95, 102, 136 - 137, 190, 191
:: c Locke, pages 59 - 61, 102 - 109, 122 - 124, 142, 185
:: d Hume, pages 61, 103, 112 - 117, 142 - 143, 155, 185
:: e Kant, pages 9, 38, 57, 87, 103, 119, 131 - 137, 149, 182
:: f Peirce, pages 61, ''How to Make Our Ideas Clear'' 186 - 187 and 189
:: g Saint Augustine, pages 30, 144; ''City of God'' 51, 52, 53 and ''The Confessions'' 50, 51, 52
:: - additional in the Dictionary of the History of Ideas for [https://web.archive.org/web/20070807110005/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv3-64 Saint Augustine and Neo-Platonism]
:: h Stoics, pages 22, 40, 44; The governing philosophy of the Roman Empire on pages 46 - 47.
:: - additional in Dictionary of the History of Ideas for [https://web.archive.org/web/20071210150050/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=15375238&query=stoics&tag=RATIONALITY+AMONG+THE+GREEKS+AND+ROMANS Stoics], also here [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213122327/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=11461153&query=stoics&tag=CHANGING+CONCEPTS+OF+MATTER+FROM+ANTIQUITY+TO+NEWTON], and here [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213122327/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=11461153&query=stoics&tag=CHANGING+CONCEPTS+OF+MATTER+FROM+ANTIQUITY+TO+NEWTON], and here [https://web.archive.org/web/20071210182051/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/ot2www-dhi?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fdhi%2Fdhi.o2w&act=text&offset=17347564&query=stoics&tag=ETHICS+OF+STOICISM].
* ''The Reader's Encyclopedia'', 2nd Edition 1965, Thomas Y. Crowell Company, {{LCCN|65012510}}
:: An Encyclopedia of World Literature
:: ¹apage 774 Plato ({{circa}}427–348 BC)
:: ²apage 779 Francesco Petrarca
:: ³apage 770 Charles Sanders Peirce
:: ¹bpage 849 the Renaissance
* This article incorporates text from the [[Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], a publication now in the [[public domain]].

==Further reading==
* Stephen Laurence and Eric Margolis, ''[https://academic.oup.com/book/57984?login=false The Building Blocks of Thought: A Rationalist Account of the Origins of Concepts] (''Oxford University Press, 2024)
* [[Jerry Fodor]], ''Hume Variations'' (Oxford University Press, 2003)
* [[Stephen Stich|Stephen P. Stitch]] (ed.), ''Innate Ideas'' (University of California Press, 1975)
* A. G. Balz, ''Idea and Essence in the Philosophy of Hobbes and Spinoza'' (New York 1918)
* Gregory T. Doolan, ''Aquinas on the divine ideas as exemplar causes'' (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2008)
* Patricia A. Easton (ed.), ''Logic and the Workings of the Mind. The Logic of Ideas and Faculty Psychology in Early Modern Philosophy'' (Atascadero, Calif.: Ridgeview 1997)
* Pierre Garin, ''La Théorie de l'idée suivant l'école thomiste'' (Paris 1932)
* Marc A. High, ''Idea and Ontology. An Essay in Early Modern Metaphysics of Ideas'' ( Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008)
* [[Lawrence Lessig]], ''[[The Future of Ideas]]'' (New York 2001)
* [[Paul Natorp]], ''Platons Ideenlehre'' (Leipzig 1930)
* {{cite book |author=Melchert, Norman |title=The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm |url-access=registration |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-517510-7}}
* W. D. Ross, ''Plato's Theory of Ideas'' (Oxford 1951)
* Peter Watson, ''Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London 2005)
* J. W. Yolton, ''John Locke and the Way of Ideas'' (Oxford 1956)

{{Metaphysics}}
{{Philosophy of mind}}
{{Idealism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cognition]]
[[Category:Creativity]]
[[Category:Concepts in metaphysics]]
[[Category:Idealism]]
[[Category:Innovation]]
[[Category:Ontology]]
[[Category:Platonism]]

Hello...Yama!

2026-03-27T00:56:54Z

NikeNuara: Added Some Details Added Tags

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hello...Yama!
| image = Hello...Yama!.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Pavithran
| story = M S Ramesh
| based_on = 
| producer = Balaraju Anekal
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Babu Mohan]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing = K. Madhava
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = B.R. Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1999|9|10|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Hello...Yama!''''' is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] and starring [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Babu Mohan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/AQRP/info|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=29 August 2025|title=Hello Yama}}</ref> The film is a remake of the Kannada film [[Hello Yama|of the same name]] (1998).<ref name="EI">{{cite web|website=Express India|access-date=28 August 2025|title=Pavitran directs a comedy|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609200225/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/south.htm|archive-date=9 June 2001|date=11 December 1998|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Suri
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as [[Yama|Yama Dharma Raja]]
*[[Babu Mohan]] as [[Chitragupta]]
*Kavya
*Sruthi
*Indu
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]]
*[[Sudhakar (Telugu actor)|Sudhakar]] as Subbi Setty Sudharaman
*[[Brahmanandam]] as SI Dharmapetam
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as doctor
*[[Gautham Raju]] as Govindam
*[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as producer
*[[Ravi Babu]] as Ravi
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the Telugu debut of Pavithran as director who previously worked in Tamil films and was his first film in comedy genre. [[R. Sarathkumar]] (who acted in director's previous directorials) and [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] were present at the film's ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' at [[Annapoorna Studios]].<ref name="EI"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was compoesd by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCtAoVIgrOPZ_pRAQjnVCZiv-Y_g92qvK|title=Hello Yama Movie Full Video Songs:|website=YouTube}}</ref>
*"Jambalakadi Pamba"
*"Hotele Hotele Garam"
*"Kassu Missu Kassu"
*"Muddu Muchatlu Vachi"
*"Makarana Makarana"

== Reception ==
''Sify'' wrote "Director Pavithran made a bad mess of degrading Yama and Chitragupta who pledge the golden `gadayudha` of Yama to fill their stomachs and also by making them sit beside beggars all in the name of comedy!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007199&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Hello Yama|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108012601/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007199&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=8 January 2005|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Pavithran (Tamil film director)}}
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pavithran (Tamil film director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act

2026-03-25T23:33:03Z

NikeNuara: fixed formatting also and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

India men's national baseball team

2026-03-25T22:23:17Z

NikeNuara: Added Basic Info Needs Work

{{Short description|none}} 
{{about|the men's team|the women's team|India women's national baseball team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox National baseball team
| Image =flag of India.svg
| Name = India national baseball team
| Country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| Federation = [[Amateur Baseball Federation of India]]
| Confederation = [[WBSC Asia]]
| Manager =
| WBSC Rank = {{WBSC World Rankings|IND}}
|WBSC max=55|WBSC min=75|WBSC max date=March 2023|WBSC min date=December 2012| uniform image =

| WBC apps =
| WBC first =
| WBC 2nd times =
| WBC 2nd most recent =

| Premier apps =
| Premier first =
| Premier 1st times =
| Premier 1st most recent =

| AG apps =
| AG first =
| AG 1st times =
| AG 1st most recent =

| AC apps = 2
| AC first = 1987
| AC best = 7th
| AC 1st times =
| AC 1st most recent =
|logo=}}
The '''India men's national baseball team''' is the team that represents India in international-level [[baseball]] competitions.

India has produced two players that have achieved [[Major League Baseball|Major League]] status in the United States: [[Rinku Singh (baseball)|Rinku Singh]] and [[Dinesh Patel]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Vercammen|first=Paul|title=Indian pitchers are first for America's national pastime|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/11/india.baseball.pioneers/|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=11 December 2008|accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=Shah>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Wajiha|title=Bhadohi boy Rinku is English-speaking baseball star of American league|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bhadohi-boy-rinku-is-englishspeaking-baseball-star-of-american-league/573561/|access-date=22 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 January 2010}}</ref>

==Pesapallo==
[[Pesäpallo|Pesapallo]], a Finnish derivative of baseball, was also introduced to India in 2007. Though it is an infrequent sport, people have come forward and recently a World Cup league was also played in India in year 2019. India secured bronze medal by defeating Australia in their medal winning match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pesis.fi/pesis-info/world-cup/|title=Pesäpallo World Cup|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

==Results==
===Asian Baseball Championship===
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[1987 Asian Baseball Championship|1987]] – 7th<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan virtual Asian Champ |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=40VIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5719%2C5121145 |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=Manila Standard |date=31 August 1987}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[1989 Asian Baseball Championship|1989]] – 7th

===Asian Baseball Cup===
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} 1995 – {{bronze medal}}
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} 1997 – 4th
* {{flagicon|IND}} 1999 – {{silver medal}}
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[2015 Asian Baseball Cup|2015]] (West) – {{bronze medal}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=BFA Baseball Federation of Asia {{!}} Scores... |url=http://www.baseballasia.org/BFA/include/index.php?Page=1-2-1&score01=141687769454eb653b4232a |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=[[Baseball Federation of Asia]] |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063401/http://www.baseballasia.org/BFA/include/index.php?Page=1-2-1&score01=141687769454eb653b4232a |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SRI}} 2019 (West) – {{bronze medal}}
* {{flagicon|IRN}} [[2025 West Asia Baseball Cup|2025]] (West) – 4th

===Baseball United Arab Classic===
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Baseball United Arab Classic|2024]] – 5th

===Other tournaments===
* {{flagicon|Iran}} 2015 Presidential Cup Iran – {{gold medal}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/baseball/indian-baseball-team-create-history-iran-win-first-ever-gold#:~:text=India%20played%20against%20the%20national,at%20an%20international%20baseball%20tournament.|title=Indian baseball team create history in Iran, win first ever Gold medal|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[India women's national baseball team]]
* [[Baseball in India]]

==References==
<references/>
{{Asia baseball teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:National baseball teams in Asia]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|baseball]]
[[Category:Baseball in India]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National sports teams established in 1987]]

{{Asia-baseball-team-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

A Mosquito in the Ear

2026-03-23T23:58:07Z

NikeNuara:

{{Short description|2026 American drama film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = A Mosquito in the Ear
| image =
| caption =
| director = Nicola Rinciari
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Emily Dillard
* Darren Dean
* Ali Rizvi
* Frank Hall Green
* Stephen Stanley
* Jomon Thomas
* Sunitha Ram
* Laurens C Postma
}}
| screenplay = Nicola Rinciari
| based_on = {{based on|''Una Zanzara nell'Orecchio''||Andrea Ferraris}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jake Lacy]]
* [[Nazanin Boniadi]]
* Ruhi Pal
}}
| cinematography = Kai Dickson
| editing = Devon Solwold
| music =
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Spirit Pictures
* 3DMC
* Ratan Films
* Lasutra Pictures
* Whiskey Stream
* Greenmachine Film
* 5X Media
* [[Foothill Productions]]
}}
| distributor = Persimmon
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|4|[[41st Santa Barbara International Film Festival|Santa Barbara]]}}
| runtime = 90 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fandango.it/en/film/a-mosquito-in-the-ear/|title=A Mosquito in the Ear|website=[[Fandango (Italian company)|Fandango]]|access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* India
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* English
* Hindi
}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''A Mosquito in the Ear''''' is a 2026 [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Nicola Rinciari in his directorial debut. It is based upon the graphic novel ''Una Zanzara nell’Orecchio'' by Andrea Ferraris. It stars [[Jake Lacy]], [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and Ruhi Pal.

It had its world premiere at the [[41st Santa Barbara International Film Festival]] on February 4, 2026.

==Premise==
An American couple travels to India to meet their newly adopted-daughter and bring her back home, however, she refuses to leave the orphanage.

==Cast==
* [[Jake Lacy]] as Andrew
* [[Nazanin Boniadi]] as Daniela
* Ruhi Pal as Sarvari

==Production==
In May 2024, it was announced [[Jake Lacy]], [[Nazanin Boniadi]] and Ruhi Pal had joined the cast of the film, with Nicola Rinciari directing from a screenplay he wrote, based upon the graphic novel ''Una Zanzara nell’Orecchio'' by Andrea Ferraris. [[Principal photography]] concluded in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/jake-lacy-nazanin-boniadi-join-a-mosquito-in-the-ear-movie-1235907990/|title=Jake Lacy & Nazanin Boniadi To Topline Adoption Dramedy 'A Mosquito In The Ear' – First Look|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Matt|last=Grobar|date=May 8, 2024|access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref>

==Release==
It had its world premiere at the [[41st Santa Barbara International Film Festival]] on February 4, 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/awards/news/adam-sandler-leonardo-dicaprio-santa-barbara-film-festival-1236630351/|title=Leonardo DiCaprio, Benicio del Toro and More to Be Honored at the 2026 Santa Barbara International Film Festival|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Payton|last=Turkeltaub|date=January 14, 2026|access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com/2026/01/14/the-41st-santa-barbara-international-film-festival-brings-a-feast-of-movie-magic-to-town/|title=The 41st Santa Barbara International Film Festival Brings a Feast of Movie Magic to Town|website=[[Santa Barbara Independent]]|first=Leslie|last=Dinaberg|date=January 14, 2026|access-date=January 14, 2026}}</ref> In March 2026, Persimmon acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mosquito-in-the-ear-jake-lacy-nazanin-boniadi-release-1236544119/|title=Jake Lacy, Nazanin Boniadi’s Adoption Drama ‘Mosquito in the Ear’ Lands Spring Release (Exclusive)|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Ryan|last=Gajewski|date=March 23, 2026|access-date=March 23, 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|32331644}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mosquito in the Ear, A}}
[[Category:2026 American films]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:2026 English-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]

McDowell's No.1

2026-03-22T17:18:39Z

NikeNuara: Creating Initial Article Added Tags - done

{{Short description|Brand of Indian Spirits}}
{{infobox brand
| name = McDowell's No.1
| image = McDowell's No.1 logo.png
| caption =
| type = [[Distilled beverage|Spirits]], [[bottled water]], [[Carbonated water|soda]]
| currentowner = [[United Spirits Ltd]] (USL) ([[Diageo]])
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = 1963–64
| related =
| markets =
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline = ''No1 Yaari Ka No1 Spirit''
| website = {{URL|https://www.diageoindia.com/en/brands/brand-explorer/mcdowells|diageoindia.com}}
}}
'''McDowell's No.1''' is an Indian brand of [[Distilled beverage|spirits]] manufactured by [[United Spirits Limited]] (USL), a subsidiary of [[Diageo]]. It is USL's flagship brand<ref name="hindu2000">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/09/07/stories/190702bb.htm |title=New look for McDowell's No. 1 series |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2000-09-07 |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-date=2013-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205535/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/09/07/stories/190702bb.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the largest [[Umbrella brand|umbrella spirits brand]] in the world, comprising three categories – [[Indian whisky|whisky]], [[brandy]] and [[rum]] (under the name [[McDowell's No.1 Celebration]]).<ref name="thehindubusinessline1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-corporate/united-spirits-sales-volumes-up-20-in-200809/article1049386.ece?ref=archive |title=United Spirits sales volumes up 20% in 2008–09 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> The brand also has [[bottled water]]<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-02-04/news/27560487_1_bottled-water-deadly-pesticides-bis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202017/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-02-04/news/27560487_1_bottled-water-deadly-pesticides-bis |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |title=McDowell claims BIS compliance for bottled water |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2003-02-04 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> and [[Carbonated water|soda]].<ref name="indiantelevision1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/feb/febmam57.htm |title=Nokia to sponsor Mark Knopfler India concert |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2005-02-15 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> The brand began with the launch of McDowell's No.1 Brandy in 1963–64.<ref name="ambrosiaindia1">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |title=UB Group supplement with April 2011 issue |journal=Ambrosia |date=April 2011 |access-date=2013-08-11 |editor-last=Desai|editor-first1=Trilok|archive-date=2018-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003020055/http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The brand's slogan is ''No1 Yaari Ka No1 Spirit''.<ref name="unitedspirits1">{{cite web |url=http://unitedspirits.in/mcdowells-no-1-whisky.aspx |title=Mc Dowell's No 1 |publisher=Unitedspirits.in |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-date=2013-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020225806/http://unitedspirits.in/mcdowells-no-1-whisky.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Origin of name==
The name McDowell came from Scottish distiller Angus McDowell, who established McDowell and Company in [[India]] in 1898, an overseas branch of McDowell of Scotland. In 1951, McDowell and Company was acquired by the [[UB Group]] of [[Vittal Mallya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-10 |archive-date=2018-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003020055/http://www.ambrosiaindia.com/2011/april/ub-groups.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Diageo-takes-full-control-of-USL/articleshow/37658513.cms |title=Diageo takes full control of USL - The Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 July 2014 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2015-09-05}}</ref>

==History==
In 1959, Mallya established McDowell and Company's first distillery at [[Cherthala]], [[Kerala]], and began bottling Bisquit Brandy and Dorville French Brandy from imported [[concentrate]]s. The company commissioned India's first [[distillation]] plant at Cherthala in 1961 to produce extra neutral alcohol (ENA). The McDowell's No.1 brand began with the launch of McDowell's No.1 Brandy in 1963-64 following the termination of the import contract for No.1 Bisquit Brandy.<ref name="telegraphindia3">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121110/jsp/frontpage/story_16181340.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116123814/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121110/jsp/frontpage/story_16181340.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2012 |title=Diageo bottles Mallya genie |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2012-11-10 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> McDowell's No.1 Whisky was launched in 1968 and McDowell's No.1 Rum was launched in Celebration (dark) and Caribbean (white) variants in 1990–91.<ref name="ambrosiaindia1"/><ref name="unitedspirits2">{{cite web |url=http://unitedspirits.in/mcdowells-no-1-celebration-rum.aspx |title=McDowell's No.1 Celebration Rum |publisher=Unitedspirits.in |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-date=2013-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807070826/http://unitedspirits.in/mcdowells-no-1-celebration-rum.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The company was incorporated in 1999 as McDowell Spirits Ltd and changed its name from McDowell Spirits Ltd to McDowell and Company Ltd on 1 April 2000. The company changed its name again, to the current United Spirits Limited (USL), on 17 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/United-Spirits-Ltd/532432 |title=United Spirits Ltdof a Background details about Company Profile |publisher=Indiainfoline.com |access-date=2013-06-16}}</ref> In 2000, Claessens International, a [[London]]-based design consulting firm, was hired to revamp the design and packaging of the series.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

==Whisky==
McDowell's No.1 Reserve Whisky was launched in 1968 and is a blend of imported scotch and Indian malt whiskies.<ref name="indiantelevision2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k3/feb/febmam15.htm |title=McDowell's No. 1 launches special limited edition cricket pack |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2003-02-05 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> It is sold in several regions outside [[India]], including [[Africa]], [[Canada]], the [[Far East]], [[Japan]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/july/julymam116.htm |title=Mudra adds McDowell's whiskey to its kitty |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2005-07-20 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Jacob |agency=ET Bureau |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-07/news/28432540_1_usl-dalmore-whyte-mackay |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073149/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-07/news/28432540_1_usl-dalmore-whyte-mackay |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |title=There's no comparison between Diageo and USL: Rekhi |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

McDowell's No.1 Diet Mate, which the company claims is the world's first diet whisky, is a variant of McDowell's No.1 Whisky.<ref name="unitedspirits1"/> It was launched in 2006.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bhupta |first=Malini |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20070903-the-low-cal-high-733861-2007-09-06 |title=The low-cal high |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=2007-09-06 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> It is sold in pint, nip, quart, and 750 ml bottles, at a cost 5% higher than McDowell's No.1 Whisky. The product was initially launched in [[Mumbai]] and [[Thane]] but later expanded to other markets.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ashish K Tiwari | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/1002850/report-new-mate-is-high-in-spirits-but-low-in-cals |title=New Mate is high in spirits, but low in cals |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2005-12-18 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> Debashish Shyam, then General Manager (Marketing) of UB Group Spirits Division, stated that "Diet Mate is not a low-calorie whisky but has ingredients that increase metabolism."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/ub-revamps-major-brands-launches-new-variants/article1724309.ece?ref=archive |title=UB revamps major brands, launches new variants |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=2006-02-08 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

== Rum ==
[[File:Mc_Dowell_No._1_Rum.jpg|thumb|McDowell No. 1 Rum]]

[[McDowell's No.1 Rum]] was launched in [[McDowell's No.1 Celebration|Celebration (dark)]] and Caribbean (white) variants in 1990–91.<ref name="ambrosiaindia1" /><ref name="unitedspirits2" /> It is sold in 13 countries. In 2015, it overtook [[Bacardi]] as the world's best-selling rum brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2015/06/rum-brand-champions-2015/ |title=Rum Brand Champions 2015 |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=2015-06-15 |access-date=2015-09-05}}</ref><ref name="unitedspirits2" />

==Brandy==
McDowell's No.1 Brandy was launched in 1963-64 and was the first McDowell's No.1 branded product. The brand created the template for the many No. 1 brands that the company would launch later. It is the largest selling brandy in the world by volume. It sold 4.6 million cases in 2004<ref name="indiatimes2005">{{cite news|author=Raja Awasthi |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-05-22/news/27478437_1_brandy-mcdowell-ub-group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801175616/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-05-22/news/27478437_1_brandy-mcdowell-ub-group |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |title=McDowell No 1 is top brandy again |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2005-05-22 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> and 13.7 million cases in 2009.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|author=M Padmakshan |agency=ET Bureau |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/news/28421797_1_usl-diageo-united-spirits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025061810/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/news/28421797_1_usl-diageo-united-spirits |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 25, 2013 |title=USL's now world's No 2 spirit co, replaces Pernod |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2010-01-25 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

==Sales==
McDowell's No.1 is the largest selling [[Umbrella brand|umbrella spirits brand]] in the world.<ref name="thehindubusinessline1"/><ref name="equitybulls1">{{cite web |url=http://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=49178 |title=United Spirits sales crosses 90 million cases in 2008-09 |publisher=EquityBulls.com |date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001813/http://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=49178 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It sold over 13.5 million cases in 2003–04,<ref name="indiatimes2004">{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-09-22/news/27414617_1_whisky-brand-celebration-rum-ub-group-spirits-division |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708075746/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-09-22/news/27414617_1_whisky-brand-celebration-rum-ub-group-spirits-division |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 8, 2013 |title=McDowell's No 1 world's fastest moving whisky |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2004-09-22 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> 6.07 million cases in 2005 and 8.65 million cases in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|author=M Rochan |agency=TNN |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-20/news/27688431_1_whiskies-mcdowell-s-no1-drinks-international |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105000148/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-20/news/27688431_1_whiskies-mcdowell-s-no1-drinks-international |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 5, 2012 |title=McDowell's No 1 justifies its name |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2007-08-20 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> It had sales of 27.5 million cases in 2007–08,<ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee |first=Saikat |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=apqDPNBbLSi8&refer=india |title=UB Says Overseas Firms Interested in United Spirits (Update2) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2008-09-11 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> and sold 14.3 million cases of whisky, 13.8 million cases of rum, and 11.7 million of brandy in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author-first1=Boby |author-last1=Kurian | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/royal-stag-officers-choice-challenge-mallyas-empire/articleshow/7109285.cms |title=Royal Stag, Officer's Choice challenge Mallya's empire |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

The brand achieved retail sales worth $3.8 billion in 2012–13, selling nearly half a billion 750 ml bottles of its whisky, rum and brandy, making the brand the largest [[alcoholic beverage]] franchise in India by volume and value.<ref>{{cite web|title=McDowell's No.1 records $3.8 bn-worth sales in 2012-13|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/McDowells-No-1-records-3-8-bn-worth-sales-in-2012-13/articleshow/19618920.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 August 2013|date=April 18, 2013}}</ref>

The following table shows the annual sales of McDowell's No.1:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ! rowspan="2"| Year !! colspan="3"| Sales (in million cases)
|-
! Whisky || Rum || Brandy
|-
| 2001-02 || 3.8<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-01/news/27340627_1_whisky-mcdowell-s-no1-alok-gupta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002143216/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-01/news/27340627_1_whisky-mcdowell-s-no1-alok-gupta |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |title=McDowell's aims to boost whisky sales |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2002-08-01 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> || ||
|-
| 2002-03 || 4<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/04/02/stories/2003040201630200.htm |title=UB Group spirits division posts improved sales |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=2003-04-02 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> || ||
|-
| 2003-04 || 5.5<ref name="indiatimes2004"/> || ||
|-
| 2005 || 6.1<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/ub-groups-top-5-liquor-brands-valued-at-18-b/article1735465.ece?ref=archive |title=UB Group's top 5 liquor brands valued at $1.8 b |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |date=2006-06-01 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> || ||
|-
| 2004 || || || 4.6<ref name="indiatimes2005"/>
|-
| 2006 || 8.7<ref name="thespiritsbusiness">{{cite web|url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2012/07/world-whiskies-brand-champions-2012/ |title=WORLD WHISKIES – Brand Champions 2012 |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> || 6.2<ref name="thespiritsbusiness3">{{cite web|url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2012/07/rum-brand-champions-2012/ |title= RUM – Brand Champions 2012 |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2007 || 11.5<ref name="thespiritsbusiness"/> || 7.6<ref name="thespiritsbusiness3"/> ||
|-
| 2008 || 13.4<ref name="thespiritsbusiness"/> || 9.7<ref name="thespiritsbusiness4">{{cite web|url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2013/07/rum-brand-champions-2013/ |title= RUM – Brand Champions 2013 |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=2013-07-08 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2009 || 13.5<ref name="thespiritsbusiness"/> || 11.2<ref name="thespiritsbusiness4"/> || 13.7<ref name="indiatimes1"/>
|-
| 2010 || 14.3<ref name="thespiritsbusiness"/> || 13.9<ref name="thespiritsbusiness4"/> ||
|-
| 2011 || 16.1<ref name="thespiritsbusiness2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2013/07/indian-whisky-brand-champions-2013/ |title=Indian Whisky Brand Champions 2013 |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=2013-07-08 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> || 15.6<ref name="thespiritsbusiness4"/> ||
|-
| 2012 || 19.5<ref name="thespiritsbusiness2"/> || 14 || 17.8<ref name="thespiritsbusiness4"/>
|}

==Marketing==
McDowell's No.1 is mainly advertised through [[Bollywood]] and [[cricket]],<ref name="indiantelevision3">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k3/jan/janmam53.htm |title=UB group's McDowell's No 1 to bank on entertainment |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2003-01-22 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> as well as sports and music events. The brand has associated itself with Bollywood films such as ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'', ''[[Road film|Road]]'', ''[[Kaante]]'' and ''[[Stumped (film)|Stumped]]'', through its Mera No 1 Entertainment banner.<ref name="indiantelevision3"/>

On 21 August 2009, the brand announced a tie-up with [[Shillong Lajong F.C.]], the first team to qualify for the [[I-League 2009-10|I-League 2009-2010]] from [[Northeast India|North-East India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=McDowell's No. 1 Announce Tie-Up With Shillong Lajong|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2009/08/21/1452738/mcdowells-no-1-announce-tie-up-with-shillong-lajong|work=Goal.com India|access-date=11 August 2013|date=August 21, 2009}}</ref> It signed [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] to a three-year endorsement deal, worth {{INRConvert|26|c}}, for McDowell's No 1 soda.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ratna Bhushan |agency=ET Bureau |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-09/news/27607568_1_multiple-marketing-initiatives-maxx-mobile-rhiti-sports-management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523185741/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-12-09/news/27607568_1_multiple-marketing-initiatives-maxx-mobile-rhiti-sports-management |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |title=Now, Dhoni inks Rs 29-crore endorsement deal with Maxx |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2010-12-09 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

McDowell's No.1 Whisky releases special packs to commemorate [[Holi]], [[Diwali]] and [[New Year]].<ref name="indiantelevision2"/> The brand has sponsored several music concerts in India featuring artists such as [[Mark Knopfler]],<ref name="indiantelevision1"/> [[Enrique Iglesias]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/13/stories/2004031300150300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040930202322/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/13/stories/2004031300150300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-30 |title=Enrique LIVE! |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2004-03-13 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/music/20040313-0.html |title=Enrique Iglesias to perform in India |publisher=ApunKaChoice.Com |date=2004-04-11 |access-date=2013-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716190846/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/music/20040313-0.html |archive-date=2015-07-16 }}</ref> [[Elton John]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/11/03/stories/2002110303221300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811102052/http://www.hindu.com/2002/11/03/stories/2002110303221300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-11 |title=Elton John casts a spell |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2002-11-03 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-10/delhi/27743505_1_cheers-india-tour-ehsaan-and-loy-mathew-xavier |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811102057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-10/delhi/27743505_1_cheers-india-tour-ehsaan-and-loy-mathew-xavier |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-11 |title=Magic of three |date=2008-03-10 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-14/others/27958990_1_cheers-india-tour-united-spirits-limited-ehsaan-and-loy |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130811102011/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-14/others/27958990_1_cheers-india-tour-united-spirits-limited-ehsaan-and-loy |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-11 |title=Shanker, Ehsaan and Loy rock Lucknow |date=2007-11-14 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> [[Vishal Dadlani]] and Shekhar Rajviani,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/The-Spirit-of-Friendship/860444/ |title=The Spirit of Friendship |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2011-10-16 |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> and [[Rabbi Shergill]], [[Strings (band)|Strings]], [[Bombay Vikings]], [[Shibani Kashyap]], [[Abhijeet Sawant]], [[Kailash Kher]] and [[Mika Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k5/may/maymam111.htm|title=McDowell's associates with Brilliant Entertainment to launch 'Listen' - Indi-music platform|date=2005-05-30|publisher=Indiantelevision.com|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref>

== Awards ==
McDowell's No.1 Platinum Rare Whisky won the Silver Award (91 pts) at the [[International Wine and Spirit Competition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Spirits Limited {{!}} McDowell's No.1 Platinum Rare Whisky {{!}} Spirit {{!}} IWSC |url=https://iwsc.net/results/detail/97969/mcdowells-no1-platinum-rare-whisky |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=IWSC International Wine & Spirit Competition |language=en}}</ref>

McDowell's No.1 Platinum Whisky won the Silver Award in 2014 and the Bronze Award in 2019 at the International Spirits Challenge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Spirits Challenge 2025 - All results |url=https://internationalspiritschallenge.com/internationalspiritschallenge2025/en/page/all-results |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=internationalspiritschallenge.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727001818/http://unitedspirits.in/ USL official site] (archived 27 July 2013)

{{Alcoholic drinks}}{{United Spirits}}

[[Category:Diageo brands]]
[[Category:United Spirits brands]]
[[Category:Indian whisky]]
[[Category:Brandies]]
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[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1963]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1964]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1968]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1990]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1991]]

Chitrasena

2026-03-16T17:56:09Z

NikeNuara: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Sri Lankan dancer (1921–2005)}}
{{About|the Sri Lankan dancer}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chitrasena
| image = Chitrasena.jpg
| caption = Chitrasena
| birthname = Amaratunga Arachige Maurice Dias
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|1|26}}
| birth_place = [[Kelaniya]], Sri Lanka
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|7|18|1921|1|26}}
| death_place = [[Colombo, Sri Lanka]]
| spouse = [[Vajira Chitrasena]] (m. 1951 – 2004)
| children = {{plainlist|
* [[Upeka Chitrasena|Upeka]]
* Anjalika
}}
| occupation = Dancer
}}

[[Deshamanya]] '''Amaratunga Arachige Maurice Dias''', (26 January 1921 – 18 July 2005), popularly known by his mononym '''Chitrasena''', was a [[Sri Lanka]]n dancer, internationally known for his work in establishing a modern Sri Lankan tradition of dance and popularizing traditional Sri Lankan dance forms worldwide. He was awarded the [[Deshamanya]] award by the Sri Lankan government in 1998. He later moved to India to study other dance forms.

Chitrasena found the Chithrasena Dance Company in 1943. He studied in the Shantinikethan in India. In 1951, Chithrasena married his pupil Vajira, who went on to become a fine performer. Chithrasena has danced before maharajas, [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], dukes and duchesses, prime ministers, princesses, and kings.

== Early life ==
Amaratunga Arachige Maurice Dias alias Chitrasena was born on 26 January 1921 at Waragoda, [[Kelaniya]] in Sri Lanka.<ref name="narthaki.com">Upeka, [http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil26.html] "Profile: Chitrasena" in ''Narthaki''[http://www.narthaki.com/index.html]. Retrieved 4 September 2009</ref> His father was late Seebert Dias, well known actor/ producer of the 20s and 30s, founder and instructor for the [[Colombo]] Dramatic Club, producer of [[John de Silva]] plays, luminary in the theatrical circles of the day, and was a pioneer actor/director of [[Shakespearean]] dramas in Sinhala and English.<ref name="narthaki.com"/><ref name="Leading">Samara, Daleena [http://www.sundaytimes.lk/080330/Plus/plus000010.html] "Leading the way for dancing damsels" in ''The Sunday Times'' 30 March 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref> Chitrasena was encouraged by his father from a young age to learn dance and theatre.

In [[India]], [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] had established his Santiniketan.<ref name="dailynews.lk">Jayawardhana, Bandula {{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp |title=Artscope | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |access-date=9 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003824/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp |archive-date=5 June 2011 }} "The Meaning of Chitrasena" in ''The Daily News'', 23 January 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref> His lectures on his visit to Sri Lanka, in 1934 had inspired a revolutionary change in the outlook of many educated men and women.<ref name="dailynews.lk"/> Tagore had stressed the need for a people to discover its own culture to be able to assimilate fruitfully the best of other cultures.<ref name="dailynews.lk"/> Chitrasena was a schoolboy at the time, and his father Seebert Dias' house had become a veritable cultural centre frequented by the literary and artistic intelligentsia of the time.<ref name="dailynews.lk"/>

In 1936, Chitrasena made his debut at the Regal Theatre at the age of 15 in the role of Siri Sangabo, the first Sinhala ballet produced and directed by his father. Presented in [[Kandyan]] technique, Chitrasena played the lead role, and this made people take notice of the boy's talents. [[Don Baron Jayatilaka|D.B. Jayatilake]], who was Vice-chairman of the board of Ministers under British council administration, Buddhist scholar, founder and first President of the Colombo Y.M.B.A, freedom fighter, Leader of the State Council and Minister of Home Affairs, was a great source of encouragement to the young dancer.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

Chitrasena learned [[Kandyan dance]] from Algama Kiriganithaya Gurunnanse, Muddanawe Appuwa Gurunnanse, Bevilgamuwe Lnpaya Gurunnanse Having mastered the traditional Kandyan dance, his 'Ves Bandeema' ceremony of graduation by placing the 'Ves Thattuwa' on the initiate's head followed by the 'Kala-eliya' mangallaya, took place in 1940. In the same year, he proceeded to Travancore to study [[Kathakali]] dance at Sri Chitrodaya Natyakalalayam under Sri Gopinath,<ref name="dailynews.lk"/> Court dancer in Travancore. He gave a command performance with Chandralekha (wife of portrait painter J.D.A. Perera) before the Maharaja and Maharani of Travancore at the [[Kowdiar Palace]]. He later studied Kathakali at the [[Kerala Kalamandalam]].{{cn|date=May 2020}}

In 1941, Chitrasena performed at the Regal Theatre – one of the first dance recitals of its kind – before the Governor Sir [[Andrew Caldecott]] and Lady Caldecott with Chandralekha and her troupe. Chandralekha was one of the first women to break into the field of the Kandyan dance.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

Chitrasena founded the Chitrasena Dance Company in 1943. He toured extensively in the provinces. Chitrasena's brother Sarathsena, a versatile drummer, and sister Munirani were associated in the early dance period. Munirani was a soloist in 'Vidura' ballet.

