Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Pemmanahalli

2026-05-08T16:32:12Z

NicoleLombardo: new a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pemmanahalli
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| unit_pref = Metric
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 562111
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2309155|N|77.2663771|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| government_type =
| native_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Nelamangala
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pemmanahalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pemmanahalli · Karnataka, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pemmanahalli,+Karnataka/@13.2281549,77.2567052,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d5f362594495:0xc71a93978c035e13!8m2!3d13.2309155!4d77.2663771?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Pemmanahalli · Karnataka, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Pemmanahalli had population of 666 of which 353 are males while 313 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref>

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of the village is 188.22 hectares.<ref name=Census75 />

== Bus Route from Bengaluru City ==
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - [[Nelamangala]]

== See also ==

* [[Lakkuru]]
* [[Bengaluru North district]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka | City of Silk production | India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}

All India Hard Court Championships

2026-05-07T16:45:03Z

NicoleLombardo: Started a entry

{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = All India Hard Court Championships
| type = Defunct
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1947}}
| editions =
| ended = {{end date and age|df=yes|1972}}
| event name =
| location = Various
| venue = Various
| tour =
| surface = [[Clay court|Clay]]
}}

The '''All India Hard Court Championships''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=Max |title=The Encyclopedia of Tennis |date=1974 |publisher=Viking Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-29408-4 |page=264 |url= |language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''All India Hard Court Tennis Championships''', was a combined men's and women's [[clay court]] [[tennis]] tournament founded in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://aitatennis.com/history/ |website=aitatennis |publisher=All India Tennis Association |access-date=11 January 2023 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The championships were first played at the [[Madras Gymkhana Club]] grounds, [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The championships ran until 1972 before it was discontinued as part of the worldwide tennis circuit.

==History==
Tennis was introduced to India in the 1880s by British Army and Civilian Officers.<ref>All India Tennis Association</ref> In 1947 the [[All India Tennis Association]] established a national level tournament called the All India Hard Court Championships.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranganathan |first1=Shilu |title=Memories of Madras – Field days |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Memories-of-Madras-ndash-Field-days/article16206273.ece |access-date=12 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Hindu Group |date=20 July 2010 |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu |language=en-IN}}</ref> In 1947, 1955 and 1959 this tournament was held in conjunction with the [[Western India Championships]]. The championships were staged until 1972 when they were discontinued as part of the worldwide tennis circuit.

==Locations==
The championships were staged mainly in [[Madras]], but also throughout India in different locations such as; [[Amaravati]], [[Bombay]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Trivandrum]].

==Past finals==
===Men's singles===
{|class=wikitable
|-
!style="width:40px"|Year
!style="width:220px"|Champion
!style="width:200px"|Runner-up
!style="width:170px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|1947|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Narendra Nath (tennis)|Narendra Nath]]<ref name=":champslist1947">{{cite web|title=Western India Championships 1947 (inc. All India Hard Courts)|website=Tennis Archives|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=34097|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref> || {{flagicon|IND}} Khan-Iftikhar Ahmed||6-4, 6-4, 6-3
|-
|1948<ref name=":indahc1948">{{cite news|date=13 January 1948|title=Bergelin Wins Singles Title|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4&article_id=5896,1222480|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Lennart Bergelin]]|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Torsten Johansson (tennis)|Torsten Johansson]]||5-7, 6-3, 6-4, 2-6, 6-2
|-
|1949<ref name=":indahc1949">{{cite news|date=19 January 1949|title=Vasant Secures Singles Title|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TABFAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8&article_id=4098,1862533|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|IND}} G. Vasant|| {{flagicon|IND}} P. L. Narayanarao||6-3, 6-2, 6-2
|-
|1950|| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Philippe Washer]]<ref name=":champslist">{{cite web|title=All India Hard Courts|website=Tennis Archives|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/tournament/?t=1948&n=All%20India%20Hard%20Courts|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref> || {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Raymundo Deyro]]||6-3, 6-4, 6-2
|-
|1951|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sven Davidson]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred Kovaleski]]||6-1, 3-6, 6-4, 4-6, 6-3
|-
|1952|| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Lennart Bergelin]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|JAP}} [[Atsushi Miyagi]]||4-6, 6-4, 6-2, 4-6, 6-4
|-
|1954|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Arkinstall]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]||6-4, 6-3, 4-6, 6-2
|-
|1955|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]<ref name=":champslist1955">{{cite web|title=Western India Championships 1955 (inc. All India Hard Courts)|website=Tennis Archives|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=34099|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref> || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Arkinstall]]||6-2, 0-6, 3-6, 6-1, 6-3
|-
|1956|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Arkinstall]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Perry (tennis)|Bob Perry]]||6-4, 6-4, 6-4
|-
|1957|| {{flagicon|IND}} Arcot Uday Kumar<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|IND}} Govindji Vasant||1-6, 5-7, 6-2, 6-3, 6-2
|-
|1958|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ulf Schmidt]]||2-6, 7-5, 5-7, 7-5, 8-6
|-
|1959|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]<ref name=":champslist1959">{{cite web|title=Western India Championships 1959 (inc. All India Hard Courts)|website=Tennis Archives|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=34101|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref> || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Giuseppe Merlo]]||6-4, 6-3, 6-4
|-
|1960|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ulf Schmidt]]||6-2, 6-3, 6-2
|-
|1962<ref name=":aihc1962">{{cite news|date=May 1962|title=Results|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1962-05_9_12/page/72/mode/2up|accessdate=9 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Neale Fraser]] || Krishnan led 19-17 Title shared||
|-
|1965|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaidip Mukerjea]]||6-3, 10-8, 7-5
|-
|1966|| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Alex Metreveli]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Nicholas Kalogeropoulos|Nicky Kalogeropoulos]]||7-5, 4-6, 6-8, 6-4, 6-1
|-
|1968<ref name=":indahc1968">{{cite news|date=23 January 1968|title=Metreveli Triumphs|newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3BIAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA32&article_id=4138,2240615|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Alex Metreveli]]|| {{flagicon|RUM}} [[Ion Țiriac]]||11-9, 6-3, 6-2
|-
|1969|| {{flagicon|RUM}} [[Ilie Nastase]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]]||4-6, 6-2, 6-3, 7-5
|-
|1970|| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[István Gulyás]]<ref name=":champslist" /> || {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Alex Metreveli]]||3-6, 6-4, 6-4, 6-0
|-
|1971|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anand Amritraj]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Misra]]||2-6, 6-3, 7-5, 10-12, 6-4
|-
|1972|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaidip Mukerjea]]||w/o
|-
|}

===Women's singles===
(incomplete roll)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Champion !! Runner-Up!!Score
|-
| 1969 || {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Judith Dibar]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alice Tym]] ||6–1, 5–7, 7–5
|-
|1970 ||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Nina Turkherelli]] ||{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Irena Škulj]] ||6–4, 6–4
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[:Category:National and multi-national tennis tournaments]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India}}
[[Category:Defunct tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Clay court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:National and multi-national tennis tournaments]]

Umarkhed Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T14:54:32Z

NicoleLombardo:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Umarkhed
| constituency_no = 82
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 82-Umarkhed.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
| district = [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Kisan Wankhede]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =317,398
}}
'''Umarkhed Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> and one of the seven which are located in [[Yavatmal district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. It is reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes.

It is a part of [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, viz [[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]], [[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]] and [[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]] from [[Hingoli district]] and [[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]] and [[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]] from [[Nanded district]].

The remaining constituencies from Yavatmal district, [[Ralegaon]] (ST), [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]] (ST), [[Digras]] and [[Pusad]] are part of [[Yavatmal-Washim Lok Sabha constituency]] while [[Wani, Yavatmal|Wani]] and Arni (SC) are part of [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=14 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umarkhed Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/umarkhed.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ramchandra Shingankar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"| Shankarrao Mane
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Anantrao Deosarkar Patil
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Trimbakrao Deshmukh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Bhimrao Deshmukh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Prakash Deosarkar Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Uttam Raghoji Ingle
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Anantrao Deosarkar Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Uttam Raghoji Ingle
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Vijayrao Khadse
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Rajendra Najardhane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Namdev Sasane]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Kisan Wankhede|Kisanrao Wankhede]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Umarkhed">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Umarkhed |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1382.htm |access-date=15 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215084708/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1382.htm |archive-date=15 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kisan Wankhede|Kisanrao Maroti Wankhede]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 108,682 |percentage = 49.57% |change={{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Dattarao Kamble |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 92,053 |percentage = 41.98% |change={{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Najardhane|Rajendra Waman Najardhane]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,061 |percentage = 3.22% |change={{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijayrao Yadavrao Khadse|party=Independent politician |votes = 2,881 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Taterao Maroti Hanwate |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,875 |percentage = 0.86% |change={{decrease}}2.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kewate Vidwan Shamrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,413 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 654 |percentage = 0.30% |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,629 |percentage = 7.58% |change= {{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 219,919 |percentage = 69.29% |change= {{increase}}2.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 219,265}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 317,398|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Namdev Sasane|Namdev Jayram Sasane]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,337 |percentage = 44.74% |change={{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vijayrao Yadavrao Khadse|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,050 |percentage = 39.98% |change={{increase}}17.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Vinkare Vishwanath Umaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,248 |percentage = 9.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Motiram Duthade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 6,433 |percentage = 3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,497 |percentage = 0.77% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Minakshi A. Savalkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 0.62% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,287 |percentage = 4.76% |change= {{decrease}}21.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,847 |percentage = 67.07% |change= {{decrease}}0.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 195,219}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,480|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Najardhane|Rajendra Waman Najardhane]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,190 |percentage = 48.39% |change={{increase}}8.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijayrao Yadavrao Khadse |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,614 |percentage = 22.33% |change={{decrease}}22.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivshankar Shrawan Pandhare |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,619 |percentage = 13.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohanrao Vitthalrao More |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 19,047 |percentage = 10.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Gajanan Arajun |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,464 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nana Sirsat |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,167 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,119 |percentage = 0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 48,576 |percentage = 26.06% |change= {{increase}}21.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 187,619 |percentage = 67.69% |change= {{increase}}4.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,394}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,187|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf|access-date=26 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Vijayrao Yadavrao Khadse |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 66,882 |percentage = 44.32% |change={{increase}}19.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rajendra Najardhane|Rajendra Waman Najardhane]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,507 |percentage = 39.44% |change={{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Vitthal Purbhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,738 |percentage = 6.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Suryabhan Waghuji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,247 |percentage = 1.49% |change={{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babusha Allis Baburao Sudam Manvar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Uttam Bhagaji |party=Prabuddha Republican Party |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padamgirwar Murlidhar Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 997 |percentage = 0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,375 |percentage = 4.89% |change= {{decrease}}5.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,939 |percentage = 62.37% |change= {{decrease}}7.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,897}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,024|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ingle Uttam Raghoji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,143 |percentage = 35.24% |change={{increase}}6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Devsarkar Anantrao Apparao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,234 |percentage = 25.17% |change={{decrease}}10.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr.Rathod Vijay Motiram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 13,807 |percentage = 9.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Mahadaji Dhondirao |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 9,565 |percentage = 6.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagirdar Sanaulla Amanulla |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,435 |percentage = 5.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattadigambar Shrikrushna Wankhede |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,049 |percentage = 4.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhanusing Bhivsing Naik (Pawar) |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,265 |percentage = 2.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,909 |percentage = 10.08% |change= {{increase}}7.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,953 |percentage = 70.13% |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,951}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,981|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ad. Anantrao Apparao Dewasarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,668 |percentage = 35.28% |change={{increase}}14.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Patil Dewasarkar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 37,190 |percentage = 32.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingale Uttam Raghoji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,878 |percentage = 28.52% |change={{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhaskar Keshao Mamidwar (Bhaskar Mama) |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,799 |percentage = 3.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devidas Mude |party=Independent politician |votes = 751 |percentage = 0.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,478 |percentage = 3.02% |change= {{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,370 |percentage = 73.52% |change= {{decrease}}8.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,286}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,800|ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ingale Uttamrao Raghoji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,826 |percentage = 33.23% |change={{increase}}24.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Anantrao Deosarkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,248 |percentage = 20.94% |change={{decrease}}17.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Patil Dewasarkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,530 |percentage = 14.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Gokuldas Devising |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 15,511 |percentage = 11.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Mohammad Nadim |party=Janata Dal |votes = 11,681 |percentage = 8.66% |change={{decrease}}39.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. D. Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,860 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Narayanrao Bhimrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,541 |percentage = 1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,578 |percentage = 12.29% |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,978 |percentage = 78.71% |change= {{increase}}12.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,878}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,300|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}15.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deosarkar Prakash Patil |party=Janata Dal |votes = 47,351 |percentage = 48.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Balasaheb Vithalrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,586 |percentage = 38.46% |change={{decrease}}9.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rathod Rajusingh Chudaman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,708 |percentage = 8.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhule Bapurao Sambhaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,090 |percentage = 1.12% |change={{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daoo Madhukar Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 999 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,765 |percentage = 9.99% |change= {{increase}}3.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,426 |percentage = 65.71% |change= {{decrease}}4.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,729}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,310|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Bhimrao Apparao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,236 |percentage = 48.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deosarkar Anantrao Aparao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 36,092 |percentage = 42.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Athawale Narayanrao Laxmanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,885 |percentage = 8.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,144 |percentage = 6.01% |change= {{decrease}}9.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,992 |percentage = 70.56% |change= {{increase}}3.60 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,601}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,295|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Trimbakrao Gopalrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,699 |percentage = 56.97% |change={{increase}}38.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deosarkar Anantrao Apparao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 29,882 |percentage = 41.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joshi Ramchandra Vishveshwar |party=Independent politician |votes = 856 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,817 |percentage = 15.14% |change= {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,699 |percentage = 66.99% |change= {{decrease}}12.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,437}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,522|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Deosarkar Anantrao Apparao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,805 |percentage = 44.16% |change={{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jahagirdar M. Amanulla M. Ibadulla |party=Janata Party |votes = 25,803 |percentage = 32.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Trimbakrao Gopalrao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,657 |percentage = 18.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deosarkar Keshaorao Anandrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,360 |percentage = 2.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandare Shankarrao Sambhuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,186 |percentage = 1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,002 |percentage = 11.42% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,875 |percentage = 80.02% |change= {{increase}}8.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,067|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Mane Ajaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,589 |percentage = 52.49% |change={{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raghunath Anant Deshmukh |party=Independent politician |votes = 22,175 |percentage = 36.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Naik Chandusing Amarsing |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,791 |percentage = 4.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Paikrao Tulsidas Yogaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,585 |percentage = 2.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rokade Jalbarao Krushnaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,344 |percentage = 2.23% |change={{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghatge Rangrao Shamrao |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 636 |percentage = 1.06% |change={{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,414 |percentage = 15.64% |change= {{decrease}}25.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,972 |percentage = 71.70% |change= {{increase}}4.97 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,182}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,434|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shankarrao Mane Ajaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 28,402 |percentage = 60.26% |change={{decrease}}2.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. A. Deosarkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,840 |percentage = 18.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. Momohale |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,063 |percentage = 8.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. R. Lokhande |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,715 |percentage = 7.88% |change={{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. S. Pande |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,892 |percentage = 4.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,562 |percentage = 41.51% |change= {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,274 |percentage = 71.71% |change= {{decrease}}7.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,130}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,896|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhed<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Namdeo Shingankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,748 |percentage = 62.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vishwasrao Sukaji Kambale |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,653 |percentage = 21.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Kisanrao Sirsat |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 6,667 |percentage = 15.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,095 |percentage = 41.06% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,552 |percentage = 75.69% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,502|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.60|77.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

List of Indian Singaporeans

2026-05-06T10:06:22Z

NicoleLombardo: Added new stub and citations...

{{Short description|none}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed| date=February 2018}}
{{alumni|people|date=December 2019}} }}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{main|Indian Singaporean}}

This is a list of '''prominent Indian Singaporeans''' who have made significant contributions nationally or internationally across various fields. The list primarily includes [[ethnicity|ethnic]] South Asians in Singapore and does not include [[Permanent residency|permanent residents]] of Indian ethnicity. Prominent ethnic South Asian citizens of other countries who have lived in Singapore only on a short-term basis may be found under the relevant list of persons from their respective countries.

==Government and politics==

===Presidents of Singapore===


* [[Devan Nair]] (1923–2005), third [[president of Singapore]] (1981–1985) and former head of the [[National Trades Union Congress]] (NTUC), the umbrella body for trade unions in Singapore. Widely seen as the founder of the modern trades union movement in Singapore. During Singapore's brief membership of Malaysia, Nair was the only individual to win for the [[People's Action Party]] (PAP) a national seat in the [[Parliament of Malaysia#History|Federal Parliament]] in Kuala Lumpur.
* [[S. R. Nathan]] (1924–2016), sixth president (1999–2011). As a civil servant, he served as [[Permanent Secretary]] at the [[Minister for Home Affairs (Singapore)|Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)|Foreign Affairs Ministries]]. He was also Director of the [[Security and Intelligence Division]], ''[[The Straits Times]]'', [[Singapore Press Holdings]] and the [[Singapore Mint]]. From 1990 to 1996, he was Ambassador to the United States, and subsequently an [[Ambassador at Large|Ambassador-at-Large]].
* [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] (born 1957), ninth and current president (since 2023). As a PAP politician, he served as the Minister for Social Policies (Senior), [[Ministry of Education (Singapore)|Education]], and [[Ministry of Finance (Singapore)|Finance]] and [[Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore|Deputy Prime Minister]].

===Cabinet ministers===


* [[Sinnathamby Rajaratnam]] (1915–2006) – Singapore's first Foreign Minister, Culture Minister and Senior Minister, as well as a former Labour Minister and Deputy Prime Minister. Widely regarded as one of the core members of the "old guard", or the founding fathers of Modern Singapore, he cofounded the [[People's Action Party]] as well as [[ASEAN]]. In the wake of the [[1964 Race Riots]] in Singapore, he wrote the [[Singapore National Pledge]], which enshrines the ideals of the nation. He was from a Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu background and was married to a [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] woman. Both were secular agnostics.


* Mr [[Suppiah Dhanabalan]] (1937) – Current Chairman of [[DBS Bank]] and [[Temasek Holdings]]. former Minister of Trade and Industry, National Development, Foreign Affairs, Culture and Community Development in the 1980s and 1990s. He was publicly mentioned by Singapore's first Prime Minister as one of the four men he considered as his successor, but he decided against Dhanabalan as he felt Singapore was 'not ready' for a non-Chinese Prime Minister. He is an Indian Tamil Baptist married to a Chinese Singaporean Baptist.
* Prof [[S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)|Shunmugam Jayakumar]] (1939– ) – Former Co-ordinating Minister for National Security. Former Minister of Law, Labour, Home Affairs and Foreign Affairs. Member of the [[ASEAN Eminent Persons Group]], tasked with drafting an [[ASEAN Charter]]. Previously Dean of the Law School at the [[National University of Singapore]] and Ambassador to the UN (1971–1974). He is an Indian Tamil Hindu married to an Indian Tamil Hindu.
* Dr [[Vivian Balakrishnan]] (1961– ) – Minister for Foreign Affairs. He is the son of a Tamil ethnic origin Indian Singaporean father and a [[Foochow people|Foochowese]] origin Chinese Singaporean mother. His wife is Chinese Singaporean and they are Christians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/90723|title=Dr. Vivian Balakrishnan, Foreign Minister of Singapore undertakes official visit to Sri Lanka | Asian Tribune|website=www.asiantribune.com}}</ref>
* Mr [[K Shanmugam]] (1959-) – Minister of Law and Minister for Home Affairs. Mr Shanmugam was a four-term [[backbench]] member 8 of parliament was a lawyer in private practice. He had been one of the youngest persons to have been appointed a [[Senior Counsel]] in Singapore, as was widely seen as one of the nation's top litigators. He is an Indian Tamil Hindu Singaporean.
* Mr [[S Iswaran]] (1962– ) – Minister of Communications and Information. He was formerly a Colombo Plan scholar and the CEO of [[Singapore Indian Development Association]], the Indian community self-help group as well as managing director of [[Temasek Holdings]].
* Ms [[Indranee Rajah]] (1963– ) – Born to an ethnically [[Tamils|Tamil]] father and a [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] origin Chinese Singaporean mother, Ms Indranee is a lawyer by training. She entered politics in 2001 was appointed Minister in the Prime Minister's office in 2018. She follows her mother's Christian faith.

===Junior Ministers===
* Dr [[Balaji Sadasivan]] (1955–2010) – He was Senior Minister of State at the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Information, Communications and the Arts. He was formerly a neurosurgeon at Gleneagles Hospital. He was a South Indian Hindu.
* Dr [[Janil Puthucheary]] (1972-) – Was a paediatric intensivist prior to entering politics. Currently serves as a Senior Minister of State for the Ministries of Transport and Communications and Information.
* Mr [[Dinesh Vasu Dash]] (1974 - ) - After serving SAF for 23 years, he led the COVID-19 in his capacity as the director of its crisis strategy and operations group from June 2020 to October 2023. He resigned in April 2025 to contest for the GE2025 and was appointed Minister of State, Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth & Ministry of Manpower, Mayor, South East District and Member of Parliament for East Coast GRC. He is leading the INEI Committee to refresh the plans for the Indian community.<ref>[https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/ex-aic-chief-dinesh-vasu-dash-answered-two-calls-to-serve-to-fight-covid-19-and-to-join-the-pap Source]</ref>
* Mr [[Murali Pillai]] (1967 - ) Mr Murali Pillai was a lawyer before being elected. In 2025, after the elections, he was appointed the Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Law & Ministry of Transport. He is co-leading the INEI Committee with Mr Dinesh Vasu Dash.

===Opposition leaders===
[[File:James Gomez.jpg|thumb|[[James Gomez (politician)|James Gomez]]]]
* [[Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam]] (1926–2008) – the first opposition politician to break the PAP monopoly on parliament when he won a by election in 1984. In the 1980s, he was the leader of the Workers' Party and was seen as the de facto leader of the Singapore opposition. He served several terms in Parliament as an MP before he was bankrupted by government lawsuits and disqualified from being an MP. He was a former magistrate and is currently a lawyer in private practice. He was from a Sri Lankan Tamil Christian background, and he married an Englishwoman.
* Dr [[Vincent Wijeysingha]] – prominent opposition politician.
* Dr [[James Gomez (politician)|James Gomez]] (1965– ) – is a prominent opposition politician and academic. He contested in Singapore's 2006 General Elections at Ajlunied GRC polling 44% as part of the [[Workers' Party, Singapore]] team. Prior to entering politics, he founded in 1999 [[Think Centre]] a non-government organisation dedicated to promoting human rights, democracy and more open political discourse in Singapore. He is an Indian Catholic Singaporean of Goan descent. He is presently Lecturer at Monash University, Australia.
* [[Pritam Singh (Singaporean politician)|Pritam Singh]] (1976– ) – Current Secretary-General of the Workers' Party, the largest opposition party in Singapore. He entered politics in 2006, and was elected into Parliament in 2011.

===Members of parliament===
* [[S Ramaswamy]] – Legislative Assembly & 1st – 2nd Parliament
* [[S V Lingam]] – Legislative Assembly & 1st Parliament
* [[Avadai Dhanam Lakshimi]] – 1st Parliament
* [[S Rajoo]] – 1st Parliament
* [[S T Bani]] – 1st Parliament
* [[P Coomaraswamy]] – 1st – 2nd Parliament
* [[Perumal Govindaswamy]] – 1st – 4th Parliament
* [[P. Selvadurai|P Selvadurai]] – 1st – 5th Parliament
* [[N Govindasamy]] – 2nd – 4th Parliament
* [[S Chandra Das]] – (manager) 5th – 8th Parliament
* Dr [[S Vasoo]] – (academic) 6th – 9th Parliament
* [[Davinder Singh (lawyer)|Davinder Singh]] – (lawyer) 7th – 10th Parliament
* [[R Sinnakaruppan]] – 8th – 9th Parliament
* [[Ravindran s/o Ramasamy]] – 9th – 10th Parliament
* [[Inderjit Singh (Singapore)|Inderjit Singh]] – (entrepreneur) 9th – 12th Parliament
* [[Hri Kumar Nair]] – (lawyer) 11th-12th Parliament
* [[Vikram Nair]] – (lawyer) 12th Parliament-present
* [[Darryl David]] (media personality/educator) 13th Parliament- present. Mixed parentage of an Indian father and a Chinese mother.
* [[SV Lingam]] - Member of Parliament, 1959–1968
* [[PV Sharma]] - former Member of Parliament and communist leader
* Dr [[Hamid Razak]] - (doctor) - Member of Parliament, 2025 -

====Nominated MPs====
* Dr [[Kanwaljit Soin]] – Neurosurgeon & activist (8th Parliament); First female NMP in Singapore
* [[Braema Mathi]] – Journalist & activist (9th Parliament)
* [[Chandra Mohan K Nair]] – Lawyer (9th Parliament)
* [[Thomas Thomas (trade unionist)|Thomas Thomas]] – Unionist (9th Parliament)
* [[Shriniwas Rai]] – Lawyer (9th Parliament)
* [[A Nithiah Nandan]] – Unionist (10th Parliament)
* Prof [[Kalyani Mehta]] – Academic (11th Parliament)
* [[Gautam Banerjee]] Chairman, PricewaterhouseCoopers (11th Parliament)
* [[Viswa Sadasivan]] – CEO, Strategic Moves (11th Parliament)
* [[R Dhinakaran]] – Managing director, Jay Gee Melwani Group (12th Parliament)
* [[Karthikeyan s/o R. Krishnamurthy]] – Unionist (12th Parliament)
* [[Ganesh Rajaram]] – Executive vice-president, FremantleMedia International Asia branch (13th Parliament)
* [[Mahdev Mohan]] – Lawyer/Legal Academic (13th Parliament)
* [[K Thanaletchmi]] – Unionist (13th Parliament)
* [[Arasu Duraisamy]] – Unionist (13th Parliament)
* [[Abbas Ali Mohamed Irshad]] – President, Roses for Peace NGO (13th Parliament)
* Sanjeev Kumar Tiwari – Unionist (15th Parliament)
* Dr Haresh Singaraju - Family Physician (15th Parliament)

==Arts and culture==
Singapore's first ever Deepavavali Queen contest was organised in Oct 1967 at the Victoria Theatre by Indian Movie News magazine. Singapore's First Deepavavali queen elected was Miss Impaljit Kaur from Jesselton, Sabah.

Source: Indian Movie News Magazine - Dec 1967

Second Deepavavali Queen contest was organised in 1971 also by Indian Movie News mag at the Singapore Conference Hall and Miss Nirmala Rajoo was elected as the (2nd) Deepavavali Queen in Singapore.

Source: Indian Movie News Magazine - Dec 1971

[[File:Bharatanatyam 44.jpg|thumb|180px|''[[Bharatnatyam]]'', a form of classical Indian dance.]]

