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Camphor

2026-05-06T19:29:57Z

Niishad Shetty: Started Initial Data W/ Sources...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Short description|Toxic, waxy organic compound}}
{{Distinguish|samphor}}
{{Distinguish|oleocanthal}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 464187620
| Reference = <ref>{{cite book |title= [[The Merck Index]] |year= 1960 | edition= 7th| publisher= Merck & Co.| location= Rahway, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |publisher= CRC Press |location= Ann Arbor, Michigan| year=}}</ref>
| ImageFile1 = Alcanfor-2D.svg
| ImageName1 = Structural formula of ''(R)'' and ''(S)''-camphor
| ImageClass1 = skin-invert
| ImageCaption1 = (+)- and (−)-camphor
| ImageFile2 = Alcanfor-3D-xray.png
| ImageClass2 = bg-transparent
| ImageName2 = Ball and stick model of camphor (both enantiomers).
| IUPACName = 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one
| OtherNames = 2-Bornanone; Bornan-2-one; 2-Camphanone; Formosa
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 76-22-2
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2 = 464-49-3
| CASNo2_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo2_Comment = (''R'')
| CASNo3 = 464-48-2
| CASNo3_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo3_Comment = (''S'')
| PubChem = 2537
| PubChem1 = 9543187
| PubChem1_Comment = (''R'')
| PubChem2 = 10050
| PubChem2_Comment = (''S'')
| ChemSpiderID = 2441
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID1 = 7822160
| ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID1_Comment = (''R'')
| ChemSpiderID2 = 9655
| ChemSpiderID2_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID2_Comment = (''S'')
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 5TJD82A1ET
| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII1 = N20HL7Q941
| UNII1_Comment = (''R'')
| UNII2_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII2 = 213N3S8275
| UNII2_Comment = (''S'')
| EINECS = 200-945-0
| UNNumber = 2717
| KEGG = D00098
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| MeSHName = Camphor
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 36773
| ChEMBL = 504760
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| IUPHAR_ligand = 2422
| RTECS = EX1225000
| Beilstein = 1907611
| Gmelin = 83275
| 3DMet = B04902
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01744
| SMILES = CC1(C)C2CCC1(C)C(=O)C2
| SMILES1 = O=C1CC2CCC1(C)C2(C)C
| StdInChI = 1S/C10H16O/c1-9(2)7-4-5-10(9,3)8(11)6-7/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| InChI = 1/C10H16O/c1-9(2)7-4-5-10(9,3)8(11)6-7/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3
| StdInChIKey = DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| InChIKey = DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-UHFFFAOYAK
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| C=10 | H=16 | O=1
| Appearance = White, translucent crystals
| Odor = Fragrant and penetrating
| Density = 0.992 g·cm−3
| MeltingPtC = 175–177
| BoilingPtC = 209
| Solubility = 1.2 g·dm−3
| Solvent1 = acetone
| Solubility1 = ~2500 g·dm−3
| Solvent2 = acetic acid
| Solubility2 = ~2000 g·dm−3
| Solvent3 = diethyl ether
| Solubility3 = ~2000 g·dm−3
| Solvent4 = chloroform
| Solubility4 = ~1000 g·dm−3
| Solvent5 = ethanol
| Solubility5 = ~1000 g·dm−3
| LogP = 2.089
| VaporPressure = 4{{nbsp}}mmHg (at 70 °C)
| SpecRotation = +44.1°
| MagSus = {{val|-103e-6|u=cm3/mol}}
}}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = C01
| ATCCode_suffix = EB02
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS02}}{{GHS07}}{{GHS08}}
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|228|302|332|371}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|240|241|260|261|264|270|271|280|301+312|304+312|304+340|309+311|312|330|370+378|405|501}}
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 2
| NFPA-R = 0
| ExploLimits = 0.6–3.5%<ref name=PGCH/>
| FlashPtC = 54
| AutoignitionPtC = 466
| IDLH = 200 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH>{{PGCH|0096}}</ref>
| REL = TWA 2 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH/>
| PEL = TWA 2 mg/m3<ref name=PGCH/>
| LD50 = 1310 mg/kg (oral, mouse)<ref name=IDLH>{{cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/76222.html |title = Camphor (synthetic) |date = 4 December 2014 |publisher = National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health | website= cdc.gov |access-date = 19 February 2015 |archive-date = 13 March 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150313172407/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/76222.html |url-status = live}}</ref>
| LCLo = 400 mg/m3 (mouse, 3 hr)<ref name=IDLH/>
| LDLo = 800 mg/kg (dog, oral) 2000 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)<ref name=IDLH/>
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherFunction_label = [[ketone]]s
| OtherFunction = [[Fenchone]], [[thujone]]
| OtherCompounds = [[Camphene]], [[pinene]], [[borneol]], [[isoborneol]], [[camphorsulfonic acid]]
}}
}}

'''Camphor''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|m|f|ər}}) is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma<ref>{{Cite book |vauthors=Mann JC, Hobbs JB, Banthorpe DV, Harborne JB |title=Natural products: their chemistry and biological significance |publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical |location=Harlow, Essex, England |year=1994 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582060098/page/309 309–11] |isbn=978-0-582-06009-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582060098/page/309}}</ref> derived from the wood of the camphor laurel (''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]''), a large [[evergreen]] tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree ([[Dryobalanops|''Dryobalanops'' sp.]]), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It is classified as a [[terpenoid]] and a [[cyclic ketone]]. It also occurs in some other related trees in the [[Lauraceae|laurel family]], notably ''[[Ocotea usambarensis]]''. [[Rosemary]] leaves (''[[Rosmarinus officinalis]]'') contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor,<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosemary|url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/rosemary.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165804/https://www.drugs.com/npp/rosemary.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while camphorweed (''[[Heterotheca]]'') contains some 5%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lincoln |first1=D.E. |first2=B.M. |last2=Lawrence |year=1984 |title=The volatile constituents of camphorweed, Heterotheca subaxillaris |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=933–934 |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85073-6|bibcode=1984PChem..23..933L}}</ref> A major source of camphor in Asia is [[Ocimum kilimandscharicum|camphor basil]] (the parent of [[African blue basil]]). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from [[oil of turpentine]].

The compound is [[Chirality (chemistry)|chiral]], existing in two possible [[enantiomer]]s as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the typical naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1''R'',4''R'')-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image shown on the right is the (−)-camphor ((1''S'',4''S'')-bornan-2-one), which is very rare in nature. Camphor has few uses but is of historic significance as a compound that is readily purified from natural sources.

==Etymology==
The word camphor derived in the 14th century from Old {{langx|fr|link=no|camphre}}, itself from Medieval {{langx|la|camfora}}, from {{langx|ar|كافور|kāfūr}}, perhaps through {{langx|sa|कर्पूर|karpūra}}, from {{langx|ta|கற்பூரம்|karpooram}} apparently from Austronesian {{langx|ms|kapur}} 'lime' (chalk).<ref>{{cite web |title=Camphor |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/camphor |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Douglas Harper |access-date=23 May 2021 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523165548/https://www.etymonline.com/word/camphor |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Old Malay]], camphor was called {{lang|ms|kapur [[barus]]}}, meaning "the chalk of Barus", referring to [[Barus]], an ancient [[port]] near modern [[Sibolga]] on the western coast of [[Sumatra]].<ref name="Persee">{{cite journal|title = An Indian Ocean Port: Sources for the Earlier History of Barus | first =Jane |last =Drakard |journal= Archipel |year =1989 |volume =37 |pages = 53–82 |doi=10.3406/arch.1989.2562}}</ref> This port traded in camphor extracted from the Borneo camphor trees (''[[Dryobalanops aromatica]]'') that were abundant in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laufer|first=Berthold|date=1919|title=SINO-IRANICA: Chinese Contributions to the History of Civilization in Ancient Iran|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29782155|journal=Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series|series=Publication. Field Museum of Natural History |volume=15|issue=3|pages=478–479|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.3538 |jstor=29782155 |issn=0894-8380|access-date=2022-01-22|archive-date=2020-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117223750/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29782155|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==

===Natural camphor===
Natural (+)-camphor has been produced as a [[forest product]] for centuries, condensed from the [[vapor]] given off by the roasting of [[woodchips]] cut from ''[[Camphora officinarum]]'', and later by passing steam through the pulverized wood and condensing the vapors.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url = https://www.britannica.com/science/camphor | title = Camphor | publisher = | encyclopedia= [[britannica.com]] | access-date = 12 December 2018 | archive-date = 13 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181213114736/https://www.britannica.com/science/camphor | url-status = live}}</ref>

By the early 19th century, most camphor tree reserves had been depleted with the remaining large stands in [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]], with Taiwanese production greatly exceeding Japanese. Camphor was one of the primary resources extracted by Taiwan's colonial powers as well as one of the most lucrative. First the Chinese and then the Japanese established monopolies on Taiwanese camphor. In 1868, a [[His Majesty's Naval Service|British naval force]] sailed into [[Anping District|Anping]] harbor and the local British representative demanded the end of the Chinese camphor monopoly. After the local imperial representative refused, the British bombarded the town and took the harbor. The "camphor regulations" negotiated between the two sides subsequently saw a brief end to the camphor monopoly.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Han |title=Taiwan in Time: The camphor dispute |url= https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/11/15/2003746932 |publisher= | work= [[Taipei Times]] |access-date=14 November 2020 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115175311/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/11/15/2003746932 |url-status=live}}</ref>

(-)-camphor is much rarer, but it does occur naturally in the essential oil of ''[[Matricaria]]'' plants.<ref name=estb/>

===Synthetic camphor===
Camphor is produced from [[alpha-pinene]], which is abundant in the oils of coniferous trees and can be distilled from turpentine produced as a side product of [[chemical pulping]]. With acetic anhydride as the solvent and with catalysis by a strong acid, alpha-pinene is converted to [[isobornyl acetate]]. Hydrolysis of this ester gives [[isoborneol]] which can be oxidized to give [[racemic]] camphor.

A biological enzyme has been proposed for producing only the rare (-) or L-camphor. This ''EstB'' esterase from ''[[Burkholderia gladioli]]'' hydrolyzes only (+)-isobornyl acetate.<ref name=estb>{{cite journal |last1=Calderini |first1=Elia |last2=Drienovská |first2=Ivana |last3=Myrtollari |first3=Kamela |last4=Pressnig |first4=Michaela |last5=Sieber |first5=Volker |last6=Schwab |first6=Helmut |last7=Hofer |first7=Michael |last8=Kourist |first8=Robert| display-authors= 3 |title=Simple Plug-In Synthetic Step for the Synthesis of (−)-Camphor from Renewable Starting Materials |journal=ChemBioChem |date=13 October 2021 |volume=22 |issue=20 |pages=2951–2956 |doi=10.1002/cbic.202100187|pmid=34033201 |pmc=8596451}}</ref>

==Reactions==
The reactions of camphor have been extensively examined. Some representative transformations include
*[[sulfonation]]:<ref>{{OrgSynth | title = D,L-10-Camphorsulfonic acid (Reychler's Acid) | first1 = Paul D.| last1= Bartlett | first2= L. H.| last2= Knox | doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.045.0012 | year = 1965 | volume = 45 | pages = 12}}</ref>
:[[File:10-CSA synthesis.png|class=skin-invert-image|center|frameless|400x400px]]

*[[oxidation]] with [[selenium dioxide]] to [[camphorquinone]] .<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.15227/orgsyn.079.0125|title=Camphorquinone and Camphorquinone Monoxime |journal=Organic Syntheses |year=2002 |volume=79 |page=125|first1=James D.|last1=White|first2=Duncan J.|last2=Wardrop|first3=Kurt F.|last3=Sundermann}}</ref>
:[[File:CamphorquinoneSynthesis.svg|class=skin-invert-image| center|frameless|320x320px]]



Camphor can also be reduced to [[isoborneol]] using [[sodium borohydride]]. It can be converted to the alkene [[bornylene]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=2-Bornene |journal=Organic Syntheses|page=6|year=1971|volume= 51|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.051.0066|first1=Robert H.|last1=Shapiro|first2=J. H.|last2=Duncan}}</ref>

Camphor forms an [[enolate]] when treated with [[sodium hydride]]. The enolate condenses with esters to give 1,3-diketones.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsurui |first1=Makoto |last2=Kitagawa |first2=Yuichi |last3=Shoji |first3=Sunao |last4=Fushimi |first4=Koji |last5=Hasegawa |first5=Yasuchika| display-authors= 3 |title=Enhanced circularly polarized luminescence of chiral Eu(III) coordination polymers with structural strain |journal=Dalton Transactions |date=2023 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=796–805 |doi=10.1039/D2DT03422K |pmid=36594374|hdl=2115/90905 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Biochemistry==
[[File:Camphor_biosynthesis_en.svg|class=skin-invert-image|400px|center|Biosynthesis of camphor from geranyl pyrophosphate]]

===Biosynthesis===
{{see also|Borneol#Biosynthesis|(+)-borneol dehydrogenase|(-)-borneol dehydrogenase}}
In [[biosynthesis]], camphor is produced from [[geranyl pyrophosphate]], via cyclisation of [[linalool|linaloyl]] pyrophosphate to [[Borneol|bornyl]] pyrophosphate, followed by hydrolysis to [[borneol]] and oxidation to camphor.

==Uses==
The first significant manmade plastics were low-nitrogen (or "soluble") [[nitrocellulose]] (pyroxylin) plastics. In the early decades of the [[plastics industry]], camphor was used in immense quantities<ref name="Kennedy_Duncan_1911"/>{{rp|130}} as the plasticizer that creates [[celluloid]] from nitrocellulose, in [[lacquer#Nitrocellulose lacquers|nitrocellulose lacquers]] and other plastics and lacquers.

===Alternative medicine and scent===
Camphor has been used for its scent, as an [[embalming fluid]], as [[topical medication]], as a manufacturing chemical, and in religious ceremonies.
[[File:Camphor Cubes.jpg|thumb|Camphor cubes]]Camphor has been used as a [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] over centuries, probably most commonly as a [[decongestant]].<ref name="Gilman">{{cite book | title= Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics |year= 2005| page= 982–983 |isbn= 9780071468046| edition= Digital | last1=Parker |first1=Keith |last2=Brunton |first2=Laurence |last3=Lazo |first3=John |last4=Buxton |first4= Iain |last5=Blumenthal |first5=Donald| display-authors= 3 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional}}</ref> Camphor was used in ancient [[Sumatra]] to treat [[sprain]]s, swellings, and [[inflammation]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Charles |title=History of Sumatra : An account of Sumatra |page=121}}</ref> Camphor also was used for centuries in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] for various purposes.<ref name="Gilman" /> In Europe, camphor was used after the [[Black Death]] era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Weiyang |last2= Vermaak |first2=Ilze |last3=Viljoen |first3=Alvaro |date=10 May 2013 |title=Camphor—a fumigant during the Black Death and a coveted fragrant wood in ancient Egypt and Babylon—a review |journal=Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=5434–5454 |doi=10.3390/molecules18055434 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=6270224 |pmid=23666009|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 20th century, camphor was used as an [[analeptic]] by injection,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wax |first=P. M. |date=1997 |title=Analeptic use in clinical toxicology: a historical appraisal |journal=Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.3109/15563659709001195 |issn=0731-3810 |pmid= 9120893}}</ref> and to induce seizures in [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]] people in an attempt to treat [[psychosis]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Bangen |first= Hans |title= Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie |location= Berlin |publisher=Verlag für Wissenschaft und Bildung |year= 1992| language= de| trans-title= History of drug therapy for schizophrenia |pages= 51–55 |isbn= 3927408824}}</ref>

Camphor has limited use in [[veterinary medicine]] by [[intramuscular]] injection to treat breathing difficulties in horses.<ref name="drugs-vet">{{cite web |title=Camphor injection (Canada) |url=https://www.drugs.com/vet/camphor-injection-can.html |publisher= | website= Drugs.com |access-date=19 February 2020 |date=6 February 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727064923/https://www.drugs.com/vet/camphor-injection-can.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Topical medication===
Camphor is commonly applied as a [[topical medication]] as a skin cream or ointment to relieve itching from insect bites, minor skin irritation, or joint pain.<ref name= drugs/> It is absorbed in the skin [[epidermis]],<ref name= drugs>{{cite web |title=Camphor cream and ointment |url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/camphor-cream-and-ointment.html |publisher=| website= Drugs.com |access-date=19 February 2020 |date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503034409/https://www.drugs.com/cdi/camphor-cream-and-ointment.html |url-status=live}}</ref> where it stimulates nerve endings sensitive to heat and cold, producing a warm sensation when vigorously applied, or a cool sensation when applied gently, indicating its properties as a [[counterirritant]].<ref name = "Gilman"/> The action on nerve endings also induces a slight local [[analgesia]].<ref name="Bonica">{{cite book| title=Bonica's Management of Pain|isbn=9780781768276|publisher=Wolters Kluwer - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009 |location= Philadelphia; Baltimore|edition=4th |page= 29}}</ref>

===Respiratory aerosol===
Camphor is also used via an [[aerosol]], typically by steam inhalation, sometimes in the form of branded nasal inhaler sticks, to inhibit coughing and relieve upper airway congestion due to the common cold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camphor Inhalation Liquid: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/cdi/camphor-inhalation-liquid.html |website=Drugs.com |language=en |access-date=2022-10-28}}</ref> However, the clinical efficacy of these remedies is challenged.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burrow |first1=A. |last2=Eccles |first2=R |last3=Jones |first3=AS |date=July 1983 |title=The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation |journal=Acta Oto-Laryngologica |volume=96 |issue=1–2 |pages=157–161 |doi=10.3109/00016488309132886 |issn=0001-6489 |pmid=6613544}}</ref>

===Other niche uses===
Camphor is used by marksmen to blacken the front and rear sights of rifles to prevent the sights from reflecting.<ref>{{cite book |last= Chapel |first= Charles Edward |title= The Boy's Book of Rifles |publisher= Coward-McCann, Inc. |location= New York |year= 1948 |page= 96| quote= [some marksmen] always blackened their sights by using a small piece of camphor.}}</ref> This is done by setting light to a small amount of camphor, which burns at a relatively low temperature, and using the soot rising from the flame to deposit a coating on a surface held above it. Historically, this soot blackening was also used to coat [[barograph]] record charts.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

===Pest deterrent and preservative===
Camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent.<ref>{{cite book| title= The Housekeeper's Almanac, or, the Young Wife's Oracle!| place= New-York| publisher= Elton, No. 134| year= 1840}}</ref> Camphor is used as an alternative to [[mothball]]s. Camphor crystals are sometimes used to prevent damage to [[insect collecting|insect collections]] by other small insects. It is kept in clothes used on special occasions and festivals, and also in cupboard corners as a cockroach repellent. The smoke of camphor crystal or camphor incense sticks can be used as an environmentally-friendly mosquito repellent.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher = APH Publishing |isbn = 978-8-176-48135-9 |last = Ghosh |first = G.K. |title = Biopesticide and Integrated Pest Management |year = 2000}}</ref>

Recent studies have indicated that camphor essential oil can be used as an effective [[fumigant]] against [[red fire ant]]s, as it affects the attacking, climbing, and feeding behavior of major and minor workers.<ref>{{Cite journal
|vauthors = Fu JT, Tang L, Li WS, Wang K, Cheng DM, Zhang ZX| display-authors= 3 |title = Carbon Nanotubes from Camphor: An Environment-Friendly Nanotechnology |journal = J Insect Sci |volume = 15 |issue = 1 |pages = 129 |year=2015|doi = 10.1093/jisesa/iev112 |pmid = 26392574 |pmc = 4664941}}</ref>

Camphor is also used as an [[antimicrobial]] substance. In [[embalming]], camphor oil was one of the ingredients used by ancient Egyptians for [[mummification]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1475-mummymaking-complexity-revealed.html |title=Mummy-making complexity revealed|access-date=3 July 2018| archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073513/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1475-mummymaking-complexity-revealed.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Perfume===
In the ancient Arab world, camphor was a common perfume ingredient.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher = Springer Netherlands |isbn = 978-9-401-12296-2 |last = Groom |first = N. |title = The Perfume Handbook |year = 2012}}</ref> The aroma of both the [[racemic]] mixture<ref>{{cite web |title=(±)-camphor|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb51f0-f020-4932-80d0-391dd779da5d|website=Scents and Flavors |publisher=Scents and Flavors |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> and laevo [[enantiomer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=laevo-camphor|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb51f1-3ead-4eb8-8329-116b01367d3f|website=Scents and Flavors |publisher=Scents and Flavors |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> are described as "camphoreous", whereas the dextro [[enantiomer]] exhibits a more complex aroma described as camphoreous, minty, phenolic, herbal, woody, medicinal, mentholic, cooling, and green.<ref>{{cite web |title=dextro-camphor|url=https://scentsandflavors.com/database/9dbb5114-c270-40e4-8a1c-a5470b0f61bc|website=Scents and Flavors |publisher=Scents and Flavors |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>

The Chinese referred to the best camphor as "dragon's brain perfume", due to its "pungent and portentous aroma" and "centuries of uncertainty over its provenance and mode of origin".<ref name="Donkin 1999">{{Cite book |publisher = Brill |isbn = 978-9-004-10983-4 |last = Donkin|first = R. A. |title = Dragon's Brain Perfume: An Historical Geography of Camphor |year = 1999}}</ref>

===Culinary uses===
One of the earliest known recipes for ice cream dating to the [[Tang dynasty]] includes camphor as an ingredient.<ref name=rsc>{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Chris |title=Science of Ice Cream |year=2004 |url= https://archive.org/details/scienceicecream00clar_002 |url-access=limited |publisher=Royal Society of chemistry |page=[https://archive.org/details/scienceicecream00clar_002/page/n21 4]}}</ref> It was used to flavor leavened bread in ancient Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=H. G. |title=Baking and bakeries |date=1986 |publisher=Shire Publications |isbn=9780852638019 |page=7}}</ref> In ancient and medieval Europe, camphor was used as an ingredient in [[sweets]]. It was used in a wide variety of both savory and sweet dishes in medieval Arabic language cookbooks, such as ''Kitab al-Ṭabikh'' compiled by [[Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq|ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq]] in the 10th century.<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Brill | series = Islamic History and Civilization | volume = 70 | isbn = 978-0-415-35059-4 | last = Nasrallah | first = Nawal | title = Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyâr al-Warrâq's Tenth-century Baghdadi Cookbook | location = Leiden, The Netherlands | year = 2007}}</ref> It also was used in sweet and savory dishes in the ''[[Ni'matnama]]'', according to a book written in the late 15th century for the sultans of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]].<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Routledge | series = Routledge Studies in South Asia | isbn = 978-0-415-35059-4 | last = Titley | first = Norah M.| title = The Ni'matnama Manuscript of the Sultans of Mandu: The Sultan's Book of Delights | location = London | year = 2004}}</ref> It is a main constituent of a spice known as "edible camphor" (or ''kapur''), which may be used in traditional South Indian desserts like [[Payasam]] and [[Pongal_(dish)#Sakkarai pongal|Chakkarai Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Unique Culinary Uses Of Edible Camphor To Add To Your Diet |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/5-interesting-culinary-uses-of-edible-camphor-you-must-know-1826287 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref>

===Religious rites===

Camphor is widely used in Hindu religious ceremonies. [[Aarti]] is performed after placing it on a stand and setting fire to it usually as the last step of [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] or devotional worship ritual to one or more deities.<ref>{{cite book|title=The book of Hindu festivals and ceremonies|last=Bahadur|first=Om Lata|isbn=978-81-86112-23-6|publisher=UBS Publishers Distributors ltd.|year=1996|location=New Delhi|edition=3rd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bookofhindufesti0000baha/page/172 172–73]| url= https://archive.org/details/bookofhindufesti0000baha/page/172}}{{dead link|date=January 2023}}</ref> Camphor is mentioned in the [[Quran]] as being the fragrance of wine given to believers in heaven.<ref>Quran 76:5 pg 578</ref>

===Rust inhibition===
Camphor blocks are a traditional, effective, and inexpensive method to inhibit [[rust]] and oxidation on metal tools by releasing fumes within enclosed spaces, such as toolboxes and drawers. The camphor slowly evaporates, depositing a microscopic oily film that blocks moisture and rust formation, lasting about 6–12 months.{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==Toxicity==
Applied on skin, camphor may cause [[allergic reaction]]s in some people; when ingested by mouth, camphor cream or ointment is poisonous.<ref name=drugs/> In high ingested doses, camphor produces symptoms of irritability, disorientation, lethargy, [[muscle spasms]], vomiting, abdominal cramps, [[convulsions]], and [[seizures]].<ref name="Medline">{{Cite web | title = Camphor overdose | url = https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002566.htm |work= MedlinePlus | publisher = National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health |location= US| date = 12 January 2019 | access-date = 19 February 2020 | archive-date = 5 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160705120523/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002566.htm | url-status = live}}</ref> Lethal doses by ingestion in adults are in the range 50–500 [[Lethal dose#Units and measurement|mg/kg]] (orally). Generally, ingestion of two grams causes serious toxicity and four grams is potentially lethal.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = International Programme on Chemical Safety | title = Poisons Information Monograph: Camphor | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/camphor.htm | access-date = 12 December 2008 | archive-date = 2021-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210211082914/http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/camphor.htm | url-status = live}}</ref>

Airborne camphor may be toxic if respired by humans. The permissible exposure limit ([[Permissible exposure limit|PEL]]) for camphor in ambient air is 2 mg/m3 at exposure time ([[Time-weighted average (PEL)|TWA]]) not more than 8 hours. 200 mg/m3 is considered a very dangerous concentration ([[Immediately dangerous to life or health|IDLH]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camphor |website= osha.gov | publisher= [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] |url=https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/612 |access-date=2022-11-29}}</ref>

==History of synthetic camphor==
When its use in the nascent [[chemical industry|chemical industries]] ([[#Plastics|discussed below]]) greatly increased the volume of demand in the late 19th century, potential for [[supply and demand|changes in supply and in price]] followed. In 1911 Robert Kennedy Duncan, an industrial chemist and educator, related that the [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japanese]] government had recently (1907–1908) tried to monopolize the production of natural camphor as a forest product in Asia but that the monopoly was prevented by the development of the [[total synthesis]] alternatives,<ref name="Kennedy_Duncan_1911">{{Citation |last=Kennedy Duncan |first=Robert |year=1911 |title=Some Chemical Problems of Today |chapter=Camphor: An Industry Revolutionized |publisher=Harper and Brothers |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBVDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA128 |lccn=11026192 |postscript=. |access-date=2018-01-17 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727161621/https://books.google.com/books?id=JBVDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA128 |url-status=live}}</ref> which began in "purely academic and wholly uncommercial"<ref name="Kennedy_Duncan_1911"/> form with [[#Komppa 1903|Gustav Komppa's first report]]:

{{Blockquote|"{{Omission}} but it sealed the fate of the Japanese monopoly {{Omission}} For no sooner was it accomplished than it excited the attention of a new army of investigators—the industrial chemists. The patent offices of the world were soon crowded with alleged commercial syntheses of camphor, and of the favored processes companies were formed to exploit them, factories resulted, and in the incredibly short time of two years after its academic synthesis artificial camphor, every whit as good as the natural product, entered the markets of the world {{Omission}} And yet artificial camphor does not—and cannot—displace the natural product to an extent sufficient to ruin the camphor-growing industry. Its sole present and probable future function is to act as a permanent check to monopolization, to act as a balance-wheel to regulate prices within reasonable limits."<ref name="Kennedy_Duncan_1911"/>{{rp|133–134}}}}

This ongoing check on price growth was confirmed in 1942 in a monograph on [[DuPont]]'s history, where William S. Dutton said, "Indispensable in the manufacture of pyroxylin plastics, natural camphor imported from [[Formosa]] and selling normally for about 50 cents a pound, reached the high price of $3.75 in 1918 [amid the global trade disruption and high explosives demand that World War I created]. The organic chemists at DuPont replied by synthesizing camphor from the turpentine of southern US pine stumps, with the result that the price of industrial camphor sold in carload lots in 1939 was between 32 cents and 35 cents a pound."<ref name="Dutton_1942">{{Citation |last=Dutton |first=William S. |year=1942 |title=Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEtZAAAAYAAJ |lccn=42011897 |postscript=. |access-date=2018-01-17 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804134517/https://books.google.com/books?id=WEtZAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|293}}

{{Anchor|Komppa 1903}} The background of [[Gustaf Komppa]]'s synthesis was as follows. In the 19th century, it was known that nitric acid oxidizes camphor into [[camphoric acid]]. Haller and Blanc published a semisynthesis of camphor from camphoric acid. Although they demonstrated its structure, they were unable to prove it. The first complete [[total synthesis]] of camphoric acid was published by Komppa in 1903. Its inputs were [[Oxalate|diethyl oxalate]] and [[3,3-dimethylpentanoic acid]], which reacted by [[Claisen condensation]] to yield diketocamphoric acid. Methylation with [[methyl iodide]] and a complicated reduction procedure produced camphoric acid. [[William Perkin]] published another synthesis a short time later. Previously, some organic compounds (such as [[urea]]) had been synthesized in the laboratory as a [[proof of concept]], but camphor was a scarce natural product with a worldwide demand. Komppa realized this, and began industrial production of camphor in [[Tainionkoski]], Finland, in 1907 (with plenty of competition, as Kennedy Duncan reported).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

A different way of synthesis was developed at the same time by Dr. Karl Stephan from [[Schering AG|Chemische Fabrik auf Actien]]. This chemist, who had patented a route to synthesize [[camphene]] in 1902, found out that [[borneol]] or [[isoborneol]] could easily be oxidized with permanganate in benzene solution with unprecedentedly high yields of 95+%, and patented it in 1903.<ref>{{Cite patent|country=CA|number=84302A|title=Process of making camphor|pubdate=|gdate=}}; {{Cite patent|country=AT|number=21683B|title=Verfahren zur Darstellung von Kampfer}}</ref> The process was efficient enough to compete with natural camphor, and Japan was forced to lower prices in 1907, but the German company still increased its production, reaching 623 tons in 1913, only to be interrupted by the First World War.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Raw Materials of Celluloid Film: Wartime Economy, Educational Animation, and Film's Plasticity |url=https://film-history.org/issues/text/raw-materials-celluloid-film |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=film-history.org |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bornane]]
* [[1,4-Dichlorobenzene]]
* [[Citral]]
* [[Eucalyptol]]
* [[Lavender]]
* [[Vaporizer (cannabis)|Vaporizer]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Camphors}}
*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/camphor.htm INCHEM] at IPCS ([[International Programme on Chemical Safety]])
*[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0096.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Camphor] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]

{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}
{{Sister bar|auto=yes|commonscat=yes|wikt=camphor}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pyrotechnic chemicals]]
[[Category:Cooling flavors]]
[[Category:Perfume ingredients]]
[[Category:Ketones]]
[[Category:Monoterpenes]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic medicaments]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]
[[Category:Cyclopentanes]]
[[Category:Transient receptor potential channel modulators]]

Ajay Vijay

2026-05-06T18:56:44Z

Niishad Shetty: added a info

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ajay Vijay
| image = Ajay Vijay.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Title card
| native_name = 
| director = [[A. T. Raghu]]
| writer = [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]] (dialogue)
| screenplay = A. T. Raghu
| story = A. T. Raghu
| based_on = 
| producer = M Mahesh Kumar
| starring = [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Padmakumar
| editing = S V Ramana Rao
| music = Yuvaraj
| studio = Raghuveer Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|2|9}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ajay Vijay''''' is a 1990 Indian Kannada-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[A. T. Raghu]] and starring [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] in the titular roles and [[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/south-indian-actress-chitra-passed-away-due-to-heart-attack/articleshow/85508415.cms|title='ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಮೆಚ್ಚಿದ ರಾಧೆ' ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ನಟಿ ಚಿತ್ರಾ ಇನ್ನಿಲ್ಲ! ಕಂಬನಿ ಮಿಡಿದ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗ|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Pudhiya Natchathiram'' with an added comedy track featuring [[Senthil]] and [[Master Haja Sheriff]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Ajay
*[[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] as Vijay
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]
*Anitha
*[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
*[[Rajanand]]
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
*Shivaprakash
*[[Jaggesh]]
*[[Hema Chaudhary]]
}}

== Production ==
[[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], who was studying engineering, was suddenly interested in cinema, a decision that was supported by his father. [[Shobaraj]]'s father helped make this film for Raghuveer since Shobaraj and Raghuveer were friends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/shobraj-tollywood-sandalwood-villain/articleshow/26426488.cms?|title=Playing baddie has become an easy job|date=26 November 2013|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> Raghuveer made his debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/photos/tragedy-actor-raghuveer-and-sindhu-daughter-shrea-daughter-family-photos-181675430751198-2.html|title=Raghuveer Daughter: ಮದುವೆಯಾಗಿ ಚೆನ್ನೈನಲ್ಲಿ ನೆಲೆಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ ದುರಂತ ನಾಯಕ ರಘುವೀರ್‌-ಸಿಂಧು ದಂಪತಿ ಮೊದಲ ಪುತ್ರಿ..ಫೋಟೋ ಗ್ಯಾಲರಿ|language=kn|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actor-director-raghuveer-passed-away|title=Actor-director Raghuveer passed away|date=9 May 2014|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ajay Vijay
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Yuvaraj
| released = 1990
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:27
| language = Kannada
| label = MRT Music
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|bACWEyDp_V8|Ajay Vijay – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film has soundtrack composed by Yuvaraj.<ref>{{cite web |title=AJAY VIJAY |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ajay-vijay/GdioNiEKHm4_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=27 July 1990|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref> All lyrics are written by [[R. N. Jayagopal]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ee Gejjeya Naadake
| length1 = 4:54
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Kusuma
| title2 = Sneha Thumbida
| length2 = 4:45
| extra2 = Mano
| title3 = Vega Otadha Vega
| length3 = 4:51
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title4 = Gaganade Telide
| length4 = 4:57
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| total_length = 19:27
}}

== Box office ==
The film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/May/18/raghuveer-back-from-hiatus-50155.html|title=Raghuveer back from hiatus|date=15 May 2012|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=15 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0388691}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:1990 Kannada-language films]]

2016 World Twenty20

2026-05-02T12:12:55Z

Niishad Shetty: added new stub

{{Short description|Sixth edition of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{For|the women's tournament that took place at the same time|2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2016 ICC World Twenty20
| image = 2016 ICC World Twenty20.svg
| fromdate = 8 March
| todate = 3 April 2016
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 International]]
| tournament format = [[Tournament#Group tournaments|Group stage]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host = India
| champions = {{cr|West Indies}}
| count = 2
| runner up = {{cr|ENG}}
| participants = 16
| matches = 35
| attendance = 768902
| player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
| most runs = {{cricon|BAN}} [[Tamim Iqbal]] (295)
| most wickets = {{cricon|AFG|2013}} [[Mohammad Nabi]] (12)
| website = [http://www.icc-cricket.com/ www.icc-cricket.com]
| previous_year = 2014
| previous_tournament = 2014 World Twenty20
| next_year = 2021
| next_tournament = 2021 Men's T20 World Cup
}}

The '''2016 ICC World Twenty20''' was the sixth edition of the [[Men's T20 World Cup]], formerly known as the '''ICC World Twenty20''', a [[Twenty20 International]] cricket tournament that was held in [[India]] from 8 March to 3 April 2016, and was the first edition to be hosted by India.

Seven cities hosted matches in the tournament – [[Bangalore]], [[Dharamshala]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mohali]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], and [[New Delhi]]. For the second time, there were 16 participating teams, 10 of which qualified automatically due to their status as [[List of International Cricket Council members|full members]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), and another six qualifying through the [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015 World Twenty20 Qualifier]]. The tournament was divided into three stages. In [[#Group stage|the first stage]], the eight lowest-ranked teams played off, with the top two joining the eight highest-ranked teams in the [[#Super10|Super 10]] stage. Finally, the top four teams overall contested the [[#Knockout stage|knockout stage]]. In [[2016 ICC World Twenty20 Final|the final]], played at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] defeated [[England cricket team|England]] by four wickets. Indian batsman [[Virat Kohli]] was named the player of the tournament, while Bangladesh's [[Tamim Iqbal]] and Afghanistan's [[Mohammad Nabi]] led the tournament in runs and wickets, respectively.

== Teams ==
For the second time, the tournament featured 16 teams. All ten full members qualified automatically, joined by the six [[ICC associate membership|associate members]]: Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands, Afghanistan, Hong Kong and Oman who all qualified through the [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]], played in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] between 6 and 26 July 2015. Oman made its debut in the tournament.<ref name="OmanQual">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-qualifier-2015/content/story/902731.html |title=Oman secure World T20 spot with memorable win |access-date=23 July 2015 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

The top eight Full Member nations in the [[ICC T20I Championship]] rankings as of 30 April 2014 automatically progressed to the [[#Super 10|Super 10]] stage, with the remaining eight teams competing in the [[#Group stage|group stage]]. From the group stage, Bangladesh and associate nation Afghanistan advanced to the Super 10 stage.<ref name="cricinfo">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/736467.html|title=Format of T20 World Cup 2016|access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/80143/results-of-icc-board-meeting|title=Results of ICC Board meeting 2014|publisher=ICC|access-date=15 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113842/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2014/media-releases/80143/results-of-icc-board-meeting|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Test playing nation Zimbabwe and Ireland failed to advance to the Super 10 stage for the second time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icct20worldcuplive.com/category/teams/|title=Teams in ICC World Cup 2016|access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015 [[Shahryar Khan]], chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB), said that Pakistan would consider pulling out of the tournament if the [[Indian cricket team against Pakistan in Sri Lanka in 2015–16|series against India]] did not go ahead.<ref name="Khan">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/933063.html |title=PCB moots World Twenty20 boycott |access-date=24 October 2015|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Although the series was ultimately cancelled, Pakistan received government clearance in February 2016 to visit India to compete in the tournament.<ref name="clearance">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/976309.html |title=Pakistan cleared to participate in World T20 |access-date=25 February 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=25 February 2016 }}</ref> In early March, Pakistan sent a delegation to assess the security arrangements ahead of the tournament.<ref name="security">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/978729.html |title=Pakistan delegation to assess security arrangements in India|access-date=5 March 2016|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Following the visit, the match between India and Pakistan was moved from Dharamsala to [[Eden Gardens]] in Kolkata, at the request of the PCB, and on 11 March, Pakistan confirmed their participation in the tournament.<ref name="move">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/979671.html |title=Pakistan wants India match shifted out of Dharamsala |access-date=8 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=8 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Eden">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/979921.html |title=India-Pakistan game moved to Kolkata |access-date=9 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35786022|title=World Twenty20 2016: Pakistan confirms participation in tournament|work=BBC Sport}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Qualification
!Country
|-
!Host
|{{cr|IND}}
|-
!rowspan=9|[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Members]]
|{{cr|AUS}}
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|-
|{{cr|NZL}}
|-
|{{cr|PAK}}
|-
|{{cr|RSA}}
|-
|{{cr|SRI}}
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|-
|{{cr|BAN}}
|-
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|-
!rowspan=6|[[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|Qualifier]]
|{{cr|SCO}}
|-
|{{cr|NED}}
|-
|{{cr|IRE}}
|-
|{{cr|HKG}}
|-
|{{cr|AFG|2013}}
|-
|{{cr|OMA}}
|}

== Match officials ==
The match referees’ responsibilities throughout the men's tournament were shared between six members of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Referees]] :<ref name=officials>{{Cite news |title=ICC announces umpire and match referee appointments for the ICC World Twenty20 India 2016 |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016/media-releases/92667/icc-announces-umpire-and-match-referee-appointments-for-the-icc-world-twenty20-india-2016 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=25 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311053950/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016/media-releases/92667/icc-announces-umpire-and-match-referee-appointments-for-the-icc-world-twenty20-india-2016 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Boon]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]]
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Jeff Crowe]]
* {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Ranjan Madugalle]]
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Andy Pycroft]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Javagal Srinath]]

The on-field responsibilities for officiating the men's tournament were shared by all 12 of the [[Elite Panel of ICC Umpires]] and 3 umpires from the [[International Panel of Umpires and Referees|International Panel of ICC Umpires]] :<ref name=officials />

* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Johan Cloete]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aleem Dar]]
* {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Kumar Dharmasena]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Marais Erasmus]]
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Chris Gaffaney]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Gould]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Richard Illingworth]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Richard Kettleborough]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nigel Llong]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bruce Oxenford]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sundaram Ravi]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Reiffel]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Tucker]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]]

== Squads ==
[[File:Autographed bats of teams that participated in 2016 T20I World Cup at Blades of Glory Cricket Museum, Pune.jpg|thumb|Autographed bats of teams that participated in the [[2016 T20 World Cup]] at [[Blades of Glory Museum]], Pune, India.]]
{{Main|2016 ICC World Twenty20 squads}}
Prior to the tournament, each team selected a squad of 15 players.

== Venues ==
On 21 July 2015, the Indian cricket board announced the name of the cities which will be hosting the matches. [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Dharamshala]], [[Mohali]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]] and [[New Delhi]] were the venues along with [[Kolkata]], which also hosted the final of the event.<ref name="Venues">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/901351.html |title=Eden Gardens to host 2016 World T20 final |access-date=21 July 2015 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Chennai could not host a match due to legal issues regarding the construction of three stands at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/943389.html|title=Chennai in danger of being cut as World T20 host|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref> [[VCA Stadium]], [[Nagpur]] hosted all Group B games and [[HPCA Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]] hosted all Group A matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20/fixtures/men|title=Fixtures for the ICC World Twenty20 India 2016|work=ICC|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223080347/http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20/fixtures/men|archive-date=23 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry|India vs Pakistan]] match, was scheduled to be played at HPCA Stadium.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/951215.html |title=Dharamsala to host World T20 India-Pakistan match|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> With the announcement that HPCA authority could not provide the required security for Pakistani team,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/977569.html|title=Political tussle clouds India-Pakistan World T20 match|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2016 |author=Gollapudi, Nagraj}}</ref> the match was moved to [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/979921.html|title=India-Pakistan game moved to Kolkata|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

There were some initial concerns about the [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] stadium in Delhi hosting the first semi-final, due to one of the block of stands needing a clearance certificate from the [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]] (SDMC).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/987343.html|title=Uncertainty grows over Delhi WT20 semi-final|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> If the clearance was not approved, the ICC and [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] were planning an alternative venue to host the match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/986379.html|title=Delhi in danger of losing World T20 semi-final|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> However, on 23 March, the [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]] were granted clearance from the SDMC to use the block at the Feroz Shah Kotla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/987839.html|title=Delhi confirmed as World T20 semi-final venue|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>

{{location map+|India|width=300|float=right|caption= Venues for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20.|places=
{{Location map~|India|lat=22.564444|long=88.343333|position=left|background=|label=[[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]]}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=12.978806|long=77.599556|position=right|background=|label=[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]]}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=18.938917|long=72.825722|position=right|background=|label=[[Wankhede Stadium|Mumbai]]}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=32.197672|long=76.325997|position=right|background=|label=[[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|Dharamsala]]}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=28.637778|long=77.243056|position=right|background=|label=[[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|New Delhi]]}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=30.690858|long=76.737258|position=right|background=|label=[[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|Mohali]]}}
{{Location map~|India|lat=21.013572|long=79.039603|position=right|background=|label=[[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]]}}
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
![[Bangalore]]
![[Dharamshala]]
![[Mohali]]
|-
|[[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium|HPCA Stadium]]
|[[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium|I. S. Bindra Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: 40,000
|Capacity: 23,000
|Capacity: 26,950
|-
|[[File:Chinnaswamy Stadium - panoramio.jpg|126x126px]]
|[[File:Cricket stadium in between mountains.jpg|127x127px]]
|[[File:LightsMohali.png|157x157px]]
|-
|Matches: 3
|Matches: 7
|Matches: 3
|-
! colspan=3 |[[Kolkata]]
|-
| colspan=3 |[[Eden Gardens]]
|-
| colspan=3 |Capacity: 66,349
|-
| colspan=3 |[[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|300x300px]]
|-
| colspan=3 |Matches: 5 ([[#match35|final]])
|-
![[Mumbai]]
![[Nagpur]]
![[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Wankhede Stadium]]
|[[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]]
|[[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]]
|-
|Capacity: 33,808
|Capacity: 45,000
|Capacity: 40,715
|-
|[[File:Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg|127x127px]]
|[[File:VCA,Nagpur.jpg|127x127px]]
|[[File:Arun Jaitley stadium 2023.jpg|140x140px]]
|-
|Matches: 4 ([[#match34|semi-final]])
|Matches: 9
|Matches: 4 ([[#match33|semi-final]])
|}

== Prize money ==
The 2016 ICC World Twenty20 declared a total prize money pool of $10 million for the tournament, 33% more than the 2014 edition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/swoop/mind-the-gap-world-twenty20-prize-money-for-winning-men-16-times-that-of-womens-purse/news-story/e4bd048a12ddcec96a4b667138aff90b|title=Mind the gap! World Twenty20 prize money for winning men 16 times that of women's purse}}</ref> The prize money was distributed according to the performance of the teams as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totalsportek.com/cricket/icc-world-twenty20-prize-money/|title=ICC World Twenty20 2016 Prize Money (Confirmed)|author=totalsportek2|work=TOTAL SPORTEK|access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stage !! Prize money (US$)
|-
| Winners || $1.6 million
|-
| Runner-up ||$800,000
|-
| Losing semi-finalists|| $400,000 each
|-
| Bonus for winning every "Super 10 round" match|| $50,000
|-
|Guaranteed Participation Bonus for all 16 teams || $300,000
|-
| '''Total''' || $10 million
|}

== Warm-up matches ==

{{Main|2016 ICC World Twenty20 warm-up matches}}

The following '''warm-up matches''' for the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 were played between 3 March and 15 March between all participants.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC World T20 Warm up matches, 2016|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2409/icc-world-t20-warm-up-matches-2016/matches|access-date=2025-01-14|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

{{hidden begin|title=Matches|titlestyle=background:lightblue;}}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association XI]]
| score1 = 112/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Richmond Mutumbami]] 50[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets1 = [[Shresth Nirmohi]] 2/11 (4 overs)
| score2 = 113/3 (14 overs)
| runs2 = [[Prashant Chopra]] 41 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Donald Tiripano]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| result = Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association XI won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971679.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Donald Tiripano]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HKG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 120/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] 64[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets1 = [[Tim Murtagh]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 122/0 (12.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[William Porterfield]] 75[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets2 =
| result = Ireland won by 10 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971681.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[William Porterfield]] (Ire)
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 152/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Samiullah Shenwari]] 42 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Vivian Kingma]] 2/30 (3 overs)
| score2 = 136/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tom Cooper (cricketer)|Tom Cooper]] 50[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan (cricketer, born 1998)|Rashid Khan]] 1/7 (3 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 16 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971683.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 161/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 58 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Watt]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 147/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[George Munsey]] 48[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Ajay Lalcheta]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| result = Oman won by 14 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971685.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 155/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] 38 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Tendai Chatara]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/4 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hamilton Masakadza]] 68[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971689.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Hamilton Masakadza]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association XI]]
| team2 = {{cr|HKG}}
| score1 = 105 (18.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ankush Bains]] 31 (14)
| wickets1 = [[Nadeem Ahmed]] 3/15 (3.5 overs)
| score2 = 109/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ryan Campbell]] 46 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Sumeet Verma]] 3/5 (2 overs)
| result = Hong Kong won by 1 wicket
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971687.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| motm =
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 133/3 (15.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Stephan Myburgh]] 58 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Safyaan Sharif]] 2/30 (3 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971691.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain stopped play in the 16th over of the Netherlands innings and no further play was possible.
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match abandoned without a ball bowled
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971693.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = No toss.
| rain = Rain prevented any play from taking place.
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score1 = 226/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Colin Munro]] 67 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Dasun Shanaka]] 2/48 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] 41 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Adam Milne]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 74 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971695.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 185/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 98[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets1 = [[Jerome Taylor]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 140 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 20 (11)
| wickets2 = [[Pawan Negi]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 45 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971697.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = No toss. India batted first by mutual agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/news/13250/rohit-stars-in-indias-easy-warm-up-win-over-west-indies|title=Rohit stars in India's easy warm-up win over West Indies|publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]|access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 169/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 63 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Adil Rashid]] 3/15 (4 overs)
| score2 = 170/4 (19.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jason Roy]] 55 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell Santner]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971699.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Ruchira Palliyaguruge]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = Match cancelled<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pakistan warm-up match against Bengal cancelled|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/2016-asia-cup/top-stories/Pakistan-warm-up-match-against-Bengal-cancelled/articleshow/51360242.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971701.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 March 2016
| time = 19:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 196/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jean-Paul Duminy]] 67 (44)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 3/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 192/3 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 73 (53)
| wickets2 = [[Imran Tahir]] 1/25 (3 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 4 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971703.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 161/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shane Watson]] 60 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 4/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 162/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Darren Sammy]] 50* (28)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/13 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971705.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Aus) took a hat-trick with the wickets of [[Jason Holder]], [[Marlon Samuels]] and [[Dwayne Bravo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aussie star Josh Hazlewood takes hat-trick in warm-up match against West Indies|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/josh-hazlewood-takes-hattrick-in-world-t20-warmup-match-against-the-west-indies/news-story/85cd2b6874bd0b545103d74263910784?nk=c3eeea087c0abfec045881260020aa6c-1457957433|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai Cricket Association XI]]
| score1 = 177/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Joe Root]] 48 (34)
| wickets1 = [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]] 3/35 (4 overs)
| score2 = 163/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jay Bista]] 51 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Reece Topley]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 14 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971707.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = No toss. England batted first by mutual agreement.
| rain =
| notes = [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]] (playing for Mumbai) took a hat-trick with the wickets of [[Joe Root]], [[Moeen Ali]] and [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]].<ref name="England">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35801362|title=David Willey takes hat-trick against England in World Twenty20 warm-up |access-date=14 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score1 = 157/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Hafeez]] 70[[Not out|*]] (49)
| wickets1 = [[Thisara Perera]] 2/21 (2 overs)
| score2 = 142/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] 45 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Imad Wasim]] 4/25 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 15 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971709.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 March 2016
| time = 15:00
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai Cricket Association XI]]
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| score1 = 188/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Akhil Herwadkar]] 61 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Rilee Rossouw]] 1/13 (1 overs)
| score2 = 190/2 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 65 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 1/19 (2 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/971711.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] (Ind) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
{{hidden end}}

== First round ==
''All times listed below are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).''