Chitrasena established the first school of National Dance, the Chitrasena Kalayathanaya, in Colombo at Kollupitiya in 1944. The sprawling building was handed to him by [[Ernest Peter Arnold Fernando|Sir Ernest Fernando]], a great patron of the arts – to pursue and further his artistic work.<ref>Seneviratne, Gamini [http://www.island.lk/2001/01/28/featur06.html] "Chitrasena" in ''The Island'', 28 January 2001. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref> Starting as a small nucleus, the dance centre where Chitrasena lived and worked for 40 years was to become a landmark and a renowned cultural centre for dance enthusiasts and connoisseurs of the arts.

In 1945, Chitrasena studied at Gurudev [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s [[Shantiniketan]] in [[Bengal]] and had the distinction of dancing the lead role as Ananda in Tagore's dance drama 'Chandalika' opposite Nandita Kriplani, Tagore's granddaughter. Chitrasena is a contemporary of Uday Shankar. He represented Shantiniketan at the All India Dance Festival in Delhi. He visited numerous dance centers in Lucknow, Lahore, and Uday Shankar's dance center in Almora, Assam. He performed in a Shantiniketan show in aid of Tagore's Memorial fund at the New Empire theatre in Calcutta.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

Rabindranath Tagore and the indigenous revival among India's Bengali elite inspired several Sri Lankan artistes to drop their Portuguese influenced names and adopt oriental names. [[Amaradeva]], [[Sarachchandra]] and Chitrasena are some of those who did.

== Early Period – Obstacles ==
The early period was fraught with severe hardship, insecurity, and frustration. The urban intelligentsia, nurtured as they were on pseudo- colonial values, frowned on things indigenous or at best with native curiosity. They were unprepared to accept the idea of the traditional dance in relationship to the theatre. They faced adversities including: indignities, insults, lack of patronage, a reluctant and disoriented public, little if any media coverage, oppositional leaflets circulated claiming that the traditional dance was being destroyed, and anonymous postcards. Chitrasena was breaking new ground, and there were instances of him being actually hooted off the stage. Not belonging to the traditional dancing 'parampara', it took him years of hard work to be recognised as an artiste in his own right. Even the traditional dancers who were the proud custodians of an ancient heritage going back over 3,000 years looked on Chitrasena with derision.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

There were no proper theatre facilities. In the outstations, stages were poorly constructed, the local town hall or central school hall serving as theatre. Moreover, poor theatre conditions included: primitive lighting fixtures, improvised switch board, crude cardboard and coloured cellophane, dimmers operated with fan switches, improvised bamboo frames to hang curtains, and a lack of green rooms.{{cn|date=May 2020}}

== Pioneering years ==
The dawn of a new era brought with it the challenges of the unknown. In spite of the frustrations due to lack of patronage, they were years of fruitful exchange of ideas and experimentation activity. 'Ravana', 'Vidura', 'Chandali', 'Nala Damayanthi' were creative outpourings of that time, and there was a tremendous Indian influence on the local art scene. Chitrasena considered one of his earliest works, the ballet 'Vidura' (1945), to be the important break-through in his experimenting with a new medium. It was only later, after he had judged the effect of this new thing on the audience, that he moved with full confidence into his sensuous creation, 'Nala Damayanti' (1950). In Karadiya (1961), he emerged as the master.<ref>Ratnaike, Nihal {{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp |title=Artscope | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |access-date=9 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605003824/http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/01/23/art02.asp |archive-date=5 June 2011 }} "The Meaning of Chitrasena" in ''The Daily News'', 23 January 2008. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref>

In 1951, Chitrasena married his star pupil [[Vajira Chitrasena]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vajira Chitrasena: A story of peerless elegance|url=http://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2019/03/10/arts/vajira-chitrasena-story-peerless-elegance|date=2019-03-08|website=Sunday Observer|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Lankan dance legend Chitrasena: A contemporary of Uday Shankar|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/260819/sri-lankan-dance-legend-chitrasena-a-contemporary-of-uday-shankar.html|last=Kothari|first=Sunil|date=2019-08-26|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2020-05-11}}</ref> He saw in her the makings of an outstanding dancer. She made her debut as soloist in the role of Prakriti in the ballet 'Chandali' in 1952. Her rise to stardom was coupled with unswerving discipline and dedication both as teacher, performer, and choreographer, even as she illumined her husband's career.<ref name= vaji>{{Cite web|title=Destined to dance: Vajira looks back |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/220313/plus/destined-to-dance-vajira-looks-back-476181.html |website=Sunday Times|language=en|access-date=11 May 2024}}</ref>

== The Chitrasena Kalayathanaya ==
Started in 1944 in Colombo, the Chitrasena Kalayathanaya was the center of new forms of arts and culture from the 1940s to the 70s. Begun in a rented house gifted by philanthropist Sir E. P. A. Fernando, the Kalayatanaya building situated a few yards away from Kollupitiya junction, was the oasis of contemporary innovators who searched for new vistas in the aesthetic field.
Chitrasena and Vajira introduced a new creative dance form based on indigenous dance to these young artists. The school started with only a handful of students who lived and worked in the studio.

The school became a cultural haven to the leading artists of that period whose talents and contributions were to become highly recognised. There has hardly been a name in the world of arts and letters, which has not at one time or another been associated with the Chitrasena Dance School. Some artistes were launched in their respective careers. [[Ananda Samarakoon]] lived and worked with Chitrasena and created the National Anthem whilst living in the school. He composed the music for some of the early ballets – with J. Sadiris Silva for 'Vidura' and with [[W. D. Amaradeva]] for 'Chandali'. [[Sunil Santha]] After his return from Lucknow, Bathkande College of Music held his music classes at the studio. One of the country's leading authorities on music, Amaradeva's early days, is closely linked with the Chitrasena School. Dramatists like Henry Jayasena and Ernest Macintyre conducted rehearsals at the centre.<ref name="sundayobserver.lk">Chandrathna, Ranga [https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2009/01/04/spi12.asp] ''The Sunday Observer'', 4 January 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref>

Other artists of the pioneering years included Somabandu, Edwin Samaradivakara, [[W. B. Makuloluwa]], [[Lionel Algama]], Somadasa Elvitigala, R L Wimaladharma, and [[Shelton Premaratne]].<ref name="sundayobserver.lk"/> The Kalayathanaya was also the focal point of many foreign artistes who visited Sri Lanka, film stars from India, and dancers like Martha Graham, Paul Tailor, Bulrashkhani, Nurtan and [[Marcel Marceau]] from France and [[Ravi Shankar]] who visited it several times.<ref name="sundayobserver.lk"/> Ganganalh, Prema Kumar, [[Shesha Palihakkara]] were some of the earliest pupils.

In 1951, an open-air theatre was inaugurated at the Chitrasena Kalayathanaya under the patronage of Sir E P A Fernando. Sir A E de Silva was the chief guest.

In 1984, the land on which the Chitrasena Kalayathanaya stood was acquired by the Urban Development Authority, and the school was razed to the ground.<ref name="narthaki.com"/> In 1998, the then [[President of Sri Lanka]], Chandrika Kumaranatunga, bequeathed some land on Park Road/ Elvitigala Mawatha, Colombo 05, to establish a permanent location for the Kalayathanaya. Subsequently, Chitrasena and his family raised sufficient funds to construct the dance school there.<ref>The Sunday Times ('Plus') [http://sundaytimes.lk/090719/Plus/sundaytimesplus_16.html] " Remembering the Master of Dance: Chitrasena – 1921–2005”, 19 July 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref> The Kalayathanaya is now known as the Chitrasena-Vajira Dance Foundation.<ref>Herat, Gwen, {{cite web |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/05/27/fea31.asp |title=Features | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |access-date=9 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605004330/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/05/27/fea31.asp |archive-date=5 June 2011 }} "Vajira, the Legend Chitrasena Left Behind" in ''The Daily News'', 27 May 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref> Since Chitrasena's death in 2005, the Foundation is managed by his wife, Vajira and daughters [[Upeka Chitrasena|Upeka]] and Anjalika.<ref>Rodrigo, Nihal [http://www.island.lk/2009/01/25/leisure1.html] "The Living Legacy of Chitrasena" in ''The Island'', 25 January 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref>

== Contributions ==
After 50 decades of colonial rule, the traditional dance was left impoverished, and it was left to Chitrasena to infuse it with a new dynamism. He is associated with the revival of the traditional dance in all its three major forms; Kandyan, Low-Country and Sabaragamu.<ref>Pereira, Jeevani [https://apekattiya.wordpress.com/chitrasena/] "Chitrasena" in ''apekattiya.com''. Retrieved 1 October 2015</ref>

He was the first professional artiste in Sri Lanka. He challenged the mood of the 30s and 40s and influenced the mind of a generation, establishing himself as an artiste unparalleled in the dance annals of this country. He was the pioneer of the modern dance theatre, which proved a viable alternative to the changing social milieu that sustained the traditional dance rituals. Chitrasena steered the course of dance along uncharted paths infusing it with a dynamism that flowed from his visionary seal and dedication, creating a distinct yet meaningful medium of expression. He brought about an infusion of the Theatre, the Stage, the world of audience, confrontation and entertainment to the Sinhala Dance.<ref name="dailynews.lk"/> He revolutionised and extended the scope of dance, forging a link between the traditional and contemporary with the vision of one who seeks to preserve whilst yet extending the horizons of his medium, always going back for inspiration to the roots of his rich heritage. He transferred Sri Lankan folk dances to the modern theatre and from that transformation created a vehicle of artistic expression for the Sinhala Dance – the Ballet.<ref name="dailynews.lk"/>

He was the pioneer of the national ballet. Chitrasena established the first school of dance in 1944. The Chitrasena Dance Company has won repute and fame that is international and received rave reviews for their productions both here and abroad. In the realm of creative work, the Dance Company has played a vital role in the evolution of the contemporary dance theatre of Sri Lanka.

Commentators, reflecting upon the nature of the man, his art and his legacy in Sri Lanka, believes that Chitrasena's art probes our milieu and explores the most tenacious issues faced within the construction of nation and State by the myriad of issues his dance addressed; from the hardships of fisherfolk and to issues of caste, religion, gender, love and identity and juxtaposition of hope and despair.<ref name=Leading/><ref>Hattotuwa, Sanjana,[http://sanjanah.googlepages.com/ChitrasenaArtandPolitics.pdf] "Chitrasena, Art and Politics" in [http://sanjanah.googlepages.com/reviews-art%2Cliterature%2Cdrama]. Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref> Somewhere between Chitrasena's ballets Nala Damayanthi and Karadiya (Sea Water), and in some ways on a tangent to the completeness of their cycle, came the creations of Vasantha Kumar's ''Kumburu Panatha'' (The Paddy Lands Bill) and ''Hiroshima'', together with Prema Kumar's ''Thiththa Batha'' (Bitter Rice); socio-political essays given a ballet form.<ref name="dailynews.lk"/>

==Tours==
The first tour to Australia of the Chitrasena Ballet was in 1963 under the patronage of the [[Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust]], where after their initial performance at the Festival of Perth, they presented seasons in Sydney, Melbourne, Launceston and Hobart.<ref name="australiadancing.org">Australia Dancing,{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090517081523/http://www.australiadancing.org/subjects/3461.html]}}, "Chitrasena Ballet Australian Tours (1963 – ). Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref> Produced and directed by its founder, Chitrasena, and led by him and his wife, Vajira, the company presented two programs in their inaugural Australian tour. After his performance in Sydney, Australia, in 1963, the Sydney "Daily Herald" said that Chitrasena is "one of the most virile dancers of any nation we have seen on a Sydney stage".<ref name="infolanka.com">Fonseka, Carlo [http://www.infolanka.com/org/srilanka/people/17.htm] "Eulogising Chitrasena" in Infolanka Sri Lanka Explorer: People [http://www.infolanka.com/org/srilanka/people.html] from The Island (2003). Retrieved 9 September 2009</ref>

In 1972 the Chitrasena Ballet returned to Australia, as the Chitrasena Ceylon Dance Ensemble, supported by the [[Regional Arts Australia|Arts Council of Australia]] and the Ceylon Tea Bureau, to perform at the Adelaide Festival, the Festival of Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and Canberra.<ref name="australiadancing.org"/> After his performance in Sydney, the Sydney "Daily Herald" newspaper once again, repeated its praise of him from a decade earlier, in the very same words.<ref name="infolanka.com"/>

== Dramas ==
Rakthakshi in 'Siri Sangabo' directed by [[Henry Jayasena]] on the occasion of the revival of the Tower Hall Theatre. Besides spearheading the revival of indigenous dance forms, Chitrasena also made his stage debut as Othello in the [[Ernest MacIntyre]] production of [[Shakespeare]]'s '[[Othello]]' and Emperor Jones in the late Karan Breckenridge's production of [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s 'Emperor Jones'.He is one of the most best actors in sri lanka.

== Productions ==
* Rama & Seeta − 1943
* Vidura – 1944
* Pageant of Lanka (Ramayana & Landing of Vijaya) – 1948
* Ravana – 1949
* Nala Damayanthi – 1950
* Chandali – 1952
* Kumudini – 1952
* Himakumariya – 1953
* Sepalika – 1955
* Kindurangana – 1956
* Sama Vijaya – 1957
* Vanaja − 1958
* Karadiya – 1961
* Nala Damayanthi (2nd production) – 1963
* Rankikili – 1965
* Nirthanjali − 1965
* Gini Hora − 1968
* Nirasha − 1972
* Shadi − 1972
* Navanjali − 1972
* Anaberaya − 1976
* Kinkini Kolama − 1978
* Hapana − 1979
* Bera Pooja – 1980
* Navoda Ranga – 1981
* Shishya Pooja − 1982
* Dance of Shiva − 1985
* Nritha Pooja − 1986

== Awards ==
* Yuganthaya – 31 December 1999, awarded for his outstanding contribution to the dance of Sri Lanka.
* Desamanya – 6 April 1998, the highest award given to a citizen of Sri Lanka.
* Vishva Prasadinee – 20 April 1996, in honour of the national pride and international prestige brought to Sri Lanka by Chitrasena.
* Kala Bhushana – 22 May 1994, honouring the extraordinary contribution made by Chitrasena to posterity and to the development of the arts and culture of Sri Lanka.
* Kala Keerthi – Presidential award.
* Honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Fine Arts) – 21 March 1991, Institute of Aesthetic Studies, [[University of Kelaniya]], Sri Lanka.
* [[Kala Suri]] First Class – 22 May 1986, Presidential Award.

== Books ==
* Nurnberger, Marianne, ''Dance Is the Language of the Gods: The Chitrasena School and the Traditional Roots of Sri Lankan Stage Dance'', 1998: VU University Press. (Paperback)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book| last =Upeka | title =Chitrasena| publisher =Online year 2003| location =Colombo| id =[http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil26.html] }}
* {{cite book| last =Chitrasena Dance Academy| title =CHITRASENA – THE FATHER OF SRI LANKAN DANCE | year =2006 | id =[https://chitrasena.blogspot.com/2006/07/chitrasena-grand-master.html]}}
* {{cite book| last =Coomaraswamy R. | title =The Art of Chithrasena| work =Tamil Week News |date=2006| url =http://tamilweek.com/news-features/archives/221 }}

== External links ==
* [https://chitrasena.blogspot.com/2006/07/chitrasena-grand-master.html Collection of Articles on Chitrasena]
* [http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil26.html Biography]
* [http://sundaytimes.lk/090719/Plus/sundaytimesplus_16.html Commemorative essay in The Sunday Times]
* [http://tamilweek.com/news-features/archives/221 Commemorative essay] by [[Radhika Coomaraswamy]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chitrasena}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan male dancers]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan dancers]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Deshamanya]]
[[Category:Kala Keerthi]]

St. Karen's Montessori School

2026-03-15T04:51:45Z

NikeNuara: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT[[St. Karen's High School, Patna]]

{{Redirect category shell|{{R with history}}{{R from subtopic}}}}

[[Category:Schools in Patna]]
[[Category:Montessori schools in India]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1990]]

Siliguri Junction railway station

2026-03-14T22:56:16Z

NikeNuara: Made A Article

{{Short description|Railway Station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Siliguri Junction
| native_name =
| type = [[Regional rail]] & [[Commuter rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Siliguri_Junction_Railway_Station_2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Siliguri Junction Railway Station Complex
| address = Hill Cart Road, Pradhan Nagar, [[Siliguri]]–734001, [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.7234|88.4138|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|120|m|ft}}
| line = * [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
* [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
* [[Katihar–Siliguri line]]
| other =
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platforms = * 5 Broad-gauge
* 1 Narrow-gauge
| tracks = 10
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1949}}
| closed =
| rebuild =
| electrified = {{start date and age|2020|01|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/electric-loco-set-to-start-from-new-jalpaiguri-station/cid/1734198|title=Electric loco set to start from NJP|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>
| accessible = {{Accessicon|20px}} Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGUJ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| services =
| former =
| passengers = 50,000/Day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = {{increase}} {{color|#fc5|high}}
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Siliguri
| mapframe = Yes
}}
{{Railways in Siliguri|collapse=y}}
[[File:SGUJ_2.jpg|thumb|Siliguri Junction in bird's eye view]]

'''Siliguri Junction''' (station code:- '''SGUJ''') is one of the major and second largest railway station that serve the city of [[Siliguri]] located in [[Darjeeling district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The station has two types of gauges visible i.e. {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], & {{RailGauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge]] tracks for [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]. It was opened in 1949. It formerly had the distinction of having three gauges visible but the metre-gauge line from Aluabari Road to Siliguri Junction was converted later into broad gauge. A few years ago{{when?|date=October 2024}}, the trains used to run between Siliguri Junction to Naksalbari on the metre-gauge line. Siliguri Junction lies on three railway lines [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]], [[Katihar–Siliguri line]] and [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Line]]. This railway station also has its own locomotive shed i.e [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri]]

==History==

With the railway routes badly disturbed by the [[partition of India]] in 1947, [[Siliguri Town railway station]] suddenly lost its preeminence as the broad-gauge link to Calcutta running across East Pakistan. With three metre-gauge lines, the new Siliguri Junction railway station became the main railway station in the area. The three metre-gauge lines were linked to [[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]] and [[Barsoi railway station|Barsoi]], [[Assam]] and [[Haldibari, West Bengal|Haldibari]]. The narrow gauge [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] was there. The short reign was over in the 1960s when a new broad-gauge line linked Siliguri with Calcutta, and subsequently, all railway lines in the area (excepting Darjeeling Himalayan Railway) were converted to broad gauge. The focus shifted in 1960 to a brand new broad-gauge station at [[New Jalpaiguri railway station|New Jalpaiguri]].<ref name=njp>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html |author=Alastair Boobyer |title=India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri |publisher=IRFCA| access-date = 2011-12-10 }}</ref>
==Connections==
Multiple trains from Siliguri Junction connects to many destinations across India. Trains like
*[[SMVT Bengaluru–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]] connects Siliguri Junction with [[Bangalore ]] via cities like [[Tirupati]], [[Vellore]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Nellore]], [[Ongole]], [[Eluru]] etc, Similarly
*[[Panvel–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]] and
*[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express]] connects Siliguri Junction to [[Mumbai]] via [[Nagpur]], [[Kalyan]], [[Bhusaval]], [[Itarsi]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Katni]], [[Raipur]], [[Tatanagar]], [[Bilaspur]], [[Rourkela]], [[Bongaigaon]], [[Kamakhya]] etc.
*[[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)|Puri Kamakhya Express via Howrah]] connects Siliguri Junction with [[Kolkata]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Kharagpur]] and [[Puri]], while
*[[Kanchan Kanya Express]] connects Siliguri Junction with Kolkata daily via [[Bardhaman]], [[Farakka ]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] etc,
*[[Kamakhya–Ara Junction Capital Express]] and
*[[New Jalpaiguri-Ara Junction Capital Express]] connects with [[Patna]], [[Katihar]], [[Ara, Bihar|Ara]]. Trains like
*[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]] connects with [[Ranchi]], the capital of Jharkhand and cities like [[Dhanbad]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]] etc, while trains like
*[[Sikkim Mahananda Express]] connects Siliguri Junction with India's capital [[Delhi]] via [[Kanpur]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Aligarh]], [[Buxar]], [[Barauni]] etc. Scenic Trains like
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]] and
*[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] connecting cities like [[Malbazar]], [[Kurseong]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Birpara]], [[Alipurduar]] etc are also available from Siliguri Junction. Further trains like
*[[Jogbani–Siliguri Town Intercity Express|Siliguri Town - Jogbani Express]],
*[[Balurghat–Siliguri Intercity Express|Siliguri Junction - Balurghat Express]],
*[[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express|Siliguri Junction - Alipurduar Express]],
*[[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express|Siliguri Junction - Dhubri Express]],
*[[Siliguri–Bamanhat Express|Siliguri Junction - Bamanhat Express]],
*[[Jhajha–Dibrugarh Weekly Express]],
*[[Siliguri Junction - Radhikapur Express]],
*[[Siliguri - Katihar Intercity Express (via Purnea)|Siliguri Junction - Katihar Express]] connects Siliguri Junction with cities like [[Purnia]], [[Katihar]], [[Balurghat]], [[Raiganj]], [[Cooch Behar]], [[Araria]], [[Alipurduar]], [[Barsoi]], [[Dhubri]], [[Birpara]], etc. Tourist trains like
*[[Siliguri Junction–Rangtong Evening Safari]] originates from Siliguri Junction and runs on [[Narrow-gauge railway|Narrow gauge]] towards [[Sukna railway station]], [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]] and Rangtong.

==Amenities==
Amenities at Siliguri Junction include: Waiting room, Retiring room, Tourist Information Centre, Book stalls and some variety stores. [[Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus|Tenzing Norgay central bus terminal]] and [[Sikkim Nationalised Transport Bus Terminus (Siliguri)|SNT Siliguri bus stand]] are located just outside this railway station and West Bengal Tourism Office is also located nearby.

== City transportation ==

=== Buses ===
The [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Siliguri Junction railway station to [[Siliguri]] city and suburban areas, Also private buses runs between all over the city from Siliguri Junction railway station. The [[Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus|Tenzing Norgay Central Bus Terminus]] and [[Sikkim Nationalised Transport Bus Terminus (Siliguri)|SNT Siliguri Bus Terminus]] are just opposite to each other besides Siliguri junction railway station, so long-route buses are available from these terminus.

=== Cars ===
Siliguri junction railway station is located in the middle of the [[Siliguri]] city, so it is very easy to reach the railway station.

Ride aggregator services [[Uber]], [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]], [[Ola Cabs|Ola]] provide rides from the train station to various parts of the city. One can also book private cabs to go Darjeeling, Gangtok and all over hill areas. Apart from these numerous private taxi operators provide pre-paid and post-paid taxi services to the city. E-rickshaw, City auto facilities are available in the station.

==Diesel loco shed==
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| image1 =SGUJ_4.jpg|caption1=Siliguri diesel loco shed.
| image2 = SGUJ_6.jpg|caption2=Inside loco shed}}
[[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri]] was established at Siliguri in 1961 and a new broad-gauge diesel loco shed was established in 2007. [[WDP 4]] and [[WDG 4]] locos were transferred from Hubli. It is home to the WDP-4 loco "Baaz". Nowadays it is also holds [[WDP 4|WDP 4B]], [[WDP 4|WDP 4D]] & [[WDG 4|WDG 4D]] locomotives.

==See also==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]
*[[Siliguri Town railway station]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|445}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Siliguri}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Siliguri Town|right=Gulma|type=[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
|line2=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|left2=Siliguri Town|right2=Sukna|type2=Siliguri–Darjeeling light railway
|line3=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left3=|right3=Matigara|type3=[[Katihar–Siliguri line]]
|line4=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left4=|right4=Matigara|type4=[[Siliguri–Bagdogra metre-gauge line]]}}

{{Darjeeling}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1949]]
[[Category:Katihar railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in West Bengal]]

Statio Shiv Shakti

2026-03-14T15:35:37Z

NikeNuara: Made A Post!

{{Short description|Lunar landing site of Chandrayaan-3}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Statio Shiva Shakti
| type = Extraterrestrial landing site
| image = Chandrayaan3-landed.jpg
| caption = [[Chandrayaan-3]] lander on Shiva Shakti Point; photographed by [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]] rover
| location = Area between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters, [[Moon]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref>
| beginning_label = Founded
| beginning_date =
* Announced: August 26, 2023
* [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] Approved: March 19, 2024
| image_map = Image of Chandrayaan-3 Lander captured by OHRC camera aboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter.webp
| image_map_caption = Image of [[Chandrayaan-3]] lander captured by OHRC camera aboard [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter
| coordinates = {{coord|69.373|S|32.319|E|globe:moon}}
| founder = [[Chandrayaan-3]]
}}

'''Shiv Shakti Point''' is the landing site of [[Chandrayaan-3]], the third lunar mission of [[ISRO]]. The mission's lander ''Vikram'' and rover ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]]'' landed 600 km from the [[south pole of the Moon]] on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/explained-why-did-chandrayaan-3-land-on-the-near-side-of-the-moon/article67235632.ece|title=Explained | Why did Chandrayaan-3 land on the near side of the moon?|first=Jacob|last=Koshy|newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 25, 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=23 August 2023 |title=India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Science.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The landing site was named on 26 August 2023 at the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISTRAC headquarters]] in [[Bengaluru]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=Modi in Bengaluru Live Updates: Touchdown point of Vikram lander will be known as 'Shivshakti', says PM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-live-news-updates-traffic-weather-isro-chandrayaan-8908491/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> after India became the fourth nation to make a successful soft landing on the Moon and also becoming the first country that landed on the lunar south pole.{{efn|Often reported in media as "polar region", the landing site of Chandrayaan-3 is actually outside the Lunar Antarctic circle (80ºS). ISRO scientists involved in selecting and characterizing the landing site call it a “high-latitude location".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Karanam |first1=Durga Prasad |last2=Bhatt |first2=Megha |last3=A |first3=Amitabh |last4=G |first4=Ambily |last5=Sathyan |first5=Sachana |last6=Misra |first6=Dibyendu |last7=Srivastava |first7=Neeraj |last8=Bhardwaj |first8=Anil |date=2023-08-03 |title=Contextual Characterisation Study of Chandrayaan-3 Primary Landing Site |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slad106 |doi-access=free |issn=1745-3925}}</ref> or "near polar region"<ref>{{Cite web |title=LVM3-M4/CHANDRAYAAN-3 MOON MISSION|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref> |group=note}} Statio Shiv Shakti is located at the coordinates {{coords|69.373|S|32.319|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}}<ref name="Landing site">{{Cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Chandrayaan 3 - After The Landing What Happens Next? | date=27 August 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=howp3hl5Zag |access-date=2023-08-28 |language=en}}</ref> and lies between the lunar craters [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref> It has been proposed that the upcoming sample-return mission [[Chandrayaan-4]] also land near the point.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Chandrayaan-4's landing site on the Moon revealed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-4-mission/story/chandrayaan-4-to-land-close-to-shiva-shakti-point-on-the-moon-2538432-2024-05-13 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Name ==
The name ''Shiv Shakti'' is derived from the names of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deities [[Shiva]], who is also associated with the Moon, and [[Shakti]], the divine feminine energy, who is often depicted as the consort of Shiva in the form of goddess Parvati.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=PM addresses Team ISRO on success of Chandrayaan-3 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1952360}}</ref>

== Geological history ==
Using high-resolution remote sensing datasets, Geologists have estimated that the site is over 3.7 billion years old. The geological map of the landing site reveals that debris from the nearby [[Schomberger (crater)|Schomberger crater]] covers the area. Further analysis revealed the landscape is scattered with boulders, some of which exceed 5 metres in size with most of them originating from a fresh, 540-metre crater located 14 km south of the point. To the west side are smaller, centimetre-sized rock fragments, which likely came from a nearby 10-metre-wide crater.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-10 |title=Chandrayaan-3 landing site is estimated to be 3.7 billion years old: Scientists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/chandrayaan-3-landing-site-is-estimated-to-be-3-7-billion-years-old-scientists/articleshow/118098127.cms |access-date=2025-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Temperature reading obtained from the ChaSTE experiment indicated that from about (~8 AM - 4 PM Local time at the Moon) reported a peak surface temperature of about 355 K (± 0.5 K), with another independent sensor reporting it at ~332K (±1K), showcasing meter-sale variations for high latitude areas on the moon. This was an observational first for the Instrument and the probe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Bags the Credit for First-Ever In-Situ Measurement of the Topmost Fluffy Layer of the Moon’s Surface at Southern Higher Latitudes: New Insight about Harbouring Water-ice on the Moon |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/India_Bags_Credit_First-Ever_In-Situ_Measurement.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.isro.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> German and Indian researchers managed to create a 3-D elevation map of the region by blending data received from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter's OHRC camera.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu |date=2026-02-06 |title=Indian researchers creates 3D map of Chandrayaan-3's Shiv Shakti point on the Moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/indian-researchers-creates-3d-map-of-chandrayaan-3s-shiv-shakti-point-on-the-moon-2864211-2026-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Announcement ==
[[File:An Oleograph of Shiva, Parvati and Nandi by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The landing point of [[Chandrayaan-3]] is named after the Hindu deities [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]]]]
The name was announced by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on August 26, 2023 while meeting ISRO scientists in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3's Touchdown Point To Be Called Shiv Shakti: PM Modi At ISRO |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandrayaan-3-landing-site-to-be-called-shiv-shakti-point-says-pm-modi-4330959 |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=NDTV}}</ref> Prime Minister Modi noted that the selection of "Shiva-Shakti" was based on concept of "Shiva" as humanity's determination and "Shakti" as the capability to actualize these humanitarian ambitions, while further noting that "Shakti" is also a tribute to the women scientists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2023 |title=What is 'Shivshakti Point'? India's lunar landing site on moon's South Pole |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/what-is-shivshakti-point-indias-lunar-landing-site-on-moons-south-pole-11693186215789.html |access-date=28 August 2023 |work=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Sharmila Kuthunur |date=2023-08-29 |title=India to name Chandrayaan-3's moon landing site 'Shiv Shakti Point' |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-site-name |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 March 2024, the [[International Astronomical Union]] Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature approved the name Statio Shiv Shakti for the landing site of Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2024-03-24 |title=It's official: Chandrayaan-3 landing site name 'Shiva Shakti' gets IAU nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-chandrayaan-3-landing-site-name-shiva-shakti-get-iau-nod/articleshow/108747045.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325082511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-chandrayaan-3-landing-site-name-shiva-shakti-get-iau-nod/articleshow/108747045.cms |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-24 |title=Chandrayaan-3's landing site name 'Statio Shiv Shakti' approved by IAU |url=https://www.livemint.com/science/news/chandrayaan3s-landing-site-name-statio-shiv-shakti-approved-by-iau-11711280766041.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325083029/https://www.livemint.com/science/news/chandrayaan3s-landing-site-name-statio-shiv-shakti-approved-by-iau-11711280766041.html |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-24 |title='Statio Shiv Shakti': IAU approves Chandrayaan-3 Vikram's landing site name |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/statio-shiv-shakti-iau-approves-chandrayaan-3-vikrams-landing-site-name/articleshow/108747652.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Reaction ==
The naming of the landing site as "Shiv Shakti" drew criticism from certain sections of opposition political parties, who said that the religious naming contradicted India's secular nature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Chandrayaan 3's Landing Site Sparks Controversy, Opposition Questions Shiv Shakti Point {{!}} Top News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/chandrayaan-3s-landing-site-sparks-controversy-opposition-questions-shiv-shakti-point-top-news-video-103089129 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> However the government countered the criticisms by stating that the [[Jawahar Point|hard landing site of Chandrayaan-1]] was named after India's first prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="ShivShakti">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Shiv Shakti vs Jawahar point: Naming of Chandrayaan-3 touchdown site sparks row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-congress-pm-modi-names-chandrayaan-3-landing-point-shiv-shakti-point-jawahar-point-row-2427033-2023-08-26 |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=India Today}}</ref>

ISRO chairman [[S. Somanath]] said that there is no need for controversy over the naming as governments are allowed to name sites on lunar surface<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Shiv Shakti, Jawahar Sthal: How are spots on the Moon named? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/shiv-shakti-jawahar-sthal-tiranga-spots-moon-names-pm-modi-13046012.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/no-controversy-it-was-pms-prerogative-isro-chief-on-row-over-shiv-shakti-point-1503216177.html|title=No controversy, it was PM's prerogative: ISRO chief on row over Shiv Shakti Point|first=Shashikant|last=Sharma|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=August 27, 2023}}</ref> and that there have been precedents of names being assigned to lunar features. "It's not the first time such name has been given. Indian names are already there. We have a [[Sarabhai (crater)|Sarabhai Crater]] on the Moon. Each country can give their names. Naming is a tradition. There is no controversy over the matter," he said.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No controversy on naming Chandrayaan-3 landing point as 'Shiv Shakti': ISRO chairman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/aug/27/no-controversy-on-naming-chandrayaan-3-landing-point-as-shiv-shakti-isro-chairman-2609217.html |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=27 August 2023 }}</ref> Former ISRO chairman [[G. Madhavan Nair|G Madhavan Nair]] also echoed this and said that the whole controversy was completely based on 'misinterpretation'. He said 'shakti' refers to the 'force' that is behind the creation of this universe. "Our pandits and rishis named it Shiva. Our Puranas gave it a form as people could not understand the concept of the force, and that is how the human form and Kailasa all came. It is a different matter. This underlying principle is known as 'shakti' and we do not have to attribute religious motives to it" he concluded.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Even Einstein Referred...": G Madhavan Nair On Temple Visits By Scientists |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/even-einstein-referred-g-madhavan-nair-on-temple-visits-by-scientists-4337430 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Chandrayaan programme]]
* [[Jawahar Point]]
* [[Tiranga Point]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
=== Notes ===
{{NoteFoot}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html Chandrayaan - 3 ISRO official site]

{{Authority control}}
{{Indian space programme}}

[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:2023 on the Moon]]
[[Category:Soft landings on the Moon]]
[[Category:2023 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]

Umiya Mata Temple

2026-03-13T18:38:11Z

NikeNuara: Made Place!

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Unjha, Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}

{{POV|date=March 2026}}{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Umiya Mata Temple
|image = Unjha umiya mandir.jpg
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|caption = Umiya Mata Temple
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| deity = Umiya Mata
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'''Umiya Mata Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] of the goddess Umiya, the clan-deity or ''[[kuldevi]]'' of the [[Kadava Patidar]]s. It is located in the center of [[Unjha]], [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]], India.