===Dance===
* [[Santha Bhaskar]] – [[Indian classical dance]] choreographer, and 1990 Cultural Medallion winner
* [[Madhavi Krishnan (dancer)|Madhavi Krishnan]] – 1979 Cultural Medallion winner
* [[Neila Sathyalingam]] – Indian classical dance choreographer, and 1989 Cultural Medallion winner
* Usha Rani Maniam - Indian Classical Dance choreographer

===Literature===
* [[M. Balakrishnan]] – Tamil writer, and 2005 Cultural Medallion winner
* [[Gopal Baratham]] – English language novelist (and [[neurosurgeon]]). He was a Tamil Hindu Singaporean.
* [[Thamizhavel G. Sarangapani]] – Tamil writer, social reformer and founder of the [[Tamil Murasu]] newspaper.
* [[Haresh Sharma]] – English language playwright and [[dramaturge]]. He is a North Indian Hindu Singaporean.
* [[Edwin Thumboo]] – English language poet and literature professor, and 1979 Cultural Medallion winner. He is a [[Chindian]] Christian Singaporean.
*[[SA Nathanji]], writer, author, former publisher/managing editor of Indian Movie News magazine. Author of MY MEMOIRS: MY UNBELIEVABLE JOURNEY WITH INDIAN CINEMA launched by former president of Singapore the Hon S R Nathan (2014 & SINGAPORE: NATION BUILDING & INDIANS' LEGACY (2017).
* [[S Varathan]] – Tamil theatre practitioner, and 1984 Cultural Medallion winner{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
* [[MK Bhasi]] – Poet and social activist who wrote primarily in English and Malayalam.

===Music===
* [[Alex Abisheganaden]] – 1988 Cultural Medallion winner,<ref name="alex_abisheganaden_nlb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/biblioasia/2017/04/12/the-guitar-man-alex-abisheganaden/|title=The Guitar Man: Alex Abisheganaden - BiblioAsia (NLB Singapore)|website=www.nlb.gov.sg|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-20}}</ref> a classical guitarist, double-bassist, stage actor and singer in operas and musicals. He is a Tamil Christian Singaporean who has been called "the father of the guitar in Singapore".<ref name="alex_abisheganaden_nlb"/>
* [[Jacintha Abisheganaden]] – songwriter and [[jazz]] singer. She has released 13 albums. She is a [[Chindian]] Singaporean Christian.
* [[Paul Abisheganaden]] – 1986 Cultural Medallion winner. He has been called "the doyen of orchestral music in Singapore". He is a Tamil Christian Singaporean.
* [[Michelle Saram]] – Popular actress who have appeared in Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong television series. She is a [[Chindian]] Singaporean Christian.
* [[Shabir]] – Winner of the first iteration of the Vasantham Star singing competition 2005. He is considered a leader in the Tamil-language contemporary music scene in Singapore, and has also done work composing for the Indian film industry.

===Visual arts and architecture===
* [[Chandrasekaran]] – sculptor, installation and performance artist. He won the National Arts Council Young Artist Award in 1993. He is a Singaporean Indian Tamil Hindu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biotechnics.org/2chandrasekaran.html|title=Chandrasekaran|website=www.biotechnics.org}}</ref>
* [[Vikas Gore]] – project director of the [[Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay]] [[performing arts]] centre. He is a Director at DP Architects Pte Ltd, a major architectural practice in Singapore. An American citizen, he lived in India till 1977 and has since been based in Singapore.
* [[Ketna Patel]] – visual artist (formerly an architect). She is a Uganda-born Gujarati Hindu, a British national and Singapore PR
* [[T. Sasitharan]] - theatre practitioner and educator; [[Cultural Medallion]] (Theatre) winner, 2012
* [[Chandran K. Lingam]] - Singapore theatre pioneer

==Business and entrepreneurship==
* [[Naraina Pillai]]
* [[Raj Kumar and Kishin RK]] - Father-son duo Raj Kumar and Kishin RK have combined assets of US$2.6 billion coming out top among the Indian-origin businessmen in Singapore. However, they come in at the ninth position in the richest list. Both father and son are one of Singapore's leading landlords with their Royal Holdings/RB Capital property empire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Five Indian-origin business tycoons on Forbes Singapore Rich List-end|url=http://www.connectedtoindia.com/five-indian-origin-business-tycoons-on-forbes-singapore-rich-list-2292.html|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[JY Pillay]] – Joseph Yubaraj Manuel Pillay (b. 30 March 1934, Klang, Malaya), also known as J. Y. Pillay, served 34 years till 1995 as a top-ranking civil servant and an entrepreneur. He is one of the pioneers who helped build the Singapore economy after its separation from Malaysia in 1965. His single most significant contribution is in building [[Singapore Airlines]] (SIA) into a leading world-class carrier. One of the few highest-ranked Civil Service officers (Staff Grade III), he is also known as a visionary and a brilliant bureaucrat. He was the Chairman of the [[Singapore Exchange]] between 1999 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=J Y Pillay to step down as SGX chairman at year-end|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1079455/1/.html|publisher=[[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|Channel NewsAsia]]|access-date=14 September 2010|archive-date=2 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202050647/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/1079455/1/.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, [[National University of Singapore|NUS]] set up two professorships to honour him for his contributions.<ref>{{cite web|title=NUS honours J Y Pillay|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1177386/1/.html|publisher=[[MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia|Channel NewsAsia]]|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119212340/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1177386/1/.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Sudhir Gupta]] – At age 47 and with a personal fortune estimated at $320 million, he was ranked by [[Forbes]] as the 13th richest person/family in Singapore in 2006. He is also the second richest ethnic Singapore Indian on that list. He was born in India, and moved to Russia to get a PhD in agricultural chemistry. he started a tyre company in Moscow and acquired a Dutch company to form Amtel-Vredestein. He listed the tyre maker on the [[London Stock Exchange]] last year. He escaped an assassination attempt in Moscow 4 years ago, and now shuttles between that city and Singapore, where he's a citizen.
* [[Murli Kewalram Chanrai]] – Heads Kewalram Chanrai Group, one of 5 companies spun off from 150-year-old Chanrai family empire. KCG has interests in textiles, commodities, real estate. Its Olam International, the world's largest trader of cashews and second-largest trader of cocoa, debuted on the Singapore stock exchange last year. Aged 83, and with a personal fortune valued at $880 million, [[Forbes]] estimated in 2006 that he was the 7th wealthiest person in Singapore, and the city-state's wealthiest ethnic Indian. He is a North Indian of Sindhi origin.
* [[Kartar Singh Thakral]] – Joined family's trading business in 1949, built family empire; it now includes Singapore-listed Thakral Corp., which distributes tech gear such as iPods in China and India, and Australian property group Thakral Holdings. Son Inderbethal helps run business. Forbes ranks him as the 25th richest person in Singapore in 2006, with a fortune of $175million.
* [[Sanjeev Sanyal]] - Economist, bestselling writer, environmentalist, and urban theorist; was Global Strategist for [[Deutsche Bank]]; writer of popular history books on India, South and South-East Asia; Adjunct Fellow of [[Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)|IPS-NUS]] and advocate of "walkability" in cities.
*Manohar Khiatani - Senior Executive Director at CapitaLand, one of the largest real estate companies in Asia
* [[G. Ramachandran]] - longest-serving president of the Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
* [[Anuvrat Rao]] - Google pioneer; Co-founder and CEO, AI startup 1Bstories
* [[Parthiban Murugaiyan]] - owner of Ishtara Jewellery and Maestro Productions

==Civil Service==
* Prof. [[Satkunanantham Kandiah]], Director of Medical Services, [[Ministry of Health (Singapore)|Ministry of Health, Singapore]]
* [[Bilahari Kausikan]], former [[Permanent Secretary]], [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore]]
* [[Manohar Khiatani]], CEO, [[JTC Corporation]]
* [[Ravi Menon]], managing director, [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]]
* [[R. Puniamoorthy]], Senior Assistant Commissioner, [[Singapore Civil Defence Force]]
* [[Juthika Ramanathan]], Chief Executive, [[Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority]]
* [[Major General]] [[Ravinder Singh (general)|Ravinder Singh]], [[Chief of Army (Singapore)|Chief of Army]], [[Singapore Armed Forces]]
* [[Vijakumar Sethuraj]], deputy director, [[Central Narcotics Bureau]]
* Dr. [[N. Varaprasad]], Chief Executive, [[National Library Board]]
* [[Aaron Sharil Yusoff Maniam]], Head, Centre for Strategic Futures
* Janadas Devan, Head of Government Communications, Ministry of Communications and Information

==Diplomacy and foreign relations==
* [[Gopinath Pillai]] – Ambassador at Large
* [[Vanu Gopala Menon]] – Permanent Representative of Singapore to the United Nations during 2004–2011, High-Commissioner to Malaysia, Ambassador to Turkey.
* Burhan Gafoor – Ambassador/Permanent Representative to the UN in New York
* V K Rajan – Former Ambassador
* T Jasudasen – High Commissioners to Malaysia
* M P H Rubin – High Commissioners to South Africa
* Anil Kumar s/o N T Nayar – Ambassadors to Belgium (''de facto'' representative to the [[European Union]])
* A Selverajah – Ambassador to Germany
* Ashok Kumar Mirpuri – Ambassador to US
* Hirubalan V P – Ambassadors to Saudi Arabia
* Karan Singh Thakral - Non Residential Ambassador to Denmark

== Education and higher learning (Academia) ==
* [[J. Mohan Rao]] – Director, [[Institute of South Asian Studies]]
* [[K. Kesavapany]] – Director, [[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]]
* [[Kishore Mahbubani]] – Dean, [[Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy]], NUS
* [[Arcot Desai Narasimhalu]] – Director, [[Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship]], SMU
* [[Cherian George]] - Professor of Journalism at [[Hong Kong Baptist University]] and previously at [[Nanyang Technological University#Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information|WKSCI, NTU]].

==Law and the judiciary==
* [[Choor Singh]] – Former [[judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore#List of judges of the Supreme Court|judge]] of the [[Supreme Court of Singapore]], nicknamed "The Hanging Judge"
* [[T. S. Sinnathuray]] – Former judge who presided over a number of high-profile cases, including, the infamous [[Toa Payoh ritual murders]] of the 1980s.
* Justice [[V K Rajah|V.K. Rajah]] – Judge of Appeal (one of Singapore's top three judges, including the Chief Justice)
* [[Sundaresh Menon]] – [[Chief Justice of Singapore]] as of November 2012
* [[Subhas Anandan]] (1947–2015) - Lawyer noted for his pro bono work and for taking several high-profile criminal cases.
* [[Eugene Thuraisingam]] - [[Human rights lawyer]]
* [[Davinder Singh (lawyer)|Davinder Singh]] - Continued practising law after retiring from politics in 2006.
* [[Ravi Chandran]] - top NUS law professor, specialty in employer relations, wrote 4 textbooks on subject
* Subra M Suppiah - Conveyancing lawyer who runs his own law firm, Subra TT Law LLC
* [[M Ravi]] - Human rights lawyer and former politician.
* [[Hri Kumar Nair]] – Continued practising law after retiring from politics in 2015. Was appointed Deputy Attorney General in 2017.

==News and Media==
* [[Parapuram Joseph John]] - Former Editor of The Malaya Tribune in Singapore; Forced to work as No.2 of [[Dōmei Tsushin]] in Singapore, the Japanese news agency serving anti-British propaganda; Author of [[Sayonara Singapura]], a book (published posthumously in 2016, 3 decades after his death) on the Japanese Occupation and life in Singapore during those tumultuous times.
* [[Ravi Velloor]] is an Associate Editor of The [[Straits Times]], Singapore's largest daily broadsheet newspaper. A 36-year veteran journalist and Jefferson Fellow, Velloor has reported from across Asia, the US and Europe, and has worked at [[Bloomberg News]], [[Time Warner]] magazines and [[Agence France-Press]].
* Indian Movie News (IMN) monthly magazine. The Shaw Organisation started the movie magazine on 15 August 1952 to publicise their imported movies before screening at their vast theatre network. IMN became a household magazine in Singapore, Malaya, Brunei & Indonesia. Early editors were Koshy Tharian and MK Menon. Later in the 60s, the readers of the movie magazine formed a readers club - Indian Movie News Readers Club and the first president was S A Nathan. The club organised many social & cultural activities including annual picnics & organised tours in Singapore and Malaya. The club also organised the first ever Deepavali Queen contest in Singapore at the Victoria Theater in October 1967. Miss Impaljit Kaur from Sabah, Malaysia was crowned as the first Deepavali Queen winner.

==Science and medicine==
* Dr [[Shan Ratnam]] – Emeritus Professor Sittampalam Shanmugaratnam (1928–2001) was head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the National University Hospital of Singapore. He was widely recognised as a world leader in human reproduction research. He was a Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu Singaporean.
* Prof [[Ariff Bongso]] – Dr Ariff Bongso holds several patents and has 430 research publications in internationally refereed journals, conference papers and chapters in books. He was one of the founder scientists of Embryonic Stem Cell International (ESI), a Singapore registered Biotechnology Company. He is currently Research Professor and Scientific Director of the Assisted Reproductive Technology programme at the [[National University of Singapore|NUS]] Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. He is also Principal Investigator for in Vitro Fertilization and human embryonic stem cell research at the NUS National University Hospital.<ref>[http://www.stemcell.edu.sg/people/gpLeaderDetails.php?userID=18&pageType=profile Stem Cell Research > People – Group Leader Details] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929181514/http://www.stemcell.edu.sg/people/gpLeaderDetails.php?userID=18&pageType=profile |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>
* [[Kanagaratnam Shanmugaratnam]] - [[Histopathology|histopathologist]] and Singapore's "father of pathology

==Sports==
* [[Nadesan Ganesan]] - Criminal lawyer, former President of [[Football Association of Singapore]]. Founded the [[Lion City Cup]]
* [[George Suppiah]] – Singapore's first Football World Cup referee
* [[V Sundramoorthy]] – Former national footballer
* [[Samson Gimson]] - Golfer, won the Japan Golf Tour once
* [[Rajesh Sreenivasan]] – Technology lawyer
* [[Fazrul Nawaz]] - National football team member
* [[Hariss Harun]] - National football team member
* [[Arul Subramaniam]] - Vice captain of the Singapore Hockey Team for the 7th SEAP Games and won the Hockey gold medal at the 7th SEAP Games. Captain of the Singapore Hockey team from 1973- 1977.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[Stacey Muruthi]] - former national cricket captain who holds the record for playing 45 consecutive years in the [[Singapore Cricket Association]] (SCA) league, 1968–2012
* [[S. Jeyathurai]] - Olympian (hockey), [[1956 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Kesavan Soon]] - Olympian (athletics), [[1956 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Arumugam Vijiaratnam]], Olympian (hockey), [[1956 Summer Olympics]]; only Singaporean who had represented Singapore in four sports - hockey, football, cricket and rugby; first Pro-Chancellor, [[Nanyang Technological University]]
* [[R Alagirisamy]] - First Singaporean to run the 1500 metres below 4 minutes, 1972

==Others==
* [[Pav Gill]] - whistleblower who uncovered the [[Wirecard scandal]], one of the largest corporate frauds in history
* [[Kokila Annamalai]] - anti-death penalty activist

==References==
{{Commons category|People of Singapore of Indian descent}}
{{Reflist|}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore|Indians]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Lists of Singaporean people|Indians]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Lists of people of Indian descent|Singapore]]
[[Category:Lists of people by ethnicity|Indian]]

Sabari Superfast Express

2026-05-01T22:23:04Z

NicoleLombardo: new post

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name =Thiruvananthapuram Central - Secundrabad Junction Sabari Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width = 400PX
| caption = Trivandrum Central Secundrabad Junction Sabari Superfast Express
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| locale = [[Kerala]], [[Tamilnadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1987|04|06}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =Trivandrum Division
| start = {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} (TVC)
| stops = 40
| end = [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad]] (SC)
| distance = {{convert|1555|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28 hours (Approx.)
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Yes
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el = Yes, Fully Electrified Route
| trainnumber = 20629 / 20630
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Sabari Express (HYB - TVC) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 20629 / 20630 '''Sabari Superfast Express''' is the train operated in the route between [[Trivandrum]] and [[Secunderabad]], it is the most demanded train which runs with heavy waiting list throughout the year. The Train is currently under the ownership of [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It runs between {{Stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} and {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}.

It is one of the 2 trains which are running between [[Hyderabad]] and [[Kerala]]. The train has a pantry car attached. It is always crowded with devotees looking to travel to the [[Sabarimala Temple]].

== Etymology ==

The train is named after the famous Hindu pilgrimage site, the [[Sabarimala Temple]].

== History ==
It was a mail express train and started its first service 37 years ago, on 6 April 1987.

Earlier the train used to run between Hyderabad Deccan and Cochin Harbour Terminus railway station from1987 till 2005. It was extended to Thiruvananthapuram Central from 27 March 2005.

The Train Category got Upgraded from Mail Express to Superfast Service from 29th September 2025.

== Schedule ==

The train from Thiruvananthapuram Central to Secunderabad Junction leaves at 6:45 AM and arrives at 11:00 AM the next day. It carries the number 20630.

The train in the opposite direction, from Secunderabad Junction to Thiruvananthapuram Central, leaves at 02:25 PM and arrives at 06:20 PM the next day. It uses the number 20629.

The total distance covered by this train is 1555 km (974 miles). The average journey takes approximately 28 hours.

== Important halting stations ==
[[File:Sabari express at guntur r s.jpg|thumb|Sabari express at Guntur Railway Station]]

*[[Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station|Thiruvananthapuram Central]]
*[[Varkala railway station|Varkala]]
*[[Kollam Junction railway station|Kollam Junction]]
*[[Karunagappalli railway station|Karunagappalli]]
*[[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|Kayamkulam]]
*[[Mavelikara railway station|Mavelikara]]
*[[Chengannur railway station|Chengannur]]
*[[Tiruvalla railway station|Thiruvalla]]
*[[Changanasseri railway station|Changanasseri]]
*[[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]]
*[[Ernakulam Town railway station|Ernakulam Town (North)]]
*[[Aluva railway station|Aluva]]
*[[Thrissur railway station|Thrissur]]
*[[Wadakkanchery railway station|Wadakkancherry]]
*[[Ottapalam railway station|Ottapalam]]
*[[Palakkad Junction railway station|Palakkad Junction]]
*[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]]
*[[Tiruppur railway station|Tiruppur]]
*[[Erode Junction railway station|Erode Junction]]
*[[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]]
*[[Morappur railway station|Morappur]]
*[[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]
*[[Katpadi Junction railway station|Katpadi Junction]]
*[[Chittoor railway station|Chittoor]]
*[[Tirupati railway station|Tirupathi]]
*[[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]]
*[[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur Junction]]
*[[Nellore railway station|Nellore]]
*[[Singarayakonda railway station|Singarayakonda]]
*[[Ongole railway station|Ongole]]
*[[Chirala railway station|Chirala]]
*[[Bapatla railway station|Bapatla]]
*[[Nidubrolu railway station|Nidubrolu]]
*[[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali Junction]]
*[[Guntur railway division|Guntur Junction]]
*[[Sattenapalle railway station|sattenapalle]]
*[[Piduguralla railway station|Piduguralla]]
*[[Nadikudi railway station|Nadikudi]]
*[[Miryalaguda railway station|Miryalguda]]
*[[Nalgonda railway station|Nalgonda]]
*[[Charlapalli railway station|Charlapalli]]
*[[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Junction]]

== Rake sharing ==

This train runs with 3 dedicated rakes with primary maintenance at Trivandrum Central.

==Traction==
Previously hauled by a [[WAP-4]], the train is now regularly hauled by either a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive on its entire journey.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Sabari Express}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabari Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]

Samata (NGO)

2026-04-25T05:07:57Z

NicoleLombardo: put up basic post basic info!

{{Short description|Indian non-governmental organization focused on tribal communities}}
{{other uses|Samata (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}
{{Advert|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Samata''' is an [[India]]-based [[non-governmental organization]] that focuses on advocacy and development issues among tribal communities in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Samata aims to help tribal groups address problems of land alienation, displacement, and political dis-empowerment. Its mission is to uphold the traditional, constitutional, and human rights of the [[tribe|tribal]] or [[adivasi]] people. Samata focuses primarily on projects in the tribal villages of [[East Godavari]] and [[Vizag]] districts in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. This region forms a part of the [[Eastern Ghats]] range of mountains.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Samata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAMATA PARTY – Official Website (Dead Link) |url=https://samataparty.org/ |access-date=2022-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> (Dead Link)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.samataindia.org.in/ SAMATA – A PROFILE]
*[http://www.mmpindia.org/samatha%20vs%20AP.htm Visit Samata India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206053744/http://www.mmpindia.org/samatha%20vs%20AP.htm |date=6 February 2012 }}
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630200652/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2119/stories/20040924006001200.htm The `Samata judgment']}}
*https://www.dhimsa.net
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Visakhapatnam]]

Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival

2026-04-24T05:41:53Z

NicoleLombardo: started stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox music festival
| music_festival_name = Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aaradhana Music Festival
| image =
| caption = The HTAMF 2025 group performance.
| location = [[Shilparamam]], [[Hyderabad, Telangana]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2016 – present
| founders = [[Violin Vasu]]
| dates = In January-February annually.
| website = {{URL|https://sanskritifoundation.in/htamf}}
}}

'''Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aaradhana Music Festival''' ('''HTAMF''') is an annual [[Carnatic music]] festival held in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is organised by the Sanskriti Foundation, a not-for-profit cultural organisation founded by violinist [[Violin Vasu]], and is modelled on the traditional [[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] celebrations at [[Thiruvaiyaru]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/treat-for-carnatic-music-lovers-in-hyderabad|title=Treat for Carnatic music lovers in Hyderabad|date=17 January 2018|website=Telangana Today|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tyagaraja-music-festival-treat-hyderabads-music-lovers|title=Tyagaraja Music Festival a treat for Hyderabad's music lovers|date=19 January 2018|website=Telangana Today|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/decade-culture|title=A decade of culture – City-based Sanskriti Foundation has been making an indelible mark in the field of music, dance and culture|date=26 January 2019|website=Telangana Today|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>

== Overview ==
HTAMF is run by volunteers and showcases both emerging and established Carnatic musicians. The festival typically takes place in January or February, close to ''Pushya Bahula Panchami'', and features concerts, community singing, ''Nagara Sankirtana'', ''Gurusmaranam'' ceremonies, and the ''Pancharatna Brindaganam'' – a collective rendition of Saint Tyagaraja’s ''Pancharatna Kritis''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pancharatna-brindaganam-to-celebrate-the-legacy-of-tyagaraja/article22451618.ece|title=Pancharatna Brindaganam to celebrate the legacy of Tyagaraja|first=M. I.|last=Maitreyi|date=16 January 2018|website=The Hindu|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
The festival was launched in 2016 by [[Violin Vasu]] for Carnatic music enthusiasts in Hyderabad who would otherwise travel to Thiruvaiyaru. The inaugural edition spanned three days, featuring ''Nagara Sankeerthana'' followed by ''Pancharatna Brindaganam'' performed in the traditional Thiruvaiyaru style.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/citys-set-for-aaradhana/article26086890.ece|title=City’s set for Aradhana|date=25 January 2019|website=The Hindu|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>

== Programming ==
The festival runs over five days and includes an inauguration, evening concerts, student–teacher community performances, ''Nagara Sankirtana'', ''Gurusmaranam'', and the concluding ''Pancharatna Brindaganam''. Several editions have also featured dance segments such as Kuchipudi and thematic tributes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pancharatna-brindaganam-to-celebrate-the-legacy-of-tyagaraja/article22451618.ece|title=Pancharatna Brindaganam to celebrate the legacy of Tyagaraja|date=16 January 2018|website=The Hindu|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-01-14/Music-festival-at-Shilparamam-from-Jan-18/352024|title=Music festival at Shilparamam from Jan 18|website=The Hans India|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

== Notable artists and dignitaries ==
Regular participants include the Hyderabad Sisters (Lalitha & Haripriya), the [[Priya Sisters]], the [[Hyderabad Brothers]] (D. Raghavachari & D. Seshachari), Padma Shri A. Kanyakumari, Mandolin U. P. Raju, Mandolin Nagamani, and Modumudi Sudhakar. In 2025, the festival reported more than 1,000 artists performing ''Pancharatna Kritis'' in unison.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Feb/01/htamf-2025-celebrates-tyagarajas-legacy-with-soulful-music-dance-and-storytelling|title=HTAMF 2025 celebrates Tyagaraja’s legacy with soulful music, dance and storytelling|website=The New Indian Express|date=1 February 2025|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-tyagaraja-aradhana-music-festival-2025-conclude-with-tribute-to-sadhguru|title=Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival 2025 concludes with tribute to Sadhguru|website=Telangana Today|date=3 February 2025|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> The 2025 edition was attended by the Governor of Telangana, who felicitated Padma Shri Dr. Annavarapu Ramaswamy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://x.com/tg_governor/status/1886048951431987663|title=Governor of Telangana visit to HTAMF (post)|website=X (formerly Twitter)|date=31 January 2025|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DFkqGdLSh9C/|title=Telangana Governor visit – HTAMF (Instagram post)|website=Instagram|date=31 January 2025|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>

== Guru Sanmanam ==

Through its ''Guru Sanmanam'' initiative, HTAMF has honoured senior artistes such as Dr. Annavarapu Ramaswamy, Dr. Yella Venkateshwara Rao, Akella Mallikarjuna Sarma, V. Kamalakara Rao, the Hyderabad Sisters (Lalitha & Haripriya), Ayyagari Syamasundaram, the Hyderabad Brothers (D. Raghavachari & D. Seshachari), Padma Shri A. Kanyakumari, and Kalaratna Modumudi Sudhakar for their lifetime contributions to Carnatic music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/HTAMF/posts/gurusanmanam-to-nadhasudharnava-padma-sri-dr-annavarapu-ramaswamy-garu-by-honora/1010407754466007/|title=Guru Sanmanam felicitation – HTAMF (Facebook post)|website=Facebook|access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref>

== Participation and media coverage ==
According to organisers, HTAMF has hosted more than 265 evening-concert artistes and 3,500 student performances, honouring 10 musicians through ''Guru Sanmanam''. The festival also reports over one million online viewers worldwide and continues traditions such as ''Annaprasadam''. Coverage has appeared in ''The Hindu'', ''Telangana Today'', ''Sakshi'', ETV Bharat, ''Metro India'', ''Hyderabad Mail'', ''NT News'', ''The Hans India'', and HopeAD TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tag/hyderabad-tyagaraja-aradhana-music-festival|title=Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival – coverage|website=Telangana Today|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGG4nFSPWz4|title=HTAMF coverage – HopeAD TV YouTube channel|website=YouTube|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hyderabadmail.com/hyderabads-famous-carnatic-music-festival-returns-for-9th-edition-at-shilparamam/|title=Hyderabad’s famous Carnatic music festival returns for 9th edition at Shilparamam|website=Hyderabad Mail|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

== Editions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Days !! Notable details !! Approx. artist count !! Source
|-
| 2016 || 3 || Inaugural edition; ''Pancharatna Brindaganam'' || ~250 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/thiruvaiyaru-spirit-takes-over|title=Thiruvaiyaru spirit takes over|date=6 February 2017|website=Telangana Today|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || 5 || Fourth edition; evening concerts; community performances; felicitation to Mridangam Vidwan V. Kamalakara Rao || ~400 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/citys-set-for-aaradhana/article26086890.ece|title=City’s set for Aradhana|date=25 January 2019|website=The Hindu|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || 5 || Eighth edition; concerts and community singing || Not specified || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/telangana/magical-start-to-hyderabad-tyagaraja-aradhana-music-festival-2023-1948888|title=Magical start to Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival 2023|website=New Indian Express / Janta Serishta|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || 5 || Ninth edition; concluding tribute event || ~500 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-tyagaraja-aradhana-music-festival-2024-wraps-up-with-tribute-to-sadhguru|title=HTAMF 2024 wraps up with tribute to Sadhguru|website=Telangana Today|date=4 February 2024|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || 5 || Tenth edition; Governor of Telangana visit; large-scale ''Pancharatna Brindaganam'' || 1,000+ || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Feb/03/10th-hyderabad-tyagaraja-aradhana-music-festival-concludes-with-grand-finale|title=10th Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival concludes with grand finale|website=The New Indian Express|date=3 February 2025|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-tyagaraja-aradhana-music-festival-2025-conclude-with-tribute-to-sadhguru|title=HTAMF 2025 concludes with tribute to Sadhguru|website=Telangana Today|date=3 February 2025|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Scheduled 2026 edition ===
The 2026 Hyderabad Tyagaraja Aradhana Music Festival is scheduled from 19 to 25 January, featuring evening concerts through the week, student–teacher community concerts on 24 January, and the ''Pancharatna Brindaganam'' on 25 January morning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2025/Feb/01/htamf-2025-celebrates-tyagarajas-legacy-with-soulful-music-dance-and-storytelling|title=HTAMF 2025 celebrates Tyagaraja’s legacy with soulful music, dance and storytelling|website=The New Indian Express|date=1 February 2025|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tyagaraja]]
* [[Carnatic music]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|India|Music}}

[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Carnatic classical music festivals]]
[[Category:Music festivals established in 2016]]
[[Category:Hindu music festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Hyderabad, India]]

Amandeep Sodhi

2026-04-23T13:32:14Z

NicoleLombardo: Started stub

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amandeep Sodhi
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|MP|size=100%}}
| image = Amandeep Sodhi, Brampton Centre - 20250425 - 01 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sodhi in her campaign office in 2025
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Brampton Centre]]
| term_start = April 28, 2025
| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| predecessor = [[Shafqat Ali]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|2001}}
| birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada
| website = {{URL|https://amandeepsodhi.ca/}}
}}

'''Amandeep Sodhi''' (born 2001) is a Canadian politician who was elected [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|member of Parliament]] for the [[Electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of [[Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)|Brampton Centre]] in the [[2025 Canadian federal election]] as a member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]].