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Qualification
! Teams
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Members]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
|-
| {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
! rowspan="6" |Advanced from [[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|Qualifier]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
|-
| {{cr|HK}}
|-
| {{cr|IRE}}
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
|-
| {{cr|OMA}}
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
|}

=== Group A ===
{{2016 ICC World Twenty20 Group A}}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match3}} 9 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 153/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 145/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tamim Iqbal]] 83[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets1 = [[Timm van der Gugten]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Peter Borren]] 29 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Al-Amin Hossain]] 2/24 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Tamim Iqbal]] (Ban)
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951309.html Scorecard]
| result = Bangladesh won by 8 runs
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match4}} 9 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 154/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157/8 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]] 38 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Munis Ansari]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 38 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Andy McBrine]] 2/15 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Aamer Ali|Amir Ali]] (Oma)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951311.html Scorecard]
| result = Oman won by 2 wickets
| notes = This was Oman's first victory in an ICC World T20 tournament.<ref name="Oman-win">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/980047.html |title=Joy for underdogs Oman, Ireland stunned |access-date=12 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match7}} 11 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 =
| score2 =
| runs1 =
| wickets1 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951317.html Scorecard]
| result = No result
| rain = No play was possible due to rain.
| notes = Netherlands were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="Netherlands">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/981149.html |title=Netherlands ousted after Dharamsala washout|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match8}} 11 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 94/2 (8 overs)
| score2 =
| runs1 = [[Tamim Iqbal]] 47 (26)
| wickets1 = [[George Dockrell]] 1/18 (2 overs)
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| motm =
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951319.html Scorecard]
| result = No result
| rain = The match was reduced to 12 overs per side due to rain.
* Rain stopped play in Bangladesh's innings and no further play was possible.
| notes = Ireland were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/981309.html |title=Persistent rain knocks Ireland out |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=11 March 2016}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match11}} 13 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 59/5 (6 overs)
| score2 = 47/7 (6 overs)
| runs1 = [[Stephan Myburgh]] 27 (18)
| wickets1 = [[George Dockrell]] 3/7 (2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paul Stirling]] 15 (7)
| wickets2 = [[Paul van Meekeren]] 4/11 (2 overs)
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Paul van Meekeren]] (Ned)
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951325.html Scorecard]
| result = Netherlands won by 12 runs
| rain = The match was reduced to six overs per side due to rain.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match12}} 13 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 180/2 (20 overs)
| score2 = 65/9 (12 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tamim Iqbal]] 103[[not out|*]] (63)
| wickets1 = [[Khawar Ali]] 1/24 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 25 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 4/15 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Tamim Iqbal]] (Ban)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951327.html Scorecard]
| result = Bangladesh won by 54 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| rain = Rain reduced Oman's innings to 12 overs with a target of 120 runs.
| notes = Bangladesh qualified for the Super 10 stage of the tournament as a result of this match, while Oman were eliminated.<ref name="Ban-Oman">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35798204 |title=World Twenty20 2016: Tamim Iqbal century sends Bangladesh through|access-date=13 March 2016 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
* [[Tamim Iqbal]] became the first player for Bangladesh and 18th overall to score a century in a T20I match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;spanmax1=13+Mar+2016;spanval1=span;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records / Centuries|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref> He also became the first player for Bangladesh and 25th overall to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Iqbal">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/982289.html |title=Tamim ton secures Bangladesh's berth |access-date=13 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;qualmin1=1000;qualval1=runs;spanmax1=13+Mar+2016;spanval1=span;template=results;type=batting|title=Statistics / Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records / 1000 career runs|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=27 March 2016}}</ref>
}}

=== Group B ===
{{2016 ICC World Twenty20 Group B}}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match1}} 8 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|HKG}}
| score1 = 158/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 144/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vusi Sibanda]] 59 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Tanwir Afzal]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jamie Atkinson]] 53 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Donald Tiripano]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Vusi Sibanda]] (Zim)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951305.html Scorecard]
| result = Zimbabwe won by 14 runs
| notes = [[Ryan Campbell]] (HK) became the oldest player to make his T20I debut (44 years and 30 days).<ref name="oldest">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/979139.html |title=Hong Kong eye second Full Member scalp |access-date=8 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match2}} 8 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 170/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 156/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 61 (39)
| wickets1 = [[Alasdair Evans]] 1/24 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[George Munsey]] 41 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] (Afg)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951307.html Scorecard]
| result = Afghanistan won by 14 runs
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match5}} 10 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 147/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 136 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 53 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Watt]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Richie Berrington]] 36 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Wellington Masakadza]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Wellington Masakadza]] (Zim)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951313.html Scorecard]
| result = Zimbabwe won by 11 runs
| notes = Scotland were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="Scotland">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35775033 |title=World Twenty20: Scotland knocked out after Zimbabwe loss|access-date=10 March 2016 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match6}} 10 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HKG}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 116/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 119/4 (18 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anshuman Rath]] 28 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 41 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Ryan Campbell]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mohammad Nabi]] (Afg)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951315.html Scorecard]
| result = Afghanistan won by 6 wickets
| notes = Hong Kong were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="HK-out">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/980719.html|title=Nabi, Shahzad to the fore in easy Afghanistan win|access-date=10 March 2016|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match9}} 12 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 186/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 127 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 52 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Tinashe Panyangara]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tinashe Panyangara]] 17[[not out|*]] (7)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/11 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mohammad Nabi]] (Afg)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951321.html Scorecard]
| result = Afghanistan won by 59 runs
| notes = Afghanistan qualified for the Super 10 stage of the tournament as a result of this match, while Zimbabwe were eliminated.<ref name="Afg-Zim">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/981483.html|title=Afghanistan progress to main draw with thumping win|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* Afghanistan progressed to the second phase of a World Twenty20 tournament for the first time.<ref name="Afg-prog">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35793424|title=World Twenty20 2016: Afghanistan reach Super 10s with win over Zimbabwe|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match10}} 12 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|HKG}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 127/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 78/2 (8 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mark Chapman (cricketer)|Mark Chapman]] 40 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Matt Machan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matthew Cross (cricketer)|Matthew Cross]] 22 (14)
| wickets2 = [[Aizaz Khan]] 1/11 (1 over)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = Hong Kong won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Matt Machan]] (Sco)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951323.html Scorecard]
| result = Scotland won by 8 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| rain = Rain reduced Scotland's innings to 10 overs with a target of 76 runs.
| notes = This was Scotland's first victory in an ICC tournament.<ref name="Scot-win">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/981675.html|title=Scotland end win drought at ICC global event|access-date=12 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}

== Super 10 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2| Qualification
!colspan=2| Super 10
|-
! Group 1
! Group 2
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text align:center" | [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Members]]
| {{cr|ENG}}
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|NZ}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
| {{cr|PAK}}
|-
! style="text align:center" | Advanced from [[#First round|first round]]
|{{cr|AFG}}
|{{cr|BAN}}
|}

=== Group 1 ===
{{2016 ICC World Twenty20 Super 10 Group 1}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match14}} 16 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 182/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 183/4 (18.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Joe Root]] 48 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 100[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Adil Rashid]] 1/20 (2 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951331.html Scorecard]
| result = West Indies won by 6 wickets
| notes = [[Chris Gayle]] (WI) scored the fastest century in a World Twenty20 match (47 balls).<ref name="Gayle-Eng">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/983733.html|title=Gayle's 47-ball ton wipes out England|access-date=16 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* Chris Gayle became the second player to score two centuries in T20Is and first player to score [[List of ICC World Twenty20 centuries|two centuries in World Twenty20 tournaments]]. His eleven sixes is the most in an innings at the World Twenty20.<ref name="Gayle-BBC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35826088|title=Chris Gayle century sees West Indies beat England at World Twenty20|access-date=16 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
* Chris Gayle scored the most sixes in T20I matches (98) and the most sixes in World Twenty20 matches (60).<ref name="Gayle-six">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/984059.html|title=Gayle closes on century of sixes|access-date=16 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match16}} 17 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| score1 = 153/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 155/4 (18.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Asghar Afghan|Asghar Stanikzai]] 62 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Thisara Perera]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 83[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (SL)
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951335.html Scorecard]
| result = Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match18}} 18 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 229/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 230/8 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 58 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Joe Root]] 83 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]] 3/41 (3.4 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Joe Root]] (Eng)
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951339.html Scorecard]
| result = England won by 2 wickets
| notes = This was the highest successful run chase in a World Twenty20 match and the second highest in all T20I matches.<ref name="Chase">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/984989.html|title=Root takes England to record WT20 chase|access-date=18 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* England scored their first fifty runs from 17 balls, the joint second fastest in T20Is.<ref name="Eng-SA">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/985429.html|title=A pounding for fast bowlers|access-date=18 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Hashim Amla]] (SA) scored the most runs between dismissals in T20Is (224).<ref name="Eng-SA" />
* [[Quinton de Kock]] equalled the record for the fastest fifty in T20Is for a South Africa player (21 balls).<ref name="Eng-SA" />
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match20}} 20 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 209/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 172 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 64 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Hamza Hotak|Amir Hamza]] 1/25 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 44 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] 4/27 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]] (SA)
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951343.html Scorecard]
| result = South Africa won by 37 runs
| notes = [[AB de Villiers]] (SA) scored the joint-second highest number of runs in one over in a World Twenty20 match (29).<ref name="SA-Afg">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/986289.html|title=South Africa's Powerplay surge, and AB de Villiers' blitz|access-date=20 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match21}} 20 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 122/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 127/3 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Thisara Perera]] 40 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Samuel Badree]] 3/12 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Fletcher]] 84[[not out|*]] (64)
| wickets2 = [[Milinda Siriwardana]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Andre Fletcher]] (WI)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Johan Cloete]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951345.html Scorecard]
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match24}} 23 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 142/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 127/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 41[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 2/17 (4 overs) [[Rashid Khan]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafiqullah (cricketer)|Shafiqullah]] 35[[not out|*]] (20)
| wickets2 = [[Adil Rashid]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Moeen Ali]] (Eng)
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951351.html Scorecard]
| result = England won by 15 runs
| notes = Afghanistan were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="Eng-Afg">{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-twenty20-2016/afghanistan-vs-england-live-icc-world-t20-match-24-super-10-group-1_1868680.html|title=ICC World T20, Match 24, Super 10 Group 1: Afghanistan vs England|access-date=23 March 2016 |work=Zee News}}</ref>
* This was the first T20I match to be played at the Feroz Shah Kotla ground.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58040.html |title=Feroz Shah Kotla |access-date=23 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match27}} 25 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 122/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 123/7 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 47 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 2/17 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 43 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Imran Tahir]] 2/13 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Marlon Samuels]] (WI)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951357.html Scorecard]
| result = West Indies won by 3 wickets
| notes = West Indies qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match.<ref name="Win-semi">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/989461.html|title=West Indies in semi-finals, South Africa face exit|access-date=25 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Marlon Samuels]] became the second player for the West Indies to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Win1000">{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;team=4;template=results;type=batting|title=Twenty20 Internationals: Batting records
|access-date=25 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Dwayne Bravo]] became the third player for the West Indies to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Win1000" />
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match29}} 26 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 171/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 66[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[Jeffrey Vandersay]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Angelo Mathews]] 73[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Eng)
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951361.html Scorecard]
| result = England won by 10 runs
| notes = England qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match, while Sri Lanka and South Africa were eliminated.<ref name="Eng-semi">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35904984|title=World Twenty20 2016: England hold on to reach semi-finals|access-date=25 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match31}} 27 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 123/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 117/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Najibullah Zadran]] 48 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Samuel Badree]] 3/14 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 28 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs) [[Mohammad Nabi]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Najibullah Zadran]] (Afg)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951365.html Scorecard]
| result = Afghanistan won by 6 runs
| notes = [[Evin Lewis]] (WI) made his T20I debut.
* Afghanistan's score was the second-lowest total successfully defended in a World Twenty20 match.<ref name="Afg-Win">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/991527.html|title=Second-lowest total defended in World T20|access-date=27 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* It was the first time Afghanistan and West Indies played each other in an international fixture.<ref name="Afg-WI-first">{{Cite news|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20/news/2016/match-reports/94174|title=Afghanistan Stuns West Indies To Create History|access-date=27 March 2016|work=ICC Cricket|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160331223156/http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20/news/2016/match-reports/94174|archive-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match32}} 28 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 120 (19.3 overs)
| score2 = 122/2 (17.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 36 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]] 2/14 (3.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hashim Amla]] 56[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Suranga Lakmal]] 1/28 (3.4 overs)
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Ground]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Aaron Phangiso]] (SA)
| umpires = [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951367.html Scorecard]
| result = South Africa won by 8 wickets
| notes = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (SL) played in the most World Twenty20 matches (35).<ref name="Dill-most">{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/records/individual/most_matches_career.html?id=89;type=trophy|title=World T20 / Records / Most matches|access-date=28 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
* [[Hashim Amla]] became the fourth player for South Africa to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Amla1000">{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;team=3;template=results;type=batting|title=Twenty20 Internationals: Batting records|access-date=29 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}

=== Group 2 ===
{{2016 ICC World Twenty20 Super 10 Group 2}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match13}} 15 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 126/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 79 (18.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] 34 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 1/15 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[MS Dhoni]] 30 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell Santner]] 4/11 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Nagpur]]
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mitchell Santner]] (NZ)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951329.html Scorecard]
| result = New Zealand won by 47 runs
| notes = [[Mitchell Santner]] recorded the best figures for a New Zealand [[Spin bowling|spin bowler]] in T20Is.<ref name="Santner">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/983329.html|title=Bounty for spin, and a shocker for India|access-date=15 March 2016 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match15}} 16 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 201/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 146/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Hafeez]] 64 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Taskin Ahmed]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 50[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets2 = [[Shahid Afridi]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Shahid Afridi]] (Pak)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951333.html Scorecard]
| result = Pakistan won by 55 runs
| notes = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] became the second player for Bangladesh to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Shakib">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/983737.html|title=Explosive Afridi collects another T20 crown|access-date=16 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* Shakib Al Hasan also became the second all-rounder to score 1,000 runs and take 50 wickets in T20Is.<ref name="Shakib" />
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match17}} 18 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 142/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 134/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Martin Guptill]] 39 (27)
| wickets1 = [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] 2/18 (3 overs) [[Glenn Maxwell]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Usman Khawaja]] 38 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] 3/17 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Dharamshala]]
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mitchell McClenaghan]] (NZ)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951337.html Scorecard]
| result = New Zealand won by 8 runs
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match19}} 19 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 118/5 (18 overs)
| score2 = 119/4 (15.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shoaib Malik]] 26 (16)
| wickets1 = [[Suresh Raina]] 1/4 (1 over)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 55[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 2/17 (2 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951341.html Scorecard]
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| rain = The match was reduced to 18 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = This was India's eleventh victory against Pakistan in ICC World Cup matches across both ODI and T20I formats.<ref name="Ind-Pak">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/985651.html|title=Kohli special steers India home on a turner|access-date=20 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Ahmed Shehzad]] became the fifth player for Pakistan to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Shehzad">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/985861.html|title=The king of the run chase|access-date=20 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match22}} 21 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 156/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157/7 (18.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahmudullah]] 49[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Usman Khawaja]] 58 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Adam Zampa]] (Aus)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951347.html Scorecard]
| result = Australia won by 3 wickets
| notes = [[Saqlain Sajib]] (Ban) made his T20I debut.
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Aus) became the fourth player to score more than 6,000 runs in T20 cricket.<ref name="Warner6000">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/987121.html|title=Zampa's match-winning performance, Khawaja's maiden T20I fifty|access-date=21 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match23}} 22 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 180/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 158/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Martin Guptill]] 80 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sharjeel Khan]] 47 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Adam Milne]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| venue = [[I. S. Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Martin Guptill]] (NZ)
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951349.html Scorecard]
| result = New Zealand won by 22 runs
| notes = New Zealand qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match.<ref name="NZ-Pak">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/987445.html|title=New Zealand defend again to enter semi-finals|access-date=22 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Shahid Afridi]] (Pak) became the leading wicket-taker in World Twenty20 matches (39).<ref name="Afridi39">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/987735.html|title=Guptill's run-filled year, and Pakistan's boundary drought|access-date=22 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match25}} 23 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 146/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 145/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suresh Raina]] 30 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tamim Iqbal]] 35 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951353.html Scorecard]
| result = India won by 1 run
| notes = Bangladesh were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="Ban-out">{{Cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/cricket/2016/03/23/bangladesh-bow-out-of-world-twenty20-losing-last-over-thriller-against-india-by-1-run|title=Bangladesh bow out of World Twenty20 losing last-over thriller against India by 1 run|access-date=23 March 2016 |work=BD News24}}</ref>
* This was the fourth one-run win in a World Twenty20 match.<ref name="Ind-Ban">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/988461.html|title=One-run wins, three-in-three at the death|access-date=23 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* This was the first time three wickets fell from the last three balls for a chasing side in a T20I match.<ref name="Ind-Ban" />
* [[MS Dhoni]] became the fifth player for India to pass 1,000 runs in T20Is.<ref name="Ind-Ban" />
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match26}} 25 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 193/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 172/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 61[[not out|*]] (43)
| wickets1 = [[Imad Wasim]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Khalid Latif (cricketer)|Khalid Latif]] 46 (41)
| wickets2 = [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] 5/28 (4 overs)
| venue = [[I. S. Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] (Aus)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951355.html Scorecard]
| result = Australia won by 21 runs
| notes = Pakistan were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref name="Pak-out">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35898727|title=World Twenty20 2016: Pakistan out as Australia keep hopes alive|access-date=25 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
* [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]] became the first bowler for Australia and 15th player overall to take a [[List of five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket|five-wicket haul in a T20I match]].<ref name="Faulkner">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/989491.html|title=Faulkner produces Australia's maiden T20I five-for|access-date=25 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* The 21-run victory was Australia's sixth smallest margin of victory in a T20I match by runs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Records / Australia / Twenty20 Internationals / Smallest victories (including ties) |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=3;id=2;type=team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123214107/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/smallest_margins.html?class=3%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match28}} 26 March
| time = 15:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 145/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 70 (15.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 42 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 5/22 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shuvagata Hom]] 16[[not out|*]] (17)
| wickets2 = [[Grant Elliott]] 3/12 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Kane Williamson]] (NZ)
| umpires = [[Johan Cloete]] (SA) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951359.html Scorecard]
| result = New Zealand won by 75 runs
| notes = [[Henry Nicholls (cricketer)|Henry Nicholls]] (NZ) made his T20I debut.
* [[Mustafizur Rahman]] became the second bowler for Bangladesh and 16th player overall to take a [[List of five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket|five-wicket haul in a T20I match]].<ref name="Rahman">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/990755.html|title=Most batsmen bowled in a T20I|access-date=26 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* Bangladesh's total is their lowest total in a T20I match.<ref name="Ban70">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/990493.html|title=NZ read conditions and rout Bangladesh|access-date=26 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* Ten dismissals in this match were [[bowled]], the most in a T20I match.<ref name="10bowled">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35903938|title=World Twenty20: New Zealand beat Bangladesh for fourth win|access-date=26 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match30}} 27 March
| time = 19:30
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 160/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/4 (19.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 43 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 82[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Watson]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| venue = [[I. S. Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951363.html Scorecard]
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| notes = India qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match, while Australia were eliminated.<ref name="Ind-Aus">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35908886|title=World Twenty20 2016: Virat Kohli leads India to T20 semi-finals|access-date=27 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
* [[Shane Watson]] (Aus) played in his last international match.<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/991821.html| title= Watson skips into T20 retirement| work= ESPNcricinfo| date= 27 March 2016| access-date= 28 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) reached 1,500 runs in T20Is in the fewest innings (39).<ref name="Kohli1500">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/991787.html|title=Kohli's wizardy, and the bogey team for Australia and Faulkner|access-date=28 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] became first player for India to take 50 T20I wickets.<ref name="Ash50">{{Cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/t20-world-cup-2016/story/icc-world-twenty20-ravichandran-ashwin-first-indian-to-take-50-t20i-wickets/1/628938.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330065621/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/t20-world-cup-2016/story/icc-world-twenty20-ravichandran-ashwin-first-indian-to-take-50-t20i-wickets/1/628938.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 March 2016|title=ICC World Twenty20: Ravichandran Ashwin first Indian to take 50 T20I wickets |work=India Today}}</ref>
* [[MS Dhoni]] (Ind) took the most dismissals by a wicket-keeper in World Twenty20 matches (32).<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/world-t20/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=89;type=trophy| title=World T20 / Records / Most dismissals| work= ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 28 March 2016}}</ref>
}}

== Knockout stage ==
Due to security concerns, the ICC stated that if Pakistan finished second in Group 2, the two semi final venues would be switched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/951215.html|title=Dharamsala to host World T20 India-Pakistan match|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=11 December 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

{{4TeamBracket
| score-width=110px
| team-width=120px
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| RD1-seed1=②1
| RD1-team1= {{cr|NZ}}
| RD1-score1= 153/8 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed2=①2
| RD1-team2= '''{{cr|ENG}}'''
| RD1-score2= '''159/3 (17.1 overs)'''
| RD1-seed3=①1
| RD1-team3= '''{{cr|WIN}}'''
| RD1-score3='''196/3 (19.4 overs)'''
| RD1-seed4=②2
| RD1-team4= {{cr|IND}}
| RD1-score4=192/2 (20 overs)
| RD2-seed1=①2
| RD2-team1= {{cr|ENG}}
| RD2-score1=155/9 (20 overs)
| RD2-seed2=①1
| RD2-team2= '''{{cr|WIN}}'''
| RD2-score2='''161/6 (19.4 overs)'''
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match33}} 30 March
| time = 19:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 159/3 (17.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Colin Munro]] 46 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Ben Stokes]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jason Roy]] 78 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Ish Sodhi]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Jason Roy]] (Eng)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951369.html Scorecard]
| result = England won by 7 wickets
| notes = [[Jason Roy]] scored the second-fastest 50 for an England player in a World Twenty20 match (26 balls).<ref name="Roy50">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/993179.html|title=The four-over difference, and Roy's high|access-date=30 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Martin Guptill]] and [[Kane Williamson]] (NZ) became the second pair to add 1,000 runs in a [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] in T20Is.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match34}} 31 March
| time = 19:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 192/2 (20 overs)
| score2 = 196/3 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 89[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets1 = [[Samuel Badree]] 1/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lendl Simmons]] 82[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 1/15 (1.4 overs)
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Lendl Simmons]] (WI)
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951371.html Scorecard]
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
| notes = West Indies made the highest successful run chase in a knockout match of a World Twenty20 tournament.<ref name="WI-Ind">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/993863.html|title=Runs in boundaries – 146 v 92|access-date=31 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}

=== Final ===
{{Main|2016 World Twenty20 final}}
[[England cricket team|England]] and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] were both contesting the tournament final for a second time, having won one previous tournament each ([[2010 ICC World Twenty20|in 2010]] and [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]], respectively). West Indian captain [[Darren Sammy]] won the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]] and elected to bowl, as he had done throughout the tournament. England posted a total of 155/9 from their 20 overs, with [[Joe Root]] top-scoring with 54 runs from 36 balls. For the West Indies, [[Carlos Brathwaite]] took 3/23 and [[Samuel Badree]] took 2/16, including a [[Over (cricket)|maiden]]. The West Indies subsequently reached their target with just two balls to spare. They required 19 runs from the final over, bowled by [[Ben Stokes]], which Brathwaite reached by hitting four consecutive [[Six (cricket)|sixes]]. [[Marlon Samuels]] scored 85 [[not out]] from 66 balls – the highest score in World T20 final history – and was named the final's Man of the Match for the second time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WI grab title after Brathwaite 6, 6, 6, 6|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-t20-2015-16-901359/england-vs-west-indies-final-951373/match-report|first=Brydon|last=Coverdale|date=3 April 2016|access-date=14 January 2025|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The match was played to a near-capacity crowd, with 66,000 people in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2016|title=VIDEO World T20 Final 2016: Highlights, Score; West Indies Beat England In Sensational Final Over|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/video-world-t20-final-2016-highlights-score-west-indies-beat-england-sensational-2347591|first=Jason|last=Le Miere|access-date=14 January 2025|website=International Business Times|language=en-US}}</ref>
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match35}} 3 April
| time = 19:00
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/6 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Joe Root]] 54 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Carlos Brathwaite]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marlon Samuels]] 85[[not out|*]] (66)
| wickets2 = [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Marlon Samuels]] (WI)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/951373.html Scorecard]
| result = West Indies won by 4 wickets
| notes = [[Marlon Samuels]] (WI) made the highest score in a World T20 final.<ref name="Samuels85">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/994909.html|title=Last-over heroics, and Samuels' finale|first=S|last=Rajesh|date=3 April 2016|access-date=4 April 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* West Indies became the first team to win both the men's and [[2016 ICC Womens World Twenty20 Final|women's World Twenty20s]] on the same day, with the women defeating Australia by 8 wickets.
* [[Sulieman Benn]] played his final T20 game.
}}

== Statistics ==
The leading run-scorer in the tournament was [[Tamim Iqbal]], with 295, and the highest wicket-taker [[Mohammad Nabi]] with 12.
The top-five in each category are:

=== Most runs ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! Matches !! Innings !! Runs !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! SR !! HS !! 100 !! 50 !! 4s !! 6s
|-
|- style="background:gold;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| 6 || 6 || '''295''' || 73.75 || 142.51 || 103* || 1 || 1 || 24 || 14
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
| 5 || 5 || '''273''' || 136.50 || 146.77 || 89* || 0 || 3 || 29 || 5
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Root]]
| 6 || 6 || '''249''' || 49.80 || 146.47 || 83 || 0 ||2|| 24 || 7
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Mohammad Shahzad]]
| 7 || 7 || '''222''' || 31.71 || 140.50 || 61 || 0 || 1 || 23 || 12
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jos Buttler]]
| 6 || 6 || '''191''' || 47.75 || 159.16 || 66* || 0 || 1 || 13 || 12
|-
! colspan="11"|Source: ''Cricinfo''<ref name="mostruns">{{Cite web| url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=10291;type=tournament| title=Records / ICC World T20, 2016 / Most runs | publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 March 2016}}</ref>
|}

=== Most wickets ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Player !! Matches !! Innings !! Wickets !! Overs !! Econ. !! Ave. !! BBI !! S/R !! 4WI !! 5WI
|-
|- style="background:gold;"
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Mohammad Nabi]]
| 7 || 7 || '''12''' || 27 || 6.07 || 13.66 || 4/20 || 13.4 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Rashid Khan]]
| 7 || 7 || '''11''' || 28 || 6.53 || 16.63 || 3/11 || 15.2 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Mitchell Santner]]
| 5 || 5 || '''10''' || 18.1|| 6.27 || 11.40 || 4/11 || 10.9 || 1 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Ish Sodhi]]
| 5 || 5 || '''10''' || 19.4 || 6.10 || 12.00 || 3/18 || 11.8 || 0 || 0
|-
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]
| 6 || 6 || '''10''' || 21 || 7.57 || 15.90 || 3/20 || 12.6 ||0|| 0
|-
! colspan="11"|Source: ''Cricinfo''<ref name="mostwickets">{{Cite web| url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=10291;type=tournament| title=Records / ICC World T20, 2016 / Most wickets | publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 March 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Team of the tournament==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Player
!Role
|-
| {{cricon|BAN}} [[Tamim Iqbal]]
| Batsman
|-
| {{cricon|SA}} [[Quinton de Kock]]
| Batsman / Wicket-keeper
|-
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]]
| Batsman / Captain
|-
| {{cricon|ENG}} [[Joe Root]]
| Batsman
|-
| {{cricon|ENG}} [[Jos Buttler]]
| Batsman
|-
| {{cricon|AUS}} [[Shane Watson]]
| All-rounder
|-
| {{cricon|WIN}} [[Andre Russell]]
| All-rounder
|-
| {{cricon|NZ}} [[Mitchell Santner]]
| Bowling all-rounder
|-
| {{cricon|ENG}} [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]]
| Bowling all-rounder
|-
| {{cricon|WIN}} [[Samuel Badree]]
| Bowler
|-
| {{cricon|IND}} [[Ashish Nehra]]
| Bowler
|-
| {{cricon|BAN}} [[Mustafizur Rahman]]
| Bowler / 12th man
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.icc-cricket.com/world-t20 ICC World Twenty20 2016 Official Website]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/series/901359.html ICC World Twenty20 2016] on ESPNcricinfo

{{ICC World Twenty20}}
{{International cricket in 2015–16}}

[[Category:2016 World Twenty20| ]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian cricket|ICC World Twenty20]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in India|2016]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2015–16]]
[[Category:March 2016 sports events in India|ICC World Twenty20]]
[[Category:April 2016 sports events in India|ICC World Twenty20]]

Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani

2026-05-01T11:11:22Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Sudheer Sriram}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sudheer Sriram
| writer = {{plain list|
* Mithil Kumar K
* Sudheer Sriram
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]
| starring = {{plain list|
* Sivaji
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
* Rohan Roy
}}
| cinematography = Ritwik Reddy
| editing = Balu Manoj D
| music = [[Ranjin Raj]]
| studio = {{plain list|
* Sree Sivaji Productions
* [[ETV Win]]
}}
| distributor = {{plain list|
* Bunny Vas Works
* Vamshi Nandipati Entertainments
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|3|6}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime comedy film]] co-written and directed by Sudheer Sriram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-03-02 |title=Director Sudheer Sreeram: Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosini employs subtle dark comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2026/Mar/02/director-sudheer-sreeram-sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosini-employs-subtle-dark-comedy |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-12 |title=‘Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani’ shifts gears to theatres from OTT |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-shifts-gears-to-theatres-from-ott-1047949 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] and Rohan Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-02-25 |title=Sivaji, Laya-starrer 'Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani' to hit screens on March 6 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/sivaji-laya-starrer-sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-to-hit-screens-on-march-6 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 6 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani' release date OUT: Sivaji and Laya -starrer set to hit big screens on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-release-date-out-sivaji-and-laya-starrer-set-to-hit-big-screens-on-this-date-3021183.html |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2026}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Sriram
* [[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Utthara
* Rohan Roy as Bittu
* [[Prince Cecil]] as SI Vikram
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Raghava
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as MLA Thimmappa
* [[Dhanraj Koranani]] as Y. Sudheer
* Karan Vijay
* Jabardasth Emmanuel
* Kadambari Kiran as K. Subrahmanyam
* Raj Tirandasu
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]]
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]]
* Pammi Sai
* Kranthi Balivada
* [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] as G. Gurumurthy, Utthara's father
* Auto Ramprasad
* [[Rajitha]] as Utthara's mother
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Meeravali
* Jogi Krishnam Raju
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as B. Veera Naidu
* Rocket Raghava
* Bhole Shavali
* Sonia Chowdary
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Chandra
* Satish Saripalli
* [[Chitram Srinu]]
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] (special appearance in the song "Paaya Paaya")
}}

== Music ==
The background score is composed by [[Ranjin Raj]]. The film features one song composed by Bhole Shavali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandla Ganesh Song: బండ్ల గణేష్ హుక్ స్టెప్.. పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ పాయా పాయా.. |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/bandla-ganesh-paaya-paaya-video-song-from-sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-premieres-on-feb-12/articleshow/127846751.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paaya Paaya
| extra1 = Bhole Shavali
| length1 = 3:19
| lyrics1 = Manoj Jooluri, Syedd Shabuddin
| music1 = Bhole Shavali
}}

==Release==
''Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani'' was initially scheduled to release directly on [[ETV Win]] on 12 February 2026 but was released first in movie theaters on 6 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=Change of plans for Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/12/change-of-plans-for-sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It was later released on [[Netflix]] on 3 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-30 |title=Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani OTT release date announced: When and where to watch Sivaji, Laya's Telugu comedy movie |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-ott-release-date-announced-when-and-where-to-watch-sivaji-layas-telugu-comedy-movie/articleshow/129892190.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and felt that Sudheer Sreeram needs to focus more on stronger writing in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-03-08 |title=Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosini movie review: A routine crime comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Mar/08/telugureview2026mar06sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosini-movie-review-a-routine-crime-comedy-2 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Shreya Varanasi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also gave the same rating and wrote that the film "offers a few scattered laughs and sincere performances, but its uneven writing and predictable crime plot prevent it from becoming a satisfying crime comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani Movie Review: Sivaji & Laya shine, yet this crime comedy barely lands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani/movie-review/129159454.cms |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> A critic of [[Telugucinema.com]] opined that "sluggish screenplay, and amateurish direction make it a dull and underwhelming watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani Review: A bore! |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-review-a-bore |access-date=2026-04-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5 and stated that "the film's biggest problem lies in its weak and unfocused screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-06 |title=Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani Review: Patience Tester |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/sampradayini-suppini-suddapoosani-review-patience-tester-477852 |access-date=2026-04-29 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33183872|Sampradayini Suppini Suddapoosani}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ranjin Raj]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]

Amit Das

2026-05-01T08:20:40Z

Niishad Shetty: added a article

{{Infobox scientist
| name = Amit Das
| image = Amit das 2026-04-22 at 1.56.38 PM.jpg
| caption = Amit Das in 2025
| birth_date = 1971
| birth_place = Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| fields = Polymer science, rubber technology
| workplaces = [[Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]; [[Visva-Bharati University]]; [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]
| doctoral_advisor = Dipak Kumar Basu
| thesis_title = Studies on the vulcanization of polychloroprene rubber by thiophosphoryl compounds
| thesis_year = 2004
| known_for = Smart and functional elastomers, rubber nanocomposites
| awards = Sparks–Thomas Award (2016); Innovation Prize (IPF); FiDiPro Fellow
| website = [https://www.ipfdd.de/en/organization/organization-chart/personal-homepages/dr-amit-das/ Official profile]
}}

'''Amit Das''' (born 1971) is an Indian-born polymer scientist specializing in rubber chemistry, elastomer technology, and nanocomposite materials. He is a senior scientist at the [[Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden]] (IPF), Germany, and an adjunct professor at [[Tampere University]] in Finland.<ref name=ipf_profile>{{cite web |title=Dr. Amit Das profile |url=https://www.ipfdd.de/en/organization/organization-chart/personal-homepages/dr-amit-das/ |publisher=Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden}}</ref>

==Education==
Das completed his PhD in 2004 at the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]], Kolkata, under the supervision of Dipak Kumar Basu.<ref name="Rubber World">{{cite web |title=RubberWorld feature speaker announcement |url=https://rubberworld.com/dr-amit-das-to-be-featured-speaker-at-spring-technical-meeting/ |publisher=Rubber World}}</ref> His doctoral thesis was titled ''Studies on the vulcanization of polychloroprene rubber by thiophosphoryl compounds''. He obtained his MSc in Physical Chemistry from [[Visva-Bharati University]] in 1997 and his BSc in Chemistry, with minors in Physics and Mathematics, from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1991.

==Career==
Since 2005, Das has been affiliated with the Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), where he has worked within the elastomer research group established under the leadership of [[Gert Heinrich]].<ref name=ipf_profile/> He is the head of the research group ''Smart and Functional Elastomers'', which focuses on advanced elastomer materials, including self-healing, conductive, and high-performance rubber systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Group Smart & Functional Elastomers |url=https://www.ipfdd.de/en/research/division-polymer-materials-engineering/elastomers/research-group-smart-functional-elastomers/ |publisher=IPF}}</ref>

He has also been associated with [[Tampere University]] in Finland, where he has served as a Finland Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) since 2011, leading research on bio-inspired elastomer composites.<ref>{{cite web |title=News: Sparks–Thomas Award |url=https://www.ipfdd.de/en/communication/news/news-detail/newsitem/947/ |publisher=IPF}}</ref>

==Research and contributions==
Das's research focuses on the integration of nanotechnology into elastomer systems, particularly through the incorporation of nanoparticles into rubber materials to create advanced nanocomposites.<ref name=ipf_news>{{cite web |title=Sparks–Thomas Award recognition |url=https://www.ipfdd.de/en/communication/news/news-detail/newsitem/947/ |publisher=IPF}}</ref> His work has contributed to the development of high-performance and environmentally sustainable rubber materials, including applications in the tire industry for improved fuel efficiency, safety, and reduced environmental impact.

His research group employs an interdisciplinary approach, combining materials science, physics, and chemistry, covering areas from theoretical modeling and fracture mechanics to industrial-scale material development.<ref name=ipf_news/>

Das has authored more than 300 scientific publications and holds over 20 patents. His work has received more than 11,000 citations, with an h-index above 50.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Scholar profile |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XtIr3lYAAAAJ |publisher=Google Scholar}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Das has received several awards and recognitions, including:
* '''Sparks–Thomas Award''' (2016), awarded by the ACS Rubber Division for outstanding contributions to rubber science and technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Amit Das awarded Sparks–Thomas Award |url=https://www.ipfdd.de/en/communication/news/news-detail/newsitem/947/ |publisher=IPF}}</ref>
* Innovation Prize, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
* Fellow of the Finland Distinguished Professor Programme (FiDiPro)

==Professional activities==
Das serves as an associate editor of the journal ''Rubber Chemistry and Technology'' and is an active contributor to international conferences in polymer and elastomer research.<ref name="Rubber World"/>

==Selected topics of research==
* Smart and self-healing elastomers
* Bio-inspired elastomer composites
* Rubber nanocomposites
* Sustainable and environmentally friendly rubber materials

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.ipfdd.de/en/organization/organization-chart/personal-homepages/dr-amit-das/ Official profile at IPF]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=XtIr3lYAAAAJ Google Scholar profile]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian polymer scientists and engineers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tampere University]]

R.K. Patel

2026-04-28T03:55:23Z

Niishad Shetty: creating a stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

'''Rabindra Kumar Patel''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] party. He has a master's degree in Medical (MBBS MS) from [[Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|IMS-BHU]] at Varanasi.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

He was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the [[Mariyahu (Assembly constituency)|Mariyahu constituency]] of the Legislature of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in Jaunpur in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24370.htm?ac=370|title=Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, R.K.}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur district]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Prabhakar Gaonkar

2026-04-23T09:33:21Z

Niishad Shetty: creating some stub from scratch

{{short description|Indian politician (1964–2012)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prabhakar Gaonkar
| birth_name = Prabhakar Pandurang Gaonkar
| image = Prabhakar Gaonkar.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Official portrait in 1999
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1964|4|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sanguem]], [[Goa]], India
| death_place = [[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]], Goa, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2012|9|14|1964|4|4|df=y}}
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority = 3,498 (28.79%)
| occupation = Politician
| education = [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]]
| term_start = June 1999
| term_end = 2002
| constituency = [[Sanguem Assembly constituency|Sanguem]]
| predecessor = [[Pandu Naik]]
| successor = [[Vasudev Gaonkar]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (1999–2002)
| children = 2
| spouse = Sunanda Gaonkar
}}

'''Prabhakar Pandurang Gaonkar''' (4 April 1964 – 14 September 2012) was an Indian politician from [[Goa]]. He was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] from 1999 to 2002. He was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=101 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2012 |first=Govind Kamat |last=Maad |title=Prabhakar Gaonkar, former BJP MLA from Sanguem, passed away after a brief illness, on Friday afternoon. He was 46. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/prabhakar-gaonkar-former-bjp-mla-from-sanguem-passed-away-after-a-brief-illness-on-friday-afternoon-he-was-46-/articleshow/16400869.cms |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Prabhakar Pandurang Gaonkar was born at [[Sanguem]], Goa. He completed his [[Higher Secondary School Certificate]]. He was married to Sunanda Gaonkar, the couple had a son and daughter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2012 |title=Ex-Sanguem MLA Gaonkar dies at 46 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ex-sanguem-mla-gaonkar-dies-at-46/articleshow/16404237.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Gaonkar contested in the [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Sanguem Assembly constituency]] on the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket and emerged victorious. He defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate, Satyawan Bhadru Dessai by a margin of 787 votes.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Death==
Gaonkar was undergoing treatment at Kamaxi Ayurveda College and Hospital, [[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]] for the past few days. On 14 September 2012, Gaonkar died from a brief illness. His [[funeral rites]] were later held the next day.<ref name=":1" />

===Reactions===
Then Goa chief minister, [[Manohar Parrikar]] gave his condolences and stated that Gaonkar had raised several issues that included sugarcane farmers and families displaced due to the [[Salaulim Dam]].<ref name=":1" />

==Positions held==
* President of Sanguem Constituency for 5 years
* Co-opted Member of Sanguem Municipal
* Former chairman of Industrial Development Corporation<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaonkar, Prabhakar}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Tarun Agarwala

2026-04-23T04:31:26Z

Niishad Shetty: started new post

{{Short description|Indian judge (1956–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Tarun Agarwala
| office = Presiding officer of [[Securities Appellate Tribunal]]
| appointer = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| term_start = 31 December 2018
| term_end = 30 December 2023
| predecessor = J. P. Devadhar
| successor = [[P. S. Dinesh Kumar]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|5th Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| nominator1 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| appointer1 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| term_start1 = 12 February 2018
| term_end1 = 2 March 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Dinesh Maheshwari]]
| successor1 = {{ubl|[[Mohammad Yaqoob Mir|M. Y. Mir]]|Sudip Ranjan Sen ''(acting)''}}
| office2 = Judge of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| nominator2 = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer2 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| term_start2 = 17 October 2012
| term_end2 = 11 February 2018
| term_start3 = 7 January 2004
| term_end3 = 24 September 2009
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator3 = [[V. N. Khare]]
| office4 = Judge of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| term_start4 = 25 September 2009
| term_end4 = 16 October 2012
| appointer4 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator4 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| status5 = Acting Chief Justice
| term_start5 = 25 September 2009
| term_end5 = 28 November 2009
| appointer5 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor5 = {{ubl|[[Vinod Kumar Gupta|V. K. Gupta]]|B. C. Kandapal''(acting)''}}
| successor5 = [[J. S. Khehar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1956|3|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|3|30|1956|3|3|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
}}
'''Tarun Agarwala''' (3 March 1956 – 30 March 2025) was an Indian judge who was [[Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon'ble Mr Justice Tarun Agarwala {{!}} Official Website of High Court of Meghalaya, India|url=http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/hon%E2%80%99ble-mr-justice-tarun-agarwala|access-date=2021-06-04|website=meghalayahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Agarwala received his law degree from the [[University of Allahabad]]. In 1981, he started practice on Civil, Constitutional and Taxation matters in [[Allahabad High Court]]. He became a Permanent Judge of the Allahabad High Court on 18 August 2005. Justice Agarwala was transferred to [[Uttarakhand High Court]] in 2009 and served there as acting Chief Justice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Hon'ble Judges: Former Hon'ble Judges|url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/273-former-honble-judges|access-date=2021-06-04|website=highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in}}</ref> He was elevated to the post of Chief Justice of Meghalaya High Court on 12 February 2018. After retirement Agarwala was appointed by the Government of India as the presiding officer of Securities Appellate Tribunal, [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-12-12|title=Justice Tarun Agarwala appointed Securities Appellate Tribunal presiding officer|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/justice-tarun-agarwala-appointed-securities-appellate-tribunal-presiding-officer-118121201035_1.html|access-date=2021-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Justice Tarun Agarwala appointed Securities Appellate Tribunal presiding officer|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/justice-tarun-agarwala-appointed-securities-appellate-tribunal-presiding-officer/story/300072.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Presiding Officers |url=https://satweb.sat.gov.in/presiding-officers |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=satweb.sat.gov.in}}</ref> Agarwala died, on 30 March 2025, at the age of 69, after suffering a heart attack following an accident that left him with severe head injuries.<ref>[https://lawtrend.in/justice-tarun-agarwal-of-allahabad-hc-passes-away-at-69-after-tragic-accident/ Justice Tarun Agarwal of Allahabad HC Passes Away at 69 After Tragic Accident]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Tarun}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Meghalaya High Court]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Uttarakhand High Court]]

Bankipur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:52Z

Niishad Shetty: added info

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bankipur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 182-Bankipur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Patna district|Patna]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Patna Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna Sahib]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|182]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
| electors = 379,402
| mla = Vacant<ref name="ETResign2026">{{cite web |title=Nitin Nabin resigns as Bihar MLA, set for bigger role in Rajya Sabha |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nitin-nabin-resigns-as-bihar-mla-set-for-bigger-role-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/129891597.cms |access-date=2026-04-14 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2026-03-30}}</ref>
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
}}
Bankipur Assembly constituency is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is a segment of [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]] Lok Sabha constituency. In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Bankipur was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title=General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg.}}</ref> This Constituency and seat is dominated by [[Kayastha]] Caste.

==Overview==
Bankipore comprises Ward Nos. 4, 5, 7 to 13 & 15 in [[Patna Municipal Corporation]] of Patna Rural CD Block.
The constituency has a preponderance of voters belonging to [[Kayastha]] in population, in this constituency.
<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Bankipur Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bankipur.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 2008: See [[Patna West Assembly constituency|Patna West]]''}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Nitin Nabin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|2026^
|
|
|
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bankipur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bankipur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Bankipur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04182.htm |accessdate=11 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211101006/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04182.htm |archivedate=11 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nitin Nabin]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:98299}}
|percentage = 62.66
|change = +3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rekha Kumari
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:46363}}
|percentage = 29.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vandana Kumari
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:7717}}
|percentage = 4.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1464}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:51936}}
|percentage = 33.11
|change = +5.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:156885}}
|percentage = 41.35
|change = +5.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bankipur<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nitin Nabin]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83068}}
|percentage = 59.05
|change = -1.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Luv Sinha]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:44032}}|percentage=31.3|change=-1.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Plurals Party|candidate=Pushpam Priya Choudhary|votes={{formatnum:5189}}|percentage=3.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None]]|votes={{formatnum:1213}}|percentage=0.86|change=+0.15}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:39036}}|percentage=27.75|change=+0.16}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:140683}}|percentage=35.91|change=-4.33}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Bankipur<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nitin Nabin]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86759}}
|percentage = 60.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashish Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:46992}}
|percentage = 32.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Shaukat Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:1542}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1021}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39767}}
|percentage = 27.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144152}}
|percentage = 40.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2010]]: Bankipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Nitin Nabin]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 78,771
|percentage = 72.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Binod Kumar Srivastava
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 17,931
|percentage = 16.40
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Durga Prasad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,018
|percentage = 5.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jakir Hussain
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 1,259
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sunita Preetam
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 940
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 60,840
|percentage = 55.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,09,309
|percentage = 36.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
* [[Bankipore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coord|25|38|28|N|85|5|26|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Patna district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Government of Patna]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Wada Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:10Z

Niishad Shetty: started a pg!

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wada
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Wada''' Vidhan Sabha constituency was one of the seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in India.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref> Wada is near Mumbai, Thane, and Palghar. The area under this seat is now mostly divided as a part of Bhiwandi Rural and [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]] Vidhan Sabha seats since 2008.

Vishnu Savara, who represented this Wada seat (विष्णु सावरा, वाडा मतदारसंघ) for close to 20 years, was later elected to Vidhan Sabha from [[Bhiwandi Rural Assembly constituency]] in 2009 and from Vikramgad seat in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bjp-leader-former-maharashtra-minister-vishnu-savara-dies/articleshow/79648701.cms|title=Vishnu Savara Death: BJP leader, former Maharashtra minister Vishnu Savara dies | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|Somnath Wani
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Gowari Shankar Aba
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vishnu Savara]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 77,351 |percentage = 47.15% |change={{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Haribhau Pawar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 43,261 |percentage = 26.37% |change={{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Baban Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 31,356 |percentage = 19.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Dattu Mahakal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,739 |percentage = 4.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Pandharinath Tukaram |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,357 |percentage = 2.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,090 |percentage = 20.78% |change= {{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,072 |percentage = 51.41% |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,064}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 319,162|ref = |change= {{increase}}28.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,696 |percentage = 47.11% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shantaram Dundaram |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 21,848 |percentage = 18.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Baliram Sukar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,163 |percentage = 15.64% |change={{decrease}}8.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varana Ramchandra Dharu |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,156 |percentage = 9.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Varatha Haribhau Soma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 10,242 |percentage = 8.82% |change={{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,848 |percentage = 28.29% |change= {{increase}}4.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,885 |percentage = 49.93% |change= {{decrease}}15.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,105}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,123|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 72,919 |percentage = 47.80% |change={{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lahange Babu Kashinath |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,260 |percentage = 24.43% |change={{decrease}}12.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gahala Raja Rama |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 16,581 |percentage = 10.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nankar Keshav Valya |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,755 |percentage = 7.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Shankar Ladku |party=Janata Dal |votes = 6,352 |percentage = 4.16% |change={{decrease}}8.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vanage Raghunath Zipar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,350 |percentage = 2.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Desale Kashinath Ramchandra |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,004 |percentage = 1.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,659 |percentage = 23.38% |change= {{increase}}10.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,037 |percentage = 67.89% |change= {{increase}}13.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,266|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.18 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,184 |percentage = 49.99% |change={{increase}}12.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Duinada Laxman Kadya |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,656 |percentage = 36.99% |change={{decrease}}6.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikar Ambo Narayan |party=Janata Dal |votes = 11,849 |percentage = 12.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Jeevan Bhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes = 706 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,528 |percentage = 13.00% |change= {{increase}}7.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,689 |percentage = 53.12% |change= {{increase}}11.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,395}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,777|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gowari Shankar Aba |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,513 |percentage = 43.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,145 |percentage = 37.59% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Dagale |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,804 |percentage = 10.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamadi Raghunath Mau |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,791 |percentage = 8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,368 |percentage = 5.99% |change= {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,895 |percentage = 41.64% |change= {{increase}}7.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,253}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,033|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gowari Shankar Aba |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,874 |percentage = 40.71% |change={{increase}}32.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,974 |percentage = 36.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Telam Krishnakant Ramchandra |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,606 |percentage = 23.17% |change={{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,900 |percentage = 4.58% |change= {{decrease}}14.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,652 |percentage = 33.56% |change= {{decrease}}21.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,454}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,091|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.08 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Wada<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Wani Somnath Rama |party=Janata Party |votes = 28,989 |percentage = 46.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Shankar Ladku |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,047 |percentage = 27.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deu Kali Hamre |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,899 |percentage = 17.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gowari Shankar Aba |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 5,388 |percentage = 8.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,942 |percentage = 19.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,833 |percentage = 56.15% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,455|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.66|73.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Udayagiri Caves

2026-04-18T12:14:24Z

Niishad Shetty: started pg!

{{short description|Early 5th century Hindu and Jain cave temples in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] near Bhubaneswar, Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Udayagiri Caves
| image = Varahavtar Panel.jpg
| alt = Udayagiri, Cave 5, general view
| caption = Udayagiri, Cave 5, [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]] as the Varāha [[Avatar]], general view
| map_type = India #India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|32|11.0|N|77|46|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Vidisha district]]
| location = Udayagiri, Vidisha
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Varaha]], [[Vishnu]], [[Parshvanatha]], others
| festivals =
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Gupta era]]
| year_completed = c. 250-410 CE{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
| website =
}}

The '''Udayagiri Caves''' are twenty rock-cut caves near [[Vidisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] primarily denoted to the [[Hindu]] gods [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] from the early years of the 3rd century CE to 5th century CE.<ref name="Singh2008p533"/><ref name=dass25/> They contain some of the oldest surviving [[Hindu]] temples and iconography in India.<ref name="Singh2008p533">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA533 |year=2008|publisher =Pearson |isbn= 978-81-317-1120-0|page =533}}</ref><ref name=fredkleiner434>Fred Kleiner (2012), Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History, Cengage, {{ISBN|978-0495915423}}, page 434</ref><ref name=allen128>Margaret Prosser Allen (1992), Ornament in Indian Architecture, University of Delaware Press, {{ISBN|978-0874133998}}, pages 128-129</ref> They are the only site that can be verifiably associated with a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] monarch from its inscriptions.<ref name="Harle1974p7"/> One of India's most important [[archaeology|archaeological]] sites, the Udayagiri hills and its caves are protected monuments managed by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

Udayagiri caves contain iconography of [[Hinduism]] and [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-53}}<ref name="Harle1974p7">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=Gupta sculpture: Indian sculpture of the fourth to the sixth centuries A.D.|url=https://archive.org/details/guptasculpturein0000harl|url-access=registration|year=1974|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guptasculpturein0000harl/page/7 7]–9}}</ref> They are notable for the ancient monumental [[relief]] sculpture of Vishnu in his incarnation as the man-boar [[Varaha]], rescuing the earth symbolically represented by [[Bhudevi]] clinging to the boar's tusk as described in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref name=fredkleiner434/> The site has important inscriptions of the [[Gupta dynasty]] belonging to the reigns of [[Chandragupta II]] (c. 375–415) and [[Kumaragupta I]] (c. 415–55).<ref>The inscriptions are dealt with in [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]], ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888), hereinafter CII 3 (1888); for another version and interpretation: D. R. Bhandarkar et al, ''Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings'', Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (revised) (New Delhi, 1981).</ref> In addition to these, Udayagiri has a series of rock-shelters and petroglyphs, ruined buildings, inscriptions, water systems, fortifications and habitation mounds, all of which remain a subject of continuing archaeological studies. The Udayagiri Caves complex consists of twenty caves, of which one is dedicated to Jainism and all others to Hinduism.<ref name=allen128/> The Jain cave is notable for one of the oldest known Jaina inscriptions from 425 CE, while the Hindu caves feature inscriptions from 401 CE.<ref name="Schastok1985p36"/>

There are a number of places in India with the same name, the most notable being the mountain called Udayagiri at [[Rajgir]] in [[Bihar]] and the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]] in [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-53}}

==Etymology==
[[File:2nd century BCE Udayagiri Lion Capital Hindu Surya Temple.jpg|thumb|left|The Udayagiri Lion Capital, found near Udayagiri Caves, was first reported by Alexander Cunningham and is now in Gwalior. It is dated to closing decades of 2nd-century BCE,<ref name=dass25/><ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/l/019pho000001003u01378000.html British Library Online]</ref>{{refn|group=note|The lion capital is significant in its design, the octagonal base the lion sits on, and the animals carved on the eight sides: a bull, an elephant, a gaur, a tiger with wings, two winged creatures, a horse and a double-humped camel. This sat on a pillar.}} or is possibly a [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]-period rework of a Mauryan capital.<ref name="auto3">The Past Before Us, Romila Thapar [https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA361 p.361]</ref>]]

Udayagiri, means the 'sunrise mountain'.<ref name="PierisRaven2010p230">{{cite book|author1=Sita Pieris|author2=Ellen Raven|title=ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three – South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC |year=2010|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-19148-8|pages=230–231}}</ref> The region of Udayagiri and Vidisha was a [[Buddhist]] and [[Krishna|Bhagavata]] site by the 2nd century BCE as evidenced by the stupas of [[Sanchi]] and the [[Heliodorus pillar]]. While the Heliodorus pillar has been preserved, others have survived in ruins. Buddhism was prominent in Sanchi, near Udayagiri, in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. According to Dass and Willis, recent archaeological evidence such as the Udayagiri Lion Capital suggests that there was a Sun Temple at Udayagiri. The Surya tradition in Udayagiri dates at least from the 2nd century BCE, and possibly one that predated the arrival of Buddhism. It is this tradition that gives it the 'sunrise mountain' name.<ref name=dass25>{{cite journal|author1=Meera Dass |author2 = Michael Willis| title= The lion capital and the antiquity of sun worship in central India| journal= South Asian Studies| volume = 18| year= 2002| pages=25–45| doi=10.1080/02666030.2002.9628605 | s2cid=191353414 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/2588319 }}</ref>

The town is referred to as Udaygiri or Udaigiri in some texts.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-53}} The site is also referred to as Visnupadagiri, as in inscriptions at the site. The term means the hill at 'the feet of Vishnu'.<ref>{{cite book | last=Balasubramaniam | first=R. | title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures | year=2008 | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli | url-access=limited | editor= Helaine Selin |editor-link=Helaine Selin| chapter=Iron Pillar at Delhi | publisher=Springer Netherlands | isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8658 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli/page/n1145 1131]–1136}}</ref><ref>M. Willis, ‘Inscriptions from Udayagiri: Locating Domains of Devotion, Patronage and Power in the Eleventh Century’, ''South Asian Studies'' 17 (2001): 41-53.</ref>{{refn|group=note|The term Visnupadagiri occurs in the ''Mahabharata'', and has been variously interpreted to mean sites in Kashmir, Anga or other regions.<ref name="Brockington1998p202">{{cite book|author=J. L. Brockington|title=The Sanskrit Epics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HR-_LK5kl18C&pg=PA202 |year=1998| publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10260-4|pages=202–203}}</ref>}}

==Location==
[[File:Map_of_Besnagar.jpg|thumb|Location of the Udayagiri Caves in relation to [[Besnagar]], [[Vidisha]], [[Sanchi]] and the [[Heliodorus pillar]].]]
Udayagiri Caves are set in two low hills near [[Betwa River]], on the banks of its tributary Bes River.<ref name=dass25/> This is an isolated ridge about {{convert|2.5|km}} long, running from southeast to northwest, rising to about {{convert|350|ft}} height. The hill is rocky and consists of horizontal layers of white sandstone, a material common in the region.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}} They are about {{convert|6|km}} west of the town of [[Vidisha]], about {{convert|11|km}} northeast of the Buddhist site of [[Sanchi]], and {{convert|60|km}} northeast of [[Bhopal]].<ref>A. Ghosh, ''An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology'', 2 vols. New Delhi, 1989: s.v. Besnagar.</ref> The site is connected to the capital Bhopal by a highway. Bhopal is the nearest major railway station and airport with regular services.