== History ==
In November 2009, the temple celebrated its [[Silver jubilee]]. The temple was renovated from donations from wealthy industrialists and farmers. Large numbers of Kadava Patidars came to the pilgrimage, with tents and guesthouses being set up to shelter the masses. Then [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] [[Narendra Modi]] gave a speech at the beginning of the vegetarian sacrifice on his devotion to his own clan's ''kuldevi''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Heidermann|first1=Frank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQF5-d9BMqcC&dq=Umiya+mata+temple&pg=PT87|title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory|last2=Berger|first2=Peter|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2013}}</ref>

== Influence on politics ==
[[File:Umiya Mata Mandir, Unjha.png|thumb|mandir from Side view]]
The temple is an important destination for politicians to win the votes and support of the [[Kadava Patidar]] community. In 2016, the temple was visited by then vice-president of the [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress party]] [[Rahul Gandhi]], in order to win the Kadava Patidar vote bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/videos/lok-sabha-elections/mathadhish-why-umiya-mataji-temple-is-politically-significant-154/46968|title=Mathadhish: Why Umiya Mataji Temple is politically significant?- News Nation|website=newsnation.in|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28|date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarat/rahul-gandhi-visits-umiya-mata-temple-in-unjha-ahead-of-rally_1960462.html|title=Rahul Gandhi visits Umiya Mata temple in Unjha ahead of rally|date=2016-12-21|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref>

== Umiya Dham in Ahmedabad==
An Umiya Dham complex is being built by the [[Kadava Patidar]] community in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]. The complex will have a temple, an NRI guest house, a convention hall, boys/girls hostel, senior citizen care facilities, medical facilities, recreation and sports facilities, and career and business development facilities. As of 2018, Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] was set to lay the foundation stone. This is because the Kadava Patidars had begun to be disgruntled with Modi's [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] after Gujarati politician [[Hardik Patel]] and his Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti organized the [[Patidar reservation agitation]]. The BJP sought to regain the votes of Kadava Patidars through this gesture from Prime Minister Modi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/pm-likely-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-umiya-dham/articleshow/67279586.cms|title=PM likely to lay foundation stone of Umiya Dham |date=28 December 2018|first=Kapil|last=Dave|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref>

== Umiya Maa Temples in United States ==
In 2013, an Umiya Mata temple was commissioned by the Kadva Patidar Samaj in [[Macon, Georgia]]. As of 2014, two more were coming up in [[New Jersey]] and [[Boston]], Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patels build Umiya Mata temple in United States|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Patels-build-Umiya-Mata-temple-in-United-States/articleshow/44977407.cms|access-date=2019-06-25|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Umiya Mataji Sanstha Chicago Midwest celebrates the [[Holi]] festival in Joliet. More than 500 people join to celebrate Holi every year. This festival signifies the victory of good over evil. The celebration is split into two events – [[Holika Dahan]] and color Holi. In Holika Dahan, wood and cow dung are burned in a symbolic pyre to signify good defeating evil. The next morning, people gather in open space at the temple to take part in Rangwali Holi, where people put colored powders (gulal) and colored water, on each other in celebration of spring. At the temple in Chicago, snacks and dinner are served in the free event as children and families participate in this event. In addition, the devotees also pray, dance, and sing devotional songs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Umiya Mataji Temple Chicago Celebrates Holi|url=http://www.newsindiatimes.com/umiya-mataji-temple-chicago-celebrates-holi/|access-date=2019-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kadava Patidar]]
*[[Vishv Umiyadham]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.maaumiya.com/ Kadva Patidar Kuldevi Shri Umiya Mataji Sansthan, Unjha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102061325/https://www.maaumiya.com/ |date=2 November 2022 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.maaumiya.com/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102061325/https://www.maaumiya.com/ |date=2 November 2022 }}

[[Category:Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mehsana district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing alternatives to animal sacrifice]]

College Street (Kolkata)

2026-03-08T06:27:09Z

NikeNuara:

{{short description|Road in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox street
| name = College Street
| native_name ={{native name|bn|কলেজ স্ট্রিট}}
| marker_image =
| image = College Street - Kolkata 7387.JPG
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| caption = Book stores and tram tracks along College Street
| other_name = Boi Para (Books Neighborhood)
| former_names =
| postal_code = 700012, 700073
| addresses =
| length_km = 0.9
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| location = [[Kolkata]], India
| metro_system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| metro = [[MG Road metro station, Kolkata|MG Road]], [[Central metro station, Kolkata|Central]] and [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]]
| client =
| maint = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.575514|N|88.363354|E|display=title, inline}}
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Bidhan Sarani]]
| direction_b = South
| terminus_b = [[Bowbazar]]
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{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.575514|88.363354}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = College Street
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.575514|88.363354}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}
'''College Street''' ({{langx|bn|কলেজ স্ট্রিট}}) is a 900 metre long street in Central [[Kolkata]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. Also known as ''Boi Para'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: বইপাড়া; {{lit.}} Book Town), it stretches from [[Bidhan Sarani]] road up to [[Bowbazar]] (before Nirmal Chandra Street) via [[MG Road, Kolkata|MG Road]] crossing and Surya Sen Street crossing.<ref name='Gm'>Google maps</ref><ref name = "heritagetour"/> Its name derives from the presence of numerous colleges and universities like [[University of Calcutta]], [[Calcutta Medical College]], [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]], [[The Sanskrit College and University]], [[City College of Commerce and Business Administration]] etc. The road houses many centres of intellectual activity especially the [[College Street Coffee House|Indian Coffee House]], a café that has attracted the city's [[intelligentsia]] for decades.<ref name="collegestreet3">[http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/college-street Kolkata Heritage- College Street] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902162432/http://westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/college-street |date=2013-09-02 }} ''westbengaltourism.gov.in''. Retrieved 24 March 2013</ref> College Street is the largest book market in India as well as [[Asia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/cyclone-amphan-wipes-out-asias-largest-book-market-college-street-in-kolkata/amp_articleshow/75892348.cms |title=Cyclone Amphan wipes out Asia’s largest book market, College Street, in Kolkata - Business Insider India |website=www.businessinsider.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611075512/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/cyclone-amphan-wipes-out-asias-largest-book-market-college-street-in-kolkata/amp_articleshow/75892348.cms |archive-date=2020-06-11}} </ref> and the largest secondhand book market in the whole world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/03/college-street-in-kolkata-india-is-the-world-s-largest-secondhand-book-market.amp|title = The World's Largest Secondhand Book Market is in Kolkata, India|date = 23 March 2016}}</ref>

==Book stores==
The College Street is famous for its small and big book stores, which gives it the [[nickname]] ''Boi Para'' (Colony of Books).<ref name="heritagetour">[http://www.astrainfotech.org/kolkatainformation/calhert/col_street.htm College Street or the Boi Para] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116073220/http://www.astrainfotech.org/kolkatainformation/calhert/col_street.htm |date=2013-11-16 }} ''astrainfotech.org''. Retrieved 24 March 2013</ref><ref name="collegestreet2"/> People from the whole city and different parts of the [[West Bengal|state]] flock the innumerable book stores along the side-walk for books. Many bigwigs of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] publication industry (like: [[Ananda Publishers]], Mitra and Ghosh Publishers, DasGupta and Company Pvt. Ltd, Dey's Publishing, [[Rupa & Co.]] etc.) are situated here. The street is also dotted with countless small book kiosks which sell new and old books.<ref name = "heritagetour"/> An article in the journal ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' described College Street as ''...a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement, carrying first editions, pamphlets, paperbacks in every Indian language, with more than a fair smattering of books in and out of print from France, Germany, Russia and England.''<ref name="smithsonian July 91">{{cite journal |last= Hollick |first= Julian Crandall |date=July 1991 |title=Amid Calcutta's poverty, there's no dearth of cultural wealth |journal= [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=32–41 |issn=0037-7333}}</ref>
One can buy rare books at throw-away prices and extensive bargaining takes place.

==Recognition==

In 2007, College Street featured among the famous landmarks of India which have made it to [[6pm to 9pm Magazine]]'s "Best of Asia" list.<ref name=states042807>{{cite news
|author=Press Trust of India
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|title=Mehrangarh Fort, College Street, figure in Time's Best of Asia
|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2007-04-29&usrsess=6003163792904&clid=2&id=182261
|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]
|date=28 April 2007
|access-date=2007-05-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929130304/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?date=2007-04-29&usrsess=6003163792904&clid=2&id=182261
|archive-date=2007-09-29
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Educational institutes ==

[[File:Front view of the Hindu School in College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|Front view of [[Hindu School]], the oldest educational institution in College Street, in August 2022.]]

Well-known academic institutions situated on this street include:

=== Universities ===

* [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]], established as ''Hindoo College'' in 1817, making it one of the oldest post secondary liberal arts colleges in [[South Asia]].
* [[Sanskrit College and University]], established in 1824.
* [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]], established in 1835, the first college of [[medicine|European medicine]] in [[Asia]].
* [[University of Calcutta]], established in 1857, and the first university (to be established as a secular multidisciplinary university) in South Asia.

=== Colleges ===

* [[Bethune College]], established in 1879.
* [[City College of Commerce and Business Administration]], established in 1879.
* [[City College, Kolkata|City College]], established as Presidency School in 1881.
* [[Surendranath College]], established in 1882.
* [[Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management]], established in 1953, and affiliated to the University of Calcutta. It is India's first institute offering [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]].

=== Schools ===

* [[Hindu School]], established in 1817.<ref name = "heritagetour"/><ref name="collegestreet2">[http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20070217/594898.html Kolkata's historical College Street 'Boi-Para' ceases to exist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123200715/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20070217/594898.html |date=23 November 2020 }}. ''webindia123.com''. Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref>
* [[Hare School]], established in 1818.
* [[Sanskrit Collegiate School]], established in 1824.
* Anglo Arabic Secondary School, established in 1969.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:College Street - Kolkata 7397.JPG|College Street view
File:College Street WP 20171224 10 55 39 Pro.jpg|College Street on Holiday
File:College Street and Surjo Sen Street crossing in Kolkata.jpg|College Street and Surya Sen Street crossing
File:Monument of the 49th Bengalee Regiment (Bangali Platoon) in Kolkata.jpg|Monument of the 49th [[Bengali Regiment|Bengalee Regiment]] (Bangali Platoon) at Vidyasagar Udyan
File:College Street WP 20171224 10 57 08 Pro.jpg|[[Trams in Kolkata|Kolkata Tram]] route no. 5 on College Street
File:College Street Crossing - Kolkata 7413.JPG|College Street and [[MG Road, Kolkata|Mahatma Gandhi Road]] Crossing
File:Collage_Square_Kolkata_01.jpg|Vidyasagar Udyan at Night
File:College Square swimming pool.jpg|View of Vidyasagar Udyan Swimming Pool
File:Calcutta Medical College & Hospital main entrance at College Street, Kolkata.jpg|[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College and Hospital]] main entrance at College Street
File:Old second-hand books being sold by a shopkeeper at the College Street in Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|Old second-hand books being sold by a shopkeeper at the College Street
File:An inside view of College Square in Kolkata.jpg|Inside view of Vidyasagar Udyan in Kolkata
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/kolkata/college-street.html College Street in Maps of India]

{{Streets of Kolkata}}

[[Category:Streets in Kolkata]]

Aristides Dias

2026-02-27T06:11:41Z

NikeNuara: Added A Entry Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian playwright and singer (1928–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aristides Dias
| image = Aristides Dias.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Dias during his later years
| birth_name = Aristides Gauncar
| birth_place = [[Raia, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|3|30|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|8|6|1928|3|30|df=y}}
| occupation = {{Hlist|Playwright|singer|composer|actor}}
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| years_active = 1940–1991
| spouse = {{marriage|Margarida Cardoso|1958}}
}}

'''Aristides Dias''' ([[né]] '''Gauncar'''; 30 March 1928 – 6 August 1991) was an Indian playwright, singer, composer, and actor known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-16 |title=Somplolea Tiatristancho Ugddas |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/16_march_issue |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=gom |archive-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112063440/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/16_march_issue |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Aristides Dias, originally known as Aristides Gauncar, was born on 30 March 1928, in Arlem, [[Raia, Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. He was born into a [[Goan Catholic]] family, with his parents being Antonio Gauncar (later known as Antonio Joaquim Gaunkar e Dias),<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2013 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> who was also involved in directing ''[[tiatr]]s'', the traditional [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage plays, and mother Ana Rita Fernandes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref> Dias had a younger brother named Luciano, who was also involved in the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] as a singer. After completing his initial education at a local village school, Dias pursued further studies and obtained his ''Segundo Grau'' (equivalent to [[high school]]) in Portuguese in Manora, Raia. During this time, he developed an interest in singing and acting in Konkani theater, although he also demonstrated a natural aptitude for painting<ref name=":0" /> and was known for his artistic abilities and distinctive [[calligraphic]] handwriting. Despite his talents in various artistic pursuits, Dias' primary passion remained in the realm of singing and acting.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
During his early years, Dias showcased his talent as a singer at the age of 12 in Roque Antonio Borges' ''[[tiatr]]'' production, held in [[Nuvem]]. His portrayal of a young girl was praised, resulting in an [[encore]] for his performance. Recognizing his potential, Jephsis Hitler and C. A. Gomes extended regular invitations for Dias to join their [[Theatrical troupe|troupes]] and participate in their ''tiatr'' performances. These opportunities allowed Dias to work on his acting and singing skills.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gracias |first=Michael |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=42–43, 85, 91}}</ref> Dias demonstrated skill in [[Cross-gender acting|portraying female roles]] on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. A turning point in his career occurred when [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], a known figure in the ''tiatr'' community, witnessed Dias's performance and lauded his talent, offering words of encouragement. This endorsement from Souza Ferrão provided Dias a boost. In 1945, at the age of 17, Dias authored his first ''tiatr'', ''Visvas'' (Trust), which he staged in his hometown. This marked the beginning of his journey as a ''tiatr'' playwright. Dias's breakthrough on the professional stage came in 1948 when he produced three consecutive ''tiatrs'': ''Kuttumb'' (Family), ''Sot Bhavarth'' (True Faith), and ''Liplolo Ghutt'' (Hidden Secret). The works connected with audiences because they depicted real-life events and experiences that were relatable.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |author-link=Wilson Mazarello |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=143–146, 370 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230133546/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dias achieved success with his second play, ''Kuttumb'', which marked his entry into the commercial ''tiatr'' scene and garnered positive reception among ''tiatr'' enthusiasts. Encouraged by this achievement, Dias made the decision to extend his artistic horizons. He resigned from his position at Chowgule Industries in [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], and devoted himself to ''tiatr'', writing and staging a series of productions under the banner of Young Stars of Goa. Later, he also composed a series of ''tiatrs'', including ''Doea'' (Pity), ''Divors'' (Divorce), ''Dispott'tto'', ''Doulot'' (Wealth), ''Koidi'', ''Dev Nit'', ''Rudon'', and others.<ref name=":1" /> Dias was known for his writing style, characterized by the incorporation of strong [[moral]] themes, comprehensible dialogues, and melodies for the ''[[Tiatr#Songs|cants]]''. One of his theatrical works, ''Doea'' (1958), brought him into the limelight as it enjoyed more than 100 performances and achieved commercial success. Consequently, Dias gained recognition as one of the leading ''tiatr'' playwrights of his time during this period. He maintained an active involvement with the Young Stars of Goa group, regularly producing ''tiatrs'' under their banner. On 5 October 1980,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=50–53 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-06 |archive-date=2024-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129152520/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Divors'' was another ''tiatr'' by Dias, which became the first production in the genre to reach 100 shows and achieved [[box office]] success. The anticipation for Dias' ''tiatrs'' among [[Bombay]] audiences was palpable, often resulting in sold-out tickets well in advance of the group's arrival.<ref name=":0" />

Writer Michael Gracias writes, "Dias's songs had a simple yet catchy melody, lyrics of high standard and perfect rhymes."<ref name=":1" /> Many of his compositions, such as "Azilan Vetam," "Murteo," and "Renetichea Dongrar," became popular songs in [[Goan]] households. He collaborated with figures in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage, such as [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[M. Boyer]], Conception, Nelson, Luis Rod, [[Minguel Rod]], [[Aleixinho De Candolim]], [[Remmie Colaço]], and Edward Almeida. Over the course of his career, Dias wrote and directed approximately 15 ''[[tiatrs]]'', with ''Divors'', ''Doea'', and ''Doulot'' standing out as his most popular works. His compositions spanned a wide range, encompassing [[solo (music)|solo]]s, [[duet]]s, and [[musical duo|duos]]. Dias often performed his songs in a distinctive style, frequently sharing the stage with his brother, Luciano Dias. He actively participated in more than 500 ''tiatrs'', both in his own productions and in collaborations with others. Additionally, Dias demonstrated his acting abilities in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''Mhoji Ghorkarn''. As a ''[[tiatrist]]'', he embarked on tours across various locations, including [[Goa]], [[Bombay]], and [[East Africa]].<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
In February 1958, Dias married the [[homemaker]] Margarida Cardoso,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dias |first=Pe Feliciano |date=28 March 1958 |title=Registo De Casamento Canónico |url=https://services.goaonline.gov.in/t-bhBeG0CQ4fUsYdqv8IWwf5w3eZzN2KGTpvN2hifLJPLWeFdNsAhiO1IVBeFWJo--sxuDiSkj4cBouH8BYx9uSNz3jbx95PL995kcSxtnrrU1qqZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online }}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> who originally hailed from [[Rachol]], Goa. The couple reportedly had at least{{efn|They might have had more children since some [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-era]] birth records had been destroyed.}} three sons together: Custodio (b. 1959), Raimundo (b. 1960), and Sales (b. 1963).<ref name=":2" /> At the time of his marriage, Dias's profession was a ''impregado comercial'' (commercial employee). Dias was characterized by his benevolence and [[philanthropy]]. He spent time to educating disadvantaged students within his community.<ref name=":1" />

===Petromax incident===
During a ''[[tiatr]]'' production by [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]] titled ''Dotor Advogad'' (Doctor Advocate) in [[Raia, Goa]], a significant change took place as the performance shifted from a traditional wooden stage to a modern metal stage. As electricity was not available during that time, the stage lighting relied on [[petromax lamp]]s. An incident occurred during the show when one of the petromax lamps exploded, causing burns to troupe member Rico Rod. Dias displayed resourcefulness by intervening and using his shirt to extinguish the flames, effectively preventing further harm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dantas |first=Isidore Alexander |author-link=Isidore Dantas |date=6 January 2024 |title=TITTA PRETTO- Tiatrantlo Famad Fokanner |url=https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=562 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Niz Goenkar |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126183040/https://www.nizgoenkar.com/newsDetails.php?id=562 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Death==
On 6 August 1991, Dias died in [[Goa]] at the age of 63.<ref name=":0" /> Before his passing, he had created a song dedicated to [[Rajiv Gandhi]], who was the [[Prime Minister of India]] at the time, although he was unable to perform it himself. Additionally, he was in the process of working on a new script titled ''Dilolem Utor'' (Given Promise).<ref name=":1" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Aristides}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]

Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)

2026-02-22T16:11:29Z

NikeNuara: Creating pg

{{Short description|War between Rajputs and Mughals}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Rajput war
| image = Durgadas Rathore painting.jpg
| caption = Painting of [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Troops by [[Archibald Herman Müller|A.H. Müller]] in [[Mehrangarh Fort]] Museum.
| date = {{start and end dates|1679|7|23|1707|3|12|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=23|year1=1679|month2=3|day2=12|year2=1707}})}}
| place = [[Rajputana]]
| combatant1 = {{ubl|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]]}}
----'''Supported by'''{{ubl|[[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Kingdom of Mewar]]}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = {{ubl|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] [[Durgadas Rathore]]|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] Raghunath [[Bhati]]|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] Mukund Das Khinchi [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]]|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] Ranchordas Rathore|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] Sonig [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]|[[File:Flag of Jodhpur.svg|25px]] Ram [[Bhati]]|[[File:Mewar.svg|25px]] [[Raj Singh I]]|[[File:Mewar.svg|25px]] Bhim Singh Sisodia|[[File:Mewar.svg|25px]] [[Jai Singh of Mewar]]}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Aurangzeb]]|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Vizier|Wazir]] [[Asad Khan (Mughal noble)|Asad Khan]]|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Prince Akbar]]|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Shaista Khan]]|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Bahadur Shah I|Prince Mu'azzam]] (later Emperor)|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Prince Azam]] (later Emperor)|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha]]|[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Mir Shihab-ud-din]]}}
| strength1 = {{ubl|25,000 [[Rathores]]|12,000 [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]]s}}
----'''Total''' 40,000 Rajputs{{sfn|Hooja|2006|p=624|loc="Some 40,000 of whom are said to have been soldiers from Marwar and Mewar"}}
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| result =
| partof = [[Mughal–Rajput wars]]
| territory = *[[Jodhpur]], Pali, Sojat and [[Merta City|Merta]] captured by Ajit Singh after the death of [[Aurangzeb]]<ref name=GH/><ref>Visheshwar Sarup Bhargava., ''Marwar and the Mughal Emperors (1526-1748)'', p. 144: "On the other hand he took maximum advantage from this civil war by recovering Jodhpur from the Mughal faujdar soon after Aurangzeb’s death. Ajit Singh came to know of
his death at Jalor. So, he proceeded from there towards Jodhpur.
Zafar Quli referred to by the Khyats as Zafar Beg, fled away from there
in fear when he came to know of Ajit Singh’s arrival in the vicinity of
Jodhpur.^ After his flight Ajit Singh captured the Fort and City
of Jodhpur. Thereafter, the fort of Jodhpur was purified with Ganges
water and tulsi leaves, and only then, Ajit Singh entered the Fort on
March 12, 1707.'^ Since the Mughals had fled away in despair,
‘their wealth which they had amassed by extortion and oppression
returned to enrich' Ajit Singh.' Finding the Central Government at Delhi and Agra weak, Ajit Singh devoted his energies to the recovery of hereditary dominions. Therefore, Kushal Singh of Merta was sent by him to capture Merta from the Mughals which he successfully captured. Within a short period of
lime his sway extended over Sojat and Pali as well.’"</ref>
}}

The '''Rathore rebellion''', described variously as the '''Rajput War''' and '''Rathore War of Independence''',<ref name=GH>Rima Hooja 2006, pp. 596–610, "With Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the first phase of Rathore resistance against the Mughals ended. Ajit Singh wrested the fort and city of Jodhpur from the imperial qiledar on March 12, 1707, after killing or dispersing the imperial garrison. Thereafter, while the sons of Aurangzeb were involved in a struggle for the imperial throne Ajit Singh succeeded in extending his sway over Sojat, Pali and Merta."</ref> was the conflict between [[Kingdom of Marwar|Rajputs of Marwar]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] that started after the death of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]], due to [[Aurangzeb]]'s attempt to interfere in the succession of [[Marwar]]. The resistance to Mughal interference was started by the Rajput nobles under [[Durgadas Rathore]] and erupted into an all-out war between the [[Mughal Empire]] and Rajputs of Marwar supported by Mewar Rajputs. It lasted for almost thirty years. The rebellion reached a climax after the death of Aurangzeb on 3 March 1707 and the capture of [[Jodhpur]] by the Rathores on 12 March 1707.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1994 |pages=148–149 |isbn=9788125003335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=history+of+jaipur+sarkar}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] died at [[Jamrud]] in November 1678. At the time of his death, two of his wives were pregnant. After Jaswant's demise the Mughal Emperor declared [[Jodhpur]] a crown land and placed his officers to control all affairs. The Rathores were not able to retaliate as they were dismayed by their king's death. According to historian Jadunath Sarkar, the date of the attack was 14 May 1680.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jadunath |first=Sarkar |title=History of Aurangzib: Northern India, 1658–1681 |volume=3 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |year=1920 |page=408}}</ref> He also called Jaswant Singh's family to the capital [[Delhi]], on the way Jaswant Singh's two widows gave birth to two sons, one of whom died after birth. The surviving child was named Ajit Singh.<ref name=JP/><ref name=GH/> Aurangzeb didn't immediately crown Ajit Singh as the ruler and demanded him to be a grown adult first.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|loc="Meanwhile, ... requested him to confer Marwar on the posthumous son of their late Maharaja... and on reaching adulthood would be given due mansab and the throne of Marwar.... Later, Aurangzeb began to question Ajit Singh's legitimacy and insist that a fake prince was being palmed off by the Marwar nobles, to prevent the state going into the hands of someone they would not be able to manipulate).}} Instead, a grand-nephew of Jaswant, Inder Singh Rathore was crowned by Aurangzeb.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|loc="Instead, in May 1679, the emperor ... Inder Singh Rathore, the chief of Nagaur, ... whose superior rights to the Marwar gaddi had been overlooked by Emperor Shah Jahan."}}

==Rajput war==
[[File:DurgadasAndAjitSingh.jpg|thumb|[[Durgadas Rathore]] and [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]]]
On 23 July 1679, Aurangzeb made attempts to divide Marwar into two [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] principalities, one held by Inder Singh Rathore and other by [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]]. Aurangzeb also proposed that Ajit Singh should be raised as a Muslim and offered Jodhpur in return. The Jodhpur nobles led by Durgadas opposed this decision, upon which Aurangzeb tried to imprison the infant prince Ajit Singh. An armed detachment under the magistrate of Delhi was sent to capture the prince and queens of Jaswant Singh. Durgadas refused to comply and fired upon the Mughals with Muskets, leading to a conflict. Durgadas disguised the queens as men and personally carried Ajit Singh. After an exchange of fire, the Rajputs charged at the Mughals with lances and paved a way for the prince and the queens to escape. There was a desperate fight through the city in which the rajputs twice fell back and slowed down the pursuing Mughal soldiers, allowing Durgadas to safely lead the prince and the queens back to Jodhpur.<ref name="richards">{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-52156-603-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA180 |pages=180–181}}</ref><ref name=SC>{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals|publisher=Har Anand |year=2005|pages=306–312|isbn=9788124110669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra+medieval+india|quote=With the return of Durgadas to Marwar in 1686 and with the appearance of Ajit Singh in person to head the resistance, the Rathors gained a number of victories.}}</ref>

Upon hearing of this news, the Marwar loyalists led by Sonig Rathore and Ram Bhati captured the fort of Jodhpur from the Mughal officers, Tahir Beg and Tahawar Khan. Other loyalists like Sujan Singh also captured the forts of Siwana and Merta.<ref name=GH/> Ajit Singh was soon crowned, and great rejoicing took place in Marwar. Aurangzeb during this time realised that Inder Singh was too unpopular to be of any use and set him aside. He also declared Ajit Singh an imposter and rallied his army from all ends of his empire.<ref name=SC/>

[[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Prince Akbar]] was sent with an army to occupy Jodhpur. The Rajputs made headstrong and suicidal attacks on the Mughals, but they were unable to stop their advance towards Jodhpur, which was soon occupied by Akbar.<ref name="richards"/>

Aurangzeb's religious persecution enraged [[Raj Singh I|Rana Raj Singh]] of Mewar, who was now ready to take up Ajit Singh's cause, resulting in the alliance between the Rathores and the Sisodias. [[Raj Singh I|Rana Raj Singh]] was also opposed to Mughal interference in Rajput politics and detested the Mughals for annexing Mewar's southern and western lands. When the Mughals invaded Marwar, Durgadas had sent messengers to Rana Raj Singh, requesting him to provide shelter for Ajit Singh. Raj Singh agreed and hid Ajit in the mountainous region of Kelwa. Aurangzeb had several reasons to invade Mewar, but giving shelter to Ajit Singh was a major provocation that Aurangzeb could not ignore. The Mughal emperor sent several letters to the Rana, but Raj Singh refused to change his decision.<ref name=GH/>

Aurangzeb was thus quick to retaliate and invaded Mewar; he was initially successful and forced the Rana to retreat into the hills. The war soon became a stalemate. The Mughals failed to capture the hilly tract of Mewar and they suffered against the guerrilla style of war that the Rajputs had now started. The Rajputs also attacked Aurangzeb's son [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Akbar]] and took all of the Mughal supplies, reducing the imperial army to starvation. Akbar wrote to Aurangzeb saying that his army "stood motionless through fear". Aurangzeb punished Akbar by replacing him with Azam. Akbar felt insulted and struck a deal with Durgadas to overthrow his father. The Rajputs with the army of Akbar now marched towards Aurangzeb (January 1681), who was at [[Ajmer]]. Aurangzeb felt helpless as he had lost his best men and could not summon any reinforcements as they were all stationed elsewhere. However, Akbar delayed his attack. This allowed Aurangzeb to sow dissension between Akbar and the Rajputs by writing false letters and framing his son for deceit. Most of the Rajputs, though not Durgadas, abandoned Akbar and left his camp. Akbar was soon forced to abandon everything and flee to the Deccan with Durgadas. During this time, Ajit Singh was hidden in [[Sirohi]], while the war was continued by different captains of Marwar.<ref name=SC/>

After the death of Rana Raj Singh, Aurangzeb was able to sue for peace with Mewar, upon which the new Rana was forced to give away some land and promise not to help Ajit Singh. But the war with the Rathores continued. In 1686, Durgadas returned and won several victories against the Mughals, prompting Shujaat Khan, the Mughal governor of Gujarat and Jodhpur, to lead an intensive campaign against the Rathors.<ref name=SC/> Under the able command of Durgadas, the Rajputs made continuous attacks on the Mughal officers and forced them to pay tribute in the form of [[chauth]].

During the same year, Aurangzeb's granddaughter, who was in the custody of the Rathors, was returned to him as goodwill. This improved the relations between the Mughals and the Rathors, as Aurangzeb was now ready to recognise Ajit Singh as the Raja of Marwar, but refused to give Jodhpur to him. Ajit Singh tried to capture Jodhpur in 1701 and 1706 but failed in his attempts. Rana [[Jai Singh of Mewar]] also remained rebellious during this time and refused to send his horsemen as expected of his rank. Hostilities thus continued until Aurangzeb's death, after which Jodhpur was captured by the Rathores.<ref name=GH/><ref name=SC/>

==Aftermath==
Jodhpur was captured by Ajit Singh on 12 March 1707, when he defeated the Imperial Qiledar and either killed or pushed the Mughals out of Marwar. The Mughal succession war gave Ajit Singh enough time to prepare an army and capture [[Sojat]], [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] and [[Merta City|Merta]]. However [[Bahadur Shah I]] would soon become the emperor and invade Marwar again, resulting in the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput Rebellion of 1708–1710]].<ref name=GH/>

== See also ==
* [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)]]
* [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{Cite book |first=Rima |last=Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa |year=2006 |isbn=9788129115010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=history%20of%20rajasthan%20hooja}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput War (1679-1707)}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Marwar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:17th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mewar]]

Mithila Madhya Parikrama

2026-02-16T01:39:57Z

NikeNuara: Creating A Post From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian pilgrimage}}
{{Related|[[Tourism in Mithila]]|[[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]]}}

'''Mithila Madhya Parikrama''' ('''मिथिला मध्य परिक्रमा''') is an annual circular journey of the central part of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region in [[Nepal]] and [[Bihar]] (India). It is held every year between the months of [[Kartik Purnima|Kartik]] (October–November), [[Falgun]] (February–March) and [[Baishakh]] (April–May). It is mentioned in the epic [[Mithila Mahatmya]] which was composed in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Thakur|editor-first=Gajendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQS0d-uNpQC|title=Videha053 Videha Ist Maithili Fortnightly ejournal मानुषीमिह संस्कृताम् ISSN 2229-547X|publisher=Gajendra Thakur|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Makhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC|title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|date=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-034-4|language=en}}</ref> It is also called as the ''Mahakumbha of Mithila.'' Similarly it is also considered as the ''symbol of Nepal-India mutual goodwill''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithila Parikrama, symbol of Nepal-India mutual goodwill, underway |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/58474 |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal: Madhyamiki Parikrama, the 'Mahakumbha of Mithila' concludes after stop-overs in India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-madhyamiki-parikrama-the-mahakumbha-of-mithila-concludes-after-stop-overs-in-india20250314214646/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2025-03-14 |title=Nepal: Madhyamiki Parikrama, the 'Mahakumbha of Mithila' concludes after stop-overs in India |url=https://theprint.in/world/nepal-madhyamiki-parikrama-the-mahakumbha-of-mithila-concludes-after-stop-overs-in-india/2548532/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=15-day Mithila Madhyamiki Parikrama concludes |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/story/48093/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=Nepali}}</ref> It also symbolizes the "[[Roti-Beti Ka Rishta|roti-beti ka rishta]]" by connecting communities in India and Nepal through a shared cultural and religious heritage related to the legendary marriage between Lord Rama and Goddess Sita in the ancient Mithila Kingdom. Devotees from both nations undertake the pilgrimage, which includes sites in both countries, to reinforce shared traditions and goodwill. It is echoing the historical familial ties that form the basis of this deeply rooted relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithila Parikrama, symbol of Nepal-India mutual goodwill, underway |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/58474 |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref>
[[File:Janaki Mandir, Janakpur Nepal 01.jpg|thumb|[[Janaki Mandir]] in Janakpur where the Mithila Madhya Parikrama concludes]]