==Early life==

Sodhi was born in 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. In 2023, she graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science from King’s University College at the [[University of Western Ontario]]. Prior to entering politics, she worked as a legal assistant.<ref name="TheLocalApril2025">{{cite news |last=Leung |first=Wendy |date=April 17, 2025 |title=In the Vital Contest for Brampton Centre, It's Newbie Versus Newbie |url=https://thelocal.to/brampton-centre-federal-election-chahal-boodhai-sodhi/ |work=[[The Local (magazine)|The Local]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher= |access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Ms. Amandeep Sodhi, M.P. |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=20413 |website=[[Parliament of Canada]] |location= |publisher= |access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref>

==Political career==

In January 2025, Sodhi was acclaimed the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] candidate for the [[Electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of [[Brampton Centre (federal electoral district)|Brampton Centre]].<ref name="TheLocalApril2025"/> She was elected later that year in the [[2025 Canadian federal election|2025 federal election]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/election-results/brampton-centre-live-federal-election-results/article_6884ac5a-7c8b-5dec-ace3-ef9eb6029431.html| title=Brampton Centre live federal election results| website=[[Toronto Star]]| date=April 29, 2025| url-status=live| archive-date=April 29, 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429150943/https://www.thestar.com/politics/election-results/brampton-centre-live-federal-election-results/article_6884ac5a-7c8b-5dec-ace3-ef9eb6029431.html}}</ref> Alongside [[Fares Al Soud]], [[Tatiana Auguste]], and [[Jake Sawatzky]], Sodhi is one of the first four Canadian [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|members of Parliament]] born in the 21st century.<ref name="CBCMay2025">{{cite news |last1=Major |first1=Darren |last2=Godmere |first2=Emma |date=May 3, 2025 |title=For the first time, MPs born in the 21st century are headed to the Hill |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/first-mps-born-21st-century-1.7525106 |access-date=May 3, 2025 |work=[[CBC News]] |publisher= |location=}}</ref>

In November 2025, Sodhi sponsored a petition calling for federal funding and permanent residency for foreign students and migrant workers at risk of deportation, according to ''[[Blacklock's Reporter|Blacklock’s Reporter]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-12 |title=Liberal MP wants federal aid, permanent residency for foreigners at risk of deportation |url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/liberal-mp-wants-federal-aid-235224855.html |access-date=2026-04-22 |publisher=Yahoo News |work=[[Postmedia Network|Postmedia News]] |language=en-CA}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
{{2025 Canadian federal election/Brampton Centre}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=20413}}

{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodhi, Amandeep}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian federal politicians from Toronto]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario]]
[[Category:University of Western Ontario alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the House of Commons of Canada]]

{{Liberal-Ontario-MP-stub}}

Vijay Kumar Yadav (Communist Party politician)

2026-04-22T02:16:36Z

NicoleLombardo: put up a bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijay Kumar Yadav
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = 1929
| birth_place = Soh Sarai, [[Nalanda district]], [[Bihar]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1989
| predecessor = [[Birendra Prasad]]
| successor = [[Ramswaroop Prasad]]
| office1 =
| constituency1 = [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]], [[Bihar]]
| term1 = 1991-1996
| predecessor1 = [[Ramswaroop Prasad]]
| successor1 = [[George Fernandes]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2956.htm
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Yadav''' (born 1929) was an Indian politician. He was elected a [[Member of Parliament]] in the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general elections]], representing [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]], [[Bihar]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]], as a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Lok Sabha Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpUwAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=10 April 2018|date=17 July 1991|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat.|pages=39–40}}</ref><ref name="Council1980">{{cite book|author=Communist Party of India. National Council|title=Review of 1980 mid-term Lok Sabha elections and resolutions adopted by the National Council of the Communist Party of India, New Delhi, 30 January to 3 February 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0R8mAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=10 April 2018|year=1980|publisher=Communist Party of India|page=58}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/BJP-yet-to-open-innings-in-Nalanda/articleshow/32318811.cms | title=BJP yet to open innings in Nalanda | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=20 March 2014 | accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S04/partycomp31.htm | title=Partywise Comparison since 1977 NALANDA Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2956.htm|title=Members Bioprofile}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://loksabha.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2956.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]

Syed Hasan Askari

2026-04-21T15:42:01Z

NicoleLombardo: put up first pg basic info

{{short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1901–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Sahib]]
| name = Syed Hasan Askari
| birth_date = 10 April 1901
| birth_place = Khujwa, [[Siwan district]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1990|11|28|1901|04|10|df=y}}
| education = [[Zila School Chapra]] (matriculation) [[Langat Singh College]] (Bachelors of Arts) [[Patna University]] (Masters of Arts)
| occupation = Historian
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Ghalib Award]] (1974) [[Padma Shri]] (1985) [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman]] (1978)
| honours = [[Khan Sahib]] (1945) [[Doctor of Literature]] by [[Magadh University]] (1967) [[Doctor of Literature]] by [[Patna University]] (1984)
}}
'''Syed Hasan Askari''' (born 10 April 1901 – 28 November 1990){{Sfn|Choudhary|2001|p=52}} was an Indian writer and historian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.professorsyedhasanaskari.com/|title=Professor Syed Hasan Askari {{!}} Historian|website=prof-s-h-askari|access-date=2019-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kujhwaonline.in/eminent.php|title=Eminent Personalities|website=www.kujhwaonline.in|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/state-forgets-first-historian/cid/1628043|title=State forgets first historian|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> His literary work was focused on [[Sufism in India|medieval Sufism]], the regional history of [[Bihar]], and aspects of cultural history of medieval India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=मध्यकालीन इतिहास की नई खोज का रास्ता तैयार किया प्रो. हसन अस्करी ने |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bih-pat-hmu-mat-latest-patna-news-192002-456347-nor.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=सूफी परंपरा पर प्रो. अस्करी का काम उम्दा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-021502-1471432-NOR.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मध्यकालीन इतिहास के मूर्धन्य इतिहासकार थे प्रो. सैयद हसन - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-the-prodigious-historians-of-medieval-history-were-prof-syed-hassan-17018206.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> He was recognized by the [[Government of India]].

He authored, edited and translated more than 250 articles, research papers, forewords, prefaces, and book reviews, which have been awarded by the Government of India multiple journals, books and proceedings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpIQAQAAIAAJ&q=askari|title=Sufism: Hermeneutics and doctrines|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd V. J.|date=February 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415426244}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/objects/hc:11148/datastreams/CONTENT/content|title=An Introduction to Twenty Persian Texts on Indo-Persian Music|last=Askari|website=Humanities Commons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/select-bibliography-sufi-literature-south-asia|title=Select Bibliography: Sufi Literature in South Asia|website=Sahapedia|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khuda Bakhsh Hosts Intl. Conference |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/15062002/1506200217.htm |access-date=2019-07-08 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Askari was born to Syed Razi Hasan and Raziat Fatma as the youngest son on 10 April 1901 in Khujwa village of [[Saran district]] (now [[Siwan district]]), Bihar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Professor Syed Hasan Askari I Chronology |url=https://www.professorsyedhasanaskari.com/chronology |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=prof-s-h-askari |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Choudhary|2001|p=50}}

He graduated from Madarsa Islamiya Khujwa and Middle School Siwan in 1916. He passed matriculation from [[Zila School Chapra]] in 1918 and graduated with Bachelor of Arts (Honors) from Greer Bhumihar Brahamin College (now [[Langat Singh College]]), Muzaffarpur in 1922.{{Sfn|Choudhary|2001|p=50-51}} He completed Master of Arts from Patna University in 1924.<ref name=":1" />

== Recognition ==
Askari awarded the title of "[[Khan Sahib|Khan Saheb]]" by the British Indian Government in 1945.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Askari was presented the Ghalib Award in 1974 by [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed|Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad]], then [[List of presidents of India|President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghalibinstitute.blogspot.com/p/galib-award.html|title=Ghalib Institute غالب انسٹی ٹیوٹ: Ghalib Award|website=Ghalib Institute غالب انسٹی ٹیوٹ|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>

[[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy|Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy]] presented the [[Maharshi Badrayan Vyas Samman]] to Askari, in 1978.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

[[Gyani Zail Singh]] awarded [[Padma Shri]] to Askari in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/awards.html|title=Bharat Ratna, Padmavibhushan, Padmashree and other Award winners|website=www.patnauniversity.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529110839/https://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/awards.html |archive-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

== Literary works ==

* {{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0XYAAAAMAAJ |title=Islam and Muslims in Medieval Bihar: Collected Works of Prof. S.H. Askari |publisher=[[Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library]] |year=1989 |location=Patna |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lakʹhnavī |first=Shīv Dās |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuscAAAAMAAJ |title=تاريخ فرخ سير و اوائل عهد محمد شاه: معروف به شاه نامه منور كلام |date=1974 |publisher=Iqbal Book Depo |editor-last=Askari |editor-first=Syed Hasan |language=fa |trans-title=History of Farrukh Seer and Early Era of Muhammad Shah: Known as Shah Nama Manwar Kalam}}
*
* {{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/maqalat-e-syed-hasan-askari-syed-hasan-askari-ebooks |title=Maqalat-e-Syed Hasan Askari |publisher=[[Bihar Urdu Academy]] |year=1996 |editor-last=Hasnain |editor-first=Syed Mohammad |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTfaPAAACAAJ |title=Amir Khusrau as a Historian |date=1989 |publisher=Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_36yAEACAAJ |title=Collected Works of Prof. S.H. Askari |date=1985 |publisher=Khuda Baksh Oriental Public Library |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZwqvQEACAAJ |title=Aspects of the Cultural History of Medieval Bihar |date=1984 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayswal Research Institute |language=en}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1959 |title=The Mughal-Magh Relations down to the Time of Islām Khan Mashhadi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304296 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=22 |pages=201–213 |jstor=44304296 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1950 |title=A Fifteenth Century Shuttari Sufi Saint of North Bihar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140905 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=13 |pages=148–157 |jstor=44140905 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1952 |title=Tazkira-I-Murshidi, a Rare Malfuz of the Fifteenth Century Sufi Saint of Gulbarga |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45436482 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=15 |pages=179–189 |jstor=45436482 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=S. H. |date=1955 |title=Bihar in the Time of the Last Two Lodi Sultans of Delhi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137372 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=18 |pages=148–157 |jstor=44137372 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1949 |title=FRAGMENTS OF A NEWLY DISCOVERED PERSIAN MANUSCRIPT BY A HINDU NEWSWRITER (Summary) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140548 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=12 |pages=270–273 |jstor=44140548 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1960 |title=Discursive Notes on the Sharqi Monarchy of Jaunpur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304055 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=23 |pages=152–163 |jstor=44304055 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1945 |title=Durrani-Rajput Negotiations, 1759-61 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45435425 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=8 |pages=257–269 |jstor=45435425 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Askari |first1=Syed Hassan |last2=Askari |first2=Syed Hasan |date=1951 |title=The Nizam and Cornwallis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303971 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=14 |pages=217–224 |jstor=44303971 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1943 |title=Bihar During the First Quarter of the Seventeenth Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45476186 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=6 |pages=348–353 |jstor=45476186 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1964 |title=Historical Matters in Ijaz-I-Khusravi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140309 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=26 |pages=11–20 |jstor=44140309 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1953 |title=Raja Ram Das Kachhawaha |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44303881 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=16 |pages=251–259 |jstor=44303881 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1947 |title=Presidential Address |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137157 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |pages=330–340 |jstor=44137157 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1947 |title=A Contemporary Correspondence Describing the Events at Delhi at the Time of Nadir Shah's Invasion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137160 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |pages=357–366 |jstor=44137160 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1939 |title=Some Unpublished Letters of Raja Ramnarain Relating to Shah Alam's Invasions of Bihar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252447 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=3 |pages=979–1001 |jstor=44252447 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1961 |title=Mughal Naval Weakness and Aurangzeb's Attitude Towards the Traders and Pirates on the Western Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140735 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=24 |pages=162–170 |jstor=44140735 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |date=1959 |title=The Mughal-Magh Relations down to the Time of Islām Khan Mashhadi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304296 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=22 |pages=201–213 |jstor=44304296 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=S. H. |date=1954 |title=Indo-Persian Political Relations in the Age of the Great Mughals |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45436399 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=17 |pages=297–298 |jstor=45436399 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Askari |first=S. H. |date=1968 |title=Hunting in India Under the Early Turks |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694221 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=48/49 |pages=33–43 |jstor=41694221 |issn=0378-1143}}

== Academic honors ==
In 1967, Magadh University, Bihar, conferred upon Askari the degree of D. Litt (honoris causa)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psJtAAAAMAAJ&q=askari|title=Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies|date=1993|publisher=The Institute}}</ref>

In 1984, Patna University, Bihar, conferred upon Askari the degree of D. Litt (honoris causa).{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Personal life ==
Askari married Umme Salma, daughter of Syed Raza Hussain and Sakina Fatima Hussain in 1926. They had 4 daughters and 3 sons together.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Bijoy Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XARuAAAAMAAJ |title=Readings in Indian History: Syed Hasan Askari Centenary Volume |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |year=2001 |location=Patna |pages=49–52 |language=en}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Askari, Syed Hasan}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of Ghalib Award]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]

Chandrapur Birra Assembly constituency

2026-04-08T17:23:17Z

NicoleLombardo: Starting Initial Details W/ Sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandrapur Birra
| type= SLA
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=125-153}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 1,06,330
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
Chandrapur Birra Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=2| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Gajanan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shashibhushan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chandrapur Birra <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,606 |percentage = 23.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashibhushan Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,963 |percentage = 15.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mulchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,564 |percentage = 8.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uderam |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,665 |percentage = 7.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pitambar Prasad |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,322 |percentage = 6.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunandan Prasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,693 |percentage = 5.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chamru |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 3,608 |percentage = 5.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dataram |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,577 |percentage = 5.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnachandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,492 |percentage = 5.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shyam Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,331 |percentage = 5.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,643 |percentage = 8.62% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,471 |percentage = 61.57% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,471}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,330 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

KidZania Mumbai

2026-04-06T20:42:26Z

NicoleLombardo:

{{Short description|Indoor theme park}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=June 2015}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=June 2015}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

'''KidZania Mumbai''' is a global indoor [[theme park]], located in [[R City Mall|R-City Mall]], [[Ghatkopar]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It is a family entertainment centre for children in the age group of 4 to 16 to enhance their social and cognitive skills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbainewsnetwork.blogspot.in/2015/06/kidzania-mumbai-and-kokuyo-camlin-to.html|title=Mumbai News Network : KidZania Mumbai and KOKUYO Camlin to ignite kid's imagination & creativity|work=Mumbainewsnetwork.blogspot.in|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref> Opened in August 2013, KidZania Mumbai is India's first, and the world's 14th [[KidZania]] theme park.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kidzania-mumbai-gears-up-for-soft-launch-113041900969_1.html|title=KidZania Mumbai gears up for soft launch|author=Gaurav Laghate|date=20 April 2013|work=Business-standard.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable align=right
| Slogan: || "Get ready for a better world."
|-
| Type: || [[Family Entertainment Center]]
|-
| Industry: || [[Theme Park]]
|-
| Headquarters: || [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|-
| Key People: || Sanjeev Kumar [CEO], S. Sundaram [CFO], Yazdi Khambatta [Facility Director]
|-
| Locations: || Mumbai, India/Opening soon in [[Delhi NCR]], [[India]]
|-
| Website: || http://mumbai.kidzania.com
|-
| Characters: || Urbano, Vita, Bache, Beebop, Chika
|}

==Overview==
The Kidzania Mumbai kids park is a real lifestyle theme based games zone for kids aged 4 to 16 years. The park is designed as a miniature city with realistic buildings and structures. The theme park engages kids through roleplaying roles and accomplishing tasks related to those roles. The fun and benefit is paid in task accomplishments.

Children can roleplay as a fireman, a radio jockey or a doctor, perform duties and get credits. Unique to KidZania Mumbai, children can also experience local establishments like the Bollywood Acting Academy, The Pottery Studio and the [[Dabbawala|Dabbawalla]] service (boxed lunch delivery).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai gets its very own Kidzania. Ticket price Rs 600-950 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-gets-its-very-own-kidzania-ticket-price-rs-600-950-1885376 |accessdate=26 June 2015 |work=Dnaindia.com}}</ref> KidZania gives children the opportunity to play adult roles by allowing them to roleplay, emulate, re-enact and participate in adult activities and experiences.

==History==
[[KidZania]] was created and developed by Mexican entrepreneur, [[Xavier López Ancona]]. The first KidZania opened in September 1999, in [[Santa Fe Metropolitan Statistical Area|Santa Fe]] Shopping Mall in [[Mexico City]], and was named La Ciudad de los Niños ("The City of the Children").{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Today, there are 24 KidZania Theme Parks operational around the world with 10 more to be launched by the end of 2020. KidZania has received more than 35 million guests around the world since its opening, making it one of the fastest growing global [[edutainment]] brands in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aninews.in/videogallery4/24563-srk-039-s-day-out-with-kidzania-kids-on-father-039-s-day.html|title=SRK's day out with KidZania kids on father's day, World, Aninews|work=Aninews.in|accessdate=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626155359/http://www.aninews.in/videogallery4/24563-srk-039-s-day-out-with-kidzania-kids-on-father-039-s-day.html|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

KidZania has been brought to the domestic market by ImagiNation Edutainment India, which is promoted by [[Bollywood]] star [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], with 26 percent stake, and KidZ Inc of [[Singapore]], which holds the remaining 74 percent. KidZ Inc. is co-owned by the Comcraft, Xander & Maxfield Management Ltd. Groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/news/32235848_1_centres-shah-rukh-khan-csr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913090241/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/news/32235848_1_centres-shah-rukh-khan-csr|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2013|title=Shah Rukh Khan to bring KidZania to Mumbai by early next year|work=Timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/big-bet/srkbacked-kidzania-india-opens-first-theme-park/36089/1|title=Forbes India Magazine - SRK-Backed KidZania India Opens First Theme Park|work=Forbesindia.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news/29743760_1_kidzania-family-entertainment-second-phase|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710020005/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news/29743760_1_kidzania-family-entertainment-second-phase|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2011|title=Shah Rukh Khan acquires 26% stake in KidZania|work=Timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>

==Age eligibility==
Children between 4 and 16 years of age can participate in the role-playing activities at KidZania. However, some activities may have a height and age restriction.

Toddlers (aged between 2 and 4 years) have a separate section with play-areas earmarked for them, called Urbano's House, and can participate in some of the role-playing activities.

Babies (below the age of 2 years) can relax and enjoy in the play-areas at Urbano's House.

Adults and parents can observe their children role-playing in various activities, or spend time in the Pepperfry Parents Lounge. There are some establishments, like the [[STAR India|Star TV]] Studio or the Theatre, where they can witness the activities inside the establishments from the seating area. However, adults are not allowed within the KidZania premises, unless they are accompanying children.

==Awards==
KidZania Mumbai has won many awards from various organisations for value, uniqueness and future potential, including:
* Best Destination for Kids by 4th World Children Expo<ref name="adgully.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.adgully.com/kidzania-mumbai-celebrates-its-first-year-anniversary-58789.html|title=KidZania Mumbai celebrates its first year anniversary!|work=Adgully.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* The Best New Concept by Kids by 4th World Children Expo<ref name="adgully.com"/>
* The Most Admired Retail Concept Launch of the Year by India Retail Forum 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaretailforum.in/awards.aspx?mpgid=35&pgidtrail=35&awardid=4%7ctitle=AWARDS%7cwork=indiaretailforum.in|title=AWARDS|work=Indiaretailforum.in|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* Emerging Brand Award by Global Marketing Excellence 2014<ref>[http://www.indianshowbiz.com/?p=84145] {{dead link|date=June 2015}}</ref>
* Rotary Club of Mumbai Green City Appreciation Award 2014<ref name="adgully.com"/>
* Indian Development Foundation CSR Award for year 2013-14<ref name="adgully.com"/>

==Industry partners==
{{colbegin |colwidth=20em}}
* Air India
* Amity University
* [[Bajaj Electricals]]
* [[Big Bazaar]]
* Birla Sun Life Insurance
* [[Cadbury Dairy Milk]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kidzania-teams-up-with-cadbury-dairy/article4952768.ece|title=KidZania teams up with Cadbury Dairy|author=Our Bureau|work=The Hindu Business Line|date=25 July 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Central (Hypermarket)|Central]]
* [[Club Mahindra Holidays|Club Mahindra]]
* [[Coca-Cola]]
* [[DHL Express|DHL]]
* Ezone
* [[Frooti]]
* Furtados School of Music<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/children-can-now-express-through-music-kidzania-mumbai-furtados-150318|title=Children can now express through Music at KidZania Mumbai with Furtados|work=Radioandmusic.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* Godrej Security Solutions
* Hardy's
* HealthSpring<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/healthcare/happening-now/kidzania-mumbai-and-healthspring-launch-health-check-up-and-emergency-activities-for-kids/70652/|title=KidZania-Mumbai and Healthspring launch health check-up and emergency activities for kids – The Financial Express|date=8 May 2015|work=Financialexpress.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hyundai-ties-up-with-kidzania-to-teach-children-about-safe-driving/article5048421.ece|title=Hyundai ties up with KidZania to teach children about safe driving|author=Our Bureau|work=Thehindubusinessline.com|date=22 August 2013 |accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Kansai Nerolac Paints]]
* [[Kellogg's|Kellogg's Chocos]]
* [[Kokuyo Camlin]]
* Mad Over Donuts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/Mad-Over-Donuts-KidZania-to-enhance-creativity-of-kids-1369133017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715203245/http://post.jagran.com/Mad-Over-Donuts-KidZania-to-enhance-creativity-of-kids-1369133017|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2013|title=Mad Over Donuts & KidZania to enhance creativity of kids|date=21 May 2013|work=Jagran.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Nutella]]
* Parachute Advanced
* [[Parle Products]]
* Pepperfry
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]
* [[Sbarro]]
* [[Shiamak Davar|Shiamak Davar International]]
* [[STAR India|STAR TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=57732_STAR+Sports+and+KidZania+collaborate+to+empower+kids+this+summer|title=Indian Advertising, Media, Marketing, Digital, Advertising Agencies - afaqs!|work=Afaqs.com|accessdate=26 June 2015|archive-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626131955/http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/?id=57732_STAR+Sports+and+KidZania+collaborate+to+empower+kids+this+summer|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[The Times of India]]
* [[Toonz Media Group|Toonz Animation]]
* [[Yes Bank]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/kidzania-mumbai-signs-brand-deal-with-yes-bank-113010700164_1.html|title=Kidzania Mumbai signs brand deal with YES Bank|author=Gaurav Laghate|date=7 January 2013|work=Business-standard.com|accessdate=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* Zespri
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Kidzania theme parks]]

Anke Gowda

2026-04-06T05:37:57Z

NicoleLombardo: Started data

{{Short description|Indian bibliophile and library founder}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anke Gowda
| image = Canarese and English dictionary by Daniel Sanderson printed in 1838.JPG
| alt = Gowda pictured in 2012 holding a Canarese-English dictionary by Daniel Sanderson printed in 1838
| caption = Gowda in 2012
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{birth year and age|1947}}
| birth_place = Chinakurli, [[Pandavapura]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Timekeeper]], book collector, and librarian
| known_for = Pustaka Mane library (founder)
}}
'''Anke Gowda''' (born {{circa|1947}}) is an Indian [[book collector]] and the founder of Pustaka Mane library in [[Mandya district|Mandya]], India. He is a retired sugar factory [[timekeeper]] who once worked as a bus conductor.<ref name="BBC-2026"/> During the course of five decades, Gowda amassed a collection that is estimated to number over two million volumes, and has been described as one of the largest free-access personal libraries in India.<ref name="The Hindu-2026"/>