Udayagiri is slightly north of the current Tropic of Cancer, but over a millennium ago it would have been nearer and directly on it. Udayagiri residents must have seen the sun directly overhead on the Summer solstice day, and this likely played a role in the sacred of this site for the Hindus.<ref name=dass25/>{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=15-27, 248}}{{refn|group=note|The tropic of cancer has been shifting south on a cycle of about 41,000 years. See [[Circle of latitude#Movement of the Tropical and Polar circles]].}}

==History==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = 002 Back of the Hill (32881422453).jpg
| width1 = 170
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = 001 Approach Road (32881425603).jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Udayagiri hills and neighboring area.
}}
The site at Udayagiri Caves was the patronage of Chandragupta II, who is widely accepted by scholars to have ruled the Gupta Empire in central India between c. 380-414 CE. The Udayagiri Caves were created in final decades of the 4th century, and consecrated in 401 CE.{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=1-3, 54, 248}} This is based on three inscriptions:<ref name="Schastok1985p36">{{cite book|author=Sara L. Schastok|title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC |year=1985|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-06941-0|pages=36–37}}</ref><ref>JF Fleet (1888), Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and Their Successors, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol III, pages 25-34</ref><ref name="Salomon1998p174">{{cite book|author=Richard Salomon|title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ |year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-509984-3|pages=174–175}}</ref>
*A post-consecration Sanskrit inscription in Cave 6 by a Vaishnava minister, the inscription mentions Chandragupta II and "year 82" (old Indian Gupta calendar, c. 401 CE). This is sometimes referred to as the "inscription in Chandragupta cave" or the "Chandragupta inscription of Udayagiri".
*A Shaiva devotee's Sanskrit inscription on the back wall of Cave 7, which does not mention a date but the information therein suggests it too is from 5th-century.
*A Sanskrit inscription in Cave 20 by a [[Jainism]] devotee dated 425 CE. This is sometimes referred to as the "Kumaragupta inscription of Udayagiri".

[[File:Chandragupta II paying homage to Varaha in Udayagiri Caves.jpg|thumb|upright|Probable image of [[Chandragupta II]], paying homage to [[Varaha]], avatar of [[Vishnu]], in Udayagiri Caves (Cave 5), circa 400 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=BECKER |first1=CATHERINE |title=NOT YOUR AVERAGE BOAR: THE COLOSSAL VARĀHA AT ERĀṆ, AN ICONOGRAPHIC INNOVATION |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=2010 |volume=70 |issue=1 |page=127 |jstor=20801634 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20801634 |issn=0004-3648}}</ref>]]
These inscriptions are not isolated. There are a number of additional stone inscriptions elsewhere at the Udayagiri site and nearby which mention court officials and Chandragupta II. Further the site also contains inscriptions from later centuries providing a firm [[floruit]] for historical events, religious beliefs and the development of Indian script. For example, a Sanskrit inscription found on the left pillar at the entrance of Cave 19 states a date of Vikrama 1093 (c. 1037 CE), mentions the word ''Visnupada'', states that this temple that was made by Chandragupta,{{refn|group=note|Willis states that "this means there was a living oral tradition in central India for six centuries that credited the temple to Chandragupta".<ref name=willis41/>}} and its script is [[Devanagari|Nagari]] both for alphabet and numerals.<ref name=willis41>Michael Willis (2001), "Inscriptions from Udayagiri: locating domains of devotion, patronage and power in the eleventh century", South Asian Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, pages 41-53</ref> Many of the early inscriptions in this region is in Sankha [[Lipi (script)|Lipi]], yet to be deciphered in a way that a majority of scholars would accept it.<ref name="Shaw2013p131"/>

Archaeological excavations of the 20th century on mounds between Vidisha rampart and Udayagiri have yielded evidence that suggests that Udayagiri and Vidisha formed a contiguous human settlement zone in the ancient times. Udayagiri hills would have been the suburb of Vidisha located near the confluence of two rivers<ref name="Shaw2013p131"/> The Udayagiri Caves are likely euphemistically mentioned in [[Kalidasa]] text ''Meghduta'' in section 1.25 as the "Silavesma on the Nicaih hill", or the pleasure spot of Vidisha elites on the caves filled hill.<ref name="Shaw2013p131">{{cite book|author=Julia Shaw|title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ |year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-61132-344-3|pages=131–132}}</ref>

Between the 5th century and the 12th century, the Udayagiri site remained important to Hindu pilgrims as sacred geography. This is evidenced by a number of inscriptions in scripts that have been deciphered. Some inscriptions between the 9th and the 12th centuries, for example, mention land grants to the temple, an ancient tradition that provided resources for the maintenance and operation of significant temples. These do not mention famous kings. Some of these inscriptions mention grant from people who may have been regional chiefs, while others read like common people who cannot be traced to any text or other inscriptions in Central India. One Sanskrit inscription, for example, is a pilgrim named Damodara's record from 1179 CE who made a donation to the temple.<ref name=willis41/>{{refn|group=note|The Udayagiri Caves Hindu temples are mentioned in inscriptions outside its near vicinity, states Willis. Some mention the temples for context, some record donations to the temples at Udayagiri. One of the mentioned Bhailasvami temple in 10th to 12th-century inscriptions is now missing.<ref name=willis41/>}}

===Delhi Iron Pillar===
Some historians have suggested that the [[iron pillar of Delhi|iron pillar]] in the courtyard of Quwwat-ul-Islam at the [[Qutb Minar]] site in [[Delhi]] originally stood at Udayagiri.<ref>M.I. Dass and R. Balasubramanium (2004), Estimation of the original erection site of the Delhi Iron Pillar at Udayagiri, Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 39, Issue 1, pages 51-54, context: 51-74</ref><ref>R. Balasubramaniam, ‘Identity of Chandra and Vishnupadagiri of the Delhi Iron Pillar Inscription: Numismatic, Archaeological and Literary Evidence’, ''Bulletin of Metals Museum'' 32 (2000): 42-64; Balasubramaniam and Meera I. Dass, ‘On the Astronomical Significance of the Delhi Iron Pillar’, ''Current Science'' 86 (2004): 1135-42.</ref> The Delhi pillar is accepted by most scholars as one brought to Delhi from another distant site in India, but scholars do not agree on which site or when this relocation happened. If the Udayagiri source proposal is true, this implies that the site was targeted, artifacts damaged and removed during an invasion of the region by [[Delhi Sultanate]] armies in or about the early 13th-century, possibly those of Sultan named [[Iltutmish]]. This theory is based on multiple pieces of evidence such as the closeness of its design and style with pillars found in Udayagiri-Vidisha region, the images found on Gupta era coins (numismatics), the lack of evidence for alternate sites so far proposed, the claims in Persian made by Muslim court historians of Delhi Sultanate about the loot brought to Delhi after invasions particularly related to the pillar and Quwwat-ul-Islam, and particularly the Sanskrit inscription in [[Brahmi script]] on the Delhi Iron Pillar which mentions a Chandra's (Chandragupta II) devotion to Vishnu, and it being installed in Visnupadagiri. These proposals state that this Visnupadagiri is best interpreted as Udayagiri around 400 CE.<ref>R Balasubramaniam, MI Dass and EM Raven (2004), ''The Original Image atop the Delhi Iron Pillar'', Indian Journal of History of Science, Vol. 39, Issue 2, pages 177-203</ref><ref>HG Raverty (1970, Translator),''Tabakat-i-Nasari: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, including Hindustan from AH 194 (810 AD) to AH 658 (1260 AD) by Maulana Minhaj-ud-din Abu-uma-I-Usman'', Vol. 1, Oriental, pages 620-623</ref>

===Archaeological scholarship===
[[File:Lion capital from Udayagiri. Gupta period. Gwalior Fort Archaeological Museum. India.jpg|thumb|Another lion capital from Udayagiri, on the model of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]]. [[Gupta period]]. [[Gwalior Fort Archaeological Museum]].]]
The Udayagiri Caves were first studied in depth and reported by [[Alexander Cunningham]] in the 1870s.<ref name=dass25/> His site and iconography-related report appeared in Volume 10 of ''Tour Reports'' published by the Archaeological Survey of India, while the inscriptions and drawings of the Lion Capital at the site appeared in Volume 1 of the ''Corpus Inscriptionum Indicum''. His comments that Udayagiri is an exclusively Hinduism and Jainism-related site, it being close to the Buddhist site of Sanchi and the Bhagavata-related [[Heliodorus pillar]], and his dating parts of the site to between 2nd century BCE and early 5th century CE brought it to scholarly attention.<ref name=dass25/>{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-53}}

The early Udayagiri Caves reports appealed to the prevailing conjecture about the rise and fall of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, the hypothesis that Buddhist art predated Hindu and Jaina arts, and that Hindus may have built their monuments by reusing Buddhist ones or on top of Buddhist ones. Cunningham presumed that the broken Lion Capital at the Udayagiri Caves may be an evidence for these, and he categorized Udayagiri as originally a Buddhist site converted into a Hindu and Jaina one by "Brahmanical prosecutors".<ref name=dass25/>{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=55-56}} However, nothing in or around the cave looked Buddhist, no Buddhist inscriptions or texts supported this, and it did not explain why these "Brahmanical prosecutors" did not demolish the nearby bigger Sanchi site.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Meera Dass |author2 = Michael Willis| title= The lion capital and the antiquity of sun worship in central India| journal= South Asian Studies| volume = 18| year= 2002| pages=31–32 with footnote 31 on page 43}}</ref> The working hypothesis then became that the Lion Capital platform stood on a Buddhist stupa, and that if excavations were done in and around the Udayagiri Caves hills then the evidence will emerge. Such an excavation was completed and reported by archaeologists Lake and Bhandarkar in early 1910s. No evidence was found.<ref name=dass25/><ref>HH Lake (1910), ''Besnagar'', Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 23, pages 135-145</ref><ref name="Shaw2013p21"/> Bhandarkar, a strong proponent of the 'Buddhist converted to Hindu' site hypothesis, went further with excavations. He, state Dass and Willis, went so far as "to ransack the platform" at the Udayagiri Caves site, in an effort "to find the stupa he was certain lay below".<ref name=dass25/> However, after an exhaustive search, his team failed to find anything underneath the platform or nearby that was even vaguely Buddhist.<ref name=dass25/><ref>DR Bhandarkar (1915), ''Excavations at Besnagar'', Annual Report 1913-1914, Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India Press, pages 186-225 with plates; also the ASI Western Circle Report 1915, ''Excavations'', pages 59-71 with plates</ref>

[[File:011 Vishnu (32881394093).jpg|thumb|left|5th-century [[Vishnu]] at Udayagiri Caves.]]
The archaeological excavations in the 1910s in the area of the nearby [[Heliodorus pillar]] yielded unexpected results, such as the inscription of [[Heliodorus (ambassador)|Heliodorus]], which confirmed that [[Vāsudeva]] and [[Bhagavatism]] (early forms of [[Vaishnavism]]) were influential by the 2nd century BCE, and which linked the Udayagiri-Besnagar-Vidisha region politically and religiously to the ancient [[Indo-Greek]] capital of [[Taxila]].<ref name="Shaw2013p21"/>

In the 1960s, a team led by archaeologist Khare revisited a broader region, at seven mounds, which included the nearby Besnagar and Vidisha. The excavation data and results were never published, except for summaries in 1964 and 1965. No new evidence was found, but the layers excavated suggested that the site was a significant town already by 6th-century BCE, and likely a major city by the 3rd-century BCE.<ref name="Shaw2013p21"/>

[[Michael D. Willis|Michael Willis]] – an archaeologist and Curator of early South Asian collections at the [[British Museum]], and other scholars revisited the site in the early 2000s. Once again no Buddhist evidence was found at the Udayagiri Caves, but more artifacts related to Hinduism and Jainism. According to Julia Shaw, the evidence collected so far has led to a "major revision" about presumptions about the Udayagiri Caves archaeological site as well as the wider archaeological landscape of this region.<ref name="Shaw2013p21">{{cite book|author=Julia Shaw|title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-61132-344-3|pages=21–22}}</ref> Willis and team have proposed that, perhaps Udayagiri was a Hindu and Jaina site all along, and that the evidence collected so far suggests that the Saura tradition of Hinduism may have preceded the arrival of Buddhism in this region.<ref name=dass25/>{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-53}}{{refn|group=note|The original theory that there may be Buddhist remains below the Udayagiri temples remains active, state Dass and Willis, and the search for "Buddhist remains is still going on".<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Meera Dass |author2 = Michael Willis| title= The lion capital and the antiquity of sun worship in central India| journal= South Asian Studies| volume = 18| year= 2002| pages=31–32 with footnote 32 on page 43}}</ref> One unsolved puzzle is that some of the niches at smaller Udayagiri Caves seem to be cutting through Sankha Lipi inscriptions and not produced on virgin rock. These suggest that the wall had pre-existing huge, ostentatious Sankha Lipi inscription carvings. The caves were produced by cutting through these undeciphered inscriptions and into the face of the massive rock. Scholars wonder whether these inscriptions were related to Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism or some other tradition, and whether they relate to inter-religious relations in centuries before the 4th century CE.<ref name="Shaw2013p131"/><ref>Michael Willis (2001), "Inscriptions from Udayagiri: locating domains of devotion, patronage and power in the eleventh century", South Asian Studies, Volume 17, Number 1, pages 41-53 with note 4 on page 50</ref>}}

Many of the artifacts found in the area are now located in the [[Gwalior Fort Archaeological Museum]].<ref name="Shaw2013p21"/>

==Description==
[[File:4th-5th century Udayagiri cave temple plans.jpg|thumb|Udayagiri temples feature square or near square plans. Above: Plans of Cave 1, 3 and 5.]]
The caves were produced on the northeast face of the Udayagiri hills. They generally have a square or near-square plans. Many are small, but according to Cunningham, they were likely more substantial because their front showed evidence that each had a structural [[mandapa]] on pillars in their front.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}}

The caves at Udayagiri were numbered in the nineteenth century from south to north by [[Alexander Cunningham]], and he reported only 10 lumping some of the caves together. He called the Jain cave as number 10. Later studies identified the caves separately, and their number swelled to 20. A more detailed system was introduced before mid 20th century by the Department of Archaeology, [[Gwalior State]], with Jain cave being number 20.<ref>D. R. Patil, ''The Monuments of the Udayagiri Hill'' (Gwalior, 1948).</ref> Due to these changes, the exact numbering sequence in early reports and later publications sometimes varies. The complex has seven caves dedicated to Shaivism related caves,{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 80-81}} nine to Vaishnavism, and three to Shaktism.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 81-84}} However, a few of these caves are quite small. The significant caves include iconography of all three major traditions of Hinduism. Some of the caves have inscriptions. Caves 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 13 have the most number of sculptures. The largest is Cave 19. In addition, there are rock-cut water tanks at various locations, as well as platforms and shrine monuments on the top of the hill related to Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. There were more of these before the excavations of 1910s, but these were destroyed in the attempt to find evidence of Buddhist monuments underneath.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 7-8, 80-81}}{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=29, 251-252}}

[[File:Pillar at Cave1 Udayagiri.jpg|thumb|Pillar at Udayagiri Cave 1]]

===Cave 1===
[[File:Gupta era pillar designs Hindu monuments Sanchi Eran Udayagiri, Madhya Pradesh India, published in 1880.png|thumb|upright=0.85|Cave 1 pillar is second from right; The rightmost pillar is in Cave 19.]]
Cave 1 is the southernmost cave and a false one because one of the side and its front is not of the original rock but added in. Its roof is integrated from the natural ledge of the rock. It moulding style is similar to those found in [[Tigawa]] Hindu temple. The mandapa inside the temple is a square with {{convert|7|ft}} side, while the sanctum is 7 feet by 6 feet. Outside, Cunningham reported four square pillars. The back wall of the cave has a deity carved into the rock wall, but this was damaged by chiseling later at some point. The iconographic markers are gone and the deity is unknown.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}}{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=12-13}}

===Cave 2===
Cave 2 is to the north of Cave 1, but still on the southern foothill isolated from the main cluster of caves. Its front wall was damaged at some point, and the interior has been eroded by weather. It is about {{convert|48|ft2}} in area and the only traces of two pilasters are visible, along with evidence underneath its roof of a structural mandapa.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}} The doorjamb has some reliefs, but these are only partially visible.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|p=12}}

[[File:401 CE Skanda Kartikeya Murugan Udayagiri Cave Temples Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Skanda ([[Kartikeya]]) sculpture in Cave 3.]]

===Cave 3: Shaivism===
Cave 3 is the first of the central group or cluster of shrines and reliefs. It has a plain entrance and a sanctum. Traces of two pilasters are seen on both sides of the entrance and there is a deep horizontal cutting above which shows that there was some sort of portico (mandapa) in front of the shrine. Inside there is a rock-cut image of [[Kārttikeya|Skanda]], the war god, on a monolithic plinth. The mouldings and spout of the plinth are now damaged. The Skanda sculpture is desecrated, with his staff or club and parts of limbs broken and missing. The surviving remnants show an impressive muscular torso, with Skanda's weight distributed equally on both legs.<ref>J. C. Harle, ''Gupta Sculpture: Indian Sculpture of the Fourth to the Sixth Centuries A.D.'' (Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1974).</ref>

[[File:025 Shiva Linga with Face (32881354053).jpg|upright|thumb|Cave 4, [[Lingam|Śiva liṅga]]]]
Cave 3 is sometimes called the Skanda temple.<ref name="Schastok1985p65"/>

===Cave 4: Shaivism and Shaktism===
Cave 4 was named the Vina cave by Cunningham.{{refn|group=note|Cunningham's report in 1880 numbered it Cave 3.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}}}} It presents both [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shaktism|Shakti]] themes. It is an excavated temple of about 14 feet by 12 feet. The cave has a style that suggests that it was completed with the other caves.<ref name="Schastok1985p65"/> The doorway frame is plain but it is surrounded by three bands of rich carvings.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}} In one of these bands, in a circular boss to the left of the door is depicted a man playing the lute, while another boss to the right shows another man playing the guitar. River goddesses [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] flank the doorway on two short pilasters with bell capitals.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=46-47}}

The temple sanctum is dedicated to [[Shiva]], with the sanctum containing an ''ekamukha'' linga, or a linga with a face carved on it. Outside its entrance, in what was a mandapa and now is eroded remnants of a courtyard are [[matrikas]] (mother goddesses), eroded likely because of weathering. This is one of the three groups of matrikas found at Udayagiri site in different caves. The prominent presence of the matrikas in a cave dedicated to Shiva suggests that the divine mothers had been accepted within the Shaivism tradition by about 401 CE.<ref name="Schastok1985p65"/> Some scholars speculate that there may have been Skanda here, but others state the evidence is unclear.<ref name="Schastok1985p65"/>

The cave is also notable for depicting a harp player on its lintel, putting a floruit of 401 CE for this musical instrument in India.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 26, 251}}

===Cave 5: Vaishnavism===
Cave 5 is a shallow niche more than a cave and contains the much-celebrated colossal Varaha panel of Udayagiri Caves. It is the narrative of Vishnu in his [[Varaha]] or man-boar [[avatar]] rescuing goddess earth in crisis.<ref name=mitra1963>[[Debala Mitra]], ’Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study’, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'' 5 (1963): 99-103; J. C. Harle, ''Gupta Sculpture'' (Oxford, 1974): figures 8-17.</ref> Willis has described the relief as the "iconographic centre-piece of Udayagiri".<ref>[[#CITEREFWillis2009|Willis 2009]]. p. 79.</ref>

The Hindu legend has roots in the Vedic literature such as ''Taittariya Samhita'' and ''Shatapatha Brahmana'', and is found in many post-Vedic texts.<ref name="Stietencron22"/>{{refn|group=note|Mitra compares the entire composition to a number of Hindu texts, including the Vishvarupa verses in Chapter 11 of the ''Bhagavada Gita''.<ref>Debala Mitra (1963), ’Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study’, ''Journal of the Asiatic Society'', Vol. 5, page 103</ref>}} The legend depicts goddess earth ([[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]], Prithivi) in an existential crisis after she has been attacked and kidnapped by oppressive demon [[Hiranyaksha]], where neither she nor the life she supports can survive. She is drowning and overwhelmed in the cosmic ocean. Vishnu emerges in the form of a man-boar avatar.<ref name="Dalal2010">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=159}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA86 |year= 2008|publisher =Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=154–155, 223–224}}</ref> He, as the hero in the legend, descends into the ocean, finds her, she hangs onto his tusk, he lifts her out to safety. The good wins, the crisis ends, and Vishnu once again fulfills his cosmic duty. The Varaha legend has been one of many historic legends in the Hindu text embedded with right versus wrong, good versus evil symbolism, and of someone willing to go to the depths and do what is necessary to rescue the good, the right, the [[dharma]].<ref name="Stietencron22"/><ref name=mitra1963/><ref name=williams42/> The Varaha panel narrates this legend. The goddess earth is personified as the dangling woman, the hero as the colossal giant. His success is cheered by a galaxy of the divine as well as human characters valued and revered in the 4th century. Their iconography of individual characters is found in Hindu texts.<ref name=mitra1963/><ref name=williams42>{{cite book|author=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=The Art of Gupta India: Empire and Province|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQl_QgAACAAJ |year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10126-2|pages=42–46}}</ref>

{{wide image|401 CE Udayagiri Varaha Relief annotated.jpg|600px|The Varaha panel in Cave 5 is one of the most studied reliefs from the Gupta Empire era. It narrates the Hindu legend about a man-boar avatar of Vishnu (Varaha) rescuing goddess earth (Bhudevi, Prithivi) from the depths of cosmic ocean.|65%|right|alt=A wide image of Vishnu-Varaha rescuing Goddess Earth.}}
The panel shows (the number corresponds to the attached image):<ref name=mitra1963/>

#Vishnu as Varaha
#Goddess earth as Prithivi
#[[Brahma]] (sitting on lotus)
#[[Shiva]] (sitting on Nandi)
#[[Adityas]] (all have solar halos)
#[[Agni]] (hair on fire)
#[[Vayu]] (hair airy, puffed up)
#Eight [[Vasus]] (with 6&7, ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'')
#Eleven [[Rudras]] (ithyphalic, third eye)
#Ganadevatas
#[[Rishi]]s (Vedic sages, wearing barks of trees, a beard, carrying water pot and rosary for meditation)
#[[Samudra]] (Ocean)
#Gupta Empire minister Virasena
#Gupta Empire king Chandragupta II
#[[Nāga|Nagadeva]]
#[[Lakshmi]]
#More Hindu sages (incomplete photo; these include the Vedic [[Saptarishi]]s)
#Sage [[Narada]] playing Mahathi (Tambura)
#Sage [[Tumburu]] playing Veena{{refn|group=note|Some Indian iconography shows him as horse faced, but not this cave. Here the iconography for Tumburu and Narada in this panel is more consistent with the guidelines in ''Vaikhanasayama'', a Hindu text.<ref name=mitra1963/>}}

The characters are dressed in traditional dress. The gods wear ''dhoti'', while the goddess is in a ''sari'', in the Varaha panel.<ref name=mitra1963/>

===Cave 6: Shaktism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism===
Cave 6 is directly beside Cave 5 and consists of rock-cut sanctum entered through an elaborate T-shaped door.

[[File:Detail on Udaigiri Cave 6.jpg|thumb|left|Cave 6 Shakti [[Durga]] as Mahishasura-mardini.]]
The sanctum door is flanked by guardians. Beside them, on either side, are figures of Vishnu and of Shiva Gangadhara. The cave also has [[Durga]] slaying [[Mahishasura]] – the deceptive shape-shifting buffalo demon. This is one of the earliest representations of this Durga legend in a cave temple.<ref>Phyllis Granoff, ‘Mahiṣāsuramardinī: An Analysis of the Myths’, ''East and West'' 29 (1979): 139-51.</ref>{{refn|group=note|The surviving images of Durga within the Udayagiri Caves complex are found in five places: four times in Cave 6 alone and in Cave 17. The best surviving image of her is in the front of Cave 6. These are 10 armed Durgas, with iconography found elsewhere. The surviving images have different style, possibly because different guild traditions worked on these caves at the same time.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=86-88}}}} Of special note also is the figure of seated [[Ganesha]] in this cave, to the left of the entrance, and the rectangular niche with seated goddesses, located to the right. The Ganesha is potbellied, has ''modaka'' (laddu or rice balls, sweetmeat) in his left hand and his trunk is reaching out to get one.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=84-85}}{{refn|group=note|Ganesha appears in seven places within the Udayagiri Caves complex.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=84-85}}}} This makes the cave notable as it sets the floruit for the widespread acceptance and significance of Ganesha in the Hindu pantheon to about 401 CE. The presence of all three major traditions within the same temple is also significant and it presages the norm for temple space in subsequent centuries.<ref>Willis, ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'', p. 142.</ref>

In addition to Durga, Cave 6 depicts the Hindu ''matrikas'' (mother goddesses from all three traditions). One group of these divine mothers are so "badly destroyed", states Sara L. Schastok, that only limited information can be inferred. The matrikas are prominent because they are placed immediately to the right of Visnu. The outline of the seated matrikas in Cave 6 suggests that they are similar to early Gupta era iconography for matrikas such as those found in Badoh-Pathari and Besnagar archaeological sites.<ref name="Schastok1985p65">{{cite book|author=Sara L. Schastok|title=The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jh1fF8HvJmMC |year=1985|publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=90-04-06941-0|pages=36–41, 65–67}}</ref>

Outside the cave is a panel with an inscription that mentions Gupta year 82 (401 CE), and that the Gupta king Chandragupta II and his minister Virasena visited this cave.<ref>Cunningham, Bhilsa Topes (1854): 150; Thomas, Essays (1858) 1: 246; Cunningham, ASIR 10 (1874-77): 50; Fleet, CII 3 (1888): number 6; Bhandarkar, EI 19-23 (1927-36): appendix, number 1541; Bhandarkar, Chhabra and Gai, CII 3 (1981): number 7; Goyal (1993): number 10. The most recent reading and translation is in Willis, ''The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual'' (Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2009): 57 {{ISBN|978-0-521-51874-1}}.</ref> In the ceiling of the cave is an undated pilgrim record of somebody named Śivāditya.<ref>Cunningham, ASIR 10 (1874-77): 50, plate xix, number 3; GAR (VS 1988/AD 1931-32): number 5; Dvivedī (VS 2004): number 714.</ref>

===Cave 7: Shaktism===
Cave 7 is located a few steps east of Cave 6. It consists of a large niche containing damaged figures of the eight mother goddesses, each with a weapon above their head, carved on the back wall of the cave. The cave is flanked by shallow niches with abraded figures of Kārttikeya and Gaṇeśa, now visible only in outline.{{sfn|Willis|2009|p=315 note 43}}{{refn|group=note|Harper makes novel interpretations of the goddesses-related iconography in this and other Udayagiri caves, then links it to suggests early roots of tantra in ancient India.<ref>Katherine Harper (2002), "The Warring Śaktis: A Paradigm for Gupta Conquests" in The Roots of Tantra, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5305-6}}, pages 115-131</ref> Willis disagrees and finds Harper's re-interpretation of Udayagiri Shaktism-related temples and iconography as tautological.{{sfn|Willis|2009|p=315 note 43}}}}

===The Passage===
There is a passage prior to Cave 8 which consists of a natural cleft or canyon in the rock running approximately east to west. The passage has been subject to modifications, the sets of steps cut into the floor being the most conspicuous feature. The lowest set of steps on the right-hand side are eroded. [[Sankha Lipi]] or shell inscriptions – so-called because of their shell-like shape, are found on the upper walls of the passage. These are quite large. Those inscriptions have been cut through to make the caves, which means they existed before the caves were created around 401 CE. The inscriptions had not been deciphered, and proposed interpretations have been controversial.<ref>Richard Salomon, ‘New Sankalipi (Shell Character) Inscriptions’, ''Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik'' 11-12 (1986): 109-52. Claims regarding decipherment must be discounted, see Salomon, ‘A Recent Claim to Decipherment of the Shell Script’, ''JAOS'' 107 (1987): 313-15; Salomon, ''Indian Epigraphy'' (Oxford, 1998): 70</ref> The upper walls of the passage have large notches at several places, indicating that stone beams and slabs were used to roof over parts of the passage, giving it a significantly different appearance from what can be seen today.

[[File:401 CE Udayagiri Sanskrit inscriptions Hindu caves.jpg|thumb|The Sanskrit inscriptions in Udayagiri caves that help date it to about 401 CE.]]

===Cave 8 ===
Cave 8 was named the "Tawa Cave" by Cunningham, after its crown that looks like the Indian griddle which locals use to bake their daily bread and call the baking plate as ''Tawa''.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=51-52}} The cave is a bit to the right of the passage. It is excavated into a hemispherical dome-shaped rock and has a large nearly flat rock crown. It is about 14 feet long and 12 feet broad. The cave is badly damaged, but contains a historically significant inscription. Outside the cave, the empty hollow remnants provide the evidence that there was a mandapa outside this cave. To the sides of the entrance are eroded dvarapalas (guardian reliefs) with a bushy hairstyle found for dvarapalas in other caves. The cave is notable for its {{convert|4.5|ft}} lotus carving on the ceiling.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=51-52}}
[[File:Inscriptions at Udayagiri.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions at Udayagiri]]
The famed early 5th-century Sanskrit inscription in this cave is on its back wall. It is five lines long, in a [[Sanskrit prosody|Vedic meter]]. Some parts of the inscription are damaged or have peeled off.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=51-52}}{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=4-5, 39-41}} The inscription links the Gupta king Chandra Gupta II and his minister Virasena to this cave. It has been translated as follows:

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
The inner light which resembles the sun, which pervades the heart of the learned,
but which is difficult find among men upon the earth, that is the wonder called Chandragupta,
Who * * * (damaged),
Of him, like a saint among great kings became the minister [...], whose name was Virasena,
He was a poet, resident of Pataliputra, and knew grammar, law and logic,
Having come here with his king, who is desirous of conquering the whole world,
he made this cave, through his love to [[Shiva|Sambhu]].

 – Cave 8 inscription; Translators: Michael Willis{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=4-5, 39-41, 200}} / Alexander Cunningham{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=51-52}}
</blockquote>

The inscription does not give a date, but the inscription in Cave 6 does. The "love to Shambhu (Shiva)" is notable given the Varaha panel and royal sponsors of the Gupta era also revere Vishnu.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=51-52}}

===Caves 9-11===
The three caves are small excavations to the side of Cave 8. All three are next to each other. Their entrance opens north-northwest, and all have damaged Vishnu carvings. Cave 9 and 10 are rectangular niche like openings, while Cave 11 is a bit bigger and has a square plan. Cave 10, the middle one is a bit higher in its elevation.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 280-282}}

===Cave 12: Vaishnavism===
Cave 12 is a Vaishnavism-related cave known for its niche containing a standing figure of [[Narasimha]] or the man-lion avatar of Vishnu. The Narasimha carving is flanked below by two standing images of Vishnu.{{refn|group=note|There are many images of Vishnu in Udayagiri. Of these nine are standing images. They are found in Caves 6, 9, 10, 11 and 12.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 88}}}}

Cave 12 is notable for having the clearest evidence that the cave was excavated into a rock with pre-existing inscriptions. The script is Sankha lipi, probably several versions of it given the different styles, all of which remain undeciphered. It is this which confirms that Udayagiri and Vidisha were inhabited and an active site of literate people before these caves were produced. Further, it also establishes 401 CE as the floruit for the existence and the use of Sankha lipi. The cave also has a flat top with evidence that there was likely a structure above, but this structure has not survived into the modern era.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 32-34}}

[[File:Narain 2.JPG|thumb|right|Cave 13, reclining Vishnu]]

===Cave 13: Vaishnavism===
Cave 13 contains a large Anantasayana panel, which depicts a resting figure of Vishnu as [[Narayana]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Florin |last2=Holt |first2=Andrew |title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes] |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-566-4 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref> Below the leg of Vishnu are two men, one larger kneeling devotee in namaste posture, and another smaller standing figure behind him. The kneeling figure is generally interpreted as Chandragupta II, symbolising his devotion to Vishnu. The other figure is likely his minister Virasena.{{sfn|Willis|2009|p= 35}}{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 216, 283}}

===Cave 14===
Cave 14, the last cave on the left hand side at the top of the passage. It consists of a recessed square chamber of which only two sides are preserved. The outline of the chamber is visible in the floor, with a water channel pierced through the wall on one side as in the other caves at the site. One side of the doorjamb is preserved, showing jambs with receding faces but without any relief carving.

===Caves 15-18===
[[File:034 Ganesh (33694651705).jpg|thumb|One of the earliest known Ganesha reliefs.]]
Cave 15 is small square cave without separate sanctum and ''pitha'' (pedestal).{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 80, 286}}

Cave 16 is a Shaivism related cave based on the ''pitha'' and iconography. The sanctum and the ''mukha-mandapa'' are both squares.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=288-290}}

Cave 17 has a square plan. To the left of its entrance is single dvarapala. Further left is a niche with Ganesha image. On the right of the entrance is a niche with Durga in her Mahishasura-mardini form. The cave has an intricate symmetric lotus set in a geometric pattern on the ceiling.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=85-86, 291-293}}

Cave 18 is notable for including a four armed Ganesha. With him is a devotee who is shown carrying a banana plant.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=85-86}}

===Cave 19: Shaivism===
[[File:100 Old Inscription (33653734866).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.85|Cave 19 inscription by some pilgrim Kanha. The "१०୯३" is Nagari for "1093", a year that is 1036–37 in Georgian calendar.<ref name=willis41/>{{refn|group=note|[[Indian numerals#Other North Indic scripts|୯ is 9]] in modern Odia.}}]]
Cave 19 is also called the "Amrita Cave". It is close the Udayagiri village. It is the largest cave in Udayagiri Caves group, being {{convert|22|ft}} long by {{convert|19.33|ft}} broad. It has four massive square cross-section, {{convert|8|ft}} high pillars which support the roof. The pillars have intricately decorated capitals with four horned and winged animals standing on their hind legs, and touching their forefeet touch their mouths. The roof of the cave, states Cunningham, is divided "into nine square panels by the architraves crossing over the four pillars". The temple was likely much larger with its mandapa in front, given the structural evidence in the form of ruins.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=52-53}}

The doorway of Cave 19 is more extensively ornamented than other caves. The pilasters are of the same pattern as the pillars inside. River goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flank the doorway. Above is a long deeply carved sculpture representing the ''[[samudra manthan]]'' mythology, depicting Suras and Asuras churning the cosmic ocean. It is this narrative of this Hindu myth that led Cunningham to propose the name of the cave to be "Amrita cave".{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=52-53}} There is a carving near Cave 19 that shows Parvati's family, that is Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp=85-86}} The cave has two Shiva lingas, of which one is a ''mukhalinga'' (linga with face). This cave had a Sahastralinga (main linga with many subsidiary lingas), which was moved to the ASI museum in Sanchi.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|pp= 80-81}}

Cave 19 has a Sanskrit inscription in Nagari script dated 1036 CE by a common pilgrim name Kanha, who donated resources to the temple, and the inscription expresses his devotion to Visnu.<ref name=willis41/>

===Cave 20: Jainism===
[[File:1st - 5th century Udayagiri Jaina caves inscription, Madhya Pradesh India, published in 1880.png|thumb|Inscription in the Jaina cave 20.]]
Cave 20 is the only cave in the Udayagiri Caves complex that is dedicated to Jainism. It is in the northwestern edge of the hills. At the entrance is the image of the Jain tirthankara [[Parshvanatha]] sitting under a serpent hood. The cave is divided into five rectangular rooms with stones stacked, the total length of {{convert|50|ft}} that is about {{convert|16|ft}} deep.{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=53-54}} The southern room connects to another excavated section consisting of three rooms. In the northern rooms is an eight-line inscription in Sanskrit. It praises the Gupta kings, for bringing prosperity to all, then notes that a Sangkara has set up a statue of Parshva Jina in this cave after commanding a cavalry, later giving up his passions, withdrawing from the world and becoming a ''yati'' (monk).{{sfn|Cunningham|1880|pp=53-54}}

The cave has other reliefs, such as those of the Jinas. These are significant because they have ''chattras'' (umbrella-like cover) carved over them, an iconography that is found in Jain caves built centuries later in many parts of India. These are generally not found in Jain statues carved before the 4th century.<ref name="Owen2012p62">{{cite book|author=Lisa Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MUszAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20630-4|pages=62 with footnote 53}}</ref> The cave also includes a somewhat damaged image of Ganesha on its floor, where is depicted carrying an axe while looking in his left direction.{{sfn|Meera Dass|2001|p=85}}

==Significance==
According to Willis, Udayagiri's Hindu history long predates the 4th century.{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=2-3}} It was a center of astronomy and Hindu calendar-related activity, given its sculptures, sundials, and inscriptions. These made Udayagiri a sacred space and gave it its name that means "sunrise mountain". It was likely first modified by the king Samudragupta in mid 4th-century. His descendant Chandragupta II reworked these caves a few decades later, to revitalize the [[Hindu king]] concept to be both the paramount sovereign (''cakravartin'') and the supreme devotee of the god [[Vishnu]] (''paramabhāgavata''). This evolved the role of Udayagiri from it being the historic center for Hindu astronomy into an "astro-political node". Chandragupta II thereafter came to be titled as Vikramaditya – literally, "he who is the sun of prowess – in Indian texts, states Willis.{{sfn|Willis|2009|pp=2-3}}{{refn|group=note|The relationship and equivalence of Surya, Vishnu and others was a theme of these cave temples.<ref>{{cite book|author=R. Balasubramaniam|title=Story of the Delhi Iron Pillar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FruHOlKlbJAC |year=2005|publisher=Foundation |isbn=978-81-7596-278-1|pages=17–26}}</ref>}} According to [[Patrick Olivelle]] – an Indologist and a professor of Sanskrit, Udayagiri was important to the Gupta Hindu kings who were "polytheistic with remarkable tolerance" in an era where the popular religion was "basically [[henotheism|henotheistic]]".<ref name="Olivelle2006p163">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA164|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|pages=163–164}}</ref>

According to [[Heinrich von Stietencron]] - an Indologist and professor of Comparative Religion, the Udayagiri Caves narrates Hindu thought and legends with far deeper roots in the Vedic tradition.<ref name="Stietencron22"/> These roots are found in many forms, of which Vishnu avatars are particularly well formulated. He is the god who descends to bring order and equilibrium when chaos and injustice of one or more forms thrives in the world. Some of his avatars such as Narasimha, Varaha, Vamana/Trivikrama, and Rama are templates for kings. Their respective legends are well structured for a discussion of right and wrong, justice and injustice, rights and duties, of [[dharma]] in its various dimensions. The man-boar Varaha avatar found in Udayagiri itself is a story found in various forms, starting with the Vedic text ''Taittiriya Samhita'' section VII.1, where Prajapati takes the form of boar to rescue earth first before creating gods and lifeforms that earth could support.<ref name="Stietencron22"/> The story's popularity was well spread, as the symbolic boar saving the earth goddess is also found in the ''Shatapatha Brahmana'' XVI.1, the ''Taittiriya Brahmana'', ''Taittiriya Aranyaka'' and others, all these Vedic era texts are estimated to have been complete by 800 BCE. The Varaha iconography has been historic symbolism of someone willing to go to the depths and do what is necessary to rescue earth and dharma, and this has had an obvious appeal and parallels to the role of king in the Hindu thought.<ref name="Stietencron22"/> Udayagiri caves narrate this legend, but go one step further. The Varaha relief in Udayagiri does not revitalize [[Hindu king]]ship, according to Heinrich von Stietencron, rather it is a tribute to his victories that was likely added to the cave temples complex as a shallow niche between 410 and 412 CE.<ref name="Stietencron22"/> It signifies his success and with his success, the return of dharma. It may have marked the year when Chandragupta II assumed the title of Vikramaditya.<ref name="Stietencron22">{{cite book|author=H. von Stietencron |editor=Th. P. van Baaren |editor2=A Schimmel |display-editors=etal|title=Approaches to Iconology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UesUAAAAIAAJ |year=1986|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-07772-3|pages=16–22 with footnotes}}</ref>

The Stietencron proposal does not explain the presence of a bowing figure in front of the Vishnu Varaha. The royally dressed man has been broadly interpreted as king Chandragupta II acknowledging dharma and duty symbolized by Vishnu Varaha as above the king.<ref>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=Gupta sculpture: Indian sculpture of the fourth to the sixth centuries A.D.|url=https://archive.org/details/guptasculpturein0000harl|url-access=registration|year=1974|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guptasculpturein0000harl/page/10 10]–11 with Plates 12–15}}</ref><ref>Debala Mitra (1963), ''Varāha Cave at Udayagiri – An Iconographic Study'', Journal of the Asiatic Society, Vol. 5, pages 99-103</ref> Stietencron states that it indeed is a norm in the Hindu sculptural art tradition to not represent transitory achievements of mortal kings or any individual, rather they predominantly emphasize spiritual quest and narrate ahistoric, symbolic legends from Hindu texts. The Udayagiri Caves are significant, states Stietencron, because they are likely a political statement.<ref>{{cite book|author=H. von Stietencron|editor=Th. P. van Baaren |editor2= A Schimmel |display-editors=etal|title=Approaches to Iconology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UesUAAAAIAAJ |year=1986|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-07772-3|pages=16–17}}</ref>

According to Julia Shaw, the Udayagiri sculptures are significant because they suggest that the [[avatara]] concept was fully developed by about 400 CE.<ref>{{cite book|author=Julia Shaw|title=Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ |year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-61132-344-3|pages=56–57}}</ref> The full display of iconography across multiple caves for Vishnu, Shiva and Durga suggests that Hinduism was thriving along with Buddhism in post-Mauryan era in ancient India. The Udayagiri temples represent, state Francis Ching and other scholars, the "earliest intact Hindu architecture" and display the "essential attributes of a [[Hindu temple]]" in the form of sanctum, mandapa and a basic plan.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Francis D. K. Ching|author2=Mark M. Jarzombek|author3=Vikramaditya Prakash|title=A Global History of Architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=isuTDpkqdk8C&pg=PA226|year =2010|publisher= John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-00739-6|page=226}}</ref> According to James Harle, the Udayagiri caves are significant for being "a common denominator of the early Gupta style".<ref>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/92 92]–93}}</ref> He states that Udayagiri temples are, along with those as [[Tigawa]] and [[Sanchi]], probably the earliest of surviving Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/111 111]}}</ref> The Udayagiri temples are the only that can be confidently linked to the Gupta Empire, states George Michell. While new ancient temples are being identified every year on the Indian subcontinent but their dating remains uncertain. the Udayagiri Caves can be dated and they are earliest accepted examples of surviving rock-based north Indian temple.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=94–95}}</ref>
[[File:Lion statue at Udayagiri.jpg|thumb|Lion statue at Udayagiri]]

==See also==
* [[Bhumara]]
* [[Nachna Hindu temples]]
* [[Tigawa]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|title= Report of Tours Bundelkhand and Malwa 1874-1875 and 1876-1877, Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 10|publisher= ASI, Government of India|first=Alexander | last=Cunningham| year=1880|url =https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.35527/2015.35527.Report-Of-A-Tours-Bundelkhand-And-Malwa#page/n51/mode/2up|quote={{PD-notice}}}}
* {{Citation|title = Udayagiri: A Sacred Hill, Art, Architecture and Landscape|author=Meera Dass| publisher = De Monfort University|year = 2001}}
* {{Cite journal|title=Historical and Political Allegory in Gupta Art |last=Asher |first=Frederick M. |year=1983 |journal=Essays on Gupta Culture |editor=B.L. Smith |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |pages=53–66 |ref=Ash83}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Archaeology and Politics of Time |last=Willis |first=Michael |year=2004 |journal=The Vākāṭaka Heritage: Indian Culture at the Crossroads |publisher=Egbert Forsten |location=Groningen |isbn=90-6980-148-5 |pages=33–58 |ref=Wil04}}
* {{cite book |title= The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual |last=Willis |first=Michael |year=2009 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KJIJLotaAeMC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51874-1 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Udayagiri Caves, Madhya Pradesh}}
*[http://basas.org.uk/our-work/staff-projects/udayagiri-gods/ British Association for South Asian Studies]

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Jain Caves in India}}

[[Category:Caves of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vidisha]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rock shelters]]
[[Category:4th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:4th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Jain caves in India]]

Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra

2026-04-18T07:17:05Z

Niishad Shetty: added new post

{{Short description|2024 Indian thriller drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra
| image = Poster_of_Accident_or_Conspiracy_Godhra.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| based_on = [[2002 Gujarat riots]]
| director = M.K. Shivaaksh
| story =
| producer = B.J. Purohit
| writer = M.K. Shivaaksh
| starring = [[Ranvir Shorey]] [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] [[Hitu Kanodia]] [[Denisha Ghumra]] Akshita Namdev MK Shivaaksh
| music = {{br list
| '''Score:'''
| Mannan Munjal
| '''Songs:'''
| V.Rakx (Rakesh Verma) Yug Bhusal}}
| cinematography = Shankar Awwate
| editing = Santosh Mandal Vikas Yadav
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Om Trinetra Films
* Artverse Studios
}}
| released = {{Film date|2024|07|19|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/videos/entertainment-videos/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-release-date-revealed-here-watch-video-video-110965703|title=Accident Or Conspiracy Godhra: गुजरात दंगों पर बनी फिल्म की रिलीज डेट से उठा पर्दा, देखें टीजर|date=13 June 2024 }}</ref>|df=y}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTIwMDEyMDI0MDAwODU=|title=CBFC | Search Film|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film produced under the banner of OM Trinetra Films and Artverse Studios directed by M.K Shivaaksh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title='Godhra': Teaser of film based on the 2002 Gujarat riots out |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/godhra-teaser-of-film-based-on-the-2002-gujarat-riots-out/article66912266.ece |access-date=2023-06-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godhra Teaser Out: MK Shivaaksh's Film Looks To Uncover If 2002 Riots Was 'Accident or Conspiracy' |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/godhra-teaser-out-mk-shivaakshs-film-looks-to-uncover-if-2002-riots-was-accident-or-conspiracy-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-100618028 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=गोधरा टीजर: ट्रेन में लगी आग दुर्घटना या षड्यंत्र? फिल्म कर रही सवाल, 2002 में गुजरात के माहौल पर पहले भी बनीं ये फिल्में |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/godhra-accident-or-conspiracy-questions-film-teaser-here-are-5-films-based-on-gujarat-2002-tmovs-1705932-2023-05-31 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref> The film is based on the events surrounding the 2002 [[Godhra train burning|Godhra train fire]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]], which later led to the [[2002 Gujarat riots]]. The film received poor reviews.<ref name="o211"/><ref name="o846"/>

==Synopsis==
The film is based on the report issued by the [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident Or Conspiracy Godhra Teaser: नानावटी कमीशन की रिपोर्ट बनी फिल्म का आधार, देखें वीडियो |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-teaser-nanavati-commission-report-became-the-basis-of-the-film-watch-video-23427513.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> which was set up to investigate the Godhra train fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गोधरा कांड पर बनी एक और फिल्म, नानावती-मेहता आयोग की रिपोर्ट पर लिखी कहानी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-film-made-on-incident-story-written-on-the-report-of-nanavati-mehta-commission-2023-05-27 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The film aims to uncover what happened in [[Godhra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accident or Conspiracy Godhra teaser out. Film based on Nanavati Commission report promises to uncover the truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-teaser-out-film-based-on-nanavati-commission-report-promises-to-uncover-the-truth-2386399-2023-05-30 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=India Today |date=30 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Mahmood Qureshi
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Ravindra Pandya
* [[Hitu Kanodia]] as Deshpandey
* [[Denisha Ghumra]] as Devki
* Akshita Namdev as Turshi
* MK Shivaaksh as Abhimanyu
* Ganesh Yadav as Hamid Bilal
* Makrand Shukla as Rajdeep Singh Baghela
* Rajeev Surti as Shri Raam Ji
* Gulshan Pandey as Ravi Mohan
* Bhaskar Manyam as Mansukh Bhai
* Avyan Alpesh Mehta as Mannu
* Pankaj Anand as Molvi Saab
* Darshana Bhavsar as Train passenger

== Music ==
The very first song of the film was recorded in the soulful voice of [[Kailash Kher]]

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ho Mangalam
| length1 = 3:35
| lyrics1 =
| music1 = V.Rakx
| extra1 = [[Kailash kher]]
| title2 = Siiya Raam
| length2 = 3:44
| music2 = V.Rakx
| extra2 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)]], [[Vaishali Made]]
| title3 = Aaj Tara Tara
| length3 = 3:33
| music3 = Yug Bhusal, Roop Mohanta
| extra3 = [[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
}}

==Reception==

The [[Times of India]] gave it a rating of 2/5 and called it "one-sided".<ref name="o211">{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Dhaval | title=Accident Or Conspiracy: Godhra Movie Review: An important subject with underwhelming execution | website=The Times of India | date=2024-07-19 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra/movie-review/111853499.cms | access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref> [[Amar Ujala]] gave it a rating of 2/5 and criticised the movie for its limited scope.<ref name="o846">{{cite web | last=शुक्ल | first=पंकज | title=Accident Or Conspiracy Godhra Review: चुनाव के बाद आई चुनाव के पहले की फिल्म, जानिए गोधरा में आखिर हुआ क्या था | website=Amar Ujala | date=2024-07-19 | url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-review-in-hindi-by-pankaj-shukla-ranvir-shorey-manoj-joshi-m-k-shivaaksh-2024-07-19?pageId=1 | language=hi | access-date=2024-07-20}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[The Sabarmati Report]]'', another 2024 Bollywood film about the Godhra train burning.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|27866501}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|godhra}}

{{2002 Gujarat riots|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about the 2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cinema]]

National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film

2026-04-17T13:25:52Z

Niishad Shetty: put up pg...

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| awarded_for = Best [[Marathi cinema|Marathi Feature Film(s)]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1954
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Marathi (1954–1968) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi (1969–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The [[National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].

Awards for films in seven regional language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) started from [[2nd National Film Awards]] which were presented on 21 December 1955. Three awards of "President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film", "Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film" and "Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from [[15th National Film Awards]] (1967). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Marathi Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=28 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

Directed by [[Pralhad Keshav Atre|P. K. Atre]], the 1954 film ''[[Mahatma Phule (film)|Mahatma Phule]]'', based on life of a Maharashtrian social reformer [[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotiba Govindrao Phule]], was honoured with the first president's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Marathi. Following is the list of ''Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)'' recipient films produced in [[Marathi language]].