[[File:Mithila Bihari Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Mithila Bihari Mandir]] at Kachuri Dham from where the journey of the Mithila Madhya Parikrama starts]]
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Cultural
| holiday_name = Mithila Madhya Parikrama
| official_name = Mithila Madhya Parikrama
| nickname = मिथिला मध्य परिक्रमा
| observedby = Hinduism
| significance = Parikrama of sedans of Mithila Bihari([[Lord Rama]]) and Janaki Kishoriji([[Goddess Sita]])
| celebrations = Spiritual journey of the central part of Mithila
| ends = [[Holi]]
| date = 27 February 2025{{snd}}14 March 2025
| month = Falgun
| duration = 15 days
| frequency = Annual
| begins = [[Falgun]] [[Amavasya]]
}}
== Description ==
According to the third chapter of the epic Mithila Mahatmya there are three [[Hindu calendar]] months [[Kārtika (month)|Kartik]] (कार्तिक), [[Falgun]] (फाल्गुन) and [[Boishakh|Baishakh]] (बैशाख) in which this circular journey can be done. It covers circuit path of 128 km distance between [[India]] and [[Nepal]] both countries. [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Parikrama is of three types. They are Brihat Mithila Parikrama, Mithila Madhya Parikrama and Antargrih Parikrama. Brihat Mithila Parikrama covers 84 Kosh distance of ancient Indian distance measuring system, so it is also called as Chaurasi Kosh Parikrama (चौरासी कोश परिक्रमा) . It covers area of Mithila near [[Ganges|Ganga river]], [[Gandaki River|Gandak river]], [[Himalayas|Himalaya]] and [[Kosi River|Koshi river]]. It covers very large distance. Mithila Madhya Parikrama is smaller than the Brihat Mithila Parikrama. It starts from [[Kachuri Thera|Kachuri]] village of [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] district of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] region in Nepal and traveling the part of Mithila region in India, it ends at [[Janaki Mandir]] in [[Janakpur]], [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=csts.org.in|title=श्री मिथिला परिक्रमा: श्री जानकी मंदिर, एक पड़ाव!!|url=http://csts.org.in/blog-details.php?txt=Shri-Maithili-Parikrama--Shri-Janki-Mandir-ek-Padav&csts=9|access-date=2022-01-19|website=csts.org.in|language=en}}</ref> According to the text, it should be travelled within only five days but the [[Pandit]]s of Mithila extended the period of time and determined it for 15 days journey, so that the journey for old and disabled people would be easier. It starts from the day of [[Amavasya]] in the [[Hindu calendar]] month of [[Falgun]] and end on the day of Purnima or the Hindu festival [[Holi]]. On the day of Hindu festival Holi, an internal circumambulation of the holy city of Janakpur is also performed by the travellers which is known as Antargrih Parikrama. It covers approximately 8 km long circular path of the city of Janakpur in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jha|first=Makhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC|title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|date=1997|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-034-4|language=en}}</ref> According to sages, it is a world famous circumambulation related to the path of Lord [[Rama]] and Goddess [[Sita]] in the ancient Mithila Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला की पारंपरिक 84 कोसी मध्यमा परिक्रमा शुरू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-mithila-39-s-traditional-84-kosi-madhyama-parikrama-begins-7796534.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Related places ==
There are 15 major locations in the pilgrimage circuit of Mithila Madhya Parikrama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रभु श्रीराम के मिथिला आगमन से जुड़ा मध्यमा परिक्रमा का इतिहास, जान‍िए कहां-कहां होती है पर‍िक्रमा |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-history-of-madhyama-parikrama-related-to-the-arrival-of-lord-shri-ram-in-mithila-know-where-the-parikrama-takes-place-22513974.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

* [[Kachuri Thera|Kachuri]]: In the early days, the sedan (Dola) of [[Rama|Lord Rama]] used to start journey from Agnikund located in [[Janakpur]], [[Nepal]], for the circumambulation. Agnikund was the place of Yajnsthali of Videha Raj. After the death of Mahant of Agnikund, the Mahant Ram Naresh Sharan of Kachuridham shifted it to the temple [[Mithila Bihari Mandir]] at Kachuridham. Since then the sedan (Dola) of the Lord Rama started coming out of the Mithila Bihari Mandir at Kachuridham. This place is in Nepal.
* Hanumangadhi: After leaving the dola from Kachuridham, it first reaches King [[Janaka]]'s court. From there, devotees take night rest at Hanumangarhi on the first day with Kishoriji's Dola. It is believed that in [[Treta Yuga]], [[Hanuman|Bajrang Bali]] used to guard the gates of [[Janakpur]]dham. Hence this place is known as Hanumangarhi.
* [[File:Kalaneshwar Dham Temple, Madhubani, Bihar,India.jpg|thumb|Kalyaneshwar Sthan, Kalna Village, Madhubani ]][[Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir|Kalyaneshwar Sthan]] is very famous temple near [[Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship|Indo-Nepal]] border in [[Harlakhi Assembly constituency|Harlakhi]] block area. King [[Janaka]] had established [[Kalyaneshwar Mahadev Mandir|Kalyaneshwar Mahadev temple]] at this entrance of ancient [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Dham. The rest of the second day's journey takes place at this place. The resolution of the journey also takes place at this place.
* [[File:Girija Sthan.jpg|thumb|Girija Sthan]]Girja Sthan [[Phulhar]] is the place where [[Sita]] used to come daily to worship goddess Girja. There was flower garden known as [[Baag Taraag Pushpavatika]] in which Sita and Lord [[Rama]] saw each other for the first time. Hence the name of this place later became [[Phulhar|Fulhar]] (Phulhar).
* [[File:Lakshminarayan Math, Matihani.jpg|thumb|View of [[Lakshminarayan Matha]] at Matihani]][[Matihani, Mahottari|Matihani]] is located on the Indo-Nepal border near [[Madhwapur|Madhwapur block]]. This place is quite famous for Mithila Madhya Parikrama. Soil was brought from this place for Matkor in the marriage ceremony of Mata [[Sita]] and Lord Shri [[Rama]]. Due to this the place got its name Matihani. [[Pancheshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]] is very famous temple of Lord [[Shiva]] near it. A grand fair is held at the historical [[Parikrama Gachhi]] near the line of [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal International border]], during the journey of the Mithila Madhya Parikrama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हाथी, घोड़ा व गाजे-बाजे के संग निकाली मां जानकी की डोली यात्रा - Mother Janakichar(39)s Doli Yatra taken out with elephant, horse and musical instruments - Bihar Madhubani General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-mother-janakis-doli-yatra-taken-out-with-elephant-horse-and-musical-instruments-22119943.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[File:Jaleshwar Mahadev Temple front view.jpg|thumb|Jaleshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]][[Jaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Jaleshwar Sthan]] is famous for Lord [[Shiva]] temple existing from King [[Janaka]] period in Mithila. It was one of the gate of capital city of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].
* Marai Sthan is the place where Marba ( Hut for marriage ceremony in Hinduism) having roof of big dried grass was made for the marriage ceremony of the Lord [[Rama]] and Goddess [[Sita]] in forest of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].
* [[Dhruva Kund|Dhurva Kunda]] is located in [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] district of [[Nepal]]. This place was the Ashram of Maharshi [[Dhruva|Dhurva]]. It is believed that Maharshi [[Dhruva|Dhurva]] was a devotee of Lord [[Vishnu]]. He performed meditation and turned into a [[Celestial spheres|celestial]] body, the brightest [[Pole star|polar star]], "Dhurva-tara". It is said that Lord [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana|Laxmana]] and the sage [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]] paid a visit to Dhurva Kunda during [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] Darshan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=टाइम्स |first=अन्नपूर्ण |date=2023-02-20 |title=Mithila Madhya Parikrama & Holi in Mithila |url=https://annapurnatimes.com/archives/69303 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=अन्नपूर्ण टाइम्स |language=en-GB}}</ref>
*
* Kanchanvan is the place where Lord [[Rama]] and [[Sita]] played their first [[Holi]] after the marriage in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. It is presently located in [[Mahottari District|Mahottari district]] of [[Nepal]].
* [[Chhireshwarnath|Chhireshwar Mahadev]] Mandir is at Parvata village of [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha district]] of [[Nepal]]. It is believed as the third [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] protecting [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. It was built by the King [[Janaka]]. It is also known as the meeting point of the five mountains. It is also known as Kshireshwornath.
* [[File:Dhanushadham Govindapur Janakpur Dhanusha Nepal Rajesh Dhungana (9).jpg|thumb|Dhanusha Dham]][[Dhanusadham|Dhanusha]] is believed as the place where the piece of Shiv-Dhanush (bow), named Pinak fell when Rama tried to use the Dhanush in the Sita-Swayambar. It is located near [[Janakpur]] in Nepal.
* Satoshar Sthan is the place related to the [[Saptarishi|Saptrishi]] Ashram in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. Saptrishi means group of seven great sage in the ancient times. These seven rishis are Agastya, Atri, Bhardwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Vashistha, and Vishvamitra. At this ashram the seven sages had met for their philosophical conferences.There is a temple of Lord [[Shiva]] known as Satohar Sthan Mahadev Mandir. It is also located in Mithila part of [[Nepal]].
* [[Karuna Gaon|Karuna]] is a village in [[Madhubani district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. In [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], a daughter is offered water to drink before she leaves for the groom's place and it is believed that [[Sita]] was offered water at karuna village.
* [[Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul|Vishwamitra Ashram]] at [[Bisaul|Visaul]] is the ashram of the Indian sage [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. It is believed that the Ashram was built by the King [[Janaka]] for the accommodation of the sage Vishwamitra in Mithila. In this ashram there is a [[Lingam|Shivling]] having four faces around it. The period of the shivling is estimated as of the 9th century.
* [[File:Janki Mandir of Janakpur Dham(Nepal).jpg|thumb|Janaki Mandir, Janakpur]][[Janakpur|Janakpur Dham]] is believed as the capital city of King Sreedhwaja [[Janaka]] in Mithila Kingdom.

==See also==

* [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], Rama's birthplace
* [[Janakpur Dham]], Sita's birthplace in Nepal
* [[Punaura Dham]], Sita's birthplace in India
* [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]], Krishna's birthplace
* [[Kundinapuri]], Rukmini's birthplace
* [[Kaundinyapur]], near Nagpur and associated with Rukmini's birthplace Kundinapuri
* [[Raval, Uttar Pradesh]], Radha's birthplace
* [[Parikrama]]
* [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]]
* [[Yatra]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Saranya Ponvannan

2026-02-12T20:26:25Z

NikeNuara: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saranya Ponvannan
| image = Saranya Ponvannan at Saivam Audio Launch.jpg
| caption = Saranya at Saivam Audio Launch
| birth_name = Sheela Christina
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| yearsactive = 1987–1996 (films) 2000 (television) 2003–present (films)
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = [[Ponvannan]] (m. 1995)
| children = 2
| parents = [[A. B. Raj]] (Father)
}}

'''Saranya Ponvannan''' (born '''Sheela Christina'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wcc.edu.in/alumnae/distinguished-alumnae/ |title=Distinguished Alumnae |website=Women's Christian College |language=en-US |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Malayalam]] and a few [[Kannada]] language films. She also acted in one [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Chup: Revenge of the Artist]]'' in 2022. Saranya made her acting debut in a lead role in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987) and went on to play lead roles from 1987 to 1996. Following an eight-year [[sabbatical]], she returned to films in 2003 as a [[character actor]] roles. In her career spanning around over 25 years she had won a number of accolades including one [[National Film Award]], two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and five [[Filmfare Award South]].

==Career==

Saranya made her Tamil debut in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s production ''[[Nayakan]],'' as the female lead opposite [[Kamal Haasan]] in 1987.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> She made her first Telugu appearance in 1989 film ''[[Neerajanam]];'' her Malayalam debut was in the same year with the film ''[[Artham]]'' starring opposite [[Mammootty]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/141018/screen-mother-to-superstar.html |title=Screen-mother to Superstar |last=Nair |first=Vidya |date=14 October 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=3 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1996, she made her Kannada debut with ''[[Appaji]]''. After 1996, she quit from acting. In 2000 she appeared playing the lead role in the comedy television series, ''Veettukku Veedu Lootty'', and subsequently accepted some supporting roles in other projects.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/25/stories/2006112500390100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105130839/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/11/25/stories/2006112500390100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Back into form with a bang |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 October 2009 |location=Chennai, India |date=25 November 2006}}</ref> During 2006 she appeared in family-drama serial ''Mugangal'', which aired on Sun TV.

After a break from films she made a comeback in 2003 Tamil film ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' opposite [[Raghuvaran]] as [[Silambarasan]] 's mother. Since then she has been noted for her "mother" roles in films most notably ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'', ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' and ''[[Em Magan]]'' in the mid-2000s.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121516900200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513074212/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121516900200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2006 |title=An actress who plays her roles with aplomb |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=15 December 2005 |access-date=3 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Her performance as Veerayi, a widowed mother torn between love and possessiveness, in the 2010 film ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' – her 100th release – earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Best-actor--female-Saranya-Ponvannan-takes-it-in-her-stride/articleshow/8450360.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105135246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/chennai/29563898_1_female-actor-bagging-awards-tamil-movie |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Best actor – female: Saranya Ponvannan takes it in her stride |date=20 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref> Her major breakthrough was 2005 Tamil film ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' after which she established herself as a prominent and leading actress in South India. As of 2017, she was one of the highest paid character actresses in the south Indian film industry.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />

In 2014, she launched Design & School of Fashion Technology (DSOFT), a fashion institute at Virugamakkam, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/13/saranya-ponvannan-nobody-calls-me-madam-on-the-sets-im-always-their-amma-1814234.html |title=Saranya Ponvannan: Nobody calls me 'madam' on the sets, I'm always their 'Amma' |last=Subhakeerthana |first=S |date=14 May 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/meet-the-multi-talented-amma-of-kollywood/article19872070.ece |title=Meet the multi-talented Amma |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=16 October 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=3 December 2018 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She has also played the role of villain in ''[[Achamindri]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/ms-en-scene-in-praise-of-saranya-ponvannan-the-mother-that-i-never-had/ |title=Ms. En Scene: In Praise Of Saranya Ponvannan, The Mother That I Never Had |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=13 August 2018 |work=Silverscreen |access-date=3 December 2018 |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/231216/saranya-ponvannan-from-adorable-mom-to-angry-woman.html |title=Saranya Ponvannan: From adorable mom to angry woman |last=Subramamian |first=Anupama |date=23 December 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=3 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, she had only three releases. She starred in the sequel of 2014 Tamil film ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2|Velaiyilla Pattathari]],'' reprising the role of Bhuvana, in a cameo appearance. The character had died in the original film, but the filmmakers wanted her to appear in the sequel, because of her part in the former's success.
Her second venture was with [[Vishnu Vishal]] in the film ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]],'' playing the mother of [[Vishnu Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kollywood-movie-review/kathanayagan-movie-review-vishnu-catherine-tresa-star-rating-4832886/ |title=Kathanayagan review: This Vishnu Vishal film produces intermittent smiles rather than laughs |date=9 September 2017 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>
Later she starred in ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'', a women-centric film, in which she played alongside [[Jyothika]], Oorvasi and Bhanupriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/magalir-mattum-movie-review-this-jyothika-film-is-message-heavy-yet-heartwarming/story-SfOTdSvMZBKyOGizqLHJiP.html |title=Magalir Mattum movie review: Not without flaws but a film made with a lot of heart |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=14 September 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, she was first seen in comedy-family drama ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' as [[Vemal]]'s mother; her comedy timing was well received, however ''[[Itly]]'' was released and opened to negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/300618/itly-movie-review-tamil-film-saranya-ponvannan-kovai-sarala-kalpana.html |title=Itly movie review: Potential riotous laugh let down by weak writing |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=30 June 2018 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=3 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
Later she was seen in [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]'' and [[Nayanthara]]'s ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' as the mother of Kokila<ref name=":2" /> who although affected by lung cancer, assists her daughter in smuggling cocaine.

She took on the role of Vishalavva, mother to [[Kiccha Sudeepa]]'s character in Kannada movie ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]'' directed by [[Prem (film director)|Prem]] in 2018. Later she was seen in [[Madhupal]]'s Malayalam thriller drama ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' playing Chembammal.

She signed to reprise the role of Lakshmi in ''[[Kalavani 2]]''. Her first Telugu release of the year was ''[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]'' where she played the lead role Varalakshmi alongside [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Kartikeya Gummakonda]], [[Priyanka Arul Mohan]] among others.

After a brief hiatus because of COVID-19 Pandemic, her first release was through OTT in 2021 was Bhoomi alongside Jayam Ravi. Critics cited that the talented actress was restricted to few insignificant scenes. Following Bhoomi, she had two other releases in 2021 - multistarer Telugu film Maha Samudharam and Sasikumar's MGR Magan.

==Personal life==
Saranya was born in a Christian family in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |title=Saranya Ponvannan on her memorable childhood outings in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madeofchennai-saranya-ponvannan-on-her-memorable-childhood-outings-in-chennai/article68609824.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 September 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She is the daughter of Malayalam film director [[A. B. Raj]],<ref>{{cite news |title=TOI Coronavirus Live Tracker: How India is fighting coronavirus. Updates, myth-busters, tips and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/coronavirus?utm_source=affiliate&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=toi_poc_2075099&utm_term=e066b5b4333d2b75963b595e5e0f4191 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> who had directed over 75 films. Her family is from [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]].
She married actor-director [[Ponvannan]] in 1995, who co-starred with her in ''[[Karuthamma]]'' (1994), and the couple has two daughters.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-saranya-ponvannan/20110621.htm#1 |title=I never expected the National Award |date=21 June 2011 |work=Rediff |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=August 2024}}
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[58th National Film Awards|2011]]—[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''

;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
* 2006 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Emmtan-Magan|Em Magan]]''
* 2010 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Kalavani]]''

;[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]
Winnings:
* 2005 – Winner—[[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award (Tamil)|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]''
* 2006 – Winner—Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Emmtan-Magan|Em Magan]]''
* 2011 – Winner—Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
* 2012 – Winner—Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Neerparavai]]''
* 2019 - Winner- Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]''
Nominations:
* 2005 - Nominated- Best Supporting Actress - Tamil for ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]''
* 2012 - Nominated- Best Supporting Actress - Tamil for ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
*2010 – Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Telugu]] for ''[[Puli (2010 film)|Puli]]''
*2014 – Nominated–Best Supporting Actress - Tamil for ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
*2016 – Nominated–Best Supporting Actress - Tamil for ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''

;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
* 2013 – Winner—Best Actress in a Supporting Role for ''[[Neerparavai]]''
* 2014 – Nominated–Best Actress in a Supporting Role for ''[[Kutti Puli]]''
* 2015 – Winner—Best Actress in a Supporting Role for ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
* 2019 – Nominated–Best Actress in a Supporting Role for ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]''

;[[Ananda Vikatan Awards]]
*2010 – Winner–Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Kalavani]]''
*2014 – Winner–Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' & ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''

;[[Vijay Awards]]
* 2011 – Winner—[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ&q=saranya+ponvannan&pg=PA511 |title=PRIDE OF TAMIL CINEMA: 1931 TO 2013 |last=Dhananjayan |first=G |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=9789384301057 |location=Chennai |pages=511}}</ref>
*2013 - Nominated—[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
*2015 – Nominated–[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''

;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
*2011 - Winner-Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''
*2013 - Winner-Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''
*2014 - Nominated-Best Supporting Actress for''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''

;[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
*2011 - Winner-Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]''

;JFW Awards
*2014 - Women Achiever of the year

;JFW Movie Awards
*2019 - Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]''

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
||1987 || ''[[Nayakan]]'' || Neela || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Debut film
|-
| rowspan="5" |1988 || ''[[Manasukkul Mathappu]]'' || Dr.Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]'' || Narmada || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Melam Kottu Thaali Kattu'' ||Muthamma || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sivapputhaali]]'' || Keerthana|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''Dhaayam Onnu'' ||Preetha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1989 || ''[[Andru Peytha Mazhaiyil]]'' || Preethi|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''Sakalakala Sammandhi'' || Uma || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Karunguyil Kundram'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Neerajanam]]'' || Jaya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Telugu Debut
|-
| ''[[Artham]]'' || Manasa || [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam Debut
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990 || ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || Dr. Sheela || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]'' || Meena|| Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1991 || ''[[Vanakkam Vathiyare]]'' ||Sundari || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Pudicha Mappillai]]'' || Lakshmi|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ashwini (film)|Ashwini]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|''Ganga'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasha Kottayile Sultan]]'' || Mallika || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Cheppukilukkana Changathi'' || Manikutty || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]'' || Annie || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]'' ||Indu || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1992 || ''[[Agni Paarvai]]'' || Seetha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kottai Vaasal]]'' || Rekha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sahasam (1992 film)|Sahasam]]'' || Rekha|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1993 || ''[[Dasarathan]]'' ||Vasanthi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Magrib (film)|Magrib]]'' || Aarifa || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Journalist (1993 film)|Journalist]]'' || Ranjini|| Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Sreekuttikku]]'' ||Nandhini || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]]'' || Beena || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Aadarsam (film)|Aadarsam]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994 || ''Dollar'' ||Lusie || Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Karuththamma]]'' || Ponnatha|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' || Velammal || Tamil ||
|-
||1995 || ''[[Pasumpon]]'' || Malar || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1996 || ''[[Appaji]]'' || Rekha|| Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Meendum Savithri]]'' || Uma || Tamil ||
|-
|''Neti Savithri''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''Boss'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Easwaramoorthy IN]]'' ||Lathika || Malayalam||
|-
| ''Samayakkondu Sullu'' || Rukmini || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003 || ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || Nirmala || Tamil ||Comeback film after marriage
|-
| ''[[Chantigadu]]'' || Savthriyamma|| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2004 || ''[[Varnajalam]]'' || Karthiga || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Arul (film)|Arul]]'' || Arul 's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Adhu]]'' ||Meera's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' || Saravanan's sister || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ramakrishna (2004 Tamil film)|Ramakrishna]]'' ||Ramakrishna's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Meesai Madhavan]]'' ||Devi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Gomathi Nayagam]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005 || ''[[Ayodhya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayodhya]]'' || Jameela || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' || Saradha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' || Kayalvizhi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' || Saradha Muthiah || Tamil || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006 || ''[[Emmtan-Magan|Emtan Magan]]'' || Selvi || Tamil || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]] [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Tamil Nadu State Film Best Supporting Actress Award]]
|-
| ''[[Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam]]'' ||Thiru's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Rakhi (2006 film)|Rakhi]]'' || Gowri's Mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Adaikalam]]'' || Kasthuri || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2007 || ''[[Thirumagan]]'' || Jayakodi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Jagadam]]'' || Seenu's mother|| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Rajeshwari || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pirappu]]'' || Kaliamman || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' || Saradha (Velu's & Vasu's Mother) || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Puli Varudhu]]'' || Ramesh's Mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2008 || ''[[Pidichirukku]]'' || Stella || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2008 film)|Nenjadhai Killadhe]]'' || Vasanth's false mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Singakutty]]'' || Kathir's mother|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''Vilaiyattu'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || Devi's sister-in-law /Koccha's Wife || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' || Sivagami || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' || Pooja's younger maternal aunt || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Thenavattu]]'' || Vazhuvanthal || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' || Saradha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ini Varum Kaalam]]'' ||Aravind's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' || Shanti, Manohar's Mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Colours (2009 film)|Colours]]'' || Dr. Rajalakshmi || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Vanam Partha Seemayile'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2010 || ''[[Police Quarters]]'' || Jayamma || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bayam Ariyaan]]'' || Saraswathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pulliman (2010 film)|Pulliman]]'' || Yashoda Panicker || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavani]]'' || Lakshmi Ramasamy || Tamil || Ananda Vikatan Awards for Best Supporting Actress [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Tamil Nadu State Film Best Supporting Actress Award]]
|-
| ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' || Mahalakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Magane En Marumagane]]'' || Ponnarasi's Mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]'' || Mrs.Kumaraswamy || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' || Padma || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Puli (2010 film)|Puli]]'' || Puli's mother || Telugu || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]'' || Janaki || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Yaksha (film)|Yaksha]]'' || Yaksha's mother || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' || Veerayi || Tamil || [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]] [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress]] [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Award]] for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011 || ''[[Muthukku Muthaaga]]'' || Pechi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Vaanam]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| '' [[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' || Analaar's wife|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]'' || Seetha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012 || ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' || Shenbagam || Tamil || [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress]] Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chaarulatha]]'' || rowspan="2" | Chaaru & Latha's Mother || Tamil ||
|-
| Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Thaandavam]]'' || Sivakumar's Mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Neerparavai]]'' || Mary || Tamil || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]] [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2013 || ''[[Vatthikuchi]]'' || Sakthi's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' || Deivanai || Tamil || Nominated, [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || Meenakshi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Suvadugal'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014 || ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]'' || Yasothammal || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Sumathi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' || Vijay's mother || Tamil || [[Ananda Vikatan Awards]] for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' ||Seetharamudu's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Pappali]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' || Bhuvana|| Tamil || [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA for Best Supporting Actress Tamil]] [[Ananda Vikatan Awards]] for Best Supporting Actress Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]] Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]] Nominated, [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''Amma Ammamma'' ||Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Kannan's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]'' || Sathyabhama || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' ||Babu's Aunt|| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || SK's Mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]'' || Kodi's & Anbu's mother ||Tamil || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Achamindri]]'' || Rajalakhsmi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari 2]]'' || Bhuvana || Tamil
|-
| ''[[Katha Nayagan (2017 film)|Katha Nayagan]]'' || Thambidurai's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' ||Subbulakshmi Mangalamoorthy (Subbu) || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018 ||''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' || Kalaiyarasi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Itly]]'' || Inba || Tamil || Lead role
|-
| ''[[Junga (film)|Junga]]''|| Junga's mother/ Don amma || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Marainthirunthu Paarkum Marmam Enna]]'' || Japan's mother|| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kolamavu Kokila]]'' || Kokila's mother || Tamil || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
Nominated - [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA for Best Supporting Actress Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]'' || Vishalavva || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' ||Chembakaamal|| Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 ||''[[Kalavani 2]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Gang Leader (2019 film)|Gang Leader]]'' || Varalakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 || ''[[Bhoomi (2021 film)|Bhoomi]]''|| Bhoominathan's mother || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Maha Samudram|Maha Samudhram]]'' || Arjun's mother || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[MGR Magan]]'' || Rasathi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022|| ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]'' || Kosalai || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Viruman]]'' || Muthulakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Chup: Revenge of the Artist]]'' || Nila's Mother || [[Hindi]]|| ([[Bollywood]] cinema) debut
|-
| ''[[Varalaru Mukkiyam]]'' || Malar || Tamil|| |
|-
| ''[[Aruvaa Sanda]]'' || Valli || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' || Rajalakshmi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Conjuring Kannappan|Conjuring Kannapan]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Mazhai Pidikkatha Manithan]]'' || Rathnam, Burma’s mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]'' || Hemamalini Sivagurunathan || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2025 || ''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]'' || Ponni || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Bun Butter Jam]]'' || Lalitha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Bha. Bha. Ba.]]''||Vavamani || Malayalam ||
|-
| {{Pending|align="left"|''Gangster Granny''}} {{dagger}} || {{TBA}} || Tamil || Filming
|}

=== As playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Language !! Composer !! Note
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' || "Meesa Kokku" || Tamil || [[Premgi Amaren]] || Debut as Singer<ref name="sing">{{cite news |last1=Rinku |first1=Gupta |title=Saranya croons for Ennamo Nadakuthu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/oct/25/saranya-croons-for-ennamo-nadakuthu-530212.html |access-date=6 March 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=25 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''||"Time Passukkosaram" || Tamil || [[Ghibran]] || Also lead actor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quintdaily.com/2017/08/vip-2-review-velai-illa-pattathari-2-theatrical-response-rating/ |title=VIP 2 Review: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 Theatrical Response & Rating – QuintDaily |last=quintdaily |date=11 August 2017}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Television series !! Channel !! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Penn (1991 TV series)|Penn]]'' || rowspan="2"|[[DD Podhigai]] || Episode 7 (Lead)
|-
| 1992 || ''Ninaivu Kurippugal'' || Host
|-
|2000-2003 || ''Veetuku Veedu Looty'' || [[Jaya TV]] ||Meena (Lead role) 183 Episodes
|-
|2006-2007 || ''Mugangal'' || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Lead role 177 Episodes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022 || ''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Zee Tamil]] || rowspan="3" | Herself (for promotion in promo) Along with [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]]
|-
|''Maari''
|-
| ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]''a
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairytale]]'' || [[Netflix]] || Herself
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0764853}}

{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponvannan, Saranya}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Baniyas

2026-02-11T17:56:41Z

NikeNuara: made data - done

{{more citations needed|date=February 2025}}
This is a partial list of notable/famous people from [[Baniya (caste)|Baniya]] community.

== Freedom fighters ==

[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg|thumb|upright|Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (1869–1948), Indian independence activist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Rudolph |first1=Susanne Hoeber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma |last2=Rudolph |first2=Lloyd I. |date=2009-04-08 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-22760-3 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kasturba Gandhi]] (1869–1944), Wife of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name="Gandhi 1998">{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Arun and Sunanda |title=The Forgotten Woman |publisher=Zark Mountain Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=1-886940-02-9 |location=Huntsville, AR |pages=314}}</ref>
* [[Karamchand Gandhi]] (1822–1885), - Father of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] - Quit India Movement fame and General Secretary of Praja Socialist Party<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2003 |title=Vaishyas find caste icon in Lohia |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/vaishyas-find-caste-icon-in-lohia/cid/795139 |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] - Indian revolutionary, politician, and author, popularly known as "Punjab Kesari"<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2013-08-01 |title=Remembering India's freedom fighters: Lala Lajpat Rai |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/remembering-india-s-freedom-fighters-lala-lajpat-rai-25830.html |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sub Division, Jagraon, Punjab |url=http://www.jagraonadministration.in/LalaLajpatRai.php |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.jagraonadministration.in |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615184712/http://jagraonadministration.in/LalaLajpatRai.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress |url=https://inc.in/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en}}</ref>

==Arts==
*[[Bhagwan Das]], [[Bharat Ratna]] (India's highest civilian award) awardee<ref>{{cite book|author1=John Gallagher |author2=Gordon Johnson |author3=Anil Seal |title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x104AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45 |date=1973 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-09811-3 |pages=45–}}</ref>
*[[Sita Ram Goel]], historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth century<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘How I Became Hindu’ by Sita Ram Goel – Chapter 9(d): Nightmare Of Nehruism |url=https://hindupost.in/society-culture/how-i-became-hindu-by-sita-ram-goel-chapter-9d-nightmare-of-nehruism/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301070548/https://hindupost.in/society-culture/how-i-became-hindu-by-sita-ram-goel-chapter-9d-nightmare-of-nehruism/ |archive-date=2024-03-01 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=hindupost.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Bharatendu Harishchandra]], Known as the "father of modern Hindi literature and Hindi theatre"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/remembering-bharatendu-harishchandra-on-hindi-divas-a-man-whose-work-fortified-the-language-7330071.html|title = Remembering Bharatendu Harishchandra on Hindi Divas, a man whose work fortified the language| work=Firstpost |date = 14 September 2019}}</ref>

==Corporate and business==
===Technology and startups===
*[[Bhavish Aggarwal]], co-founder and CEO, [[Ola Cabs]] and [[Ola Electric]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Rest of |date=2025-05-06 |title=Who is Bhavish Aggarwal, the Indian EV founder compared to Elon Musk? |url=https://restofworld.org/2025/who-is-bhavish-aggarwal-ola-electric-ceo/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Rest of World |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Other businesses===


[[File:Dhirubhai Ambani 2002 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright|Dhirubhai Ambani.]]
*
*[[Dhirubhai Ambani]], Indian businessman, [[Reliance Industries]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowley |first1=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IM91DQAAQBAJ&dq=Dhirubhai+Ambani+bania+caste&pg=PA210 |title=The Changing Face of Corruption in the Asia Pacific: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges |last2=Rama |first2=Marie dela |date=3 May 2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-101230-7 |page=210 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jamnalal Bajaj]], the adopted son of Mahatma Gandhi and the founder of the Bajaj Group of Industries<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parvate |first=T. V. |title=Jamnalal Bajaj [A brief study of his life and character] |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |year=1960 |edition=1st |location=Ahmedabad |pages=5}}</ref>
*[[Lalbhai Dalpatbhai]] (1863–1912), Gujarati industrialist<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Sheth |first=Sudev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tfbEAAAQBAJ |title=Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781009330268 |pages=6, 296}}</ref>
*[[Ramnath Goenka]] and family, [[Indian Express Limited]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozario |first=Joseph |date=2015-12-12 |title=The indomitable baron of the fourth estate |url=https://www.marwar.com/archive/the-indomitable-baron-of-the-fourth-estate/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Marwar India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Walchand Hirachand]] (1882–1953), Indian industrialist and founder of Walchand group<ref>{{Cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GG58DwAAQBAJ&dq=Walchand+Hirachand+baniya&pg=PT220 |title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation |publisher=Hachette |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-5195-280-0}}</ref>
*[[Seth Hukumchand]] (1874–1959), Indian industrialist<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |title=Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931-1939: The indigenous capitalist class and the rise of the Congress Party |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1985 |pages=32}}</ref>
*[[Khushalchand|Khushalchand Jhaveri]] (1680–1748), Indian jeweller and financier<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheth |first=Sudev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tfbEAAAQBAJ |title=Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India |date=2023-11-30 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-33026-8 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Shantidas Jhaveri]] (1584–1659), Indian jeweller, bullion trader, and moneylender<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sheth |first=Sudev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tfbEAAAQBAJ |title=Bankrolling Empire: Family Fortunes and Political Transformation in Mughal India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781009330268 |pages=6, 296}}</ref>
*[[Rakesh Jhunjhunwala]], Indian billionaire investor, [[stock trader]], and Chartered Accountant, founder of [[Akasa Air]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debarati |date=2016-05-25 |title=Moving Markets |url=https://www.marwar.com/archive/moving-markets/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Marwar India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Premchand Roychand]] (1832–1906), 19th century Indian businessman and founder of Bombay Stock Exchange<ref>{{cite book |last1=Subramanian |first1=Lakshmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUhvd13OoEwC&dq=Premchand+Roychand+bania&pg=PT51 |title=Three Merchants of Bombay |date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9788184757217}}</ref>
*[[Sarabhai family]], a prominent Business family<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ba7AAAAIAAJ |title=Entrepreneurship and Industry in India, 1800-1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-19-562806-7 |page=44 |quote=The Sarabhais and the Lalbhais, the town's two most prominent entrepreneurial families, were Jain Banias prominent as shroffs.}}</ref>
*[[Jagat Seth family]], merchant, banker and money lender family in Bengal<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Aniruddha |title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=508}}</ref>
==Politics and activists==



===Activists===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}


*[[Ganga Ram|Sir Ganga Ram Agrawal]], civil engineer and architect known as "the father of modern-day Lahore"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/11/06/sir-ganga-ram-the-pride-of-lahore/|title=Sir Ganga Ram: The pride of Lahore | Pakistan Today}}</ref>{{Div col end}}

===India===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}



*[[Rekha Gupta]], Politician, Chief Minister of Delhi<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/IW03ntMGnCw |title='I Am A Baniya Mukhya Mantri, I Know How To Spend Money,' Says Rekha Gupta #rekhagupta #delhicm |language=en |access-date=2025-11-05 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
*[[Arvind Kejriwal]], Chief Minister of Delhi<ref>{{Cite news |title="I Am Baniya, Will Arrange Money For All Schemes": Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-arvind-kejriwal-says-i-am-baniya-will-arrange-money-for-all-schemes-7573657 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520203515/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-assembly-elections-2025-arvind-kejriwal-says-i-am-baniya-will-arrange-money-for-all-schemes-7573657 |archive-date=2025-05-20 |access-date=2025-11-05 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Amit Shah]], Union Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Co-operation, Member of Parliament (MP), President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), chairman of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly, Minister of State, Government of Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |title='बनिये का बेटा हूं हिसाब देना आता है', सीतमढ़ी में अमित शाह ने राहुल गांधी पर कसा तंज - amit shah son of baniya knows how to account retaliation to pakistan |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-amit-shah-son-of-baniya-knows-how-to-account-retaliation-to-pakistan-40027988.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>{{div col end}}
*

*

== See also ==
*[[Agrawal Jain]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baniyas}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by community]]

Abdul Khaliq Tak Zainagiri

2026-02-08T23:28:15Z

NikeNuara: Added The Bio Initial Version!