== Biography ==
Gowda was born to parents Mari Gowda and Ningamma,<ref name="Deccan Herald-2026">{{cite news|last=Raj|first=Gayathri V.|date=25 January 2026|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/padma-shri-award-to-anke-gowda-for-his-lifelong-service-to-librarianship-3874469|title=Padma Shri award to Anke Gowda for his lifelong service to librarianship|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref> a family of farmers in the small village of Chinakurli in [[Pandavapura]] taluk.<ref name="The Hindu-2026"/> He began reading and collecting books as a child, beginning with works by [[Swami Vivekananda]] when he was still in [[class IX]]. He recalls that the people in his village were not accustomed to books, which got him thinking about how to make them more accessible.<ref name="Times of India-2015"/> Gowda went on to earn a bachelor's degree,<ref name="BBC-2026"/> after which he took several jobs, including one as a bus conductor and another as a security guard.<ref name="The Indian Express-2026"/>

He completed a master's in [[Kannada]] at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]], where he was influenced by his teacher [[K. Anantharamu]], who memorably told his class, "Never seek bribes, be good to your neighbours and cultivate a good habit." This advice stuck with Gowda, leading him to develop the habit of [[book collecting]] seriously.<ref name="The Indian Express-2026"/> He also began working as a [[timekeeper]] at the Pandavapura Cooperative Sugar factory,<ref name="Deccan Herald-2026"/> where he remained for nearly 30 years.<ref name="BBC-2026"/> He invested a large portion of his salary and retirement savings in collecting books.<ref name="The Hindu-2026"/> Gowda lives with his wife and their son in a corner of the Pustaka Mane library.<ref name="BBC-2026"/>

== Pustaka Mane ==
Gowda's book collection is housed in a library named "Pustaka Mane" (House of Books) in the Pandavapura municipality, Karnataka's Mandya district.<ref name="The Hindu-2026" /> It is a purpose-built nearly 1,500 square meter building, the construction of which was funded by [[Khoday Group|Hari Khoday]], who also funded the relocation and renovation of a [[Venugopala Swamy Temple#Submersion and restoration|local temple]].<ref name="BBC-2026"/>

The collection, which spans a publication history of almost 200 years,<ref name="The Hindu-2026"/> includes science, technology, over 5,000 dictionaries, as well as literature, mythology, philosophy, religious texts, and rare books.<ref name="India Today-2026"/> Books about the [[Mahabharata]], and texts related to [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Christianity]] are well represented, and there are several thousand books about [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]] alone.<ref name="Deccan Herald-2026" /> The collection also includes 35,000 international magazines and 2,500 Kannada magazines and contains books and other publications in over 20 languages, including Kannada, Hindi, Tamil, and English.<ref name="The Hindu-2026" />

The library is open to the public and is readily available to researchers. Bangalore artist and curator Shivanand Basavanthappa used the library to access 70-year-old copies of ''[[Chandamama]]'', a magazine illustrated by [[M. T. V. Acharya]]. This research helped him curate the "Life and Art of MTV Acharya" exhibition at [[The Indian Institute of World Culture]] in 2025.<ref name="The Hindu-2025"/>

Notable visitors to the library include politicians [[Rahul Gandhi]], [[Sadananda Gowda]], and [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]].<ref name="Deccan Herald-2026"/>

== Recognition ==
Gowda's work and commitment to making books available to the public has been recognised with various awards and honours. In 2009, he received the [[G. P. Rajarathnam]] Sahitya Paricharika Award from the Kannada Book Authority, followed by [[Alva's Institute of Engineering and Technology|Alva]]'s Nudisiri Award in 2011.<ref name="The Hindu-2026"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aiet.org.in/celebrations/alvas-nudisiri/ |title=Alva's Nudisiri |publisher=[[Alva's Institute of Engineering and Technology]] |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref> He was also the recipient of the 2014 [[Rajyotsava Awards (2014)|Rajyotsava Award]], and received an entry for "Largest Personal Book Collection" in the 2016 [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref name="The Hindu-2016"/> In 2026, the Indian government granted him a [[Padma Shri]] civilian award "for his extraordinary contribution to promoting literacy and learning."<ref name="BBC-2026"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PadmaAwards/padmaawardees# |title=Padma Awards>Awardees>2026 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=12 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|23em|refs=
<ref name="BBC-2026">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=Anke Gowda: The Karnataka man who built a library of two million books |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp873z18028o |access-date=7 February 2026 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |last=Qureshi |first=Imran |archive-date=7 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207005459/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp873z18028o |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu-2026">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=25 January 2026 |title=Padma Shri 2026 awardee Anke Gowda earns acclaim for lifelong service to librarianship |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/padma-shri-2026-awardee-anke-gowda-earns-acclaim-for-lifelong-service-to-librarianship/article70549802.ece |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260126034705/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/padma-shri-2026-awardee-anke-gowda-earns-acclaim-for-lifelong-service-to-librarianship/article70549802.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name="Times of India-2015">{{cite news|date=23 November 2015|last=Kalkod|first=Rajiv|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bibliophile-wants-his-pustaka-mane-to-be-a-national-library/articleshow/49888007.cms|title=Bibliophile wants his Pustaka Mane to be a national library|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="The Indian Express-2026">{{cite news|last=Parashar|first=Kiran|date=8 February 2026|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/unsung-heroes-one-man-2-million-books-meet-the-padma-shri-recipient-behind-the-worlds-largest-free-access-library-10519816/|title=Unsung heroes: One man, 2 million books, meet the Padma Shri recipient behind the world’s largest free access library|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="India Today-2026">{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarty|first=Roshni|date=3 February 2026 |title=Meet Padma Shri Anke Gowda, the bus conductor behind India's largest free library|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/anke-gowda-padma-shri-awardee-built-indias-largest-free-library-2861842-2026-02-02 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
<ref name="The Hindu-2025">{{cite news|last=Dhanaraj|first=Ruth|date=9 April 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/forgotten-artist-mtv-acharyas-works-on-display-at-iiwc/article69421827.ece|title=Forgotten artist MTV Acharya's works on display at IIWC|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="The Hindu-2016">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=M.T. Shiva|date=8 June 2016|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/This-is-one-for-the-record-books/article14391018.ece|title=This is one for the record books|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 February 2026|issn=0971751X}} Also published under the alternate title "Mandya man sets record as largest collector of books".</ref>
}}

== Further reading==
*{{cite journal|last1=Arokyamary|first1=R. Jerry|last2=Raghavendra|first2=N|date=2019|url=https://indianjournals.com/article/pjolis-13-1-010|title=Personal Library Collections of Famous Personalities: A Review|journal=Pearl: A Journal of Library and Information Science|volume=13|issue=1|pages=72-79|doi=10.5958/0975-6922.2019.00010.X|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=R. Uday|date=2 February 2026|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/state-govt-extends-support-to-anke-gowdas-pustaka-mane/articleshow/127867791.cms|title=State govt extends support to Anke Gowda's Pustaka Mane|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 February 2026}}
*{{cite news|last=Pankaj|first=Biju|date=1 September 2025|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/meet-the-75-year-old-who-built-a-library-of-2-million-books-in-a-karnataka-village-watch-suqxd083|title=Meet the 75-year-old who built a library of 2 million books in a Karnataka village|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=24 February 2026}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube |id=oVv6RyXURFQ |''Meet Mr.Ankegowda: The Book Lover Who Collected Thousands of Books''}} (15 April 2022)
* {{YouTube |id=Bi7PoB_39wk |''Anke Gowda Awarded Padma Shri 2026 {{!}} Karnataka's Free Library Pioneer with 2 Million Books''}} (25 January 2026)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Anke}}
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian librarians]]
[[Category:Libraries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2014]]
[[Category:Book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:1947 births]]

Chandpur, Odisha

2026-03-25T12:05:30Z

NicoleLombardo: Starting Basic Entry W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Village in Odisha, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chandpur
| official_name = Chandpur
| native_name = Chandpur
| native_name_lang = or
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|56|26|N|85|24|16|E|region:IN-OR_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nayagarh district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Ranpur
| population_total = 5565
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 752024
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06755
}}

'''Chandpur''' is a [[Village]] in the [[Nayagarh district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It falls under the jurisdiction of the Ranpur [[Tehsil]]. The village is significant in the region for housing the Chandpur Police Station, which serves the local administrative. Tangi notified area council of Khordha district is the neighbour town of Chandpur<ref name="Police">{{cite news |title=Tourist bus falls off bridge due to dense fog in Nayagarh; 1 dead, 30 injured |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/tourist-bus-falls-off-bridge-due-to-dense-fog-in-nayagarh-1-dead-253129 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[Odisha TV]] |date=10 January 2025 |quote=Emergency services swiftly transported the injured to medical facilities in Ranpur and Chandpur.}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Probe Ordered Into Odisha Family Murder After 3000 Angry Villagers Protest |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/probe-ordered-into-odisha-family-murder-after-3000-angry-villagers-protest-663161 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=12 September 2014 |quote=The four were found murdered in their home in the district's Chandpur area...}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Chandpur is administered as a Census Town within the Nayagarh district. It contains a police station that covers the surrounding villages in the Ranpur block.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nayagarh Police Stations |url=https://odisha.gov.in/index.php/en/social-wall/nayagarh-police |publisher=Government of Odisha |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{Nayagarh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nayagarh district]]

{{Nayagarh-geo-stub}}

Pritilata Waddedar

2026-03-25T07:31:27Z

NicoleLombardo: updated page

{{Short description|Bengali revolutionary (1911-1932)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pritilata Waddedar
| image = Original Archived photo of Pritilata Waddedar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Patiya]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], [[British India]] (now in [[Chittagong Division]], [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1932|9|24|1911|5|5|df=yes}}<ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Chittagong]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]] (now [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]])
| death_cause = Suicide by consuming [[potassium cyanide]]
| father = Jagabandhu Waddedar
| mother = Pratibha Devi
| relatives = [[Ash Sarkar]] (great-great-niece)
| known_for = Pahartali European Club attack (1932)
| alma_mater = [[Bethune College]]
| other_names = Rani (nickname)
| occupation = School teacher
| signature = Signature of Pritilata.jpg
}}
'''Pritilata Waddedar''' (5 May 1911 – 24 September 1932)<ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref><ref name="Pritilata's 100th birthday today">{{cite news |date=5 May 2011 |title=Pritilata's 100th birthday today |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184343 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Revolutionary nationalism|revolutionary nationalist]] from [[Chittagong]] who was influential in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)">{{cite web|title=Pritilata Waddedar (1911–1932) |url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=51162&date=2012-01-25 |work=News Today |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126141408/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=51162&date=2012-01-25 |archive-date=26 January 2012 }}</ref> She is often praised as "Bengal's first woman martyr".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/8-reasons-it-s-time-bollywood-made-a-biopic-on-pritilata-waddedar-bengal-s-first-woman-martyr-250573.html |title= 8 Facts About Pritilata Waddedar - Bengal's First Woman Martyr|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 13 February 2016|access-date=14 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/pritilata-waddedar-bengal-s-first-woman-martyr-451 |title= Pritilata Waddedar: Bengal's First Woman Martyr |date=25 April 2019 |work=Bangladesh Post |access-date= 14 March 2022}}</ref>

After completing her education from [[Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' High School]] in [[Chittagong]] and [[Eden Mohila College|Eden College (now Eden Mohila College)]] in [[Dhaka]], Pritilata graduated in [[philosophy]] from the [[Bethune College]] in [[Calcutta]]. She worked as a school teacher for sometime before becoming part of the Indian Independence movement. In 1932, she joined a revolutionary group headed by [[Surya Sen]]. In September 1932, she led a group of revolutionaries in an armed attack on the Pahartali European Club. The revolutionaries torched the club and shot at it later, and one person was killed and eleven people were injured in the attack. After being cornered by the [[Indian Imperial Police|colonial police]], Pritilata [[Cyanide poisoning|committed suicide]] by consuming [[potassium cyanide]] as planned earlier.

== Early life ==
[[File:MatriculationPritilata.jpg|thumb|left|Matriculation examination certificate of Pritilata]]
{{Anushilan Samiti}}

Pritilata Waddedar was born in a middle-class [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Baidya|Baidya Brahmin]] family on 5 May 1911 in Dhalghat village in [[Patiya]] [[upazila]] of [[Chittagong]] (in present day Bangladesh).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2016 |title=8 Facts About Pritilata Waddedar - Bengal's First Woman Martyr |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/8-reasons-it-s-time-bollywood-made-a-biopic-on-pritilata-waddedar-bengal-s-first-woman-martyr-250573.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="A fearless female freedom-fighter">{{cite news |title=A fearless female freedom-fighter |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/rising/2004/09/05/switch.htm |work=Rising Stars |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pritilata's birth anniversary observed at CU |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-05-06http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newagebd.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fdate%3D2012-05-06&nid=9340%23.UQfx-33LdRx |url-status=dead |newspaper=New Age |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129160031/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-05-06http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php%3Fdate=2012-05-06&nid=9340%23.UQfx-33LdRx |archive-date=29 January 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> The family originally held the surname [[Dasgupta]]; Waddedar was a title conferred to an ancestor of the family. Her father Jagabandhu Waddedar was a clerk in the Chittagong municipality, and her mother Pratibhamayi Devi was a housewife.<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)" /><ref name="Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata">{{cite news |date=5 May 2011 |title=Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata |url=http://blog.bdnews24.com/ruman11/15681 |newspaper=BDNews |language=bn |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> Pritilata was the second of six children, and had an elder brother Madhusduan, and four younger siblings–Kanaklata, Shantilata, Ashalata and Santosh. She was nicknamed Rani.<ref name="Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata" /> Jagabandhu tried to arrange the best possible education for his children, and got Pritilata admitted to the [[Dr. Khastagir Government Girls' School]] in Chittagong.<ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle." /> Pritilata was a meritorious student in school,<ref>{{cite book|title=Pritilata|year=2008|publisher=Prometheus er pothe|page=15|language=bn}}</ref> and arts and literature were her favourite subjects.<ref>{{cite book |author=Manini Chatterjee |year=1999 |title=Do and die: the Chittagong uprising, 1930–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQhuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=180 |isbn=978-0-14029-067-7}}</ref> A teacher in the school, whom students affectionately used to call ''Usha Di'', used stories of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] to inspire nationalism in her students. [[Kalpana Datta]], a classmate of Pritilata, wrote in the biography ''Chittagong Armoury Raiders''– "We had no clear idea in our school days about our future. Then the Rani of Jhansi fired our imagination with her example. Sometimes we used to think of ourselves as fearless...".<ref>{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=46}}</ref> She passed out of school in 1928 and got admitted to the [[Eden Girls' College, Bangladesh|Eden College]] in [[Dhaka]] in 1929. In the Intermediate examinations, she stood first among all students who appeared in that year's examination from the Dhaka Board.<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle.">{{cite web |url=http://www.towardsfreedom.in/site/Pritilata_Waddedar |title=The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle. |publisher=Towards Freedom |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> As a student in Eden College, she participated in various social activities. She joined the group ''Sree Sangha'', headed by [[Leela Nag]], under the banner ''Deepali Sangha'' (''Dipali Sangha)''.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Amin |first=Sonia |year=2012 |chapter=Waddedar, Pritilata |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Waddedar,_Pritilata |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

Pritilata graduated in philosophy with a distinction from the [[Bethune College]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite book |author=S. S. Shashi |year=1996 |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv0vAQAAIAAJ |publisher=Anmol Publications |page=135 |isbn=978-8-17041-859-7}}</ref> However, her degree was withheld by the administration of the [[Calcutta University]]. In 2012, she (and [[Bina Das]]) were conferred their certificates posthumously.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2012 |title=After 80 yrs, posthumous degrees for revolutionaries |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/After-80-yrs-posthumous-degrees-for-revolutionaries/articleshow/12364819.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> After completing her education in Calcutta, Pritilata returned to Chittagong. In Chittagong, she took up the job of headmistress at a local English medium secondary school called Nandankanan Aparnacharan School.<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle." /><ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2009 |title=CCC plans to house 2 girls' schools in commercial complex |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=73697 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

== Revolutionary activities ==
=== Joining Surya Sen's group ===
{{quote box |quote = "Pritilata was young and courageous. She would work with a lot of zeal and was determined to drive the British away."
|source ='''Binod Bihari Chowdhury''', a contemporary revolutionary<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom" /> |align = right |width = 35% |border =
|fontsize = |bgcolor = #c6dbf7}}
As Pritilata joined the [[Indian independence movement]], [[Surya Sen]] heard about her and wanted her to join their revolutionary group.<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom">{{cite web |title=A Long Walk to Freedom |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/02/03/cover.htm |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> On 13 June 1932, Pritilata met Surya Sen and Nirmal Sen in their Dhalghat camp.<ref name="Agnijuger Agnikanya Pritilata" /> [[Binod Bihari Chowdhury]] objected to her participation as women was not allowed to join their group. However, Pritalata was allowed to join the group because the revolutionaries reasoned that women transporting weapons would not attract as much suspicious as men.<ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom" /> Pritilata took part in several attacks on telephone and telegraph offices in the region and the capture of the reserve police line.<ref name="A fearless female freedom-fighter" /> She took the responsibility to supply explosives to the revolutionaries.<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)" />

=== Meeting Ramkrishna Biswas ===
Surya Sen and his revolutionary group decided to kill Craig, the inspector general of Chittagong. [[Ramakrishna Biswas]] and Kalipada Chakravarty were assigned for this task. However, they mistakenly killed Tarini Mukherjee, the superintendent of police in Chandpur. Ramakrishna Biswas and Kalipada Chakravarty were arrested on 2 December 1930.<ref>{{cite book |author=Reva Chatterjee |year=2000 |title=Netaji Subhas Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Dw3W9ubLkC&pg=RA2-PT151 |publisher=Ocean Books |pages=2– |isbn=978-8-18710-027-0}}</ref> Biswas was ordered to be hanged and Chakravarty was exiled to the [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="Sonali Swapno">{{cite book|last=Pal|first=Rupamay|title=Surjo Sener Sonali Swapno|year=1986|publisher=Deepayan|location=Kolkata|page=162}}</ref> The family and friends lacked the amount of money for travel from Chittagong to [[Alipore Jail]] in Calcutta. Since at that time Pritilata was staying in Calcutta, she was asked to go to Alipore Jail and meet Biswas before his punishment was carried out.<ref name="Sonali Swapno" /> Pritilata used to meet him in the alias of his cousin sister.<ref name="Biswas">{{cite book |author=Craig A. Lockard |date=1 January 2010 |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History: Since 1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVvnrsaIgA8C&pg=PA699 |publisher=Cengage Learning |pages=699– |isbn=978-1-4390-8534-9 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Pahartali European Club attack (1932) ===
[[File:Euclub.jpg|thumb|The Pahartali European Club (shown here in 2010) was torched by the group of revolutionaries.]]

In 1932, Surya Sen planned an attack on the Pahartali European Club which had a signboard that read "Dogs and Indians not allowed".<ref>{{cite book |author=Geraldine Forbes |author-link=Geraldine Forbes |year=1999 |title=Women in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA140 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |volume=IV.2 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=140–141 |isbn=978-0-521-65377-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f1808989.html |title=Remembering the Legendary Heroes of Chittagong |work=NIC |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clatgyan.com/downloads/Independence-CLATGyan.pdf |title=Indian Independence |access-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062342/http://www.clatgyan.com/downloads/Independence-CLATGyan.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sen decided to appoint a woman leader for the mission. As Kalpana Datta was arrested prior to the planned attack, Pritilata was assigned the leadership of the group. Pritilata went to Kotowali sea side for arms training and the plan of their attack was finalised there.<ref name="The Fire-Brand Woman Of Indian Freedom Struggle." /> It was decided to attack the club on 24 September 1932, and the members of the group were given [[potassium cyanide]], to be swallowed to commit suicide if they were caught.<ref name=Banglapedia/><ref name="Kalpana Dutt 1979 53">{{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Peoples' Pub. House |page=53}}</ref>

On the day of the attack, Pritilata dressed herself as a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] male. Her associates Kalishankar Dey, Bireshwar Roy, Prafulla Das, Shanti Chakraborty wore [[dhoti]] and shirt. Mahendra Chowdhury, Sushil Dey and Panna Sen wore [[lungi]] and shirt.<ref name="Sonali Swapno" /> The group reached the club at around 10:45 pm to launch their attack, and divided themselves into three separate groups. There were around 40 people inside the club during the attack. The building was set on fire before the armed group started shooting into it. A few armed police officers, who were present at the club, returned fire. Pritilata was shot and incurred a single bullet wound. According to the police report, one woman was killed, and four men and seven women were injured in the attack.<ref name="Sonali Swapno" />

== Death ==
[[File:EuclubattackFolok.jpg|thumb|There is a plaque dedicated to Pritilata at the place where she committed suicide]]

An injured Pritilata was trapped by the [[Indian Imperial Police|colonial police]], and she consumed potassium cyanide to evade capture.<ref name="Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)" /><ref name="A Long Walk to Freedom" /> The police found her body the next day, and found a photograph of Ramkrishna Biswas, some bullets, a whistle, some leaflets, and a draft plan of the attack. She had a suicide note with her, where she had penned down the objectives of the Indian Republican Army of Chittagong branch. In the letter, along with the names of Surya Sen and Nirmal Sen, she had also mentioned about her experience of meeting Ramkrishna Biswas in the Alipore Jail.<ref name="Biswas"/>

During the [[post-mortem]] examination, it was found that the bullet injury was not life threatening and her cause of death was ruled as cyanide poisoning.<ref name="Sonali Swapno"/> The chief secretary of Bengal sent a report to British authorities in London. In the report it was written that Pritilata:<ref>''Fortnightly Reports on Bengal'', for the second half of September 1932, GOI Home Poll F. No. 18/1932 as quoted in {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |year=1999 |title=Do and Die: the Chittagong uprising, 1930-34 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=284 |isbn=978-0-330-53629-5}}</ref>
{{blockquote|had been closely associated with, if not actually the mistress of, the terrorist Biswas who was hanged for the murder of Inspector Tarini Mukherjee, and some reports indicate that she was the wife of Nirmal Sen who was killed while attempting to evade arrest at Dhalghat, where Captain Cameron fell.}}

== Influence and legacy ==
Bangladeshi writer [[Selina Hossain]] calls Pritilata an ideal for every woman.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2011 |title=Contribution of Pritilata recalled |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=188097 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> The ''Birkannya Pritilata Trust'' (''Brave lady Pritilata Trust'') was established to promote the life and achievements of her, and commemorates her birthday annually.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 September 2012 |title=A beacon of light for women |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=251218 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=80th death anniversary of Pritilata observed |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-09-25&nid=24889%23.UfIdvWfancc |url-status=dead |newspaper=New Age |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130725180819/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-09-25&nid=24889%23.UfIdvWfancc |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> Her great-grandniece is British journalist and activist, [[Ash Sarkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/feb/05/relatives-terrorist-past-women-politic-british-bengal|title=My great-great-aunt was a terrorist: women's politics went beyond the vote|last=Sarkar|first=Ash|date=5 February 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

In 2012, a bronze sculpture of Pritilata Waddedar was erected in front of the Pahartali Railway School, adjacent to the Pahartali European Club.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2012 |title=Pritilata's bronze sculpture to be installed in port city |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=252027 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2012 |title=Pritilata's memorial sculpture unveiled in Ctg |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=252261 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> The last section of the Sahid Abdus Sabur Road leading to Mukunda Ram Hat of [[Boalkhali]] upazila in Chattogram has been named as Pritilata Waddedar Road.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2012 |title=Road named after Pritilata in Ctg |url=http://www.thenewnationbd.com/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=4347 |newspaper=The New Nation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203234257/http://www.thenewnationbd.com/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=4347 |archive-date=3 February 2013 |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Educational instiutions named after her include [[Pritilata Waddedar Mahavidyalaya]] in [[Panikhali]], Pritilata Waddedar Primary School in Chattogram, and Khantura Pritilata Shiksha Niketan schools in [[Gobardanga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Kalyani |url=http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301165259/http://www.klyuniv.ac.in/list_colleges.html |archive-date=1 March 2012 }}</ref> There are halls and buildings named after her at [[Jahangirnagar University]], [[Kalyani Government Engineering College]], [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]], and [[University of Chittagong]].{{cn|date=January 2026}}

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Pritilata Half statue.jpg|Bust at Pritilata Waddedar primary school, [[Chattogram]]
File:Pritilata.jpg|Statue at Maidan, [[Kolkata]]
File:Bust of Pritilata Waddedar.JPG|Bust at the place of her death
File:Pritilata Shohid Minar.jpg|Pritilata Shohid Minar
File:Pritilata Hall at University of Chittagong (04).jpg|Pritilata Hall, [[University of Chittagong]]
File:Pritilata-hallju.jpg|Pritilata Hall, [[Jahangirnagar University]]
</gallery>

=== In popular media ===
* The 2010 [[Hindi film]] ''[[Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey]]'' was based on the Chittagong Uprising, in which [[Vishakha Singh]] played the character of Pritilata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Young rebels |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/young-rebels/451001/ |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The veer Konna of Chittagong |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101201/jsp/entertainment/story_13240594.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131506/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101201/jsp/entertainment/story_13240594.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref>
* In the 2012 Hindi film ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'', [[Vega Tamotia]] played the role of Pritilata.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/manoj-bajpayee-back-in-the-limelight/640489/ |title=Manoj Bajpayee, back in the limelight |magazine=Screen India |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910203026/http://www.screenindia.com/news/manoj-bajpayee-back-in-the-limelight/640489/ |archive-date=10 September 2012 |access-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In 2018, [[Kiran Sonia Sawar]] delivered a monologue, written by [[Tanika Gupta]], in ''Pritilata'', a short film in the [[BBC]] series ''Snatches: Moment's From Women's Lives'' to mark the hundredth anniversary of women's suffrage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b7rml0|title=Snatches: Moments from Women's Lives|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>
* A [[Bangladeshi film]] titled ''Pritilata'' starring [[Pori Moni]] and based on the life of Pritilata is under production.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Siddique |first1=Habibullah |title=Pori Moni: From Pirojpur to FDC's most popular heroine |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/glitz/pori-moni-pirojpur-fdcs-most-popular-heroine-261277 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=15 June 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{anl|Jatindra Nath Das}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category}}

* {{cite book |author=Kalpana Dutt |year=1979 |title=Chittagong Armoury raiders: reminiscences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wcoBAAAAMAAJ |publisher=People's Pub. House}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waddedar, Pritilata}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1932 suicides]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Bengali activists]]
[[Category:Bethune College alumni]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries from British India]]
[[Category:People from Patiya Upazila]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Suicides by cyanide poisoning]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Eden Mohila College alumni]]
[[Category:Surya Sen]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Female revolutionaries]]