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EBEBE0;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Indicates a joint award for that year}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" |[[2nd National Film Awards|1954 {{small|(2nd)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Mahatma Phule (film)|Mahatma Phule]]''
| Atre Pictures
| [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/113_1stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=1st National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/112_2ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=2nd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[3rd National Film Awards|1955 {{small|(3rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Me Tulas Tujhya Angani''
| Nav Chitra
| [[Raja Thakur]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/111_3rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=3rd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''[[Shevagyachya Shenga]]''
| Sadashiv Row J. Kavi
| [[Shantaram Athavale]]
|-
| align="center"| [[4th National Film Awards|1956 {{small|(4th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/110_4thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=4th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[5th National Film Awards|1957 {{small|(5th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Gruhdevta''
| Surel Chitra
| [[Madhav Shinde]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/109_5thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=5th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[6th National Film Awards|1958 {{small|(6th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''Dhakti Jau''
| Sarvashri Wamanrao Kulkarni and Vishnupant Chavan
| [[Anant Mane]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/108_6thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=6th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[7th National Film Awards|1959 {{small|(7th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/107_7thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=7th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kanyadan''
| Surel Chitra
| [[Madhav Shinde]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/106_8thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=8th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0EAEA" | ''Umaj Padel Tar''
| Narayan Baburao Kamat
| [[Dinkar D. Patil]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Manini (1961 film)|Manini]]''
| Kala Chitra
| [[Anant Mane]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/105_9thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=9th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''Vaijayanta''
| Rekha Films
| [[Gajanan Jagirdar]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''Manasala Pankh Astat''
| [[Madhav Shinde]]
| [[Madhav Shinde]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Rangalya Ratree Ashya''
| The Maharashtra Film Industrial Co-Operative Society Ltd.
| [[Raja Thakur]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/104_10thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=10th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''Jaawai Majha Bhala''
| Maneesha Chitra Pvt Ltd.
| Neelkanth Magdum
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''Gariba Gharchi Lek''
| Shivaji Gulabrao Katkar
| Kamlakar Vishnu Torne
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Ha Majha Marg Ekla''
| [[Sudhir Phadke]]
| [[Raja Paranjape]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/103_11thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=11th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''Te Majhe Ghar''
| Ravindra Bhat
| Ganesh Bhat
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pathlaag]]''
| [[Raja Paranjape]]
| [[Raja Paranjape]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/102_12thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=12th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EFECD1" | ''Tuka Jhalasi Kalas''
| N. G. Datar
| Raja Nene
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]''
| [[Anant Mane]]
| [[Anant Mane]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="3" | [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sadhi Mansa (film)|Sadhi Mansa]]''
| Lilabai Bhalji Pendharkar
| [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
| align="center" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/101_13thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=13th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#DFD6ADEFECD1| ''[[Nirmon]]'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]])
| [[Frank Fernand]]
| A. Salam
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#D6E0CC" | ''Yuge Yuge Me Vaat Pahili''
| Babasaheb S. Fatehlal
| C. Vishwanath
|-
| align="center"| [[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Pawana Kantcha Dhondi''
| Mahalaxmi Chitra
| Anant Thakur
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Santh Wahate Krishnamai''
| Sahakari Chitrapath Sanstha Ltd
| M. G. Pathak
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/100_15thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=15th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Ektee''
| G. Chaugle
| [[Raja Thakur]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/99_16thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=16th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Tambdi Mati''
| Lilabai Bhalji Pendharkar
| [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/98_17thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=17th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]''
| Tushar Pradhan
| [[Raja Thakur]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/97_18thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=18th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]''
| Satyadev Govind Productions
| [[Arvind Deshpande]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Pinjra (film)|Pinjra]]''
| [[V. Shantaram]]
| [[V. Shantaram]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/96_20thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=20th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/95_21stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=21st National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/94_22ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=22nd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Samna (film)|Saamna]]''
| Ramdas Phutane
| [[Jabbar Patel]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/93_23rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=23rd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center"| [[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
| [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
| [[Jabbar Patel]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=25th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/91_26thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=26th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sinhasan]]''
| [[Jabbar Patel]]
| [[Jabbar Patel]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/90_27thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=27th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/89_28thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=28th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Umbartha]]''
| [[Jabbar Patel]] and D. V. Rao
| [[Jabbar Patel]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/88_29thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=29th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shapit (1982 film)|Shapit]]''
| Madhukar Rupji, Sudha A. Chitle and Vinay Newalkar
| [[Arvind Deshpande]] and [[Rajdutt]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/87_30thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=30th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Smruti Chitre''
| Vinayak Chaskar
| [[Vijaya Mehta]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/86_31stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=31st National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Mahananda''
| Mahesh Satoskar
| K. G. Koregaonkar
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/85_32ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=32nd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Pudhche Paool''
| Madhukar Rupji, Sudha A. Chitle and Vinay Newalkar
| [[Rajdutt]]
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/84_33rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=33rd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/83_34thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=34th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sarja (film)|Sarja]]''
| [[Seema Deo]]
| [[Rajdutt]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/82_35thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=35th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=36th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalat Nakalat]]''
| [[Smita Talwalkar]]
| Kanchan Nayak
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=37th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=38th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[Jabbar Patel]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=40th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Lapandav]]''
| Sachin Parekar and Sanjay Parekar
| [[Shrabani Deodhar|Shravani Devdhar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=41st National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=42nd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bangarwadi]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] and [[Doordarshan]]
| [[Amol Palekar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=43rd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Rao Saheb (film)|Rao Saheb]]''
| K. B. Joshi and Ravindra Surve
| [[Sanjay Surkar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=44th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
| [[Smita Talwalkar]]
| [[Sanjay Surkar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=46th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Gharabaher]]''
| Ratan Madan and Narendra Shinde
| [[Sanjay Surkar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=47th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Astitva]]''
| [[Jhamu Sughand]]
| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=49th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vastupurush]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| [[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]] and [[Sunil Sukthankar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=50th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
| Aditi Deshpande
| [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=51st National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]''
| Bipin Nadkarni and Sanjay Shetty
| Bipin Nadkarni
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Dombivali Fast]]''
| Ramakant Gaikwad
| [[Nishikant Kamat]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shevri (film)|Shevri]]''
| [[Neena Kulkarni]]
| [[Gajendra Ahire]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nirop]]''
| Aparna Dharmadhikari
| [[Sachin Kundalkar]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Harishchandrachi Factory]]''
| [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Smiti Kanodia and [[Paresh Mokashi]]
| [[Paresh Mokashi]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=56th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Natarang]]''
| [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd.]]
| [[Ravi Jadhav|Ravindra Harischandra Jadhav]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=57th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mala Aai Vhhaychy!]]''
| Samruddhi Porey
| Samruddhi Porey
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=58th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shala (film)|Shala]]''
| Vivek Wagh and Nilesh Navalkar
| [[Sujay Dahake]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/43_59thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=59th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Investment (film)|Investment]]''
|Pratibha Matkari
|[[Ratnakar Matkari]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/42_60thNfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=60th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Aajcha Divas Majha]]''
|White Swan Productions
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/41_61stNfaArchives.pdf|title=61st National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" |''[[Killa (film)|Killa]]''
| [[Jar Pictures]] and M. R. Film Works
| [[Avinash Arun]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117636|title=62nd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ringan (film)|Ringan]]''
|My Role Motion Pictures
|[[Makarand Mane]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/39_63rdNfaArchives.pdf|title=63rd National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Dashakriya]]''
|Rangneel Creations
|Sandeep Bhalachandra Patil
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/35_64th_NFA_2016_Catalogue.pdf|title=64th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kachcha Limboo]]''
| Mandar Devasthali
| [[Prasad Oak]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/65th%20%20NATIONAL%20FILM%20AWARDS%20FOR%202017-%20final%20(1)%20(5)%20-%20Copy%201.pdf|title=65th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bhonga]]''
| Nalinee Productions
| [[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|title =66th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Bardo (2021 film)|Bardo]]''
| Paanchjanya Productions Pvt. Ltd.
| Bhimrao Mude
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67th_Nfa.pdf|title=67th National Film Award|date= 21 January 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]''
| [[Planet Marathi]]
| Shantanu Ganesh Rode
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=68th National Film Awards Full Winners List: Suriya, Ajay Devgn jointly win Best Actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/68th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-suriya-ajay-devgn-jointly-win-best-actor-1978718-2022-07-22 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Ekda Kaay Zala]]''
| Showbox Entertainment and Gajavadana Rairah Corporation
| [[Saleel Kulkarni]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards: List of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/69th-national-film-awards-allu-arjun-alia-bhatt-and-more-felicitated/article67430047.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vaalvi]]''
| Mayasabha Karamanuk Mandali and [[Zee Studios]]
| [[Paresh Mokashi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards full winners list: Aattam wins Best Film, Rishab Shetty is Best Actor, KGF 2 and Kantara bag top honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-full-winners-list-aataam-rishabh-shetty-kgf-2-9517350/lite/#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17242062074308&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shyamchi Aai (2023 film)|Shyamchi Aai]]''
|Amruta Films
|[[Sujay Dahake]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-03 |title=Marathi cinema shines bright at 71st National Film Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/marathi-cinema-shines-bright-at-71st-national-film-awards-10166211/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|http://dff.nic.in/NFA.aspx}} of Directorate of Film Festivals, India
{{National Film Award Best Marathi Feature Film}}{{National Film Awards}}
{{Marathi language topics}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Marathi]]
[[Category:Marathi cinema]]

Ratul

2026-04-10T01:39:16Z

Niishad Shetty: creating some entry v1...

'''Ratul''' can be both a masculine given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
*[[Ratul Mahajan]], Indian-American computer systems manager
*[[Ratul Puri]], Indian business executive
*[[Ratul Shankar]], Indian percussionist and actor
*[[Naimul Islam Ratul]], Bangladeshi singer
{{Given name|type=both}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Kasthuri Shankar

2026-04-01T20:37:08Z

Niishad Shetty: put up the details more to come

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{About||the singer|Kasturi Shankar|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Indian name| Kasthuri|Shankar}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kasthuri Shankar
| image =
| caption = Kasthuri Shankar in the [[Kannada]] song Thare Thare Minuguva Thare
| birth_date =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|politician|model}}
| spouse = Ravikumar
| children = 2
| years_active = 1991-present
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2025–present)
}}

'''Kasthuri Shankar''' is an Indian actress, politician, model and television presenter who has appeared in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] language films.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-kasthuri-shankar-opens-up-about-losing-parents-seeing-daughter-battle-cancer-4499690.html |title=Actor Kasthuri Shankar Opens up About Losing Parents, Seeing Daughter Battle Cancer |date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born in a [[Brahmin]]<ref>https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/tiruchirappalli/are-you-tamilan-actress-kasthuri-angry-in-the-brahmin-function/articleshow/106453811.cms</ref> family to Sumathi, a lawyer and P.S. Shankar. She has one younger brother. She is married and has a son and a daughter. Her daughter is a [[leukemia]] survivor.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/casting-couch-in-filmdom-isnt-a-myth-it-does-exist/articleshow/57593669.cms |title=Casting couch in filmdom isn't a myth, it does exist |website=The Times of India |last1=Sundar |first1=Mrinalini}}</ref>

==Career==
After graduation from [[Ethiraj College for Women]], Shankar won [[Miss Chennai]] in 1992. In the same year, she won the Femina Miss Madras beauty pageant too. While studying in college, she started her career in modelling over interest in the domain.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-3-wild-card-entrant-kasthuri-shankars-lesser-known-facts-take-a-look/photostory/70607690.cms?picid=70607874 |title=Career as an actress |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Not only was she a successful model, but also, she was a finalist in the BBC's ''[[Mastermind India]]'' in 2000. Her acting career began in 1991 with the film, ''[[Aatha Un Koyilile]]'' (1991). From working on small budget Tamil films, she went on to work into more mainstream movies alongside legends, such as [[Kamal Haasan]] in ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996). A 30-minute documentary film, Kasthuri: A South Indian Film Star, was released as a tribute to her success in the film industry. She gained attention for her acting skills in ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' (1997) and dance performance in ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]'' (1998).

She later made a comeback to hosting television-based quiz shows in the 2010s, and worked on ''[[Vina Vidai Vettai]]'' for [[Puthuyugam TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journeyline.in/newsdet.aspx?q=54012 |title=In the limelight again |website=journeyline.in}}</ref> Her debut comeback film was ''[[Malai Malai]]'' (2009). She also notably portrayed a key supporting role as an investigative agent in [[Adhik Ravichandran]]'s ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' (2017), appearing alongside [[Silambarasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/22/i-am-too-old-for-vijay-too-young-for-rajinikanth-kasthuri-1619372.html |title=I am too old for Vijay, too young for Rajinikanth: Kasthuri|date=22 June 2017 }}</ref>

After rejecting the opportunity to appear on the Tamil reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil]]'' in 2018, she joined the [[Bigg Boss Tamil 3|third season of the show]] in 2019 as a wildcard entry contestant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/tamil-cinema/article/bigg-boss-tamil-3-contestant-kasthuri-makes-shocking-revelations-over-her-payment-dues/660190 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 3 contestant Kasthuri makes shocking revelations over her payment dues |date=30 September 2020}}</ref> After that, she made her comeback to Telugu audience in ''[[Intinti Gruhalakshmi]]'' serial which airs on Star Maa now.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupuleti |first=AuthorPriyanka |title=Kasthuri Shankar testing her luck on small screen |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kasthuri-shankar-testing-her-luck-on-small-screen |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Political career==
Shankar campaigned for the [[Bharatiya Janata party]] (BJP) in Madurai during the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Indian general elections]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/bjp-flays-actor-and-ex-campaigner-kasturi-for-remarks-against-telugu-community-809994|title=BJP flays actor and ex-campaigner Kasturi for remarks against Telugu community}}</ref> She joined the party on 15 August 2025 at Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Actor Kasthuri and trans activist Namitha Marimuthu join BJP|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/actor-kasthuri-and-trans-activist-namitha-marimuthu-join-bjp/article69937478.ece|website=The Hindu|date=16 August 2025}}</ref>

==Other work==

===Columns===
In the late 1990s, Shankar wrote a weekly column titled "Keep It Simple Stupid" in the ''Kumudham'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.minnoviyam.com/star/track14.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420125444/http://www.minnoviyam.com/star/track14.html |archive-date=20 April 1999 |title=Minnoviyam}}</ref>

=== Topless photoshoot ===
In 2014, she was photographed [[Toplessness|topless]] and half-[[Nudity|nude]] as a part of Jade Beall's book ''The Bodies of Mothers: A Beautiful Body Project''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-kasthuris-photo-shoot-motherhood-wins-hearts-she-says-amazed-response-35573 |title=Actor Kasthuri's photo shoot for motherhood wins hearts, she says amazed at response |publisher=The News Minute |date=30 October 2015 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Kasthuri Poses Semi-nude for Photo-book 'Bodies of Mothers' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/oct/30/actress-kasthuri-poses-semi-nude-for-photo-book-bodies-of-mothers-836421.html |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=30 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=DNA Web |date=31 October 2015 |title=South Indian actress Kasthuri poses topless for Jade Beall's 'A Beautiful Body Project' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-south-indian-actress-kasthuri-poses-topless-for-jade-beall-s-a-beautiful-body-project-2140526 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Social commentary and controversies==
Shankar is an active commentator regarding social issues through an occasional column with the [[Times of India]] and via Twitter, and her tweets have sometimes elicited debate in the media.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/column-ek-gaon-mein-ek-kisan-raghuthatha/articleshow/59714343.cms |title=The Word View: Ek Gaon Mein Ek Kisan Raghuthatha! |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In early 2017, she questioned [[Rajinikanth]]'s ability as a potential politician, and her opinion garnered criticism from the actor's fans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230517/i-am-a-true-fan-of-rajini-sir-kasturi.html |title=I am a true fan of Rajini sir: Kasturi |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=23 May 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/kasthuri-says-shes-a-true-fan-of-rajinikanth/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808235937/https://silverscreen.in/news/kasthuri-says-shes-a-true-fan-of-rajinikanth/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2019 |title=Kasthuri Says She's A "True Fan" Of Rajinikanth |date=23 May 2017}}</ref> In late 2018, she criticised Rajinikanth's ignorance over the [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Rajiv Gandhi assassination case]] and engaged in a further exchange with Rajinikanth's supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mynation.com/news/rajinikanth-actress-kasthuri-war-of-words-rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-pi83h0 |title=Rajinikanth, actress Kasthuri engage in war of words over Rajiv Gandhi assassination case |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> Shankar spoke out as a part of the [[Me Too movement (India)|Me Too movement]] in India, suggesting that her reluctance to give into patriarchal behaviour meant that she was removed from several film projects. She revealed that one male actor took a particular vengeance against her for her rebuff to his advances, and subsequently made it difficult for her to work on other projects.<ref name="toi"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/news/kasthuri-people-think-women-cant-climb-ladder-without-favours-man/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808235936/https://silverscreen.in/news/kasthuri-people-think-women-cant-climb-ladder-without-favours-man/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 August 2019 |title=Kasthuri: "People Think Women Can't Climb Up The Ladder Without The Favours of a Man!" |date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/winds-change-kollywood-more-women-actors-speak-about-misogyny-industry-59241 |title=Winds of change in Kollywood? More women actors speak up about misogyny in the industry |publisher=The News Minute |date=25 March 2017 |access-date=21 October 2019}}</ref> She criticised directors [[Bharathiraja]] and [[S. Shankar]] in April 2019, she said director Bharathiraja and his son has black skin and they use North Indian girls with lighter skin in their movies while S. Shankar goes a long way and imports white skin foreign girls in his movies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |date=17 April 2019 |title=பொது மேடையில் பாரதி ராஜாவின் நிறம் குறித்து கேலி செய்த கஸ்தூரி.! இதே வேல தானா.! |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/kasthuri-mocks-director-bharathiraja/ |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=Tamil Behind Talkies |language=en-US}}</ref> While Shankar declares herself an Indian patriot, her husband and two children are all US-born American citizens. During the row over the comments made by DMK MP Elangovan against Hindi, Shankar criticized him stating that she was personally offended as she was of mixed lineage herself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/left-right-centre/i-am-a-proud-shudra-actor-kasturi-shankar-amid-language-row-636578 |title=Video | "I Am a Proud Shudra": Actor Kasturi Shankar Amid Language Row}}</ref>

A person, who claimed himself to be actor [[Ajith Kumar|Ajith]]'s fan, had allegedly made sexist comments against Shankar in January 2020. A week after this, Shankar blasted him, by suggesting him to ask his mother or sister if he wants a woman for sex. She used the tag ''#dirtyajithfans'', which started trending in India. Some fans of Ajith created ''#DirtyKasthuriAunty'' to counter this. A war of words continued and created a controversy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kasturi-shankar-faces-backlash-shutting-down-sexist-ajith-fans-dirtykasthuriaunty-trends-twitter-811958|title=Kasturi Shankar faces backlash for shutting down sexist Ajith fans; #DirtyKasthuriAunty trends on Twitter}}</ref>

On 17 November 2024, Shankar was arrested in [[Hyderabad]] following derogatory and controversial statements against the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] community settled in Tamil Nadu at an event organized by the [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] demanding to create of an exclusive legislation to protect the Brahmin community on the lines of the PCR Act for the Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{cite web | last=Desk | first=HT Entertainment | title=Actor Kasthuri Shankar arrested days after hiding post making controversial remarks on Telugu community | website=Hindustan Times | date=2024-11-16 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/actor-kasthuri-shankar-arrested-days-after-hiding-post-making-controversial-remarks-on-telugu-community-101731769048615.html | access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=N | first=Ramakrishna | title=BJP flays actor and ex-campaigner Kasturi for remarks against Telugu community | website=dtnext | date=2024-11-05 | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/bjp-flays-actor-and-ex-campaigner-kasturi-for-remarks-against-telugu-community-809994 | access-date=2025-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Kasthuri Shankar, Accused Of Anti-Telugu Remarks, Arrested In Hyderabad |url=https://www.news18.com/india/actress-kasthuri-shankar-accused-of-anti-telugu-remarks-arrested-in-hyderabad-9122939.html |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1991 || ''[[Aatha Un Koyilile]]'' || Kasthuri || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chakravarthy (1991 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' || Praseetha || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rasathi Varum Naal]]'' || Radha || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1992 || ''[[Government Mappillai]]'' || Mallaria ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnavar]]'' || Meena ||
|-
| ''[[Urimai Oonjaladugiradhu]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Senthamizh Pattu]]'' || Shanmathi ||
|-
| ''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]'' || Dhanam ||
|-
| ''Gang War'' ||Kaveri || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1993 ||''[[Rakkayi Koyil]]'' || Vellaiyamma || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' || Raja's first wife ||
|-
| ''[[Athma (film)|Aathma]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Pass Mark]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Udan Pirappu]]''|| Sumathi ||
|-
| ''[[Nippu Ravva]]''|| Bharathi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Enga Muthalali]]'' || Kalyani || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994 || ''[[Amaidhi Padai]]'' || Thayamma ||
|-
| ''[[Watchman Vadivel]]''|| Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Jaana (film)|Jaana]]'' || Kasturi || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Pandi]]'' || Ponnuthaayi || rowspan="6" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thendral Varum Theru]]'' || Nalini ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1995 || ''[[Sindhu Bath]]'' || Shobana ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Mani]]'' || Chinna Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''Aakaya Pookal'' || Kamakshi ||
|-
| ''God Father'' || Aruna || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Agrajan]]'' || Sreedevi || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Radholsavam''|| Chempakam ||
|-
| ''[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]]'' || Ammu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1996 || ''[[Ibbara Naduve Muddina Aata]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' || Kasthuri || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]'' || Lizy ||
|-
| ''Soggadi Pellam'' || Jyothi|| rowspan="7" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''[[Merupu]]'' ||Prema ||
|-
| ''Rendu Kutumbala Katha'' ||Hema ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997 || ''[[Chilakkottudu]]'' || Kasturi ||
|-
| ''Ratha Yatra'' || Ganga ||
|-
| ''[[Annamayya (film)|Annamayya]]'' || Akkalamma ||
|-
| ''Maa Ayana Bangaram'' || ||
|-
| ''Nazarr'' || Bansuri || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1998 || ''[[Mangalya Pallakku]]'' || Seethalakshmi || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Thutta Mutta]]'' || Dr. Seema || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''One Man Army'' || Kasthoori||
|-
| ''[[Sneham (1998 film)|Sneham]]'' || Radhika || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal Kavidhai]]'' || Swapna || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Habba]]'' ||Anu || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Uma || Tamil ||
|-
| ''Panchapandavar'' || Nandini || Malayalam ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2001 || ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum (2001 film)|Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Pooja || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || || Special appearance in the song "Hey Sal Sal"
|-
| ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]'' || Padma || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Premakke Sai]]'' || Vedha || Kannada ||
|-
|2002 || ''Adheena'' || Princess Adheena|| Malayalam ||
|-
|| 2009 || ''[[Malai Malai]]'' || Lakshmi || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="3" |2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance in the song "Kuthuvilakku"
|-
| ''[[Gudu Gudu Gunjam]]'' || Malleeshwari || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Don Seenu]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
|rowspan="2" |2011 || ''[[Pathinaaru]]'' || Ilavarasi || rowspan="8" | Tamil || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || || Special appearance
|-
||2012 || ''[[Naanga]]'' || Chithra||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013 || ''[[Azhagan Azhagi]]'' || || Special appearance in the song "Ethuvarai Vaanam"
|-
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || | ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || Satish's sister in law ||
|-
| ''Naan Ponnu Ondru Kanden'' || || Special appearance in the song "Othaya Retaya"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || | ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' || Ruby ||
|-
| ''[[Samanthakamani (film)|Samanthakamani]]'' || Krishna's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 || ''[[Traffic Ramasamy (film)|Traffic Ramasamy]]'' || Witness in court || rowspan="4" | Tamil || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' || || Special appearance in the song "Vaa Vaa Kaama"
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020 || ''[[Velvet Nagaram]]'' || Gauri ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2021 ||''EPCO 302'' || S. Durga IPS ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022 ||[[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']] || Brahma's mother || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Tamilarasan]]'' || Jagadeeswari || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Rayar Parambarai]]'' || Rayar's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Striker (2023 film)|Striker]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Simbaa]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025 || ''[[Devil's Double Next Level]]'' || Devaki and Shilpa || rowspan="3" | Tamil || Dual role<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-05-12 |title="டிடி நெக்ஸ்ட் லெவல்" - கஸ்தூரியின் கதாபாத்திர அறிமுக போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/devils-double-nextlevel-character-intro-in-kasthuri-as-devaki-shilpa-1157330 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raagu Kethu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oho Enthan Baby]]'' || Ashwin's mother ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year!! Title !! Role !! Language !! Network !! Notes
|-
| ||''Eshtadanam''|| ||Malayalam||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|1995||''Kaiyalavu Manasu''||Vani||Tamil||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mastermind India]]'' || Contestant || rowspan="3" | Tamil || [[BBC]] ||
|-
|2003||''Quiz Buzz''|| Host||Raj TV||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/20/stories/2001122000180400.htm|date=20 December 2001|access-date=8 February 2025|title=Brainstorming at its best|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031028072534/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2001/12/20/stories/2001122000180400.htm|archive-date=28 October 2003}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Sun Kudumbam Awards 2010]]'' || Host ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
| ''[[Star Singer]]'' || Special judge ||Malayalam|||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| 2013–2014 || ''[[Vina Vidai Vettai]]'' || Host|| rowspan="2" | Tamil ||[[Puthuyugam TV]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Vina Vidai Vettai Juniors]]'' || Host || Puthuyugam TV ||
|-
| ''Wow 2'' || Participant ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| [[ETV Telugu|E TV]] ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3]]'' || Contestant ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay]] || Evicted Day 63
|-
|2020–2024||''[[Intinti Gruhalakshmi]]''||Tulasi||Telugu||[[Star Maa]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020||''Cash''||Participant||Telugu||[[ETV Telugu|ETV]]||
|-
|''[[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]]''||Rudra||Tamil||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Special Appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021|| ''[[Parampara (2021 TV series)|Parampara]]''|| Indira|| Telugu || [[Disney+ Hotstar]]||
|-
| ''[[Sixth Sense (game show)|Sixth Sense]]''|| Participant|| Telugu || [[Star Maa]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022||''Aruvi''||Herself||Tamil||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
|''Sreedevi Dance Company''||Herself||Telugu||[[ETV Telugu|ETV]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024||''Seethe Ramudiki Katnam''||Ram's Mother||Telugu||[[Zee Telugu]]||Photographic Appearance
|-
|''Jhansi'' || || Telugu || [[ETV Telugu|ETV]] ||
|-
|''[[Jagadhatri]]'' || Sharmila Tagore || Telugu ||[[Zee Telugu]]||Special Appearance
|-
| 2025; 2026 ||''[[Ayali (2025 TV series)|Ayali]]''||Archana||Tamil||[[Zee Tamil]]||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0441030|name=Kasthuri}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Kasthuri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Sangham (1954 film)

2026-04-01T04:14:19Z

Niishad Shetty: started new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangham
| image = Sangham 1954 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. V. Raman]]
| writer = Tholeti {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = M. V. Raman
| story = V. S. Venkatachalam
| producer = M. Murugan [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Kumaran
| starring = [[Vyjayanthimala]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[S. Balachander]]
| cinematography = T. Muthu Swamy
| editing = M. V. Raman K. Shankar
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1954|7|10}}
| runtime = 175 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sangham''''' ({{translation|Society}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, produced by M. Murugan, [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] and M. Kumaran of [[AVM Productions]] and directed by [[M. V. Raman]]. It stars [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[S. Balachander]], with music composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]].

== Plot ==
The film begins at Bangalore where two soulmates, Rani, a plucky feminist & Kamini, a modest. Ramanatham Kamini's father has been ostracized from society because he knitted low caste woman Annapurna. Ergo, today, it nullifies matches of Kamini with mortification. Exploiting it, Kannaiah, an old cat, proceeds for the bridal connection, and Rani drives him away, which utterly crashes Ramanatham. He also fails to know the whereabouts of his nephew Sundaram. He is currently at [[Burma campaign]], still loving Kamini and looking forward to returning.

Meanwhile, Seetaramanjaneya Das, an orthodox village headman, and his son Raja walk on as a medico to Bangalore with his bestie, jovial Chandram. Kannaiah is also a resident of the same and Seetaramanjaneya's mate. Once, the Raja & Chandram are acquainted with Rani & Kamini in a clash when Raja endears Kamini. Chandram always frays with Kamini but silently falls for her. Later, Rani heads to [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] for athletics and fractures her leg. With a progressive mind, Raja splices Kamimi in Rani's absence and without his parents' knowledge.

Besides, Sundaram backs and becomes downhearted, conscious of Kamini's martial. Ramanatham, beware of it, hastens for him and, tragically, dies in an accident. Now, Kannaiah subterfuges by posting Seetaramanjaneya that his son has wedlock and is casteless. Ergo, Seetaramanjaneya immediately calls Raja and roars with a final notice to quit Kamini. However, he backtalks and exits. In parallel, on Kamini's plea, Sundaram guests are there for a few days. Upon his arrival, Raja takes off by detesting suspicions about their relationship. Then, he declares that he will become betrothed to anyone of his father's choice.

Fortuitously, Seetaramanjaneya engages with Rani's father, Colonel Mallikarjuna Rao, which Rani accepts. Listening to it, Kamini is blissful, unaware of the fact. Just before the wedding, Kamini gets dismayed & devastated, looking at Raja as the groom, but chooses to give up and attempts suicide. Hereupon, Chandram secures her and divulges the actuality to Rani. At last, Rani emerges chastity & virtue of Kamini, Kannaiah's heinousness, and Sundaram makes Raja eat crow. Plus, Seetaramanjaneya also accepts Kamini as his daughter-in-law by expelling Kannaiah. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Chandram & Rani.

== Cast ==
*[[Vyjayanthimala]] as Rani
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Kamini
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Raja
*[[S. Balachander]] as Chandram
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Seetharamanjaneya Das
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Ramanatham
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Yeka Kannaiah
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Sundaram
*[[R. Balasubramaniam]] as Colonel Mallikarjuna Rao
*[[Rushyendramani]] as Abbayamma
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] Tammarapi as Rani's mother

== Production ==
''Sangham'' was produced by [[A. V. Meiyappan]], the founder of [[AVM Productions]]. It was simultaneously shot in Hindi as ''[[Ladki]]'' and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Penn (film)|Penn]]''.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2 February 2014 |title=Sangham (1954) |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sangham-1954/article5643652.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109061807/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sangham-1954/article5643652.ece |archive-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> [[Vyjayanthimala]] appeared as the female lead in all three versions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Memories of Madras: Its Movies, Musicians & Men of Letters |publisher=Creative Workshop |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-928961-7-5 |pages=334–335 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref> [[N. T. Rama Rao]] was cast in the role done by [[Bharat Bhushan]] in the Hindi version and [[Gemini Ganesan]] in the Tamil version.<ref>{{cite news|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar|date=2006-02-26|title=Finger on people's pulse|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401350100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701202509/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401350100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 July 2004|accessdate=2011-03-15}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]]. Lyrics were written by Tholeti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=సంఘం |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/ZR/1954-Sangham-1954.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206034358/https://indiancine.ma/documents/ZR/1954-Sangham-1954.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma |language=te}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Bharata Veera"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|2:38
|-
|"Aadadante Aluseladela"
|[[Raghunath Panigrahi]]
|2:02
|-
|"Jaathi Bedam Samasipoda"
| V. Nagayya
|2:16
|-
|"Sundaranga"
|P. Susheela & T. S. Bagavathi
|4:14
|-
|"Nidurinchedi"
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|3:53
|-
|"Karavalamani"
|P. Susheela, T. S. Bagavathi & [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|8:22
|-
|"Ilalo Sati Leni"
|P. Susheela
|7:12
|-
|"Pelli Pelli"
|[[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]]
|3:03
|-
|"Nalugurilo"
|T. S. Bagavathi
|4:22
|-
|"Dimikita Dimikita"
|Madhavapeddi Satyam
|4:30
|-
|"Kohi Kohi Mani Kakula"
|P. Susheela
|3:53
|-
|"Aasale Adiasalai"
|P. Susheela
|3:25
|}

== Box office ==
The film became hit at the box office due to the Vyjayanthimala fan craze.<ref name="thehindu" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0259552}}

{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1950s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1954 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. V. Raman]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]

Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta

2026-03-24T20:45:28Z

Niishad Shetty: put up new entry...

{{Short description|Madhya Pradesh State Ombudsman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta
| nativename = मध्य प्रदेश लोकायुक्त
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = File:Emblem of Madhya Pradesh.svg
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed = 1981
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = No
| map = Madhya Pradesh district map.svg
| mapcaption = Madhya Pradesh
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Madhya Pradesh Lok Ayukta, F-Block Sultania Rd, Old Secretrate, S B I Bank Square, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462001.
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle = [[Bhopal]]
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Hon. Shri Justice Satyendra Kumar Singh.<ref name="MP Lokref2">{{cite web |title=Lokayukt and Uplokayukt |url=http://mplokayukt.nic.in/lokayukt-and-uplokayukt |website=mplokayukt.nic.in |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Lokayukta
| parentagency = [[Lokpal]]
| website = https://mplokayukt.nic.in/
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
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}}
[[File:India Madhya Pradesh physical.svg|thumb|India Madhya Pradesh physical.svg]]
'''Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] ([[India]]). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-1981, and approved by the [[president of India]]. With [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by the [[Parliament of India]] coming into force on 16 January 2014, each Indian state was required to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A bench of Lokayukta should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to Lokayukta,<ref name="MP Lokref5" /> assisting her or him in the work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta in case the position falls vacant before time.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]], Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta Act makes provision for serving Chief Justice or Judge in any High Courts of India or a serving Judge in Supreme Court of India to be appointed as its Lokayukta. Additionally the Act gave a provision to appoint a Deputy Lokayukta or Upa-Lokayukta with the eligibility of 1. A person who is serving as Judge in any Indian High Court or 2. a person who has retired from any position with state or central government and having pay scale more than that of an Addl Secretary in Indian Government. Deputy Lokayukta is appointed after consulting Lokayukta.

Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta vacancies are not openly disclosed.<ref name="MP Lokref5">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Quotation|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-1981}}

== Powers ==

Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister, State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials of serving as Secretary and above Additional Secretary.<ref name="MP Lokref5" /> The enquiry with Upa-Lokayukta or Deputy Lokayukta shall include all other complaints excluding those with powers specifically with the state Lokayukta.

Madhya pradesh Lokayukta is exempted by Right to Information Act to disclose details of search operations conducted by Income Tax Department against the corrupt officials of the state.<ref name="MP Lokref3">{{cite news |title=MP Lokayukta refuses to share details on IT searches against corrupt public servants |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mp-lokayukta-refuses-to-share-details-on-it-searches-against-corrupt-public-servants/articleshow/68872428.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 April 2019}}</ref>

== Appointment and tenure ==

Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta Act made provision for a person appointed to the position of Lokayukta will serve for a period of six years.<ref name="MP Lokref5" /> Members having served in these two positions are not eligible to be reappointed. Madhya Pradesh Government created the provision in Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta Act to further extend the tenure of the Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta for a period not more than one year after their retirement in case the State Government fails to appoint anyone in their place.<ref name="MP Lokref1">{{cite news |title=MP Cabinet Extends Tenure of Lokayukta |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mp-cabinet-extends-tenure-of-lokayukta/855028 |access-date=11 September 2021 |publisher=www.outlookindia.com |date=13 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2019, retired judge of Madhya Pradesh High Court Naresh Kumar Gupta was sworn in as State Loka-Ayukta.<ref name="MP Lokref4">{{cite news |title=Naresh Kumar Gupta sworn in as Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/naresh-kumar-gupta-sworn-in-as-madhya-pradesh-lokayukta/articleshow/61134183.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=18 October 2017}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

In 2015, law enforcement agencies of Lokayukta had filed a case against Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (MPTDC), on a complaint filed by security agency in an issue relating to awarding of a contract on assigning of security in tourist places of the state.<ref name="MP Lokref6">{{cite news |title=Lokayukta police files case against MP Tourism Corporation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lokayukta-police-files-case-against-mp-tourism-corporation/articleshow/48709606.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=28 August 2015}}</ref>

In 2014, the institution had caught around 102 employees of state government with positions ranging from peon to top ranking officials for various offences relating to bribery.<ref name="MP Lokref7">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta catches 102 government employees for allegedly accepting bribe in 2014 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/madhya-pradesh-lokayukta-catches-102-government-employees-for-allegedly-accepting-bribe-in-2014/articleshow/45730011.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013]]
*[[Gujarat Lokayukta]]
*[[Telangana Lokayukta]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Lokayog]]
*[[Delhi Lokayukta]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mplokayukt.nic.in/ official website]



[[Category:Lokayuktas]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]

Indian Institutes of Technology

2026-03-20T07:46:04Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{short description|Public technical universities in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = {{nowrap|Indian Institutes of Technology}}
| image = IIT Kharagpur 2016.jpg
| caption = Campus of [[IIT Kharagpur]], oldest and one of 23 IITs
| other_name = IIT or IITs (plural)
| type = [[technical university|Public technical institute]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|11349|c}} {{small|([[Fiscal year|FY]]2024–25 est.)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=DEMAND NO. 26, Department of Higher Education, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION |url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=Indiabudget.gov.in |pages=350 |language=en |publication-place=[[New Delhi]] |publication-date=1 Feb 2025 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201114025/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/allsbe.pdf }}</ref>
| country =
| location = 23 cities in India (2 more campuses overseas, in UAE & Tanzania)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iitmz.ac.in/
|title=IIT Madras Zanzibar |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/
|title=IITD Abu Dhabi Campus |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>
| city =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|1950|05
|15}}
| parent = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Education]], [[Government of India]]
| website = {{URL|https://iitsystem.ac.in}}
}}
{{Map/Indian Institutes of Technology}}

The '''Indian Institutes of Technology''' ('''IITs''') are a network of prestigious, autonomous public engineering and technology institutions in [[India]].<ref>"Too many IITs, unrealistic expectations - The Hindu" https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/too-many-iits-unrealistic-expectations/article33883323.ece</ref><ref>"Why IIT Bombay, IIT Delhi remain top picks in JEE Advanced 2025 admissions - India Today" https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/why-iit-bombay-iit-delhi-remain-top-picks-in-jee-advanced-2025-admissions-2778051-2025-08-28</ref><ref>"The IITs are overcommitted, in crisis - The Hindu" https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-iits-are-overcommitted-in-crisis/article67494448.ece#:~:text=The%20IIT%20system%20is%20in,of%20India's%20soft%20power%20efforts&text=The%20Indian%20Institutes%20of%20Technology,to%20understand%20a%20looming%20crisis.</ref><ref>"IITs top Education Ministry’s rankings for 2021 - The Hindu" https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iits-top-education-ministrys-rankings-for-2021/article36376187.ece</ref> Established in 1950, they are under the purview of the [[Ministry of Education]] of the [[Government of India]] and are governed by the [[Institutes of Technology Act, 1961]]. The Act designates them as [[Institutes of National Importance]] and lays down their powers, duties, and governance framework as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology.<ref name="IITAct">{{cite web |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/
|title=Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 |website=IIT System Portal |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> There are currently 23 IITs functioning under this act.<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|title=Problem of plenty: As IITs multiply, the brand value diminishes|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015|access-date=17 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831075125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> Each IIT operates autonomously and is linked to the others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The [[Minister of Education (India)|Minister of Education]] serves as the [[ex officio]] chairperson of the IIT Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/|title=IIT Council Portal|access-date=17 September 2025|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618184358/https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/}}
</ref>

== List of all Indian Institutes of Technology ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+IITs and their locations, sorted by date of establishment<ref name="IIT act" /><ref name="IIT Act As amended till 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/@tamilneet|title=IIT Act (As amended till 2012|website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221638/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rti/links/acts_statutes_iitguwahati.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|title=Problem of plenty: As IITs multiply, the brand value diminishes|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831075125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx}}</ref><ref name="Gazette Notification of the Bill">{{cite web |url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf |title=Gazette Notification of the Bill |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405110050/http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="IIT Kharagpur">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|title=Institute History – Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|access-date=
22 October 2008|publisher=IIT Kharaggpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080420181942/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |archive-date = 20 April 2008}}</ref>
!No.
! Name !! Abbreviation
!Founded!! Converted as IIT
!State/UT
!Website
!Faculty
!Students
|-
|1
|[[IIT Kharagpur]]
|IITKGP
|1951
|1951
|[[West Bengal]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitkgp.ac.in}}
|928<ref name=nirf_2024_iitkgp>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITKGP |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/nirf24_overall.pdf |publisher=NIRF |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919215101/https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/nirf24_overall.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|15,862<ref name=nirf_2024_iitkgp/>
|-
|2
|[[IIT Bombay]]
|IITB
|1958
|1958
||[[Maharashtra]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitb.ac.in}}
|759<ref name=nirf_2024_iitb>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITB |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0306.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815145108/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0306.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|12,976<ref name=nirf_2024_iitb/>
|-
|3
|[[IIT Madras]]|| IITM
|1959||1959
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitm.ac.in}}
|674<ref name=nirf_2024_iitm>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITM |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813134024/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|10,238<ref name=nirf_2024_iitm/>
|-
|4
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]|| IITK
|1959||1959
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitk.ac.in}}
|655<ref name=nirf_2024_iitk>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITK |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1075.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|8,346<ref name=nirf_2024_iitk/>
|-
|5
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] || IITD
|1961||1961
|| [[Delhi]]
|{{URL|https://home.iitd.ac.in}}
|687<ref name=nirf_2024_iitd>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITD |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1074.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|12,543<ref name=nirf_2024_iitd/>
|-
|6
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]|| IITG
|1994||1995
|[[Assam]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitg.ac.in}}
|539<ref name=nirf_2024_iitg>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITG |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0053.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815144909/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0053.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|7,849<ref name=nirf_2024_iitg/>
|-
|7
|[[IIT Roorkee]]|| IITR
|1847|| 2002<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=University of Roorkee to IIT Roorkee|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2002|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/E-2501-2001-0055-113436.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/E-2501-2001-0055-113436.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
||[[Uttarakhand]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitr.ac.in}}
|585<ref name=nirf_2024_iitr>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITR |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0560.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125219/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0560.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|9,735<ref name=nirf_2024_iitr/>
|-
|8
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|IIT Jodhpur]]|| IITJ
|2008||2008
||[[Rajasthan]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitj.ac.in/}}
|238<ref name=nirf_2024_iitj>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITJ |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0395.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|3,308<ref name=nirf_2024_iitj/>
|-
|9
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|IIT Ropar]]|| IITRPR
|2008||2008
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitrpr.ac.in/}}
|179<ref name=nirf_2024_iitrpr>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITRPR |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0378.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815164856/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0378.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,768<ref name=nirf_2024_iitrpr/>
|-
|10
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|IIT Gandhinagar]] || IITGN
|2008||2008
||[[Gujarat]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitgn.ac.in/}}
|143<ref name=nirf_2024_iitgn>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITGN |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0139.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125336/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0139.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,010<ref name=nirf_2024_iitgn/>
|-
|11
|[[IIT Hyderabad]] || IITH
|2008||2008
||[[Telangana]]
|{{URL|https://www.iith.ac.in}}
|306<ref name=nirf_2024_iith>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITH |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0013.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130123/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|3,946<ref name=nirf_2024_iith/>
|-
|12
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]]|| IITP
|2008||2008
||[[Bihar]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitp.ac.in/}}
|166<ref name=nirf_2024_iitp>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITP |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0064.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815140422/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0064.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,883<ref name=nirf_2024_iitp/>
|-
|13
|[[IIT Bhubaneswar]]
| IITBBS
|2008||2008
||[[Odisha]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/}}
|178<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbbs>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBBS |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0355.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830114551/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0355.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,597<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbbs/>
|-
|14
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|IIT Mandi]]|| IITMD
|2009||2009
||[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitmandi.ac.in}}
|197<ref name=nirf_2024_iitmandi>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITMandi |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0184.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130503/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0184.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|2,343<ref name=nirf_2024_iitmandi/>
|-
|15
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Indore|IIT Indore]] || IITI
|2009||2009
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iiti.ac.in}}
|204<ref name=nirf_2024_iiti>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITI |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0273.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|2,323<ref name=nirf_2024_iiti/>
|-
|16
|[[Indian Institute of Technology, BHU|IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]|| IITBHU
|1919|| 2012<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=IT-BHU to IIT (BHU) Varanasi|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2011|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_36_2012_135.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_36_2012_135.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
||[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitbhu.ac.in}}
|381<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhu>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBHU |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0701.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815130129/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0701.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|7,980<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhu/>
|-
|17
|[[IIT Palakkad]]|| IITPKD
|2015<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=JEE Advanced 2015: IIT Bombay announces that four new IITs will admit students from this session|url=http://www.prepsure.com/news/jee-advanced-2015-iit-bombay-announces-that-4-new-iits-will-admit-students-from-this-session/|access-date=12 June 2015|work=Prepsure.com|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627021308/http://www.prepsure.com/news/jee-advanced-2015-iit-bombay-announces-that-4-new-iits-will-admit-students-from-this-session/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 2015
|[[Kerala]]
|{{URL|https://iitpkd.ac.in/}}
|127<ref name=nirf_2024_iitpkd>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITPKD |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0878.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830081131/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0878.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1370<ref name=nirf_2024_iitpkd/>
|-
|18
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati|IIT Tirupati]] || IITT
|2015<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2015-06-25 |title=IIT Tirupati all set to begin classes from Aug. 5 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/iit-tirupati-all-set-to-begin-classes-from-aug-5/article7355881.ece |access-date=2023-01-28 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061907/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/iit-tirupati-all-set-to-begin-classes-from-aug-5/article7355881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>|| 2015
||[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iittp.ac.in/}}
|119<ref name=nirf_2024_iitt>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITT |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0844.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830080718/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0844.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1,168<ref name=nirf_2024_iitt/>
|-
|19
|[[IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]]|| IITISM
|1926|| 2016<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=ISM Dhanbad to IIT (ISM) Dhanbad|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2016|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Jharkhand]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitism.ac.in/}}
|414<ref name=nirf_2024_iitism>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITISM |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0205.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815132420/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0205.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|6,660<ref name=nirf_2024_iitism/>
|-
|20
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai|IIT Bhilai]]|| IITBH
|2016<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/chhattisgarh-to-open-iit-in-bhilai/|title=Chhattisgarh to open IIT campus in Bhilai|work=The Indian Express|date=14 January 2016|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091658/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/chhattisgarh-to-open-iit-in-bhilai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/}}
|71<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhilai>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBhilai |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0946.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref>
|806<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhilai/>
|-
|21
|[[IIT Dharwad]]||IITDH
|2016<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dharwad-will-host-first-IIT-of-Karnataka/articleshow/48877460.cms|title=Dharwad will host first IIT of Karnataka|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512160015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dharwad-will-host-first-IIT-of-Karnataka/articleshow/48877460.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Karnataka]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitdh.ac.in/}}
|86<ref name=nirf_2024_iitdh>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITDH |url=https://www.iitdh.ac.in/sites/default/files/2024-02/IIT%20Dharwad_NIRF%202024_Engineering_29_02_2024.pdf |publisher=IIT Dharwad}}</ref>
|866<ref name=nirf_2024_iitdh/>
|-
|22
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Jammu|IIT Jammu]]||IITJMU
|2016<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jammu-to-be-set-up-at-chak-bhalwal-115042301037_1.html|title=IIT Jammu to be set up at Chak Bhalwal|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 April 2015|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091656/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jammu-to-be-set-up-at-chak-bhalwal-115042301037_1.html|url-status=live|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{URL|https://www.iitjammu.ac.in/}}
|116<ref name=nirf_2024_iitjammu>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IIT Jammu |url=https://iitjammu.ac.in/nirf/Indian%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20Jammu20240228.pdf |publisher=IIT Jammu |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203190618/https://iitjammu.ac.in/nirf/Indian%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20Jammu20240228.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1,178<ref name=nirf_2024_iitjammu/>
|-
|23
|[[Indian Institute of Technology Goa|IIT Goa]]||IITGOA
|2016<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Failure-to-identify-land-likely-to-delay-setting-up-of-IIT-in-Goa/articleshow/47089363.cms|title=Failure to identify land likely to delay setting up of IIT in Goa|work=The Times of India|date=29 April 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218183921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Failure-to-identify-land-likely-to-delay-setting-up-of-IIT-in-Goa/articleshow/47089363.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2016
|[[Goa]]
|{{URL|https://iitgoa.ac.in/}}
| 68<ref name=nirf2025goa>{{cite web | url=https://iitgoa.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/Indian-Institute-of-Technology-Goa20250326-NIRF.pdf/ | title=IIT Goa NIRF Data | date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
| 73<ref name=nirf2025goa/>
|}

== History ==
[[File:NRSiits.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]], who recommended the set up of Indian Institutes of Technology '''(IITs)''', along the lines of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) USA (America)]]]]
[[File:IIT Kharagpur Old Building 1951.jpg|thumb|The office of the Hijli Detention Camp served as the first academic building of [[IIT Kharagpur]].]]
[[File:Library reading hall.jpg|thumb|Library at [[IIT BHU]]]]
[[File:IITG.jpg|thumb|right|[[IIT Guwahati]], established in 1994]]
[[File:IIT Madras Research Park.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Madras|IIT Madras Research Park]] at Chennai]]
{{Main|History of Indian Institutes of Technology}}

In the late 1940s, a 22-member committee, headed by [[Nalini Ranjan Sarkar]], recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, along the lines of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), with [[Affiliated school|affiliated]] secondary institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213137/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|archive-date=2007-08-13|title=Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|date=2007-08-13|access-date=2019-09-07}}</ref>

The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the [[Hijli Detention Camp]] in [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|title=Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416213230/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The name "Indian Institute of Technology" was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|title=Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951, The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today|date=2017-08-18|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-07|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416213230/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/inaugurated-in-kharagpur-in-1951-the-first-indian-institute-of-technology-turns-66-today-328052.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 September 1956, the [[Parliament of India]] passed the ''[[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act]]'', declaring it as an [[Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]]. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first [[Prime Minister of India]], in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:<ref name="Nehru speech">{{cite web | date = 14 May 2006 | url = http://www.iitkgp.ernet.in/institute/history.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708041546/http://www.iitkgp.ernet.in/institute/history.php | archive-date = 8 July 2006 | title = Institute History | access-date =14 May 2006 }}</ref>
{{cquote|Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolically of the changes coming to India.}}
On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at [[Bombay]] (1958), [[Madras]] (1959), [[Kanpur]] (1959), and [[Delhi]] (1961). The locations of these campuses were chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance.<ref>See "more IIT" in references below. Under "Final selection", the third paragraph</ref> The ''Indian Institutes of Technology Act'' was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs.<ref name="IIT act">{{cite web| date = 24 May 2005 | url = http://www.iitb.ac.in/legal/IITsAct.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106041957/http://www.iitb.ac.in/legal/IITsAct.pdf | archive-date=6 Jan 2012 | title = The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961
| publisher = Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay | access-date =14 May 2006}}</ref>

In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972, it was also proposed to convert the then IT-BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons, the desired conversion could not be achieved then.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-01-17 |title=Minutes of the 10th Meeting of IIT council |url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/IITcouncil/minutes/Minutes-10-Meeting-of-IIT-Council.pdf |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=iitsystem.ac.in|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150117234832/https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/IITcouncil/minutes/Minutes-10-Meeting-of-IIT-Council.pdf|archive-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref> IT-BHU had been taking admissions through [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination]] (IIT-JEE) for undergraduate courses and [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE) for postgraduate courses since 1972. Finally, in 2012 the [[Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University]] was made a member of the IITs and renamed as [[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]].<ref name=":2" />

Student agitations in the state of [[Assam]] made Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam. This led to the establishment of a sixth institution at [[Guwahati]] under the [[Assam Agitation|Assam Accord]] in 1994.