{{Short description|Kashmiri philanthropist, social activist, poet, and researcher}}{{Infobox writer
| image = Abdul Khaliq Tak Zainagiri.jpg
| caption = 19 May 1924 – 24 July 1989
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|05|24|df=yes|}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|07|24|1924|05|24}}
| occupation = {{Cslist|Philanthropist|social activist|poet|researcher|}}
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| birth_place = Harda Shurus (now Zainagir), [[Sopore]], [[Baramulla]], Kashmir
| birth_name = Abdul Khaliq Tak
}}

'''Abdul Khaliq Tak''' (19 May 1924 – 24 July 1989), popularly known as '''Tak Zainagiri''', was a Kashmiri philanthropist, social activist, poet, researcher, and founder of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Yateem Trust]]. He was a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Kashmiri literature and is remembered for his lifelong dedication to serving orphans, widows, and the destitute in Jammu and Kashmir. Often referred to as the "[[Edhi]] of Kashmir," Zainagiri’s work focused on socio-cultural awakening and selfless humanitarian service.

== Early life ==
Abdul Khaliq Tak Zainagiri was born on 19 May 1924 in the village of Harda Shurus (now known as Zainagir) in the [[Sopore]] tehsil of [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DIGITALV |title=leadership |url=https://jkyateemtrust.org/pages/leadership |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=jkyateemtrust.org}}</ref>

== Career and philanthropy ==
Zainagiri founded the Jammu and Kashmir Yateem Trust on 24 July 1972, which was formally registered in 1973.<ref name=":0" />

The organisation is the oldest charitable trust in Jammu and Kashmir, operates 13 orphanages, 15 craft centers, and various welfare schemes across 80 branches in the [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Jammu division|Jammu]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref name=":0" />

Funded entirely by public donations, including [[Zakat]] and [[Sadaqah|Sadqat]], the Trust has spent crores on aiding the downtrodden without regard to caste, creed, religion, or region. Zainagiri served as its founder patron until his death, emphasising selfless service to humanity.<ref name=":0" />

His work extended to socio-cultural initiatives, promoting education and cultural awareness in Kashmiri society. Zainagiri was also a dedicated poet and researcher, contributing to Kashmiri literature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2024-07-25 |title=Commemoration function of noted social activist Tak Zaingiri organised on his 35th death anniversary |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/commemoration-function-of-noted-social-activist-tak-zaingiri-organised-on-his-35th-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Literary works ==
As a writer, Zainagiri authored notable works, including the book "Kashur Allaqa Wad Phera", which has been praised for its literary and cultural significance.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=SERVICE |first=GK NEWS |date=2025-07-25 |title=Roadmap for introducing Kashmiri in 9th, 10th classes in final stage: Director School Education Kashmir |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/roadmap-for-introducing-kashmiri-in-9th-10th-classes-in-final-stage-director-school-education-kashmir/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his contributions to Kashmiri literature. His writings often reflected on social issues and his personal experiences in philanthropy.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1980 |title=Cumulative Index to 'Indian Literature' (vols. I - Xxiii?1957-80) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23756914 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=23 |pages=i–492 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Abdul Khaliq Tak Zainagiri died on 24 July 1989, coinciding with the founding date of the Yateem Trust.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-07-25 |title=Tak Zaingiri Remembered On His 33rd Death Anniversary |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/07/25/tak-zaingiri-remembered-on-his-33rd-death-anniversary/ |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

His legacy continues through the Trust, now led by his son Zahoor Ahmad Tak. Annual commemorations mark his death anniversary, including literary forums organised by the [[Sahitya Akademi]], such as the event on his 36th death anniversary in 2025, where scholars discussed his life, works, and the promotion of the Kashmiri language.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

His son-in-law, Adv. Ab Rashid Hanjura, also continues humanitarian work through organisations like [[Islamic Relief and Research]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul Khaliq Tak, Zainagiri}}
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:People from Sopore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century philanthropists]]

Ethnic groups in Delhi

2026-02-04T06:47:03Z

NikeNuara: page fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
[[File:Punjab 1909.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Punjab (British India)]] in 1909 from [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]]]
[[Delhi]]'s ethnic groups are diverse. The Yamuna river's flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The original natives of Delhi are those whose ancestors lived in the [[Yamuna]] basin, a region which spreads radially from the capital up to a distance of approximately 200 kilometres.<ref name="autogenerated146">''Memorandum submitted to the States Re-Organisation Commission Regarding Greater Delhi'', 1 May 1954, quoted in Shiv Charan Gupta, ''Delhi: The City of Future'', New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1987, pp. 146–156.</ref> This province was not ethnically homogeneous and large amounts of Hindi-speakers resided in the southeast, now [[Haryana]], eastern side, now West [[Uttar Pradesh]] and in Delhi's [[Yamuna]] Basin. Today the migrant population consists largely of [[Punjabis]], [[Haryanvis]], [[Bengalis]] and recently, [[Biharis]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]is, [[Rajasthanis]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]is etc.<ref>[[Percival Spear]], ''Delhi: The Stop-Go Capital: A Summation'', p. 32, in RE Frykenberg, (editor), ''Delhi Through the Ages: Selected Essays in Urban History, Culture and history''. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993.</ref>

During the time of [[British Raj]], Delhi was made a district city of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=2000|edition=fourth}}</ref>

== Caste and politics ==
{{see also|List of Scheduled Castes in Delhi}}
* According to a 2013 ''[[The Hindu]]'' article, surveys by the political parties indicate that the dominant voter caste / community groups in Delhi include the [[Jats]] (10%), [[Punjabis]] (9%), [[Bania (caste)|Vaish]] (8%), [[Gujjar]]s (7% ) and [[Sikh]]s (4%).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-polls-caste-to-play-crucial-role/article5374994.ece |title=Delhi polls: Caste to play crucial role |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829190155/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-polls-caste-to-play-crucial-role/article5374994.ece |archive-date=29 August 2020|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
* A 2013 ''[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]'' report estimates Jats to be only 5.5% of the total electorate.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/page1/delhis-jats-from-farmers-to-determined-political-climbers.html |title=Delhi's Jats: From farmers to determined political climbers |last=Kumar |first=Rajesh |date=13 November 2013 |work=The Pioneer |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413162347/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/page1/delhis-jats-from-farmers-to-determined-political-climbers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* According to another 2013 ''The Pioneer'' report, the [[Brahmin]]s comprise 12-14% of Delhi's population.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/india/fight-for-brahmin-votes-intensifies.html |title=Fight for Brahmin votes intensifies |work=The Pioneer |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413162354/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/india/fight-for-brahmin-votes-intensifies.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* According to a 2015 ''[[India TV]]'' article, the major voter social groups include Punjabis (different castes and religions) (35%), [[Purvanchal]]is (24%), [[Muslims]] (12%), Jats (8%), Vaish (8%), Gujjars (7%), Sikhs (5%) and around 3.5 million [[Uttarakhand]]is.<ref name="IndiaTV2015">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Raj |title=Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html |access-date=12 April 2019 |work=[[India TV]] |date=6 February 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412071729/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015 Legislative Assembly election]], 12 out of Delhi's 70 constituencies were reserved for [[scheduled caste]] ([[Dalit]]) candidates because of dominant Dalit population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Darpan |last2=Haidder |first2=Faizan |title=For Delhi, the Dalit die is caste |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/for-delhi-the-dalit-die-is-caste/story-wrd3faiNfQvDf6j0tenwXN.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 December 2014 |language=en |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307064420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/for-delhi-the-dalit-die-is-caste/story-wrd3faiNfQvDf6j0tenwXN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* According to a 2015 report by ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', Delhi has [[Hinduism in Delhi|81% Hindus]] and 11.7% Muslims. 35% Punjabi population controls 15-20% vote share in at least 20 constituencies. Purvanchalis, as per the report, were at 4 million.<ref name="Tribune2015">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Jupinderjit| date=1 February 2015 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html |title=Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election |work=The Tribune |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200353/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election-36387|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A 2017 article by the ''[[Indian Express]]'' reported a total of 1.2 to 1.4 million voters who have roots in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Sweta |title=Key to 50 seats on AAP radar: voters from Uttarakhand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/key-to-50-seats-on-aap-radar-voters-from-uttarakhand-4617486/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 April 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
* As per 2020 report by [[ThePrint]], Migrants from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] almost dominate Delhi's population. Two out of every three migrants in Delhi were born in either state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's migrant voters from south prefer AAP but UP & Bihar could decide election outcome |website=[[ThePrint]] |date=31 January 2020 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/delhis-migrant-voters-from-south-prefer-aap-but-up-bihar-could-decide-election-outcome/356626/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915061524/https://theprint.in/opinion/delhis-migrant-voters-from-south-prefer-aap-but-up-bihar-could-decide-election-outcome/356626/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* As per a 2020 ''[[India Today]]'' report, Purvanchali voters—Delhi residents with roots in eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and [[Jharkhand]]—comprise about 25-30 per cent of the electorate.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Dutta |first1=Prabhash K. |date=3 January 2020 |title=Who will win Delhi Assembly election? Purvanchali, Punjabi voters to decide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/who-will-win-delhi-assembly-election-purvanchali-punjabi-voters-to-decide-1633378-2020-01-02 |magazine=India Today |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
* A 2022 article by ''[[Times of India]]'', have reported that "People from eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, who comprise Purvanchalis, are believed to be numerically superior to other ethnicities in 16 of the 70 assembly seats in the city, accounting 30% of the population.<ref name="TOI2022">{{Cite news |date=23 November 2022 |title=MCD polls 2022: BJP & AAP go all out to woo 30% of Delhi population — Poorvanchalis |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/bjp-aap-go-all-out-to-woo-30-of-delhi-population-poorvanchalis/articleshow/95696490.cms |access-date=31 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Jats, Punjabi [[Khatri]]s and Brahmins dominated politics in Delhi for many decades.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/534/534%20sanjay%20kumar.htm|title=534 Sanjay Kumar, A tale of three cities|website=india-seminar.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913182228/http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/534/534%20sanjay%20kumar.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Numerically high, the ethnic Punjabis of all castes are believed to account for at least 35% to 40% of Delhi's total population,<ref name="Sanjay2008" /> and are predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking [[Punjabi Hindus]] with a significant minority being [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking [[Punjabi Sikhs|Sikhs]].<ref name="IndiaTV2015"/><ref name="Tribune2015"/><ref name="Sanjay2008">{{cite book |author=Sanjay Yadav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10 |title=The Invasion of Delhi |publisher=Worldwide Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-88054-00-8 |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908231734/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* According to a 2025 report by ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'', Delhi has highest percentage of upper-castes of all the union territories of India accounting for 35% to 40% of the total population, of which 13% are Brahmins, 8% [[Rajputs]], 7% Vaish and 5% Punjabi Khatris. 30% belong to the [[ Other Backward Classes]] (OBCs), with Jats and Gujjars occupying a major chunks followed by castes including [[Yadav]]s. At least 16% are Dalits, and approximately 13% are Muslims and 3% Sikhs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Election 2025: How key caste equations in the nation's capital impacted results? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/delhi-assembly-election-2025-how-key-caste-equations-in-the-nations-capital-may-impact-results-3742286/ |work=The Financial Express |date=8 February 2025 |access-date=5 November 2025}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Medieval ===

==== Early ====

Early Medieval Delhi (8th–12th Century)
During the early medieval period, Delhi emerged as a regional power center under the [[Tomaras of Delhi|Tomara Rajputs]] (c. 8th–11th century), who founded Lal Kot, the city’s first fortification near [[Mehrauli]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Tomara dynasty | Tomara Dynasty, Delhi, Rajputs | Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tomara-dynasty }}</ref> Later, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans of Ajmer]] extended their control, with [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] (r. 1178–1192 CE) enlarging Lal Kot into Qila Rai Pithora. Delhi became a fortified political base and a symbol of Rajput valor and resistance during this era.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chahamanas of Shakambhari: Rise, Rule, and Cultural Legacy - PWOnlyIAS | url=https://pwonlyias.com/udaan/chahamanas-chauhans/ }}</ref>

==== Late ====

During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526), Delhi served as the imperial capital (Dar-ul-Mulk) and administrative center of the empire, from where the Sultans ruled and controlled all provinces.<ref>{{cite web | title=Delhi sultanate | History, Significance, Map, & Rulers | Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi-sultanate }}</ref> Under the [[Mughals]] (1526–1857), Delhi again became the imperial capital (Dar-ul-Khilafat), especially after [[Shah Jahan]] founded [[Shahjahanabad]] in 1638, making it the political and symbolic heart of [[Mughal India]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Delhi - Mughal, British, Capital | Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi/History }}</ref>

=== British rule ===

==== Land ownership ====
During the late 19th century, under British colonial administration, land ownership in Delhi District which includes today's [[Delhi University|Delhi]], [[Sonipat]] and [[Ballabhgarh|Ballabgarh]] was predominantly rural and tied to proprietary rights assessed during settlement operations. The ''Gazetteer of Delhi District, 1883–84'' provides a detailed breakdown of these holdings by caste and tribe, reflecting the agrarian structure where Jats emerged as the largest proprietors, controlling 44.3% of the assessed land. This dominance was concentrated in northern and western villages, while the remaining holdings were distributed among approximately 20 other communities, highlighting the fragmented nature of rural land tenure.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Fanshawe
|first=H. C.
|title=Gazetteer of the Delhi District, 1883–84
|publisher=Government Press
|year=1885
|location=Allahabad
|page=69
|url=https://ia801407.us.archive.org/12/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.105592/2015.105592.Gazetteer-Of-The-Delhi-District-1883-84_text.pdf
|access-date=6 November 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|last=Fanshawe
|first=H. C.
|title=Gazetteer of the Delhi District, 1883–84
|publisher=Government Press
|year=1885
|location=Allahabad
|page=69
|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30582
|access-date=6 November 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |title=Gazetteer of Delhi District, 1883–84 |publisher=Government Press |year=1885 |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105592 |access-date=6 November 2025 |pages=69–70}}; {{cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |title=Gazetteer of Delhi District, 1883–84 |publisher=Government Press |year=1885 |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174791/page/n69/mode/2up |access-date=6 November 2025 |pages=69–70}}; {{cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |title=Delhi District Gazetteer, 1883–84 |publisher=Punjab Government |year=1884 |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020101512.pdf |access-date=6 November 2025 |pages=69–70}}; {{cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |title=A Gazetteer of Delhi 1883–84 |publisher=Aryan Books International |year=2010 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7305-388-7 |pages=69–70}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fanshawe |first=H. C. |title=Gazetteer of Delhi District, 1883–84 |publisher=Government Press |year=1885 |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105592/page/n69/mode/2up |access-date=6 November 2025 |pages=69–70}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
! Community/Caste/Tribe !! Percentage of Total Land Holdings
|-
| '''Jat''' || 44.3%
|-
| '''Gujjar''' || 10.2%
|-
| '''Gaur Brahmin''' || 7.3%
|-
| '''Christians (i.e. by Govt)''' || 4.7%
|-
| '''Other Hindus''' || 4.8%
|-
| '''Taga''' || 4.8%
|-
| '''Ahir''' || 3.9%
|-
| '''Gorwah''' || 2.4%
|-
| '''Taga Musalman''' || 2.1%
|-
| '''Saiyid''' || 2.1%
|-
| '''Rajput''' || 2.0%
|-
| '''Chohan''' || 2.0%
|-
| '''Meo''' || 1.8%
|-
! '''Total''' !! '''100%'''
|}

==== Religion ====
The 1941 Census, conducted during the final years of British colonial rule, offers the last detailed pre-Partition view of Delhi Province's religious demographics. Covering a territory roughly equivalent to the modern National Capital Territory of Delhi, it recorded a total population of 917,939, with Hindus comprising 61.8% and Muslims 33.22%. Urban areas exhibited greater religious diversity than the predominantly Hindu rural hinterland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fazl-i-Ilahi |first=Khan Bahadur Sheikh |title=Census of India, 1941. Volume XVI: Delhi |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1943 |location=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85657 |access-date=6 November 2025}}; {{cite web |title=Census of India 1941 - Delhi: Tables |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/32422/download/35603/21325_1941_TAB.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=6 November 2025}}; {{cite book |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 16, Delhi |publisher=India. Census Commissioner |year=1941 |jstor=saoa.crl.28216851 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28216851 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>

{{Infobox
| above = Religious composition of Delhi Province (1941 Census)
| bodystyle = width: 100%;
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%;"
! rowspan="2" | Religion
! colspan="2" | Urban Delhi Province
! colspan="2" | Rural Delhi Province
! colspan="2" | Total Delhi Province
|-
! Population !! %
! Population !! %
! Population !! %
|-
| '''[[Hinduism]]''' || 374,968 || 53.9% || 192,296 || 86.52% || 567,264 || 61.8%
|-
| '''[[Islam]]''' || 277,815 || 39.93% || 27,156 || 12.22% || 304,971 || 33.22%
|-
| '''[[Christianity]]''' || 15,593 || 2.24% || 1,882 || 0.85% || 17,475 || 1.9%
|-
| '''[[Sikhism]]''' || 15,787 || 2.27% || 370 || 0.17% || 16,157 || 1.76%
|-
| '''[[Jainism]]''' || 10,770 || 1.55% || 517 || 0.23% || 11,287 || 1.23%
|-
| '''[[Zoroastrianism]]''' || 284 || 0.04% || 0 || 0% || 284 || 0.03%
|-
| '''[[Buddhism]]''' || 150 || 0.02% || 0 || 0% || 150 || 0.02%
|-
| '''[[Judaism]]''' || 52 || 0.01% || 3 || 0% || 55 || 0.01%
|-
| '''Others''' || 267 || 0.04% || 29 || 0.01% || 296 || 0.03%
|-
| '''Total population''' || '''695,686''' || '''100%''' || '''222,253''' || '''100%''' || '''917,939''' || '''100%'''
|}

=== Present ===

==== Impact of Partition on Delhi ====

The Partition of India in 1947 had profound demographic, economic, and spatial effects on Delhi. Following independence, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]] and, after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]]. The city’s population nearly doubled between 1941 and 1951—from approximately 920,000 to 1.74 million—driven largely by the arrival of over 500,000 Hindu and Sikh refugees from what is now [[Pakistan]], while roughly two-thirds of Delhi’s Muslim residents, concentrated mainly in the [[Shahjahanabad|old walled city]], migrated to Pakistan.<ref>Ian Talbot, “Masjids, Monuments and Refugees in the Partition City of Delhi, 1947–1959,” ''Urban History'', Cambridge University Press, Vol. 41, No. 2 (2014), pp. 315–331.</ref><ref>Rotem Geva, ''Delhi Reborn: Partition and Nation Building in India's Capital'', Stanford University Press, 2022, ISBN 9781503632110.</ref><ref name="TalbotSingh2009">{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118
|year=2009 |pages=118–119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. |access-date=1 November 2025 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118
|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pandey2001">{{citation |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |author-link=Gyanendra Pandey (historian) |chapter=Folding the national into the local: Delhi 1947–1948 |title=Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521807593 |year=2001}}</ref>

In the decades following Partition, the villages on Delhi’s periphery experienced dramatic transformations as agricultural land was acquired for urban expansion. According to the Delhi Development Authority (DDA), metropolitan Delhi has grown largely on lands obtained from these villagers.<ref>SRIVASTAVA Committee Report. “Report of the Expert Committee on Lal Dora, New Delhi, January 2007.” PDF, DDA. https://dda.gov.in/sites/default/files/Landmgmt/SRIVASTAVA%20COMMITTEE.pdf
</ref> Many former agrarian households adapted to wage labour, rental income, and non-agricultural livelihoods, reflecting the broader urbanisation of these areas.<ref>Vipul Kumar. “Speculative Planning: Agrarian‑Urban Transformation in Peri‑Urban Areas – Case Study of Land Pooling Policy, Delhi.” ISOCARP 2021. PDF. https://isocarp.org/app/uploads/2022/02/ISOCARP_2021_Kumar_268.pdf
</ref> Physically, these villages transformed from open fields and “abadi” plots into high-density settlements with informal housing, narrow lanes, and piecemeal infrastructure development.<ref>S. K. Routray. “Urban Restructuring and the Politics of Poverty in Delhi.” Open Library UBC, 2014. https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/24/1.0166053/2
</ref> The Delhi Land Pooling Policy currently recognises approximately 104 “urban villages” that have required major civic upgrades to integrate fully into the metropolis.<ref>“About Land Pooling – DDA.” https://dda.gov.in/land-pooling/about
</ref><ref>“Why the DDA’s Land Pooling Policy Has Led to Concerns Among …” The Wire. https://m.thewire.in/article/urban/delhi-land-pooling-policy-dda
</ref>

Urbanization intensified in the early 1950s under the Delhi Improvement Trust (established in 1937), which initiated schemes for congestion relief, housing, and urban improvement. However, post-Partition challenges, including land scarcity and rising property prices, limited project completions.<ref>Sanjiv Shankaran and Anirudh Burman, “Planning Delhi ca. 1936–1959,” ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'', Vol. 36, No. 4 (2013), pp. 636–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2013.829793
</ref> The state acquired agricultural land from surrounding villages for refugee rehabilitation and infrastructure expansion, often under ordinances such as the 1955 Delhi Control of Building Operations Act.<ref>Sushmita Pati, “Urban Villages of Delhi,” academia.edu (2015). https://www.academia.edu/12937025/Urban_Villages_of_Delhi
</ref> Private developers also purchased village lands to construct residential colonies, such as those in Hauz Khas during the mid-1950s.

In 1957, the [[Delhi Development Authority]] was established. Successive Master Plans converted large tracts of agricultural and village land into residential, commercial, and industrial zones, expanding the city’s built-up area from approximately 326 km² in 1961 to 702 km² by 2001.<ref>Delhi Development Authority, "Achievements," accessed 1 November 2025. https://dda.gov.in/achievements
</ref><ref>Delhi Development Authority, ''Master Plan for Delhi 1962'' and ''Master Plan for Delhi 2001''; Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development, “History of Urban Development in Delhi.” https://dda.gov.in
</ref><ref>Government of NCT of Delhi, Planning Department, "Urban Development," ''Economic Survey of Delhi 2001-2002'', Chapter 14. https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/economic-survey-2001-02/chapt14.pdf
</ref>

== Migrants ==
The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Linguistic data cannot accurately predict ethnicity: for example, many descendants of the [[Punjabi Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] refugees who came to Delhi following the [[partition of India]] now speak Hindi natively. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the ethnic makeup of Delhi.<ref name="Sanjay2008" />{{rp|8–10}} For instance, the 2011 census states that 80.94% of Delhi's population speaks [[Hindi]], but this figure does not accurately reflect the city's ethnic composition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Culture & Heritage |url=https://dmsoutheast.delhi.gov.in/culture-heritage/ |website=District Magistrate South East {{!}} India |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> A significant portion of this includes ethnic [[Punjabis]] who have shifted from [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] to [[Hindi]] over generations due to cultural assimilation, education, and social integration. While Punjabis make up 35-40% of [[Delhi]]’s population,<ref name="IndiaTV2015"/><ref name="Tribune2015"/><ref name="Sanjay2008" /> only 5.2% reported Punjabi as their mother tongue,<ref name="CensusLang">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10201/download/13313/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0700.XLSX |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue |website=Office Of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner India |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> meaning the rest have switched to Hindi. When excluding these linguistic converts, the actual native Hindi-speaking population drops to around 46-51%, rather than the reported 80.94%. Among the actual native Hindi-speaking population, around 30% consists of Purvanchalis (people from eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]).<ref name="TOI2022"/> The remaining 16-21% is likely composed of migrants from other Hindi-speaking states, such as [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]], although specific census data or direct sources for this group are not available.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Paras |last2=Gandhiok |first2=Jasjeev |date=31 July 2019 |title=Fewer people from northeast and southern states making Delhi their home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/fewer-people-from-northeast-and-southern-states-making-delhi-their-home/articleshow/70458576.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> This is further evident in [[West Delhi]], where Hindi is reported as the first language of 75.46% of the population, while Punjabi is spoken by only 14.52%,<ref name="CensusLang"/> despite ethnic Punjabis making up an estimated 60% of the district's population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Gayathri |date=12 February 2025 |title=Delhi: Punjabi vote bank back with BJP after favouring AAP for 10 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-punjabi-vote-bank-back-with-bjp-after-favouring-aap-for-10-years-9830994/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> This highlights how census language data can be misleading, as it does not differentiate between native speakers and those who have adopted Hindi over time, reshaping Delhi's linguistic identity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parakala |first1=Vangmayi |date=6 May 2019 |title=Where does Delhi's linguistic identity lie? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/where-does-delhis-linguistic-identity-lie/article27046244.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

Delhi is an ancient city, and the people residing in the [[Yamuna River]] basin were the original natives of the city.<ref name="Sanjay2008" />{{rp|12}} However, being a historical capital and prominent city, Delhi has always attracted a large number of immigrants. When the capital of British India was shifted from [[Calcutta]] to Delhi, a substantial number of government personnel, especially from the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], migrated to Delhi.<ref name="Sanjay2008" />{{rp|19}} Before 1947, Delhi was primarily a city dominated by [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu-speaking Muslims]], Hindu [[Rajputs]] and the [[Bania (caste)|Baniyas]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Sarahbeth |date=12 August 2023 |title=Independence Day: How refugee real estate became Delhi's poshest areas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/independence-day-how-refugee-real-estate-became-delhis-poshest-areas/articleshow/102676019.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=28 June 2024 |archive-date=25 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125150424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/independence-day-how-refugee-real-estate-became-delhis-poshest-areas/articleshow/102676019.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
The surrounding [[pastoral]] and [[agriculture|agricultural]] areas inside Delhi's rural areas and outside were inhabited mainly by [[Jat]]s, [[Gurjar]]s, [[Ahir]]s (Yadavs), [[Rajput]]s, and other local communities.<ref name="MillenniumPost">"Discovering Multiple Layers of Delhi", Millennium Post. "A rural Delhi comprising 364 hamlets, small and large mainly dominated by Jats, Gurjars and Yadavs." https://www.millenniumpost.in/discovering-multiple-layers-of-delhi-190913
</ref><ref name="Patriot">"How land-owning Jat community is negotiating a changing city", The Patriot. "It is believed that nearly 80% of Delhi’s villages have a Jat majority… Villages with significant Tyagi, Gujjar, Ahir, Yadav … populations also exist across the capital." https://thepatriot.in/community/how-land-owning-jat-community-is-negotiating-a-changing-city-68721
</ref><ref name="IJRAR">"Socio-Economic Profile of Gujjars in Delhi", International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews. "There are near 70 Gujjar-dominated villages in Delhi… Their main occupation is cattle rearing and marginal farming." https://ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19J1643.pdf
</ref><ref name="UMRJournal">"Social Stratification and Caste Hierarchy in Delhi Region", Universal Multidisciplinary Research Journal. "The next position in the society was claimed by the peasant castes like Rajputs, Jats, and Gujars." https://www.umrjournal.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/August-2015.pdf
</ref><ref name="TarjJournal">"Caste and Land Ownership in Delhi Region", Tarj Research Journal (AJMR, March 2020). "The area around Delhi was mainly dominated by the Jats… Apart from the Jats, other castes who occupied land in this tract were the Gujars… Likewise, the Ahirs predominated villages of Delhi sarkar. The Rajputs were scattered in the most parts of Delhi sarkar mostly in a few villages south to Delhi." https://tarj.in/wp-content/uploads/paper/AJMR/2020/AJMR-MARCH-2020.pdf
</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Rahi |editor-first=Javaid |title=The Gujjars: A Series on the Reindeer Nomads of India (Vol. 1) |publisher=Kashmir World Foundation |year=2018 |isbn=978-93-84783-10-5 |pages=15–25, 45–60, 120–135 |quote=Gujjars were primarily semi-nomadic pastoralists, with some settled farming; lifestyle involved seasonal migration (winter plains/foothills, summer high altitudes). In Delhi-surroundings (e.g., Doab, Gurgaon hills, Siwalik Hills, Jamuna/Ganges banks, Thar Desert, river banks), they reclaimed uncultivated land, becoming landowners (bhoomia) while foreigners owned wild areas. Herded buffaloes (87.5% economy in analogous contexts), cows, sheep, goats, horses, camels; bred livestock, supplied milk products (ghee, cheese), raw wool, mutton.}}</ref>

Following the partition of India in 1947, a large number of people migrated to Delhi. In a few months, its demography changed. Punjabi (including [[Hindkowans|Hindkowan]] and [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]]) migrants and refugees, who arrived in hordes from [[West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]] after the [[Partition of Punjab|Partition]], suddenly came to form nearly one-third of the city's population.<ref>{{cite news |title=Independence Day: How refugee real estate became Delhi's poshest areas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/independence-day-how-refugee-real-estate-became-delhis-poshest-areas/articleshow/102676019.cms |work=Economic Times |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=10 April 2024 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922134324/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/independence-day-how-refugee-real-estate-became-delhis-poshest-areas/articleshow/102676019.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The large number of [[Punjabis]] (with a relatively small number of [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] and [[Bengali people|Bengalis]]), led to the characterisation of city as a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic with a significant Punjabi population. Delhi was an absolute de facto Punjabi-speaking majority city from 1947 to till late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Languages of Delhi – A Microcosm of India's Diversity |url=https://thewire.in/urban/the-languages-of-delhi-a-microcosm-of-indias-diversity |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=The Wire |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726140427/https://thewire.in/urban/the-languages-of-delhi-a-microcosm-of-indias-diversity |url-status=live }}</ref> [[South East Delhi (district)|South East Delhi]]'s [[Chittaranjan Park]] locality hosts the largest [[Bengalis|Bengali]] population in the city, the majority of its residents have settled here just after [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/culture/the-refugee-history-behind-durga-puja-celebrations-in-delhis-c-r-park | title=The Refugee History Behind Durga Puja Celebrations in Delhi's C.R. Park | access-date=27 November 2023 | archive-date=10 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010114847/https://thewire.in/culture/the-refugee-history-behind-durga-puja-celebrations-in-delhis-c-r-park | url-status=live }}</ref> According to the census, the Bengali population in Delhi is estimated at 2.16 lakh, and the Chittaranjan Park area has a total population of 78 thousand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Sidharatha |date=29 January 2020 |title=Delhi elections: Poorvanchalis hold sway; Bengalis, Malayalis still in background |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/poorvanchalis-hold-sway-bengalis-malayalis-still-in-background/articleshow/73711532.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=CHITTARANJAN PARK Site Specific Design Study Ward Number 190 |journal=Delhi Urban Art Commission |url=https://duac.org.in/Upload/City%20Level%20Studies/Site%20specific%20design%20for%20wards/653948887619930.pdf}}</ref> According to the first census following partition and independence, [[1951 census of India|conducted in 1951]], Delhi had a total population of 1,744,072 people, of which 1,026,762 persons (58.9 per cent) were born outside the city, comprising immigrants, migrants, or refugees, while the remaining 717,310 persons (41.1 per cent) were born in the city.<ref name="Sanjay2008" />{{rp|20}}<ref name="Census1951"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Place of birth of Delhiites in 1951
! rowspan="2" |Place of birth
! colspan="2" |1951 census<ref name="Census1951">{{cite web |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729 |jstor=saoa.crl.25803729 |access-date=12 May 2024 |title=Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi |year=1951 |pages=328 |last1=Vashishta |first1=Lakshmi Chandra |last2=India. Superintendent Of Census Operations |first2=Punjab |volume=3 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512223158/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!Population
!Percentage
|-
| Delhi
| 717,310
| {{Percentage | 717310 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] {{small|(mainly [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] and [[North-West Frontier Province]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=The decade that changed Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/partition/delhi/ |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=}}</ref>}}
| 479,744
| {{Percentage | 479744 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] {{small|(including contemporary [[Uttarakhand]])}}
| 262,098
| {{Percentage | 262098 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[East Punjab]] {{small|(including contemporary [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]])}}
| 190,586
| {{Percentage | 190586 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Rajasthan]]
| 48,592
| {{Percentage | 48592 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
| 8,956
| {{Percentage | 8956 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 8,082
| {{Percentage | 8082 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[West Bengal]]
| 5,675
| {{Percentage | 5675 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]]
| 4,444
| {{Percentage | 4444 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
| 3,920
| {{Percentage | 3920 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Madhya Bharat]]
| 1,914
| {{Percentage | 1914 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
| 1,870
| {{Percentage | 1870 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Travancore Cochin]]
| 1,695
| {{Percentage | 1695 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ajmer State|Ajmer]]
| 1,499
| {{Percentage | 1499 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bihar]]
| 1,303
| {{Percentage | 1303 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Nepal]]
| 1,073
| {{Percentage | 1073 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Ireland]]
| 1,010
| {{Percentage | 1010 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Malaysia|Malaya]]
| 855
| {{Percentage | 855 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Assam]]
| 674
| {{Percentage | 674 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Burma]]
| 635
| {{Percentage | 635 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
| 575
| {{Percentage | 575 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mysore State|Mysore]]
| 492
| {{Percentage | 492 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kutch State|Kutch]]
| 266
| {{Percentage | 266 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]]
| 211
| {{Percentage | 211 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Africa]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Orissa Province|Orissa]]
| 83
| {{Percentage | 83 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]
| 69
| {{Percentage | 69 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Tripura]]
| 34
| {{Percentage | 34 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Ceylon]]
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Soviet Union|Russia]]
| 18
| {{Percentage | 18 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Afghanistan]]
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| [[Vindhya Pradesh]]
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 1744072 | 3 }}
|-
| Other places
| 235
| {{Percentage | 235 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
!Total population
!1,744,072
!{{Percentage | 1744072 | 1744072 | 2 }}
|}

By 1991, the number of those born outside Delhi was 3.7 million (out of a total population of 9.4 million). Most of these included immigrants from Uttar Pradesh (1.75 million) and Rajasthan (0.23 million). However, these neighbouring states are themselves ethnically diverse, so it is hard to use this data for determining the ethnic make-up of Delhi.<ref name="Sanjay2008" />{{rp|19}} There are also a large number of immigrants from the East Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and Bengal. The number of South Indians is relatively less, with most of them coming from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. There are also several immigrants from the [[North-East India]], who have migrated to Delhi because of the conflicts and bad economy in their native states.<ref name="Duncan2012">{{cite book |author=Duncan McDuie-Ra |title=Northeast Migrants in Delhi: Race, Refuge and Retail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZfg00heCDwC&pg=PA161 |year=2012 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-422-0 |pages=161–}}</ref>

The number of [[Afghans in India|Afghan Indians]], as well as Afghan students, workers and refugees, living in the neighbourhood of [[Lajpat Nagar]] has resulted in it being referred to as [[Afghan Nagar]].<ref name=Das>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/201342211228401708.html|title=Afghan students flock to India's universities|last=Das|first=Bijoyeta|date=3 June 2013|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=22 April 2014|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228075904/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/201342211228401708.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=36532|title=The Afghan trail|last=Sharma|first=Mohit|work=Millennium Post |date=24 April 2014|access-date=23 April 2014|quote=Often called ‘Little Kabul’, ‘Afghan Nagar,’ amongst other polysyllables, nomenclature twisting is the latest pastime in the vicinity.|archive-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424015332/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=36532|url-status=live}}</ref> The suburb has two Afghan "bakeries and three restaurants, and many guesthouses and apartments housing Afghan students, guests, medical refugees and asylum seekers."<ref name=Das/> As such, [[Apollo Hospitals|Apollo Hospital]] in Delhi "has translators on staff, a website in [[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]], and even a separate payment desk for Afghans."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=36532|title=The Afghan trail|last=Sharma|first=Mohit|work=Millennium Post |date=24 April 2014|access-date=23 April 2014|quote=The Apollo hospital in the city’s southwest has translators on staff, a website in Dari, and even a separate payment desk for Afghans.|archive-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424015332/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=36532|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the Afghans in Lajpat Nagar speak [[Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=36532|title=The Afghan trail|last=Sharma|first=Mohit|work=Millennium Post |date=24 April 2014|access-date=23 April 2014|quote=Pashto and Farsi chatters, Burqa clad women, glistering restaurants adorned with linguistic signposts mark Delhi’s most thronged Lajpat Nagar market.|archive-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424015332/http://www.millenniumpost.in/NewsContent.aspx?NID=36532|url-status=live}}</ref>

Today [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] are still the most widely spoken languages in Delhi and have become the [[lingua franca]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Hindi |url=https://linguistics.illinois.edu/languages/hindi/about-hindi |publisher=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] |access-date=13 October 2024 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008020547/https://linguistics.illinois.edu/languages/hindi/about-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''Demographics of North India by P.S. Rawat p. 186''</ref> English is the principal written language of the city and the most commonly used language in government work and in Delhi's huge financial sector. In addition to [[Hindi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and English, [[Urdu]] also has official language status in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/fast-facts.html|title=Know about Delhi Fast Facts, Area, population, Geographical Location, Languages|date=6 July 2019|publisher=|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=22 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822224824/http://www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/fast-facts.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204 |title=Archived copy |access-date=10 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084459/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/d09fd2004bd07ad9a305ab56803943f0/Delhi+Official+Languages+Act+2000.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-344844204 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/mainchild/gazatteers_delhi_1883.htm Delhi District Gazetteer 1883]

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India by state or union territory|Delhi]]
[[Category:Social groups of Delhi|*]]

Religious harmony in India

2026-01-18T15:19:55Z

NikeNuara: Creating post

{{short description|Love, and affection in between different religions in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Extrait de Communal Harmony de Manimala Chitrakar (Naya Bengale) (1438844597).jpg|thumb|A symbol of religious and social/communal harmony.]]
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 821372 - Promotion of Communal Harmony.jpeg
| image2 = Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 821371 - Promotion of Communal Harmony.jpeg
| image3 = Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 821373 - Promotion of Communal Harmony.jpeg||
| footer = Postage stamps of India showing communal harmony in India.
}}

'''Religious harmony in India''' is a concept that indicates that there is love, affection between different religions throughout the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. In the modern-day [[Republic of India]], the [[Indian constitution]] supports and encourages religious harmony.<ref name="Constitution of India">{{cite book|last1=Article 51(A) e|title=Constitution of India|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/867010/|accessdate=27 June 2017|quote=51A. Fundamental duties It shall be the duty of every citizen of India (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;... (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;}}</ref> In India, every citizen has a right to choose and practice any religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/culture/india-culture.html |title=Indian Culture |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> There are examples of Muslims and Sikhs building temples together.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Muslim-couple-Sikhs-build-temple-for-Hindus/articleshow/72041.cms|title=Muslim couple, Sikhs build temple for Hindus|author=William, Raju|date=12 July 2003|location=Ludhiana|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-12/Chandigarh/27200209_1_muslim-couple-hindu-families-religious-harmony|archive-date=2012-10-20|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> In India, different religious traditions live harmoniously.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Seers of religions call for religious harmony in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Seer-calls-for-religious-harmony/articleshow/7712776.cms|title=Seer calls for religious harmony|date=23 April 2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023809/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-04-23/Hyderabad/27126750_1_religious-harmony-moral-values-religious-leaders|archive-date=2012-10-20|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

[[India]] is the largest [[secular state]] in the world. The [[Preamble to the Constitution of India]] states that India is a [[secular state]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preamble To The Indian Constitution {{!}} Legal Service India - Law Articles - Legal Resources |url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-750-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=S. R. Bommai v. Union of India |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> and the [[Constitution of India]] has declared the right to [[freedom of religion]] to be a [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental right]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Durga Das Basu |date=2025-01-17 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durga_Das_Basu&oldid=1269973355 |access-date=2025-06-19 |language=en}}</ref> India has the largest number of followers of [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]] (i.e. [[Parsi|Parsis]] and [[Irani (India)|Iranis]]), [[Jainism]], and the [[Baháʼí Faith in India|Bahá'í Faith]] in the world. It further hosts the third most followers of [[Islam]], behind [[Indonesia]] and [[Pakistan]], the ninth largest population of [[Buddhists]] and the fifteenth largest population of [[Christians]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India has 79.8% Hindus, 14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion - Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050938/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html |archive-date=2020-04-26 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref> Several tribal religions are also present in India, such as [[Donyi-Polo]], [[Sanamahism]], [[Sarnaism]], [[Niamtre]], and others.