Precipitation

2026-03-24T15:33:47Z

NicoleLombardo: further refined citations per standard format and fixed typos

{{Short description|Condensed water vapor that falls from clouds}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2020}}
{{Weather}}

In [[meteorology]], '''precipitation''' is any product of the [[condensation]] of atmospheric [[water vapor]] that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.<ref>{{cite web | work = Glossary of Meteorology | year = 2009 | url = http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=precipitation1 | title = Precipitation | publisher = [[American Meteorological Society]] | access-date = 2009-01-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081009142439/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=precipitation1 | archive-date = 2008-10-09 }}</ref> The main forms of precipitation include [[drizzle]], [[rain]], [[rain and snow mixed]] ("sleet" in Commonwealth usage), [[snow]], [[ice pellets]], [[graupel]] and [[hail]]. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% [[relative humidity]]), so that the water condenses and "precipitates" or falls. Thus, [[fog]] and [[mist]] are not precipitation; their water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate, so fog and mist do not fall. (Such a non-precipitating combination is a [[colloid]].) Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated with water vapor: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air. Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called [[shower (precipitation)|showers]].<ref>{{cite news |title=What's the difference between 'rain' and 'showers'? |date=December 26, 2015 |author=Scott Sistek
|publisher=[[KOMO-TV]]
|url=http://komonews.com/weather/faq/whats-the-difference-between-rain-and-showers |access-date=January 18, 2016}}</ref>
[[File:ERA5 global precipitation sum.png|thumb|402x402px|30-year (1991–2020) mean annual total precipitation based on ERA5 reanalysis data.]]
[[Moisture]] that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed by the low temperature into clouds and rain. This process is typically active when freezing rain occurs. A [[stationary front]] is often present near the area of freezing rain and serves as the focus for forcing moist air to rise. Provided there is necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely [[Nimbostratus cloud|nimbostratus]] and [[cumulonimbus]] if significant precipitation is involved. Eventually, the cloud droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops and descend toward the Earth where they will freeze on contact with exposed objects. Where relatively warm water bodies are present, for example due to water evaporation from lakes, [[lake-effect snow]]fall becomes a concern downwind of the warm lakes within the cold [[cyclone|cyclonic]] flow around the backside of [[extratropical cyclone]]s. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy. [[Thundersnow]] is possible within a cyclone's [[Extratropical cyclone#Surface pressure and wind distribution|comma head]] and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within [[windward]] sides of the terrain at elevation. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. Most precipitation occurs within the tropics and is caused by [[convection]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adler |first1=Robert F. |display-authors=etal |date=December 2003 |title=The Version-2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Monthly Precipitation Analysis (1979–Present) |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1147–1167 |bibcode=2003JHyMe...4.1147A |citeseerx=10.1.1.1018.6263 |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=16201075}}</ref>

Precipitation is a major component of the [[water cycle]], and is responsible for depositing most of the [[fresh water]] on the planet. Approximately {{convert|505000|km3|mi3}} of water falls as precipitation each year: {{convert|398000|km3|mi3}} over oceans and {{convert|107000|km3|mi3}} over land.<ref name="chow">{{cite web|author=Chowdhury's Guide to Planet Earth|year=2005|url=http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.html|title=The Water Cycle|publisher=WestEd|access-date=2006-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226143942/http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.html|archive-date=2011-12-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is {{convert|990|mm|in}}, but over land it is only {{convert|715|mm|in}}. Climate classification systems such as the [[Köppen climate classification]] system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. [[Climate change|Global warming]] is already causing changes to weather, increasing precipitation in some geographies, and reducing it in others, resulting in additional [[extreme weather]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Seneviratne|first1=Sonia I.|title=IPCC AR6 WG1|last2=Zhang|first2=Xuebin|last3=Adnan|first3=M.|last4=Badi|first4=W.|last5=Dereczynski|first5=Claudine|last6=Di Luca|first6=Alejandro|last7=Ghosh|first7=S.|year=2021|chapter=Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11|2021}}|display-authors=4|chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_11.pdf}}</ref>

Precipitation may occur on other celestial bodies. Saturn's largest [[Moons of Saturn|satellite]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], hosts [[methane]] precipitation as a slow-falling [[drizzle]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graves|first1=S. D. B.|last2=McKay|first2=C. P.|last3=Griffith|first3=C. A.|last4=Ferri|first4=F.|last5=Fulchignoni|first5=M.|date=2008-03-01|title=Rain and hail can reach the surface of Titan|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063307003182|journal=Planetary and Space Science|language=en|volume=56|issue=3|pages=346–357|doi=10.1016/j.pss.2007.11.001|bibcode=2008P&SS...56..346G|issn=0032-0633|url-access=subscription}}</ref> which has been observed as [[Puddle|rain puddles]] at its equator<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cassini Sees Seasonal Rains Transform Titan's Surface|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/12468/cassini-sees-seasonal-rains-transform-titans-surface|access-date=2020-12-15|website=NASA Solar System Exploration}}</ref> and polar regions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Changes in Titan's Lakes|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/14401/changes-in-titans-lakes|access-date=2020-12-15|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|date=29 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-18|title=Cassini Saw Rain Falling at Titan's North Pole|url=https://www.universetoday.com/141271/cassini-saw-rain-falling-at-titans-north-pole/|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Universe Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Types==
{{Main|Precipitation types}}

[[File:FoggDam-NT.jpg|thumb|A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation]]Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, [[Stratus cloud|stratiform]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=A convective/stratiform precipitation classification algorithm for volume scanning weather radar observations|author=Emmanouil N. Anagnostou|journal=[[Meteorological Applications]]|year=2004|volume=11|pages=291–300|doi=10.1017/S1350482704001409|issue=4|bibcode = 2004MeApp..11..291A |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[orographic lift|orographic]] rainfall.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia|author1=A.J. Dore |author2=M. Mousavi-Baygi |author3=R.I. Smith |author4=J. Hall |author5=D. Fowler |author6=T.W. Choularton |journal=Atmospheric Environment|volume=40|date=June 2006|pages=3316–3326|doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.043|issue=18|bibcode = 2006AtmEn..40.3316D }}</ref> Convective processes involve strong vertical motions that can cause the overturning of the atmosphere in that location within an hour and cause heavy precipitation,<ref name="convection"/> while stratiform processes involve weaker upward motions and less intense precipitation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DKWGZwBBEYC&pg=PA348|title=Cloud Dynamics| author=Robert A. Houze Jr. |publisher=Academic Press|date=1994|isbn=978-0-08-050210-6 |page=348}}</ref> Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice. Mixtures of different types of precipitation, including types in different categories, can fall simultaneously. Liquid forms of precipitation include rain and drizzle. Rain or drizzle that freezes on contact within a subfreezing [[air mass]] is called "freezing rain" or "freezing drizzle". Frozen forms of precipitation include snow, [[diamond dust|ice needles]], [[ice pellet]]s, [[hail]], and [[graupel]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jan Jackson|year=2008|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/rnk/Newsletter/Fall_2008/mixed_precip/Mixed_precip.html|title=All About Mixed Winter Precipitation|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|access-date=2009-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025064553/http://www.erh.noaa.gov/rnk/Newsletter/Fall_2008/mixed_precip/Mixed_precip.html|archive-date=October 25, 2015}}</ref>

=== Measurement ===
;Liquid precipitation: Rainfall (including drizzle and rain) is usually measured using a [[rain gauge]] and expressed in [[Unit of measurement|units]] of [[millimeter]]s (mm) of [[height]] or [[Depth (coordinate)|depth]]. Equivalently, it can be expressed as a [[physical quantity]] with [[Dimension (physics)|dimension]] of volume of water per collection area, in units of [[liter]]s per [[square meter]] (L/m2); as 1L = 1dm3 = 1mm·m2, the units of area (m2) [[Fraction#Simplification|cancel out]], resulting in simply "mm". This also corresponds to an [[area density]] expressed in kg/m2, if assuming that 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 [[Kilogram|kg]] ([[water density]]), which is acceptable for most practical purposes. The corresponding English unit used is usually [[inch]]es. In Australia before metrication, rainfall was also measured in "points", each of which was defined as one-hundredth of an inch.<ref>{{cite web|author=Margery Daw|year=1933|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/23930918|title=A Page For Our Young Folk|publisher=Weekly Times, Melbourne|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref>

;Solid precipitation: A [[snow gauge]] is usually used to measure the amount of solid precipitation. Snowfall is usually measured in centimeters by letting snow fall into a container and then measure the height. The snow can then optionally be melted to obtain a [[Snow water equivalent|water equivalent]] measurement in millimeters like for liquid precipitation. The relationship between snow height and water equivalent depends on the water content of the snow; the water equivalent can thus only provide a rough estimate of snow depth. Other forms of solid precipitation, such as snow pellets and hail or even rain and snow mixed ("sleet" in Commonwealth usage), can also be melted and measured as their respective water equivalents, usually expressed in millimeters as for liquid precipitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cloud development |url=https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/clouds/cloud_development/clouds.htm |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=National Weather Service }}</ref>

==Air becomes saturated==

===Cooling air to its dew point===
[[File:Regnbyge.jpg|thumb|Late-summer rainstorm in Denmark]]
[[File:Lenticular Cloud in Wyoming 0034b.jpg|thumb|Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming]]
The [[dew point]] is the temperature to which a parcel of air must be cooled in order to become saturated, and (unless super-saturation occurs) condenses to water.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=dewpoint1|title=Dewpoint|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2011-01-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110705162052/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=dewpoint1|archive-date=2011-07-05}}</ref> Water vapor normally begins to condense on [[Cloud condensation nuclei|condensation nuclei]] such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds. The cloud condensation nuclei concentration will determine the cloud microphysics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Khain|first1=A. P.|last2=BenMoshe|first2=N.|last3=Pokrovsky|first3=A.|date=2008-06-01|title=Factors Determining the Impact of Aerosols on Surface Precipitation from Clouds: An Attempt at Classification|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|volume=65|issue=6|pages=1721–1748|doi=10.1175/2007jas2515.1|bibcode=2008JAtS...65.1721K|s2cid=53991050 |issn=1520-0469|doi-access=free}}</ref> An elevated portion of a frontal zone forces broad areas of lift, which form cloud decks such as [[altostratus]] or [[cirrostratus]]. [[Stratus cloud|Stratus]] is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of [[Fog#Types|advection fog]] during breezy conditions.<ref>{{cite web|author=FMI|year=2007|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/docu/Manual/SatManu/main.htm?/docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/FgStr/backgr.htm|title=Fog And Stratus - Meteorological Physical Background|publisher=Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>

There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, [[Radiative cooling|radiational cooling]], and evaporative cooling. [[Adiabatic lapse rate#Dry adiabatic lapse rate|Adiabatic cooling]] occurs when air rises and expands.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1|title=Adiabatic Process|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017213229/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=adiabatic-process1|archive-date=2007-10-17}}</ref> The air can rise due to [[convection]], large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain ([[orographic lift]]). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface,<ref>{{cite web|author=TE Technology, Inc|year=2009|url=http://www.tetech.com/Cold-Plate-Coolers.html|title=Peltier Cold Plate|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref> usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of [[Thermal radiation|infrared radiation]], either by the air or by the surface underneath.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search|title=Radiational cooling|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512161339/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=radiational+cooling&submit=Search|archive-date=2011-05-12}}</ref> Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its [[wet-bulb temperature]], or until it reaches saturation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Fovell|year=2004|url=http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf|title=Approaches to saturation|publisher=[[UCLA|University of California in Los Angeles]]|access-date=2009-02-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074155/http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/AS3downloads/saturation.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-25}}</ref>

===Adding moisture to the air===
The main ways water vapor is added to the air are: wind convergence into areas of upward motion,<ref name="convection">{{cite book|author=Robert Penrose Pearce|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QECy_UBdyrcC&q=ways+to+moisten+the+atmosphere&pg=PA66|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|publisher=Academic Press|page=66|isbn=978-0-12-548035-2}}</ref> precipitation or virga falling from above,<ref>{{cite web|author=[[National Weather Service]] Office, Spokane, Washington|year=2009|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/otx/outreach/ttalk/virga.php|title=Virga and Dry Thunderstorms|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies or wet land,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Bart van den Hurk |author2=Eleanor Blyth |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |url=http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf |title=Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling |publisher=KNMI |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225074154/http://www.knmi.nl/~hurkvd/Loco_workshop/Workshop_report.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-25 }}</ref> transpiration from plants,<ref>{{cite book|author1=H. Edward Reiley |author2=Carroll L. Shry |year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZvsnsLIkNsC&pg=PA40|title=Introductory horticulture|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=40|isbn=978-0-7668-1567-4}}</ref> cool or dry air moving over warmer water,<ref>{{cite web|author=[[National Weather Service]] JetStream|year=2008|url=http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm|title=Air Masses|access-date=2009-01-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224062959/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm|archive-date=2008-12-24}}</ref> and lifting air over mountains.<ref name="MT">{{cite web|author= Michael Pidwirny|year=2008|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html|title=CHAPTER 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere (e). Cloud Formation Processes|publisher=Physical Geography|access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref>

==Forms of precipitation==
{{Main|Water cycle}}

[[File:Water cycle.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Condensation and coalescence are important parts of the [[water cycle]].]]

===Raindrops===
[[File:Here comes rain again.jpg|thumb|Puddle in the rain]]
[[Coalescence (meteorology)|Coalescence]] occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets, or when water droplets freeze onto an ice crystal, which is known as the [[Bergeron process]]. The fall rate of very small droplets is negligible, hence clouds do not fall out of the sky; precipitation will only occur when these coalesce into larger drops. droplets with different size will have different terminal velocity that cause droplets collision and producing larger droplets, Turbulence will enhance the collision process.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Benmoshe|first1=N.|last2=Pinsky|first2=M.|last3=Pokrovsky|first3=A.|last4=Khain|first4=A.|date=2012-03-27|title=Turbulent effects on the microphysics and initiation of warm rain in deep convective clouds: 2-D simulations by a spectral mixed-phase microphysics cloud model|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=117|issue=D6|article-number=2011JD016603 |pages=n/a|doi=10.1029/2011jd016603|bibcode=2012JGRD..117.6220B|issn=0148-0227|doi-access=}}</ref> As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Sirvatka|year=2003|url=http://weather.cod.edu/sirvatka/bergeron.html|title=Cloud Physics: Collision/Coalescence; The Bergeron Process|publisher=[[College of DuPage]]|access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref>

Raindrops have sizes ranging from {{convert|5.1|to|20|mm|in}} mean diameter, above which they tend to break up. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical. As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more [[Spheroid#Oblate spheroids|oblate]], with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow. Contrary to the cartoon pictures of raindrops, their shape does not resemble a teardrop.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States Geological Survey|date=Mar 9, 2012 |url=https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/raindropshape.html|title=Are raindrops tear shaped?|publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior]]|access-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618130034/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/raindropshape.html|archive-date=2012-06-18|author-link=United States Geological Survey}}</ref> Intensity and duration of rainfall are usually inversely related, i.e., high intensity storms are likely to be of short duration and low intensity storms can have a long duration.<ref name="JS">{{cite web|first1=J. S. |last1=Oguntoyinbo |first2=F. O. |last2=Akintola|year=1983|url=http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0063.pdf|title=Rainstorm characteristics affecting water availability for agriculture|publisher=IAHS Publication Number 140|access-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200119/http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0063.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-05}}</ref><ref name="houze">{{cite journal|author=Robert A. Houze Jr|year=1997|title=Stratiform Precipitation in Regions of Convection: A Meteorological Paradox?|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|volume=78|pages=2179–2196|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2179:SPIROC>2.0.CO;2|issue=10|bibcode = 1997BAMS...78.2179H |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rain drops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other rain drops.<ref>{{cite web|author=Norman W. Junker|year=2008|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/mcs_web_test_test_files/Page882.htm|title=An ingredients based methodology for forecasting precipitation associated with MCS's|publisher=[[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]]|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> The METAR code for rain is RA, while the coding for rain showers is SHRA.<ref name="METAR"/>

===Ice pellets===
{{Main|Ice pellets}}

[[File:Sleet on the ground.jpg|thumb|An accumulation of ice pellets]]
[[Ice pellets]] ("sleet" in US usage) are a form of precipitation consisting of small, translucent balls of ice. Ice pellets are usually (but not always) smaller than hailstones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?word=hail|title= Hail (glossary entry)|publisher= [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s [[National Weather Service]]|access-date=2007-03-20}}</ref> They often bounce when they hit the ground, and generally do not freeze into a solid mass unless mixed with [[freezing rain]]. The [[METAR]] code for ice pellets is '''PL'''.<ref name="METAR"/>

Ice pellets form when a layer of above-freezing air exists with sub-freezing air both above and below. This causes the partial or complete melting of any snowflakes falling through the warm layer. As they fall back into the sub-freezing layer closer to the surface, they re-freeze into ice pellets. However, if the sub-freezing layer beneath the warm layer is too small, the precipitation will not have time to re-freeze, and freezing rain will be the result at the surface. A temperature profile showing a warm layer above the ground is most likely to be found in advance of a [[warm front]] during the cold season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Weatherquestions.com|url=http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_ice_pellets.htm|title=What causes ice pellets (sleet)?|access-date=2007-12-08}}</ref>

===Hail===
{{Main|Hail}}

[[File:Granizo.jpg|right|thumb|A large hailstone, about {{convert|6|cm|1}} in diameter]]

Like other precipitation, hail forms in storm clouds when [[supercooled]] water droplets freeze on contact with [[condensation nuclei]], such as dust or dirt. The storm's [[updraft]] blows the hailstones to the upper part of the cloud. The updraft dissipates and the hailstones fall down, back into the updraft, and are lifted again. Hail has a diameter of {{convert|5|mm|in}} or more.<ref name="gloss">{{cite web|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=hail1|title=Hail|year=2009|access-date=2009-07-15|author=Glossary of Meteorology|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725142407/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=hail1|archive-date=2010-07-25}}</ref> Within METAR code, GR is used to indicate larger hail, of a diameter of at least {{convert|6.4|mm|in}}. GR is derived from the French word grêle. Smaller-sized hail, as well as snow pellets, use the coding of GS, which is short for the French word grésil.<ref name="METAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.alaska.faa.gov/fai/afss/metar+taf/sametara.htm |title=SA-METAR |author=Alaska Air Flight Service Station |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] via the Internet Wayback Machine |access-date=2009-08-29 |date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501074014/http://www.alaska.faa.gov/fai/afss/metar%20taf/sametara.htm |archive-date=2008-05-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Stones just larger than golf ball-sized are one of the most frequently reported hail sizes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/jewell/hailslsc.pdf|title=P9.5 Evaluation of an Alberta Hail Growth Model Using Severe Hail Proximity Soundings in the United States|author1=Ryan Jewell |author2=Julian Brimelow |name-list-style=amp |date=2004-08-17|access-date=2009-07-15}}</ref> Hailstones can grow to {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} and weigh more than {{convert|500|g|lb|0}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/nssl0001.htm|title=Aggregate hailstone|author=National Severe Storms Laboratory|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2007-04-23|access-date=2009-07-15}}</ref> In large hailstones, [[latent heat]] released by further freezing may melt the outer shell of the hailstone. The hailstone then may undergo 'wet growth', where the liquid outer shell collects other smaller hailstones.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Modeling Maximum Hail Size in Alberta Thunderstorms|journal=Weather and Forecasting|author1=Julian C. Brimelow |author2=Gerhard W. Reuter |author3=Eugene R. Poolman |name-list-style=amp |date=October 2002|pages=1048–1062|volume=17|issue=5|doi=10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1048:MMHSIA>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2002WtFor..17.1048B|doi-access=free}}</ref> The hailstone gains an ice layer and grows increasingly larger with each ascent. Once a hailstone becomes too heavy to be supported by the storm's updraft, it falls from the cloud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/Hail.html|title=Hail Fact Sheet|date=2000-04-10|author=Jacque Marshall|access-date=2009-07-15|publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015141754/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/Hail.html|archive-date=2009-10-15}}</ref>

===Snowflakes===
{{Main|Snowflake}}

[[File:Snowflake - Microphotograph by artgeek.jpg|thumb|upright|Snowflake viewed in an optical microscope]]
Snow crystals form when tiny [[supercool]]ed cloud droplets (about 10 μm in diameter) freeze. Once a droplet has frozen, it grows in the [[supersaturation|supersaturated]] environment. Because water droplets are more numerous than the ice crystals the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers in size at the expense of the water droplets. This process is known as the [[Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process]]. The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the droplets to evaporate, meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets' expense. These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation, since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass, and may collide and stick together in clusters, or aggregates. These aggregates are snowflakes, and are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground.<ref name="natgeojan07">{{cite journal | author=M. Klesius| title=The Mystery of Snowflakes| journal=National Geographic| volume=211| issue=1| year=2007| issn=0027-9358|page=20}}</ref> Guinness World Records list the world's largest snowflakes as those of January 1887 at [[Fort Keogh]], Montana; allegedly one measured {{convert|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/science/20snow.html |title=Giant Snowflakes as Big as Frisbees? Could Be |work= New York Times |author=William J. Broad| date=2007-03-20|access-date=2009-07-12}}</ref>

Although the ice is clear, scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows/imperfections mean that the crystals often appear white in color due to [[diffuse reflection]] of the whole spectrum of light by the small ice particles.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T-aXFsMhAgC&pg=PA39|title=Hands-on Science: Light, Physical Science (matter) - Chapter 5: The Colors of Light|page=39|author=Jennifer E. Lawson|isbn=978-1-894110-63-1|year=2001|access-date=2009-06-28|publisher=Portage & Main Press}}</ref> The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed.<ref name="natgeojan07"/> Rarely, at a temperature of around {{convert|-2|C|F|0}}, snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry—triangular snowflakes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/class/class.htm|title=Guide to Snowflakes |author=Kenneth G. Libbrecht |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]] |access-date=2009-06-28 |date=2006-09-11}}</ref> The most common snow particles are visibly irregular, although near-perfect snowflakes may be more common in pictures because they are more visually appealing. No two snowflakes are alike,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070213-snowflake.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215095514/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070213-snowflake.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 15, 2007 |title="No Two Snowflakes the Same" Likely True, Research Reveals |author=John Roach |date=2007-02-13 |access-date=2009-07-14 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]}}</ref> as they grow at different rates and in different patterns depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere through which they fall on their way to the ground.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/winter04-05/Snowflake.pdf |title=Snowflake Science |author=Kenneth Libbrecht |journal=American Educator |date=Winter 2004–2005 |access-date=2009-07-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128094655/http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/winter04-05/Snowflake.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-28}}</ref> The METAR code for snow is SN, while snow showers are coded SHSN.<ref name="METAR"/>

===Diamond dust===
{{Main|Diamond dust}}

Diamond dust, also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching {{convert|-40|C}} due to air with slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder, surface-based air.<ref name="glossdia">{{cite web |url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=diamond+dust&submit=Search |author=Glossary of Meteorology |date=June 2000 |title=Diamond Dust |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |access-date=2010-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403084329/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=diamond+dust&submit=Search |archive-date=2009-04-03}}</ref> They are made of simple ice crystals, hexagonal in shape.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=California Institute of Technology |url=http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/Libbrecht%20Feature.pdf |page=12 |year=2001 |author=Kenneth G. Libbrecht |title=Morphogenesis on Ice: The Physics of Snow Crystals |journal=Engineering & Science |access-date=2010-01-21 |issue=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625192032/http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/Libbrecht%20Feature.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-25}}</ref> The METAR identifier for diamond dust within international hourly weather reports is IC.<ref name="METAR"/>

===Occult deposition===
Occult deposition occurs when mist or air that is highly saturated with water vapour interacts with the leaves of trees or shrubs it passes over.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016819238990097X|title=Wet, occult and dry deposition of pollutants on forests|access-date=26 March 2021|date=September 1989|journal=Agricultural and Forest Meteorology|pages=221–238|first1=M H|last1=Unsworth|first2=J C|last2=Wilshaw|volume=47|issue=2–4|doi=10.1016/0168-1923(89)90097-X|bibcode=1989AgFM...47..221U|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Causes==

===Frontal activity===
{{Main|Weather fronts}}

Stratiform or dynamic precipitation occurs as a consequence of slow ascent of air in [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic systems]] (on the order of cm/s), such as over surface [[cold front]]s, and over and ahead of [[warm front]]s. Similar ascent is seen around [[tropical cyclone]]s outside of the [[eye (cyclone)|eyewall]], and in comma-head precipitation patterns around [[mid-latitude cyclone]]s.<ref name="Geerts">{{cite web |author=B. Geerts |year=2002 |url=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/con_str.html |title=Convective and stratiform rainfall in the tropics |publisher=[[University of Wyoming]] |access-date=2007-11-27 |archive-date=2007-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219010038/http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/con_str.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Occluded fronts usually form around mature low-pressure areas.<ref name="DR">{{cite web |author=David Roth |title=Unified Surface Analysis Manual |year=2006 |access-date=2006-10-22 |publisher=[[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]] |url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/sfc/UASfcManualVersion1.pdf}}</ref> Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies other than Earth. When it gets cold, [[Mars]] has precipitation that most likely takes the form of ice needles, rather than rain or snow.<ref name="mars">{{cite web|author= Jim Lochner|date=April 3, 1998 |url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980403c.html|title=Ask an Astrophysicist - Precipitation on Mars |publisher=NASA [[Goddard Space Flight Center]]|access-date=2009-01-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118050601/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980403c.html |archive-date= 2009-01-18 }}</ref>

===Convection===
[[File:Konvektionsregen.jpg|thumb|Convective precipitation]]
[[Convection rain|Convective rain]], or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds, e.g. [[cumulonimbus]] or [[cumulus congestus]]. It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation in the [[tropics]] appears to be convective; however, it has been suggested that stratiform precipitation also occurs.<ref name="houze"/><ref name="Geerts" /> Graupel and hail indicate convection.<ref>{{cite web |author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=graupel&submit=Search |title=Graupel |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]] |access-date=2009-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308123814/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=graupel&submit=Search |archive-date=2008-03-08}}</ref> In mid-latitudes, convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as [[cold front]]s, [[squall line]]s, and warm fronts.<ref>{{cite book |author=Toby N. Carlson |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lIVAAAAIAAJ&q=where+convection+occurs+in+the+mid-latitudes&pg=PA216 |title=Mid-latitude Weather Systems |publisher=Routledge |page=216 |isbn=978-0-04-551115-0 |access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>

===Orographic effects===
{{See also|Orographic lift|Precipitation types}}
[[File:Steigungsregen.jpg|thumb|Orographic precipitation]]
Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward (upwind) side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in [[Adiabatic lapse rate|adiabatic]] cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example, the [[trade wind]]s), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see [[katabatic wind]]) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a [[rain shadow]] is observed.<ref name="MT"/>