In 2001, the [[University of Roorkee]] was converted into IIT Roorkee.<ref name=":1" />
Over the past few years, there have been several developments toward establishing new IITs. On 1 October 2003, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential".<ref name="more IIT">{{cite news | first = Yogesh K. | last = Upadhyaya | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm | title = The making of new IITs | work = [[Rediff.com]] | date = 23 March 2005 | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 29 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429084425/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Subsequent developments led to the formation of the S K Joshi Committee, in November 2003, to guide the selection of the five institutions which would be converted into IITs. Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, it was decided that new IITs should be spread throughout the country. When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance, 16 states demanded IITs. Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs,<ref name="eligibility criteria">{{cite news | first = Yogesh K | last = Upadhyaya | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/18guest.htm | title = The march of the new IITs | work = [[Rediff.com]] | date = 18 August 2005 | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 29 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429103203/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/aug/18guest.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> only seven colleges were selected for final consideration.<ref name="seven colleges">{{cite news| first = Yogesh K| last = Upadhyaya| url = http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/may/25iit.htm| title = New IITs: A long journey ahead| work = [[Rediff.com]]| date = 25 May 2005| access-date = 14 May 2006| archive-date = 7 December 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155204/http://us.rediff.com/money/2005/may/25iit.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> Plans are also reported to open IITs outside India, although there has not been much progress in this regard.<ref name="IIT abroad">{{cite news|author=Times News Network |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1094211,prtpage-1.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502155333/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1094211%2Cprtpage-1.cms |archive-date=2 May 2007 |title=Desi IITs in pardes: conditions apply |work=The Economic Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. |date=1 May 2005 |access-date=27 August 2006 }}</ref> Eventually in the 11th [[Five-year plans of India|Five year plan]], eight states were identified for establishment of new IITs.

From 2008 to 2009, eight new IITs were set up in [[Gandhinagar]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Indore]], [[Patna]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Rupnagar|Ropar]], and [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]].

In 2015 and 2016, six new IITs were established in [[Tirupati]], [[Palakkad]], [[Dharwad]], [[Bhilai]], [[Goa]], and [[Jammu]], as approved by a 2016 bill amendment, along with the conversion of [[ISM Dhanbad|Indian School of Mines Dhanbad]] into [[IIT Dhanbad|IIT, Dhanbad]].<ref name=":3" />

The entire allocation by the central government for the 2026-27 budget for all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) is slightly over Rs. 12123.00 Cr (About 1.343 billion US$). However, the aggregate money spent by Indian students for tertiary education in the United States was about six times more than what the central government spends on all IITs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/@tamilneet-economy/economy/article/indian-students-spend-usd-654-billion-in-us-near-three-times-more-than-fdi-flow-from-north-america/127565|title=Indian students spend USD 6.54 billion in US, near three times more than FDI flow from North America {{!}} Business News|website=www.youtube.com/@tamilneet|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

In June 2023, education officials of India and [[Tanzania]] announced that the first foreign IIT campus would be established on the Tanzanian autonomous territory of [[Zanzibar]], as a satellite campus of [[IIT Madras]]. The campus is scheduled to begin offering classes in October 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iftikhar |first1=Fareeha |title=First IIT campus outside India to come up in Tanzania's Zanzibar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-signs-agreement-with-tanzania-to-set-up-first-iit-campus-abroad-101688624260560.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |agency=Hindustan Times |date=6 July 2023}}</ref>

== Organisational structure ==
[[File:IIT-Organisational-structure.svg|thumb|300x300px|Organisational structure of IITs]]
The [[President of India]] is the [[ex officio]] [[Visitor]],<ref name="Visitor">{{cite web|url= http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/visitor.html|title= Visitor of the Institute|access-date=7 January 2007|date= 18 November 2005|publisher= IIT Kharagpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000123/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/visitor.html |archive-date = 22 September 2007}}</ref> and has [[residual power]]s. Directly under the President is the IIT Council, comprising minister-in-charge of technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], the Director General of [[CSIR India|CSIR]], the Chairman of [[IISc]], the Director of IISc, three members of Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Education, and three appointees each of the Union Government, [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], and the Visitor.<ref name="IIT Council">{{cite web|url= http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/council.html|title= IIT-Council|access-date=7 January 2007|date= 18 November 2005|publisher= IIT Kharagpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921225014/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/council.html |archive-date = 21 September 2007}}</ref>

Under the IIT Council is the ''Board of Governors'' of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the ''Director'', who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.<ref name="Org">{{cite web|url= http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html|title= Organisational Structure|access-date=7 January 2007|date= 18 November 2005|publisher= IIT Kharagpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000243/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html |archive-date = 22 September 2007}}</ref> Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the ''Deputy Director''. Under the Director and the deputy director, come the [[Dean (education)|Deans]], Heads of Departments, [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Registrar]], President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The ''Registrar'' is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.<ref name="Org"/> Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The ''Wardens'' come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.<ref name="org">{{cite web |date=3 March 2006 |url=http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html |title=Organizational Structure |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur |access-date=14 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922000243/http://iitkgp.ac.in/rti/stru1.html |archive-date=22 September 2007}}</ref>

=== The Institutes of Technology Act ===
{{Main|Institutes of Technology Act}}

The Institute of Technology Act (parliamentary legislation) gives legal status, including degree-granting powers, to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). It was notified in the gazette as Act Number 59 of 1961 on 20 December 1961 and came into effect on 1 April 1962. The Act also declares these institutes as [[Institutes of National Importance|'''Institutes of National Importance'''.]]<ref name="IIT act" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 1961 |title=The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 |url=https://www.india.gov.in/institutes-technology-amendment-act-2012 |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Government of India}}</ref>

== Academics ==
[[File:IITCampusPano.JPG|alt=|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]] ]]
[[File:Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Kanpur]]]]
[[File:North Campus, IIT Mandi from Griffon Peak Jan 2020 D35 0117.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Mandi]]]]
{{See also|Education in India}}
The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India.<ref name="funding">{{cite web | date = 10 February 2004 | url = http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf | title = Performance based funding of IITs | page = 3 | publisher = [[IISc]] | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 13 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181113032608/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102004/369.pdf | url-status = live}}</ref> While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around {{INR}} 100–200 million (${{To USD|100|IND|year=2002|round=yes}}–{{To USD|200|IND|year=2002|round=yes}} million) per year, the amount varies between {{INR}} 900–1300 million (${{To USD|900|IND|year=2002|round=yes}}–{{To USD|1300|IND|year=2002|round=yes}} million) per year for each IIT.<ref name="seven colleges"/> Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the IITs is between 1:6 and 1:8.<ref name="Faculty ratio">{{cite web|url=http://www.littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm |title=What makes the IITs so chic |access-date=27 August 2006 |last=Rajguru |first=Suvarna |date=30 December 2005 |publisher=LittleINDIA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903055838/http://littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm |archive-date=3 September 2006 }}</ref> The Standing Committee of IIT Council (SCIC) prescribes the lower limit for faculty-to-student ratio as 1:9, applied department wise. The IITs subsidize undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all ''[[Master of Engineering|Master of Technology]]'' students and ''[[Doctor of Philosophy|Research Scholars (PhD)]]'' to encourage students for higher studies, per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee (1959–1961).<ref name="Scholarships">{{cite web|url= http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title= The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India|access-date=27 August 2006|last= Natarajan|first= R|work= CAGS 2005 Conference|publisher= Canadian Association for Graduate Studies|page= 12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date = 21 September 2006}}</ref> The cost borne by undergraduate students is around {{INR|280000}} per year. Students from the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST, SC]] categories, female students as well as [[Physical disability|physically challenged]] students are also entitled to scholarships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT fee more than doubled; total waiver for SC/ST, disabled, poor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 April 2016 |archive-date=13 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413105812/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms | title=IIT fee more than doubled; total waiver for SC/ST, disabled, poor | work=The Economic Times | date=8 April 2016 | access-date=22 April 2024 | archive-date=13 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413105812/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iit-fee-more-than-doubled-total-waiver-for-sc/st-disabled-poor/articleshow/51726245.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as ''Institutes of National Importance'' facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the ''IIT Council''. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.<ref name="BTP1">{{cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/BTech-ordinances |title=B.Tech Ordinances |publisher=iitm.ac.in |access-date=7 April 2016 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010008/https://www.iitm.ac.in/content/btech-ordinances |url-status=live }}</ref> The electronic libraries allow students to access online journals and periodicals. The IITs and [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc, Bengaluru]] have taken an initiative along with [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under [[National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning]]. This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/09/stories/2009030950040200.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125045328/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/09/stories/2009030950040200.htm | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=NPTEL | access-date=14 December 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=9 March 2009}}</ref>

The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its ''[[academic senate|Senate]]''. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many Western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.<ref name="Review">{{cite web|url= http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirnov3/cover_story.html|title= Engineering Education in a Flux|access-date= 27 August 2006|last= Prabhu|first= S.S.|date= September–November 2000|work= Report of the Review Committee|publisher= IIT Kanpur|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060904044208/http://www.iitk.ac.in/infocell/Archive/dirnov3/cover_story.html|archive-date= 4 September 2006}}</ref> The ''Director'' of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.

All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of [[Grading in education|grades]], with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative [[Grade Point Average]] (known as CGPA or CPI—Cumulative Performance Index).

=== Undergraduate education degrees ===

The [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment,{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} although [[Bachelor of Science]] (BS) degree, dual degrees integrating [[Master of Science]] or [[Master of Arts]] are also offered. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters,<ref name="BTP2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance No.3) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In most IITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some IITs, a single department introduction-related course is also included.<ref name="BTP7">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.4.2:Class Committee) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Computers, Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Electrical and Physics. At the end of the first year (the end of the first semester at IIT Madras, IIT Bhilai, IIT Palakkad, and IIT Roorkee), an option to change departments is given to meritorious students based on their performance in the first two semesters.<ref name="BTP4">{{cite web|title= Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.5.0:Change of Branch)|access-date= 7 January 2007|work= Ordinances|publisher= IIT Madras|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html|archive-date= 22 June 2007|url= http://www.urdupost.net/category/urdu-tutorials|df= dmy-all}}</ref> Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict,<ref name="BTP4"/> limited to the most meritorious students. Many IITs, such as IIT Bombay, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Kharagpur have abolished the practice of branch-change in order to reduce stress. Department-specific courses also begin earlier.

From the second year onward, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.<ref name="BTP5">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.2.0 (ii)) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from [[humanities]] and [[social sciences]] departments, and sometimes management courses are also enforced.<ref name="BTP6">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |title=Structure of B. Tech Programme (Ordinance under R.2.0 (iii)) |access-date=7 January 2007 |work=Ordinances |publisher=IIT Madras |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622005229/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date=22 June 2007 }}</ref> In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.<ref name="Ordinance">{{cite web | url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech | title = BTech Ordinances | work = Senate Ordinances | publisher = IIT Madras | access-date =26 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060517063550/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#BTech |archive-date = 17 May 2006}}</ref>

Certain IITs, such as IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Hyderabad and IIT Gandhinagar, offer students the option to pursue a double major degree, allowing them to graduate with majors in different disciplines. Most IITs also allow students to graduate with undergraduate minors (from a different discipline) and/or honours (from the same discipline as the major).

=== Postgraduate education ===
==== Master's degrees and postgraduate diplomas ====
The IITs offer several postgraduate programs including [[Master of Technology|Master of Technology (MTech)]], [[Master of Business Administration|Master of Business Administration (MBA)]], and [[Master of Science|Master of Science (MSc)]]. Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes such as [[Master of Design|Master of Design (M.Des.)]], the Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), [[Masters in Medical Science and Technology]] ([[MMST (IIT Kharagpur)|MMST]]), [[Masters in City Planning]] (MCP), [[Master of Arts]] (MA), Postgraduate Diploma in [[intellectual property]] Law (PGDIPL), and the Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation & Management (PGDMOM).

Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to master's programs in engineering are made using scores of the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE), while those to master's programs in science are made using scores of the [[Joint Admission Test for M.Sc.]] (JAM).

Several IITs have schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration.

In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside [[Washington University in St. Louis]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/|title=First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins|date=2015-04-23|website=Global|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125105908/https://global.wustl.edu/first-u-s-india-joint-emba-program-begins/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Bachelors-Masters dual degrees ====
The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years<ref>[http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#DUAL Ordinance under Ordinance No. 3] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517063550/http://www.iitm.ac.in/Academics/Ordinances.html#DUAL |date=17 May 2006 }}</ref> as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years).<ref name="Dude">{{cite web|url= http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title= The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India|access-date=27 August 2006|last= Natarajan|first= R|work= CAGS 2005 Conference|publisher= Canadian Association for Graduate Studies|page= 6|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date = 21 September 2006}}</ref> Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system. These programs were started to allow its graduates to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute.

=== Doctoral ===
The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of their [[Doctorate|doctoral education programme]]. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the ins or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. PhD candidates have to submit a [[dissertation]] as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis. [[Teaching assistant|Teaching Assistantships]] (TA) and [[research assistant|Research Assistantships]] (RA) are often provided.

The IITs, along with NITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.<ref name="PhD">{{cite web|url= http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf|title= The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India|access-date=27 August 2005|last= Natarajan|first= R|work= CAGS 2005 Conference|publisher= Canadian Association for Graduate Studies|page= 25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060921144431/http://www.cags.ca/conference/2005/pdf/2005_Natarajan_R.pdf |archive-date = 21 September 2006}}</ref> IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] score.<ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Admission to PhD Seats in IITs gets simplified|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/getting-admission-to-phd-seats-in-iits-gets-simplified/|access-date=17 September 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927201154/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/getting-admission-to-phd-seats-in-iits-gets-simplified/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Students-of-central-institutes-can-join-PhD-in-IITs-without-GATE/articleshow/22645492.cms|title=Students of central institutes can join PhD in IITs without GATE|work=The Times of India|date=17 September 2013|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128221350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Students-of-central-institutes-can-join-PhD-in-IITs-without-GATE/articleshow/22645492.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture and student life ==
All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in [[hostels]] (sometimes referred to as ''halls'') throughout their stay in the IIT. Students in all IITs must choose among [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC), [[National Service Scheme (India)|National Service Scheme]] (NSS) and [[National Sports Organisation (India)|National Sports Organisation]] (NSO) in their first years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gymkhana.iitb.ac.in/~ugacademics/wiki/index.php/NSO/NCC/NSS|title=Different academic programmes at IIT|access-date=12 July 2016|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031618/https://gymkhana.iitb.ac.in/~ugacademics/wiki/index.php/NSO/NCC/NSS|url-status=dead}}</ref> All the IITs have sports grounds for [[basketball]], [[cricket]], [[association football|football (soccer)]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[volleyball]], [[lawn tennis]], [[badminton]], athletics and swimming pools for aquatic events. Usually, the hostels also have their own sports grounds.

Moreover, an [[Inter IIT Sports Meet]] is organised annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports. Along with Inter IIT Cultural Meet and Tech Meet, all of them generally happening on various dates in the month of December every year.

=== Technical and cultural festivals ===
[[File:IIT Kanpur 4.jpg|thumb|[[IIT Kanpur]] during [[Diwali]] ]]
[[File:Rocknite.jpg|thumb|Rocknite in [[Saarang]] at [[IIT Madras]]]]
{{further|List of cultural and technical festivals in IITs and NITs}}
All IITs organize annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are [[Shaastra]] (IIT Madras), Advitiya ([[IIT Ropar]]), Kshitij (IIT Kharagpur), [[Techfest]] (IIT Bombay), Technex (IIT-BHU Varanasi), Cognizance (IIT Roorkee), Concetto ([[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|IIT-ISM Dhanbad]]), Tirutsava ([[IIT Tirupati]]), Nvision (IIT Hyderabad), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Amalthea, (IIT Gandhinagar), [[Techkriti]] (IIT Kanpur), Tryst (IIT Delhi), [[Techniche]] (IIT Guwahati), [[Wissenaire]] (IIT Bhubaneswar), Technunctus (IIT Jammu), Xpecto (IIT Mandi), Fluxus (IIT Indore), Celesta (IIT Patna) and [[IIT Jodhpur#IGNUS|IGNUS]] (IIT Jodhpur) Petrichor(IIT Palakkad). Most of them are organized in January or March. Techfest (IIT Bombay) is also one of the most popular and largest technical festivals in Asia in terms of participants and prize money involved. It has been granted patronage from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation ([[UNESCO]]) for providing a platform for students to showcase their talent in science and technology. Shaastra holds the distinction of being the first student-managed event in the world to implement a formal [[Quality Management System]], earning [[ISO 9001:2000]] certification.<ref name="ISO">{{cite web | date = 8 May 2005 | url = http://www.iitm.ac.in/attachments/Directors-report.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060515151948/http://www.iitm.ac.in/attachments/Directors-report.pdf | archive-date = 15 May 2006| title = Director's Report | page = 36 | publisher = IIT Madras | access-date =26 May 2006}}</ref> Kshitij, which is branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management, is the largest of these festivals by sponsorship money.

Annual [[Cultural festival (India)|cultural festivals]] are also organized by the IITs and last three to four days. These include [[Thomso (festival)|Thomso]] (IIT Roorkee), [[Kashiyatra]] (IIT BHU Varanasi), [[Alcheringa (festival)|Alcheringa]] (IIT Guwahati), [[Exodia]] (IIT Mandi), [[Saarang]] and [https://www.instagram.com/paradox_iitmadras/ Paradox] (annual fests of IIT Madras BTech and BS Degree respectively), [[Spring Fest]] (IIT Kharagpur, also known as SF), [[Rendezvous (culfest)|Rendezvous]] (IIT Delhi), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Tirutsava (IIT Tirupati), Srijan, (earlier known as Saturnalia, IIT Dhanbad), Tarang (culfest) (previously Rave), [[Anwesha]] (IIT Patna), SPANDAN (IIT Jodhpur), Renao (IIT Jammu), Petrichor (IIT Palakkad), [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar#Blithchron|Blithchron]] (IIT Gandhinagar), ELAN (IIT Hyderabad), [[Alma Fiesta]] (IIT Bhubaneswar), [[Mood Indigo (culfest)|Mood Indigo]] (IIT Bombay, also known as Mood-I), [[Antaragni]] (IIT Kanpur) and Zeitgeist ([[IIT Ropar]]).

== Academic rankings ==
IITs have generally ranked as the top engineering colleges in India. In the 2025 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] rankings published by [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education, India]], the IITs also hold the following top 10 positions in various categories:

* 9 out of 10 in Engineering
* 8 out of 10 in Innovation
* 7 out of 10 in Research
* 6 out of 10 in Overall Rankings
* 3 out of 10 in Sustainable Development Goals
* 2 out of 10 in Architecture and Planning
* 1 out of 10 in Management
IIT Madras has been ranked 1st for ten consecutive years in the Engineering Category and for seven consecutive years in the Overall Category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=IIT Madras emerges as the Undisputed Leader in Higher Education in India |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/happenings/press-releases-and-coverages/iit-madras-emerges-undisputed-leader-higher-education-india |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=IIT-Madras (Press and News)}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+National Rankings of all IITs
!Name
!2025 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2024 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2023 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2022 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2022/EngineeringRanking.html NIRF Engineering]<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2022/EngineeringRanking.html }}</ref>
!2025 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html NIRF Overall]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html }}</ref>
!2024 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html NIRF Overall]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2024 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking.html }}</ref>
!2023 [https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/OverallRanking.html NIRF Overall]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=MoE, National Institutional Ranking Framework |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/OverallRanking.html }}</ref>
!2022 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF Overall]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2022 Engineering Rankings |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=nirfindia.org |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817005626/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/EngineeringRanking.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!2021 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF Overall]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/OverallRanking.html |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=www.nirfindia.org |archive-date=9 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909140852/https://www.nirfindia.org/2021/OverallRanking.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
!2020 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF Overall]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=MHRD, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF)|url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/OverallRanking.html|access-date=2020-08-04|website=nirfindia.org|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813035901/https://www.nirfindia.org/2020/OverallRanking.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|IIT Madras
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|1
|-
|IIT Delhi
|2
|2
|2
|2
|4
|4
|3
|4
|3
|3
|-
|IIT Bombay
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
|3
|4
|3
|4
|4
|-
|IIT Kanpur
|4
|4
|4
|4
|5
|5
|5
|5
|6
|6
|-
|IIT Kharagpur
|5
|5
|6
|5
|6
|6
|7
|6
|5
|5
|-
|IIT Roorkee
|6
|6
|5
|6
|7
|8
|8
|7
|9
|8
|-
|IIT Hyderabad
|7
|8
|8
|9
|12
|12
|14
|16
|17
|22
|-
|IIT Guwahati
|8
|7
|7
|7
|11
|9
|9
|8
|7
|9
|-
|IIT (BHU) Varanasi
|10
|10
|15
|13
|31
|30
|31
|28
|26
|28
|-
|IIT Indore
|12
|16
|14
|16
|27
|33
|28
|30
|23
|N/A
|-
|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
|15
|15
|17
|14
|35
|35
|42
|26
|22
|25
|-
|IIT Patna
|19
|34
|41
|33
|36
|73
|66
|51
|54
|58
|-
|IIT Gandhinagar
|25
|18
|18
|23
|39
|29
|24
|33
|35
|51
|-
|IIT Mandi
|26
|31
|33
|20
|58
|72
|73
|82
|67
|44
|-
|IIT Jodhpur
|27
|28
|30
|30
|66
|68
|66
| colspan="3" |N/A
|-
|IIT Ropar
|32
|22
|22
|22
|56
|48
|33
|31
|39
|29
|-
|IIT Bhubaneswar
|39
|54
|47
|36
|80
|N/A
|91
|58
|56
|46
|-
|IIT Jammu
|56
|62
|67
|N/A
| colspan="6" rowspan="6" |N/A
|-
|IIT Tirupati
|57
|61
|59
|56
|-
|IIT Palakkad
|64
|64
|69
|68
|-
|IIT Bhilai
|72
|73
|81
|N/A
|-
|IIT Dharwad
|77
|N/A
|93
|N/A
|-
|IIT Goa
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|}

According to ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'s}} Top Engineering Colleges of 2017, the top four engineering colleges within India were IITs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/top-100-engineering-colleges-in-2017/298916|title=Top 100 Engineering Colleges in 2017|date=6 July 2017|publisher=[[Outlook India]]|access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429104304/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/top-100-engineering-colleges-in-2017/298916|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2026 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World University Ranking]], IIT Delhi ranked highest at 123, followed by IIT Bombay (129), IIT Madras (180), IIT Kharagpur (215), IIT Kanpur (222).<ref name=":5" /> Five IITs are ranked within Top 100 among QS World Engineering ranking.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+World Rankings of all IITs
!Name
!2026 [https://www.topuniversities.com/university-subject-rankings/engineering-technology QS Engineering]<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=QS World University Rankings for Engineering & Technology 2025 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-subject-rankings/engineering-technology |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
!2026 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=QS World University Rankings 2026: Top global universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
!2023 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS World University Rankings 2023|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023|access-date=2022-06-12|website=Top Universities|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2022 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=QS World University Rankings 2022|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Top Universities|language=en|archive-date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917171555/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2021 [[QS World University Rankings|QS World]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2019|title=QS World University Rankings 2019|date=2018-05-29|website=Top Universities|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06|archive-date=8 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608073254/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2022 [[QS World University Rankings|QS Asia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia University Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117195637/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2022 |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
!2020 [[QS World University Rankings|QS India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS India University Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/rankings-by-location/india/2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125172515/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/rankings-by-location/india/2020 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref>
![[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times World]]<ref name="Search">{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Search |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011020417/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search |archive-date=11 October 2017 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
![[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Asia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Search |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/search |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|IIT Delhi
|26
|123
|185
|193
|182
|45
|3
|401–500 (2020)
|67 (2020)
|-
|IIT Bombay
|28
|129
|177
|172
|152
|42
|1
|401–500 (2020)
|69 (2020)
|-
|IIT Madras
|53
|180
|255
|275
|271
|54
|4
|601–800 (2020)
|125 (2020)
|-
|IIT Kharagpur
|60
|215
|280
|314
|281
|60
|5
|401–500 (2020)
|59 (2020)
|-
|IIT Kanpur
|72
|222
|277
|350
|291
|64
|6
|601–800 (2020)
|125 (2020)
|-
|IIT Roorkee
|131
|339
|400
|383
|383
|109
|9
|501–600 (2020)
|83 (2020)
|-
|IIT Guwahati
|140
|334
|395
|470
|491
|119
|10
|601–800 (2020)
|160 (2020)
|-
|IIT Hyderabad
|501-550
|664
| colspan="3" rowspan="5" |N/A
|224
|15
|601–800 (2021)
|144 (2021)
|-
|IIT (BHU) Varanasi
|501-550
|566
|281–290
|N/A
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|IIT Indore
| rowspan="3" |N/A
|556
|178
|13
|401–500 (2022)
|78 (2021)
|-
|IIT Gandhinagar
|801-850
|301–350
|N/A
|601–800 (2022)
|N/A
|-
|IIT Bhubaneswar
|951-1000
|251–260
|20
|1001–1200 (2022)
|251–300 (2021)
|-
|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
| colspan="5" rowspan="4" |N/A
|251–260
|46
|1001–1200 (2022)
|201–250 (2021)
|-
|IIT Mandi
|N/A
|N/A
|1001–1200 (2022)
|N/A
|-
|IIT Ropar
|261–270
|25
|351–400 (2022)
|55 (2021)
|-
|IIT Patna
|301–350
|36
|801–1000 (2022)
|301–350 (2021)
|-
|IIT Jodhpur
| colspan="9" rowspan="7" |N/A
|-
|IIT Tirupati
|-
|IIT Palakkad
|-
|IIT Bhilai
|-
|IIT Dharwad
|-
|IIT Jammu
|-
|IIT Goa
|}

==Reservation policy and discrimination==
IITs practice [[Reservation in India|Affirmative Action]] and offer reservation to the "backward and weaker sections" of the society that includes SC/ST/OBC-NCL/EWS/PWD/female candidates. About 50% of seats are reserved for candidates holding backward-caste certificates, and 10% seats are further reserved for candidates from the general category who fulfill the economically weaker section criteria. Furthermore, students from reserved categories pay significantly lower fees compared to students from the unreserved category. 20% of the seats are reserved for female students, and 5% of the seats are reserved for students with benchmark disability.

Despite the implementation of [[Reservation in India|reservation policies]], provision of economic assistance, and enforcement of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]], IITs have faced allegations of caste-based discrimination. Instances of suicides among students from reserved categories are often cited to illustrate this ongoing issue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/how-caste-discrimination-plagues-iits-news-311553|title=How Caste Discrimination Plagues IITs|date=18 August 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/the-noose/religious-and-caste-exclusivity-at-premier-institutions-continue-to-other-minority-students-8958|title= Religious and Caste Discrimination|newspaper= The Times of India|archive-date= 14 November 2023|access-date= 10 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231114025116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/the-noose/religious-and-caste-exclusivity-at-premier-institutions-continue-to-other-minority-students-8958/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/caste-discrimination-survey-in-iit-delhi-commenced-and-withdrawn/article67281936.ece | title=Caste discrimination survey in IIT-Delhi commenced and withdrawn | newspaper=The Hindu | date=7 September 2023 | last1=Lakshman | first1=Abhinay }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2023/03/28/stress-dropouts-suicides-unravelling-iits-casteism-problem | title=Stress, dropouts, suicides: Unravelling IIT's casteism problem | date=28 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/caste/two-dalit-students-suicides-in-two-months-highlight-institutionalised-discrimination-at-iits#:~:text=Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs-,Two%20Dalit%20Students%27%20Suicides%20in%20Two,Highlight%20%27Institutionalised%20Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs&text=Students%20and%20alumni%20say%20that,express%20anti%2Dreservation%20sentiments%20openly | title=Two Dalit Students' Suicides in Two Months Highlight 'Institutionalised Discrimination' at IITs | access-date=18 December 2023 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205075655/https://thewire.in/caste/two-dalit-students-suicides-in-two-months-highlight-institutionalised-discrimination-at-iits#:~:text=Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs-,Two%20Dalit%20Students%27%20Suicides%20in%20Two,Highlight%20%27Institutionalised%20Discrimination%27%20at%20IITs&text=Students%20and%20alumni%20say%20that,express%20anti%2Dreservation%20sentiments%20openly | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/the-iits-have-a-long-history-of-systematically-othering-dalit-students/193284/ | title=The IITs have a long history of systematically othering Dalit students | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=17 February 2019 }}</ref> However, it's important to note that the suicide rates appear to be consistent among students from both reserved and non-reserved categories.{{Attribution needed|reason=This point of view isn't covered at all in the link given|date=January 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/33-iit-students-died-by-suicide-in-last-five-years-govt-in-parliament-8499516|title=33 IIT students died by suicide in last 5 years: Govt|date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 May 2024|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125052314/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/33-iit-students-died-by-suicide-in-last-five-years-govt-in-parliament-8499516/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage brain drain and that their stringent [[Joint Entrance Examination|entrance examinations]] encourage coaching colleges and put heavy pressure on students. Recently, some prominent IIT students have also questioned the quality of teaching and research in IITs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/iit-iim-faculty-not-world-class-jairam-ramesh|title=IIT, IIM faculty not world-class: Jairam Ramesh|work=India Education Review|date=24 May 2011|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614002903/http://www.indiaeducationreview.com/news/iit-iim-faculty-not-world-class-jairam-ramesh|archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Poor-quality-of-students-entering-IITs-Narayana-Murthy/articleshow/10217469.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Poor quality of students entering IITs: Narayana Murthy | archive-date=27 October 2021 | access-date=12 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027102542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Poor-quality-of-students-entering-IITs-Narayana-Murthy/articleshow/10217469.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

With the tripling the number of IITs in recent decades, the newly created institutes have struggled to establish themselves compared to their peers. A 2021 report by [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] criticized the newer IITs for not meeting targets for research, faculty and student recruitment, students retention, as well as for being beset with infrastructure delays.<ref>{{cite report |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on the Performance Audit of Setting up of new Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) |id=Report 20 |date=2021 |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2020%20of%202021_IITs_English_PDF%20A-061c2ed6ce12811.66323547.pdf |access-date=6 February 2022 |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123180456/https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2021/Report%20No.%2020%20of%202021_IITs_English_PDF%20A-061c2ed6ce12811.66323547.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=India's tech innovation engines must raise their game |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date=26 January 2022 |volume=601 |issue=7894 |pages=483–484 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00154-y |pmid=35082427 |bibcode=2022Natur.601..483. |s2cid=246297398 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the recent past, the number of student suicides has attracted significant attention.<ref>{{cite web| last1=Ravi| first1=Anshika| url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9403-suicides-iits-not-due-academic-stress-alone| title=Suicides at IITS not due to academic stress alone| work=The Sunday Guardian Live| date=2017-05-13| access-date=14 December 2018| archive-date=16 April 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416224643/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/9403-suicides-iits-not-due-academic-stress-alone| url-status=live}}</ref>

According to data obtained through [[Right to Information]] (RTI) applications, approximately 38% of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) graduates from the class of 2024 have not secured job placements.<ref name="ITT_HT">{{Cite web |title=38% IITians yet to be placed this year, IITs reach out to alumni network: Report |date=23 May 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/38-iitians-yet-to-be-placed-this-year-iits-reach-out-to-alumni-network-report-101716433699743.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622121822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/38-iitians-yet-to-be-placed-this-year-iits-reach-out-to-alumni-network-report-101716433699743.html |archive-date=22 June 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08}}</ref><ref name="ITT_firstpost">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=38% IIT graduates from class of 2024 yet to be placed, shows RTI data |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/iit-graduates-placement-rti-data-38-percent-2024-class-iit-students-not-placed-13774134.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923174638/https://www.firstpost.com/india/iit-graduates-placement-rti-data-38-percent-2024-class-iit-students-not-placed-13774134.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> This is the highest percentage in the past three years, with a steady increase from 19% in 2021 and 21% in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Bombay reacts to '36% graduates without placement' headlines with data - India Today |date=4 April 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bombay-reacts-to-36-graduates-without-placement-headlines-with-data-2523416-2024-04-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923174638/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-bombay-reacts-to-36-graduates-without-placement-headlines-with-data-2523416-2024-04-04 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=8,000 IITians unemployed, IIT Bombay graduates' minimum pay drops to ₹4 LPA | Mint |date=3 September 2024 |url=https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-bombay-achieves-75-per-cent-placement-rate-for-2023-24-academic-year-but-8-000-iitians-remain-unemployed-11725351036352.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923174638/https://www.livemint.com/education/news/iit-bombay-achieves-75-per-cent-placement-rate-for-2023-24-academic-year-but-8-000-iitians-remain-unemployed-11725351036352.html |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="ITT_firstpost" /><ref name="ITT_HT" />

=== Brain drain ===
Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia, a common notion is that it encourages [[brain drain]]. Until [[liberalisation]] started in the early 1990s, India experienced large scale emigration of IIT graduates to developed countries, especially to the United States. Since 1953, nearly twenty-five thousand IIT graduates have settled in the US.<ref name="The World is Flat">{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|author-link=Thomas Friedman|title=The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century|year=2006|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|location=US|isbn=0-374-29288-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/104 104–105]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldisflatbri00frie/page/104}}</ref> Since the US benefited from subsidized education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers' money, critics say that subsidising education in IITs is useless. Others support the emigration of graduates, arguing that the capital sent home by the IIT graduates has been a major source of the expansion of [[Foreign exchange market|foreign exchange]] reserves for India, which, until the 1990s, had a substantial [[trade deficit]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} A 2023 study by the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] found that among the top 1,000 JEE scorers, 36% migrated abroad, while for the top 100 scorers, the rate was 62%, primarily to the U.S. and for graduate school.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Prithwiraj |last2=Ganguli |first2=Ina |last3=Gaulé |first3=Patrick |title=Top Talent, Elite Colleges, and Migration: Evidence from the Indian Institutes of Technology |date=June 2023 |doi=10.3386/w31308 |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w31308 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=[[National Bureau of Economic Research]] |series=Working Paper Series |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609152616/http://www.nber.org/papers/w31308 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>

This trend has been reversed somewhat (dubbed the [[reverse brain drain]]) as hundreds of IIT graduates, who have pursued further studies in the US, started returning to India in the 1990s.<ref name="brain drain"/> The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% at one time to around 30% in 2005.<ref name="brain drain">{{cite news|agency = Indo-Asian News Service | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-998814451.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026092518/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-998814451.html | archive-date = 26 October 2012 | title = Trend of brain drain on reverse to India | work=Hindustan Times | date = 7 March 2006 | access-date =17 March 2009}}</ref> This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]] and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and [[Business process outsourcing|outsourcing]] of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Additionally, IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=How IITs are tapping into their robust alumni network for funding |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/education/story/how-iits-are-tapping-into-their-robust-alumni-network-for-funding-328664-2022-04-05 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Business Today |language=hi |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726091720/https://www.businesstoday.in/education/story/how-iits-are-tapping-into-their-robust-alumni-network-for-funding-328664-2022-04-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One factor of brain drain has been attributed to the reservation of seats in IITs, particularly for underprivileged and scheduled castes and tribes.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994825417/JEE-Rankers-Prefer-MIT-Over-IIT-India-Makes-Sure-Best-Brain-Moves-Abroad-Due-To-Reservation|title= JEE-Rankers-Prefer-MIT-Over-IIT-India-Makes-Sure-Best-Brain-Moves-Abroad-Due-To-Reservation}}</ref> The reservation system, without reforms, has denied fair opportunities to unreserved students, who opt for other universities worldwide, many of which are top ranked.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/focus-on-education-to-prevent-brain-drain-indian-experts-urge-government/2469079|title= Focus on education to prevent brain drain, Indian experts urge government}}</ref>

=== Entrance competition ===
The highly competitive examination in the form of [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE-Advanced]] has led to the establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive, and specific preparation for the JEE-Advanced for substantial fees. It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds. Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year.<ref name="coaching">{{cite web | url = http://www.brilliant-tutorials.com/courses/iit/iitjee05winnersnew.shtml | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070421124433/http://www.brilliant-tutorials.com/courses/iit/iitjee05winnersnew.shtml | archive-date=21 April 2007 | title = Successful students in IIT-JEE 2005| publisher = Brilliant Tutorials | access-date =14 May 2006
}}</ref> According to some estimates, nearly 95% of all students who clear the JEE-Advanced had joined coaching classes.<ref name="pattern change">{{cite news | first = V G | last = Idichandy | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/11inter.htm | title = Why the IIT-JEE pattern was changed | work = [[Rediff.com]] | date = 11 October 2005 | access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 29 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429104129/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/oct/11inter.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> Indeed, this was the case regarding preparation for IIT entrance exams even decades ago. In a January 2010 lecture at the [[Indian Institute of Science]], the 2009 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, [[Venkatraman Ramakrishnan]] revealed that he failed to get a seat at any of the Indian engineering and medical colleges.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nobel-laureate-Venkat-Ramakrishnan-failed-IIT-medical-entrance-tests/articleshow/5414148.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-05/india/28132308_1_entrance-tests-coaching-classes-iits|archive-date=11 August 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Nobel laureate Venkat Ramakrishnan failed IIT, medical entrance tests|date=5 January 2010 |url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> He also said that his parents, being old-fashioned, did not believe in coaching classes to prepare for the IIT entrance exam and considered them to be "nonsense".<ref name="indiatimes1"/>

In a documentary aired by [[CBS]], [[Vinod Khosla]], co-founder of [[Sun Microsystems]] states, "The IITs probably are the hardest schools in the world to get into, to the best of my knowledge".<ref name="CBS Documentary">{{Cite web|url = http://www.cbsnews.com/news/imported-from-india/|title = Imported from India|website = [[CBS News]]|date = 19 June 2003|access-date = 24 June 2016|archive-date = 29 April 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210429094924/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/imported-from-india/|url-status = live}}</ref> The documentary further concludes, "Put [[Harvard]], [[MIT]], and [[Princeton University|Princeton]] together, and you begin to get an idea of the status of IIT in India" to depict the competition as well as demand for the elite institutes. Furthermore, the IITs, despite being premier institutions, do not accept [[SAT]] scores for entrance and admission, which have been noted to be comparatively easier than the JEE.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://edvoy.com/articles/sat-vs-jee/|title= SAT vs JEE: Comparing college entrance exams for Indian students}}</ref>

Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community. The IIT-JEE (Now JEE-Advanced) format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.<ref name="jee restucturing">{{cite web| url = http://news.education4india.com/902/change-in-iit-jee-pattern-from-academic-year-2006/| title = Change in IIT-JEE pattern from academic year 2006| publisher = Education4India.com| access-date = 14 May 2006 | archive-date = 21 February 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060221021144/http://news.education4india.com/902/change-in-iit-jee-pattern-from-academic-year-2006/| url-status = live}}</ref>
After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.<ref name="jee students 2006">{{cite news | author = Rukmini Shrinivasan & Hemali Chhapia | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-31/mumbai/27830928_1_iit-entry-lakh-students-joint-entrance-examination | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-31/mumbai/27830928_1_iit-entry-lakh-students-joint-entrance-examination | archive-date = 3 November 2012| title = 3 lakh students to vie for IIT entry this year| date = 31 March 2006| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date =14 May 2006}}</ref> Some people (mostly IIT graduates) have criticized the changed pattern of the JEE-Advanced . They reason that while JEE-Advanced is traditionally used to test students' understanding of fundamentals and their ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems, the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students.<ref name="too easy JEE">{{cite news| author = Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-04/india/27846683_1_iit-jee-iit-entrance-test-union-hrd-ministry
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103194001/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-04/india/27846683_1_iit-jee-iit-entrance-test-union-hrd-ministry | archive-date = 3 November 2012| title = Crack the IIT code, it's too easy| date = 4 May 2005| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date =30 May 2006}}</ref>

JEE-Advanced is conducted only in English and [[Hindi language|Hindi]], making it harder for students with regional languages as their main language. In September 2011, the [[Gujarat High Court]] has acted on a [[Public Interest Litigation]] by the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]], for conducting the exams in Gujarati.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Sahitya-Parishad-demands-entrance-tests-in-Gujarati/articleshow/10059681.cms |title=Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati |access-date=28 October 2011 |date=21 September 2011 |archive-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623155222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Sahitya-Parishad-demands-entrance-tests-in-Gujarati/articleshow/10059681.cms?referral=PM |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> A second petition was made in October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Another-PIL-seeks-entrance-tests-in-Gujarati/articleshow/10434455.cms |title=Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati |access-date=28 October 2011 |date=21 October 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107191535/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-21/ahmedabad/30306229_1_entrance-tests-regional-language-gujarati-language |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/plea-write-iit-entrance-tamil-866 |title=Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110221016/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/plea-write-iit-entrance-tamil-866 |archive-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref> IIT council recommended major changes in entrance examination structure which is effective from 2017 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/committee-recommends-major-changes-in-iit-entrance-examination-1241216|title=Committee Recommends Major Changes in IIT Entrance Examination|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Curriculum and Academic Issues ===
In comparison with other universities worldwide, the IITs have been consistently plagued with quality issues in curriculum and academics, which has caused mental stress to students. The response from administration has been noted to be insensitive, after several students have complained from stress, besides unhealthy competition.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theweek.in/education/latest/2024/07/27/opinion-the-silent-crisis-in-ii-ts-researcher-s-recommendations-seena-mary-thankachan-on-student-suicides-and-mental-health.html|title= OPINION: The silent crisis in IITs|website= [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> This has led to an increase in students dropping out of the IITs at a high pace, prompting concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/education-career/rti-series-over-800-students-dropped-out-of-top-iits-each-year-in-past-6-years-shows-data-ws-bl-9286266.html|title= RTI Series {{!}} Over 800 Students Dropped Out Of Top IITs Each Year In Past 6 Years, Shows Data}}</ref> Furthermore, across almost all IITs, caste discrimination and institutional bullying of students who come under reserved quota is rampant, which affects academics and eventually leads to student suicides or dropping out.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/the-iits-have-a-long-history-of-systematically-othering-dalit-students/193284/|title= The IITs have a long history of systematically othering Dalit students|website= [[ThePrint]]|date= 17 February 2019}}</ref>

In 2022, [[IIT Delhi]] began to revamp the curriculum to keep up pace with new trends in technology.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Oct/05/iit-delhi-set-for-curriculum-revamp-after-over-a-decade-forms-expert-panel-2505109.html|title= IIT-Delhi set for curriculum revamp after over a decade, forms expert panel|date= 5 October 2022}}</ref> [[IIT Kharagpur]] brought major changes to the curriculum in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/uploads/banners/1714622055_f16d8226fe777e2be4b3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624075126/https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/uploads/banners/1714622055_f16d8226fe777e2be4b3.pdf |archive-date=2024-06-24 |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.iitkgp.ac.in}}</ref> IIT Hyderabad introduced fractal academics for increased academic flexibility for the students; since its inception, the curricula are frequent updated. It has led IITs in removal of branch change to reduce student stress, a bachelor's program on AI, introduction of double major and minor, among other academic options.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IITH Advantages |url=https://www.iith.ac.in/academics/iith-advantages/ |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=IIT Hyderabad |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs)
* [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] (IIITs)
* [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs)
* [[National Institute of Design]] (NID)
* [[Government Funded Technical Institutes]] (GFTIs)
* [[Institutes of National Importance]] (INIs)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book|last=Rajguru|author2=Pant, Ranjan|year=2003|title=IIT India's Intellectual Treasures|publisher=Indus Media|location=India|pages=|isbn=0-9747393-0-8}}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.businessweek.com/1998/49/b3607011.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990218101219/http://www.businessweek.com/1998/49/b3607011.htm|archive-date=18 February 1999|author1=Kripalani, Manjeet|author2=Engardio, Pete|author3=Spiro, Leah Nathans|year=1998|title=INDIA'S WHIZ KIDS – Inside the Indian Institutes of Technology's star factory|journal=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|edition=International|volume=|pages=|via=}}
* {{cite book|last=Kirpal|first=Viney|author2=Gupta, Meenakshi|year=1999|title=Equality Through Reservations|publisher=Vedams|location=India|pages=|isbn=81-7033-526-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Deb|first=Sandipan|year=2004|title=The IITians|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India|pages=|isbn=0-670-04986-7}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm|title=What makes the IITs so chic|access-date=27 August 2006|website=|last=Rajguru|first=Suvarna|date=30 December 2005|publisher=LittleINDIA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903055838/http://littleindia.com/january2003/Dream%20Team.htm|archive-date=3 September 2006}}
* {{cite news|first=Bill|last=Gates|url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2003/01-17iit.aspx|title=Bill Gates Speech Transcript – Indian Institute of Technology 50th Anniversary Celebration Keynote|work=|publisher=[[Microsoft|Microsoft corporation]]|date=17 January 2003|access-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409195157/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2003/01-17iit.aspx|archive-date=9 April 2008}}
* {{cite book|last=Bhagat|first=Chetan|author-link=Chetan Bhagat|year=2004|title=Five Point Someone – What not to do at IIT|publisher=Rupa & Co.|location=India|pages=|isbn=81-291-0459-8|title-link=Five Point Someone - What not to do at IIT}}
* {{cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Rajeev|year=2013|title=What I Did Not Learn at IIT|publisher=Random House|location=India|pages=|isbn=978-8-184-00486-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Subbarao|first=E.C.|year=2008|title=An Eye for Excellence – 50 innovative years of IIT Kanpur|publisher=Harper Collins India|location=India|pages=|isbn=978-81-7223-769-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/}} IIT Council
* [https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/sites/default/files/static/Administration/Act/85a42340c.pdf The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961] (PDF)

{{Indian Institutes of Technology}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Institutes of Technology}}
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology| ]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in India| ]]
[[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in India]]

Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes

2026-03-19T21:08:54Z

Niishad Shetty: creating basic article added tags...

{{short description|Indian Legislative committee}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox
| title = Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes
| abovestyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843; font-size: small;
| above = [[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee of the House]]
| headerstyle = border-top: 2px solid #015843; border-bottom: 2px solid #015843;
| header = [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
| labelstyle =
| datastyle =
| data2 =
| subheader = '''<big>[[16th Punjab Assembly]]</big>'''
| label3 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| data3 = 
| label4 = State
| data4 = Punjab
| header5 = Leadership
| label6 = Chaiperson
| data6 = [[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
| label7 = Chairperson party
| data7 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| label8 = Appointer
| data8 = [[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab Assembly speaker]]
| header9 = Structure
| data10= {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
|image = [[File:India_Punjab_Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes_2022.svg|200px|alt=India_Punjab_Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes_2022.svg]]
|caption =
| title =
| label10 = Seats
| data10 = 13
| label11 = Political Parties
| data11 ={{legend2|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (11)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
}}
| label12 = Election criteria
| data12 = The members are elected every year from amongst its members of house according to the principle of proportional representation.
| label13 = Tenure
| data13 = 1 Year
| header14 = Jurisdiction
| label15 = Purpose
| data15 = Legislative oversight of the Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes
| header16 =
| data17 =
| header18 = Rules & Procedure
| label20 = Applicable rules
| data20 = Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Punjab Legislative Assembly
}}
'''Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes''' of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is constituted annually for a one-year period from among the members of the Assembly.<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Anil |title=Welfare of Scheduled Castes in India: Gandhi's Social Approach : Ambedkar's Political Approach, Constitutional Safeguards, Schemes for Welfare of Scheduled Castes |date=2002 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-402-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzvfTExuli8C&q=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22committee%22+%2B+%22Welfare+of+Scheduled+Castes%22 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133758/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Welfare_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_India/gzvfTExuli8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22committee%22+%2B+%22Welfare+of+Scheduled+Castes%22&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Birinder Pal |title='Criminal' Tribes of Punjab |date=27 April 2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51787-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgHgCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22committee%22+%2B+%22Welfare+of+Scheduled+Castes%22&pg=PR43 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133811/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Criminal_Tribes_of_Punjab/tgHgCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22committee%22+%2B+%22Welfare+of+Scheduled+Castes%22&pg=PR43&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deep & Deep Publications">{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Verinder |title=Legislative Council in State Legislatures |date=1989 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7100-193-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqrO0Hx0Y0C&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165 |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612133550/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Legislative_Council_in_State_Legislature/fRqrO0Hx0Y0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Punjab%22+%2B+%22Committee+on+Privileges%22&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The committee focuses on the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Other Backward Class]] of Punjab population.

==Functions==
The functions of the committee are:<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes" /><ref name="Deep & Deep Publications"/>

{{blockquote|
:(a) to consider and examine the recommendations contained in the reports of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Government of India, in so far as the Punjab State is concerned and which fall within the purview of the State Government, and to report to the House as to the measures that should be taken by the State Government;
:(b) to report to the House on the action taken by the Government on the measures proposed by the Committee;
:(c) to examine the measures taken by the Government to secure due representation of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes in services and posts under its control( including appointments in the Public Sector Undertakings, Statutory and Semi-Government Bodies) having regard to the provisions of Article 335 of the Constitution;
:(d) to report to the House on the working of the welfare programmes for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes; and
:(e) to examine such other matters as may be specifically referred to it by the House or the Speaker
}}

==Appointment ==
The speaker appoints the committee and its members every year for a one-year term according to the powers conferred by Article 208 of the [[Constitution of India]] read with section 32 of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] (37 of 1956), and in pursuance of Rules 232(1) and 2(b) of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Punjab Legislative Assembly.<ref name="Punjab Government Gazette 2021">{{cite web |title=Punjab Government Gazette Extraordinary, 4 March 2021 |url=https://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/images/docs/punjab%20govt%20gaz.pdf |publisher=Government of Punjab |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

==Members==
For the 1-year period starting May 2022, the Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes of [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|16th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-12 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514031654/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Welfare of SC, ST and OBC (2022–23)
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Aruna Choudhary]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Dalbir Singh Tong]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|4 || ADC [[Jaswinder Singh Ramdas]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Jagsir Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Labh Singh Ugoke]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|9 || Dr Nacchatar Pal || Member
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Rupinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Rajneesh Dahiya|Rajnish Kumar Dahiya]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sheetal Angural]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|13 || Sukhwinder Singh Kotli || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Chairpersons ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Tenure
!Terms
!Name
! colspan="2" |Political party
|- align="center"
| [[14th Punjab Assembly]]
|1
| [[Nirmal Singh (judge)|Nirmal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|- align="center"
| [[16th Punjab Assembly#2017-2018|2017-2018]]
|1
| [[Raj Kumar Verka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| [[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|2018-2022]]
| 4
|Nathu Ram<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22-136750 |access-date=15 June 2022 |work=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha Speaker nominates various committees of House for year 2021-22 – TheFactNews |date=29 April 2021|url=https://thefactnews.in/punjab-vidhan-sabha-speaker-nominates-various-committees-of-house-for-year-2021-22/ |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
| 2022–23
|1
|[[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]<ref name="HT Appointment 22" />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Previous members==
For the 1-year period before May 2022, the Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes of [[15th Punjab Assembly#Committees|15th Punjab Assembly]] had following members:

===2021-2022===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Welfare of SC, ST and OBC (2021–22)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514031654/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2021-05-14 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Nathu Ram]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Balwinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Baldev Singh Khera]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar|Gurpreet Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Joginder Pal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Lakhavir Singh Lakha]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Manjit Singh (politician)|Manjit Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Dr.Raj kumar Chabbewal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Santokh Singh (politician)|Santokh Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2020-2021===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Welfare of SC, ST and OBC (2020–21)<ref name="vidhanSabha">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115173434/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Nathu Ram]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Balwinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Gurpreet Singh Kangar|Gurpreet Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Joginder Pal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Lakhavir Singh Lakha]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Manjit Singh (politician)|Manjit Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Pawan Kumar Tinu]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Dr.Raj kumar Chabbewal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Smt Rupinder Kaur Rubi]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Santokh Singh (politician)|Santokh Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2019-2020===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Welfare of SC, ST and OBC (2019–20)<ref name="vidhanSabha"/>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Nathu Ram]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Baldev Singh Khaira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Joginder Pal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Pawan Kumar Adia]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Dr. Raj Kumar Chabewal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[S.Santokh Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Smt .Sarvjit Kaur Manuke]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Smt Satkar Kaur]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sukhwinder Kumar]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Ch. Surinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2018-2019===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Welfare of SC, ST and OBC (2018–19)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-18 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118155238/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2018-11-18 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Nathu Ram]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Baldev Singh Khaira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Balwinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Darshan Lal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Manjit Singh (politician)|Manjit Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Pawan Kumar Adia]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Dr. Raj Kumar Chabewal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sukhwinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Tarsem Singh D.C.]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===2017-2018===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Committee on Welfare of SC, ST and OBC (2017–17)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=vidhanSabha |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127010723/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |archive-date=2018-01-27 |access-date=2022-07-25 }}</ref>
!Sr. No.
!Name
!Post
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center"
|1 || [[Dr. Raj Kumar Verka]] || Chairperson
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|2 || [[Baldev Singh Khaira]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|3 || [[Harpal Singh Cheema]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|- align="center"
|4 || [[Joginder Pal]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|5 || [[Manjit Singh (politician)|Manjit Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|6 || [[Nathu Ram]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|7 || [[Nirmal Singh (Shutrana politician)|Nirmal Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|8 || [[Santokh Singh (politician)|Santokh Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|9 || [[Sukhwinder Singh Danny Bandala]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|10 || [[Ch . Surinder Singh]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|11 || [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|12 || [[Sushil Kumar Rinku]] || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|- align="center"
|13 || [[Sukhwinder Kuma]]r || Member
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Committees of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

Alphy Panjikaran

2026-03-16T23:21:42Z

Niishad Shetty: added stub

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alphy Panjikaran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Angamaly]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Anna University]]
| occupation = Actress, theatre artist
| yearsactive = 2018–present
| relatives =
| parents = {{ubl|Thomas|Molly Thomas}}
}}
'''Alphy Panjikaran''' is an Indian actress, who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/01/12/chat-with-alphy-panjikaran.html |script-title=ml:മാളികപ്പുറത്തിലെ കല്ലുവിന്റെ അമ്മ: ആൽഫി പഞ്ഞിക്കാരൻ അഭിമുഖം |trans-title=Kallu's mother in Malikappuram: Interview by Alfie Panjikaran (machine translation) |language=ml |first1=R.B. |last1=Sreelekha |website=Manorama Online |date=12 January 2023 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401172711/https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2023/01/12/chat-with-alphy-panjikaran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She made her Malayalam film debut in 2018 and got a breakthrough for her performance in [[Shikkari Shambhu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/malayalam-movie-actress-alphy-panjikaran-talks-about-his-new-film-signature/articleshow/95579753.cms |script-title=ml:അട്ടപ്പാടിയുടെ തനിമ വെള്ളത്തിരയിലെത്തിക്കുന്ന സിനിമയാണ് 'സിഗ്നേച്ചർ': ആൽ‌ഫി പഞ്ഞിക്കാരൻ |trans-title='Signature' is a film that brings the identity of Attappadi to the silver screen: Alfi Panjikaran (machine translation) |language=ml |website=Samayam Malayalam |date=17 November 2022 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526062838/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/malayalam-movie-actress-alphy-panjikaran-talks-about-his-new-film-signature/articleshow/95579753.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Alphy later played notable character roles in Malayalam films including critically acclaimed [[Sunday Holiday]], Vallikudilile Vellakaaran, Signature, [[Ilayaraja (film)|Ilayaraja]], [[Maarconi Mathaai]] and [[Malikappuram]].<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310719/logo-of-nehru-trophy-boat-race-released.html |title=Logo of Nehru Trophy Boat Race released |date=31 July 2019 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530072946/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/310719/logo-of-nehru-trophy-boat-race-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Alphy Panjikaran completed [[bachelor's degree]] in BE [[Computer science|Computer Science]] from [[Anna University]].