[[Jana Gana Mana]] (The first [[stanza]] of the original song "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]]"), [[National Anthem of India|India's national anthem]], written by [[polymath]], [[Activism|activist]] and [[List of Indian Nobel laureates|country's first Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818220812/http://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-date=2017-08-18 |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=News18}}</ref> promotes communal harmony by referencing various religious communities within its lyrics. The second verse of the song [[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]] specifically mentions "[[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Bauddha Dharma|Bauddho]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], [[Jainism|Jain]], [[Parsis|Parasik]], [[Muslims|Musalman]], [[Christians|Khristani]]"<ref>{{Citation |title=Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata |date=2025-06-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharoto_Bhagyo_Bidhata&oldid=1295862697 |access-date=2025-06-19 |language=en}}</ref> demonstrating unity among diverse faiths. This reflects the anthem's intention to unite all [[Indian people|Indians]], regardless of their religious background, under the banner of a single nation.

For popular film stars in India like [[Salman Khan]], festivals of Hindus and Muslims are equal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Diwali-and-Eid-are-equally-special/articleshow/922531.cms|title=Diwali and Eid are equally special|last1=Ahmed|first1=Afsana|last2=Sharma|first2=Smrity|date=14 November 2004|work=The Times of India|accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> According to [[Dalai Lama]], India is a model for religious harmony. He mentions that "In the last 2000–3000 years, different religious traditions, such as Jainism, Islam, Sikhism, and others, have flourished here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/india-is-a-model-for-religious-harmony-dalai-lama-297094 |title=India is a model for religious harmony: Dalai Lama |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2012-11-25 |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> The whole concept of religious harmony is the most valuable treasure of India." In a lecture organized on the silver jubilee of Seshadripuram Educational Trust, Dalai Lama further said that though religions have various philosophies and spiritual traditions, all of them carry the same message of love. He also emphasized the importance of acknowledging each other as brothers and sisters. As mentioned by Dalai Lama, reviving ancient Indian knowledge helps us to live peacefully and in perfect harmony with other communities. This kind of knowledge guides us to the right path and paves the way for a happy and peaceful community and world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-12-24|title=Religious harmony is India's treasure, says Dalai Lama|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/religious-harmony-is-indias-treasure-says-dalai-lama/article22271551.ece|access-date=2021-10-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Historical traditions and practices ==
=== In Vedic Era ===
The ancient Indian scripture [[Rigveda]] endeavors plurality of religious thought with its mention "''ekaM sadvipraa bahudhaa vadanti ''" ([[Sanskrit]]: ''एकं सद्विप्रा बहुधा वदन्ति'')– meaning wise people explain the same truth in different manners.<ref>[[Rigveda]] 1.64.46</ref> It is a Upanishadic statement from the yore which signifies that "'''One God Is Worshipped In''' Different Names." It also literally means "Truth is one, the wise perceive it differently". We might call God in various names but perceive him in multiple ways but he is the only one or the enlightened one.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Newsroom24x7|title=Ekam sat Vipra Bahudha Vadanti|url=https://sanatanmission.com/tag/ekam-sat-vipra-bahudha-vadanti/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Sanatan Mission|date=17 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ashoka's Thoughts ===
[[Ashoka]] (304–232 BC), in his 12th edict stated:<ref>Edicts of Ashoka, Trans. Ven. Dhammika, https://www.livius.org/sh-si/shahbazgarhi/shahbazgarhi2.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518103110/http://www.livius.org/sh-si/shahbazgarhi/shahbazgarhi2.html |date=18 May 2013 }}</ref><blockquote>"The beloved of the gods, king Piyadasi, honors both ascetics and the householders of all religions, and he honors them with gifts and honors of various kinds. . Whoever praises his religion, due to excessive devotion, and condemns others with the thought "Let me glorify my religion," only harms his religion. Therefore contact between religions is good. One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others. The beloved of the gods, king Piyadasi, desires that all should be well-learned in the good doctrines of other religions. "</blockquote>After the Kalinga war, Ashoka adopted the philosophy of Buddhism and devoted himself to the promotion of Dhamma. He was also known as the pioneer of social harmony. For him, dharma was not restricted to religion or religious beliefs. Dhamma was rather a way of life that revolved around moral principles. These principles would provide a moral law to humans and not malign or demean any other religion to establish your religion. In his second inscription, he wrote, "What is Dhamma? Minor misdeeds and more misdeeds. Avoiding evils like fury, cruelty, anger, arrogance, and jealousy and attachment in kindness, generosity, truth, self-control, simplicity, purity of heart, and morality. Observance of ethics, internal and external purity etc."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-13|title=Emperor Ashoka was the pioneer of social harmony|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/dr-shanker-suwan-singh/emperor-ashoka-was-the-pioneer-of-social-harmony-11926/|access-date=2021-10-18|website=Times of India Blog|language=en}}</ref>

=== Other notable peoples ===
[[Kharavela]] (193 BC – after 170 BC) was the third and greatest emperor of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kaḷinga (present-day Odisha). The main source of information about Khārabeḷa is his famous seventeen lines rock-cut Hātigumphā inscription in a cave in the Udayagiri hills near Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The inscription states that Emperor Kharavela had a liberal religious spirit. Kharavela describes himself as:<ref>Agrawal, Sadananda (2000): Śrī Khāravela, Sri Digambar Jain Samaj, Cuttack, Orissa</ref> " सव पासंड पूजको सवदेवायतन संकार कारको " ([[Prakrit language]], [[Devanagari script]]) Translation: The worshiper of all religious orders, the restorer of shrines of all gods.

The [[Grahapati Kokkala inscription]] dated to 1000–1001 AD equates<ref>Khajuraho, Kanhiayalal Agrawal, The MacMillan Company of India, 1980, p. 141-146</ref> Verse 3 equates Shiva with Parama Brahma, Buddha, Vaman, and Jina.

=== Ramkrishna's Teachings ===
{{Main|Teachings of Ramakrishna}}
[[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]], a key figure of the 19th century [[Bengal Renaissance]], was a religious [[Indian people|Indian]] [[mysticism|mystic]] during British colonial period. He recognised differences among religions but realised that in spite of these differences, all religions lead to the same ultimate goal, and hence they are all valid and true. He adhered to various religious practices from the Hindu traditions of [[Vaishnavism]], [[Tantra#Śaiva and Śākta tantra|Tantric Shaktism]], and [[Advaita Vedanta]], as well as [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. His parable-based teachings advocated the essential [[Omnism|unity of religions]] and proclaimed that world religions are "so many paths to reach one and the same goal".<ref>{{Citation |title=Ramakrishna |date=2025-06-12 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramakrishna&oldid=1295252841 |access-date=2025-06-21 |language=en}}</ref> His famous maxim, "''Yato mat,'' ''Tato path"'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]:যত মত, তত পথ) can be stated as: “As many faiths, so many paths”. His most prominent disciple [[Swami Vivekananda]] carried on his teachings and philosophy to the world.
{{Blockquote|"I have practised all religions - Hinduism, Islam, Christianity - and I have also followed the paths of the different Hindu sects. I have found that it is the same God toward whom all are directing their steps, though along different paths. You must try all beliefs and traverse all the different ways once. Wherever I look, I see men quarrelling in the name of religion - Hindus, Mohammedans, Brahmos, Vaishnavas, and the rest. But they never reflect that He who is called Krishna is also called Siva, and bears the name of the Primal Energy, Jesus, and Allah as well - the same Rama with a thousand names. A lake has several Ghats. At one, the Hindus take water in pitchers and call it ' Jal '; at another the Mussalmans take water in leather bags and call it ' pani '. At a third the Christians call it ' water '. Can we imagine that it is not ' Jal ', but only ' pani ' or ' water '? How ridiculous! The substance is One under different names, and everyone is seeking the same substance; only climate, temperament, and name create differences. Let each man follow his own path. If he sincerely and ardently wishes to know God, peace be unto him! He will surely realize Him."
| author = Ramakrishna{{sfn|Gupta|1942|p=47}}
| width =
| align = |salign=
}}
{{Blockquote|"I have practised all religions—Hinduism, Islam, Christianity—and I have also followed the paths of the different Hindu sects. I have found that it is the same God toward whom all are directing their steps, though along different paths. You must try all beliefs and traverse all the different ways once. Wherever I look, I see men quarrelling in the name of religion—Hindus, Mohammedans, Brahmos, Vaishnavas, and the rest. But they never reflect that He who is called Krishna is also called Siva, and bears the name of the Primal Energy, Jesus, and Allah as well—the same Rama with a thousand names..."}}

== During Indian Independence Movement ==

=== Composite nationalism ===
{{Main|Composite nationalism}}
[[Composite nationalism]] is a concept that argues that people of diverse ethnicities, cultures, tribes, castes, communities, and faiths, collectively comprise the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian nation]].<ref name="Bahadur1988">{{cite book |last1=Bahadur |first1=Kalim |title=Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts |date=1998 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0083-7 |page=33 |quote=One of the two was the dominant ideology of composite nationalism represented by the Indian National Congress. It was based on the belief that India with its vast diversities of religions, creeds, castes, sub-castes, communities and cultures represented a composite nation.}}</ref><ref name="Sajjad2014">{{cite book |last1=Sajjad |first1=Mohammad |title=Muslim Politics in Bihar: Changing Contours |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55982-5 |quote=This chapter argues that, as far as Bihar is concerned and unlike the areas just mentioned, strong voices were raised by Muslim communities against the separatist policies of the Muslim League. The Muslims in Bihar displayed far more affinity for ''mushtareka wataniyat'', that is, common/composite nationalism--the expression used by one of the Muslim leaders of the Bihar Congress, Shah Mohammad Umair (1894–1978), in his Urdu autobiography (1967), ''Talaash-e-Manzil'' (In Search of Destination), as also for ''muttahidah qaumiyat'', that is, united/composite nationalism--the expression used by the ''Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind'', the organization representing the clerics of the Deobandi school.}}</ref> The idea teaches that "nationalism cannot be defined by religion in India."<ref name="Hardiman2003">{{cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13114-8 |page=22}}</ref> While Indian citizens maintain their distinctive religious traditions, they are members of one united Indian nation.<ref name="Hardiman2003"/><ref name="BennemaBhakiaraj2011">{{cite book |last1=Bennema |first1=Cornelis |last2=Bhakiaraj |first2=Paul Joshua |title=Indian and Christian: Changing Identities in Modern India |date=2011 |publisher=SAIACS Press & Oxford House Research |isbn=978-81-87712-26-8 |page=157 |quote=Both these approaches are shown to be within the framework of 'composite nationalism', where Indian Christians maintained their communal distinctiveness while aspiring for national integration.}}</ref> Composite nationalism maintains that prior to the [[Colonial India|arrival of the British into the subcontinent]], no enmity between people of different religious faiths existed; and as such these artificial divisions can be overcome by [[Indian society]].<ref name="Hardiman2003"/> [[Composite nationalism]] is generally considered the opposite of the [[two-nation theory]], which led to [[The partition of india|the partition of India]], posited that [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] were distinct nations and could not coexist in a single state.

=== Netaji's Thoughts ===
{{Main|Subhas Chandra Bose}}
[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s concept of nationalism was deeply rooted in the idea of "[[composite nationalism]]," which emphasized unity among diverse groups in India to achieve independence from [[British Raj|British rule]]. He believed that communalism, based on religious, ethnic or cultural differences, hindered the progress of the nation and advocated for a synthesis of various religious and cultural traditions to foster a strong, unified national identity.

[[Hugh Toye]]'s 1959 book, [[The Springing Tiger]], describes Bose's determination to abolish caste and religious distinctions, citing an [[Indian National Army]] sepoy who said, "In India we have many religions and many gods. But here everything is [[Jai Hind]]." In An Indian Pilgritem: An Unfinished Biography, Bose rejected divisive historical narratives, writing:
{{Blockquote|“I am inclined, however, to think that in proportion to their numbers, and considering India as a whole, the Muslims have never ceased to play an important role in the public life of the country, whether before or under British rule-and that the distinction between Hindu and Muslim of which we hear so much nowadays is largely an artificial creation, a kind of Catholic-Protestant controversy in Ireland, in which our present-day rulers (i.e. the British) have had a hand.”}}
He further argued:
{{Blockquote|“History will bear me out when I say that it is a misnomer to talk of Muslim rule when describing the political order in India prior to the advent of the British… Whether we talk of Moghul Emperors at Delhi, or of the Muslim Kings of Bengal, we shall find that in either case the administration was run by Hindus and Muslims together, many of the prominent Cabinet Ministers and Generals being Hindus.”}}
This historical understanding led Bose to mobilise people across faiths in India's freedom struggle. He criticised [[Hindutva]] figures like [[V.D. Savarkar]] for collaborating with the British, equating Savarkar's actions with those of [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[Pakistani nationalism|Muslim nationalism]].
{{Blockquote|"I would request Mr. Jinnah, Mr. Savarkar, and all those leaders who still think of a compromise with the British, to realise once for all that in the world of tomorrow there will be no British Empire."}}
Bose's commitment to inclusivity was evident in his desire to adopt a [[National Anthem of India|national song]] which would be acceptable to all [[Indian people|Indians]] regardless of their religious creed. He readily concurred with [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (as a member of the review committee for a national anthem) when Tagore said of [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra]]’s iconic ‘Vande Mataram’ — a portion of which has been adopted as India’s national song — that its core “is a hymn to goddess [[Durga]]: this is so plain that there can be no debate about it. Of course, Bankim does show Durga to be inseparably united with [[Bengal]] in the end, but no Mussalman can be expected patriotically to worship the ten-handed deity as Swadesh (the nation).”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netaji's Vision of Secular Unity Remains Vital as India Faces Religious Polarisation |url=https://thewire.in/history/netaji-secular-vision-india-unity |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Places of worship promoting Religious Harmony ==
=== Dharmasthala Temple ===
{{Main|Dharmasthala Temple}}
Dharmasthala Temple is an example of religious harmony in India, as the priests of the temple are [[Madhva Brahmins|Madhwa Brahmins]], who are [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]], and the administration is run by a [[Jain Bunt]] family.<ref>{{cite book |author=M. V. Kamath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbYtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Other Face of India |publisher=Konark Publishers |year=1988 |isbn=9788122000887 |page=40 |quote=In the Siva temple, the priests are Madhva brahmins—Vaishnavites—but Hegde, the dharmadhikari of all temples, is a Jain.}}</ref> The deities of the temple are Hindu god<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Shiva In Mythology: Let's Reimagine The Lord |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/shiva-in-mythology-let-s-reimagine-the-lord-magazine-231225 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> [[Shiva]], who is referred to as Mañjunatha, Hindu goddess Ammanavaru, the [[Tirthankara]] [[Chandraprabha]] and the protective [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] of [[Jainism]], Kalarahu, Kalarkayi, Kumarasvami and Kanyakumari.

=== Ajmer Sharif Dargah ===
{{Main|Ajmer Sharif Dargah}}
A [[dargah]] is a [[shrine]] built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a [[wali|Sufi saint]] or [[dervish]]. [[Sufi]]s often visit the shrine for [[ziyarat]], a term associated with religious visits and "pilgrimages". Within Islamic [[Sufism]] or in other words, Islamic [[mysticism]], [[Sufi]] Saints often shared messages of unity to the divine and promoted love of God, discouraging the discrimination of people solely based on religious denomination. For these historical and cultural reasons, dargahs, such as the Ajmer Sharif Dargah, have been a place for Muslims, Hindus, and people of other faiths since medieval times.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Motiur Rahman |title=Akbar and the Dargah of Ajmer|date=2010|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147489 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=71 |pages=226–235 |jstor=44147489 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

=== Satya Pir Temples in Bengal ===
{{Main|Satya Pir}}
[[Satya Pir]] is a belief system found in [[Bengal]] created by the fusion of [[Hindu]], [[Islam]] and local religions. Experts maintain that the [[Muslim]] [[Satya Pir]] and the [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Satyanarayana Puja|Satyanarayan]] essentially represent the same beliefs and rituals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satya Pir - Banglapedia |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Satya_Pir |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> A century ago in Bengal, the ritual called, pujah was mainly performed by Hindu women and was interchangeably called Satya pir Pujah or Satya Narayan pujah.

=== Bonbibi and Dakshin Rai Temples in Sundarbans (Bengal) ===
{{Main|Bonbibi}}{{Main|Dakshin Rai}}
[[Bonbibi]], is a legendary goddess of the forest, dubbed as a guardian spirit of the forests and venerated by both the [[Hindu]] and the [[Muslim]] residents of the [[Sundarbans]] (the largest mangrove forest in the world spread across Southern [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]] in [[Eastern India]] north of [[Bay of Bengal]] and home to the [[Bengal tiger|Bengal Tigers]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmalz |first=Mathew N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dP0p-TcnPUC&pg=PA61 |title=Engaging South Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and Resistances |last2=Gottschalk |first2=Peter |date=2012-01-02 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-3325-7 |language=en}}</ref> She is called upon mostly by the [[Honey collector|honey-collectors]] and the woodcutters before entering the forest for protection against the attacks from the tigers. It is believed that the demon king, [[Dakkhin Rai]] (or [[Dakshin Rai]]; meaning Lord of the South), an arch-enemy of [[Bonbibi]] actually appears in the disguise of a tiger and attacks human beings.

== Punnathala ==
{{Main|Punnathala}}
Punnathala is an example of religious harmony in India, as the Harmony Village in [[Malappuram district]], Kerala. This is a village known for religious harmony, The village is celebrating the [[Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] coming together to follow tradition and celebrate festivals is known for its tradition of maintaining communal harmony.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/kerala-malappuram-temple-joins-caa-protest-of-mosque-committees/articleshow/73007687.cms | title=Kerala: Malappuram temple joins CAA protest of Mosque committees | newspaper=The Times of India | date=28 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/Jun/02/kerala-temple-throws-iftar-party-for-muslims-who-extended-support-for-temple-renovation-1612123.html | title=Kerala temple throws iftar party for Muslims who extended support for Temple renovation | date=2 June 2017 }}</ref>

== Efforts ==
=== Public efforts ===
The late 19th century and early 20th century Indian [[guru]] and [[yogi]] [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]] preached religious harmony through his teaching. To practise and promote it he combined the celebration of the Hindu festival of [[Rama Navami]] with a Muslim [[Urs]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAfRoIQV97MC&q=religious+harmony+sai+baba&pg=PA71 | title=Islam Means Peace: Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today | publisher=ABC-CLIO | author=Pal, Amitabh | year=2011 | page=71 | isbn=978-0313382918 |accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6pPD-gz7IQC&q=religious+harmony+sai+baba&pg=PA52 | title=Spiritual Masters: Sai Baba | publisher=Indus Source | author=Desai, Sonavi | year=2003 | page=52 | isbn=8187967641 |accessdate=17 June 2013}}</ref> [[Lokmanya Tilak]] organised the programmes like [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and Shivjayanti to preach religious harmony among the people. Muslims used to play the [[dhol]] during the ''visarjan'' of the Ganesha idol that marks the culmination of Ganesh Chaturthi.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} The [[Lalbaugcha Raja]] of [[Mumbai]], an annually set up [[Ganesha]] idol, is also worshipped by Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/mumbai/27927980_1_lalbaugcha-raja-byculla-residents | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624230719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/mumbai/27927980_1_lalbaugcha-raja-byculla-residents | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 June 2013 | title=Lalbaugcha Raja breaks religious barriers | date=15 September 2008 | accessdate=21 June 2013 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | author=Rajendra, Ranjani}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/at-agripada-a-lasting-ganpati-tradition-continues-in-sensitive-times/361323/ | title=At Agripada, a lasting Ganpati tradition continues in sensitive times | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=15 September 2008 | accessdate=21 June 2013 | author= Desai, Shweta |location= Mumbai}}</ref> [[Durga Puja]] ([[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage]] since 2021) in [[West Bengal]] is not just a Hindu festival nowadays; it's a cultural event that often embodies communal harmony, with instances of [[Muslims]] actively participating in and contributing to the festivities along with [[Hindu]] brothers. These instances range from Muslim families assisting in idol-making and decorations to organizing the pujas itself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Here’s A Necessary Reminder About Kolkata’s Hindu-Muslim Durga Pujas |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/durga-puja-kolkata-hindu-muslim-west-bengal_in_5f8d2752c5b67da85d1f9ca3 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, a Hindu family in [[West Bengal]] chose to worship a Muslim girl as a part of ''[[Kumari Puja]]'', a ritual performed during [[Durga Puja]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/kolkata-family-set-to-worship-muslim-girl-for-kumari-puja/article29608788.ece|title=Kolkata family set to worship Muslim girl for Kumari Puja|last=Bose|first=Sanjukta|date=2019-10-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-08|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
=== Government's efforts ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Pranab Mukherjee presenting the National Communal Harmony Award 2012-2013 to Shri Mohammad Abdul Bari, Odisha, at the National Communal Harmony Awards 2012-2013 presentation ceremony, in New Delhi. The Vice President.jpg
| caption1 = The President, [[Pranab Mukherjee]] presenting the [[National Communal Harmony Award]] 2012-2013, in [[New Delhi]]. The Vice President, [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]], the Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]], the Union Home Minister, [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] and the Union Home Secretary, [[Anil Goswami]] are also seen.
| image2 = The Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh in a group photograph with the members, during the 21st meeting of the Governing Council of National Foundation for Communal Harmony, in New Delhi.jpg
| caption2 = The Union Home Minister, [[Rajnath Singh]] in a group photograph with the members, during the 21st meeting of the Governing Council of [[National Foundation for Communal Harmony]], in [[New Delhi]] on April 12, 2018.
}}
{{Main|National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH)}}{{Main|The National Communal Harmony Award}}

== Political, military, and business leaders ==
Even though India is predominantly Hindu, its leaders have often included Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Zoroastrians, etc.

* [[List of Presidents of India|Presidents of India]]: Dr. [[Zakir Husain|Zakir Hussain]], [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], and Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] were Muslim, and Giani [[Zail Singh]] was a Sikh.
* [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chiefs of Army Staff]]: [[General (India)|General]] (Later [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]]) [[Sam Manekshaw|Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw]] [[Military Cross|MC]] was a Zoroastrian; General [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]] was a Christian; and General [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]] PVSM, AVSM, [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], ADC, and General [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]] PVSM, [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], AVSM, [[Sena Medal|SM]], VSM, ADC are Sikhs.
* [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chiefs of Air Staff]]: Air Marshal [[Aspy Engineer|Aspy Merwan Engineer]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)|DFC]], and Air Chief Marshal [[Fali Homi Major]] PVSM, AVSM, [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]], VM, ADC were/are Zoroastrians ([[Parsis]]); Air Marshal (later [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] and [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force|Marshal of The Indian Air Force]]) [[Arjan Singh]] DFC, Air Chief Marshal [[Dilbagh Singh]] PVSM, [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]], and Air Chief Marshal [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] PVSM, AVSM, [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], VM, [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] were/are [[Sikhs]]; Air Chief Marshal [[Idris Hasan Latif]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]] was a [[Muslims|Muslim]]; and Air Chief Marshal [[Denis La Fontaine|Denis Anthony La Fontaine]] PVSM, AVSM, VM was a [[Christians|Christian]].
* The list of India's 100 richest people<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/india-billionaires/list/|title=India's 100 Richest People|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-10-08}}</ref> ({{As of|2019||df=dmy|lc=y}}) includes Dilip Shanghvi, a Jain, Azim Premji, a Muslim, and Pallonji Mistri, a Zoroastrian.

== See also ==
* [[Composite nationalism]]
* [[Hindu–Muslim unity]]
* [[Din-i Ilahi]]
* [[Ethnic relations in India]]
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Freedom of religion in India]]
* [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]
* [[Phool Walon Ki Sair]]
* [[Religious syncretism]]
* [[Sarva Dharma Sammelan]]
* [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]]
* [[Punnathala|Punnathala Communal Harmony Village]]
* [[Indian religions]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Jain, Sandhya (2010). Evangelical intrusions: [Tripura, a case study]. New Delhi: Rupa & Co.
* Elst, K. (2002). Who is a Hindu?: Hindu revivalist views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other offshoots of Hinduism.
* Goel, S.G. 2016. History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996.
* Panikkar, K. M. (1959). Asia and Western dominance. London: Allen & Unwin. {{ISBN|9781597406017}}
* Rajiv Malhotra (2011), Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism (Publisher: HarperCollins India; {{ISBN|978-9-350-29190-0}})
* Swarup, Ram (1984). Buddhism vis-a-vis Hinduism.
* Swarup, R. (1995). Hindu view of Christianity and Islam.
* Shourie, Arun. (2006). Missionaries in India: Continuities, Changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: Rupa.{{ISBN|9788172232702}}
* Madhya Pradesh (India)., & Niyogi, M. B. (1956). Vindicated by time: The Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities. Nagpur: Government Printing, Madhya Pradesh.
* Narain, Harsh (1997). Myths of composite culture and equality of religions. New Delhi: Voice of India.

{{Religion in India topics}}

[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:Religion in India]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]

Raaz (film series)

2025-12-29T13:24:59Z

NikeNuara: updated details

{{short description|Film series}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raaz series
| director = [[Vikram Bhatt]] (''Raaz, Raaz 3, Raaz: Reboot'') [[Mohit Suri]] (''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'')
| producer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]] [[Mukesh Bhatt]] [[Kumar S. Taurani]], [[Ramesh S. Taurani]] (''Raaz'') [[Bhushan Kumar]] (''Raaz: Reboot'')
| writer = [[Mahesh Bhatt]] Girish Dhamija (''Raaz'') [[Shagufta Rafiq]] (''Raaz: The Mystery Continues, Raaz 3'') [[Vikram Bhatt]] (''Raaz: Reboot'')
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = ''[[#Principal cast|See below]]''
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]] (''Raaz'') Raju Singh, Pranay M Rijia [[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]-[[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]] (''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'') [[Jeet Ganguly]] (''Raaz 3, Raaz: Reboot'') [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] (''Raaz 3'') Sangeet Haldipur, [[Siddharth Haldipur]] (''Raaz: Reboot'')
| cinematography = [[Praveen Bhatt]] (''Raaz, Raaz 3'') [[Ravi K. Chandran]] (''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'') Manoj Soni (''Raaz: Reboot'')
| editing = Amit Saxena (''Raaz'') Deven Murudeshwar (''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'') Kuldip Mehan (''Raaz 3, Raaz: Reboot'')
| studio = [[Vishesh Films]] [[Tips Industries]] (''Raaz'') [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]] (''Raaz: Reboot'')
| distributor = [[Tips Music Films]] (''Raaz'') [[Culver Max Entertainment|SPE Films India]] (''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'') [[Fox Star Studios]] (''Raaz 3'') [[Pooja Entertainment]] (''Raaz: Reboot'')
| released = {{Nowrap|''[[Raaz (2002 film)|1]]'': {{Start date|df=yes|2002|02|01}}}} {{Nowrap|''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues|2]]'': {{Start date|df=yes|2009|01|23}}}} {{Nowrap|''[[Raaz 3|3]]'': {{Start date|df=yes|2012|09|07}}}} {{Nowrap|''[[Raaz: Reboot|4]]'': {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|16}}}}
| country = [[Cinema of India|India]]
| runtime = 570 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INRConvert|790|m}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|2.12|b}}
}}

'''''Raaz''''' ({{translation|The Secret}}) is an Indian [[horror films|horror]] [[film series]] produced by [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and [[Mukesh Bhatt]] under the banner of [[Vishesh Films]]. The ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|first]]'', ''[[Raaz 3|third]]'' and ''[[Raaz: Reboot|fourth]]'' films were directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apunkachoice.com/dyn/movies/hindi/raaz/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211025344/http://www.apunkachoice.com/dyn/movies/hindi/raaz/ |url-status=dead |title=Raaz – ApunKaChoice.com |archive-date=11 December 2008 |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=Look>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/FIRST-LOOK-Hot-Bipasha-Basu-in-Raaz-3/Article1-895618.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727005045/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/FIRST-LOOK-Hot-Bipasha-Basu-in-Raaz-3/Article1-895618.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2012 |title=FIRST LOOK: Hot Bipasha Basu in Raaz 3 |author=Kavita Awaasthi |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> released in 2002, 2012 and 2016 respectively,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/emraan-hashmi-to-play-the-lead-in-raaz-reboot/ |title=Emraan Hashmi to play the lead in 'Raaz Reboot' |website=The Indian Express |date=15 September 2015 |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/motion-poster-of-emraan-hashmi-starrer-raaz-reboot-is-out-2795541/ |title=Motion poster of Emraan Hashmi starrer Raaz Reboot is out |website=The Indian Express |date=11 May 2016 |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/South-actress-Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Raaz-4/articleshow/49845876.cms |title=South actress Kriti Kharbanda in 'Raaz 4' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/it-s-clunker-617 |title=It's a clunker! | the Asian Age |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924171133/http://www.asianage.com/movie-reviews/it-s-clunker-617 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the ''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues|second]]'' film was directed by [[Mohit Suri]] released in 2009. The first three films were financial successes but the fourth film failed to perform well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/15video3.htm |title=Raaz – The Mystery Continues is not a sequel |work=Rediff.com |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/dinesh-gandhi/ |title=Dinesh Gandhi, Filmography, Movies, News, Videos, Songs, Images, Box Office, Trailers, Interviews |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>

== Overview ==
=== ''Raaz'' (2002 film) ===
{{Main|Raaz (2002 film)}}
The film starts with a group of college students enjoying a picnic in a beautiful forest in [[Ooty]]. One of the girls, Nisha ([[Mink Brar]]) in that group, dies after being attacked under mysterious circumstances outside a bungalow in front of the forest. She had also attacked her boyfriend, who, though injured, managed to live on. She was rushed to the hospital, where just before dying, her facial expression and voice changed completely for a short while, thus confusing all the attending doctors. Professor Agni Swaroop ([[Ashutosh Rana]]), who is supposedly an expert in phenomena involving the unexplained and the supernatural, is called by the police to look into the matter. Prof. Swaroop and the police visit the forest at the same place where Nisha was attacked and after investigating with Nisha's boyfriend, Prof. Swaroop declares that she was attacked by a spirit. He further reveals that this spirit has woken for some purpose and it will not stop until that purpose is fulfilled.