In [[Hawaii]], [[Mount Waiʻaleʻale]], on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall, as it has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, with {{convert|460|in|mm|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite news |author=Diana Leone |year=2002 |url=http://starbulletin.com/2002/05/27/news/story3.html |title=Rain supreme |newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin |access-date=2008-03-19 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810214656/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/05/27/news/story3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Storm systems affect the state with heavy rains between October and March. Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (''Ko{{okina}}olau'') and leeward (''Kona'') regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the east to northeast [[trade winds]] and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover.<ref>{{cite web |author=Western Regional Climate Center |year=2002 |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/HAWAII.htm |title=Climate of Hawaii |access-date=2008-03-19 |archive-date=2008-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314190922/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/HAWAII.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In South America, the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina.<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul E. Lydolph |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBjIuXHEgZ4C&q=effect+of+Andes+on+rainfall+in+Chile&pg=PA333 |title=The Climate of the Earth |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=333 |isbn=978-0-86598-119-5 |access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> The [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] range creates the same effect in North America forming the [[Great Basin]] and [[Mojave Desert]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael A. Mares |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&q=sierra+nevada+leads+to+great+basin+desert&pg=PA252 |title=Encyclopedia of Deserts |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |page=252 |isbn=978-0-8061-3146-7 |access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Adam Ganson |year=2003 |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~sierra/papers/2003/Ganson.html |title=Geology of Death Valley |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>

===Snow===
{{main|Snow}}

[[File:Snow Clouds in Korea.jpg|thumb|Lake-effect snow bands near the Korean Peninsula in early December 2008]]
[[Extratropical cyclone]]s can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding {{convert|119|km/h|mph|abbr=on}},<ref name="MarinersWeatherLog">{{cite journal |journal=Mariners Weather Log| volume=49 |author1=Joan Von Ahn |author2=Joe Sienkiewicz |author3=Greggory McFadden |title=Hurricane Force Extratropical Cyclones Observed Using QuikSCAT Near Real Time Winds |publisher=Voluntary Observing Ship Program |date=April 2005 |url=http://www.vos.noaa.gov/MWL/april_05/cyclones.shtml |access-date=2009-07-07 |issue=1}}</ref> (sometimes referred to as [[European windstorm|windstorms]] in Europe). The band of precipitation that is associated with their [[warm front]] is often extensive, forced by weak upward vertical motion of air over the frontal boundary which condenses as it cools and produces precipitation within an elongated band,<ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD thesis |author=Owen Hertzman |year=1988 |bibcode=1988PhDT.......110H |title=Three-Dimensional Kinematics of Rainbands in Midlatitude Cyclones |publisher=[[University of Washington]]}}</ref> which is wide and [[Precipitation types (meteorology)#Stratiform|stratiform]], meaning falling out of [[nimbostratus]] clouds.<ref>{{cite book |author=Yuh-Lang Lin |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KXtnQ3bDeEC&pg=PA405 |page=405 |title=Mesoscale Dynamics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80875-0 |access-date=2009-07-07}}</ref>

Southwest of extratropical cyclones, curved cyclonic flow bringing cold air across the relatively warm water bodies can lead to narrow [[lake-effect snow]] bands. Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.<ref>{{cite news |author=B. Geerts |year=1998 |url=http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/lake_effect_snow.html |title=Lake Effect Snow |access-date=2008-12-24 |publisher=University of Wyoming |archive-date=2019-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902151646/http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap10/lake_effect_snow.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers. The temperature decrease with height and cloud depth are directly affected by both the water temperature and the large-scale environment. The stronger the temperature decrease with height, the deeper the clouds get, and the greater the precipitation rate becomes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/smfaculty/byrd/sld010.htm |publisher=[[University Corporation for Atmospheric Research]] |title=Lake Effect Snow |date=1998-06-03 |access-date=2009-07-12 |author=Greg Byrd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617013142/http://www.comet.ucar.edu/class/smfaculty/byrd/sld010.htm |archive-date=2009-06-17}}</ref>

In mountainous areas, heavy snowfall accumulates when air is forced to ascend the mountains and squeeze out precipitation along their windward slopes, which in cold conditions, falls in the form of snow. Because of the ruggedness of terrain, forecasting the location of heavy snowfall remains a significant challenge.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.avalanche.org/~nac/NAC/techPages/articles/96_MRD.pdf |title=Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Associated With Heavy Snowfall Events, Bridger Bowl, Montana, USA |author1=Karl W. Birkeland |author2=Cary J. Mock |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |pages=281–286 |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=16 |doi=10.2307/3673951 |issue=3 |jstor=3673951 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115182320/http://www.avalanche.org/~nac/NAC/techPages/articles/96_MRD.pdf |archive-date=2009-01-15}}</ref>

===Within the tropics===
{{main|Wet season}}

{{See also|Monsoon|Tropical cyclone}}
[[File:Cairns climate.svg|thumb|Rainfall distribution by month in [[Cairns]] showing the extent of the wet season at that location]]
The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|year=2009|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1|title=Rainy season|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2008-12-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215203023/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1|archive-date=2009-02-15}}</ref> The term ''green season'' is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities.<ref>{{cite web|author=Costa Rica Guide|year=2005|url=http://costa-rica-guide.com/when.htm|title=When to Travel to Costa Rica|publisher=ToucanGuides|access-date=2008-12-27|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315161628/http://costa-rica-guide.com/when.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Pidwirny|year=2008|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9k.html|title=CHAPTER 9: Introduction to the Biosphere|publisher=PhysicalGeography.net|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref> [[Savanna]] climates and areas with [[monsoon]] regimes have wet summers and dry winters. Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year.<ref name="Hyde">{{cite web|author=Elisabeth M. Benders-Hyde|year=2003|url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/climate.htm|title=World Climates|publisher=Blue Planet Biomes|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref> Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season when the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] or [[monsoon trough]] move poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season.<ref name="JS"/> When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or summer, rain falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season is a time when air quality improves,<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Mei Zheng|year=2000|url=http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI9989458/|title=The sources and characteristics of atmospheric particulates during the wet and dry seasons in Hong Kong|type=PhD dissertation|pages=1–378|publisher=[[University of Rhode Island]]|bibcode=2000PhDT........13Z|access-date=2008-12-27|id={{ProQuest|304619312}}|archive-date=2012-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108152544/http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI9989458/|url-status=dead}}</ref> freshwater quality improves,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=S. I. Efe |author2=F. E. Ogban |author3=M. J. Horsfall |author4=E. E. Akporhonor |year=2005|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6445/1/ja05036.pdf|title=Seasonal Variations of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Nigeria|journal=Journal of Applied Scientific Environmental Management|access-date=2008-12-27|issn=1119-8362|volume=9|pages=191–195|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=C. D. Haynes |author2=M. G. Ridpath |author3=M. A. J. Williams |year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhvtSmJYuN4C&q=wet+season+characteristics&pg=PA91|title=Monsoonal Australia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=90|isbn=978-90-6191-638-3|access-date=2008-12-27}}</ref> and vegetation grows significantly. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases.<ref name="JS"/> Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest, which occurs late in the wet season.<ref name="Marti J. Van Liere, Eric-Alain D. Ategbo, Jan Hoorweg, Adel P. Den Hartog, and Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast 1994 479–488">{{cite journal|first1=Marti J. |last1=Van Liere|first2=Eric-Alain D. |last2=Ategbo|first3=Jan |last3=Hoorweg|first4=Adel P. |last4=Den Hartog|first5=Joseph G. A. J. |last5=Hautvast|title=The significance of socio-economic characteristics for adult seasonal body-weight fluctuations: a study in north-western Benin|journal=British Journal of Nutrition|year=1994|volume=72|pages=479–488|doi=10.1079/BJN19940049|pmid=7947661|issue=3|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tropical cyclones, a source of very heavy rainfall, consist of large air masses several hundred miles across with low pressure at the centre and with winds blowing inward towards the centre in either a clockwise direction (southern hemisphere) or counterclockwise (northern hemisphere).<ref>{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|year=2007|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/D3.html|title=Subject: D3 - Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counter-clockwise (clockwise) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|access-date=2009-01-02|author-link=Chris Landsea}}</ref> Although [[cyclone]]s can take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions.<ref name="2005 EPac outlook">{{cite web|author=Climate Prediction Center|year=2005|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Epac_hurricane.html|title=2005 Tropical Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Outlook|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=2006-05-02|author-link=Climate Prediction Center}}</ref> Areas in their path can receive a year's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jack Williams |date=2005-05-17 |title=Background: California's tropical storms |url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/whhcalif.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211015343/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/whhcalif.htm |archive-date=2015-12-11 |access-date=2009-02-07 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>

===Large-scale geographical distribution===
{{See also|Earth rainfall climatology}}
On the large scale, the highest precipitation amounts outside topography fall in the tropics, closely tied to the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], itself the ascending branch of the [[Hadley cell]]. Mountainous locales near the equator in Colombia are amongst the wettest places on Earth.<ref name="NCDCxrain">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html|title=Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation|author=National Climatic Data Center|date=2005-08-09|access-date=2007-01-18|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|author-link=National Climatic Data Center|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> North and south of this are regions of descending air that form [[subtropical ridge]]s where precipitation is low;<ref>Owen E. Thompson (1996). [http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~owen/CHPI/IMAGES/circs02.html Hadley Circulation Cell.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305122318/http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~owen/CHPI/IMAGES/circs02.html |date=2009-03-05 }} Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.</ref> the land surface underneath these ridges is usually arid, and these regions make up most of the Earth's deserts.<ref>ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). [http://library.thinkquest.org/26634/desert/formation.htm The Formation of Deserts.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017193948/http://library.thinkquest.org/26634/desert/formation.htm |date=2012-10-17 }} Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 2009-02-16.</ref> An exception to this rule is in Hawaii, where upslope flow due to the [[trade wind]]s lead to one of the wettest locations on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title = USGS 220427159300201 1047.0 Mt. Waialeale Rain Gage nr Lihue, Kauai, HI |url = https://waterdata.usgs.gov/hi/nwis/uv?site_no=220427159300201&PARAmeter_cd=00045 |publisher = USGS Real-time rainfall data at Waiʻaleʻale Raingauge |access-date = 2008-12-11}}</ref>

==Measurement==
{{See also|Rain gauge|Disdrometer|Snow gauge}}
[[File:250mm Rain Gauge.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Standard rain gauge]]
The standard way of measuring rainfall or snowfall is the standard rain gauge, which can be found in {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} plastic and {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} metal varieties.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[National Weather Service]] Office, Northern Indiana |year=2009 |title=8 Inch Non-Recording Standard Rain Gauge |url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/iwx/program_areas/coop/8inch.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101134828/http://www.weather.gov/iwx |archive-date=2016-01-01 |access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref> The inner cylinder is filled by {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} of rain, with overflow flowing into the outer cylinder. Plastic gauges have markings on the inner cylinder down to {{convert|1/4|mm|in|abbr=on}} resolution, while metal gauges require use of a stick designed with the appropriate {{convert|1/4|mm|in|abbr=on}} markings. After the inner cylinder is filled, the amount inside is discarded, then filled with the remaining rainfall in the outer cylinder until all the fluid in the outer cylinder is gone, adding to the overall total until the outer cylinder is empty. These gauges are used in the winter by removing the funnel and inner cylinder and allowing snow and freezing rain to collect inside the outer cylinder. Some add anti-freeze to their gauge so they do not have to melt the snow or ice that falls into the gauge.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chris Lehmann|year=2009|url=http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/CAL/2000_reminders-4thQ.htm|title=10/00|publisher=Central Analytical Laboratory|access-date=2009-01-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615115408/http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/cal/2000_reminders-4thQ.htm|archive-date=2010-06-15}}</ref> Once the snowfall/ice is finished accumulating, or as {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} is approached, one can either bring it inside to melt, or use lukewarm water to fill the inner cylinder with in order to melt the frozen precipitation in the outer cylinder, keeping track of the warm fluid added, which is subsequently subtracted from the overall total once all the ice/snow is melted.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[National Weather Service]] Office [[Binghamton, New York]]|year=2009|url=http://www.erh.noaa.gov/bgm/spotters_skywarn/precip4.shtml|title=Rainguage Information|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref>

When a precipitation measurement is made, various networks exist across the United States and elsewhere where rainfall measurements can be submitted through the Internet, such as [[Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow network|CoCoRAHS]] or [[GLOBE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cocorahs.org |title=Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network Main Page|publisher=Colorado Climate Center|year=2009|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment Program|url=http://www.globe.gov/fsl/welcome/welcomeobject.pl|author=The Globe Program|year=2009|access-date=2009-01-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819010615/http://www.globe.gov/fsl/welcome/welcomeobject.pl|archive-date=2006-08-19}}</ref> If a network is not available in the area where one lives, the nearest local weather office will likely be interested in the measurement.<ref>{{cite web|author=National Weather Service|year=2009|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov|title=NOAA's National Weather Service Main Page|access-date=2009-01-01|author-link=National Weather Service}}</ref>

===Hydrometeor definition===
A concept used in precipitation measurement is the hydrometeor. Any particulates of liquid or solid water in the atmosphere are known as hydrometeors. Formations due to condensation, such as clouds, [[haze]], fog, and mist, are composed of hydrometeors. All precipitation types are made up of hydrometeors by definition, including [[virga]], which is precipitation which evaporates before reaching the ground. Particles blown from the Earth's surface by wind, such as blowing snow and blowing sea spray, are also [[Hydrometeorology|hydrometeors]], as are [[hail]] and [[snow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hydrometeor|author=Glossary of Meteorology|title=Hydrometeor|year=2009|access-date=2009-07-16|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref>

===Satellite estimates===
Although surface precipitation gauges are considered the standard for measuring precipitation, there are many areas in which their use is not feasible. This includes the vast expanses of ocean and remote land areas. In other cases, social, technical or administrative issues prevent the dissemination of gauge observations. As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.<ref>{{cite web|author=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|year=2012|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GPM/news/overview.html#.Ut3LEnn0CqQ|title=NASA and JAXA's GPM Mission Takes Rain Measurements Global|access-date=2014-01-21|author-link=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|archive-date=2023-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527224205/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GPM/news/overview.html#.Ut3LEnn0CqQ|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Satellite sensors now in practical use for precipitation fall into two categories. Thermal [[infrared]] (IR) sensors record a channel around 11 micron wavelength and primarily give information about cloud tops. Due to the typical structure of the atmosphere, cloud-top temperatures are approximately inversely related to cloud-top heights, meaning colder clouds almost always occur at higher altitudes. Further, cloud tops with a lot of small-scale variation are likely to be more vigorous than smooth-topped clouds. Various mathematical schemes, or algorithms, use these and other properties to estimate precipitation from the IR data.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global Precipitation Measurement|author1=C. Kidd |author2=G.J. Huffman |journal=[[Meteorological Applications]]|volume=18|issue=3 |year=2011|pages=334–353|doi=10.1002/met.284|bibcode = 2011MeApp..18..334K |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Additional sensor channels and products have been demonstrated to provide additional useful information including visible channels, additional IR channels, water vapor channels and atmospheric sounding retrievals. However, most precipitation data sets in current use do not employ these data sources.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Global Precipitation Measurement Methods, Datasets and Applications.|author=F.J. Tapiador|display-authors=etal|journal=Atmospheric Research|volume=104–105|year=2012|pages=70–97|doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.012|bibcode = 2013AtmRe.119..131W }}</ref>

==Return period==
{{see also|100-year flood}}
The likelihood or probability of an event with a specified intensity and duration is called the [[return period]] or frequency.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=return-period1|title=Return period|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2009-01-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020151220/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=return-period1|archive-date=2006-10-20}}</ref> The intensity of a storm can be predicted for any return period and storm duration, from charts based on historical data for the location.<ref>{{cite web|author=Glossary of Meteorology|date=June 2000|url=http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=return+period&submit=Search|title=Rainfall intensity return period|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2009-01-02|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606085617/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=return+period&submit=Search|archive-date=2011-06-06}}</ref> The term ''1 in 10 year storm'' describes a rainfall event which is rare and is only likely to occur once every 10 years, so it has a 10 percent likelihood any given year. The rainfall will be greater and the flooding will be worse than the worst storm expected in any single year. The term ''1 in 100 year storm'' describes a rainfall event which is extremely rare and which will occur with a likelihood of only once in a century, so has a 1 percent likelihood in any given year. The rainfall will be extreme and flooding to be worse than a 1 in 10 year event. As with all probability events, it is possible though unlikely to have two "1 in 100 Year Storms" in a single year.<ref>{{cite web|author=Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network|year=2005|url=http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/watershed/flood.html|title=What is a 100 year flood?|publisher=Boulder Community Network|access-date=2009-01-02}}</ref>

==Uneven pattern of precipitation==
A significant portion of the annual precipitation in any particular place (no weather station in Africa or South America were considered) falls on only a few days, typically about 50% during the 12 days with the most precipitation.<ref name="GRL101918">{{cite journal |author1=Angeline G. Pendergrass |author2=Reto Knutti |title=The Uneven Nature of Daily Precipitation and Its Change |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=45 |issue=21 |pages=11,980–11,988 |date=October 19, 2018 |doi=10.1029/2018GL080298 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..4511980P |quote=Half of annual precipitation falls in the wettest 12 days each year in the median across observing stations worldwide.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Role in Köppen climate classification==
{{Main|Köppen climate classification}}

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map World present.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Updated Köppen-Geiger climate map<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peel|first1=M. C. |last2=Finlayson|first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon|first3=T. A. | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 | doi = 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | issn = 1027-5606| doi-access=free | bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P }} ''(direct: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf Final Revised Paper])''</ref>
{|
|- valign=top |
|
{{legend|#0000FE|[[equatorial climate|Af]]}}
{{legend|#0077FF|[[tropical monsoon climate|Am]]}}
{{legend|#46A9FA|[[tropical savanna climate|Aw/As]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#FE0000|[[desert climate|BWh]]}}
{{legend|#FE9695|[[desert climate|BWk]]}}
{{legend|#F5A301|[[semi-arid climate|BSh]]}}
{{legend|#FFDB63|[[semi-arid climate|BSk]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#FFFF00|[[mediterranean climate|Csa]]}}
{{legend|#C6C700|[[mediterranean climate|Csb]]}}
{{legend|#969600|[[mediterranean climate|Csc]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#96FF96|[[humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]}}
{{legend|#63C764|[[oceanic climate|Cwb]]}}
{{legend|#329633|[[oceanic climate|Cwc]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#C6FF4E|[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]}}
{{legend|#66FF33|[[oceanic climate|Cfb]]}}
{{legend|#33C701|[[oceanic climate|Cfc]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#FF00FE|[[humid continental climate|Dsa]]}}
{{legend|#C600C7|[[humid continental climate|Dsb]]}}
{{legend|#963295|[[subarctic climate|Dsc]]}}
{{legend|#966495|[[subarctic climate|Dsd]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#ABB1FF|[[humid continental climate|Dwa]]}}
{{legend|#5A77DB|[[humid continental climate|Dwb]]}}
{{legend|#4C51B5|[[subarctic climate|Dwc]]}}
{{legend|#320087|[[subarctic climate|Dwd]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#00FFFF|[[humid continental climate|Dfa]]}}
{{legend|#38C7FF|[[humid continental climate|Dfb]]}}
{{legend|#007E7D|[[subarctic climate|Dfc]]}}
{{legend|#00455E|[[subarctic climate|Dfd]]}}
| width=5 |
|
{{legend|#B2B2B2|[[tundra climate|ET]]}}
{{legend|#686868|[[ice cap climate|EF]]}}
|}
]]
Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between {{convert|1750|and|2000|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Susan Woodward |url=http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/rainforest/rainfrst.html |title=Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest: The Rainforest |date=1997-10-29 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=[[Radford University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225054655/http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/rainforest/rainfrst.html |archive-date=2008-02-25 }}</ref> A tropical savanna is a grassland [[biome]] located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with rainfall between {{convert|750|and|1270|mm|in|abbr=on}} a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia.<ref name="SAVWOOD">{{cite web|author=Susan Woodward |url=http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html |title=Tropical Savannas |date=2005-02-02 |access-date=2008-03-16 |publisher=[[Radford University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225082154/http://www.radford.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/savanna/savanna.html |archive-date=2008-02-25 }}</ref> The humid subtropical climate zone is where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Humid subtropical climate | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | year = 2008 | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-53358/climate | access-date = 2008-05-14 }}</ref> Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between latitudes 20° and 40° degrees from the equator.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Ritter |url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/humid_subtropical.html |date=2008-12-24 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]] |title=Humid Subtropical Climate |access-date=2008-03-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014093644/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/humid_subtropical.html |archive-date=2008-10-14 }}</ref>

An oceanic (or maritime) climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, bordering cool oceans, as well as southeastern Australia, and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year-round.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lauren Springer Ogden|title=Plant-Driven Design|page=[https://archive.org/details/plantdrivendesig0000ogde/page/78 78]|isbn=978-0-88192-877-8|publisher=Timber Press|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/plantdrivendesig0000ogde/page/78}}</ref> The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, parts of western North America, parts of western and southern Australia, in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Ritter |url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/mediterranean.html |title=Mediterranean or Dry Summer Subtropical Climate |access-date=2009-07-17 |date=2008-12-24 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805040919/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/mediterranean.html |archive-date=2009-08-05 }}</ref> A steppe is a dry grassland.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Brynn Schaffner|author2=Kenneth Robinson|name-list-style=amp|url=http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_climate_page.htm|title=Steppe Climate|date=2003-06-06|access-date=2008-04-15|publisher=West Tisbury Elementary School|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422233231/http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/steppe_climate_page.htm|archive-date=2008-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subarctic climates are cold with continuous [[permafrost]] and little precipitation.<ref name="subritter">{{cite web|author=Michael Ritter |url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/subarctic.html |title=Subarctic Climate |access-date=2008-04-16 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point]] |date=2008-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525080242/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/subarctic.html |archive-date=2008-05-25 }}</ref>

==Effect on agriculture==
[[File:Heavy Rains in Southern Japan.gif|thumb|Rainfall estimates for southern Japan and the surrounding region from {{Nowrap|July 20}} to 27, 2009.]]
Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on agriculture. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. Drought can kill crops and increase erosion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml |title=Living With Drought |author=Bureau of Meteorology |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |year=2010 |access-date=2010-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218192510/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml |archive-date=2007-02-18 |author-link=Bureau of Meteorology }}</ref> while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agnewsarchive.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/CROP/Jun0607a.htm |title=Texas Crop and Weather |date=2007-06-06 |author=Robert Burns |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |access-date=2010-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620134950/http://agnewsarchive.tamu.edu/dailynews/stories/CROP/Jun0607a.htm |archive-date=2010-06-20 }}</ref> Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, [[cactus|cacti]] require only small amounts of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/researchoncacti/|title=Mauseth Research: Cacti|author=James D. Mauseth|publisher=[[University of Texas]]|date=2006-07-07|access-date=2010-01-15}}</ref>

In areas with wet and dry seasons, soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season.<ref name="JS"/> Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature.<ref>[[A. Roberto Frisancho]] (1993). [https://archive.org/details/humanadaptationa0000fris/page/388  Human Adaptation and Accommodation.] University of Michigan Press, pp. 388. {{ISBN|978-0-472-09511-7}}. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.</ref> Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest, which occurs late in the wet season.<ref name="Marti J. Van Liere, Eric-Alain D. Ategbo, Jan Hoorweg, Adel P. Den Hartog, and Joseph G. A. J. Hautvast 1994 479–488"/>

==Climate change==
{{See also|Effects of climate change on the water cycle|Extreme weather|}}
{{Update section|reason=[[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]]|date=January 2022}}
[[File:1910- Portion of U.S. experiencing extreme precipitation events - chart - EPA.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Extreme precipitation events have become more common in the U.S. over recent decades.<ref name=EPA_USprecipitation>Data from {{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Heavy Precipitation |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heavy-precipitation |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205213831/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-heavy-precipitation |archive-date=5 February 2022 |date=April 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which leads to more precipitation. Precipitation has generally increased over land north of 30°N from 1900 to 2005 but has declined over the tropics since the 1970s. Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time. In 2018, a study assessing changes in precipitation across spatial scales using a high-resolution global precipitation dataset of over 33+ years, concluded that "While there are regional trends, there is no evidence of increase in precipitation at the global scale in response to the observed global warming."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Phu|last2=Thorstensen|first2=Andrea|last3=Sorooshian|first3=Soroosh|last4=Hsu|first4=Kuolin|last5=Aghakouchak|first5=Amir|last6=Ashouri|first6=Hamed|last7=Tran|first7=Hoang|last8=Braithwaite|first8=Dan|date=2018-04-01|title=Global Precipitation Trends across Spatial Scales Using Satellite Observations|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|language=EN|volume=99|issue=4|pages=689–697|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0065.1|bibcode=2018BAMS...99..689N|osti=1541806|issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Each region of the world is going to have changes in precipitation due to their unique conditions. Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter. The Sahel, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and parts of southern Asia have become drier. There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics. Changes in precipitation and evaporation over the oceans are suggested by the decreased salinity of mid- and high-latitude waters (implying more precipitation), along with increased salinity in lower latitudes (implying less precipitation, more evaporation, or both). Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1% per century since 1900, with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region (11.6% per century) and the South (11.1%). Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease (−9.25%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentpsc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403234222/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentpsc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 3, 2007|title=Precipitation and Storm Changes|author=Climate Change Division|publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|date=2008-12-17|access-date=2009-07-17}}</ref>

==Changes due to urban heat island==
{{See also|Urban heat island}}
[[File:Atlanta thermal.jpg|thumb|Image of [[Atlanta, Georgia]], showing temperature distribution, with hot areas appearing white]]
The [[urban heat island]] warms cities {{convert|0.6|to|5.6|C-change}} above surrounding suburbs and rural areas. This extra heat leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and [[thunderstorm]] activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between {{convert|20|and|40|mi|km|order=flip}} downwind of cities, compared with upwind.<ref>{{cite news | title=Spain goes hi-tech to beat drought | author=Dale Fuchs | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=2005-06-28 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/weather/Story/0,2763,1516375,00.html | access-date=2007-08-02 | location=London}}</ref> Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020613urbanrain.html |title=NASA Satellite Confirms Urban Heat Islands Increase Rainfall Around Cities |author=Goddard Space Flight Center |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |date=2002-06-18 |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316084837/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020613urbanrain.html |archive-date=March 16, 2010 |author-link=Goddard Space Flight Center }}</ref>

==Forecasting==
{{Main|Probability of precipitation|Quantitative precipitation forecast}}

[[File:Rita5dayqpf.png|thumb|left|Example of a five-day rainfall forecast from the [[Hydrometeorological Prediction Center]]]]
The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time over a specified area.<ref name="SERFC">{{cite web|author=Jack S. Bushong|year=1999|url=http://cms.ce.gatech.edu/gwri/uploads/proceedings/1999/BushongJ-99.pdf|title=Quantitative Precipitation Forecast: Its Generation and Verification at the Southeast River Forecast Center|publisher=[[University of Georgia]]|access-date=2008-12-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200117/http://cms.ce.gatech.edu/gwri/uploads/proceedings/1999/BushongJ-99.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period. Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 [[GMT]]. The terrain is considered in QPFs using topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Weygand|year=2008|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/talite0821.pdf|title=Optimizing Output From QPF Helper|publisher=[[National Weather Service]] Western Region|access-date=2008-12-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205201644/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/wrh/talite0821.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-05}}</ref> Starting in the mid to late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=Noreen O. Schwein|year=2009|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/89annual/techprogram/paper_149707.htm|title=Optimization of quantitative precipitation forecast time horizons used in river forecasts|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|access-date=2008-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609174227/http://ams.confex.com/ams/89annual/techprogram/paper_149707.htm|archive-date=2011-06-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Numerical weather prediction|Forecast models]] show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the [[planetary boundary layer]], or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, which decreases with height.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Christian Keil|author2=Andreas Röpnack|author3=George C. Craig|author4=Ulrich Schumann|name-list-style=amp|title=Sensitivity of quantitative precipitation forecast to height dependent changes in humidity|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=35|doi=10.1029/2008GL033657|issue=9|date=2008-12-31|pages=L09812|bibcode=2008GeoRL..35.9812K|doi-access=free}}</ref> QPF can be generated on a quantitative, forecasting amounts, or a qualitative, forecasting the [[probability of precipitation|probability of a specific amount]], basis.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=P. Reggiani |author2=A. H. Weerts |name-list-style=amp |year=2007|title=Probabilistic Quantitative Precipitation Forecast for Flood Prediction: An Application|journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology|pages=76–95|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1175/2007JHM858.1|bibcode = 2008JHyMe...9...76R |doi-access=free}}</ref> Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher [[Forecast skill|skill]] than model forecasts within six to seven hours of the time of the radar image. The forecasts can be verified through the use of [[rain gauge]] measurements, [[weather radar]] estimates, or a combination of both. Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast.<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|author=Charles Lin|year=2005|url=http://www.actif-ec.net/Workshop2/Presentations/ACTIF_P_S1_02.pdf|title=Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) from Weather Prediction Models and Radar Nowcasts, and Atmospheric Hydrological Modelling for Flood Simulation|publisher=Achieving Technological Innovation in Flood Forecasting Project|access-date=2009-01-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200121/http://www.actif-ec.net/Workshop2/Presentations/ACTIF_P_S1_02.pdf|archive-date=2009-02-05}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of meteorology topics]]
* [[Basic precipitation]]
* [[Bioprecipitation]], the concept of rain-making bacteria.
* [[Mango showers]], pre-[[monsoon]] showers in the Indian states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]] that help in the ripening of mangoes.
* [[Sunshower]], an unusual meteorological phenomenon in which rain falls while the sun is shining.
* [[Wintry showers]], an informal meteorological term for various mixtures of rain, freezing rain, ice pellets, and snow.