Alphy first gained attention for her role as Revathi in the 2018 Malayalam film [[Shikkari Shambhu]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/cold-case-movie-fame-alphy-panjikarans-instagram-post-goes-viral/articleshow/84202711.cms |script-title=ml:ഭിത്തിയിൽ തൂക്കാൻ ഏതേലും പഴയ നടികളുടെ ചിത്രം പോരേയെന്ന് കമന്‍റ്; തക്ക മറുപടി നൽകി ആൽഫി |trans-title=Comment that any picture of old actresses is not enough to hang on the wall; Alfie replied appropriately (machine translation) |language=ml |website=Samayam Malayalam |date=7 July 2021 |first1=Bibin |last1=Babu |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526062837/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/cold-case-movie-fame-alphy-panjikarans-instagram-post-goes-viral/articleshow/84202711.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/cinema-news-in-malayalam/alphy-panjikaran-about-her-life-photos-123092600045_1.html |script-title=ml:'മാളികപ്പുറം' നടി, ആളാകെ മാറി, പുത്തന്‍ ഫോട്ടോഷൂട്ടുമായി ആല്‍ഫി പഞ്ഞിക്കാരന്‍ |first1=K R |last1=Anoop |trans-title='Malikappuram' actress, changed completely, Alfie Panjikaran with a new photo shoot |language=ml |website=malayalam.webdunia.com |date=26 September 2023 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203080613/https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/cinema-news-in-malayalam/alphy-panjikaran-about-her-life-photos-123092600045_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Alphy Panjikaran film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sunday Holiday]]'' || Amal's Sister || || style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=auto/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Shikkari Shambhu]]'' || Revathi || Debut || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-alphy-panjikarans-latest-instagram-pics/photoshow/77286312.cms |script-title=ml:'ശിക്കാരി ശംഭു'വിലെ തേൻ മുട്ടായിയെ ഓർമ്മയില്ലേ! പുത്തൻ ചിത്രങ്ങളുമായി ആൽഫി |trans-title=Don't you remember the honey muttai in 'Shikari Shambhu'! Alfie with new pictures (machine translation) |language=ml |website=Samayam Malayalam |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526100717/https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-alphy-panjikarans-latest-instagram-pics/photoshow/77286312.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vallikudilile Vellakaaran'' || Aswathi || || style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=auto/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' || Reena || || style="text-align: center;" | <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| ''[[Ilayaraja (film)|Ilayaraja]]'' || Dr. Neena || || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/guinness-pakru-starrer-ilayaraja-motion-poster-is-truly-unique/articleshow/66534208.cms |title=Guinness Pakru starrer 'Ilayaraja' motion poster is truly unique |date=7 November 2018 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418075149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/guinness-pakru-starrer-ilayaraja-motion-poster-is-truly-unique/articleshow/66534208.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''Signature'' || Femina || ||
|-
| ''[[Malikappuram]]'' || Sowmya || || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{olist|list_style_type=lower-alpha
| {{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/unni-mukundan-deva-nandha-renji-panicker-saiju-kurup-alphy-panjikaran-starrer-malikappuram-movie-review-rating/moviereview/96619510.cms |title=Malikappuram movie review rating Rating:{3/5} Cast: Unni Mukundan, Deva Nandha, Renji Panicker, Saiju Kurup, Alphy Panjikaran, Manoj K Jayan, T.G. Ravi, R amesh Pisharody, Sreepath, Manohari Joy, Sampath Ram |language=ml |website=Samayam Malayalam |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230093800/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-review/unni-mukundan-deva-nandha-renji-panicker-saiju-kurup-alphy-panjikaran-starrer-malikappuram-movie-review-rating/moviereview/96619510.cms |archivedate=30 December 2022 |url-status=live}}
| {{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/malikappuram-box-office-collection-unni-mukundan-starrer-enters-the-50-crore-club/articleshow/97224824.cms |title='Malikappuram' box office collection: Unni Mukundan starrer enters the 50- crore club |date=22 January 2023 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122194641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/malikappuram-box-office-collection-unni-mukundan-starrer-enters-the-50-crore-club/articleshow/97224824.cms |url-status=live}}
| {{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayasurya-lauds-unni-mukundans-entertainer-malikappuram/articleshow/96757570.cms |title=Jayasurya lauds Unni Mukundan's entertainer 'Malikappuram' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 January 2023 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323182553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jayasurya-lauds-unni-mukundans-entertainer-malikappuram/articleshow/96757570.cms |url-status=live}}
| {{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/malikappuram-box-office-day-11-unni-mukundan-starrer-mints-rs-15-8-crores/articleshow/96883263.cms |title='Malikappuram' box office day 11: Unni Mukundan starrer mints Rs 15.8 crores |date=10 January 2023 |accessdate=22 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122211246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/malikappuram-box-office-day-11-unni-mukundan-starrer-mints-rs-15-8-crores/articleshow/96883263.cms |url-status=live}}
| {{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/mother-s-day-2023/malikappuram-fame-devananda-and-alphy-panjikaran-interview-1.8549292 |script-title=ml:ഷൂട്ടില്ലാത്ത സമയത്ത് വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടം കാണാനും കുട്ട വഞ്ചി തുഴയാനും പോകും; മാളികപ്പുറത്തെ അമ്മയും മകളും |trans-title=When there is no shoot, i will go to see the waterfall and row the kutta boat; The mother and daughter of the mansion (machine translation) |language=ml |date=14 May 2023 |website=Mathrubhumi |accessdate=22 January 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526100717/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/mother-s-day-2023/malikappuram-fame-devananda-and-alphy-panjikaran-interview-1.8549292 |url-status=live}}
}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2024 ||''[[Nagendran's Honeymoons]]'' ||Janaki || Malayalam ||[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagendrans-honeymoons-first-look-of-suraj-venjaramoodus-web-series-with-nithin-renji-panicker-out/article68206872.ece|title='Nagendran's Honeymoons': First look of Suraj Venjaramoodu's web series with Nithin Renji Panicker out|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 May 2024}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|9569656}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panjikaran, Alphy}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian software engineers]]
[[Category:People from Angamaly]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kochi]]
[[Category:Anna University alumni]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Shaikhs in North India

2026-03-15T13:07:05Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Short description|Family name of Indian muslims}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}
[[File:Portret van Shaikh Zeaoollah uit Aligarh Sheikh Zeaoollah. Soonee mahomedan Sheikh caste. Allyghur (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122C-30.jpg|thumb|A Shaikh man from [[Aligarh]], c. 1858–1868]]
'''''Shaikh''''', also rendered as '''''Sheikh''''', '''''Sheik''''', '''''Shaik''''', '''''Shaykh''''', '''''Shaikh''''', '''''Shekh''''', '''''Cheikh''''', '''''Šeih''''', '''''Šejh''''', '''''Şeyh''''' and other variants ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{lang|ar|شيخ}}, ''shaykh''; [[plural|pl.]] {{lang|ar|شيوخ}} ''shuyūkh''), is a title given to many South Asian Muslim castes. It originally was a word or [[honorific]] term in the [[Arabic language]] that commonly designated a [[Tribal chief|chief of a tribe]], [[royal family]] member, Muslim [[Ulama|religious scholar]], or "[[Elder (administrative title)|Elder]]". However in [[Northern India]], Shaikh was used as an ethnic title, by those with [[Arabs|Arab]] descent & upper caste converts to Islam like [[Khatri]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Kayastha|Kayasthas]] & [[Rajput]]s, etc., particularly from prominent [[Muslims|Muslim]] figures such as the [[Rashidun|Rashidun Caliphs]], majority of these{{Vague|reason=These last three words: "majority of these" make the sentence seem incomplete as if more was meant to be added.|date=September 2025}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sheikh | title=Sheikh | Meaning, Title, Significance, & History | Britannica | date=7 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Origin==
In [[North India]], ''Shaikh'' is both an ethnic and occupational title attributed to [[Muslim]] trading families. Many Shaikhs from North India are descended from [[Arabs]], and adopted 'Shaikh' as their last name through marriage or their job.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Shaikh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John L. Esposito |pages=251–252 |isbn=9780195305135}}</ref>

In the [[North-West_Frontier_Province|Frontier Regions]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], the title ''Shaikh'' was given to recent converts who were not of foreign descent as a polite [[euphemism]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FaggQsmGFWkC&q=sheikh+occupational+title+in+pakistan&pg=PA149#v=snippet&q=sheikh%20occupational%20title%20in%20pakistan&f=false |title=Pakistan, a Country Study |date=1975 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref>

==Sub-divisions==
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Shuja Daulah Cavalry.png|thumb|Camp of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] of [[Awadh]]]]
The subdivisions of the Shaikh include:
* Shaikh [[Qidwai]], who claim to be descendants of the Qazi Qidwa, a son of the Sultans of Rum. The Qidwai were recruited in the household cavalry of [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], which was mainly composed of the Sheikhzadgan.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=sheikzadi&pg=PA73 |page=73 |author= Pradeep Barua |title=The state at war in South Asia |date=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803213449 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ&q=They+belonged+to+the+Qidwai+clan+whose+1700+warriors+preferred+to+lay+down+their+lives+at+Buxur+rather+than+retreat+and |title= Lucknow, Fire of Grace:The Story of Its Revolution, Renaissance and the Aftermath |author=Amaresh Misra |date=1998 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn= 9788172232887 }}</ref> These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or a civil officer.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=R8As_JziO2kC&dq=sheikhs+kakori+awadh&pg=PA9 |title= Surya Narain Singh |date=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications|page=9 |isbn= 9788170999089 }}</ref>
* Shaikh [[Hashmi]], who claim to be descendants of the [[Banu Hashim]] clan of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Banu Quraish]] tribe. The Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]] belonged to this clan. Usually carry the title [[Sayyid]].
* Shaikh [[Siddiqui]], who claim to be descendants of [[Abu Bakar]], the first [[Caliph|Khalifa]] of [[Islam]].
* Shaikh [[Osmani|Usmani]] (Osmani), who claim to be descendants of [[Uthman Ibn Affan]] the third [[Caliph|Khalifa]] of Islam
* Shaikh [[Farooqi]], Honorific reverence to [[Umar|Umar Farooq Bin Al-Khattab]]
* Sheikh [[Alvi|Alavi]] (Alvi), who claim to be descendants of [[Ali|Ali Ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth [[Caliph|Khalifa]] of Islam
* Sheikh [[Abbasi (surname)|Abbasi]], who claim to be descendants of [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas ibn abd-Muttalib]], the uncle of holy [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]]
*Shaikh [[Ansari]],who belong & related with Hazarat [[Abu|Abu Ayyub Al-Ansari]] origin from Madina who was one of sahabi of holy [[Muhammad |Prophet Muhammad]].
* Sheikh [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]], who claim to be descendants of [[Umar Shaikh Mirza I|Umar Sheikh Mirza]], the son of the conqueror [[Timur]]. They usually associate themselves with Mirza or [[Mughal people|Mughal]] caste, while some with the Sheikh caste while carrying the title [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]].

== See also ==
* [[Sheikh]]
* [[Shaikhzada]]
* [[Sindhi Shaikh]]
* [[Punjabi Shaikh]]
* [[Muslim Kayasths]]
* [[Kashmiri Shaikh]]s
* [[Gujarati Shaikh]]
* [[Rajasthani Shaikh]]
* [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikhs In South Asia}}
[[Category:Titles]]
[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]

Shalini Mardolkar

2026-03-15T05:40:13Z

Niishad Shetty: started new bio!

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (1939–2013)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shalini Mardolkar
| image = Bharat Bhusan and Shalini Mardolkar (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mardolkar as Sharda in ''Taqdeer'' (1967)
| birth_place = [[Mardol, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Vasai, Vasai-Virar, Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|1|7|1939|8|15|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer|playwright|director}}
| spouse = A. Salaam
| years_active = 1949–1990s
| known_for = ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966)
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2009)
}}

'''Shalini Mardolkar''' (15 August 1939 – 7 January 2013) was an Indian actress, singer, playwright, and [[theatre director|director]] known for her work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] films, and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. In the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatre scene, she is best known for her portrayal of [[Mother Mary]] in [[J. P. Souzalin]]'s ''tiatr Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi''.

==Early life==
Shalini Mardolkar was born on 15 August 1939 in [[Mardol, Goa]]<ref name=":1" /> which was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). From a young age, she showed a strong inclination towards acting.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Mardolkar began her artistic journey through [[Marathi theatre|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati dramas]] during her formative years. Through her participation in these productions, directed by seasoned artists, she cultivated an understanding of the art of acting. At a young age, Mardolkar established the Shalini Songit Mandal group and showcased her talents as a [[child artist]]. Her initial foray into Marathi drama at the age of 5 was followed by endeavors in the Gujarati theater scene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa loses a star |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/goa-loses-a-star/2628.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322055319/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/goa-loses-a-star/2628.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As Mardolkar matured, her acting prowess reached new heights, and she gained acclaim in the realm of Marathi dramas in [[Bombay]]. Her skills extended to the Gujarati theater, where she made contributions. It was in 1949, at the age of approximately 10, that she made her debut on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] in Anthony Franklin Coelho's ''[[tiatr]]'' titled ''Bhau-Bhoinn'' (Brother-Sister).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Joe |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=61}}</ref> Despite her youth, Mardolkar demonstrated talent, holding her own alongside seasoned professionals. In this production, she portrayed a lead role opposite [[C. Alvares]], who was around 29 years old at the time. Mardolkar's performance was further enriched by her [[duet]] with [[Anthony Mendes]]. Her maiden appearance left an impression on ''tiatr'' enthusiasts, thereby securing her a position in the ''tiatr'' field. It was C. Alvares who reintroduced Mardolkar to Konkani ''tiatrs'' through his own production, ''Vojem'' (Burden). This marked the beginning of her popularity among ''tiatr'' audiences, who eagerly anticipated her performances.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=146–147 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Consequently, Mardolkar became a regular presence in ''tiatrs'' directed by ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as [[J. P. Souzalin]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony D'Sa]], [[Robin Vaz]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], and others. Her versatility as an actress, coupled with her ability to portray diverse roles across a range of ''tiatrs'', solidified her as one of the popular ''tiatr'' artists of her time.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2013-01-09 |title='Dhol Mhojea Bai' will keep Shalini alive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dhol-mhojea-bai-will-keep-shalini-alive/articleshow/17947277.cms?_gl=1*9kitas*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMTA4NTMxMi4xNjEuMC4xNzExMDg1MzEyLjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.220054623.79403112.1711019726-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:Anthony De Sa and Shalini Mardolkar.jpg|thumb|Mardolkar as Mother Mary (right) in J. P. Souzalin's ''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'']]
Mardolkar's artistic contributions extended beyond the confines of her religious convictions. During the [[Lenten]] season, [[Liturgical drama|religious dramas]] were traditionally staged in both [[Goa]] and Bombay. A highlight in her career was her portrayal of [[Mother Mary]] in [[J. P. Souzalin]]'s religious ''tiatr'' (theater performance) titled ''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'' (Our Lady's Seven Dolours), which took place in [[Mapuçá]], Goa in 1963. Mardolkar's depiction of Mother Mary garnered critical acclaim and earned her recognition within the ''tiatr'' community.<ref name=":0" /> Her performance resonated with the audience, particularly during the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion scene]], evoking an emotional response as spectators were moved to tears. The impact of her acting was so significant that after the conclusion of the ''tiatr'', people eagerly sought Mardolkar's blessings, regarding her as a representation of Mother Mary. The audience bestowed the title "''Dukhant Bhorloli Saibinn Maim''" (The Grieving Mother Mary) upon her in recognition of her performance in the ''tiatr''. Her portrayal in ''Saibinnicheo Sat Dukhi'' was regarded as the most memorable role of her career, as she herself expressed in previous interviews.<ref name=":3" /> In addition to her acting prowess, Mardolkar possessed a singing talent. She frequently collaborated with artists such as Anthony Mendes, M. Boyer, [[Master Vaz]], Jacinto Vaz, C. Alvares, and Robin Vaz, delivering duets, [[trio (music)|trios]], and quartets.<ref name=":1" /> As her career progressed, Mardolkar had the privilege of working with directors including Jacinto Vaz, Robin Vaz, Prem Kumar, M. Boyer, Anthony D'Sa, and Alfred Rose. She showcased her comedic abilities in various ''tiatrs'', often sharing the stage with Anthony Mendes. Mardolkar's voice left a mark on [[Culture of Goa|Goan culture]], resonating in households across the region.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Versatile actress Shalini no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/versatile-actress-shalini-no-more/45968 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322055203/https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/versatile-actress-shalini-no-more/45968 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her rendition of the popular [[lullaby]]/song "Dhol Mojea Bai" (Rock my baby) in [[Frank Fernand]]'s film ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966) solidified her status as a singer and actress. The song, specifically composed for Mardolkar, continues to be played on [[Saregama|HMV Records]] and [[audio tape]]s.<ref name=":2" />

Mardolkar's filmography includes performances in several [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]]. Among her popular works are the films ''Nirmon'' and ''Mhoji Ghorkarn'' (1969), both directed by her husband, [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film director A. Salaam. Mardolkar's portrayal of lead characters in these films, opposite actors such as [[C. Alvares]] and [[Jacinto Vaz]], captivated audiences and received recognition from film authorities for their quality.<ref name=":3" /> Mardolkar's acting credits also include a role in the film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963). The movie ''Nirmon'' was subsequently remade in Hindi as ''Taqdeer'' (1967), with Mardolkar reprising the main role once more. Her artistic journey also encompasses the realm of video films, where she lent her talents to ''Mogachi Faxi'', a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] production produced and directed by C. Alvares. Beyond her on-screen appearances, she ventured into the realms of writing and directing, creating two ''[[tiatr]]s'' (Konkani theater productions) titled ''Sounsaracho Gaddo'' (The bullock cart of the world) and ''Korta To Bhogta'' (One who acts has to pay).<ref name=":1" /> The former gained popularity with performances staged throughout [[Goa]] during the mid-1990s. As of 1995, remaining an active participant in the Konkani stage, Mardolkar's presence was frequently seen at ''tiatrs'' by playwrights in Goa. In addition to her acting and directing endeavors, Mardolkar has performed vocals for over 50 musical compositions. She also had over 500 ''tiatr'' performances to her credit, both in her own productions and collaborations with others.<ref name=":2" />

==Personal life==
Mardolkar married [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film director A. Salaam, who lived in [[Bombay]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1995, Mardolkar was living with her family in [[Khar, Mumbai|Khar, Bombay]].<ref name=":2" /> According to an anecdote from 1980 by [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor [[Premanand Sangodkar]], Mardolkar and her husband had a bungalow in [[Bandra, Bombay]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An interesting journey to the tiatr stage |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=117695 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221154644/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=117695 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==
Mardolkar was honored with the "best actress award" for her performance in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] film ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966) by the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]], at the [[13th National Film Awards|State Awards for Films]]. Additionally, she was recognized with the "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) in 2009.<ref name=":3" /> Mardolkar's contributions to [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[tiatr]]'' were also acknowledged during the centenary celebrations of the art form in 1992 by the [[Kala Academy]] Goa.<ref name=":2" />

==Death==
Mardolkar's declining health, attributed to her advanced age, culminated in her death on 7 January 2013, at her home in [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]], India, at the age of 73.<ref name=":4" />

===Reactions===
''[[Tiatr]]'' critic and journalist Daniel F De Souza expressed deep regret at the death of Mardolkar, highlighting her significant influence on the stage from the 1950s to the 1980s. Despite her absence from the stage for a period, her impact, particularly as a role model for future generations, cannot be overlooked, writes De Souza. Noting her performance in [[M. Boyer]]'s ''tiatr'' ''Ekuch Rosto'' (Only One Way), De Souza emphasizes Mardolkar's portrayal of a traditional [[Hindu]] woman as her most memorable stage achievement. [[Tomazinho Cardozo]], the president of Kala Mogi, [[Candolim]], expressed his condolences, emphasizing the loss suffered by the ''tiatr'' community and the [[Konkani language]] due to Mardolkar's death. Her talent made a significant impact on the development of Konkani ''tiatr'', writes Cardozo.<ref name=":0" />

On 9 January 2013, the chairman of [[Kala Academy]], [[Vishnu Wagh]], mourned the death of Mardolkar, expressing sorrow over the loss. He praised Mardolkar as a versatile actress whose impact on the Konkani ''tiatr'' stage will be cherished by enthusiasts of the arts for a long time. Wagh emphasized that her absence has left a void in the [[Goan Konkani]] ''tiatr'' stage, highlighting that Mardolkar's contributions will always be held in high regard by the art community in [[Goa]]. The [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) released a statement highlighting Mardolkar's versatility as an actress and her ability to captivate audiences with her performances. Recognizing her contributions to the ''tiatr'' stage, Mardolkar received the "Tiatr Academy's Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" in 2009. TAG, on behalf of the ''tiatr'' fraternity and enthusiasts, expressed condolences to her grieving family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-09 |title=KA, TAG condole Shalini's death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ka-tag-condole-shalinis-death/articleshow/17947265.cms?_gl=1*1jxp8za*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcxMTExNDM0NC4xNjQuMC4xNzExMTE0MzQ0LjYwLjAuMA..#_ga=2.17163135.79403112.1711019726-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name|id=1042285}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mardolkar, Shalini}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

Narendra Dhar Jayal

2026-03-09T03:58:52Z

Niishad Shetty: updated page

{{Short description|Indian mountain climber (1927–1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Narendra Dhar Jayal
|image = Narendra (Nandu) D. Jayal.jpg
|caption =
|birth_date = 25 June 1927
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1958|4|28|1927|6|25}}
|death_place =
|other_names = Nandu Jayal
|known_for = Pioneering early Indian Mountaineering
|occupation = Major
}}

'''Narendra Dhar Jayal (Nandu Jayal)''' (25 June 1927 – 28 April 1958) was an Indian mountaineer and an officer of the [[Bengal Sappers]] and the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]. He is credited with pioneering and patronizing early post-Independence mountaineering in India, and was the founder principal of the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020203/spectrum/book6.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Books |work=The Tribune|date=2002-02-03 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> He encouraged the youth of India to take up mountaineering, and has been called the "Marco Polo of Indian Mountaineering".<ref>{{cite web|author=Rudraneil Sengupta |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Bcabn2TgEpec1Qu6ajkKvL/Vertical-limit.html |title=Vertical limit |date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Livemint.com |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/because-its-there-6224290/ |title=Because It's There|work=The Indian Express|date=2020-01-19 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>

==Education and early life==
Nandu Jayal's father Pandit Chakra Dhar Jayal, was Diwan of the hill state of Tehri Garhwal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A. E. Foot Alpine Journal Vol. 63. No. 297, 1958, 231-232|url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1958.html|access-date=2021-08-07|website=www.alpinejournal.org.uk}}</ref> His brother was [[Vidya Dhar Jayal|Vidhya Dhar Jayal]], who became an army officer. Nandu and his cousin Nalni Dhar joined Doon school in 1935. Nandu stayed in the school for nine years, where he also became head of his House and captain of school boxing. In 1940 [[R. L. Holdsworth]] joined the Doon school as headmaster and became Nandu's housemaster.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Alpine Journal - Contents 1958|url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1958.html|access-date=2021-08-07|website=www.alpinejournal.org.uk}}</ref> Nandu was fascinated with Holdsworth's interests in mountaineering and his mountaineering career started while he was a student at [[The Doon School]], where his teachers encouraged his interest in climbing as a way to tame his somewhat unruly nature.<ref name="hills to climb">''For Hills to Climb'', The Doon School Contribution to Mountaineering – The Early Years. Edited by Aamir Ali. Pp 421. [Published by The Doon School Old Boys' Society</ref><ref name="dosco record">''The Dosco Record'', Second Edition 1987). Compiled by Col. P.C. Khanna, published by the Doon School Old Boys Society</ref> He accompanied Holdsworth on many expeditions.<ref name="auto"/>

Jayal's first major expedition as a 16-year-old schoolboy was to the Awar Valley above [[Badrinath]], reaching 6,000 meters.<ref name="alpinejournal">{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Richard|title=Climbing with the Doon School|journal=Alpine Journal|year=2001|pages=197–201|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2001_files/AJ%202001%20197-201%20Anderson%20Doon%20School.pdf|access-date=21 February 2012}}</ref> Other climbs, while still at Doon, included [[Trisul]] with [[Gurdial Singh (mountaineer)|Gurdial Singh]], a teacher from Doon. While Singh went on to reach the peak of Trisul, where he performed a headstand [[asana]] to honor the Hindu god [[Shiva]], Jayal noted his own feelings in lyrical terms: "The grass on which we camped was like a cushion sprinkled with tiny mauve [[primula]] and the gentle lapping of the running water recalled melodies from Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony. I confess a desire to bring my efforts to an honourable conclusion here – as long as somebody got to the top – and revel in this bracing and saner altitude."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1964_files/AJ%201964%20201-210%20Gibson%20Himalaya.pdf | title=Twenty-five years of schoolboy expeditions in the Himalayas | website=www.alpinejournal.org.uk}}</ref>

He left the school in December 1944 and was immediately selected in the Army as he was given high rating by the selection committee board due to his outstanding interest in training subordinates . It was a remarkable transformation of Doon's most delinquent boy who had become a "gentle, perfect knight".<ref name="hills">{{Cite web |url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/book-reviews-9/ |title=''For Hills to Climb'', reviewed in the Himalayan Club |access-date=11 May 2011 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003182614/http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/book-reviews-9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
In 1948, Nandu Jayal went to [[Switzerland]] and acquired a Ski Teacher's Certificate, a very respectable achievement. He was appointed Chief Instructor at the Winter Warfare School, later known as the High Altitude and Winter Warfare School. Under the leadership of the Engineer-in-Chief, Maj. Gen. Harold 'Bill' Williams, himself an eager climber, Nandu Jayal organised the first Sappers expedition to [[Bandarpunch]] successfully in 1950. As a young Captain in 1950–51, he carried out a strategic reconnaissance of the [[Garhwal Himalaya]]s and was later the [[Indian Army]] liaison officer for the [[France|French]] Expedition to [[Nanda Devi]] in 1951. He organised and led two expeditions to [[Kamet]]; the first in 1952 when the summit team was forced back by a blizzard from just 600 metres short of the mountain and later in 1955 when he summited - at that point of time, it was the highest that an Indian had climbed.

Jayal was the founder principal of the [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]] at [[Darjeeling]], with [[Tenzing Norgay]] of [[Mount Everest|Everest]] fame as the Chief Instructor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/stuck-at-kanchenjunga-mountaineers-now-in-a-21day-big-boss-challenge/1793264 |title=Stuck at Kanchenjunga, mountaineers now in a 21-day ''Big Boss'' challenge |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref> Both of them were invited by the Swiss Government to [[Switzerland]] where they spent three months seeing new things and having new experiences. Maj Jayal became the only non-Swiss to win the coveted Swiss Guide's Diploma and Badge. Jayal led the 1955 Kamet expedition as the Director HMI. Jayal organised an expedition to Nanda Devi in 1957. Bad weather thwarted the expedition but Jayal, never one to give up, went next to the [[Karakoram]] where he conquered Saken (24,130 ft) and Sakang (24,150 ft), the third highest peak in the Karakoram range.

==Death==
In 1958, the Government sponsored an expedition to [[Cho Oyu]] (26,864 ft), the sixth highest mountain in the world. Jayal died of [[pulmonary oedema]] caused by overexertion on this expedition at Camp I. He had started late and tried to catch up with the main party. There was also a problem in his medical care as much of the expedition equipment had been lost in a Dakota crash en route to Nepal. His death and that of some others brought home the cruel lesson of need for acclimatisation and discipline in the pursuit of Himalayan mountaineering.

=== Tributes ===
Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], paid rich tributes to Jayal saying "the Major has set an example of courage and adventure which should inspire our young people. The news of his death came to me as a shock and I feel that the country has suffered the loss of her finest mountaineer..."

Arthur Foot, Jayal's Headmaster of Doon, noted that "The Himalaya completed his education into a stature of nobility", echoing a sentiment expressed two years earlier by Jayal himself who had noted, after an expedition to Saser Kangri, that "Pushing the body to the utmost for something indefinably inherent in a person, is intrinsically noble and worthwhile." R.L. Holdsworth, a teacher at Doon who had encouraged Jayal to pursue mountaineering noted after his death that "He died very much the master of himself and of most of the world that is worth mastering."

=== Commemoration ===
* The Indian Mountaineering Foundation had a Nandu Jayal Fund and published, along with the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]], a book ''Nandu Jayal and Indian Mountaineering'', which contained articles on various aspects of Indian Mountaineering by him and by others.
* Nandu Jayal's life and career motivated many young officers of the Corps to take up mountaineering, most prominent of whom were his nephews, [[Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna]] and [[Jai Vardhan Bahuguna]] [https://findfictionfact.wordpress.com/2016/02/19/in-hope-of-glory-the-brothers-who-died-on-everest/ In Hope of Glory-The Brothers Who Died on Everest]; both were officers of the Indian Army, dedicated mountaineers and both died on [[Mount Everest]].
* In 1962, [[Vidya Dhar Jayal]] donated a silver cup to the [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Engineer Group and Centre]] to commemorate his brother.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHroShyXgnUC&q=vidya+dhar+jayal+brother |title=Sainik Samachar |date=1962 |publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Role of The Doon School in Indian mountaineering]]

==Bibliography==
* {{aut|Corps of Engineers Archives}}. ''Lest We Forget'', Weekly of the College of Military Engineering, [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], Issue of 25 October 2008.
* {{aut|Sarin, H.C.}}. ''Indian Mountaineering Foundation and Indian Mountaineering''. Himalayan Mountaineering Journal, Dec 1968, Vol 4, No 2, pg 15.
* {{aut|Nathan, S.K. and Arora, Sudhir K.}} ''Bengal Sappers - Trail Blazers of the Indian Army'' Published by [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal Engineer Group & Centre]], [[Roorkee]].
* A. E. Foot Alpine Journal Vol. 63. No. 297, 1958, Pages 231–232, [https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1958.html Alpine Journal - Contents 1958]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayal, Narendra Dhar}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Deaths on Cho Oyu]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Bengal Sappers and Miners personnel]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths in Asia]]

Raj Vishnu

2026-03-03T21:32:25Z

Niishad Shetty: creating initial stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|2017 Kannada film by K. Madesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raj Vishu
| image = Raj Vishnu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = K Madesh
| producer = Ramu
| screenplay = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| story = [[Ponram]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' | Ponram}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
*[[Chikkanna]]
*[[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*[[Saurav Lokesh|Bhajharangi Loki]]
}}
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Rajesh Katta
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Ramu Films
| distributor = Ramu Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|08|04}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Raj Vishnu''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by K. Madesh and produced by Ramu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rajvishnu-shoot-begins/article8495632.ece|title=Raj-Vishnu shoot begins|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 April 2016|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231032712/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/rajvishnu-shoot-begins/article8495632.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] and [[Chikkanna]] in the lead roles, while [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]], [[Srinivasa Murthy]] and [[Saurav Lokesh|Bhajharangi Loki]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/22/sharan-chikkanna-chemistry-to-continue-in-two-more-films-1619402.html|title=Sharan-Chikkanna chemistry to continue in two more films|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 June 2017|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702000754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/jun/22/sharan-chikkanna-chemistry-to-continue-in-two-more-films-1619402.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film features music composed by [[Arjun Janya]] and cinematography by Rajesh Katta.

The film is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Rajini Murugan]]'' (2016) directed by [[Ponram]] and starring [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/it-was-a-no-brainer-that-chikkanna-had-to-be-a-part-of-raj-vishnu-sharan/articleshow/59899334.cms|title = It was a no-brainer that Chikkanna had to be a part of Raj Vishnu: Sharan|website = [[The Times of India]]|last1 = Joy|first1 = Prathibha|access-date = 25 May 2020|archive-date = 31 December 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211231032709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/it-was-a-no-brainer-that-chikkanna-had-to-be-a-part-of-raj-vishnu-sharan/articleshow/59899334.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajini Murugan is an unemployed youth from Madurai who spends his days roaming around with his best friend Thotathree and supplying food to his grandfather Ayyankalai, a highly respected gentleman who has large properties of land. Ayyankalai wants to divide all his properties among his children and grandchildren, but except Rajini Murugan and his father Malligarajan, who is the headmaster of the local school, the rest of the family is settled abroad and never visit Madurai.

Meanwhile, following the advice of an astrologer (who claimed that Rajini Murugan will get married and be rich within three months), Rajini Murugan starts wooing his childhood sweetheart Karthika Devi. Karthika's father Neelakandan, an ardent fan of Rajinikanth, was the best friend of Malligarajan and had given Rajini Murugan his name when he was born, but fell out with Malligarajan and his family due to a misunderstanding involving Rajini Murugan and Karthika when they were children. Since then, Rajini Murugan and Karthika are not on speaking terms, and Neelakandan forbids any sort of contact between the two. Nevertheless, Rajini Murugan opens a tea stall outside Karthika's house to stay close to her and follows her day and night. The stall is later destroyed by a customer who pulls down the shop in the process of taking a banana. Later, he and Thothathree start a real estate company. A gangster "Ezhrai" Mookan, whose only work is to extort ₹100,000 from businessmen, tries to swindle the same amount from Rajini Murugan, but fails and ends up paying ₹100,000 to him.

Ayyankalai, who is fed up with Rajini Murugan's antics, decides to immediately divide his properties so that Rajini Murugan can benefit from his share of the property. He fakes his death, which forces his children and grandchildren to come to Madurai. Mookan claims that he too is a grandson of Ayyankalai (through the son of Ayyankalai's first wife) and starts demanding his share of the property. This leads to confrontation between Rajini Murugan and Mookan and their feud is soon brought before the panchayat. The panchayat declares the verdict in favour of Ayyankalai and Rajini Murugan. Mookan, accepting defeat, receives ₹100,000 from Rajini Murugan as compensation. It is then revealed that Mookan staged the whole drama to get back his ₹100,000 from Rajini Murugan. Meanwhile, Karthika accepts Rajini Murugan's love and Neelakandan also begins to approve their relationship.

In the end, Ayyankalai reveals that he does have a grandson through his first wife's son. The grandson is revealed to be none other than Bosepandi from Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam. Bosepandi refuses to accept his share of his grandfather's property, advising him and his family not to sell the property and instead convert it into a 5-star hotel and hand it over to Rajini Murugan. Ayyankalai and Rajini Murugan agree with him.

==Cast==
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Raj-Vishnu
* [[Chikkanna]] as Shankar Nag
* [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]] as Lavanya
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Sanjeevappa
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Mimicry Gopi
* [[Saurav Lokesh (Bhajarangi Loki)|Saurav Lokesh]]
* [[Sriimurali]] (special appearance)

==Production==
===Casting===
Actor [[Ambareesh]] was initially signed in to play the grandfather's role which was portrayed by [[Rajkiran]] in the original. However, due to undisclosed reasons, he was replaced by another senior actor [[Srinivasa Murthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.shopping.chitraloka.com/news/13474-srinivasamurthy-replaces-ambarish-in-raj-vishnu.html|title=Srinivasamurthy Replaces Ambarish In Raj - Vishnu|publisher=Chitraloka|date=21 July 2016|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120124605/http://mobile.shopping.chitraloka.com/news/13474-srinivasamurthy-replaces-ambarish-in-raj-vishnu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rachita Ram]] and [[Sruthi Hariharan]] were among the forerunners for the lead female role, which went to the Malayalam actress [[Remya Nambeesan]]. However, she was subsequently replaced by [[Vaibhavi Shandilya]]. Her role was said to be a "feisty one", which included the character performing some street fights with other women. [[Sriimurali]] was roped in to play a special cameo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sriimurali-in-Raj-Vishnu/articleshow/53210778.cms|title=Sriimurali in a special role in Raj-Vishnu|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2017|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803033513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sriimurali-in-Raj-Vishnu/articleshow/53210778.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raj Vishnu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 June 2017<ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14830-raj-vishnu-trailer-tomorrow-songs-on-june-23rd.html "Raj-Vishnu Trailer Tomorrow; Songs On June 23rd"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719074021/http://chitraloka.com/news/14830-raj-vishnu-trailer-tomorrow-songs-on-june-23rd.html |date=19 July 2017 }}. Cineloka.com (15 June 2017). Retrieved on 2017-07-11.</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
| prev_title = [[Pataki (film)|Pataki]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Chamak (film)|Chamak]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The soundtrack was composed by [[Arjun Janya]] with the lyrics written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]], [[V. Nagendra Prasad]] and [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rajvishnu
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Dhool Yebbusu
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Sangeetha Rajeev]]
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Tea Angadi Munde
| extra3 = Vyasaraj
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Lavanya Kai Kottbitta
| extra4 = Ravindra Soragavi
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Suvvanna Suvvanaare
| extra5 = [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| length5 = 4:42
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 4 August 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title = Raj Vishnu- Kannada Movie|url = https://www.facebook.com/RajVishnukannadamovie/|website = facebook.com|date = 1 July 2017|accessdate = 11 July 2017|archive-date = 4 July 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704140625/https://www.facebook.com/RajVishnukannadamovie/|url-status = live}}</ref> A month after its release, the film was premiered on Udaya TV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/two-kannada-movies-to-be-premiered-this-weekend-on-udaya-tv/articleshow/60855682.cms|title=Two Kannada movies to be premiered this weekend on Udaya tv|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003113530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/two-kannada-movies-to-be-premiered-this-weekend-on-udaya-tv/articleshow/60855682.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|RajVishnuKannadamovie}}
* {{IMDb title|12578392}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:2017 comedy films]]

Ninaithale Inikkum (2021 TV series)

2026-03-03T15:31:21Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Short description|Tamil language television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ninaithale Inikkum series.jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| director = {{ubl|
* V. Priyan
* M.R. Ponn Elango
* E. Ashokan
}}
| writer =
| based_on = ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]''
| creator =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Supernatural]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| editor =
| cinematography = Martin Jo
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl|
* Swathi Sharma
* Anand Selvan
}}
| executive_producer =
| producer = S. Sabreesh Kumar
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1417<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swathi Sharma and Anand Selvan starrer 'Ninaithale Inikkum' completes 900 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/swathi-sharma-and-anand-selvan-starrer-ninaithale-inikkum-completes-900-episodes/articleshow/110109867.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/swathi-sharma-and-anand-selvan-starrer-ninaithale-inikkum-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/112733811.cms|title=Swathi Sharma and Anand Selvan starrer 'Ninaithale Inikkum' completes 1000 episodes
|date=23 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref> 
| language = Tamil
| country = [[India]]
| opentheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| company = Monk Studios
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|23|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|10|25|df=y}}
}}

'''''Ninaithale Inikkum''''' is an Indian [[Tamil language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Tamil]]. It stars Swathi Sharma and Anand Selvan in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும் சீரியலில் நடிக்கும் நடிகை, நடிகர்களின் நிஜ பெயர் என்ன தெரியுமா? இதோ |url=https://cineulagam.com/article/ninaithalae-inikkum-zee-tamil-serial-cast-details-1685516430|publisher=cineulagam.com|language=ta}}</ref> It was directed by N. Priyan under the banner of Monk Studios and produced by Sabreesh Kumar. It premiered from 23 August 2021 and ended on 25 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Ninaithale Inikkum' to premiere on August 23|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ninaithale-inikkum-to-premiere-on-august-23/articleshow/85457692.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 August 2021}}</ref> The storyline of the serial is taken from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television series ''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]'' aired on [[Zee Bangla]], however it has a different narration later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mithai's Tamil version Ninaithale Inikkum: Hit Bengali shows which were remade in other languages|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/sreemoyees-hindi-remake-anupamaa-to-mithais-tamil-version-ninaithale-inikkum-hit-bengali-shows-which-were-remade-in-other-languages/photostory/85920132.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 September 2021}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Swathi Sharma as
** Bommi: A sweet seller, Siddharth's first wife (dead) <ref>{{Cite web|title=வில்லிகளின் சதியால் உயிரிழக்கும் பொம்மி.. எதிர்பாராத திருப்பங்களுடன் நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும் சீரியல்|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/zee-tamil-tv-serial-ninaithale-inikkum-today-episode-updates-443354|publisher=Zee News|language=ta|date=9 May 2023}}</ref>
** Rani: fake Bommi and Siddharth's second wife
** Samyuktha
* Anand Selvan as
** Siddharth: A civil engineer; Padmanaban's son; Darshini's brother; Bommi and Rani's husband
** Parthiban
** Vedan

=== Recurring ===
* Suresh Krishnamurthy as Deivanayagam; Siddharth's paternal grandfather; father of Padmanaban, Chidambaram and Valarmathi
* Hema Srikanth as Anjali Devi; Siddharth's paternal grandmother; mother of Padmanaban, Chidambaram and Valarmathi
* Bala as Padmanaban; Siddharth and Darshini's father
* Neha Jha / Swetha Shrimpton / Anisha Ishwarya as Tamannah; Siddharth's friend, colleague and one-sided lover
* VJ Krish as Mano; Savithiri's son, Tamannah's husband
* [[Dr. Sharmila]] as Savithiri
* Rajeshwari as Nethra; Siddarth's rival
* Vinitha Shalini as Jhansi
* Krishnakumar as Raghuvaran; Siddharth's paternal uncle; Lokesh's father
* Gayatri Priya as Krishnaveni; Bommi's mother, Annalakshmi's close friend
* Deepthi / Sree Nidhi / Dhachayani / Sree Nidhi / Shalini as Dharshini; Siddharth's younger sister Nivas's wife
* Akila as Varlarmathi; Siddharth's paternal aunt; Lokesh's mother
* Arvind Kathare as Chidambaram; Siddharth's paternal uncle; Vinay and Ramya's father
* Leela Menon as Sivagami; Siddharth's paternal aunt; Vinay and Ramya's mother
* Vicky Roshan as Vinay; Siddharth's paternal cousin brother
* Aruljothi as Ramya; Siddharth's paternal cousin sister
* Mithun Raj as Jagadeesh; Adopted son of Siddharth's family
* Preethi Kumar as Preethi Jagadeesh; Jagadeesh's wife
* RJ Saba as Lokesh; Siddharth's paternal cousin brother
* Pranav Mohan as Nivas; Ramya's love interest, Dharshini's husband
* Janane Prabhu as Advocate Nalini; Tamannah's mother, a lawyer
* Aarthi Ram as Advocate Vinothini; Nalini's sister
* Deepa Nethran as Annalakshmi; Siddharth and Darshini's mother

=== Special Appearances ===
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] (2023)
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Amirthalingam
* [[Rishi]] as Inspector Sethupathi; Siddharth's friend
* Aishwarya Baskaran as Thaiyalnayagi; Bommi's aunt (2022)
* [[Kuyili]] as Eashwari; Siddharth's grandmother, Deivayanayagam's sister
* [[Kaajal Pasupathi]] as Shilpa (2024)
* Vaishnavi Arulmozhi as Pirathiyakaradrvi (2024)
* [[Shreekumar]] as Kaalabairavar (2024)
* Ashwini Radhakrishna as Makali (2024)
* Parvathy as Marikaranika (2024)
* Lavanya as Unnamalai Nachiyar (2024)
* [[Farina Azad]] as Debina (2024)
* Swetha as Bommi (2025)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Newcomer actress Swathi Sharma were cast to play lead roles of Bommi and Rani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=அழகான நடிப்பு, அப்பாவித்தனமான முகம்.. யார் இந்த நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும் பொம்மி? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/ninaithale-inikkum-serial-actress-swathi-sharma-biography-401942/|publisher=Indian Express|language=ta|date=25 January 2022}}</ref> Actor Anand Selvan was cast as male lead Siddharth,<ref>{{Cite web|title=REMEMBER AAYUDHA EZHUTHU FAME ANAND SELVAN? HERE'S HIS NEXT SERIAL - DON'T MISS!|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-tv-aayutha-ezhuthu-fame-anand-selvan-next-serial-in-zee-tamil-details.html|publisher=behindwoods.com|date=16 July 2021}}</ref> marking his return after [[Colors Tamil]]'s ''[[Uyire (TV series)|Uyire 2]]''.

In November 2021, actress Neha Jha,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Model-turned-actress Neha Jha is excited about her debut show 'Ninaithaley Inikkum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/model-turned-actress-neha-jha-is-excited-about-her-debut-show-ninaithale-inikkum/articleshow/85270663.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2021}}</ref> who played Tamannah, quit the series was replaced by Swetha Shrimpton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஜீ தமிழ் சீரியல் நடிகையான ஸ்வேதா ஸ்ரிம்டன் வெள்ளித்திரையில் ஹீரோயினாக களம் இறங்குகிறார்|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-tv-serial-actress-suveta-shrimpton-instagram-suvetashrimpton-ninaithale-inikkum-chithiram-pesuthadi-782230.html|publisher=[[News18 India]]|language=ta|date=6 August 2021}}</ref> Model and Swimmer Janane Prabhu was cast as a lawyer Nalini,<ref>{{Cite web|title=சீரியல் நடிகையாக மாறிய நீச்சல் வீராங்கனை! என்ன சீரியல் தெரியுமா?|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/model-and-swimmer-janani-plays-heroine-in-ninaithale-inikkum-serial/articleshow/85410788.cms|publisher=tamil.samayam.com|language=ta|date=18 August 2021}}</ref> who played Tamannah's mother. However, In November 2023 she quit the series due to the end of her story.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Janane Prabhu quits her show 'Ninaithaley Inikkum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-janane-prabhu-quits-her-show-ninaithaley-inikkum/articleshow/105287745.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

After Deepthi quit the show, Sree Nidhi replaced her as Dharshini.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ninaithale Inikkum to feature a major change in the cast; Dhachayani replaces Sree Nidhi as Dharshini|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ninaithale-inikkum-to-feature-a-major-change-in-the-cast-dhachayani-replaces-sree-nidhi-as-dharshini/articleshow/91706526.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2022}}</ref> However in May 2022, she also quit the series for personal reasons and was replaced by Dhachayani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Actor Dhachayani Replaces Sreenidhi In Zee Tamil Show Ninaithale Inikkum|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-actor-dhachayani-replaces-sreenidhi-in-vijay-tv-show-ninaithale-inikkum-5214427.html|publisher=[[News18 India]]|date=20 May 2022}}</ref> However, after once again got back Sreenidhi as Dharshini replacing Dhachayani.

In January 2023, actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=சீரியலையும் விட்டு வைக்காத விஜய் சேதுபதி..எந்த சீரியலில் தெரியுமா?முக்கியமான நேரத்தில்தான் வருகிறார்.|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actor-vijay-sethupathi-ninaithale-inikkum-serial-starring-promo-netizens-trolled/articlecontent-pf852201-496001.html|work=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta|date=26 January 2023}}</ref> was voice cast as special Appearances. In after one month, dance choreographer [[Baba Bhaskar]] was cast as special Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=சீரியலில் அறிமுகமாகும் பாபா பாஸ்கர்.. முருங்கைக்காய் சூப்பிற்கு இப்படி ஒரு விளக்கமா? அசத்தல் தான்!|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/dance-master-baba-bhaskar-is-making-his-debut-in-zee-tamil-ninaithale-inikkum-serial/articlecontent-pf866922-499767.html|work=[[Oneindia]]|language=ta|date=21 February 2023}}</ref> In May 2023, ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 5]]'' fame Thamarai Selvi joined the show as Thamarai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Thamarai Selvi the cast of TV show 'Ninaithale Inikkum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-thamarai-selvi-the-cast-of-tv-show-ninaithale-inikkum-deets-inside/articleshow/100582724.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

In June 2024, actresses Vaishnavi Arulmozhi, Ashwini Radhakrishna, Parvathy, Lavanya and Arthika to make a cameo Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lavanya to make a cameo appearance in 'Ninaithalae Inikkum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/lavanya-to-make-a-cameo-appearance-in-ninaithalae-inikkum/articleshow/111136014.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 June 2024}}</ref> In July 2024, actress Farina Azad to make a special appearance as [[Ichchadhari naag|Ichchadhari Nagini]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Cooku with Comali fame Farina Azad to make a special appearance in 'Ninaithale Inikkum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-farina-azad-to-make-a-special-appearance-in-ninaithale-inikkum/articleshow/111552496.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

In 3 May 2025, actress Swetha was cast as special Appearances as Bommi.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Chinna Marumagal actress Swetha to make a special appearance in 'Ninaithale Inikkum'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chinna-marumagal-actress-swetha-to-make-a-special-appearance-in-ninaithale-inikkum-deets-inside/articleshow/118679414.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Role
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Zee Tamil Kudumbam Viruthugal 2022]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kutumba-viruthugal-awards-2023-to-air-on-january-14/articleshow/96938985.cms|title=Zee Kutumbam Viruthugal Awards 2023 to air on January 14|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2023 }}</ref>
| Social Media Face of The Year-Female
| Swathi Sharma
| Bommi
|-
| Best Performing Show on ZEE5
|
|
|}

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" | Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Mithai (Bengali TV series)|Mithai]]'' মিঠাই
|4 January 2021
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|9 June 2023
|Original
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Ninaithale Inikkum'' நினைத்தாலே இனிக்கும்
|23 August 2021
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|25 October 2025
|rowspan="5"|Remake
|-
|[[Odia language|Odia]]
|''Jhili'' ଝିଲ୍ଲୀ<ref>{{cite news |title=TV show 'Mithai' gets an Odia remake - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-mithai-gets-an-odia-remake/articleshow/85825799.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
|20 September 2021
|Zee Sarthak
|30 September 2023
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''[[Mithai (Hindi TV series)|Mithai]]'' मिठाई
|4 April 2022
|[[Zee TV]]
|24 September 2022
|-
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|''Gall Mithi Mithi'' ਗਲ ਮੀਠੀ ਮੀਠੀ
|20 November 2023
|[[Zee Punjabi]]
|30 November 2024
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''Rajakumari'' ರಾಜಕುಮಾರಿ
|25 August 2025
|[[Zee Picchar|Zee Power]]
|4 February 2026
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/ninaithale-inikkum/0-6-3517 ''Ninaithale Inikkum''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt15327408}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]

Mata (2022 film)

2026-03-03T12:10:11Z

Niishad Shetty: put up stub...