The story then turns to Sanjana Dhanraj ([[Bipasha Basu]]) and Aditya Dhanraj ([[Dino Morea]]) in Mumbai at a business party, where Aditya seems too busy to pay heed to the fact that his wife is longing to talk to him. She snatches the car keys from Aditya's pocket and leaves the party to return home. On her frantic drive home, she hears a voice in her head and loses control of the car. However, miraculously, she escapes the accident unscathed. After her recovery, Sanjana asks her husband for a divorce; Aditya, however, realises his fault and suggests a vacation to work out their problems. He offers Sanjana a trip to any corner of the world for some days and Sanjana chooses to return to Ooty (where their relationship first began) to save their failing marriage. In Ooty, they stay in the same bungalow behind which Nisha was attacked. Initially, the couple enjoys their stay at the cottage, but soon Sanjana starts experiencing mysterious things, such as hearing a woman screaming in the forest behind the cottage and the inexplicable falling of objects. She later learns that their housekeeper's husband, Robert, also used to hear strange voices from the forest, and that he ran from the house in fear once he could bear it no more.

=== ''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'' (2009 film) ===
{{main|Raaz: The Mystery Continues}}
The story starts with an American visiting the Kalindi Temple at night. There he sees the priest of the temple in a horrific state – he had slit his body with a [[scythe]] and had written '[[Om]]' on his body. The man, horrified by what he is seeing, flees from there. The story then shifts to a model in her early 20s, Nandita Chopra ([[Kangana Ranaut]]), who is in love with Yash Dayal ([[Adhyayan Suman]]), a director and host of the reality show "Andhvishwas," a show dealing with various superstitions of two ghosts and tantric voodoo. Yash gifts Nandita an apartment where they start living and they love each other. In the meantime, Nandita gets pregnant.

One evening, Nandita encounters Prithvi Singh ([[Emraan Hashmi]]), an aspiring artist who is in search of his masterpiece. Prithvi tells Nandita that he made a sketch 4 months ago of a girl who is actually Nandita. He also shows her a painting where she is lying with her wrist slit. He warns her of any type of danger. Regardless, Nandita accidentally slits her wrist due to an unknown ghostly attack on her in the bathroom. Prithvi saves her and admits her to a hospital. Yash arrives at the hospital and learns about her pregnancy and also her miscarriage due to excessive bleeding. She complains to Yash about Prithvi, and Yash gets him arrested, though he is released later on.

=== ''Raaz 3: The Third Dimension'' (2012 film) ===
{{main|Raaz 3: The Third Dimension}}
The story revolves around Shanaya Shekhar ([[Bipasha Basu]]), an ambitious actress who obsesses over her career. In addition, she also has a passionate affair with a handsome director named Aditya Arora ([[Emraan Hashmi]]). This all ends when a younger actress, Sanjana Krishna ([[Esha Gupta]]), makes her film debut. In place of Shanaya, Sanjana comes into the spotlight and begins to snatch away her awards. Suddenly, Shanaya seems forgotten and everybody only wants to work with Sanjana. Soon enough, Shanaya sees her career fading away and her envy slowly becomes craziness. She begins to turn to black magic and makes it her goal in life to destroy Sanjana's career and cause her the pain of loss.

She seeks the help of her uncle Sonu (Sunil Dhariwal), a tantrik who helps her to practice black magic and calls upon an evil entity, Tara Dutt (Manish Chowdhary). She asks him to make Sanjana's life a living hell. Tara agrees to help haunt and torture Sanjana until she becomes suicidal. He asks Shanaya to give her a black poison through a person she trusts. Shanaya seduces Aditya to do it for her and whenever he feels guilty, she makes him accept again. Aditya, whose sympathy for Sanjana has turned into love, leaves Shanaya and refuses to listen to her anymore. Now Shanaya must work on her own to defeat the power of love.

The film delivers the message of "Some people forget everything and run behind mere fame that gets destroyed by time. They do not know that the only thing that remains is the love that we have not just for ourselves, but also for our co-beings. That when we strive, not for ourselves, but for others, that ''Raaz'' (secret) is referred to as Life."

=== ''Raaz Reboot'' (2016 film) ===
{{main|Raaz: Reboot}}
On 1 January 2016. Rehaan Khanna ([[Gaurav Arora]]) and Shaina Khanna ([[Kriti Kharbanda]]) return to Romania after a few years of their marriage. Apparently, they lived there when they were unmarried. But when Rehaan got an offer as a Venture Capitalist for the Eastern European Finance Company, Shaina was insistent that he take up the job. Rehaan was reluctant; he had a secret to hide.
On the very first day, while unpacking her luggage, Shaina experiences paranormal activities. Rehaan refuses to believe her. A month later, while on a business trip, Rehaan receives a frantic call from Shaina requesting help. She is found holed up in a telephone booth in a rural area. Apparently, she had gone there to visit a clairvoyant. And thence, the narrative juggles back and forth as to what plagues them and what leads her to the clairvoyant.
The local priest cannot do much about it. The ghost knows the priest's past. So, a blind Indian student studying psychometry in Romania enters the game. Then, Aditya Srivastava ([[Emraan Hashmi]], Shaina's former boyfriend), to rescue his lady love from the evil spirit. Aditya has some strange premonitions about all the events taking place in Shaina's life. He offers to help her fight the spirit and free his lady love from all the pain she is going through. Although Shaina does not believe him at first, a certain series of events makes her believe that the spirit has something to do with her husband, Rehaan. She finds out that he is keeping ‘Raaz’, which has now started to haunt their life. And in the end, it is found out that Aditya Srivastava, the real ghost whom Rehaan had killed previously to protect Shaina from his bad intentions.

== Principal cast ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="60%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Actor
! colspan="4" | Film
|-
! width:10%;" | ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'' (2002)
! width:10%;" | ''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues]]'' (2009)
! width:10%;" | ''[[Raaz 3: The Third Dimension]]'' (2012)
! width:10%;" | ''[[Raaz Reboot]]'' (2016)
|-
! [[Dino Morea]]
| Aditya Dhanraj
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Bipasha Basu]]
| Sanjana Dhanraj
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Shanaya Shekhar
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Ashutosh Rana]]
| Professor Agni Swaroop
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Malini Sharma]]
| Malini Malik
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Emraan Hashmi]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Prithvi Singh
| Aditya Arora
| Aditya Srivastava
|-
! [[Kangana Ranaut]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Nandita Chopra
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Adhyayan Suman]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Yash Dayal
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Jackie Shroff]]
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Veer Pratap Singh
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Esha Gupta]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Sanjana Krishna
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! [[Kriti Kharbanda]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Shaina Khanna
|-
! [[Gaurav Arora]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Rehaan Khanna
|-
! [[Manish Chaudhari]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
| Tara Dutt
| style="background:#D3D3D3;" |
|}

=== ''Raaz'' ===
* [[Dino Morea]] as Aditya Dhanraj
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Sanjana Dhanraj
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Professor Agni Swaroop
* [[Malini Sharma]] as Malini Malik (evil spirit)

=== ''Raaz: The Mystery Continues'' ===
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Prithvi Singh
* [[Kangana Ranaut]] as Nandita Chopra
* [[Adhyayan Suman]] as Yash Dayal
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Veer Pratap Singh

=== ''Raaz 3: The Third Dimension'' ===
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Aditya Arora
* [[Esha Gupta]] as Sanjana Krishna
* [[Bipasha Basu]] as Shanaya Shekhar
* [[Manish Chaudhari]] as Tara Dutt

=== ''Raaz: Reboot'' ===
* [[Emraan Hashmi]] as Aditya Srivastava
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Shaina Khanna
* [[Gaurav Arora]] as Rehaan Khanna

== Inspirations ==
The first ''Raaz'' was an unofficial adaptation of ''[[What Lies Beneath]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood plays the aping game |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=63638 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050417232830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=63638 |archivedate=17 April 2005}}</ref>

== Release and revenue ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;" | Film
! style="text-align:centr;" | Release date
! style="text-align:centr;" | Budget
! style="text-align:centr;" | Box Office Revenue
|-
| ''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]'' || 1 February 2002 || {{INRConvert|50|m}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Raaz - Movie - Box Office India | url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=592 }}</ref> || {{INRConvert|370|m}}<ref name="Raaz">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723203502/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=127&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raaz: The Mystery Continues]]'' || 23 January 2009 || {{INRConvert|180|m}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Raaz - the Mystery Continues - Movie - Box Office India | url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=150 }}</ref> || {{INRConvert|380|m}}<ref name="Raaz2">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |title=Box office 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131907/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |archivedate=14 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raaz 3]]'' || 7 September 2012 || {{INRConvert|250|m}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://conciseboxoffice.wordpress.com/tag/raaz-3-budget-25-cr/ |title=raaz 3 budget 25 Cr " Concise Boxoffice |publisher=Concise Boxoffice |date=14 September 2012 |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> || {{INRConvert|1.011|b}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Raaz 3 Box Office Collection | India | Day Wise | Box Office - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=7 September 2012 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raaz-3-2/box-office/ }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raaz: Reboot]]'' || 16 September 2016 || {{INRConvert|310|m}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaz Reboot |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3380 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> || {{INRConvert|360|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918140656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/850 |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2016 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Raaz Reboot :Bollywood Box Office – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 September 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:centr;" | Total
! style="text-align:centr;" |
! style="text-align:centr;" | {{INRConvert|790|m}}
! style="text-align:centr;" | {{INRConvert|2.12|b}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Murder (film series)|''Murder'' (film series)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|qid=Q1813348|raaz-4|Raaz}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q1813348|0307873|Raaz}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|qid=Q7278449|raaz-the-mystery-continues|Raaz: The Mystery Continues}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q7278449|1340838|Raaz: The Mystery Continues}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|qid=Q3415840|movie/raaz-3-2|Raaz 3}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q3415840|2140315|Raaz 3}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|raaz-reboot|Raaz Reboot}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q22674207|5639388|Raaz Reboot}}

{{Raaz series|state=autocollapse}}
[[Category:2000s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Horror film series]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Raaz films]]

Gegeneophis goaensis

2025-12-18T04:15:27Z

NikeNuara: adding a entry

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal | author = Gopalakrishna Bhatta | author2 = David Gower | author3 = Mark Wilkinson | title = ''Gegeneophis goaensis'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2008 | page = e.T135790A4201809 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/135790/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135790A4201809.en | access-date = 12 January 2018| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| genus = Gegeneophis
| species = goaensis
| authority = Bhatta et al., 2007
}}

'''''Gegeneophis goaensis''''', also known as the '''Goa caecilian''', is a species of [[caecilian]] known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] in Keri Village, [[Sattari Taluk]], in the [[North Goa]] district of [[Goa]], [[India]].<ref name="IUCN" />

==Ecology and biology==
''Gegeneophis goaensis'' lives at 32–42 meters above sea level. The first three known specimens were collected from vegetation rotting in small streams. The species is said to be clearly able to "adapt to certain anthropogenic habitats;" its original natural habitat remains unknown. The reproductive cycle of the Goa caecilian is assumed to be no different than the one of other members of its genus.<ref name="IUCN" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4677378}}

[[Category:Gegeneophis|goaensis]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2007]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
{{Caecilian-stub}}

Nagamangalam, Krishnagiri district

2025-12-11T07:16:02Z

NikeNuara: Creating The Place Basic Info

{{one source|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| type = village
| area_telephone =
| altitude =
| population_total = 4,948
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density =
| sex_ratio =
| literacy =
| postal_code =
| area_total =
| climate =
| precip =
| temp_summer =
| temp_winter =
| area_magnitude =
| native_name = Nagamangalam
| civic_agency =
| other_name =
| nearest_city =
| parliament_const =
| assembly_cons =
| skyline =
| longs =
| skyline_caption =
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| longd =
| longm =
| website =
}}

'''Nagamangalam''' is a village in [[Denkanikottai]] taluk, [[Krishnagiri district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Nagamangalam had a total population of 4,948 with 2,502 males and 2,446 females.<ref>{{cite 2011 census of India|748092|Nagamangalam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=P.V |last=Srividya |date=10 November 2025|title= Women workers at TATA Electronics protest after camera found in hostel bathroom in Hosur |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/women-workers-at-tata-electronics-protest-after-camera-found-in-hostel-bathroom-in-hosur/article70243497.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128172947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/women-workers-at-tata-electronics-protest-after-camera-found-in-hostel-bathroom-in-hosur/article70243497.ece |url-status=live|archive-date=28 November 2025 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|12.566227|N|77.939937|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

{{Krishnagiri-geo-stub}}

Sajik Tampak

2025-12-03T06:55:41Z

NikeNuara: Made A Pg!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sajik Tampak
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Of Serene Sajek Valley.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sajik Tampak valley
| etymology =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Manipur]]
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1386|93.8400|format=dms |display=inline,title}}
| population_total = 1563
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chandel District|Chandel]]
| website = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Sajik Tampak''' is a [[village]] situated in [[Chandel district]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref>{{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |page=178 |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}</ref> It is also name of the valley in the [[Chakpikarong]] subdivision of the district, which carries the river '''Kana Lok''', a tributary of the [[Manipur River]].<ref name="Goshwami"/>

== Geography ==
Kana Lok is a tributary of the [[Manipur River]] that flows north and joins the latter near L. Molnom. The wide valley of the river close to its mouth is named "Sajik Tampak". It is {{conv|6|km}} long, and 1 to 2 kilometres wide. The average elevation of the valley is {{conv|900|m}} above the mean sea level, with a climate similar to that of [[Imphal Valley]]. The valley is noted for its fertility and "agricultural abundance".<ref name="Goshwami">
{{Cite book |last=Goshwami |first=Hareshwar |title=History of the People of Manipur |publisher=YAOL |year=2019 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-9993057-0-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/hareshwar-goshwami-history-of-the-people-of-manipur |via=archive.org |page=13}}
</ref>

The Kana Lok valley provides a clandestine route to the [[Chin State]] of Myanmar, landing opposite Lenikot. The region is a hotbed of [[Insurgency in Manipur|insurgents]] and arms dealers.<ref>{{citation |last=Mukherjee |first=Kunal |title=Race, Ethnicity and Religion in Conflict Across Asia |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2021 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LoYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT106}}
</ref><ref name="Frontline">
Sushanta Talukdar, [https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30223446.ece Cross-border challenges], Frontline, 16 July 2004.
</ref>
[[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA),<ref name="Frontline"/><ref>
[https://satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-chandel-Apr-2004 Chandel (Manipur): Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2004], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref><ref>
[https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-chandel-Nov-2017 Chandel (Manipur): Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2017], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref>
[[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK),<ref name="Frontline"/><ref>
[https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-chandel-jan-2003 Chandel (Manipur): Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2003], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref>
[[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF),<ref>
[https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-Dec-2006 India: Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2006], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref><ref>
[https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-chandel-Dec-2007 Chandel (Manipur): Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2007], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref>
Zou People Council,<ref>
[https://satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-manipur-chandel-Jan-2009 Chandel (Manipur): Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2009], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref>
and
United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF)<ref>
[https://www.satp.org/terrorist-activity/india-insurgencynortheast-Nov-2011 Insurgency North East: Timeline (Terrorist Activities)-2011], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref>
are some of the militant groups that have been active in the area. There is also a large army base at Sajik Tampak, manned by [[Assam Rifles]], [[Border Security Force]], and [[Indian Army]]. Military operations and clashes with militants are often reported.

== History ==
Sajik Tampak was listed among the hill villages of Tengnoupal Circle in 1957. Other villages in Sajik Tampak valley listed were '''Longza''', '''Haika''', '''Paldai''', '''Genlngai''' and '''Tuinou'''.<ref>
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |page=12 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n649 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>

== Demographics ==
The 2011 census lists a population about 1562 people, among whom 1171 are males and 391 are females. The village has 171 households.<ref>
[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40959 PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Manipur - District Chandel - 2011], Office of the Registar General & Census Commissioner, India, retrieved 28 March 2025.
</ref>{{efn|A possible explanation of the anomalous data is that soldiers from the nearby army base were included in the population.}}

A total of 1235 people are literate in the village Sajik Tampak.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chandel district]]

Parashurampuri, Shahjahanpur

2025-11-13T08:54:13Z

NikeNuara: Creating a article - done

{{short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Parashurampuri
| other_name = Jalalabad
| settlement_type = City
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.72|N|79.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| elevation_m = 133
| population_total = 38202
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 242221
| registration_plate = UP 27
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
}}

'''Parashurampuri''' (formerly '''Jalalabad)''' is a town near [[Shahjahanpur]] City and a [[municipal board]] in [[Shahjahanpur district]] of the Indian state [[Uttar Pradesh]].

On 20 August 2025, the Government of India approved the renaming of Jalalabad to Parashurampuri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre okays renaming of UP’s Jalalabad town as Parshurampuri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/centre-okays-renaming-of-ups-jalalabad-town-as-parshurampuri/articleshow/123415643.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 August 2025 |access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Parashurampuri is located at {{Coord|27.12|N|79.78|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Jalalabad.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Jalalabad]</ref>
It has an average elevation of 133 metres (436 feet).

==Demographics==
As of the 2001 India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
the town had a population of 31,112. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 49%. Literacy rate is 60%: male literacy 70%, female literacy 51%. About 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Parashurampuri
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|58}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|41}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.5}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.5}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikhs]] (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Historical regions of Rohilkhand}}
{{Shahjahanpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Shahjahanpur district]]

Shamsul Hoque

2025-11-13T07:11:01Z

NikeNuara: Made A Article

{{Short description|Meghalaya politician}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shamsul Hoque
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1972
| term_end = 1978
| constituency = [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]]
| predecessor = ''Post established''
| successor = [[Manik Ch. Das]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Majherchar]], [[Meghalaya]]
| party = Independent
| relatives =
}}
'''Shamsul Hoque''' ({{langx|bn|শামসুল হক}}) was an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] politician. He was the inaugural holder of the [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]] constituency at the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=net/>

==Life==
Hoque was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of Majherchar in the [[South West Garo Hills district|Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]]. Despite being an independent candidate, he defeated [[Khelaram Barman]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] at the state's [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|first ever elections]], thus winning a seat at the [[Mahendraganj Assembly constituency|Mahendraganj]] constituency of [[South West Garo Hills district]]. Among Hoque's contribution was the demand for the [[electrification]] of Mahendraganj.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Debates|page=70|publisher=[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]|year=1977}}</ref> On 14 July 1974, the [[Border Security Force]] committed atrocities in Majherchar and surrounding villages. Hoque attempted to protect his constituents but was kidnapped by the Border Security Force and locked up in their nearby checkpoint. Local police managed to free Hoque the next day.<ref>{{cite journal|page=210|volume=42|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.15569/page/n113/mode/2up|title=Lok Sabha Debates|year=1974|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi |editor=Lok Sabha Secretariat}}</ref>

He also participated in the [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] and [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]s but only reached second place in both elections.<ref name=net>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mahendraganj-meghalaya-assembly-constituency|website=Result University|title=Mahendraganj Assembly Constituency|access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoque, Shamsul}}
[[Category:Politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from South West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category: Muslims from Meghalaya]]
[[Category: Bengali Muslims]]
{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Dupahiya

2025-10-30T17:35:29Z

NikeNuara: adding new entry

{{Short description|Indian comedy series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dupahiya poster.jpg
| genre = [[Comedy]] [[Satire]]
| creator = Avinash Dwivedi Chirag Garg Salona Bains Joshi Shubh Shivdasani
| developer =
| screenplay = Srinivas Avasarala
| story =
| writer = Avinash Dwivedi Chirag Garg
| director = Sonam Nair
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Gajraj Rao]]
* [[Renuka Shahane]]
* [[Sparsh Shrivastava]]
*[[Shivani Raghuvanshi]]
* [[Bhuvan Arora]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| open_theme =
| composer = Somesh Saha
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{ubl|Salona Bains Joshi|Shubh Shivdasani}}
| location =
| cinematography = Piyush Puty
| editor = Yashashwini Y.P.
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 29–43 minutes
| company = Bombay Film Cartel
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|03|07}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}

'''''Dupahiya''''' ({{Translation|Two-wheeler}}) is an Indian [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[television comedy|comedy]] television series created by Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg, Salona Bains Joshi, and Shubh Shivdasani. It stars an ensemble cast led by [[Gajraj Rao]], [[Renuka Shahane]], [[Sparsh Shrivastava]], [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]], and [[Bhuvan Arora]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dupahiya-release-date-cast-plot-and-ott-platform/38b6613751371| title=Dupahiya: Release date, cast, plot, and OTT platform, here's everything we know about the Gajraj Rao - Renuka Shahane show| date= 3 March 2025|website=OTT Play }}</ref> Set in a peaceful village, the series focusses on the chaos that unfolds when a motorbike mysteriously disappears.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Small-Town Indian Comedy 'Dupahiya' Rides to Prime Video|url=https://variety.com/2025/global/news/indian-comedy-dupahiya-prime-video-1236309692/|work=Variety|date=16 February 2025|access-date=28 February 2025|archive-date=1 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301094043/https://variety.com/2025/global/news/indian-comedy-dupahiya-prime-video-1236309692/|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Dupahiya'' premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 7 March 2025 to generally positive reviews from critics.

A second season has been announced to be currently in development. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2025 |title=Prime Video announces Season 2 of 'Dupahiya' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dupahiya-seaspn-2-prime-video-gajraj-rao-sparsh-shrivastava/article69385204.ece |access-date=April 6, 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Premise ==
A peaceful village, celebrating 25 years without crime, is thrown into chaos when a dowry motorbike mysteriously disappears. With the jubilee trophy, an upcoming wedding, and the town’s reputation at stake, the villagers embark on a frantic search to recover the stolen bike before it’s too late.

==Cast==
* [[Gajraj Rao]] as Banwari Jha
* [[Renuka Shahane]] as Pushplata Yadav
* [[Sparsh Shrivastava]] as Bhugol Jha
* [[Bhuvan Arora]] as Amavas
* [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] as Roshni Jha
* Anjuman Saxena as Malti Jha
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Mithlesh Kushwaha
* [[Yogendra Tikku]] as Madhuban Singh, Sarpanch of Tundpur
* Samarth Mahor as Teepu
* Komal Kushwaha as Nirmal Yadav
* Avinash Dwivedi as Kuber Tripathi
* Chandan Kumar as Madan Kumar
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Gyan Chand
* Manoj Tiger as Ghuttan
* Godaan Kumar as Durlabh Kumar
* Pranjal Pateriya as Pintu Bhai
* Smriti Mishra as Amavas's Bhabhi
* Shriram Jog as Kadak Singh Yadav
* Vinod Jewant as Parmaanu Singh
* Sanjay Sonu as Pandit

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Title
!Directed by
!Written by
!Original release date
|-
|1
|"Bambai"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |The series introduces Dhadakpur, a village renowned for its lack of crime. The Jha family's preparations for their daughter Roshni's wedding are central to the narrative. Roshni's chosen groom demands an unusual dowry: a [[Royal Enfield Classic]] 350 motorcycle. Despite financial constraints, the family procures the bike, which is celebrated during the day. However, the celebration is short-lived as the motorcycle is stolen that very night, leaving the family with only eight days to recover it before the wedding.
|-
|2
|"Chor Nahi Chikaar"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |Banwari discovers the theft, and Bhugol and Teepu attempt to deflect suspicion by implicating Amavas. The village Sarpanch arrives with news, while Banwari and Roshni interrogate Amavas, their interaction revealing a past romantic connection. The investigation yields no leads, leaving the family with seven days until the wedding.
|-
|3
|"Oh Mere Jija Ji"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |Amavas decides to assist in recovering the stolen bike. Kuber, the groom, arrives to inspect the motorcycle. Banwari, aided by Pandit and Bhugol, attempts to deceive Kuber. Madan discovers the Jha family's secret, leading Banwari to take drastic measures. The wedding deadline is now six days away.
|-
|4
|"Kanoon Ke Haath"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |ASI Mithlesh, a police officer, suspects foul play in Dhadakpur and becomes particularly interested when he learns Banwari is involved. Amavas presents his plan at a village meeting. Madan is arrested, and Amavas and Bhugol embark on a mission to salvage the village's reputation and Roshni's wedding. The wedding is five days away.
|-
|5
|"Piyo Magar Pyaar Se"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |The Sarpanch questions Pushpalata regarding village rumors. Wedding festivities begin, but Roshni experiences doubts. Durlabh encourages Kuber to verify the motorcycle's purchase. Amavas and Bhugol share personal vulnerabilities while consuming alcohol, as the replacement motorcycle is prepared. The wedding is four days away.
|-
|6
|"Ullu Mat Bolna"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |Bhugol and Amavas perform at a birthday party to raise funds for the motorcycle. Roshni confronts Kuber. Madan faces a moral dilemma regarding a job offer. Banwari seeks assistance from the police. Pushpalata announces a village punishment. Teepu provides financial aid to Nirmal for her treatment. The wedding is three days away.
|-
|7
|"Ulta Chor Kotwal Ko Dante"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |Mithlesh intensifies his search for the thief. Amavas and Bhugol escape from Parmanu. Amavas expresses dissatisfaction with Kuber. Pushpalata considers resignation. Mithlesh's investigation identifies a suspect, but Teepu provides crucial evidence. Roshni's anxiety increases. The wedding is two days away.
|-
|8
|"Bhootpurv Premi"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |Nirmal's medical treatment is within reach. Banwari struggles with wedding preparations due to a village boycott. A key witness provides information to Mithlesh. Amavas confronts Bhugol about Kuber. A physical altercation threatens the motorcycle's delivery. The wedding procession begins. The wedding is hours away.
|-
|9
|"Atmanirbhar"
|Sonam Nair
|Avinash Dwivedi, Chirag Garg
|7 March, 2025
|-
| colspan="5" |On the wedding day, Nirmal persuades Pushpalata to end the village boycott. Kuber and his wedding party arrive, only to find the motorcycle missing, threatening the ceremony. Mithlesh apprehends the thief, uncovering a conspiracy orchestrated by the Sarpanch, who colluded with a local politician to steal and conceal the bike. The Sarpanch's plan was to appear as a savior by donating the vehicle at the last moment, thus enhancing his public image. However, Roshni, disgusted by Kuber's blatant greed for the motorcycle, refuses to marry him. Kuber, in turn, accuses Roshni of also seeking a lavish city life through the marriage, implying her own greed. Roshni defiantly vows to achieve financial independence by passing the same competitive exam, or remain single forever. The people of Dhadakpur, inspired by Roshni's resolve, pledge to abolish the practice of dowry. The episode concludes with Nirmal expressing gratitude to her friend who sold his father's tractor tyres for her cosmetic treatment, and Roshni diligently studying for her future. Bhugol, meanwhile, achieves his dream of viral internet fame.
|}

== Release ==
''Dupahiya'' premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/dupahiya-trailer-the-story-of-missing-dupahiya-motorbike-starring-gajraj-rao-and-renuka-shahane-is-sure-to-turn-everything-upside-down/articleshow/118532290.cms| title=Dupahiya trailer: The story of missing Dupahiya (motorbike) starring Gajraj Rao and Renuka Shahane is sure to turn everything upside down| date=24 February 2025| website=Times of India| access-date=11 March 2025| archive-date=8 March 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308030313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/dupahiya-trailer-the-story-of-missing-dupahiya-motorbike-starring-gajraj-rao-and-renuka-shahane-is-sure-to-turn-everything-upside-down/articleshow/118532290.cms| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3/5 stars and writes in her review that "Gajraj Rao, Renuka Shahane's ruralcom delivers clean, socially-relevant family entertainment. The show has a determinedly cheerful air, leaving the viewer smiling is clearly the mandate."<ref>{{cite web| first=Shubhra| last=Gupta| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dupahiya-review-gajraj-rao-renuka-shahanes-anti-mirzapur-show-delivers-clean-family-entertainment-9873470/| title=Dupahiya review: 'No gaali, no dunaali'; Gajraj Rao, Renuka Shahane's anti-Mirzapur show delivers clean, family entertainment| date=7 March 2025| website=Filmfare| access-date=11 March 2025| archive-date=12 March 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312100732/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dupahiya-review-gajraj-rao-renuka-shahanes-anti-mirzapur-show-delivers-clean-family-entertainment-9873470/| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of [[Rediff.com]] gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Such a collection of amiable characters were last seen in ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''. There are greedy dowry seekers, criminals, misogynists and the like, but the collective goodness of the others keep violence and male chauvinism in check."<ref>{{cite web | first=Deepa|last=Gahlot |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review--dupahiya-is-lotsa-fun/20250307.htm| title=Review: Dupahiya Is Lotsa Fun| date=7 March 2025|website=rediff.com }}</ref>

Hardika Gupta of ''[[NDTV]]'' awarded the series 2.5/5 stars and said "At times, the humour can feel too forced, especially when the plot takes detours into slapstick and quirky situations."<ref>{{cite web| first=Hardik| last=Gupta| url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dupahiya-review-gajraj-rao-shines-but-his-star-power-fails-to-salvage-this-cumbersome-rural-comedy-2-5-stars-7875707| title=Dupahiya Review: Gajraj Rao Shines But His Star Power Fails To Salvage This Cumbersome Rural Comedy| date=8 March 2025| website=NDTV| access-date=11 March 2025| archive-date=13 March 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313015822/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dupahiya-review-gajraj-rao-shines-but-his-star-power-fails-to-salvage-this-cumbersome-rural-comedy-2-5-stars-7875707| url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Dupahiya is a comedy revolving around the problems of the common man. It’s buoyed by good performance by the entire ensemble cast."<ref>{{cite web | first=Devesh|last=Sharma|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/web-series/dupahiya-series-review-72030.html| title=Dupahiya Review: Earthy Comedy Series With Good Performances All Around| date=7 March 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' writes in his review that "Flawless performances complement impeccable writing in this social satire that hits all the right notes."<ref>{{cite web | first=Abhimanyu|last=Mathur|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dupahiya-review-a-social-commentary-soaked-in-classy-satire-hrishikesh-mukherjee-brand-humour-that-never-fails-101741424037917.html| title=Dupahiya review: A social commentary soaked in classy satire, Hrishikesh Mukherjee-brand humour that never fails| date=8 March 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' opined, "The nine-episode series has its moments, but stays too derivative to make an impact."<ref>{{cite web| first=Rahul| last=Desai| url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/dupahiya-series-review-the-curious-case-of-a-panchayat-hangover| title='Dupahiya' Series Review: The Curious Case of a 'Panchayat' Hangover| date=7 March 2025| website=The Hollywood Reporter India| access-date=11 March 2025| archive-date=12 March 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312103911/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/dupahiya-series-review-the-curious-case-of-a-panchayat-hangover| url-status=live}}</ref>
Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' "said that Built around a stolen motorcycle in a village, this is a sweet, soporific series that passes the time, with a winsome performance by Gajraj Rao.<ref>{{cite web| first=Shilajit| last=Mitra| url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dupahiya-series-review-gajraj-rao-renuka-shahane-prime-video/article69298956.ece| title='Dupahiya' series review: Gajraj Rao brightens this Panchayat lite| date=7 March 2025| website=The Hindu| access-date=11 March 2025| archive-date=12 March 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312092631/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dupahiya-series-review-gajraj-rao-renuka-shahane-prime-video/article69298956.ece| url-status=live}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' writes in his review that "It’s not easy to write down what all happens in the show. It’s one mayhem after another ala any [[Priyadarshan]] movie of the early 2000s".<ref>{{cite web | first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dupahiya-web-series-review-gajraj-rao-and-renuka-shahane-shine-in-this-heartland-comedy-13869366.html| title='Dupahiya' web-series review: Gajraj Rao and Renuka Shahane shine in this heartland comedy| date=7 March 2025|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and writes that "This Prime Video series is a charming small-town comedy with endearing performances, witty dialogues, and social themes. While it drags at times, its humour and heart make it a delightful, easy watch."<ref>{{cite web| first=Arushi| last=Jain| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/dupahiya-review-gajraj-rao-renuka-shahane-prime-video-2690232-2025-03-07| title=Dupahiya review: A wholesome watch for your next relaxed weekend| date=7 March 2025| website=India Today| access-date=11 March 2025| archive-date=12 March 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312122627/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/dupahiya-review-gajraj-rao-renuka-shahane-prime-video-2690232-2025-03-07| url-status=live}}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "With its breezy tone, well-paced progression, and a mix of hilarious one-liners and touching emotional beats, Dupahiya is an endearing and well-crafted watch."<ref>{{cite web|first=Archika|last=Khurana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dupahiya/season-1/seasonreview/118697526.cms|title=Dupahiya Season 1 Review : A feel-good comedy that rides straight to the heart|date=7 March 2025|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 March 2025|archive-date=12 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312085651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dupahiya/season-1/seasonreview/118697526.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Amazon India originals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt31925820}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Dupahiya/0TMZ739WDSSD02I8AFC7XQ105B ''Dupahiya''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Video original series}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]

Indian locomotive class WAG-8

2025-10-27T07:02:17Z

NikeNuara: refined intro based on references as per guidelines

{{short description|Class of Indian locomotives}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Original research|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WAG-8
| image =
| caption = BHEL made WAG-8 (unsuccessful during trial run) resting inside BHEL yard, Jhansi
| alt = Indian locomotive class WAG-8 inside Bhel, Jhansi
| builder = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]
| serialnumber =
| builddate = 1990
| uicclass = Co'-Co'
| gauge = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| bogies = Alco High-Adhesion bogies
| wheeldiameter = New: {{convert|1029|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} Half-worn: {{convert|1055|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=2}} Full-worn: {{convert|1016|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|13380|mm|ftin|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|19880|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3000|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=4}}
| height = {{convert|4100|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| axleload = {{convert|21.33|t}}
| locoweight = {{convert|128|t}}
| gear ratio = 16:65
| tractionmotors = 6 Hitachi HS15250A
| multipleworking = 3

| tractiveeffort = Starting: {{convert|300|kN|abbr=on}}
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]] and [[Regenerative brake|Regenerative]]
| trainbrakes = Air
| safety = TPWS (Train Protection and Warning System), Vacuum Control, Slip/Slide Control, Main Overload Relay, Motor Over Load Relay, No Volt Relay, Over Voltage Protection and Earth Fault Relay, Oil Pressure Governor
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| disposition = Stored
| powertype = Electric
| poweroutput = {{convert|5000|hp|abbr=on}}
| operator =
| fleetnumbers = No IR numbers
| totalproduction = 1 (possibly 2)
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}}
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantographs]]
| locale = Inside BHEL yard, Jhansi
}}

The Indian locomotive class '''WAG-8''' was a class of 25 [[Volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[electric locomotive]]s that was developed in the early 1990s by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL) for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], AC current (A), freight/goods traffic (G), eighth-generation (8). Only two units of this class were built, both prototypes.