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q25257|c=Category:Precipitation (weather)|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=precipitation|species=no}}
*[https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/wind/surface/level/overlay=precip_3hr/winkel3/ Current global map of predicted precipitation for the next three hours]
*[http://gpcc.dwd.de Global Precipitation Climatology Centre GPCC]

{{Meteorological variables}}
{{Authority control}}
{{good article}}

[[Category:Precipitation| ]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Clouds, fog and precipitation]]

Trance (2020 film)

2026-03-23T23:43:19Z

NicoleLombardo: put up the pg nd citations!

{{short description|2020 Indian film directed by Anwar Rasheed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Trance
| image = Trance film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Anwar Rasheed]]
| producer = [[Anwar Rasheed]]
| writer = Vincent Vadakkan
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Fahadh Faasil]]
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]
* [[Nazriya Nazim]]
* [[Dileesh Pothan]]
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
* [[Soubin Shahir]]
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]]
* [[Vinayakan]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' Jackson Vijayan Vinayakan '''Score:''' Jackson Vijayan [[Sushin Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Amal Neerad]]
| editing = Praveen Prabhakar
| studio = [[Anwar Rasheed Entertainments]]
| distributor = A & A Release & Tricolor Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|20|df=yes|India}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR|35 [[crore]]}}<ref name="budget" />
| gross = 
}}

'''''Trance''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[neo-noir]] [[psychological thriller|psychological thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Anwar Rasheed]] and written by Vincent Vadakkan. It features an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Nazriya Nazim]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Arjun Ashokan]] and [[Anoop Janardhanan]]. The film's plot follows the events in the life of a [[Kanyakumari]]-based atheist [[motivational speaker]], who is hired by a fraud agency to work as a Christian [[pastor]]. The film deals with themes of [[substance dependence]], religion, and the commercialisation of spirituality.

''Trance'' marked Rasheed's directorial return after a hiatus of nearly eight years since he directed ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' (2012). Made on a budget of {{Indian Rupee|}}35 crores, principal photography began in July 2017, and was completed on 1 September 2019.<ref name="budget" /> The film was mainly shot across coastal Kanyakumari, and across Mumbai, India, and Dubai. It was the first Malayalam film to use [[Bolt High-Speed CineBot|Bolt High-Speed Cinebot]] cameras and shot with [[sync sound]].<ref name=":0" /> Newcomer Jackson Vijayan, composed the film's soundtrack album, with the title song being composed by [[Vinayakan]]; the background score was composed by Vijayan along with [[Sushin Shyam]]. The film's cinematography was handled by [[Amal Neerad]], with editing done by Praveen Prabhakar.

The film's release was postponed multiple times, with the initial release scheduled for March 2019, owing to production delays, as well as [[censorship]] issues.<ref name=":1" /> A week before the film's release, it was leaked on the piracy website. ''Trance'' was released in [[Kerala]] on 20 February 2020, and across India on 28 February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nazriya-not-in-fahadh-faasils-trance/articleshow/62632347.cms|title=Nazriya not in Fahadh Faasil's Trance?|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720140156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nazriya-not-in-fahadh-faasils-trance/articleshow/62632347.cms|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Viju Prasad is a small-time motivational speaker living in [[Kanyakumari]] with his mentally unstable younger brother, Kunjan. When Kunjan commits suicide, Viju is devastated and relocates to [[Mumbai]]. There through a casting director named Kavitha whom he had once met at Kanyakumari, Viju meets a mysterious duo Solomon Davis and Issac Thomas, who hire Viju to pose as a Christian pastor and perform [[List of religious hoaxes|hoax miracles]]. He is sent to [[Kochi]] where he is trained for his role by their associate Avarachan, who changes Viju's name to Joshua Carlton. Initially hesitant, Viju successfully transforms into the character of Joshua. He captures the devotion of many and help Solomon and Issac's enterprise grow into a global phenomenon.

At the height of his fame, Joshua is invited to a TV interview by a reporter named Matthews. On air, Matthews demands a live miracle. Joshua secretly drugs Matthews during a commercial break, causing him to collapse in front of the camera. The event is initially hailed as a miracle but a subsequent blood report proves that he was drugged. Furious at having put their enterprise in trouble and risk of public exposure, Solomon and Issac argue Joshua and asks him to leave. This leads to a scuffle & Viju getting hit by a golf club in the head. Viju is hospitalised with severe head injuries. He remains in coma for two days and they decide to quietly kill him to avoid any further trouble.

On the third day, Joshua starts moving about and shatters the glass by his bedside. He then goes into a psychedelic trance and revives, making a miraculous recovery. He renegotiates his deal with Solomon and Issac to secure 80% of the profits for himself from the upcoming miracle healing festival that's bounds to rake in crores. Suspecting that Joshua is mentally ill, Solomon and Issac agree. They appoint a model and sex worker named Esther Lopez to observe him and determine whether his illness is an act. Esther herself has a past of being cheated in a relationship, giving birth to a child, falling into depression and then coming into the profession. Esther eventually grows close to Joshua and believes that he is really unstable. When she reports this to Solomon and Issac, she is immediately taken away. Avarachan tries to convince Joshua that Esther was a figment of his imagination.

Meanwhile, a poor man named Thomas who is an ardent follower of Joshua, tries to cure his young daughter's fever through his miracle cures. When she ultimately succumbs to her sickness, Joshua is devastated. He comes clean to Thomas and points him to Solomon and Isaac as the masterminds behind the scam. Joshua tries to publicise the truth by sending a confessional tape to Matthews. Matthews plays a dangerous game by asking for money in exchange for his silence and not airing the video but is killed on Solomon's orders . In his dying moments, he manages to call the station to air the video. As it goes public, Avarachan suffers a fatal stroke. Thomas kills Solomon and Isaac to avenge his daughter's death.

Joshua is acquitted from his crimes due to his mental state and spends time at a rehabilitation centre. When he recovers, he learns that Esther is in fact a real person and sets out to [[Amsterdam]] to find her. He finds her in one of the glass cubicles in the Red light area in Amsterdam. They see each other, and as she runs to him, the film cuts to black to the sound of shattering glass.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] as Viju Prasad a.k.a Pastor Joshua Carlton
** Dilan as Young Viju
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Solomon Davis
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Avarachan
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Issac Thomas
* [[Soubin Shahir]] as Mathew Varghese
* [[Sreenath Bhasi]] as Kunjan, Viju's brother
** Dian as Young Kunjan
* [[Nazriya Nazim]] as Esther Lopez
* [[Vinayakan]] as Thommichan
* [[Arjun Ashokan]] as Paul
* [[Jinu Joseph]] as Dr. Jase John
* [[Srinda Arhaan]] as Latha
* [[Aswathi Menon]] as Kavitha
* [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as Soji
* [[Amalda Liz]] as Sheeba, Thomas's wife
* [[Unnimaya Prasad]] as Shani, News Reporter
* [[Joju George]] as News Reader (Cameo appearance)
* Arushi Mudgal as Viju's And Kunjan's mother
* [[Karikku|Anu K Aniyan]] as TV Show Anchor
* [[Karikku|Arjun Ratan]] as TV Show Editor
* [[Karikku|Jeevan Stephen]] as News Reader
* [[Sal Yusuf]] as Foreign Pastor

{{div col end}}

== Production ==
===Development===
In a March 2016 interview, [[Fahadh Faasil]] revealed that he would be acting in [[Anwar Rasheed]]'s next directorial and its subject had never been attempted before in Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |title=I would love to work with Abi again: Fahadh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/I-would-love-to-work-with-Abi-again-Fahadh/articleshow/51408645.cms |access-date=20 February 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820085643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/I-would-love-to-work-with-Abi-again-Fahadh/articleshow/51408645.cms |archive-date=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-amal-neerad-anwar-rasheeds-film-trances-poster-is-here/articleshow/59364074.cms|title=Fahadh Faasil-Amal Neerad-Anwar Rasheed's film Trance's poster is here|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203151338/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-amal-neerad-anwar-rasheeds-film-trances-poster-is-here/articleshow/59364074.cms|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Trance'' was officially announced with a title poster in June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fahadh-faasil-director-anwar-rasheed-team-up-for-trance-1718000|title=Fahadh Faasil, Director Anwar Rasheed Team Up For Trance|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2018-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171424/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/fahadh-faasil-director-anwar-rasheed-team-up-for-trance-1718000|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was produced by Rasheed himself. The film marks the debut of Vincent Vadakkan as screenwriter. Rasheed was earlier supposed to direct a short story in the anthology ''[[5 Sundarikal]]'' (2013) based on a screenplay by Vadakkan but did not end up doing it as he did not get the right cast. Later, Vadakkan narrated the story of ''Trance'', but Rasheed was not ready to produce the film because of its high production cost. Rasheed had Fahadh in mind for the lead role then itself. Fahadh happened to hear the story from Vadakkan and insisted Rasheed to reconsider the project. By then, the storyline had changed, the bankability of Fahadh had also grown and Rasheed was confident in producing the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Athira |title=Director Anwar Rasheed on 'Trance' and the characters played by Fahadh Faasil, Nazriya and Gautham Menon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-anwar-rasheed-on-trance-and-the-characters-played-by-fahadh-faasil-nazriya-and-gautham-menon/article30642262.ece |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130031016/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-anwar-rasheed-on-trance-and-the-characters-played-by-fahadh-faasil-nazriya-and-gautham-menon/article30642262.ece |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming began in July 2017.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} A week-long first schedule of filming was completed in December 2017 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasils-trance-heads-to-mumbai/articleshow/61928588.cms|title=Fahadh Faasil's Trance heads to Mumbai - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520063604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasils-trance-heads-to-mumbai/articleshow/61928588.cms|archive-date=20 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> For the first time in Malayalam cinema, Bolt High Speed Cinebot cameras were used to shoot some scenes in the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/trance-to-introduce-the-magic-of-cinebots-in-mollywood/articleshow/68461246.cms|title=Trance to introduce bots in Mollywood|work=Times of India|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> The film was shot with [[sync sound]]. The film was shot mainly in coastal [[Kanyakumari]], as well as across various locations in [[India]] and [[Dubai]]. In July 2019, it was reported that ''Trance'' was expected to cost close to ₹20 [[crore]] post production.<ref name="FP">{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Fahadh Faasil film Trance postponed to Christmas 2019; major VFX work reason behind delay|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-film-trance-postponed-to-christmas-2019-major-vfx-work-reason-behind-delay-7016601.html|access-date=19 July 2019|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718133225/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fahadh-faasil-film-trance-postponed-to-christmas-2019-major-vfx-work-reason-behind-delay-7016601.html|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amal Neerad]] was the cinematographer and [[Resul Pookutty]] was the film's sound designer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/first-look-poster-of-fahadh-s-trance-puzzles-fans-movie-trance-malayalam-movie-1.2473633|title=First look poster of Fahadh's Trance puzzles fans|work=Mathrubhumi|access-date=2018-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221163153/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/first-look-poster-of-fahadh-s-trance-puzzles-fans-movie-trance-malayalam-movie-1.2473633|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/12/first-look-and-release-date-of-fahadh-faasils-trance-out-14236.html|title=First look and release date of Fahadh Faasil's Trance out|work=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2019-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921093125/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/sep/12/first-look-and-release-date-of-fahadh-faasils-trance-out-14236.html|archive-date=21 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was completed on 1 September 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=It's wrap for Fahadh-Nazriya starrer Trance|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/it-s-wrap-for-fahadh-nazriya-starrer-trance-1.4088925|access-date=30 January 2020|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=2 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130144312/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/it-s-wrap-for-fahadh-nazriya-starrer-trance-1.4088925|archive-date=30 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was ultimately made on a budget of ₹35 [[crore]].<ref name="budget">{{cite news|author=FP staff|title=Trance, Ayushmann Khurrana's Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan, Bhoot, Mafia, Bheeshma: Know Your Releases|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trance-ayushmann-khurranas-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-bhoot-mafia-bheeshma-know-your-releases-8064361.html|access-date=21 February 2020|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221054250/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trance-ayushmann-khurranas-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-bhoot-mafia-bheeshma-know-your-releases-8064361.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Themes and influences==
The film deals with the themes of [[substance dependence]], religion, and the commercialization of spirituality. In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Fahadh said the film "is about dependency, be it on drugs, religion or emotions. Religion has become a business these days. [...] What we are trying to say in ''Trance'' is that humanity and compassion come above religion."

Vineeth Chacko of ''[[The Deccan Herald]]'' said the film depicted how "a struggle with depression, unmonitored ingestion of antidepressants and an illusory lifestyle can combine to tear away the seams between dreams and reality ... Viju has bought into his own hype and has come to believe on some level in his incredible miracles."<ref name="deccan" /> The film studies the intersection between science and faith, dealing "with two kinds of drugs — the psychotropic sort (both legal and illegal) and religion/faith. If the first is being developed by scientists in laboratories, Trance shows us how religion too can be manufactured, not at temples or churches as one might think, but at five-star hotel lobbies (the lobby in the film looks like it's the abode of Gods) with a “we-mean-business” attitude you'd associate with a startup pitch or a job interview."<ref name="Menon 2020">{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Vishal|date=20 February 2020|title=Trance Movie Review: Fahadh Faasil Aces As God, Man And The Devil In A Brilliantly-Made But Flawed Drama|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/trance-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-aces-as-god-man-and-the-devil-in-a-brilliantly-made-but-flawed-drama|access-date=19 April 2020|website=Film Companion}}</ref> Writing for ''Silverscreen India'', Aswathy Gopalakrishnan said that the film showcased "the green room of the controversial faith-healing business that exploits gullible masses."<ref name="On 2020">{{cite web|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=Aswathy|date=21 February 2020|title=Trance Review: Fahadh Faasil Is Charged Up, But The Film Is A Half-hearted Mess|url=https://silverscreen.in/movies/reviews/trance-malayalam-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-anwar-rasheed-nazriya-nasim/|access-date=19 April 2020|website=Silverscreen.in}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Critics also noted allusions to [[Godman (India)|godmen]] such as [[Osho]] and [[Benny Hinn]].<ref name="theweek" /><ref name="Plumeria Movies 2020">{{cite web|last=Anand|first=Arjun|date=20 February 2020|title=Trance review: A psychological & spiritual take on the rise of an underdog|url=https://www.plumeriamovies.com/trance-review-a-psychological-spiritual-take-on-the-rise-of-an-underdog/|access-date=19 April 2020|website=Plumeria Movies}}</ref><ref name="Menon 2020" />

Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] observed that "Christian symbolism spills over from every frame", citing Joshua Carlton's initials, his third-day "resurrection" and the [[Trinity|Holy Trinity]] of businessmen as examples.<ref name="Film Companion 2020">{{cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=6 March 2020|title=Anwar Rasheed's Trance, Starring Fahadh Faasil, Has Its Problems But Is Never Less Than Fascinating|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/anwar-rasheeds-trance-starring-fahadh-faasil-has-its-problems-but-is-never-less-than-fascinating|access-date=19 April 2020|website=Film Companion}}</ref> Characters in the film also drew parallels to biblical and mythological figures, such as Esther to [[Mary Magdelene]], Solomon to his [[Solomon|namesake]], Matthews to [[Icarus]], and Thomas to [[Abraham]] and later to the [[Personifications of death|Grim Reaper]].<ref name="The News Minute 2020">{{cite web|last=Rajendran|first=Sowmya|date=3 March 2020|title=Sowmya's Take: How does 'Trance' use Biblical stories to take on religion?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sowmyas-take-how-does-trance-use-biblical-stories-take-religion-119382|access-date=19 April 2020|website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="MOVIEBUZZ 2020">{{cite web|date=11 March 2020|title=Trance- Why the ambitious Fahadh Faasil starrer failed to strike a chord with audiences?|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/trance--why-the-ambitious-fahadh-faasil-starrer-failed-to-strike-a-chord-with-audiences-news-malayalam-udlkuVcbhahcd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311061541/https://www.sify.com/movies/trance--why-the-ambitious-fahadh-faasil-starrer-failed-to-strike-a-chord-with-audiences-news-malayalam-udlkuVcbhahcd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2020|access-date=19 April 2020|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Trance
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jackson Vijayan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 15 January 2020
| recorded = 2019–2020
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:14
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = Jackson Vijayan
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|U0wq7w8dkt4|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack album was composed and produced by [[Rex Vijayan]]'s brother Jackson Vijayan, in his debut as a music composer. Vijayan also contributed to the [[film score]] along with [[Sushin Shyam]]. The album features a title track composed by [[Vinayakan|Vinayakan TK]].<ref>{{cite news|date=|title=Trance title track: The most requested title track composed by Vinayakan from 'Trance' is here! | Malayalam Movie News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/the-most-requested-title-track-composed-by-vinayakan-from-trance-is-here/articleshow/74330624.cms|access-date=2020-02-29|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref> The album which was released under the [[Muzik 247]] label on 15 January 2020, features six tracks along with the title track with lyrics written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] for most of the tracks,<ref>{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2019-07-25|title=Lyricist Vinayak Sasikumar turns scenarist and director|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lyricist-vinayak-sasikumar-scripts-and-directs-a-short-film/article28709068.ece|access-date=2020-09-03|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> with Kamal Karthik and [[Blaaze]] providing additional lyrics. Actor [[Soubin Shahir]], made his debut as a playback singer, rendering the track "Mathayichan" along with Sreenath Bhasi and Blaze.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Soubin Shahir turns singer for 'Trance' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-turns-singer-for-trance/articleshow/74160510.cms|access-date=2020-09-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The track "Noolupoya" was served as the lead single which released on 3 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Noolupoya' song Photos {{!}} Images of 'Noolupoya' song - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/'noolupoya'-song|access-date=2020-09-03|website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Sneha Khanwalkar]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Masala Coffee|Varun Sunil]], [[Neha Nair|Neha S. Nair]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Rex Vijayan]] amongst others contributed vocals for the soundtrack album.{{tracklist
| headline = ''Trance'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>[https://music.apple.com/in/album/trance-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1501234242 music.apple.com]</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Raat
| extra1 = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]], [[Neha Nair|Neha S. Nair]]
| length1 = 3:12
| lyrics1 = Kamal Karthik, [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title2 = Noolupoya
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Mohammed Maqbool Mansoor]], [[Masala Coffee|Varun Sunil]], Jackson Vijayan
| length2 = 4:46
| lyrics2 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title3 = Jaalame
| extra3 = [[Rex Vijayan]], [[Lal Krishna]], [[Divya S. Menon]], Namitha Raju, Gagul Joseph, Jackson Vijayan
| length3 = 5:49
| lyrics3 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title4 = Mathayichan
| extra4 = [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Blaaze]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], Jackson Vijayan
| length4 = 2:59
| lyrics4 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]], [[Blaaze]]
| title5 = Trance Title Track
| extra5 = [[Neha Nair]], Lee
| length5 = 4:56
| lyrics5 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title6 = Vaathil Chaari
| extra6 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Jackson Vijayan, [[Avial (band)|Tony John]]
| length6 = 4:33
| lyrics6 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title9 =
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title7 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

==Release==
The film's release was postponed multiple times. It was initially scheduled to be released on 22 March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Express News Service |title=Fahadh Faasil's Trance gets a March 2019 release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/24/fahadh-faasils-trance-gets-a-march-2019-release-date-1876238.html |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130151028/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/sep/24/fahadh-faasils-trance-gets-a-march-2019-release-date-1876238.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then there were plans to release the film during [[Eid al-Fitr]] (5 June 2019), but was later shifted to [[Onam]] festival (11 September 2019) due to pending [[visual effects]] work.<ref name="FP"/> It was again scheduled to release on 20 December 2019, coinciding with the [[Christmas]] festival, before postponing to February 2020 due to delay in post-production work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Release of Fahadh Faasil's 'Trance' pushed again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/nov/08/release-of-fahadh-faasils-trance--pushed-again-2058582.html |access-date=30 January 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130151025/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/nov/08/release-of-fahadh-faasils-trance--pushed-again-2058582.html |archive-date=30 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Then it was scheduled to 14 February 2020 on [[Valentine's Day]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} But the regional [[Central Board of Film Certification]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] referred the film to a revising committee in [[Mumbai]] since Rasheed was not willing to cut a 17-minute long sequence that could hurt religious sentiments.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Fahadh Faasil's 'Trance' censor hurdle: February 14 release doubtful|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/11/fahadh-faasils-trance-censor-hurdle-february-14-release-doubtful-2101610.html|access-date=22 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222053407/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/feb/11/fahadh-faasils-trance-censor-hurdle-february-14-release-doubtful-2101610.html|archive-date=22 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 February 2020, the film was leaked on the website [[Tamil Rockers]] a week ahead of its release.<ref name="firstpost1">{{cite news |author=FP staff |title=Love Aaj Kal, World Famous Lover, Naan Sirithal, Trance leaked online by Tamilrockers hours after release |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-aaj-kal-world-famous-lover-naan-sirithal-trance-leaked-online-by-tamilrockers-hours-after-release-8043911.html |access-date=15 February 2020 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215111434/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-aaj-kal-world-famous-lover-naan-sirithal-trance-leaked-online-by-tamilrockers-hours-after-release-8043911.html |archive-date=15 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released in [[Kerala]] on 20 February 2020. The film was unable to earn much due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the negative reception from audiences.