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|South Indian drama movie}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mata
| image = Mata (2022 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Ravindra Venshi
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = R. Ramesh
| starring = Santhosh Davanagere
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Sriguru
| studio = VR Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mata ''''' ({{Translation|[[Matha|Monastery]]}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[biographical film|biographical]] [[drama film]] directed by Ravindra Venshi starring Santhosh Davanagere. The film was released to negative reviews.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Santhosh Davanagere as Santhosh
*Sanjana Burli
*Ashrith Mallengad
*[[Guruprasad]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Mandya Ramesh]]
*[[Tabla Nani]]
*[[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[Raju Talikote]]
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]
}}

==Production==
The film was shot in 149 days in 70 [[Matha|mutts]] across Karnataka. Since [[Guruprasad]] directed and acted in the 2006 film [[Mata (2006 film)|of the same name]], he was brought aboard this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/guruprasad-sadhu-kokila-tabla-nani-starrer-mata-kannada-movie-ready-for-release/articleshow/92210004.cms|title=Mata Movie: ತೆರೆಮೇಲೆ ಬರೋದಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು 'ಮಠ' ರೆಡಿ; ಈ ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ರಾಜ್ಯದ 25 ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದಿದೆ ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್!|language=kn|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> He was apprehensive of naming the film ''Mata'', so he suggested names such as ''Kaavi'', ''Gadduge'' and ''Mathadeesha''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ravindra-venshis-film-is-shot-in-70-mutts-across-karnataka/articleshow/95336193.cms|title=Ravindra Venshi's film is shot in 70 mutts across Karnataka|date=7 November 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Sridevi|last=S|access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Throughout the film, the filmmaker tests the patience of the audience with statements that need more substantiation. The silver lining is that the audience gets a free tour of some religious [[Matha|Matas]] in Karnataka".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mata-movie-review-a-preachy-caricaturish-film-on-the-matas-of-karnataka/article66153139.ece|title='Mata' movie review: A preachy, caricaturish film on the Matas of Karnataka|date=18 November 2022|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118115039/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mata-movie-review-a-preachy-caricaturish-film-on-the-matas-of-karnataka/article66153139.ece|archive-date=18 November 2022|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "The core element of the movie, monasteries, is hardly touched upon and fails to live up to expectations. Nor does it delve deep into the subject".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mata/movie-review/95609919.cms|title=Mata Movie Review : A film with potential, but fails to live up to the expectations|work=The Times of India|last=Lokesh|first=Vinay|date=18 November 2022|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9399096}}

[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]

4 Years (film)

2026-03-03T09:41:21Z

Niishad Shetty: added new stub

{{Short description|2022 Indian Malayalam film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = 4-Years-Malayalam.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Ranjith Sankar]]
| writer = Ranjith Sankar
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sarjano Khalid]]
* [[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
}}
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Sangeeth Prathap]]
| music = Shankar Sharma
| studio = Dreams N Beyond
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|11|24}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}'''''4 Years''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Ranjith Sankar]] and produced by Dreams N Beyond. The film stars [[Sarjano Khalid]] and [[Priya Prakash Varrier]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=4 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/4-years/articleshow/95756960.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415003602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/4-years/articleshow/95756960.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Sarjano Khalid]] as Vishal Karunakaran
* [[Priya Prakash Varrier]] as Gayathri Arunkumar
* [[Eldo Raju]] as Gabri
* Hridya Eldose as Bobby
* Shabnam PA as Anna
* Shiva as Roshan
* Subin Tarsan as Unniyettan

== Production ==
The trailer of the film was released on 5 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Warrier, Sarjano Khalid share good chemistry in '4 years' campus movie trailer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/11/05/priya-warrier-sarjano-khalid-4-years-movie-trailer-release-ranjith-sankar.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408112710/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/11/05/priya-warrier-sarjano-khalid-4-years-movie-trailer-release-ranjith-sankar.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=നിന്റെ ഓർമകളിൽ; പ്രണയവും വിരഹവുമായി 'ഫോർ ഇയേഴ്‌സ് ' {{!}} ട്രെയ്‌ലർ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/four-years-official-trailer-sarjano-khalid-priya-prakash-varrier-sankar-sharma-ranjith-sankar-1.8017112 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408112711/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/four-years-official-trailer-sarjano-khalid-priya-prakash-varrier-sankar-sharma-ranjith-sankar-1.8017112 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Paranne" as song from the film was released on 28 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='4 Years' makers release the breezy, romantic song 'Paranne Pokunne' from the movie |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/4-years-makers-release-the-breezy-romantic-song-paranne-pokunne-from-the-movie/articleshow/95846990.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415003600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/4-years-makers-release-the-breezy-romantic-song-paranne-pokunne-from-the-movie/articleshow/95846990.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wink sensation Priya Warrier's movie '4 years' is coming to OTT. Know when |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/17/priya-warrier-sarjano-khalid-4-years-movie-ott-release-date.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408112711/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/12/17/priya-warrier-sarjano-khalid-4-years-movie-ott-release-date.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Priya Prakash Varrier to '4 Years' director Ranjith Sankar: Thank you for taking the risk nobody was ready to take all these years by casting me |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/priya-prakash-varrier-to-4-years-director-ranjith-sankar-thank-you-for-taking-the-risk-nobody-was-ready-to-take-all-these-years-by-casting-me/articleshow/95785937.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421174249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/priya-prakash-varrier-to-4-years-director-ranjith-sankar-thank-you-for-taking-the-risk-nobody-was-ready-to-take-all-these-years-by-casting-me/articleshow/95785937.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film released 24 November 2022 in theaters. Vinod Nair critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "Ranjith has successfully woven a story where the viewer is hooked enough to know what happens next."<ref>{{Cite news |title=4 Years Movie Review : A love-hate romance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/4-years/movie-review/95771269.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421174246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/4-years/movie-review/95771269.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> S.R.Praveen critic of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that "An overstretched, hardly-engaging college nostalgia piece".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-11-25 |title='4 years' movie review: An overstretched, hardly engaging college nostalgia piece |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/4-years-movie-review-an-overstretched-hardly-engaging-college-nostalgia-piece/article66183247.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408075708/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/4-years-movie-review-an-overstretched-hardly-engaging-college-nostalgia-piece/article66183247.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt22297570}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjith Sankar]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Balu Gani Talkies

2026-03-03T09:14:34Z

Niishad Shetty: added new entry

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Viswanath Pratap}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balu Gani Talkies
| image = Balu Gani Talkies.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Viswanath Pratap
| story = Viswanath Pratap
| producer = Sreenidhi Sagar
| starring = {{plain list|
* Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu
* Saranya Sharma
}}
| screenplay = {{plain list|
* Ashwith Gautam
* Viswanath Pratap
}}
| music = '''Score''' Aditya B.N '''Songs''' Smaran
| cinematography = Balu Sandilyasa
| editing = Anwar ali
| studio =
| distributor = [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|10|4}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Balu Gani Talkies''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film co-written and directed by Viswanath Pratap.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aha Announces New Period Comedy-drama Balu Gani Talkies With Jai Balayya Theme |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/aha-announces-new-period-comedy-drama-balu-gani-talkies-with-jai-balayya-theme-8975689.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930065831/https://www.news18.com/movies/aha-announces-new-period-comedy-drama-balu-gani-talkies-with-jai-balayya-theme-8975689.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars Shiva Ramachandra Varapu and Saranya Sharma in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-19 |title=Balu Gani Talkies’ is coming on OTT next month; here’s where you can stream this Telugu web series |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/balu-gani-talkies-is-coming-on-ott-next-month-heres-where-you-can-stream-this-telugu-web-series/articleshow/112633537.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819182736/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/balu-gani-talkies-is-coming-on-ott-next-month-heres-where-you-can-stream-this-telugu-web-series/articleshow/112633537.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Balu Gani Talkies OTT Release Update: When And Where To Watch Shiva Rama Chandravarapu's Telugu Web Series |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/balu-gani-talkies-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-shiva-rama-chandravarapu-telugu-web-series-10190206 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925180904/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/balu-gani-talkies-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-shiva-rama-chandravarapu-telugu-web-series-10190206 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is set in a small village and follows Balu, a passionate fan of [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]. Balu owns an old cinema theater that has seen better days and has been reduced to screening adult films to survive. Balu dreams of reviving his theater's glory by screening a Balakrishna film, but his journey is fraught with obstacles. The film explores Balu's struggles and the lengths he goes to in order to fulfill his dream. The narrative emphasizes the impact of cinema on rural communities and the challenges faced by small theater owners.

== Cast ==
* Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu as Balaraju "Balu"
* Saranya Sharma as Sasi
* [[Raghu Kunche]] as Chennakesavulu
* Vishvanath Sharma
* Sudhakar Reddy
* Vamsi Nekkanti
* Suresh Pujari
* Kethiri Sudhakar Reddy

== Release ==
''Balu Gani Talkies'' was originally scheduled to be released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 13 September 2024,{{cn|date=January 2025}} but was ultimately released on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-21 |title=Balu Gani Talkies gets a new OTT premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/21/balu-gani-talkies-gets-a-new-ott-premiere-date |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230134634/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Sep/21/balu-gani-talkies-gets-a-new-ott-premiere-date |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' gave a positive review saying, "''Balu Gani Talkies'' is an amusing watch because it is self-aware and contained to a good measure" and appreciating Viswanath Pratap's work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Balu Gani Talkies’ Review: An Amusing Thriller Too Smart for Its Own Good |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/balu-gani-talkies-review-an-amusing-thriller-too-smart-for-its-own-good |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004133439/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/balu-gani-talkies-review-an-amusing-thriller-too-smart-for-its-own-good |url-status=live }}</ref> Having a similar opinion, Ravi Prakash of ''[[The Hans India]]'' stated, "Vishwanath Prathap's direction and writing are strong points in ''Balu Gani Talkies''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Ravi |date=2024-10-25 |title=Wondering Why ‘Balu Gani Talkies’ Is a Hit on OTT? Here’s the Scoop |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/wondering-why-balu-gani-talkies-is-a-hit-on-ott-heres-the-scoop-916990 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|27479184}}
* [https://www.aha.video/movie/balu-gani-talkies ''Balu Gani Talkies''] on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]

K. R. Chellam

2026-03-01T21:04:36Z

Niishad Shetty: put up some stub v1!

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1918)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. R. Chellam
| image = Balayogini 1937film 2.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Chellam (''left'') in ''[[Balayogini]]'' (1937)
| birth_name = Kambayanatham Rangaswami Kanakavalli
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1935–1960
}}
'''Kambayanatham Rangaswami Kanakavalli''' (born 1918), known professionally as '''K. R. Chellam''', was an Indian actress who appeared in [[Tamil language]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2018 |title=செல்லுலாய்ட் பெண்கள் |trans-title=Celluloid girls |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=6285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610125935/http://www.dinakaran.com/Ladies_Detail.asp?Nid=6285 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kambayanatham Rangaswami Kanakavalli was born in 1918 to a middle-class [[Iyengar]] family in [[Thanjavur]]. She lost her mother at an early age, so her father Rangaswami, a lawyer, raised her along with her two siblings. Chellam, as she was informally known, dropped out of school early, and married a [[Mumbai|Bombay]]-based insurance salesman, later settling there with him. This marriage resulted in two daughters. After the family incurred financial losses due to the insurance salesman's mismanagement, they went to [[Chennai|Madras]] almost penniless.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 September 1990 |title=K. R. Chellam: Sheer poverty drove her to acting |page=18 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900901&printsec=frontpage&hl=en }}</ref>

== Career ==

Kanakavalli made her film debut with a minor role in ''Kausalya'' (1935) to support her family financially. As cinema was considered taboo in India at that time and she did not want her acquaintances to know she was in that profession, she chose her nickname Chellam as her stage name, though her family ultimately learned the truth. The film became a box office bomb and its production company closed, forcing Chellam to continue as an actress to stay afloat. With help from actress T. N. Meenakshi, she was cast in a bigger role in ''[[Madras Mail (film)|Madras Mail]]'' (1936). This film performed well and got Chellam noticed, resulting in her being cast in ''[[Balayogini]]'' (1937), also a success. Her next film ''[[Vanaraja Karzan]]'' (1938) received significant media attention because she wore a revealing outfit. ''[[Adrishtam]]'' (1939), in which she played a lawyer, established her as an actress of "high merit".<ref name="IndianExpress" /> She was active in films from 1935 to about 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 1989 |title=Interview of Mrs. K R Chellam - one of the early actresses of Tamil cinema |url=https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/upload/inter_pdf_image/K%20R%20Chellam.pdf |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> Her last film was ''[[Pattaliyin Vetri]]'' (1960).<ref>{{Cite web |last=மாதவன் |first=பிரதீப் |date=15 December 2017 |title=நீர்க்குமிழி: குடும்பத்தைக் காப்பாற்ற திரை நடிப்பு! - கே.ஆர் செல்லம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/120461-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610125200/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/120461-.html |archive-date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]}}</ref> As of September 1990, Chellam was living in Madras with one of her daughters, a doctor.<ref name="IndianExpress" />

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1935
|''Kausalya''
|
|<ref name="IndianExpress" />
|-
|1936
|''[[Madras Mail (film)|Madras Mail]]''
|
|<ref name="IndianExpress" />
|-
|1937
|''[[Balayogini]]''
|Sarasa
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013: Tamil Films that have earned National and International Recognition |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |pages=14 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref>
|-
|1938
|''[[Vanaraja Karzan]]''
|Leela
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |volume=1 |pages=32–33 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}</ref>
|-
|1938
|''[[Desa Munnetram]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 December 2011 |title=Blast from the past: Desa Munnetram (1938) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Desa-Munnetram-1938/article13430576.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613153011/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Desa-Munnetram-1938/article13430576.ece |archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1939
|''[[Adrishtam]]''
|Lawyer
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 August 2008 |title=Adrishtam 1939 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/adrishtam-1939/article3023187.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209050248/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/adrishtam-1939/article3023187.ece |archive-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|1941
|''[[Surya Puthri]]''
|Thapathi
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 November 2013 |title=Suryaputhri (1941) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/suryaputhri-1941/article5357978.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113043409/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/suryaputhri-1941/article5357978.ece |archive-date=13 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
|1942
|''[[En Manaivi]]''
|Chellam
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=En Manaivi |year=1942 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Pragathi Pictures |trans-title=My Wife |time=0:00 to 2:01 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
|-
|1943
|''[[Karaikkal Ammaiyar (1943 film)|Karaikkal Ammaiyar]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 December 2013 |title=Karaikkal Ammaiyar (1943) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/karaikkal-ammaiyar-1943/article5486857.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610191730/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/karaikkal-ammaiyar-1943/article5486857.ece |archive-date=10 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1944
|''[[Prabhavathi]]''
|[[Shakti|Shakthi]]
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNQ3B6Z1lfSGN5OUE/view |title=Prabhavathi |publisher=Krishnan Pictures |year=1944 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
|-
|1944
|''[[Poompavai]]''
|Ponnammal
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2017/05/1944_7.html |title=Poompavai |publisher=Rangam Bros |year=1944 |location=Mount Road, Madras |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606024156/http://mininoolaham.blogspot.com/2017/05/1944_7.html |archive-date=6 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1945
|''[[Meera (1945 film)|Meera]]''
|Udha
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Meera |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Chandraprabha Cinetone |year=1945 |time=0:15 to 0:32 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
|-
|1946
|''[[Lavangi]]''
|Komalam
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNRHIwekFtblJsUVE/view |title=லவங்கி |publisher=Sri Jagadish Films |year=1946 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
|-
|1947
|''[[Naam Iruvar (1947 film)|Naam Iruvar]]''
|Ambujam
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Nam Iruvar |last=Meiyappan |first=A. V. |type=motion picture |language=Tamil |publisher=[[AVM Productions|A.V.M Productions]] |year=1947 |author-link=A. V. Meiyappan |time=0:50 to 2:24 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
|-
|1947
|''Deiva Needhi''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 December 2010 |title=Deiva Neethi 1947 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Deiva-Neethi-1947/article15589269.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191008064945/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Deiva-Neethi-1947/article15589269.ece |archive-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|1948
|''[[Vedhala Ulagam]]''
|Mohanavalli
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNUTVMbVl4TzJCZnc/view |title=வேதாள உலகம் |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |year=1948 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] }}</ref>
|-
|1948
|''[[Bhaktha Jana]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 August 2010 |title=Bhaktha Jana 1948 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bhaktha-Jana-1948/article16148511.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613142533/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Bhaktha-Jana-1948/article16148511.ece |archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1952
|''[[Thai Ullam]]''
|Santhamma
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNUTExUTJIallQUnM/view |title=தாய் உள்ளம் |publisher=Narayanan & Company |year=1952 |language=Tamil |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
|-
|1953
|''[[Jatakam]]''
|Kannammal
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sok.Jathagam_R.NagendraRao_1953 |title=ஜாதகம் |publisher=R. N. R. Pictures |year=1953 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
|-
|1954
|''[[Rajee En Kanmani]]''
|Raji's aunt
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNR2lEYWpjUTRtbmc/view |title=ராஜி என் கண்மணி |publisher=[[Gemini Studios]] |language=Tamil |trans-title=Rajee, My Darling |type=songbook}}</ref>
|-
|1954
|''[[Vaira Maalai]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=24 December 2011 |title=Blast from the past – Vaira Maalai 1954 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-vaira-maalai-1954/article2744712.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617052850/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-vaira-maalai-1954/article2744712.ece |archive-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1955
|''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (1955 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=22 November 2008 |title=Kalvanin Kadhali 1954 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Kalvanin-Kadhali-1954/article15394184.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110001231/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Kalvanin-Kadhali-1954/article15394184.ece |archive-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1956
|''[[Mathar Kula Manikkam]]''
|
|
|-
|1957
|''[[Karpukkarasi]]''
|Singari
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNV0w1QS1XOXVkRjQ/view |title=கற்புக்கரசி |publisher=[[Jupiter Pictures]] |year=1957 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
|-
|1959
|''[[Aval Yaar]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=21 June 2014 |title=Aval Yaar (1957) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aval-yaar-1957/article6136650.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704122604/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aval-yaar-1957/article6136650.ece |archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1959
|''[[Orey Vazhi]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=23 August 2014 |title=Orey Vazhi 1959 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-orey-vazhi-1959/article6345207.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622183756/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-orey-vazhi-1959/article6345207.ece |archive-date=22 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1960
|''[[Pattaliyin Vetri]]''
|
|
|-
|1960
|''[[Paavai Vilakku]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=25 October 2014 |title=Blast from the past: Paavai Vilakku 1960 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-paavai-vilakku-1960/article6533208.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728144902/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-paavai-vilakku-1960/article6533208.ece |archive-date=28 July 2017}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name}}

[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur]]

Satyabhinava Tirtha

2026-02-28T07:30:13Z

Niishad Shetty: enhance citations per sources

{{Short description|Hindu saint and scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name =Satyabhinava Tirtha
| honorific_prefix = Śrī Śrī 1008 Śrī
|honorific_suffix =Śrīpād
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name =Keshavacharya
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| death_date =1706
| death_place = [[Nachiyar Koil|Nachiarkoil]], Present day [[Tamil Nadu]]
| honors =
| order = [[Vedanta]] ([[Uttaradi Math]])
| guru = [[Satyanatha Tirtha]]
| successor = [[Satyapurna Tirtha]]
| disciples = Satyadhiraja Tirtha, Satyadhisha Tirtha, [[Satyapurna Tirtha]], Chalari Seshacharya
| philosophy = [[Dvaita]], [[Vaishnavism]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}

'''Satyabhinava Tirtha''' (died 1706) was a [[Hindu]] philosopher, scholar, theologian and saint. He served as the pontiff of Shri [[Uttaradi Math]] from 1673 to 1706. He was the 21st in succession from [[Madhvacharya]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=501}}{{Sfn|Rao|1984|p=64}}
He is known for his great works ''Durghata Bhavadipa'' on ''Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya'' and ''Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya Vyakhyana'', a commentary on [[Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya]] of [[Madhva]] .{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=501}}

==Life==
According to hagiographies,
He was born as Keshavacharya into a [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking [[Deshastha Brahmin|Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family. Satyabhinava Tirtha who was born with a 'Madhavi Rishi amsa' had occupied the pontificate with distinction for 32 years, 6 months and three days.
Satyadhisha Tirtha was the first and Satyadhiraja Tirtha was second disciple. Both these died within a year of their ordination. Later he ordained Kolhapur Krishnacharya as the next pontiff as Sri [[Satyapurna Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Rao|1984|p=65}} After his death in 1706, his mortal remains were enshrined in the mutt at Nachiarkoil, which is few miles away from [[Kumbakonam]]. He was succeeded by [[Satyapurna Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=534}}

==Works==
Three works have been attributed to Satyabhinava. His ''Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya Vyakhyana'' is a commentary running up to 3,220 granthas on [[Mahabharata Tatparya Nirnaya]] of [[Madhva]]. ''Duraghatabhavadipa'' is a commentary running up to 8,160 granthas on [[Madhva]]'s ''Bhagavata Tatparya Niryana'' which, apart from elucidating the concepts of the source text, criticises the allegations against Madhva raised by some scholars and grammarians. His work ''Sri Satyanatha Guru Stuti'' is a praise poem in honour of his guru [[Satyanatha Tirtha]].{{Sfn|Dasgupta|1975|p=59}}{{Sfn|Potter|1995|p=1421}} Sharma says, "Almost on every page of his gloss in his Bhagavata, we find certain criticisms on the ''Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya'' of Madhva repudiated. The determination and persistence with which he pursues these critics show that ''Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya'' had been severely criticized by some latter-day commentators probably Advaitic of unknown identity. The commentary throws light on many knotty points. Its special interest lies in hunting up the criticisms against the Bhagavata Tatparya, and silencing them".{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=501}}{{Sfn|Sharma|2000|p=502}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title = A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition|first = B. N. Krishnamurti| last = Sharma| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint) |isbn = 978-8120815759| year= 2000 }}
*{{cite book|title=Srimat Uttaradi Mutt: Moola Maha Samsthana of Srimadjagadguru Madhvacharya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAIVAAAAMAAJ|first=C. R.|last=Rao|year=1984}}
*{{cite book|title=A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 4|first=Surendranath|last=Dasgupta|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1975|isbn=978-8120804159}}
*{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. 1, Bibliography : Section 1, Volumes 1-2|first=Karl H.|last=Potter|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1995 |isbn=978-8120803084}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Uttaradi Math]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Madhva religious leaders]]
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]

Nandi Awards of 1978

2026-02-23T21:28:07Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Short description|Indian Telugu film and TV awards ceremony}}
{{one source|date=July 2021}}
{{Nandi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}

Nandi Awards were presented annually by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. The first awards were presented in 1964.

== 1978 Nandi Awards Winners List ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Category<ref>{{cite web|date=|title=Nandi Award winners 1964-2008|url=https://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=14 July 2021}}</ref>
!Winner
!Film
|-
|[[List of winners of the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|[[Eranki Sharma]]
|[[Naalaaga Endaro]]
|-
|Second Best Feature Film
|[[Devadas Kanakala]]
|[[Chali Cheemalu]]
|-
|Third Best Feature Film
|[[A. Bhimsingh]]
|[[Karunamayudu]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1978 awards]]
[[Category:Nandi Awards]]

Rashi Rao

2026-02-14T20:04:48Z

Niishad Shetty: creating some bio basic info

{{short description|Indian beauty pageant contestant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Rashi Rao
| image =
| birth_name = Rashi [[Yadav]]<ref name=it>{{cite news |url = https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Miss-Diva/Miss-Diva/2015/Rashi-Yadav/contestantprofile/49014126.cms?from=mdr |title = Beauty Pageants profiles |publisher = IndiaTimes |access-date = 2019-09-14 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| birth_date = 
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], Dancer<ref name=it/>
| years_active = 2014-present
| height = 5 ft 9 inch
| hair_color = Black
| eye_color = Black
| title = [[Miss Earth India]] 2016
| competitions= ''Indian Princess 2015 (Top 10) [[Miss Diva 2015| Miss Diva Universe 2015]] (Top 16) [[Miss Earth India 2016]] (Winner) [[Miss Earth 2016]] (Unplaced)''
}}

'''Rashi Rao''' is an Indian model who was crowned [[Miss Earth India 2016]]. Rashi represented India at the [[Miss Earth 2016]] pageant.<ref name=lpn>{{cite news |url = https://latestpageantnews.com/miss-earth-beauties-implementing-trash-in-bin-campaign/ |title = Miss Earth beauties implementing Trash in Bin Campaign |publisher = Latest Pageant News |access-date = 2019-09-13}}</ref><ref name=ib>{{cite news |url = https://www.ibtimes.co.in/miss-earth-2016-84-contestants-walk-swimsuit-rashi-yadav-represent-india-699273 |title = Miss Earth 2016: 84 contestants walk in swimsuit; Rashi Yadav to represent India | publisher = IB Times | date = 2016-10-12 | access-date = 2019-09-13}}</ref><ref name=metv>{{cite news |url = https://www.missearth.tv/news.php |title = Miss Earth 2016 Beauties for Ghana's "Trash in Bin" Campaign | publisher = Miss Eart TV | access-date = 2019-09-13}}</ref>

Rao was one of the finalists at the Miss Diva 2015 pageant.<ref name=it2>{{cite news | url = https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-earth/rashi-yadav-road-to-miss-earth-2016/eventshow/52235201.cms?from=mdr | title = Rashi Yadav: Road to Miss Earth 2016 | publisher = IndiaTimes | date = 2016-05-12 | access-date = 2019-09-14 | archive-date = 15 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415193610/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-earth/rashi-yadav-road-to-miss-earth-2016/eventshow/52235201.cms?from=mdr | url-status = dead }}</ref> She was crowned as Miss Earth India in 2016. She succeeded Miss Earth India 2015, [[Aaital Khosla]], and represented India in [[Miss Earth 2016]] held in [[Philippines]].{{cn|date=March 2025}} She represented India in [[Ghana]] in Trash in bin campaign in 2017 as [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]].<ref name=metv/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|rashirao12}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before= [[Aaital Khosla]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Earth India]]
|years=[[Miss Earth India 2016|2016]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Shaan Suhas Kumar}}
{{S-end}}
{{Miss Earth 2016 delegates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Rashi}}[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Miss Earth India delegates]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Female models from Haryana]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Miss Earth 2016 contestants]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}

Sameera Sherief

2026-02-11T06:54:36Z

Niishad Shetty: started a info!

{{Short description|Indian television actress and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameera Sherief
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 14 November 1988
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress, producer
| years_active = 2006 - present
| known_for = [[Pagal Nilavu]], [[Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Syed Anwar Ahmed]]|2019}}
| notable_works =
| relatives = [[Shanoor Sana]] (mother-in-law)
}}
'''Sameera Sherief''' is an Indian television actress and producer known for her work in Telugu and Tamil television. She began her acting career with the Telugu serial ''Aadapilla'' in 2006,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2015 |title=Sameera was a sportsperson in college |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Sameera-was-a-sportsperson-in-college/articleshow/46186126.cms |access-date=2023-12-04 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and went on to appear in shows such as ''Bharayamani'', ''Prathibimbam'', and ''Mangamma Gari Manavaralu''. In Tamil television, she gained recognition for her lead roles in [[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|''Pagal Nilavu'']] (2016) and ''[[Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu]]'' (2018), winning the Vijay Television Award for Favourite Find for ''Pagal Nilavu''. She married her ''Pagal Nilavu'' co-star Syed Anwar in 2019, and the couple have a son, Arhaan, born in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-06-06 |title=Sameera's soap touches milestone 250 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060618/sameeras-soap-touches-milestone-250.html |access-date=2019-03-17 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rekka Katti Parakuthu Manasu crosses 300 episodes milestone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rekka-katti-parakuthu-manasu-crosses-300-episodes-milestone/articleshow/65427621.cms |access-date=2019-03-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
|2006-2008||''Aadapilla''|| Akshaya ||Telugu|| [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||
|-
|2007||''Jeevitham''|| Girija || Telugu||[[ETV(Telugu)|ETV]]||
|-
|2009-2014||''Bharyamani'' || Iswarya || Telugu||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|
|-
|2010-2011||''Muddu Bidda''|| Kalpana || Telugu||[[Zee Telugu]]||
|-
|2010||''Dr.Chakravarthy''|| Varuna || Telugu||[[Zee Telugu]]||
|-
|2011-2021||''Manasu Mamatha''|| Chandu/Karuna ||Telugu||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]||
|-
|2013||''Moodu Mulla Bandham''||||Telugu||[[Gemini TV]]||
|-
|2014-2015||''Prathibimbam''||||Telugu|| Gemini TV||
|-
|2016||''Mangamma Gari Manavaralu''||||Telugu||[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
|2016||''Thodi Kodallu''||||Telugu||[[Gemini TV]]||
|-
|2016-2019||''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''||Sakthi||Tamil||[[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|2017-2019||''[[Rekka Katti Parakkudhu Manasu]]''||Malar||Tamil||[[Zee Tamil]]||Also producer
|-
|2020||''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]] Season 2''||Contestant||Tamil||Star Vijay||
|-
|2021||''Aravindha Sametha''||Neeraja||Telugu||Gemini TV||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10120013}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sherief, Sameera}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]

Loganathan Srinivasan

2026-02-08T11:54:17Z

Niishad Shetty: put up a entry

{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Loganathan Srinivasan
| alt = See caption
| image = LoganathanDOP.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Loganathan Srinivasan
| birth_name =
| othername = Loknath,S. Loganathan, S. Lokanathan, Lokanathan, Lokanath
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Loganathan Srinivasan''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film industries. He is known for his cinematography in the critically and commercially successful film ''[[Ustad Hotel]].''

==Career==
Beginning his career in Telugu films, Loganathan shot for two films featuring [[Allari Naresh]], before moving to work more in the Malayalam film industry. He shot for films including ''[[Moonnamathoral]]'' (2006), ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' (2008) and [[Major Ravi]]'s war film, ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2008), before winning acclaim for his work in ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/savour-the-bond/article2899598.ece | date=16 February 2012 | title=Savour the bond | first=P. K. Ajith | last=Kumar | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=13 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Siddharth-Menon-makes-his-debut-with-VKP-film/articleshow/48723761.cms|title=Siddharth Menon makes his debut with VKP film - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2015 }}</ref>

He has notable works in the Tamil film industry with [[Yash Raj Films]]' ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' (2014), after which he shot for ''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' (2014) and ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vaaliba-Raja-trailer-released/articleshow/30387080.cms|title = Vaaliba Raja trailer released - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aaha-kalyanam-is-a-treat/20140221.htm| title = Review: Aaha Kalyanam is a treat - Rediff.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As cinematographer===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Director
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Allari (film)|Allari]]'' || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] || [[Ravi Babu]]
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Thotti Gang]]'' || Telugu || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]'' || Telugu || [[Ravi Babu]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Moonnamathoral]]'' || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || [[V. K. Prakash]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || ''[[Pranayakalam]]'' || Malayalam || [[Uday Ananthan]]
|-
| ''[[Janmam]]'' || Malayalam || [[Joshiy]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2008 || ''[[Annan Thambi]]'' || Malayalam || [[Anwar Rasheed]]
|-
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2008 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' || Malayalam || [[Major Ravi]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavan]]'' ||Malayalam || Prashanth Mambully
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Aidondla Aidu]]'' || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] || [[V. K. Prakash]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (2011 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]'' || Telugu || [[Veerabhadram Chowdary]]
|-
| rowspan=2| 2012 || ''[[Spanish Masala]]'' ||Malayalam || [[Lal Jose]]
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Malayalam || [[Anwar Rasheed]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2014 || ''[[Aaha Kalyanam]]'' || Telugu || A. Gokul Krishna
|-
| ''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] || [[Anis (Director)|Anis]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2015 || ''[[Lailaa O Lailaa]]'' || Malayalam || [[Joshiy]]
|-
| ''[[Rockstar (2015 film)|Rockstar]]'' || Malayalam || [[V. K. Prakash]]
|-
| rowspan=2|2016 || ''[[Vaaliba Raja]]'' || Tamil || Sai Gokul Ramanath
|-
| ''Selfie Raja'' || Telugu || [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''Satra Ko Shaadi Hai'' || [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] || [[Arshad Sayed]]
|-
| ''[[Vishwaguru]]'' || Malayalam || [[Vijeesh Mani]]
|-
|2018 || ''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]'' || Malayalam || Sharrath Sandith
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Savarna Deergha Sandhi]]'' || Kannada || Veerendra Shetty
|-
|(TBA)
|''Namo'' †
|[[Sanskrit]]
|[[Vijeesh Mani]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Puzhayamma]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Vijeesh Mani]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Erida (film)|Erida]]''
|Malayalam, Tamil
|[[V. K. Prakash]]
|-
|2022
|''[[Pattathu Arasan]]''
|Tamil
|[[A. Sarkunam]]
|-
|2022
|''Naalam Mura''
|Malayalam
|Deepu Anthikkad
|-
|2023
|''[[Maharani (2023 film)|Maharani]]''
|Malayalam
|[[G. Marthandan]]
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''I.C.U''
|Malayalam
|[[George Varghese (director)|George Varghese]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2396566}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, Loganathan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kasturi Srinivasan

2026-02-07T23:29:23Z

Niishad Shetty: adjust references also and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kasturi Srinivasan
| image = Kasturi Srinivasan.jpg
| birth_name = Kasturi Ranga Iyengar Srinivasan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1887|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1959|06|21|1887|08|07}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], India
| known_for = journalism
| occupation = journalist
| spouse = Komala Valli
| children = S.Radha, S.Sembagavalli, S.Parthasarathy, [[S. Rangarajan]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] {{small|(1956)}}
}}

'''Kasturi Srinivasan''' (7 August 1887 – 21 June 1959) was an Indian journalist and businessman. He was the eldest son of [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]].

== Biography ==

Srinivasan was born to well-known lawyer and journalist, [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]], in August 1887. He graduated from the [[Presidency College, Madras]] and joined ''[[The Hindu]]'', the newspaper owned by his family, at an early age. He became the Managing Director of ''The Hindu'' on the death of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar in 1923 with [[S. Rangaswami Iyengar]] as Chief Editor. In February 1934, Srinivasan took over as Chief Editor. He led ''The Hindu'' until his death on 21 June 1959.

Srinivasan was a founder-Chairman of the [[Press Trust of India]] and was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in January 1956.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> In 1969, he translated the entire work of the ''[[Tirukkural]]'' into English in verse form.<ref name="Manavalan_2010">{{cite book|last1=Manavalan|first1=A. A. |title=A Compendium of ''Tirukkural'' Translations in English (4 vols.) |year=2010|publisher=Central Institute of Classical Tamil|location=Chennai|page=xxxi|isbn=978-81-908000-2-0}}</ref>

He had four children – two daughters, S. Radha and S. Champakavalli and two sons, Srinivasan Parthasarathy and S. Rangarajan, both of whom publishers of The Hindu. The immensely popular Parthasarathy, who was Publisher of ''The Hindu'', died shortly after his father at the age of 33. He had a wide circle of friends in ''The Hindu'', India and abroad. Rangarajan died in 2007 and was, in addition to his position in ''The Hindu'', an international dog judge and film producer.

==See also==
* [[List of translators into English]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite news|title=This Day That Age: dated June 22, 1959 K. Srinivasan passes away|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/22/stories/2009062250861200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626025104/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/22/stories/2009062250861200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 June 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 June 2009}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|title=Kasturi Srinivasan|author=V. K. Narasimhan|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1969}}

{{KasturiSons}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Tirukkural}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinivasan, K.}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:The Hindu journalists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the mass media industry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil–English translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into English]]

M. Chandrasekaran

2026-02-06T17:38:42Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Short description|Carnatic, classical violist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2016}}
[[File:M. Chandrasekaran.jpg|thumb|Performing at Changampuzha park, Kochi, Kerala.]][[File:Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship to Shri Mohan Chandrasekaran, at the investiture ceremony of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships and Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards-2011, at Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg|thumb|Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship to Shri Mohan Chandrasekaran, at the investiture ceremony of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships and Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards-2011, at Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
'''Mohanan Chandrasekaran''' is a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical [[violin]]ist from [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He was awarded the [[Madras Music Academy]]'s [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Violinist with versatile skills |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2005/12/01/stories/2005120100120200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213214133/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2005/12/01/stories/2005120100120200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 December 2005 |access-date=13 January 2011 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born in Calcutta, on 11 December 1937 as the younger of the two sons of T.N. Mohanan and Charubala Mohanan, a violinist herself.<ref name="Hindu 1">{{cite news |last1=K.T.P. Radhika |title=M. Chandrasekaran: Giving voice to the strings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/m-chandrasekaran-giving-voice-to-the-strings/article30347446.ece |accessdate=30 March 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=19 December 2019}}</ref> Chandrasekharan began playing the violin at the age of 11, after which he went on to accompany many musicians in the field of Carnatic music. Having lost his eyesight at the age of two, he overcame his difficulty by music. He is also considered{{by whom|date=December 2018}} an expert in the laya (tempo) aspects, recognizing and adapting to intricate rhythmic patterns.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

== Work ==
Sri Chandrasekharan also presents vocal concerts, and sometimes sings along during his solo violin recitals. He has composed various musical forms in different languages, and has travelled the world performing.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} He often performs violin duet concerts with his daughter Smt. G. Bharathi. He has accompanied several masters of Carnatic music including [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]], [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], [[Madurai Mani Iyer]], [[K. J. Yesudas|Dr. K J Yesudas]], [[Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer]], flute [[N. Ramani]], [[K. V. Narayanaswamy]], [[T. N. Seshagopalan]], [[D. K. Jayaraman]], and [[T. K. GovindaRao]].{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist}}

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrasekaran, M.}}
[[Category:Carnatic violinists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Sangeetha Kalanidhi recipients]]
[[Category:Indian blind musicians]]
[[Category:Blind folk musicians]]
[[Category:Blind violinists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian violinists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

{{Carnatic-music-stub}}

Shraddha Joshi Sharma

2026-02-05T04:48:59Z

Niishad Shetty: started bio

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{notability|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shraddha Joshi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1979|03|05}}
| birth_place = [[Almora]]
| occupation = [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS) officer
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]]
| children = 2
}}

'''Shraddha Joshi Sharma''' is an [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS) officer of the 2007 batch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |date=2024-01-08 |title=Shraddha Joshi Sharma IRS Biography, Early Life & Education, Net Worth |url=https://www.bscnursing2022.com/shraddha-joshi-sharma/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=BScNewsPortal |language=en-US}}</ref> She is the [[Commissioner of Customs]] of the [[Audit Commissionerate, Zone 1 ]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Joshi (she/her) - Speaker {{!}} The/Nudge Forum |url=https://forum.thenudge.org/speakers/shraddha-joshi |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=forum.thenudge.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Early education ==

She did her schooling at [[Almora]]. After school, she went on to study a Bachelor's in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic Medicine]] and Surgery at [[Gurukul Kangri University|Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar]]. Joshi worked as a doctor in a hospital in Uttarakhand after her studies. But she changed her plan and started preparing for the [[Civil Services Examination|UPSC exam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-09 |title=UPSC Success Story: Know Shraddha Joshi's Journey From Doctor To IRS Officer; 12th Fail Movie Real-Life Inspiration |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/education/upsc-success-story-know-shraddha-joshis-journey-from-doctor-to-irs-officer12th-fail-movie-real-life-inspiration-10126024 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet 12th Fail's real Shraddha Joshi, who left job as doctor to become IRS officer, secured AIR... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-12th-fail-film-inspired-shraddha-joshi-irs-manoj-sharma-ips-upsc-vikrant-massey-vidhu-vinod-chopra-education-3073687 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=DNA India | first=Kajari | last=Goswami | date=6 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=IRS Shraddha Joshi Sharma Educational Qualifications |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/education/12th-fail-ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-wife-irs-shraddha-joshi-sharma-educational-qualifications-6664744/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

She started her career as a Deputy Commissioner. After that, she worked with the Uttarakhand government. In 2018, she served as the MD of the Women Economic Development Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Meet The Real Hero: 12th Fail Movie Showcases The Remarkable Life Of IRS Shraddha Joshi |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/12th-fail-movie-irs-shraddha-joshi-life-story-article-261017 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=IRS Shraddha Joshi Sharma Educational Qualifications |url=https://www.india.com/webstories/education/12th-fail-ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-wife-irs-shraddha-joshi-sharma-educational-qualifications-6664744/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>

She currently serves as the [[Managing Director]] of the [[Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation]] (MTDC) in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Joshi (she/her) - Speaker {{!}} The/Nudge Forum |url=https://forum.thenudge.org/speakers/shraddha-joshi |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=forum.thenudge.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Shraddha Joshi married [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Vikrant Massey confirms IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma, IRS officer Shraddha Joshi had cameos in 12th Fail |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/12th-fail-ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-irs-shraddha-joshi-vikrant-massey-film-101704250612126.html |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> They have two children together.

== In popular culture ==
The critically acclaimed movie ''[[12th Fail]]'', which is based on her husband Manoj Kumar Sharma's life, was released in 2023. ''12th Fail'', directed by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], features [[Medha Shankr]] as Sharaddha Joshi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikrant Massey's 12th Fail submitted to the Oscar |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/vikrant-masseys-12th-fail-submitted-to-the-oscar |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 January 2024 |title=IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma is the real hero of 12th Fail: Rohit Shetty calls Vikrant Massey film a must watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ips-manoj-kumar-sharma-12th-fail-rohit-shetty-real-hero-vikrant-massey-101704773436594.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Almora]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Uttarakhand]]

{{more cats|date=February 2024}}

Bekal Airport

2026-01-31T11:28:47Z

Niishad Shetty: added info

{{Short description|Proposed airport in Bekal, India}}
{{Infobox airport
| location = [[Bekal]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| elevation-m =
| pushpin_label = [[Bekal]]
| r1-surface =
| metric-rwy = Y
| name = Bekal Airport
| image =
| owner = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| url=
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = [[Bekal]] / [[Kasargod]]
| type = Public
| elevation-f =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|25|30.093|N|075|02|50.472|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India#
| pushpin_map_caption =
| r1-number =
| r1-length-m = 1,000
| footnotes =
| IATA =
| ICAO =
}}
'''Bekal Airport''' is a proposed airport to be constructed at Periya, near [[Bekal]], [[Kerala]].

==History==
In 2016, the [[Government of Kerala]] has appointed [[Cochin International Airport Limited]] to undertake the Bekal Airstrip project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bekal Airport New Airport Profile|url=https://centreforaviation.com/data/profiles/newairports/bekal-airport|access-date=2021-06-24|website=centreforaviation.com}}</ref>

Under the [[UDAN]] 4 scheme, the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]] gave preliminary approval to the Bekal Airstrip project in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 13, 2019|title=Central nod for K'god airstrip plan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/central-nod-for-kgod-airstrip-plan/articleshow/72498014.cms|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The airport would spread across 80 acres of land at Kanniyamkundu, 7 km from Periya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Centre gives green signal to Bekal Airstrip|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/13/centre-gives-green-signal-to-bekal-airstrip-2075298.html|access-date=2021-06-24|website=The New Indian Express |date=13 December 2019 }}</ref>

The [[Airports Authority of India]] will develop the infrastructure and operate the airport.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Airports in Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed airports in Kerala]]
[[Category:Transport in Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]
{{India-airport-stub}}

Bochahan Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T23:23:53Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bochahan
| type = SLA
| map_image = 91-Bochahan constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Baby Kumari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 286,053
| abolished = 
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{coord|26|07|N|85|31|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

'''Bochahan Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. Bochahan Assembly constituency is part of No. 15 [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 91 Bochahan Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following:
Adi Gopalpur, [[Balthi Rasulpur]],<ref name=":0">Balthi Rasulpur is a village in Balthi Rasulpur panchayat of Bochahan block. Bochahan block is in Muzaffarpur district . Balthi Rasulpur village was initially served by RamNiranjan Mishra , who remained unopposed representative of this panchayat until his death .</ref> Bhootane, Deogan, Karanpur North, Karanpur South, Lohsari, Maidapur, Majhauli, Sahila Rampur, Sarfuddinpur, Unsar and Vishunpur Jagdish [[gram panchayat]]s of Bochahan [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Abdul Nagar Urf Madhopur, Baikatpur, Barajagannath, Bhikhanpur, Chhapra Megh, Dumri, Jamalabad,
Jhapahan, Kanauli Vishundutta, Khabra, Manika Harikesh, Manika
Vishunpur Chand, Mushahri Alias Radha Nagar, Narauli, Prahladpur,
Rajwara Bhagwan, Rohua, Sahbazpur, Shekhpur, Sherpur, Susta and
Taraura Gopalpur gram panchayats of Mushahri CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Bochaha Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/bochaha.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" |Sitaram Rajak
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Ramai Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Shoshit Dal}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Kamal Paswan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan="7" |[[Ramai Ram]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2009^
|[[Musafir Paswan]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Ramai Ram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Baby Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Musafir Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Vikassheel Insaan Party}}
|-
|2022^
|[[Amar Kumar Paswan|Amar Paswan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Baby Kumari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
From 1957 to 1962m this constituency was known as Muzzafarnagar Muffasil (Constituency number 63).
Contests in most years were multi-cornered but only winners and runners up are mentioned. Ramai Ram representing RJD defeated Shiv Nath Chaudhary of JD(U) in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]], and Musafir Paswan representing JD(U) in 2000. Ramai Ram of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Musafir Paswan representing [[Samajwadi Party|SAP]] in 1995 and Ram Pratap Niraj of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1990. Ramai Ram of [[Lok Dal|LD]] defeated Hari Lal Ram of Congress in 1985. Ramai Ram of Janata Party (JP) defeated Righan Ram of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1980. Kamal Paswan of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Hari Lal Ram of Congress in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp60.htm |title = 60 - Bochaha (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-02-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161214/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp60.htm |archive-date = 2011-07-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Bochahan<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = [[Baby Kumari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108186}}
|percentage = 49.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Amar Kumar Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87870}}
|percentage = 40.15
|change = +3.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Umesh Kumar Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:5255}}
|percentage = 2.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bajjikanchal Vikas Party
|candidate = Rajgeer Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3812}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change = +0.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deepmala Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2928}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Abhay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2731}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|candidate = Jaymangal Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2280}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3815}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20316}}
|percentage = 9.28
|change = +3.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:218853}}
|percentage = 76.51
|change = +11.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022===
{{Election box begin|
|title=2022 By-election: Bochahan }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Amar Kumar Paswan]]
|votes = 82,562
|percentage = 48.52
|change = {{increase}}12.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Baby Kumari]]
|votes = 45,909
|percentage = 26.98
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = Geeta Kumari
|votes = 29,279
|percentage = 17.21
|change = {{decrease}}24.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Tarun Chaudhary
|votes = 1,336
|percentage = 0.79
|change = new
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 36,653
|percentage = 21.54
|change = {{increase}}15.25
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,82,689
|percentage = 65.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Bochahan<ref name="election2020"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|candidate = [[Musafir Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:77837}}
|percentage = 42.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66569}}
|percentage = 36.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Amar Azad]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8232}}
|percentage = 4.51
|change = {{increase}}0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3772}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change = {{increase}}0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rudal Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3398}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Deep Lal Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3260}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uday Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2948}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change = {{increase}}0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Sanju Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2641}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jai Chandra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2353}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bajjikanchal Vikas Party
|candidate = Rajgeer Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2143}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Lal Babu Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1809}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change = {{increase}}0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3523}}
|percentage = 1.93
|change = {{decrease}}0.63
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11268}}
|percentage = 6.17
|change = {{decrease}}8.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182633}}
|percentage = 65.17
|change = {{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Vikassheel Insaan Party
|loser = Independent politician
|swing = {{increase}}42.62
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Baby Kumari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:67720}}
|percentage = 40.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ramai Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:43590}}
|percentage = 26.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Lal Babu Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:11877}}
|percentage = 7.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Anil Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7383}}
|percentage = 4.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Musafir Paswan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5130}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanju Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:5017}}
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Ramnandan Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4080}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunita Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3609}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Jaynath
|votes = {{formatnum:2847}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Uday Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:2531}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kalinga Sena
|candidate = Vivek
|votes = {{formatnum:2447}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hind Kranti Party
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2144}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarvajan Kalyan Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Deeplal Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1837}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4259}}
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24130}}
|percentage = 14.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166492}}
|percentage = 65.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing = +40.67%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 61,885
|percentage = 50.58%
|change = +13.69%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Musafir Paswan]]
|votes = 37,758
|percentage = 30.86%
|change = -11.22%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Baby Kumari]]
|votes = 5,289
|percentage = 4.32%
|change = +4.32%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 24,127
|percentage = 19.72%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,22,340
|percentage = 61.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
| JD(U)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing = +13.69%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2005===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 46,861
|percentage = 42.08%
|change = -3.32%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Shiv Nath]]
|votes = 41,081
|percentage = 36.89%
|change = +7.11%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = [[Awdhesh Paswan]]
|votes = 8,340
|percentage = 7.49%
|change = -2.04%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5780
|percentage = 5.19%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,11,357
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing = -3.32%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2000===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 77,031
|percentage = 62.93%
|change = +62.93%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Musafir Paswan]]
|votes = 22,863
|percentage = 18.68%
|change = +18.68%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = [[Reejhan Ram Paswan]]
|votes = 14,589
|percentage = 11.92%
|change = -12.78%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Ram Nandan Paswan]]
|votes = 3,989
|percentage = 3.26%
|change = +3.26%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 54,168
|percentage = 44.25%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,22,416
|percentage = 67.57%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing = +62.93%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1995===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 74,273
|percentage = 65.19%
|change = +0.23%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = [[Musafir Paswan]]
|votes = 28,147
|percentage = 24.7%
|change = +24.7%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 46,126
|percentage = 40.49%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,13,938
|percentage = 66.89%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Samata Party
|swing = +0.23%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1990===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 66,280
|percentage = 64.97%
|change = +64.97%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Pratap Niraj]]
|votes = 27,854
|percentage = 27.3%
|change = -0.97%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 38,426
|percentage = 37.67%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,02,014
|percentage = 66.23%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Lok Dal
|swing = +64.97%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 20,303
|percentage = 31.96%
|change = +31.96%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Hari Lal Ram]]
|votes = 17,996
|percentage = 28.33%
|change = +9.52%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Rijhan Ram]]
|votes = 16,589
|percentage = 26.11%
|change = +2.38%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 38,426
|percentage = 37.67%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 63,528
|percentage = 49.0%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Lok Dal
|loser = Janata Party
|swing = +31.96%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 17,663
|percentage = 30.48%
|change = -34.37%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Raghubir Prasad]]
|votes = 10,898
|percentage = 18.81%
|change = -3.08%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Rijhan Ram]]
|votes = 13,752
|percentage = 23.73%
|change = +23.73%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Party (Secular)
|candidate = [[Kamal Paswan]]
|votes = 13,514
|percentage = 23.32%
|change = +23.32%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 3,911
|percentage = 6.75%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 57,950
|percentage = 48.38%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = -34.37%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan<ref name="election1977"/> }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamal Paswan]]
|votes = 32,030
|percentage = 64.85%
|change = +64.85%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Hari Lal Ram]]
|votes = 10,810
|percentage = 21.89%
|change = +4.47%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 4,006
|percentage = 8.11%
|change = +8.11%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 21,220
|percentage = 6.75%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 49,392
|percentage = 42.96%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +64.85%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Hindustani Shoshit Dal
|candidate = [[Ramai Ram]]
|votes = 13,531
|percentage = 31.86%
|change = +31.86%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Hari Lal Ram]]
|votes = 12,798
|percentage = 30.13%
|change = +30.13%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sitaram Rajak]]
|votes = 7,442
|percentage = 17.52%
|change = -12.06%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = [[Sai Jangi Paswan]]
|votes = 5,869
|percentage = 13.82%
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 733
|percentage = 0.73%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 42,476
|percentage = 43.28%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Hindustani Shoshit Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1969===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|candidate = [[Sitaram Rajak]]
|votes = 19,042
|percentage = 48.76%
|change = +4.89%
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chandramani Lal Chowdhury]]
|votes = 11,374
|percentage = 29.12%
|change = +0.15%
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 7,668
|percentage = 19.64%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 39,049
|percentage = 46.10%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samyukta Socialist Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bochahan }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|candidate = [[Sitaram Rajak]]
|votes = 18,049
|percentage = 43.85%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chandramani Lal Chowdhury]]
|votes = 11,927
|percentage = 28.97%
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 6,122
|percentage = 14.88%
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 41,157
|percentage = 50.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samyukta Socialist Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Earl Fitzwilliam (1786 EIC ship)

2026-01-14T23:45:47Z

Niishad Shetty: Started Basic Details Added Tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country= British East India Company
| flag=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|60px]]
| name = ''Earl Fitzwilliam''
| namesake = [[Earl Fitzwilliam]]
| owner =*EIC voyages 1-4: James Farquharson
*EIC voyage 5: William Fraser
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder = Barnard, Deptford
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1786
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| captured =
| fate = Burnt 23 February 1799
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=750,<ref name=LoM>{{cite web|url=http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf|title=Letter of Marque, p.60 - accessed 25 July 2017.|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020052005/http://www.1812privateers.org/Great%20Britain/marque1793-1815.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 803,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001114903 British Library: ''Earl Fitzwilliam''.]</ref> or 803{{small|{{frac|34|94}}}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|pp=98–99}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*Overall:{{cvt|143|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
*Keel:{{cvt|116|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{cvt|36|ft|1|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth = {{cvt|14|ft|10|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement = 100
| armament = 26 × 9&4-pounder guns
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Earl Fitzwilliam''''' was launched in 1786 at Deptford. She made four voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She made four complete voyages for the EIC, three to India and one to India and China. She caught fire on 23 February 1799 on her fifth voyage while she was in the River Ganges.