This class provided the basic design for a number of other locomotives like the [[Indian locomotive class WCAM 2/2P|WCAM-2]], the [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]] and the [[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]].

== History ==
The history of WAG-8 begins in the early 1990s with the aim of addressing the shortcomings of the previous [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] class and remove [[steam locomotive]]s from IR by a target date of 1990. The WAG-5, although successful, had become underpowered to meet the growing demands of the Indian Railways. So in the early 1990s BHEL decided to look for a successor to the WAG-5 class. The required specification was of a 5000-horsepower locomotive.{{Or inline|date=October 2024}}

Initially, Indian Railways invited tenders to build locomotives to the new specification. The following responses were received:

* CLW submitted their upgraded WAG-5 model with 5000 hp with Co-Co bogies.
* BHEL submitted a 5000 hp locomotive with [[Thyristor|thyristors control]] and Co-Co bogies

Each company submitted their prototypes and Indian Railways designated these prototypes as the [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] class and WAG-8 class respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives - General Information - I|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco.html#class|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref> Development on the WAG-8 class in 1990 while BHEL was also manufacturing WAG-5HS. Technologically the BHEL WAG-8 was meant to be superior to the WAG-7 which was effectively using [[Tap changer|tap-changer]] technology from the 1960s. They most likely had the Hitachi HS15250A seen in present-day [[Indian locomotive class WCAM-3|WCAM-3]] and [[Indian locomotive class WCAG-1|WCAG-1]]. The WAG-8 locomotives were to be handed over to Railways{{Which|date=October 2024}} for trial in December, 1992, but the whole project was cancelled due to arrival of the [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]], and thyristors control had become obsolete in favour of 3-phase AC technology. The prototype locomotive was subsequently condemned and parked on an unused rail sliding at [[BHEL Jhansi|BHEL, Jhansi]], where it remained as of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2906557-0: The only WAG-8 prototype of India, lying - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/2906557|last=Naphade|first=Ankit|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Diesel Locomotive Roster – The WAG Series|url=https://24coaches.com/electric-locomotive-roster-the-wag-series/|date=2013-10-30|website=24 Coaches|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
 

==See also==

*[[Rail transport in India#History]]
*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WAG8}}
*[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WAG-8 Specifications]
*[http://www.irfca.org India railway fan club]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WAG-8}}
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1996]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Freight locomotives]]
[[Category:BHEL locomotives]]

Vedarajan temple, Thirunagari

2025-10-26T06:12:49Z

NikeNuara: Made Place

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vedarajan Temple
| image = Thirunagari1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|13|34|N|79|48|02|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thirunagari Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = Thirunagari
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vedarajan ([[Vishnu]])
Amruthavalli ([[Lakshmi]])

| facade_direction =
| temple_tank =
| tower =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Vedarajan Temple''' in Thirunagari, a village in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Vedarajan and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Amruthavalli.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last= M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam|year=1993}}</ref> The temple is believed to be the birthplace of [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]], one of the twelve Alvar saints.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines, while the water tank is located in a street axial to the eastern gateway. The temple has a seven-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower. The temple is originally believed to have been built by the [[Cholas]], with later additions by the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara]] and [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]] kings who commissioned pillared halls and major shrines of the temple during the 16th century.

Vedarajan is believed to have appeared to [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] at this place. The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Four daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the fourteen-day annual Brahmotsavam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Vaikasi'' (May - June) being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=left
| total_width = 350
| width2 = 2560 | height2 = 1536
| width1 = 2560 | height1 = 1536
|direction=horizontal
|image2=Thirunagari2.jpg
|caption2=Shrine of Amruthavalli Thayar
|image1=Thirunagari3.jpg
|caption1=Image of the [[vimana (shrine)|vimana]], the shrine over the sanctum
}}
As per Hindu legend, a son of [[Brahma]] named Karthama Prajapathi did penance worshipping Vishnu to attain [[Moksha]]. Vishnu was not pleased and Lakshmi, his consort was not convinced with Vishnu testing Karthama. She hid herself in the lotus tank at this place. Vishnu came in search of her and after finding her, he took her to Vaikunta. It is believed that Vishnu is sported in hugging posture in the nearby Thirungari also on account of the legend. Karthama took many births during various ages like [[Treta Yuga]] and [[Dvapara Yuga]], but Vishnu told him that he would get Moksha only during [[Kali Yuga]]. During Kali Yuga, Karthama was born as prince Sangabalan. During his young age, he wanted to marry Kumudavalli. She was an ardent devotee of Vishnu and stipulated that she would marry him only if he feeds thousand [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]], the devotees of Vishnu. Sangabalan started feeding the devotees and he also resorted to burglary to fund it. Vishnu came with Lakshmi incognito in his path and he tried to rob them as well. Vishnu uttered the Ashtatra Mantra in his ears and he turned into [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]].<ref name="dinamalar"/> Since Vishnu in the form of Ranganatha offered a [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshana]] to the Alvar and his wife, the presiding deity is called Kalyana Ranganatha. The place is locally called Alvar Koil and also called Vedarajapuram.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=62–67|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref><ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=448–9}}</ref>

==History and literary mention==
While the exact history of the temple could not be ascertained, it is originally believed to have been built by the [[Cholas]], with later additions by the Vijayanagar and Thanjavur Nayak kings who commissioned pillared halls and major shrines of the temple during the 16th century. Vedarajan temple is revered in the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam|Naalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Kulasekara Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzPCOVQGP3wC&dq=thiruvali&pg=PT157|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|page=157|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2008|isbn=9788122309973}}</ref> During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar. In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=A/>

==Architecture==
[[File:Thirunagari4.jpg|200x250px|right|Shrine of Thirumangai Alvar|thumb]]
Vedarajan temple covers an area of about {{convert|2|acre|hectare|abbr=on}} and has a seven-tiered ''[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower) raising to a height of {{convert|125|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The temple in enclosed in a rectangular enclosure with huge granite walls. The sanctum is approached through a second gateway tower. There are a series of pillared structure around the basement of the first enclosure. The central shrine has an elevated structure and houses the image of the presiding deity, Vedarajan. The image is made of granite is sported in sitting posture.
The festival deity is named Kalyana Ranganathar and the image is also housed in the sanctum.
The [[vimana (shrine)|vimana]], the shrine over the sanctum is Ashtanga in architecture, which has eight parts. The outer parts of the vimana has stucco images of sages, [[Dasavatara]], Lakshmi Narasimha, Lakshmi Narayana and other Avatars of Vishnu. A north facing shrine of Thirumangai Alvar is located in the same elevated enclosure.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=534|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref> There is a separate flag staff for the Alvar shrine. It is believed that the two images of [[Narasimha]]r in the temple are among the five original images of Narasimha worshipped by Thirumangai Alvar. There is a small image of Chindanaikiniyan, which is also believed to have been worshipped by the Alvar. The shrine of Amruthavalli is located in the basement, in the diagonal corner of the first enclosure.<ref name=A/>

==Religious practices and festival==
[[File:Azhwar along with Kumudhavalli Naachiyar during Mangalasasanam to 11 Emperumans infront of Manimaada Koil.jpg|200x200px|left|thumb|Thirumangai Alvar with his consort Kumudavalli]]
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] follows ''Vaikanasam aagama''. The temple is open from 7:30-11:30 am and between 4.30_8.00 pm. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m., and ''Aravanai Pooja'' at 8:00 p.m. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Vedharajan temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=654|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref>

The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam is the most prominent festival of the temple. During the new moon day of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month ''Thai'' (January - February), the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of Thirumangai Alvar is taken to the [[Thirumanimadam]] from Thirunagari.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Shrine dedicated to Arjuna|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=654|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2012|access-date=12 November 2015|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}</ref> The major event of the festival is ''Garudasevai'' in which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur. The festive image of Thirumangai Alvar is brought on a ''Hamsa Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''paasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these eleven temples are recited during the occasion. The festival images of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in the palanquin to each of the eleven temples. The verses dedicated to each of the eleven temples are chanted in the respective shrines. This is one of the most important festivals in the region attended by thousands of pilgrims.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Garuda Sevai Festival">{{cite news| title=Garuda Sevai| work=Ramanuja.org|
url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf|accessdate= 19 September 2008}}</ref> The other festivals celebrated in the temple are the ten-day Vaikasi Swathi festival, Pavitrotsavam during ''Aani'' (June - July) and Panguni Uthiram during ''Panguni'' (March - April).<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thirunagari}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
[[Category:Divya Desams]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Sango Romana

2025-10-02T16:50:48Z

NikeNuara: Made Info

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot district of Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sango Romana
| other_name = ਸੰਗੋ ਰੋਮਾਣਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.609845020475845|74.68586879420745|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 204
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151213
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Sango Romana''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਸੰਗੋ ਰੋਮਾਣਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sango Romana · Punjab 151213, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sango+Romana,+Punjab+151213/@30.6102146,74.6774788,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175bf7f62cbb17:0x606ef924b302fa6d!8m2!3d30.6085507!4d74.685418!16s/g/12lkj58hz?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDkwMy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Sango Romana · Punjab 151213, India |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Village has a population of 204 of which 113 are males while 91 are females as per the census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sango Romana Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35484-sango-romana-punjab.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Total geographical area of the village is about 552 hectares with 336 households.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faridkot |first=DIstrict Census Handbook |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB |year=2011 |pages=50 |language=English}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151213.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIN code of Sango Romana |url=https://www.getpincodes.com/locality/sango-romana-kammiana-bo-faridkot-faridkot-punjab-151213}}</ref>

== Schools ==

* Government Primary School, Dana Romana<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS DANA ROMANA - Dana Romana District Faridkot (Punjab) |url=https://schools.org.in/faridkot/03130102601/gps-dana-romana.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Jangipara (community development block)

2025-09-30T05:13:27Z

NikeNuara: added info

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangipara
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Jangipara in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7405560|N|88.0538890|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 164.23
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 221,578
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712404 (Jangipara) 712408 (Rajbalhat) 712424 (Antpur)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03212
| registration_plate = WB 15, WB 16, WB 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 79.62%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sreerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sreerampur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jangipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jangipara]]
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jangipara''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Srirampore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
The Jangipara CD Block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the three natural regions in the district of the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains, that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The region has many depressions which receive water from the surrounding lands during the rainy season and discharge the water through small channels.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physigraphy, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

==History==
===Bhurishrestha Empire===
[[Rajbalhat]] in Jangipara CD Block was capital of [[Bhurshut|Bhurshut kingdom]] or Bhurishrestha Empire in the 16th century. There used to be a {{transliteration|bn|garh}} (fort) but no signs of it survive. Only one temple, that of Rajballavi, of that era is still active.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/tag/bhursut-kingdom/ | title= Rajbalhat – Temples and Textiles | publisher= Rangan Dutta | access-date= 6 June 2016}}</ref> There were three {{transliteration|bn|garhs}} and forts at Garh Bhabanipur, Pandua (Pedo or Pedo Basantapur) and Rajbalhat, but there is hardly any trace of these.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bengal/hooghly/page20.htm | title= The Temples in Hooghly | publisher= hindubooks.org | access-date= 6 June 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161016235508/http://hindubooks.org/temples/bengal/hooghly/page20.htm | archive-date= 16 October 2016 | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part II, 1976 edition, pp. 218-234, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

===Furfura Sharif===
[[Furfura Sharif]] in Jangipur CD Block is a Muslim pilgrimage centre. A mosque built by Muqlish Khan in 1375, still stands there. A Sufi settlement was established there during [[Akbar]]’s rule.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.hooghly.gov.in/visit.htm | title= Hooghly District | work= Places of Interest | publisher= District administration | access-date= 6 June 2016 | archive-date= 2 February 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202122208/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/visit.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
Jangipara is located at {{coord|22.7405560|N|88.0538890|E|format=dms}}.

Jangipara CD Block is bounded by [[Tarakeswar (community development block)|Tarakeswar]] and [[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]] CD Blocks in the north, [[Chanditala I]] CD Block in the east, [[Jagatballavpur (community development block)|Jagatballavpur]] CD Block, in Howrah district, in the south and [[Udaynarayanpur (community development block)|Udaynarayanpur]] CD Block in Howrah district and [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] CD Block in the west.
It is located 45 km from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

Jangipara CD Block has an area of 164.23 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 177 gram sansads (village councils), 129 [[mouza]]s and 128 inhabited villages. [[Jangipara#Police station|Jangipara]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Jangipara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/jangipara.html | title = Jangipara | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>
[[File:JANGIPARA CD BLOCK MAP.svg|thumb|right|300px|Jangipara CD block map]]
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Jangipara block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Antpur]], Dilakash, Furfurah, Jangipara, Kotalpur, Mundalika, Radhanagar, Rajbalhat I, Rajbalhat II and Rashidpur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Jangipara CD Block had a total population of 221,578, of which 205,099 were rural and 16,479 were urban. There were 112,317 (51%) males and 109,261 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 11,858. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 68,395 (30.87%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 10,220 (4.61%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Jangipara block had a total population of 200,936, out of which 101,338 were males and 99,598 were females. Jangipara block registered a population growth of 13.28 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

The only [[Census Town]] in Jangipara CD Block is (2011 census figure in brackets): [[Rajbalhat]] (16,479).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Jangipara CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Borhal (4,548), Krishnanagar (10,520), [[Kotalpur, Hooghly|Kotalpur]] (6,948), [[Furfura Sharif|Furfura]] (7,407), Mandalika (5,946) and Laksmanpur (4,008).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Jangipara CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Antpur]] (2,623), [[Jangipara]] (2,700).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Jangipara CD Block was 157,993 (79.62% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 85,861 (85.47% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 72,132 (73.63% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.84%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2001}} census, Jangipara block had a total literacy of 50.82%. While male literacy was 71.82 per cent, female literacy was 48.83%.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/jangipara.html | title = Jangipara | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 2011-08-04 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Jangipara CD block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|76.41}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|23.15}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.44}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 169,308 and formed 76.41% of the population in Jangipara CD Block. Muslims numbered 51,295 and formed 23.15% of the population. Others numbered 975 and formed 0.44% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 May 2016}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jangipara CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 97.12 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 2.59 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.29 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 97.12% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 2.59% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 1.20% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Jangipara CD Block was 32.05%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hooghly 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Jangipara CD Block'''
|value1 = 14.13
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 34.77
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 14.86
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 36.24
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Jangipara CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 14.13%, agricultural labourers 34.77%, household industry workers 14.86% and other workers 36.24%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 October 2018 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 128 inhabited villages in Jangipara CD Block. 100% villages have power supply. 82 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), 2 villages have only tube well/ borewell and 43 villages have only hand pump. 9 Villages have post offices, 12 villages have sub post offices and 3 villages have post and telegraph offices. 114 villages have landlines, 70 villages have public call offices and 113 villages have mobile phone coverage. 44 villages have pucca roads and 43 villages have bus service (public/ private). 19 villages have agricultural credit societies, 14 villages have commercial/ co-operative banks and 1 village has bank ATM.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Weaving===
Rajbalhat is an important weaving centre, producing saris and dhoties.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://westbengalhandloom.org/htm/c_hooghly1.html | title = Important handloom potential areas| work= Hooghly | access-date = 16 June 2017 | publisher = Directorate of Textiles (Handloom, Spinning Mills, Silk Weaving and Handloom Based Handicrafts Division}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
This is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Though rice is the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district Jangipara CD Block produced the highest quantity of potatoes amongst all the CD Blocks in 2103-14.<ref name=handbook2014/><ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 16 June 2017 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Some of the primary and other ''hats'' or markets in the Jangipur block area are: [[Antpur]], Jangipar hat, Kulakash hat, Satghara hat, Sitapur hat, Taltala cattle hat, Kalarkash bazar and Rahtdpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 16 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090707074955/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | archive-date = 7 July 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important Handicrafts of Hooghly District
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari Work on Sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon Embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and Cotton Printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and Bell Metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch Shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute Diversified Product''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracota''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
Source:District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67
|}

The [[Tebhaga movement]] launched in 1946, in 24 Parganas district, aimed at securing for the share-croppers a better position within the existing land relation structure. Although the subsequent Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Jangipara CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 14.89%, patta (document) holders 6.19%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.00%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 25.48% and agricultural labourers 50.44%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Jangipara CD Block had 107 fertiliser depots, 52 seed stores and 53 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Jangipara CD Block produced 94,861 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 32,638 hectares, 14,528 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 4,601 hectares, 30,806 tonnes of jute from 1,347 hectares, 342,597 tonnes of potatoes from 11,830 hectares. It also produced oilseeds .<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Jangipara CD Block was 17,068 hectares, out of which 8,940 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 3,360 hectares by tank water, 330 hectares by river lift irrigation, 670 hectares by deep tube wells and 3,768 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Jangipara CD Block had offices of 13 commercial banks and 2 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Jangipara CD Block has 3 ferry services and 4 originating/ terminating bus routes. The nearest railway station is 17 km from CD Block headquarters.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The narrow gauge line of [[Martin's Light Railways]] from Howrah Maidan to Amta, Sehakhala and Champadanga was built in 1897 and was closed down in 1971. While the broad gauge Howrah-Amta line came up in 2000, and although the branch line from Bargachia to Sehakhala and Champadanga was sanctioned along with the Howrah-Amta line in 1974-75, the branch line is yet to come up.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/07/24/stories/142460l2.htm | title=Howrah-Amta BG line section inaugurated | publisher=The Hindu Business Line, 24 July 2000 | access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The project has suffered because on non-acquisition of land by the state government.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railway-project-kept-alive-for-10-years-with-Rs-1000-allocation-each-year-says-CAG-report/articleshow/50240072.cms | title = Railway project kept 'alive' for 10 years with Rs. 1000 allocation each year, says CAG report| access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = The Times of India, 19 December 2015}}</ref>

Now, one has to go to Jangipara by road either directly from Kolkata or from Tarakeswar or Haripal. From Kolkata the road route is via Howrah-Domjur-Bargachhia-Amta, approx 47 km. Or one has to avail a local train from Howrah, Tarekeswar / Arambag local, to Haripal, from Haripal bus is available for Jangipara.

==Education==
In 2013-14, Jangipara CD Block had 146 primary schools with 14,282 students, 11 middle schools with 1,252 students, 10 high schools with 7,144 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 17,313 students. Jangipara CD Block had 1 general college with 661 students, 263 institutions for special and non-formal education with 7,596 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya]], a general degree college, was established at [[Jangipara]], in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mahitoshnandymv.in/ | title = Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya | publisher = MNV | access-date = 30 June 2017 | archive-date = 25 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170625112238/http://mahitoshnandymv.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegesearch.in/colleges/mahitosh-nandi-mahavidyalaya-hugli | title = Mahitosh Nandy Mahavidyalaya Hughli | publisher = College Search |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

Jangipara [[Legislative Assembly|assembly]] constituency covers a primarily rural area. It is around {{convert|45|km}} from [[Kolkata]] and has 170,000 voters. Forty per cent of them are in the 18-30 age group. It has over a hundred primary, twenty-six secondary and eight higher secondary schools, and one degree college in Jangipara. However, hundreds of students from Jangipara travel over 15 km to [[Haripal]] or [[Howrah]] to attend college for their special subject.<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060421/asp/bengal/story_6126814.asp | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110526030500/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060421/asp/bengal/story_6126814.asp | url-status =dead | archive-date =May 26, 2011 | title = Where's the college? Don't ask the teacher | publisher =The Telegraph, 21 April 2006 | access-date = 2009-02-03 | location=Calcutta, India | first1=Barun | last1=Ghosh | first2=Uttam | last2=Dutta | date=2014-06-15}}</ref>

In Jangipara CD Block, amongst the 128 inhabited villages, 10 villages had no school, 46 villages had more than 1 primary school, 82 villages had at least 1 primary school, 36 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 25 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Culture==
Jangipra CD block is home to some religious/ cultural centres.
<gallery widths="180px" heights="140px">
File:Furfura Mazar.jpg| '''[[Furfura Sharif]]:''' The mosque built by Muqlish Khan in 1375 (in picture) is a site for Muslim pilgrimage, especially during the Pir’s Mela.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.hooghly.gov.in/visit.htm | title= Hooghly District | work= Places of Interest | publisher= District administration | access-date= 2009-01-28 | archive-date= 2009-02-02 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202122208/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/visit.htm | url-status= dead }}</ref>

File:Antpur Radhagovindjiu Temple.jpg| '''[[Antpur]]''' is home to one of the finest pieces of terracotta architecture.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url =http://ww.telegraphindia.com/1050724/asp/calcutta/story_5026403.asp |title = Next weekend you can be at ... Antpur |access-date = 2009-02-04|publisher = The Telegraph, 24 July 2005 |location=Calcutta, India |date=2005-07-24}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Radha Govindjiu temple (in picture) was built in 1785.

File:Radhakantajiu Temple, Rajbalhat.jpg|'''[[Rajbalhat]]''': The Radhakantajiu (in picture) and other temples are there. [[Durga]] is worshipped in Jangipara and [[Rajbalhat]] as Rajballavi. She is a mixed form of Durga, [[Kālī|Kali]] and [[Saraswati]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarpujo.com/durgapuja_nabadurga.html |title=Amar Pujo |access-date=2009-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222170008/http://www.amarpujo.com/durgapuja_nabadurga.html |archive-date=December 22, 2008 }}</ref> It is famous for handloom saris.<ref name="telegraph"/>

File:20150501 135312 Raj Rajeswar temple at Kotalpur.jpg|'''[[Kotalpur, Hooghly|Kotalpur]]:''' The Rajrajeswara temple (in picture) is main focus of attention.
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Jangipara CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 4 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 6 private nursing homes with total 120 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 36 family welfare subcentres. 2,300 patients were treated indoor and 355,840 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Jangipara CD Block has Jangipara Rural Hospital (with 60 beds) at [[Jangipara]], Mundalika [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 10 beds), [[Furfura Sharif|Furfura]] PHC (with 10 beds), Guti PHC (with 4 beds) and [[Rajbalhat]] PHC (with 6 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Jangipara CD Block is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by low level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Jangipara CD Block is 25 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 24 May 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Commons category|Map of CD Block Hooghly District|Map of CD Blocks in Hooghly District }}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

{{Hooghly topics}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Srirampore subdivision]]

Jain temples, Pavagadh

2025-09-06T14:48:15Z

NikeNuara: Added First Place W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Temple complex in Pavagadh Hill, Gujarat}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = originally [[Svetambara]], later converted by [[Digambara]]<ref name=":3" />
| image = File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg
| alt = Pavagadh Jain temples
| caption = Parshvanatha temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|22|29|05|N|73|32|02|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Pavagadh]], [[Gujarat]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Janma Kalyanak]]
| deity = [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Parshvanatha]], [[Chandraprabha]], [[Suparshvanatha]]
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity = 11
| architecture_style =
| creator = [[Vastupala]] minister of the Solanki Vaghela ruler of Gujaratra
| established = 13th century
| website = 
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
| designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)}}(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)
| designation1_date = 2004 ([[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101 1101]
}}

'''Jain temples, Pavagadh''' is a group of seven [[Jain]] [[Jain temple|temples]] located in [[Pavagadh Hill]] in the state of [[Gujarat]]. These temples are part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]].

== Jain tradition ==
Pavagadh hill is considered one of the four sacred regions where ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' can be attained.{{sfn|Ruggles|Silverman|2009|p=84}}

== History ==
[[File:Pavagadh Śvetāmbara Idol 4.jpg|left|thumb|An idol of a Tirthankara depicting Śvetāmbara iconography (with a waistband and a piece of cloth in the middle and below the folded legs) on the outer walls of a Jain temple at Pavagadh Hill]]

This was a [[Jainism|Jain]] pilgrimage. There were several attempts to destroy evidences of its Jain heritage. However, a court ordered against the destruction of facts and heritage. Its Jain history dates back to 3rd century BC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krause |first=Charlotte |title=Ancient Jaina Hymns |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011036/91?highlight=pavagadh |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Ramnik |title=Jainism by Vividus |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006582/72}}</ref>

# [[Samprati|King Samprati]], in the 3rd century BC, constructed and installed the idol of [[Sambhavanatha|Sambhavnatha]] which was consecrated by Svetambara Jain monk Acharya Suhastisuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Education Committee |first=JAINA |title=King Samprati |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/201071/2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Kalaprabhasuri |title=Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/230048/1}}</ref>
# In 1055 AD, [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri consecrated a new temple of [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanath]] and reconstructed an ancient 52-shrine temple of [[Abhinandananatha|Abhinandanswami]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sompura |first=Kantilal |title=Structural Temples of Gujarat |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/006728/273}}</ref>
# In the 10th century AD, the Achalgacch of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of Jainism was established here by [[Aryarakshitsuri|Acharya Aryarakshitsuri]]. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of [[yati]]s. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform [[Sallekhana]]. Legend says that demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] appeared before him and requested the Acharya not to perform [[Sallekhana]] and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the [[Aagam|Agamas]] and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they would prosper. Thus, in 1112 AD, Acharya Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess [[Mahakali]] as the ''adhishthayika'' ({{Translation|protecting deity}}) of the ''gaccha''. The founder [[Śrāvaka]]s of the ''gaccha'' installed the idol of [[Mahakali]] on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Ratnaprabhavijay |title=Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/435}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=Jagacchandrasuri |title=Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/211351/2}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
# There is a reference to a temple called "Sarvatobhadra" (transl. auspicious on all sides) built by Minister Tejpal in 12th century.<ref name=":3" />
# Ceremonial installation and consecration of a temple built by Jayawant Seth by Acharya Vijaysensuri in 1581 AD.<ref name=":2" />
# Under guidance of [[Kalyansagarsuri|Acharya Kalyansagarsuri]], a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali in 16th century AD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
# In 1689 AD, Gani Shilvijay Maharaj has referred to the existence of a temple of [[Neminatha]].<ref name=":2" />
# In a laudatory poem dedicated to [[Jirawala Tirth|Jirawala Parshvanatha]] and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century AD, the temples existing here are described in detail.<ref name=":3" />
Several monks of the Achalgacch such as Mahendraprabhasuri, Merutungasuri, and Jaykesarisuri amongst many, and those of the Tapagacch such as Dharmaratnasuri, Hemvimalsuri, Laxmisagarsuri, Bhuvansundarsuri etc. consecrated numerous temples and idols on the hill. According to several [[Śvetāmbara]] scriptures, at one time, these shrines were considered to be of equal rank and importance as those atop the hill at [[Palitana temples|Palitana]].<ref name=":0" />

== Temples ==
The Pavagadh temples are famous for their architecture and are also part of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] of [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]].{{sfn|Desai|2007|p=177}}{{sfn|UNESCO|2004}}{{sfn|O'Donnell|2004|p=51}} Pavagadh has three Jain temples complexes that includes a total of seven Jain temples, a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshala]] and an [[Retirement home|old-age home]].{{sfn|Ruggles|Silverman|2009|p=84}} The three Jain complexes are ''Bavanderi'' or ''Naulakhi'' temples, Chandraprabha and Suparshvanatha temple and group around Parshvanatha temple. ''Bavanderi Naulakhi temples'' are the ruins of subsidiary shrines of a once large Chaumukhi temple with entrances in four cardinal direction. The pillars inside the temple having carvings that bear a resemblance to [[Luna Vasahi]]. Chandraprabha and Suparshvanatha temples are two small temples built near [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata temple]]. Parshvanatha temple is the main temple in this group and is surrounded by ruins of small temples.{{sfn|Sompura|1968|pp=218-219}}

These temples are visited by over 22 lakh visitors annually with 1 lakh devotees visiting daily during [[Navaratri|navaratri fair]].{{sfn|ASI|2004|p=60}}{{Sfn|Abram|Edwards|Ford|Jacobs|2013|p=678}}{{sfn|Desai|2007|p=177}}

== Issues and Controversy ==
On June 16, 2024, an incident of severe vandalism was reported to have happened on the hill. Several [[Tirthankara]] idols at the sides of the staircase on the old path to reach the [[Kalika Mata Temple, Pavagadh|Kalika Mata shrine]] were desecrated and broken down. Jain monk Jinpremvijaya spearheaded a peaceful but powerful protest at the local collector's office where local Jains turned up in huge numbers. The protest is said to have begun at the evening of June 16, 2024 and went on overnight into June 17, 2024. Most desecrated idols were over 400 years old, some even ancient and belonged exclusively to the [[Svetambara]] sect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Age-old Jain idols removed by Pavagadh authorities, community protests |url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/age-old-jain-idols-removed-by-pavagadh-authorities-community-protests |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=english.gujaratsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-06-17 |title=Jain community protests removal of Tirthankar idols from stairs of Pavagadh |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/06/17/jain-community-protests-removal-of-tirthankar-idols-from-stairs-of-pavagadh/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Pavagadh_Vandalism_1.jpg|left|thumb|Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024]]
[[File:Pavagadh_Vandalism_2.jpg|none|thumb|Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024]]
[[File:Pavagadh_Vandalism_3.jpg|left|thumb|Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024]]
[[File:Pavagadh_Vandalism_4.jpg|none|thumb|253x253px|Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Pavagadh Idol 1.jpg|Śvetāmbara idol on Pavagadh hills
File:Pavagadh Idol 2.jpg|Śvetāmbara idol on Pavagadh hills
File:Pavagadh Idol 3.jpg|Śvetāmbara idol on Pavagadh hills
File:Pavagadh Śvetāmbara Idol 2.jpg|An idol of 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha depicting Śvetāmbara iconography (with a piece of cloth carved below the folded legs) on the outer walls of a Jain temple on [[Pavagadh Hill]]
File:Pavagadh Śvetāmbara Monk 5.jpg|An idol of a Śvetāmbara monk wearing ''colpattā'' carved on the outer walls of a Jain temple at Pavagadh Hill
File:Jain temple 02 (cropped).jpg|Carving of Jain Tirthankara on wall
File:Jain temple 05.jpg|Main vedi Parshvanatha temple
File:Chandraprabha temple, Pavagadh.jpg|Chandraprabha temple
File:14th-century Suparshvanatha Jain temple and other Jaina ruins, Pavagadh hill, Gujarat 010.jpg|Suparshvanatha temple, the largest Jain temple on Pavagadh hill
File:Pavagadh Śvetāmbara Monk_2.jpg|An idol of a Śvetāmbara monk draping a piece of cloth and holding a ''[[Jain monasticism|rajoharana]]'' carved on the outer walls of a Jain temple at Pavagadh Hill
File:Pavagadh Śvetāmbara monk_1.jpg|An idol of a [[Śvetāmbara]] monk wearing ''colpattā'' carved on the outer walls of a Jain temple at Pavagadh Hill
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Girnar Jain temples]]
* [[Jama Mosque, Champaner]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Book ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last1=Abram | first1=David | last2=Edwards | first2=Nick | last3=Ford | first3=Mike | last4=Jacobs | first4=Daniel | last5=Meghji | first5=Shafik | last6=Sen | first6=Devdan | last7=Thomas | first7=Gavin | title=The Rough Guide to India | publisher=[[Rough Guides]] | year=2013 | isbn=9781409342618 | url={{Google books|MYGtAAAAQBAJ|pg=PT678|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=Anjali H. |title=India Guide Gujarat |url={{Google books|gZRLGZNZEoEC|page=177|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |publisher=India Guide Publications |isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Ruggles | first1=D. Fairchild | author-link1=D. Fairchild Ruggles| last2=Silverman | first2=Helaine | title=Intangible Heritage Embodied | series=Humanities, Social Sciences and Law | url={{Google books|wmicDzxG0NoC|page=84|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-4419-0072-2 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0072-2 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sompura | first=Kantilal F. | title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D. | volume=4 |url={{Google books|dXTqAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1968|publisher=[[Gujarat University]] }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | last=O'Donnell | first=Patricia M. | title=Learning from World Heritage: Lessons from 'International Preservation & Stewardship of Cultural & Ecological Landscapes of Global Significance', the 7th US/ICOMOS International Symposium | publisher=[[George Wright Society]]|journal=The George Wright Forum | volume=21 | issue=3 | year=2004 | pages=41–61 | jstor=43597911 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43597911 | access-date=22 June 2022 }}
* {{cite news | last=Shukla | first=Shubhlakshmi | title=ASI to restore 12th century Jain temple at Panchmahals soon | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/asi-to-restore-12th-century-jain-temple-at-panchmahals-soon | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=10 March 2009 }}
* {{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1101.pdf | title=Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park | date=7 July 2004 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | ref={{sfnref|ASI|2004}} }}
* {{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1101/ | title=Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park | year=2004 | publisher=[[UNESCO]] | ref={{sfnref|UNESCO|2004}} }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Jain temples on the Pavagad hill}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Gujarat|Pavagadh]]
[[Category:12th-century Jain temples|Pavagadh]]

Deogarh Lok Sabha constituency

2025-08-25T17:40:05Z

NikeNuara: adding a info

{{Short description|Defunct Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deogarh
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Orissa]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Deogarh''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Orissa]] state in eastern India till 2008. Assembly constituencies which constituted this parliamentary constituency were: [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]], [[Talcher]], [[Brajarajnagar]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Laikera]], [[Kochinda|Kuchinda]] and [[Debagarh|Deogarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Orissa |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2008-09-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |archivedate=2009-03-04}}</ref> After 2008, some of the constituencies went into [[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]] and some into [[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]].

==Members of Parliament==

*1952: ''Constituency does not exist''
*1957: [[Badakumar Pratap Gangadeb]], [[Ganatantra Parishad|GP]] (as Angul seat)
*1962: [[Harekrushna Mahatab]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (as Angul seat )
*1967: D. N. Deb, [[Swatantra Party]] (as Angul seat )
*1971: [[Badakumar Pratap Gangadeb]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (as Angul seat )
*1977: [[Pabitra Mohan Pradhan]], [[Janata Party]]
*1980: [[Pabitra Mohan Pradhan]], [[Janata Party]]
*1984: [[Sriballav Panigrahi]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
*1989: [[Ravi Narayan Pani]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1991: [[Sriballav Panigrahi]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
*1996: [[Ravi Narayan Pani]], [[Janata Dal]]
*1998: [[Debendra Pradhan]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
*1999: [[Debendra Pradhan]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
*2004: [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
*2008 Onwards: ''Constituency does not exist''

==See also==
* [[Debagarh district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord |21.537281|84.726713|display=title}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Orissa}}
{{Odisha elections}}

[[Category:Debagarh district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Jasrathpur

2025-08-23T22:18:46Z

NikeNuara: Added First Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jasrathpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Jasrathpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Jasrathpur in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.23146|N|78.40049|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.804
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2235
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jasrathpur''' is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,235, in 358 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Jasrathpur had a population of 2,235, in 358 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|102}} This population was 53.5% male (1,195) and 46.5% female (1,040). The 0-6 age group numbered 420 (217 male and 203 female), making up 18.8% of the total population. 394 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 17.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|98-9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Jasrathpur as having a population of 946 people (516 male and 430 female), in 157 households and 157 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Jasrathpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 634 people (351 male and 283 female), in 115 households and 99 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 558 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Jasrathpur had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|102-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]