==Career==

===1st EIC voyage (1787–1788)===
Captain James Dundas sailed from [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 18 February 1787, bound for [[Chennai|Madras]] and China. ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' was at Madeira on 12 March, reached Madras on 22 June, and arrived at [[Whampoa Anchorage]] on 4 October.<ref name=BL/>

On 2 December Captain William Greer of {{ship||Belvedere|1787 EIC ship|2}}, which had arrived at Canton a few days earlier, had a seaman put into chains. A few days later some 10 crewmen mutinied and threw their officers overboard. No one drowned. Captain James Dundas, the senior EIC captain at Canton, gathered men from the other Indiamen there, suppressed the mutiny, and incarcerated the mutineers on ''Earl Fitzwilliam''. A court of 16 EIC captains tried the mutineers on 15 December. Two were sentenced to 180 lashes around the fleet; the others were subject to a smaller number of lashes aboard ''Belvedere''.{{sfnp|Cotton|Fawcet|1949|pp=60–61}}

Homeward bound, ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' crossed the [[Pearl River (China)|Second Bar]] on 3 February 1788, reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] pm 20 May, and arrived at Long Reach on 15 July.<ref name=BL/>

===2nd EIC voyage (1790–1791)===
Captain Dundas sailed from Portsmouth on 14 March 1790, bound for Bengal and Madras. ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' was at Madeira on 5 April, and arrived at [[Diamond Harbour]] on 13 August. Homeward bound, she was at [[List of ports of call of the British East India Company#C|Cox's Island]] on 13 December, and Madras on 19 January 1791. She was at 'Broken Ground', Bengal, on 6 February, and Madras again on 9 April. She reached the [[Cape of Good Hope|Cape]] on 9 July and St Helena on 3 August, and arrived back at Long Reach on 9 October.

===3rd EIC voyage (1793–1794)===
[[French Revolutionary Wars|War with France]] broke out in early 1793. Captain James Tweedale acquired a [[letter of marque]] on 23 June 1793. He sailed from Portsmouth on 7 July 1793, bound for Bombay. ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' arrived at Bombay on 2 December. From there she sailed to Surat, arriving there on 21 December, and returned to Bombay on 31 December. Homeward bound, she was at [[Thalassery|Tellicherry]] on 16 March 1794, [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] on 31 March, and [[Kollam|Quilon]] on 10 April. She reached St Helena on 28 June and arrived back at Long Reach on 10 September.<ref name=BL/>

===4th EIC voyage (1795–1797)===
Captain Tweedale sailed from Portsmouth on 9 July 1795, bound for Madras and Bengal. ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' was at Rio de Janeiro on 7 September and reached Madras on 16 December. She arrived at [[Khejuri II#Khijri|Kedgeree]] on 20 February 1796. Homeward bound, she was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 10 May, Madras again on 2 July, and the Cape on 4 November. She reached St Helena on 5 December, and arrived at [[Purfleet]] on 18 February 1797.<ref name=BL/>

==Fate==
Captain Tweedale sailed from Torbay on 22 September 1797, bound for Bengal.<ref name=BL/> On 8 December she was at {{coord|26|00|N|20|30|W}} on her way to Bengal. She was in company with the [[whaler]] {{ship||Venus|1788 ship|2}}, which was on her way to the [[Whaling in the United Kingdom#The southern whale fishery|southern whale fishery]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Marine List |work=Lloyd's List |issue=2977 |date=8 December 1797 |hdl=2027/uc1.c3049069?urlappend=%3Bseq=215 }}</ref>

A fire destroyed ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' on 23 February 1799 while she was in the [[Hooghly River]].<ref name=BL/><ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c3049070?urlappend=%3Bseq=137 2 August 1799, №3087.]</ref> The fire began in the gun-room and quickly spread out of control. Crew threw anything floatable overboard and the [[lascars]] jumped into the river. The officers and Europeans gathered in the [[forecastle]]. As the fire consumed the ship, her guns, which were loaded, started to [[Cooking off|cook-off]], sending their shot everywhere. The men remaining on the vessel feared that she would explode too. {{ship||Nonsuch|1781 ship|2}} sent a boat, but she would not approach closer than {{cvt|600|ft|m|0}} to ''Earl Fitzwilliam''. A boat from {{ship||Thetis|1786 EIC ship|2}} came within an oar's length of ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' and hauled in as many crew members as it could. A midshipman from ''Thetis'', with two sailors, rowed back and forth between the wreck and the larger boats that were standing off, and kept up his shuttle service until all the men still on board were rescued. ''Earl Fitzwilliam'' drifted onto [[Sagar Island|Saugor Sand]] and continued burning until 4am. In all, one officer and five other Europeans died; the loss among the lascars was unknown, but was believed to be small. The EIC lost 6,500 sacks of saltpeter, and 600 bales [of cotton]. In addition Captain Tweedale and the officers lost their private trade.{{sfnp|France|1799|pp=625–626}} The EIC put the value of its cargo on ''Fitzwilliam'' at £46,250.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1830|p=977}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=Evan, Sir |first2=Charles |last2=Fawcet |year=1949 |title=East Indiamen: The East India Company's Maritime Service |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174572 |location=London |publisher=Batchworth Press}}
* {{cite book |author=France |year=1799 |title=An Impartial History of the War, from the Commencement of the Revolution in France. Containing an accurate description of the sea engagements ... battles ... Including an account of the general mutiny ... at Spithead and the Nore. Together with a ... narrative of ... the rebellion in Ireland |location=Manchester |publisher=Sowler & Russell}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1830 |title=Reports from the Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to enquire into the present state of the affairs of the East India Company, together with the minutes of evidence, an appendix of documents, and a general index |volume=2 |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1830}}|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433077895047;view=1up;seq=232}}

{{1799 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1786 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Deptford]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1799]]
[[Category:Ship fires]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of India]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in rivers]]

Madhusoodan V. Hosur

2026-01-08T19:58:10Z

Niishad Shetty: put up data...

{{Short description|Indian structural biologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{For|Indian biophysical scientist|Ramakrishna V. Hosur}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Madhusoodan V. Hosur
| image = Prof MV Hosur.png
| alt =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|12|24}}<ref name="main"/>
| birth_place = India
| fields = {{plainlist|
* [[Structural biology]]
* [[Crystallography]]
}}
| workplaces = {{plainlist|
* [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]
* [[ACTREC]] ''of'' [[Tata Memorial Centre]]
* [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]]
}}
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]
* [[Karnatak University]]
}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Fellow]] of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (2010)
}}
| known_for = Structural studies of [[HIV-1 protease]]; Viral [[protein crystallography]]; [[Drug design]] research
}}
'''Madhusoodan Vijayacharya Hosur''' (born 24 December 1950) also known as '''MV Hosur''' is an Indian structural biologist and crystallographer known for his work on macromolecular crystallography, including viral and HIV-1 protease structures, and for contributions to drug-design research.

==Early life and education==
He received his Ph.D. in [[X-ray crystallography]] of [[nucleotides]], [[coenzymes]] and high-energy [[phosphates]] from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), [[Bengaluru]], India during (1973–1979).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kannan |first1=K. K. |chapter=India |title=World Directory of Crystallographers |date=1995 |pages=80–87 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-3699-2_29 |isbn=978-0-7923-3180-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Viswamitra |first1=M. A. |last2=Hosur |first2=M. V. |last3=Shakked |first3=Zippora |last4=Kennard |first4=Olga |title=X-ray study of the rubidium salt of ADP |journal=Nature |date=July 1976 |volume=262 |issue=5565 |pages=234–236 |doi=10.1038/262234a0 |pmid=934342 |bibcode=1976Natur.262..234V }}</ref>

He then carried out early work as a Research Associate, [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] (1979–1981), on the X-ray crystallography of [[oligonucleotides]]. Later he worked at the [[Purdue University]] (1982–1986) on the X-ray structure of spherical viruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=X |last2=Sun |first2=S |last3=Xiang |first3=Y |last4=Wong |first4=J |last5=Klose |first5=T |last6=Raoult |first6=D |last7=Rossmann |first7=MG |title=Structure of Sputnik, a virophage, at 3.5-Å resolution. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=6 November 2012 |volume=109 |issue=45 |pages=18431–6 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211702109 |doi-access=free |pmid=23091035 |pmc=3494952 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10918431Z }}</ref><ref name="main">{{cite web |title=Madhusoodan Hosur |url=https://cms.nias.res.in/people/people/madhusoodan-hosur |website=cms.nias.res.in |publisher=[[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
He joined [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], Mumbai, as Scientific Officer in 1986 and stayed there until 1999 on the work related to macromolecular crystallography and drug‐design.<ref>{{cite news |title=Form and Function of Biomolecules Macromolecular crystallography in India {{!}} Historical Profile through Publications (1981–2015) |url=http://mbu.iisc.ac.in/mvlab/public_html/booklet.pdf |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=mbu.iisc.ac.in |publisher=Molecular Biophysics Unit, [[Indian Institute of Science]]}}</ref>

From 1999 to 2012, he was with the Protein Crystallography Section, Solid-State Physics Division (SSPD) at BARC as head. His work was focused on viral [[protein structures]], malaria proteins, and drug-resistance mechanisms. Later he moved to the [[Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer]] (ACTREC) in Navi Mumbai, continuing his research in biophysics, crystallography, and big-data epilepsy from 2013 to 2016.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raskar |first1=Tushar |last2=Khavnekar |first2=Sagar |last3=Hosur |first3=Madhusoodan |title=Time-dependent X-ray diffraction studies on urea/hen egg white lysozyme complexes reveal structural changes that indicate onset of denaturation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32277 |journal=Scientific Reports |date=30 August 2016 |volume=6 |article-number=32277 |language=en |doi=10.1038/srep32277}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MV Hosur {{!}} Profile |url=https://cms.nias.res.in/sites/default/filesefs/2022-01/Madhusoodan%20Hosur.pdf |website=cms.nias.res.in |publisher=[[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

From 2017 onward, he has been an INSA-Senior scientist<ref>{{cite web |title=Sectional Committees-2020 {{!}} Delhi |url=https://insaindia.res.in/pdf/sc-2020.pdf |website=insaindia.res.in |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> and holding [[Adjunct professor|adjunct professorship]] at the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]], Bangalore. He focuses on big-data approaches in epilepsy and other biomedical fields.<ref name="main"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Arvind |last2=Janaki |first2=Chintalapati |last3=Hosur |first3=M. V. |last4=Pal |first4=Supriya N. |chapter=Machine Learning techniques to identify potential drug targets for Anti-epileptic drugs |title=2020 IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applied Network Technologies (ICMLANT) |date=20 December 2020 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/ICMLANT50963.2020.9355971 |isbn=978-1-7281-8885-0 }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*[[Fellow]] of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=INSA :: Fellow Detail (P10-1511) |url=https://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/fellow_detail.php?id=P10-1511 |website=insajournal.in |publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>
*[[Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research|Wenner‑Gren]] Visiting Fellowship at [[Lund University]] (2001)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M |last2=Prashar |first2=V |last3=Mahale |first3=S |last4=Hosur |first4=MV |title=Observation of a tetrahedral reaction intermediate in the HIV-1 protease-substrate complex. |journal=The Biochemical Journal |date=15 July 2005 |volume=389 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=365–71 |doi=10.1042/BJ20041804 |pmid=15794743 |pmc=1175113 }}</ref>
*[[Martin Onslow Forster|Martin‐Forster]] Gold Medal from [[Indian Institute of Science]] (1979)<ref>{{cite web |title=MV Hosur Bio |url=https://www.ospfound.org/mv-hosur-bio.html |website=OPEN SOURCE PHARMA FOUNDATION |access-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=T |last2=Hosur |first2=MV |title=Molecular modelling reveals how abundance of α4 sub-type in synaptic GABAR(A) receptor can lead to refractoriness toward GABA and BZ-type drugs. |journal=Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics |date=2024 |volume=42 |issue=24 |pages=13680–13687 |doi=10.1080/07391102.2023.2277858 |pmid=37948195}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=T |last2=Chintalapati |first2=J |last3=Hosur |first3=MV |title=Identification of 3'-UTR single nucleotide variants and prediction of select protein imbalance in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2021 |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252475 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252475 |doi-access=free |pmid=34086756 |pmc=8177469 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652475C }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Prashar |first1=V |last2=Bihani |first2=SC |last3=Ferrer |first3=JL |last4=Hosur |first4=MV |title=Structural Basis of Why Nelfinavir-Resistant D30N Mutant of HIV-1 Protease Remains Susceptible to Saquinavir. |journal=Chemical Biology & Drug Design |date=September 2015 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=302–8 |doi=10.1111/cbdd.12494 |pmid=25487655}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Bihani |first1=S |last2=Das |first2=A |last3=Prashar |first3=V |last4=Ferrer |first4=JL |last5=Hosur |first5=MV |title=X-ray structure of HIV-1 protease in situ product complex. |journal=Proteins |date=15 February 2009 |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=594–602 |doi=10.1002/prot.22174 |pmid=18704947}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Prashar |first1=V |last2=Hosur |first2=MV |title=1.8A X-ray structure of C95M/C1095F double mutant of tethered HIV-1 protease dimer complexed with acetyl pepstatin. |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |date=29 October 2004 |volume=323 |issue=4 |pages=1229–35 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.226 |pmid=15451428 |bibcode=2004BBRC..323.1229P }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hosur |first1=MV |last2=Sainis |first2=JK |last3=Kannan |first3=KK |title=Crystallization and X-ray analysis of a multienzyme complex containing RUBISCO and RuBP. |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |date=20 December 1993 |volume=234 |issue=4 |pages=1274–8 |doi=10.1006/jmbi.1993.1681 |pmid=8263930}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Hosur |first1=MV |last2=Schmidt |first2=T |last3=Tucker |first3=RC |last4=Johnson |first4=JE |last5=Gallagher |first5=TM |last6=Selling |first6=BH |last7=Rueckert |first7=RR |title=Structure of an insect virus at 3.0 A resolution. |journal=Proteins |date=1987 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=167–76 |doi=10.1002/prot.340020302 |pmid=3447176}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Karnatak University alumni]]
[[Category:Structural biologists]]
[[Category:Indian crystallographers]]

Journal of Advances in Management Research

2026-01-06T01:25:33Z

Niishad Shetty: put up the entry nd citations!

{{Infobox journal
| title = Journal of Advances in Management Research
| image =
| former_name =
| abbreviation = J. Adv. Manag. Res.
| discipline = [[Management studies]]
| language =
| editor = [[Ravi Shankar (academic)|Ravi Shankar]]
| publisher = [[Emerald Group Publishing]]
| country =
| history = 2003–present
| frequency = 5/year
| openaccess = [[Hybrid open-access journal|Hybrid]]
| license =
| impact = 2.6
| impact-year = 2023
| ISSN = 0972-7981
| eISSN = 2049-3207
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN = 2017205802
| OCLC = 502282653
| website = https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/journal/jamr
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| link2 = https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/0972-7981
| link2-name = Online archive
}}
The '''''Journal of Advances in Management Research''''' is a [[peer-reviewed]] [[academic journal]] covering research in all functional areas of [[management]], both in the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service]] and [[manufacturing]] sectors. It is published by [[Emerald Group Publishing]] in collaboration with the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Advances in Management Research |url=https://web.iitd.ac.in/~ravi1/jamr.htm |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=web.iitd.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Journal of Advances in Management Research |publisher=Emerald Group Publishing |url=https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/journal/jamr |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com}}</ref>

==Abstracting and indexing==
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:<ref name=MIAR>{{cite MIAR |title=Journal of Advances in Management Research |issn=0972-7981 |access-date=2024-11-06}}</ref>
*[[Directory of Open Access Journals]]<ref name=DOAJ>{{cite web |url=https://doaj.org/toc/2049-3207 |title=Journal of Advances in Management Research |publisher=[[Directory of Open Access Journals]] |access-date=2024-11-06}}</ref>
*[[Emerging Sources Citation Index]]
*[[ProQuest|ProQuest databases]]
*[[Scopus]]
According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2023 [[impact factor]] of 2.6.<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2024 |chapter=Journal of Advances in Management Research |title=2023 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |edition=Emerging Sources |via=[[Web of Science]] |title-link=Journal Citation Reports}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/journal/jamr}}

[[Category:Emerald Group Publishing academic journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Business and management journals]]
[[Category:Hybrid open-access journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 2003]]
[[Category:5 times per year journals]]

Mohini Maya Das

2026-01-02T11:43:13Z

Niishad Shetty: put up new pg...

{{short description|Indian educator (born c. 1884)}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2021}}
[[File:DoraMohiniMayaDas1922.jpg|thumb|Dora Mohini Maya Das, from a 1922 publication.]]
'''Dora Mohini Maya Das''' (born about 1884) was an Indian educator and speaker. She was the [[YWCA]]'s associate general secretary for India, Burma, and Ceylon.

==Early life and education==
Dora Mohini Maya Das was from [[Firozpur]],<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25115706/mohini_maya_das_1904/ "Two East Indian Girls Seek American Schools"] ''San Francisco Chronicle'' (June 9, 1904): 16. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> born to Christian Indian parents, Rai Bahadur Maya Das<ref>D. J. Fleming, "Life of a Hindoo Convert" ''New York Observer and Chronicle'' (February 21, 1907): 241. {{ProQuest|}} </ref> and Mohini Chandulal.<ref>Daniel Johnson Fleming, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aVQoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Mohini+Maya+Das+Kinnaird&pg=PA211 ''Building with India''] (Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions 1922): 211.</ref><ref name="Doreen">Doreen Mayadas-Bawa, [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/44025959/4926998 "A Childhood in India"] ''The Australian Women's Weekly'' (May 21, 1969): 37. via [[Trove]]{{open access}}</ref> One of her sisters was [[Constance Prem Nath Dass]] (1886–1971), a college president in India.<ref>Shobhana Bhattacharji, [https://www.academia.edu/4726703/A_Christian_Educator_in_India_Constance_Prem_Nath_Dass_1886-1971_ "A Christian Educator in India: Constance Prem Nath Dass (1886–1971)"] paper presented at the Sixth Galway Conference on Colonialism: Education and Empire (24–26 June 2010).</ref><ref>Nina David, ''Constance Prem Nath Dass: An Extraordinary History'' (Bloomsbury Press India 2012). {{ISBN|9789382563310}}</ref> Another sister, Gunwati (Gertrude) Maya Das, married [[Raja Maharaj Singh]], the first Indian Governor of Bombay, in 1918.<ref name="Doreen" />

Mohini Maya Das was one of the first three women enrolled in the [[Forman Christian College]] at [[Lahore]]. She attended the [[Northfield Mount Hermon School|Northfield School for Girls]] in Massachusetts,<ref name="Northfield">[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/25116043/mohini_maya_das_1909/ "Men and Women"] ''Greensboro Daily News'' (January 2, 1909): 4. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}</ref> and was the first Indian student to attend [[Mount Holyoke College]], when she arrived in 1906. She earned a bachelor's degree there in 1909.<ref name="Lighted">Alice Boucher Van Doren, [https://archive.org/details/lightedtolighten00vand/page/n201 ''Lighted to Lighten the Hope of India: A study of conditions among women in India''] (West Medford, MA: The Central Committee on the United Study of Foreign Missions 1922): 139–142.</ref> While at Mount Holyoke, she was known as '''Dora Maya Das''', and wrote for student publications.<ref>Dora Maya Das, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YVAhAAAAMAAJ&dq=Dora+Maya+Das&pg=PA296 "In Short"] ''The Mount Holyoke'' (March 1907): 296–297.</ref><ref>Dora Maya Das, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WMZCAQAAMAAJ&dq=Dora+Maya+Das&pg=PA108 "A Hindu Mother's Lullaby"] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=WMZCAQAAMAAJ&dq=Dora+Maya+Das&pg=PA109 "Shalamar"], in Elizabeth Crane Porter, Frances Lester Warner, eds., ''A Mount Holyoke Book of Prose and Verse'' (Riverside Press 1912): 108–109.</ref> A play by Mohini Maya Das, "The Hindu Wife of Ram Lal", was performed by the Mount Holyoke Dramatic Club in 1909.<ref name="Northfield" /> After her graduation, the Maya Das Club of the YWCA in [[Westfield, New York]] was named in her honor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjZEAQAAIAAJ&dq=Dora+Maya+Das&pg=PA306 "Some Activities of the Young Women's Christian Association in the Country, in Chautauqua County, N. Y."] ''Rural Manhood'' (November 1911): 306.</ref>

==Career==
Mohini Maya Das (she preferred her Indian personal name to the English name Dora) was the associate general secretary of the YWCA for India, Burma, and Ceylon from 1920 to 1923,<ref name="Wilson">Elizabeth Wilson, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238169/page/n81 ''The Story of Fifty Years of the Young Women's Christian Association Of India Burma And Ceylon''] (Indian National Committee of the YWCA 1925): 55–56, 109.</ref> and a vice chairman of the General Committee of the [[World Student Christian Federation]] from 1922 to 1923.<ref>Robert P. Wilder, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dKhCAQAAIAAJ&dq=Mohini+Maya+Das&pg=PA533 "The World's Christian Students at Peking"] ''Missionary Review of the World'' (July 1922): 533.</ref> In the latter role, she addressed the World Student Christian Federation conference in [[Beijing]] in 1922.<ref>Laura Rademaker, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DflyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mohini+Mayadas&pg=PA427 "Gender, Race, and Twentieth-Century Dissenting Traditions"] in Mark P. Hutchinson, ed., ''The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume V: The Twentieth Century: Themes and Variations in a Global Context'' (Oxford University Press 2018): 427. {{ISBN|9780192518224}}</ref><ref>Mohini Maya Das, [https://books.google.com/books?id=FF4S3-Ojm6oC&dq=Mohini+Maya+Das&pg=RA1-PA95 "The Meaning of the Federation Conference to Orientals"] ''The Student World'' (July 1922): 95–96.</ref>

Maya Das was critical of white Westerners working in India, including the YWCA, by the time she spoke in Beijing in 1922.<ref>Karen E. Phoenix, [https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/15580/Phoenix_Karen.pdf?sequence=1 "'Not By Might, Nor By Power, But By Spirit': The Global Reform Efforts of the Young Women's Christian Association in the United States, 1895–1939"] (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2010): 123–124.</ref> "Has the country of religious mysticism nothing for you? Is the East just a market for your goods, just a place to exploit the people? Has it nothing to give you, something you can only find if you endeavor to understand it?" she asked in her lecture. "I beg of you from the West to try to understand us in the East, not in a cursory way but with true knowledge."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=omBQlIq2knwC&dq=%22Miss+Maya+Das%22&pg=PA342 "India, its Past, Present, and Future"] ''The Weekly Review'' (April 29, 1922): 342.</ref>

She met with [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] on the place of women's work in an independent India, though she could not endorse his strategy of non-cooperation. She took an interest in the Social Service League of Calcutta, and in a summer institute for rural women workers.<ref name="Lighted" /> She served on the executive committee of India's National Christian Council until she resigned at the end of 1923, to marry.<ref>[http://images.library.yale.edu/divinitycontent/dayrep/National%20Christian%20Council%20of%20India.%20Executive%20Committee%20%201923.pdf Minutes of a Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Christian Council], Calcutta, November 22–23, 1923.</ref>

==Personal life==
Mohini Maya Das married J. N. Dass in early 1924.<ref name="Wilson" /> She continued to write and lecture on religious topics into the 1930s.<ref>Mrs. Mohini Dass, "What Indian Womanhood Owes to Christ" ''The Missionary Review of the World'' (1936): 412.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/4/archival_objects/94168 Correspondence from 1919–1920, with or concerning Mohini Maya Das], is in a folder of the World Student Christian Federation Records at Yale University Divinity School Library.
* Margaret Allen, [http://www.auswhn.org.au/past-symposia-and-conferences/2016-symposium/ "'Force and initiative unusual in an Indian woman': Mohini Maya Das"], paper presented at the Australian Women's History Network Conference (Melbourne, March 31–April 1, 2016).
* Margaret Allen, [https://www.academia.edu/20203452/_Friends_alongside_feminist_inter-cultural_co-operation_in_Kolkata_in_early_twentieth_century_ "'Friends Alongside': Feminism and Intercultural Co-operation in Kolkata in the Early Twentieth Century"] ''Australian Feminist Studies'' 25(66) (December 2010): 463–473.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maya Das, Mohini}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Mount Holyoke College alumni]]
[[Category:Forman Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Indian women educators]]

Aghorenath Chattopadhyay

2025-12-28T20:23:15Z

Niishad Shetty: added new pg

{{Short description|Indian educationalist (1851–1915)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aghorenath Chattopadhyay
| image = Aghorenath_Chattopadhyaya.jpg
| honorific_suffix =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1851|10|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Brahmmangoan, Kanaksar, [[Bikrampur]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1915|01|28|1851|10|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal, British India
| spouse = Varada Sundari Devi
| children = 8, including [[Sarojini Naidu|Sarojini]], [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay|Virendranath]], [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay|Harindranath]], [[Suhasini Chattopadhyay|Suhasini]]
}}

'''Aghorenath''' (also spelt '''Aghornath''') '''Chattopadhyay''' (1851–1915) was an Indian educationist and social reformer.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhukya |first1=Bhangi |title=History of Modern Telangana |date=2017 |publisher=Orient Black Swan |location=Hyderabad |isbn=9789386689887 |pages=43 |edition=First}}</ref> The first Indian to secure a D.Sc. (Doctor of Science) degree, he later became the first principal of Nizam College, Hyderabad.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://edglobal.egnyte.com/dl/ClrbYc2ppd/ |title=Aghorenath Chattopadhyay |website=edglobal.egnyte.com |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2020-09-03}}</ref> The poet and Indian political activist [[Sarojini Naidu]] was his eldest daughter.

== Biography ==
=== Early years ===

Aghorenath was born in Bhrahmongaon in Kanaksar Village, [[Bikrampur]] (then in [[Bengal Presidency]], now in [[Bangladesh]]). After completing his schooling in [[Dhaka Collegiate School]], he spent three and a half years in [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College, Kolkata]] before moving to [[University of Edinburgh]] on Gilchrist Scholarship for higher studies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Anu |title=Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and the Freedom Fighter |date=2014 |publisher=Hachette Book |location=Gurgaon, India |isbn=978935009816-5 |pages=10–12}}</ref> He excelled in his studies and secured the Hope Prize and Baxter Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rangarajan |first1=Uttara |title=Aghorenath Chattopadhyay-UncoverED |url=http://uncover-ed.org/aghorenath-chattopadhyay/ |website=uncover-ed.org |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=2020-09-03 |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108192221/http://uncover-ed.org/aghorenath-chattopadhyay/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Padmini |title=Sarojini Naidu: A Biography |date=1966 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=New York |pages=12–19 |url=https://archive.org/details/sarojininaidubio00padm/page/n8/mode/1up}}</ref>

=== Career and Politics ===
[[File:Nizam college.jpg|thumb|Nizam College, Hyderabad, Telangana]]
Upon his return to India, he accepted the invitation from Nizam of [[Hyderabad State]] to modernise the education system there. He began with an English medium school. With Nizam's support he founded the Hyderabad College with himself its first principal; this later became the [[Nizam College]]. Later he initiated efforts to start a College for Women as a part of [[Osmania University]]. He was instrumental in implementing the [[Special Marriage Act, 1872]] in the Hyderabad State, which was already in vogue in [[British India]]. Aghorenath was a prominent member of the intellectuals' collective of Hyderabad who debated on social political and literary topics. Around this time Aghorenath also got involved in politics.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=P.C |title=Autobiography of a Bengali Chemist |date=1958 |publisher=Orient Book Company |pages=107}}</ref>

He had differences of opinion with the Nizam on the [[Chanda Rail Project]] and a displeased Nizam suspended him from his job and deported him from Hyderabad on 20 May 1883.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Padmini |title=Sarojini Naidu: A Biography |date=1966 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=New York |page=16 |url=https://archive.org/details/sarojininaidubio00padm/page/n8/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=H.C |date=1883-07-09 |title=Railways (India)-The Nizam's Territory-Hyderabad and Chanda Railway(Hansard,9 July 1883) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1883/jul/09/railways-india-the-nizams-territory}}</ref> However a few years later he was recalled and reinstated. In fact it was the Nizam who later provided a scholarship for Sarojini to pursue her studies in England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Padmini |title=Sarojini Naidu: A Biography |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1966 |location=New York |pages=27}}</ref>

After returning to Hyderabad, Aghorenath continued his political activism and, consequently was forced to retire early and relocate to Kolkata. He and his wife Varada Sundari Devi set up residence at Lovelock Street, Kolkata.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

=== Personal life ===
[[File:Golden Threshold in Abids, Hyderabad.JPG|thumb|Golden Threshold, [[Abids]], Hyderabad]]
Aghorenath married Varada Sundari Devi before he left for Edinburgh. During his absence, Sundari was an inmate at the Bharat Ashram, an educational centre run by Keshab Chandra Sen. She accompanied him to Hyderabad in 1878. The couple had 8 children - four daughters and four sons. Sarojini was the eldest. Sarojini described her father as a dreamer and an intellectual with unending curiosity. It was this curiosity that turned him into an alchemist in search of a recipe for gold.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Padmini |title=Sarojini Naidu: A Biography |date=1966 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=New York |pages=9 |url=https://archive.org/details/sarojininaidubio00padm/page/n8/mode/1up?q=Aghorenath}}</ref> After she published her first collection of poems "Golden Threshold", the house where the family stayed in Hyderabad came to be called [[Golden Threshold]]. This is currently a museum. Second daughter Mrinalini completed her studies from [[University of Cambridge]] and later became the principal of Gangaram Girls' High School, Lahore, which is now known as [[Lahore College for Women University]]. Third daughter Sunalini was a [[Kathak|Kathak dancer]] and film actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind: When Hyderabad shaped India's silent film era |work=[[Telangana Today]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rewind-when-hyderabad-shaped-indias-silent-film-era}}</ref> Youngest daughter [[Suhasini Chattopadhyay|Suhasini]] was a political activist and first female member of the Indian Communist party. She married [[A. C. N. Nambiar]] and they later divorced.

Aghorenath's eldest son [[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya|Virendranath]] was a leftist and was in the British Crime register for alleged revolutionary activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ker |first=James Campbell |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12832/page/n7/mode/1up |title=Political Trouble in India 1907-1917 |publisher=S. Ghatak from Indian Editions |year=1960 |location=Calcutta |pages=181–82}}</ref> He spent his time in Europe, gathering support for activities against the British. During his stay in [[Moscow]], he fell victim to [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin's]] [[Great Purge]] and was executed on 2 September 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liebau |first=Heike |date=2017-12-14 |title=Chattopadhyaya, Virendranath |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/chattopadhyaya_virendranath |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=International Encyclopaedia of the First World war}}</ref> Youngest son [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay|Harindranath]] was an activist, poet and actor. He received the Indian civilian award [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=live |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=padmaawards.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514041952/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2016 }}</ref>

=== Death ===
Aghorenath died at his Lovelock Road residence on 28 January 1915.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=P.C |date=1962-11-15 |title=Aghorenath Chatterjee: A Gallant Freedom Fighter and a Pioneer |journal=Amrita Bazaar Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Padmini |title=Sarojini Naidu: A Biography |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1966 |location=New York |pages=91}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Aghorenath}}
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Munshiganj District]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Educators from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Pogose School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Kanaksar]]

Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2014

2025-12-13T14:53:23Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India in Bangladesh in 2014
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| team1_image = Flag of Bangladesh.svg
| team1_name = Bangladesh
| from_date = 15 June
| to_date = 19 June 2014
| team1_captain = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]]
| team2_captain = [[Suresh Raina]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] (70)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Robin Uthappa]] (69)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Taskin Ahmed]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Stuart Binny]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Stuart Binny]] (Ind)
}}

The [[Indian national cricket team]] toured [[Bangladesh]] from 15 to 19 June 2014 to play a three-match [[One Day International]] (ODI) series against the [[Bangladesh national cricket team]]. India won the ODI series 2–0, with one match being abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India tour of Bangladesh 2014 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-bangladesh-2014-743887 |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=espncricinfo.com}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:auto"
|-
! {{cr|BAN}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Mithun, Taskin picked for India ODIs|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/750449.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Raina to lead young team in Bangladesh|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/748291.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
*[[Mushfiqur Rahim]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]] & [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Tamim Iqbal]]
*[[Anamul Haque]]
*[[Mominul Haque]]
*[[Shamsur Rahman (cricketer)|Shamsur Rahman]]
*[[Shakib Al Hasan]]
*[[Nasir Hossain]]
*[[Mithun Ali]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Mahmudullah]]
*[[Ziaur Rahman]]
*[[Sohag Gazi]]
*[[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]
*[[Mashrafe Mortaza]]
*[[Taskin Ahmed]]
*[[Al-Amin Hossain]]

|
*[[Suresh Raina]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Robin Uthappa]]
*[[Ajinkya Rahane]]
*[[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
*[[Ambati Rayudu]]
*[[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]]
*[[Kedar Jadhav]]
*[[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Stuart Binny]]
*[[Parvez Rasool]]
*[[Akshar Patel]]
*[[Amit Mishra]]
*[[Vinay Kumar]]
*[[Umesh Yadav]]
*[[Mohit Sharma]]
|}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 June 2014
| time = 13:00 (local time)
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 272/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 59 (63)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/48 (9 overs)
| score2 = 153/3 (24.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 64 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 2/27 (6 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets (D/L method)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-india-2014/engine/match/744679.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat first.

• India being set a revised target 150 runs due to rain.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17 June 2014
| time = 13:00 (local time)
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 105 (25.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suresh Raina]] 27 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Taskin Ahmed]] 5/28 (8 overs)
| score2 = 58 (17.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithun Ali]] 26 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Stuart Binny]] 6/4 (4.4 overs)
| result = India won by 47 runs (D/L method)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-india-2014/engine/match/744681.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Stuart Binny]] (Ind)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain after 5.2 overs of the Indian innings reduced the game to 41 overs per side, with Bangladesh set a target of 106 runs to win on the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
| notes = [[Mithun Ali]] and [[Taskin Ahmed]] (both Ban) made their ODI debuts.
*''[[Stuart Binny]]'s figures of 6/4 were the best bowling figures by an Indian in ODIs till it was broken by Mohammed Shami's 7/57 in the 2023 World Cup semi-final vs New Zealand.''
*''Bangladesh's total of 58 was the lowest total by any team against India in ODIs.''
*''India's total of 105 was the lowest total to be successfully defended in an ODI after being bowled out.''
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 19 June 2014
| time = 13:00 (local time)
| daynight = yes
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 119/9 (34.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 27 (63)
| wickets1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 3/27 (7.2 overs)
| score2 =
| runs2 =
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-india-2014/engine/match/744683.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban)
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain after 12.3 overs of the Indian innings reduced the game to 40 overs per side. Rain after 34.2 overs of the Indian innings forced the game to be abandoned.
| notes =
}}

==Broadcasters==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! TV broadcaster(s)
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[Gazi Television]]
|-
| {{flag|Canada}} || [[Willow (TV channel)|Willow]]
|-
| {{flag|India}} || [[Star Sports 1]] (English feed) [[Star Sports 3]] (Hindi feed) [[Star Sports 3|Star Sports HD 1]] (HD Version)
|-
| [[Middle East]] || [[OSN|OSN Sports Cricket HD]]
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}} || [[GEO Super]]
|-
| {{flag|South Africa}} || [[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || [[Willow (TV channel)|Willow]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{International cricket in 2014}}
{{International cricket tours of Bangladesh}}

[[Category:2014 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2014 in Bangladeshi cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2014]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi cricket seasons from 2000–01]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Bangladesh|2014]]

Kerala Bank

2025-12-08T19:53:25Z

Niishad Shetty: new - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|Indian bank based in Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Kerala Bank
| logo = KERALA STATE CO-OPERATIVE BANK LTD (KERALA BANK) Logo.svg
| type = [[Cooperative bank]]
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| foundation = {{start date and age |1915 }} Travancore
| founder =
| location_city = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| parent = [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.kerala.bank.in}}
}}

'''Kerala State Co-operative Bank Limited''', branded as '''Kerala Bank''', is an Indian [[Cooperative banking|co-operative bank]] set up by the [[Government of Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-08 |title=Kerala Bank set up: Amalgamation of state, district co-operatives |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/kerala-bank-set-up-amalgamation-of-state-district-co-operatives-6155873/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Among the 14 District Co-operative Banks functioning in Kerala at the time of the formation of Kerala State Co-operative Bank, only the [https://malappurambank.com/ Malappuram District Co-operative Bank Ltd] had opposed merger with the Kerala State Co-operative Bank. Also, the [[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]] has issued a stay order on the Kerala State Government's move to merge the Malappuram District Co-operative Bank with the Kerala State Co-operative Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahir Haneef |title=Kerala bank merger: HC stays government's move |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-bank-merger-hc-stays-governments-move/articleshow/74516350.cms |access-date=1 November 2020 |agency=TNN |publisher=The Time of India |date=6 March 2020}}</ref> In addition to the 14 district co-operative banks, Kerala has a network of 1,692 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS's) and 16 licensed Urban Co-operative Banks all of which have become members/shareholders of the current bank.
==Structure==
The headquarters of the Kerala Bank is in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and the corporate office is based in [[Kochi]]. The Bank has seven regional offices created by merging two District Co-operative Banks to handle businesses of two districts each.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What you must know about the newly formed kerala bank |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/what-you-must-know-about-the-newly-formed-kerala-bank/articleshow/72486385.cms |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108115106/https://www.businessinsider.in/business/corporates/news/what-you-must-know-about-the-newly-formed-kerala-bank/articleshow/72486385.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref> The regional offices are in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (along with [[Kollam]]), [[Alappuzha]] (along with [[Pathanamthitta]]), [[Kottayam]] (along with [[Idukki district|Idukki]]), [[Thrissur]] (along with [[Ernakulam]]), [[Palakkad]] (along with [[Malappuram]]), [[Kozhikode]] (along with [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]) and [[Kannur]] (along with [[Kasaragod]]).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajesh Abraham |title=Kerala Bank now gets new structure |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/jun/27/kerala-bank-gets-new-structure-2161930.html |access-date=1 November 2020 |agency=Express News Service |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=27 June 2020}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In September 2022, a college student from Sooranad committed suicide after the Kerala Bank pasted attachment notice indicating defaulting on loan repayment in front of her house.<ref>{{Cite web |title=19-year-old's suicide: Minister blames Sarfaesi Act for Kerala Bank's action |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/sep/22/19-year-olds-suicide-minister-blames-sarfaesi-act-for-kerala-banks-action-2500599.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks based in Kerala]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2019]]

Fakebook with Kavita

2025-11-25T05:59:15Z

Niishad Shetty: Started A Pg W/ Infobox...

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Satire|Satirical]] [[Sketch comedy]]
| creator = [[Tarun Katial]]
| based_on = [[Inside Amy Schumer]]
| director =
| writer =
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Kavita Kaushik]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 01
| num_episodes = 32
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Tarun Katial]]
| location = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Reliance Broadcast Network]]
| channel = [[BIG Magic]] [[BIG FM 92.7]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|10|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|02|02}}
}}

'''''Fakebook with Kavita''''' is an Indian [[satire|satirical]] [[sketch comedy]] television series, which premiered on 19 October 2015 and is broadcast on [[BIG Magic]] and [[BIG FM 92.7]]. The series is based on American television series [[Inside Amy Schumer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kavita-kaushik-to-host-fakebook-with-kavita-on-the-lines-of-inside-amy-schumer/|title=Kavita Kaushik to host ' Fakebook with Kavita', on the lines of 'Inside Amy Schumer'|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 October 2015|accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref>

The series was aired on Monday and Tuesday nights. The series is produced by [[Reliance Broadcast Network]] of [[Tarun Katial]]. Fakebook with Kavita showcases all the fake faces of the Indian society through small skits. The series is hosted by [[Kavita Kaushik]], who is seen playing different characters in different situations, which she likes doing. The series also feature artists like [[Kunal Kumar]] and [[Manju Sharma (actress)|Manju Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/whats-hot/story/kavita-kaushik-to-feature-in-satirical-comedy-fakebook-with-kavita-268263-2015-10-15|title=Kavita Kaushik to take on hypocrisy through Fakebook with Kavita|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=15 October 2015|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-TV-show-to-reflect-two-faced-society/articleshow/49374726.cms|title=New TV show to reflect 'two-faced society'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 October 2015|accessdate=16 October 2015}}</ref>

==Host==
*[[Kavita Kaushik]]

==Cast==
*[[Kunal Kumar]]
*[[Manju Sharma (actress)|Manju Sharma]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Big Magic Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fakebook with Kavita}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010s satirical television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Big Magic original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]

Deepak Patel

2025-11-12T07:37:22Z

Niishad Shetty: Started Basic Stub and Citations...

{{short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Deepak Patel
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Phulpur Assembly constituency|Phulpur]]
| predecessor = [[Praveen Patel]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Deepak Patel''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Phulpur Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpur Bypoll Election Result 2024 LIVE: Deepak Patel of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/phulpur-bypoll-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130434.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP's Deepak Patel wins Phulpur assembly seat with a margin of 11,305 votes: ECI {{!}} Newsalert |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/Newsalert/3168259-bjps-deepak-patel-wins-phulpur-assembly-seat-with-a-margin-of-11305-votes-eci |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Deepak}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Army Green football team

2025-10-30T06:16:10Z

Niishad Shetty:

{{Short description|Indian Army's association football club}}
{{Distinguish|Army Red (football team)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Army Green football team
| image = Army Green (football team).svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = Army Green football team Indian Army football team
| nickname =
| short name = AGFT
| founded =
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = [[Services Sports Control Board]] [[Indian Army]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager =
| league = ''Various''
| season =
| position =
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _color_3_stripes_white
| leftarm1 = ACE1AF
| body1 = ACE1AF
| rightarm1 = ACE1AF
| shorts1 = ACE1AF
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _greenvertical
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = 00AD83
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| website =
}}

'''Army Green''' is one of the [[association football|football]] sections that represents the [[Indian Army]]. The team regularly participates in the [[Durand Cup]] and various regional tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=India 2005–06|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html|website=RSSSF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=126th Durand Cup|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/126durand_cup_2013/index.html|website=KolkataFootball|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125532/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/126durand_cup_2013/index.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The team's major achievement was in [[2016 Durand Cup]] as they won the title by beating [[NEROCA FC]] in the final.<ref name="TOI2016"/><ref name="NDTV2016"/>

==Honours==
===Domestic===
*'''[[Durand Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2016 Durand Cup|2016]]<ref name="TOI2016">{{cite web|title=Army Green beat Neroca FC to win Durand Cup|work=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Army-Green-beat-Neroca-FC-to-win-Durand-Cup/articleshow/54282597.cms|date=11 September 2016|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="NDTV2016">{{cite web|title=Durand Cup Football: Army Green Crowned Champions After Shoot-Out|work=NDTV|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/262754-durand-cup-football-army-green-crowned-champions-after-shoot-out-win|date=11 September 2016|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025174851/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/262754-durand-cup-football-army-green-crowned-champions-after-shoot-out-win|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Sukhia Gold Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minervaacademyfc.com/2019/10/28/minerva-punjab-fc-and-army-green-fc-declared-as-joint-winners-of-the-sukhia-gold-cup/|title=MINERVA PUNJAB FC AND ARMY GREEN FC DECLARED AS JOINT WINNERS OF THE SUKHIA GOLD CUP|date=28 October 2019|access-date=26 November 2022|website=minervaacademyfc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526185933/https://minervaacademyfc.com/2019/10/28/minerva-punjab-fc-and-army-green-fc-declared-as-joint-winners-of-the-sukhia-gold-cup/|archive-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Army Red football team|Army Red]]
* [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]
* [[Indian Navy Sports Club|Indian Navy]]
* [[Services football team]]
* [[Railways football team]]
* [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force SC]]
* [[Army Service Corps (India)|Indian Army Service Corps]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Military football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-mil-stub}}
{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Jalauka

2025-10-24T01:20:55Z

Niishad Shetty: put up a post w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Kashmir region.jpg
| image_size = 285px
| succession = King of Kashmir
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| dynasty =
| title = Nripa
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse = Isana-devi
| issue =
| father = [[Ashoka]]
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Jalauka''' (also known as '''Jaluka''') was, according to the 12th century [[Kashmir]]i chronicle, the [[Rajatarangini]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajatarangini {{!}} Sanskrit, Chronicle, Meaning, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> a King of Kashmir, who cleared the valley of oppressing [[Mleccha]]. Jaluka was reputed to have been an active and vigorous king of Kashmir, who expelled certain intrusive foreigners, and conquered the plains as far as [[Kannauj]]. Jalauka was devoted to the worship of the Hindu god [[Shiva]] and the Divine Mothers, in whose honour he and his queen, Isana-devi, erected many temples in places which can be identified.<ref name="Smith99" />On Ashoka’s death his mighty empire had fragmented into as many as four or five regional kingdoms each ruled by his sons or grandsons, among them Jalauka in Kashmir, who reversed his father’s policies in favour of Shaivism and led a successful campaign against the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], themselves seeking to take advantage of the power vacuum in north-west India to reclaim [[Taxila]].<ref name="CHARLES"> Pg.396 "Ashoka’s death his mighty empire had fragmented into as many as four or five regional kingdoms each ruled by his sons or grandsons, among them Jalauka in Kashmir, who reversed his father’s policies in favour of Shaivism and led a successful campaign against the Graeco-Bactrians, themselves seeking to take advantage of the power vacuum in north-west India to reclaim Taxila."{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4vHjbUtf_4C|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor|last=Allen|page=396|first=Charles|date=2012-02-21|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Dwijendra Narayan Jha]], the Rajatarangini associates Jalauka with the destruction of Buddhist monasteries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-and-essays/dn-jha-destruction-buddhist-sites|title=Monumental Absence: The destruction of ancient Buddhist sites|last=Jha|date=2018-05-31|publisher=Caravan|language=en}}</ref> [[Aurel Stein]]'s translation of the Rajatarangini infers that the king first appears in the work as an opponent of Buddhist worship, but is later converted to a more friendly attitude by divine intercession.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1527/page/n101/mode/2up?q=jalauka|title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir|last=Stein|page=75|first=Marc Aurel|date=1900|publisher=Archibald Constable and Company Ltd|isbn=9788120803695|language=en}}</ref>

== Historicity ==

The story of Jalauka, notwithstanding the topographical details, is essentially legendary, and no independent corroboration of the Kashmir tradition has been discovered.<ref name="Smith99">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0EbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180|title=The Early History of India|publisher=Oxford University|year=1908|pages=180|oclc=235958116|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent A.|isbn=9788185205212 |author-link=Vincent A. Smith}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"In the [[Brahmi]] script of the Aśokan period, the name [[Kunala]] would be written thus, [[File:Kunala in Brahmi.jpg|24px]] and the name Jalauka thus, [[File:Jalauka in Brahmi.jpg|24px]]. It is possible that after the invasion of the Bactrian Greeks and the Kuśāņas with their foreign names, a name such as Jalauka became accepted without much questioning." —[[Romila Thapar]] (1963). ''Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas''.{{sfn|Thapar|1963|p=189}}
</blockquote>

''Rajatarangini'' mentions that Jalauka's father and predecessor as [[Ashoka]].

{{quote|text=
अथाऽशोककुलोत्पन्नोयद्वाऽन्याभिजनोद्भवः ।
भूमि दामोदरो नाम जुगोप जगतीपतिः ।।१५३॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.143 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}

''Translation : Jalauka who born in the lineage of Ashok, become the father of a son named Damodara.''

According to the dates given in that text, this Ashoka would have ruled in the 2nd millennium BCE, and was a member of a Mauryan Dynasty . Kalhana also states that this king appeased ''Bhutesha'' ([[Shiva]]) to obtain his son Jalauka. Multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]], who had adopted Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=http://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofindianrulersvol7 |title=Encyclopaedia Of Indian Rulers |date=2015-04-01}}</ref>{{sfn|Guruge|1994|pp=185-186}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|pp=378-380}} [[Romila Thapar]] equates Jalauka to the Mauryan prince [[Kunala]], arguing that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in [[Brahmi script]].{{sfn|Guruge|1994|p=130}}

==Religion==

*Ashoka
In Rajatrangani Ashoka was a truthful and spotless king, and a follower of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoiberg |first=Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&dq=kashmir+jalauka+book&pg=PA254 |title=Students' Britannica India |date=2000 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 |language=en}}</ref> He also maintained his [[Shavite]] belief . He worshiped Lord Shiva for a son so after his worship Jalauka was born from his queen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mittal |first=Neha |date=2023-06-08 |title=Nandi-Kshetra: The Ancient Tirtha of Kashmir |url=https://www.indica.today/research/conference/nandi-kshetra-the-ancient-tirtha-of-kashmir/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=Indic Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Ashoka also built many [[Stupas]] and a Shiva temple in Kashmir -

{{quote|text=
सभायां विजयेशस्य समीपे च विनिर्ममे । शान्तावसादः प्रासादा अशोकेश्वर संज्ञिती ॥१०६॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.103 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}
''Translation :Near the assembly hall of Vijayeshvara, the king Ashok built two Temples, which were called Ashokeshwara, free from any unrest..''

{{quote|text=
शुष्क लेत्रवितस्तात्रौ तस्वार स्तूपमण्डलैः ॥१०२।।
|title= Rajatarangini 1.102 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}
''Translation : The king [[Ashoka]] adorned the dry and vacant land with stupas and mandalas.''

*Jalauka
The Kalhana's [[Rajatarangini]] mentioned that Jalauka was very orthodox follower of [[Shaivism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Thapar | first = Romila | journal = Economic & Political Weekly | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | date=2009-11-07 |title=Ashoka - A Retrospective |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2009/45/perspectives/ashoka-retrospective.html |language=en}}</ref> He was intolerant toward [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dulat |first1=A. S. |title=Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years |last2=Sinha |first2=Aditya |date=2016-10-20 |publisher=HarperCollins India |isbn=978-93-5264-081-2 |edition=1st |language=English}}</ref> :-

{{quote|text=
तत्कालप्रबलप्रेद्धबौद्धवादिसमूह जित्
अवधूतोऽभवत्सिद्धस्तस्य ज्ञानोपदेशकृत् ॥११२॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.112 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}
''Translation :The teacher of victorious king Jalauka, defeated the powerful and arrogant group of Buddhists, became an accomplished sage, a teacher of knowledge.''

==Origin==
The Kalhana's [[Rajatarangini]] provide information about the clan of Jalauka -

{{quote|text=
महाशाक्यः स नृपतिर्न शक्यो बाधितुं त्वया।
तस्मिन्दृष्टे तु कल्याणि भविता ते तमःक्षयः ॥१४१॥
|title= Rajatarangini 1.141 |author=[[Kalhana]]}}

''Translation : The great king Jalauka was not possible to be defeated by you, O Bhadra, the excited monks had thought to send me to your destruction. The [[Bodhisattvas]] summoned me. Thus, O Kashyani, '''this king is the great [[Shakya]]'''.''

Further Kalhana mentioned that Ashoka ancestry belong to the lineage of Ikshuvaku [[Gandhara Kingdom|Gandhara]] king [[Sakuni]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XXGhAL1WKcC&dq=jalauka+son+of+ashoka&pg=PA191 |title=The Early History of India |date=1999 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-618-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |editor=Nuradha Seneviratna |title=King Asoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary Studies |author-link=Ananda W. P. Guruge |first=Ananda |last=Guruge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE5uAAAAMAAJ |year=1994 |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |isbn=978-955-24-0065-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |author-link=Nayanjot Lahiri |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |year=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674057777 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last = Thapar | first = Romila | author-link = Romila Thapar | title = Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1963 | url = https://archive.org/details/asokadeclineofma0000romi/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater | url-access = registration }}

[[Category:Rulers of Kashmir]]