<ref name="firstpost1"/> The film was made available through [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 1 April 2020.<ref name="Trance – Prime Video">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Trance – Prime Video|url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Trance/0T64NE7PMDIZ83AQ9IWPEVX3KV|access-date=2020-09-03|website=www.primevideo.com}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Telugu with same title and released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aha to premiere Telugu dubbed version of Trance; Check out the deets inside - Telugu Movie News|url=https://www.xappie.com/entertainment-view/aha-to-premiere-telugu-dubbed-version-of-trance-check-out-the-deets-inside-36493|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Xappie.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2020 |title=Stream Trance on Aha Video |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/trance |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=[[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}</ref>

It was screened at [[51st International Film Festival of India]] in January 2021 in Indian Panorama section.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1681946|title=Indian Panorama announces official selection for 51st International Film Festival of India, 2020|date=19 December 2020|via=Press release|newspaper=PIB GOI}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Vineeth T. Chacko of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 4.5 in a scale of 5, entitled as "A thought-provoking daze" and said: "''Trance'' is another such effort that is courageous, thought-provoking and encourages conversations about issues that matter to us on a personal level and speaks to society as a whole. An [[avant-garde]] achievement in filmmaking anchored by a sublime Fahadh". He applauds the film score, lighting and color palette.<ref name="deccan">{{cite web|last=Chacko|first=Vineeth T.|title='Trance' movie review: A thought-provoking daze|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/trance-movie-review-a-thought-provoking-daze-811211.html|access-date=8 March 2020|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=7 March 2020}}</ref> Goutham V. S. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 3.5 in 5 and said: "The abstract style of filmmaking, and the narrative structure that visualises the complex layers of the protagonist's psycho is bound to make ''Trance'' a trendsetter in the Malayalam film industry ... Fahadh steals the limelight by portraying a character that is hysteric and disturbing at the same time". He also praised the "vivid visualisation, colour tones and the brilliant use of sounds" and cinematography and background score.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last=V. S.|first=Goutham|title=Trance movie review: Fahadh Faasil elevates Anwar Rasheed's film|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/trance-movie-review-rating-fahadh-faasil-anwar-rasheed-6278084/|access-date=20 February 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220131435/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/trance-movie-review-rating-fahadh-faasil-anwar-rasheed-6278084/|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Critic from ''[[Sify]]'' also rated 3.5 in 5, describing the film "bold and thrilling", writing "''Trance'' is a genuine and brave attempt that is gripping from start to finish ... Anwar has packaged the movie deliciously, adding lots of emotions, in an honest way. With top notch visuals, music and sound the viewer is in for a grand experience ... But in a way, this film belongs to Fahadh Faasil, who is absolutely brilliant".<ref>{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|title=Trance review: Fahadh Faasil fans are in for a treat|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/trance-review-fahadh-faasil-fans-are-in-for-a-treat-review-malayalam-ucukO9hdggjfe.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 February 2020|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220143338/https://www.sify.com/movies/trance-review-fahadh-faasil-fans-are-in-for-a-treat-review-malayalam-ucukO9hdggjfe.html|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Prem Udayabhanu from ''[[Malayala Manorama]]'' gave 3.5 in 5, stating that "it is psychedelic and vibrant, flamboyant and gripping ... ''Trance'' is magical, hysterical and depressing and you need to transcend the mundane line of cinematic offerings to relish it". He praised the sound design, background score and cinematography.<ref>{{cite news|last=Udayabhanu|first=Prem|title=Trance movie review: Fahadh and Faith star in a vibrant canvas|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2020/02/19/trance-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-nazriya-anwar-rasheed-updates-rating.html|access-date=20 February 2020|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220071924/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2020/02/19/trance-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-nazriya-anwar-rasheed-updates-rating.html|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Rating 3.5 out of 5, Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said: "If you are into films with a slightly eccentric touch, you may find yourself overwhelmed by the overall audio-visual experience ... Anwar Rasheed, cinematographer Amal Neerad, editor Praveen Prabhakar, and composers Sushin Shyam-Jackson Vijayan keep us hooked by delivering a film that feels part-dream, part-nightmare. However, post-interval, you begin to sense ''Trance'' losing some of the potency established in the first half".<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title=Trance Movie Review: A largely rousing experience|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/21/review-trance--a-largely-rousing-experience-2106294.html|access-date=20 February 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221144101/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/feb/21/review-trance--a-largely-rousing-experience-2106294.html|archive-date=21 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cris from ''[[The News Minute]]'' also gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Fahadh delivers a great performance ... Anwar's filmmaking keeps you engaged the entire first half during which a captivating story begins to unfold. The last half does not keep up to the first, scenes that you enjoyed earlier becoming stretched, almost like you took a pill yourself and everything seems to take too long. But it doesn't let you down, with some excellent performances coming from a very promising cast".<ref>{{cite news |author=Cris |title='Trance' review: Fahadh delivers a great performance in this psychedelic film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trance-review-fahadh-delivers-great-performance-psychedelic-film-118603 |access-date=20 February 2020 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220143335/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trance-review-fahadh-delivers-great-performance-psychedelic-film-118603 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated: "Fahadh as a subdued Viju and the flamboyant Joshua is the maniacal energy that drives the film ... Director Anwar gets the first half absolutely right in its pacing and content. However, the second half of the script, by Vincent Vadakkan, loses steam with the plot then almost reflecting Joshua's mindset in those scenes. The makers seem to have chosen style over substance in the latter half". He praised the cinematography and background score.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Trance Movie Review: Fahadh's manic energy powers this stylish film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/trance/movie-review/74223213.cms|access-date=20 February 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2020}}</ref>

Rating 2.5 in 5, Nirmal Jovial from ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote that "''Trance'' is definitely a bold attempt for its theme, as far as Malayalam cinema is concerned. But it fails to do justice to the theme it explores with its weak script that becomes so cluttered and confused towards the [[third act]]", but praised the cinematography.<ref name=theweek>{{cite web|last=Jovial|first=Nirmal|title='Trance' review: Fails to impress overall despite its bold theme'Trance' review: Fails to impress overall despite its bold theme|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2020/02/20/trance-review-fails-to-impress-overall-despite-its-bold-theme.html|publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=20 February 2020|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220143335/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2020/02/20/trance-review-fails-to-impress-overall-despite-its-bold-theme.html|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "a half-baked attempt", stating "the first half of the film, which captures this transformation is gripping, owing much to Fahadh's performance, ... The film attains its high by the interval point, almost having the viewer in a trance ... Unfortunately, from there, the script goes downhill. One gets to see the writer taking the easy way out at crucial points, bumping off-key characters in a tame manner and depending on the usual television newsbreaks to untangle tricky situations".<ref>{{cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. R.|title='Trance' movie review: A half-baked attempt|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trance-movie-review-a-tale-of-two-halves/article30873400.ece|access-date=21 February 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220161826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/trance-movie-review-a-tale-of-two-halves/article30873400.ece|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Critic Veeyen states that "‘Trance’ does address a theme that is radically important and proffers a compelling investigation into the unexplored realms of religion, faith and belief." But he adds that .."it's also a movie that eventually gets choked by the mistiness that pervades its plot and design, and ends up a pale shadow of the head turner flick that it should have been.<ref>{{cite web|last=Veeyen|title='Trance (2020) Malayalam Movie Revie - Veeyen|url=http://veeyen.com/film-reviews/trance-2020-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/|access-date=21 February 2020|publisher=Veeyen Unplugged|date=21 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221123444/http://veeyen.com/film-reviews/trance-2020-malayalam-movie-review-veeyen/|archive-date=21 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6720802}}
{{Anwar Rasheed}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sneha Khanwalkar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sushin Shyam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anwar Rasheed]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Films set in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Films with atheism-related themes]]
[[Category:Films critical of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:2020 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2026-03-16T07:19:33Z

NicoleLombardo:

{{Short description|Political party in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| name = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| native_name = 
| colorcode = {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| logo = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam logo.png
| abbreviation = DMK
| president = [[M. K. Stalin]]
| general_secretary = [[Duraimurugan]]
| founder = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| ppchairman = [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
| loksabha_leader = [[T. R. Baalu]]
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Tiruchi Siva]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1949|09|17}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|22|543|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|10|245|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]
| state_seats = {{Show
| List
| headerstyle=background:#ccccff
| style=text-align:center;
|
{{Composition bar|133|234|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} {{small|([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]])}} 
{{Composition bar|6|30|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} {{small|([[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]])}}
}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| membership =
| eci = [[List of political parties in India#State parties|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = * '''National Alliance''' [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2023)
* '''Regional Alliances''' [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2013, 2016–2023) ''(till dissolved)'') (National)
* [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] (2006-2019)
* [[DMK-led Alliance]] (1967-2006) ''(till dissolved)'') (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Indian National Congress|INC]]-DMK alliance ( 1971-1974; 1980-1983) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]] (1977-1980; 1984-1989) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[National Democratic Alliance]] (1999-2003) (India)
* [[National Front (India)|National Front]] (1989-1991) (India)
* [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] (1996-1998) (India)}}
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
|[[Dravidianism]]{{Sfn|Palanithurai|1997|pp=21–22}} [[Tamil nationalism]]<ref>Hardgrave, Robert L. "The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism." Pacific Affairs, vol. 37, no. 4, 1964, pp. 396–411. JSTOR, {{doi|10.2307/2755132}}. Accessed 6 Jun. 2022.</ref>
|[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<ref name="DMK's regionalism">{{Cite news|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/03/07/regionalism-raises-ugly-head/|work=Arunachal Times|title=DMK has regionalism ideals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Regionalism, Parties and India's emerging Politics {{!}} Heinrich Böll Stiftung |url=https://www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/regionalism-parties-and-indias-emerging-politics |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics as family enterprise: Nationalist rhythm of BJP is challenge to regionalism |url=https://www.wionews.com/opinions/politics-as-family-enterprise-nationalist-rhythm-of-bjp-is-challenge-to-regionalism-249936 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=WION |date=16 September 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref>
|[[Social democracy]]<ref name="dmk1"/> [[Progressivism]]<ref name="dmk1">
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-from-health-care-to-community-living-his-schemes-were-aimed-at-social-equality/article24548812.ece|title=M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality|last=Kannan|first=Ramya|date=8 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karunanidhi-the-social-reformer-who-changed-the-landcape-of-tamil-nadu-politics-1837827.html|title=Social Equality was Karunanidhi's Focus During Five Terms as Tamil Nadu CM|website=News18|date=11 March 2019|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>
|[[Secularism]]<ref name="DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/may/05/dmk-has-secular-ideals-cm-stalin-2449889.html|work=[[Indian Express]]|title=DMK has secular ideals: CM Stalin}}</ref>
}}
| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/|title=Ideology of DMK|publisher=DMK|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/in-the-dravidian-heartland-a-statue-for-marx-in-the-heart-of-chennai-stalin-keeps-the-red-in-good-humour-1503552390.html|title=In the Dravidian heartland, a statue for Marx in the heart of Chennai: Stalin keeps the red in good humour|publisher=The Statesman|date=|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>
| predecessor = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (1917–1944) [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (1944–1949)
| split = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]
| labour = [[Labour Progressive Federation]] (LPF)
| youth = Ilaignar Ani
| students = Maanavar Ani
| women = Magalir Ani
| headquarters = Anna Arivalayam, 367–369, [[Anna Salai]], [[Teynampet]],&nbsp;[[Chennai]]&nbsp;-&nbsp;600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
| symbol = [[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|120px]] Rising Sun
| flag = Flag DMK.svg
|treasurer=[[T. R. Baalu]]}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{IPA|ta|t̪iɾaːʋiɖɐ munːeːtrɐk kɐɻɐɡɐm}}; {{translation|Dravidian Progressive Federation}};{{Sfn|Rubinoff|1997|p=2829}} {{small|abbr.}} '''DMK''') is an Indian [[Secularism|secular]] [[Progressivism|progressive]] political party based in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], where it is currently the main opposition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/dmk|title=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)|work=Business Standard India|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by [[C. N. Annadurai]] as a breakaway faction from the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], headed by [[Periyar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/september-which-split-dravidians-periyar-weds-maniyammai-dmk-born-49850|title=September which split Dravidians, Periyar weds Maniyammai|website=thenewsminute.com|date=14 September 2016|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/periyar-and-anna-conflict-over-electoral-politics-88609|title=Periyar and Anna conflict over electoral politics|website=newsminute.com|date=19 September 2018|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/karunanidhi-administrator-par-excellence-61343|title=Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence|website=downtoearth.org.in|date=8 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> The DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/3-february-1969-c.-n.-annadurai-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu-died|title=3 February 1969: C. N. Annadurai, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, died|newspaper=What Happened on This Day in History – Maps of India|date=3 February 2014 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967 the DMK became the first party other than the [[Indian National Congress]] to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in India. [[M. Karunanidhi]] followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/m-karunanidhi-former-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-passes-away/article24624474.ece|title=M Karunanidhi passes away|website=@businessline|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> He also served as the chief minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/m-karunanidhi-the-five-term-chief-minister/article24548707.ece/photo/1/|title=In pictures: M. Karunanidhi, the five-term Chief Minister|date=7 August 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 August 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, [[M. K. Stalin]], succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/64bKrVFUe0Xoz5qSVbq1tO/Karunanidhi-appoints-Stalin-as-Tamil-Nadu-deputy-CM.html|title=Karunanidhi appoints Stalin as Tamil Nadu deputy CM|date=29 May 2009|website=Mint|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

The DMK became the fifth-largest party in the [[Lok Sabha]] after the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Lok Sabha |date=2025-02-16 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en}}</ref> It currently holds 126 seats in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], where the DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] holds 159 out of 234 seats.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-05-03 |title=Assembly election 2021: DMK almost swept entire Tamil Nadu; western region went with AIADMK |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/tamil-nadu/assembly-election-2021-dmk-almost-swept-entire-tamil-nadu-western-region-went-with-aiadmk-981984.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins and foundation ===
[[File:India - Madurai - 039 (1887104659).jpg|thumb|Party flags in [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]|300px]]
DMK traces its roots to the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] founded by [[C. Natesa Mudaliar]] in 1916, in the presence of [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]], [[P. T. Rajan]], [[T. M. Nair]], [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar]] and a few others in [[Victoria Public Hall]] [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/100-years-justice-party-movement-which-defined-tamil-nadu-politics-53163|title = 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics|date = 20 November 2016}}</ref> The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1920.{{Sfn|Radhan|2002|p=187}} Communal division between [[Brahmin]]s and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to [[Caste in India|caste]] prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the [[Dravidian movement]].{{Sfn|Fishman|Garcia|2010|pp=230–}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/ | title=A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu| work=Manuraj Shunmugasundaram | date=22 November 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-inner-grammar-of-dissent-lives/298224 | title=The Inner Grammar Of Dissent Lives | work=K.S. Chalam | publisher=Outlook India | date=12 December 2016 | access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> In 1935, [[Periyar]], a popular reformist leader at that time, joined the Justice Party.

In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the [[Indian National Congress]] under [[C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of [[Hindi]] as a compulsory subject in schools led to the [[anti-Hindi agitations]], led by Periyar and his associates.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-justice-party-torchbearer-of-reform/article7892747.ece |title=Torch-bearer of reform |last=Veeramani |first=K. |date=19 November 2015 |work=The Hindu |access-date=10 August 2019 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vēṇu |first=Ē Es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ |title=Why South Opposes Hindi |date=1979 |publisher=Justice Publications |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181844/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/4724/6/MAU-1982-082-5.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in |page=192 & 193}}</ref>

In August 1944, Periyar created the '[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]' (DK) movement out of the Justice Party and the [[Self-Respect Movement]] at the Salem Provincial Conference.{{Sfn|Dirks|2001|p=263}} The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called [[Dravida Nadu]] consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.{{Sfn|Dirks|2001|p=263}}

Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, [[C. N. Annadurai]] and other members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it. [[C. N. Annadurai|Annadurai]] and several of his followers decided to split from the DK movement and form the DMK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208131610/http://sify.com/news/politics/fullstory.php?id=13493522 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 February 2005 |title=Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families|work= Sify News|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>{{Sfn|Ram|1977}}

The Dravidian philosophy played a key role in the DMK at the helm of administration. It was described it as the earliest [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] movement in the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]] politics to have political representation from former lower castes. This led to greater political participation, which improved representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened pluralist democracy in the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Narendra |date=2002-11-01 |title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/713999599 |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/713999599 |issn=1466-2043|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = CN Annadurai 1970 stamp of India.jpg
| caption1 = '''Dr. C.N. Annadurai''' Founder of the party
}}{{Main|C. N. Annadurai}}
The DMK's initial participation in electoral politics, in the [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative assembly elections]], was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as Annadurai and [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] were defeated. It fared somewhat better in the [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962 elections]], winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

==== Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations ====
{{See also|Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu}}

The DMK inherited the anti-[[Hindi imposition]] policies of its parent organization, DK. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.

In July 1953, the DMK launched an [[Kallakudi demonstration|agitation]] against the Union government's proposed name-change of [[Kallakudi]] to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name, proposed to be named after [[Dalmia Group|Ramkrishna Dalmia]], symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.{{Sfn|Mills|Sen|2004|p=151}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|title=Anna in the dock (1953)|author=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=16 September 2009|work=Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology Part 3|publisher=Sangam.org|access-date=24 November 2009}}</ref> On 15 July, [[M. Karunanidhi]] and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and [[Kannadasan]], were arrested.{{Sfn|Ramaswamy|1997|p=8}}

The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for [[Dravida Nadu]], which initially adopted a more radical stance than the Dravida Kazhagam.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2003|p=244}} On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGcOAQAAIAAJ|title=Modern India rejects Hindi|publisher=Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India|year=1958|page=29}}</ref>{{Sfn|Copley|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl/page/311 311]}} On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi day".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|title=A script which Karuna would never imagined in TN|date=16 May 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]|publisher=Business Standard Ltd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201202600/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-script-which-karuna-would-never-imagined-in-tn/61923/on|archive-date=1 December 2009|access-date=24 November 2009|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>{{Sfn|Swaminathan|1974|p=8}}

On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in [[Kodambakkam]], Madras.{{Sfn|Venu|1979|p=76}} In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]]. The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of [[Official Languages Act, 1963|Official Languages Act of 1963]].{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=153–156}} The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venkatachalapathy|first=A. R.|date=20 December 2007|title=Tongue tied|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071231-tongue-tied-734837-2007-12-20|access-date=|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

==== Formation of state government ====
In the [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967 assembly election]], DMK came to power in the [[Madras State]], 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became [[Tamil Nadu]]. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party won a majority.{{Sfn|Chakrabarty|2008|pp=110–111}} The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] parties to avoid a split in the opposition votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.<ref>{{cite news | last = Viswanathan | first = S | title = Dravidian power | work = Frontline | date = 10–23 April 2004 | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | access-date = 19 February 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303061014/http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm | archive-date = 3 March 2008 }}</ref> Following the DMK's victory in the 1967 election, Annadurai formed a cabinet that was the youngest in India at the time.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatachalapathy | first = AR | title = C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969 | date = 10 April 2008 | url = http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high | access-date = 20 December 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090112030229/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=48&task=view&id=6878&acc=high | archive-date = 12 January 2009 }}</ref>

==== Other achievements ====
[[Self-respect marriages]] were legalized in India during Annadurai's tenure. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a [[Brahmin]] was not needed to carry out the wedding.<ref>{{cite news | last = Venkatesh | first = MR | title = Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie | newspaper = The Telegraph | location = Calcutta | date = 7 June 2004 | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090816173201/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040607/asp/nation/story_3340313.asp | archive-date = 16 August 2009 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which led to great debt through [[dowry]] in many cases. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused [[arranged marriages]] to be replaced by [[Love marriage|love marriages.]]{{Sfn|Hodges|2005}}

Annadurai's party was among the first in India to include a promise of subsidized rice in its election manifesto. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an [[election promise]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu | work = Rediff.com | date = 19 April 2006 | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | access-date = 20 December 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907170313/http://in.rediff.com/election/2006/apr/19ptn.htm | archive-date = 7 September 2008 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

It was Annadurai's government that renamed [[Madras State]] to [[Tamil Nadu]], its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the [[Rajya Sabha]] by [[Bhupesh Gupta]], a communist MP from [[West Bengal]], but was then defeated.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2001|pp=152–154}} With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Annadurai's government introduced a two-language policy, favoring Tamil and English over Hindi, which marked a significant shift from the previously proposed [[three language formula]]. The three-language formula, which was implemented in the neighboring states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Kerala]], mandated students to study three languages: the regional language, [[English language|English]], and [[Hindi]].{{Sfn|Hardgrave|1965}}

===M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = M. Karunanidhi .jpg
| caption1 = '''Dr. M. Karunanidhi''' Former President of the party
}}

{{Main|M. Karunanidhi}}

In 1969, after Annadurai's death, M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]. Karunanidhi headed the DMK until his own death in 2018.<ref name=":0" /> He was also appointed as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 10 February 1969, sworn in by then Governor [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-17 |title=Milestones in a long journey |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article24705340.ece |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. leading to his suspension from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} M.G.R. left the DMK and created a new political party, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).{{Sfn|Hardgrave|1973}}

In 1976, during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency period]],<ref>{{Citation |title=EMERGENCY |date=2025-06-10 |work=Indira Gandhi and the Years that Transformed India |pages=192–223 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |access-date=2025-09-11 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/jj.28697857.15 |isbn=978-0-300-28369-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] dismissed the Karunanidhi government,<ref>{{Cite news |title=An island of democracy |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212001859/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/an-island-of-democracy/article24703897.ece |archive-date=2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> fifty days before his tenure ended, citing failure to maintain law and order, implement emergency measures, uphold national discipline, and promote economic development.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1976-02-01 |title=Mrs. Gandhi Dismisses Opposition Government of a State and Takes Over Rule (Published 1976) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/01/archives/mrs-gandhi-dismisses-opposition-government-of-a-state-and-takes.html |access-date=2025-09-11 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The political journey of M Karunanidhi: A timeline - End of an era |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-political-journey-of-m-karunanidhi-a-timeline/alliance-at-centre/slideshow/65311578.cms |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sarkaria Commission|Sarkaria commission]] later investigated the DMK government for alleged irregularities in awarding tenders related to the [[Veeranam]] drainage project.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 June 2001 |title=What the Sarkaria Commission said |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205052213/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/06/10/stories/0410223a.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010}}</ref> However, no corruption charges were formally proven against Karunanidhi in the court.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=704339 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-09 |title=Karunanidhi: Tamil Nadu politics' ultimate comeback man |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207033443/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karunanidhi-tamil-nadu-politics-ultimate-comeback-man-dmk-stalin-chennai-5298469/ |archive-date=2022-12-07 |access-date=2025-09-11 |work=The Indian Express |language=en-US}}</ref>

The interim report of the [[Jain Commission]], which oversaw the investigation into [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]], indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chawla |first=Prabhu |date=17 November 1997 |title=Jain Commission Revelations: Damning the DMK |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |url-status=dead |magazine=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 February 2004 |title=No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040228033749/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/14/stories/2004021405140100.htm |archive-date=28 February 2004}}</ref>

==== Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency ====
{{More citations needed|section|date=November 2025}}
* DMK lost the 1977 Assembly elections to the AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.{{sfn|Murali|2007|page=82}} After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions led by MGR's wife [[V. N. Janaki|Janaki]] and [[Jayalalithaa]]. The DMK returned to power in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly elections|1989 state assembly elections]] and for the third time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.
* The [[1991 Lok Sabha election]] was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] leading an alliance with [[Samajwadi Janata Party]]. In the same year, Rajiv Gandhi was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|killed]] by a suicide bomber during his election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, public sentiments were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to not win any seats in the Parliament.
* In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against Jayalalithaa and their alliance with [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] (TMC), headed by [[G.K. Moopanar]].
* In 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and anti-incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
* In the [[2004 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2004 general election]], DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), and the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] (PMK). The alliance won all 40 seats of the state including [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. The DMK held 7 ministerial posts in the central government cabinet.
* Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. [[M Karunanidhi]] became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the [[2009 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2009 general elections]].
* In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election result|2011 Assembly elections]], held in the wake of the [[2G case]] and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
* In the [[2014 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2014 general election]], DMK failed to win any seats.
* In the 2016 state assembly elections, DMK won 89 seats. This was the most number for a single opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.

==== Favouritism towards family members ====
Karunanidhi has faced accusations and criticism of favouring family members for prominent political and constitutional positions. His supporters have denied these allegations, describing the appointments as based on political trust and experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Isaac |first=Anna |date=2018-08-08 |title=Nepotism or survival? Why Karunanidhi chose family when it came to New Delhi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/nepotism-or-survival-why-karunanidhi-chose-family-when-it-came-new-delhi-86173 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Karunanidhi's nephew, [[Murasoli Maran]], was a [[Union Minister]] under multiple governments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maran&nbsp;– the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617023328/http://news.indiainfo.com/2003/11/23/23maran1.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 |access-date=11 November 2013 |publisher=Indiainfo.com}}</ref> [[M. K. Stalin]] was elected as the Mayor of [[Chennai]] and later as the deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 1999 |title=Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034411/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991101/stalin.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=India Today}}</ref> Karunanidhi's daughter [[Kanimozhi]] has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 July 2007 |title=Kanimozhi, D Raja take oath as Rajya Sabha members |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kanimozhi-d-raja-take-oath-as-rajya-sabha-members/articleshow/2235368.cms |work=timesofindia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 June 2013 |title=Kanimozhi wins Rajya Sabha polls, so does Raja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kanimozhi-d-raja-wins-rajya-sabha-polls-tamil-nadu-168269-2013-06-27 |access-date=27 June 2013 |work=indiatoday}}</ref> Karunanidhi's nephew's son [[Dayanidhi Maran]] had been appointed as a Union Minister in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-19 |title=Dayanidhi Maran hands over resignation to DMK chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/dayanidhi-maran-hands-over-resignation-to-dmk-chief-31894-2008-10-19 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Karunanidhi's grandson, M. K. Stalin's son, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], has been elected as an MLA in the state assembly.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu: Udhayanidhi Stalin wins big, cements claim to political legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-udhayanidhi-stalin-wins-big-cements-claim-to-political-legacy/articleshow/82362964.cms |work=timesofindia}}</ref> Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing [[M. K. Alagiri|Azhagiri]] to function as an extraconstitutional authority in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2003 |title=Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122081430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2003/08/19/stories/2003081902600400.htm |archive-date=22 November 2003 |access-date=11 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

=== M. K. Stalin era (2018–present) ===
{{Main|M. K. Stalin}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 =
| caption1 = '''Dr. M.K. Stalin''' President of the party
}}
[[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, [[M. K. Stalin]]. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/mk-stalin-takes-charge-of-dmk-after-51-years-of-joining-politics-fighting-a-dynastic-battle-the-65-year-old-has-learnt-it-hard-way-5059921.html|title=MK Stalin takes charge of DMK after 51 years in politics: Fighting a dynastic battle, the 65-year-old learnt it the hard way|website=Firstpost|date=28 August 2018|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Mkspicture (cropped).jpg
| total_width = 220
| align = right
| caption1 = '''M. K. Stalin''' Chief minister of Tamil Nadu & President of the party
| caption_align = center
}}

On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in [[Erode]] and [[M. K. Stalin]] released five slogans at the conference. They were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/mk-stalin-addressed-the-followers-in-erode-dmk-meet/articleshow/63454760.cms|title=ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்: ஈரோடு மண்டல மாநாட்டில் ஸ்டாலின் உரை|date=25 March 2018|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author1=மின்னம்பலம் |url=https://minnambalam.com/k/2018/03/26/31|title=ஸ்டாலின் முன்வைத்த ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்!|website=மின்னம்பலம்|date=17 February 2019 |language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/mk-stalin-releases-5-slogans-dmk-315312.html|title=மதவெறியை மாய்ப்போம்– அதிகார குவியலை அடித்து நொறுக்குவோம்: திமுகவின் 5 முழக்கங்களை அறிவித்த ஸ்டாலின்|first=Priya|last=Lakshmi|date=25 March 2018|website=oneindia.com|language=ta|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref>

# Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
# Let us grow and admire Tamil
# Let us crush the power pile
# Let us protect humanity from extremism
# Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu
During 2025 end the DMK constituted a committee headed by [[Kanimozhi]], to prepare the manifesto for the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-17 |title=Kanimozhi to head DMK's 2026 Assembly election manifesto committee |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanimozhi-to-head-dmks-assembly-election-manifesto-committee/article70408015.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> MK Stalin launched the party's election manifesto portal on 3 January 2026 at the party headquarters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=Tamil Nadu elections: Stalin launches DMK manifesto portal 2026; alliance with Congress under spotlight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-stalin-launches-dmk-manifesto-portal-2026-alliance-with-congress-under-spotlight/articleshow/126320024.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Over 14,000 suggestions received was received from citizens across the state on the day day one.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-04 |title=DMK receives 14,318 suggestions for manifesto on day one |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dmk-receives-14318-suggestions-for-manifesto-on-day-one/article70470860.ece |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==== Elections under M.K. Stalin presidency ====

* In the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general election]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html|title=Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls|agency=Press Trust of India|date=31 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dmk-led-front-in-tn-christened-secular-progressive-alliance-119031500955_1.html|title=DMK-led front in TN christened "Secular Progressive Alliance"|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 March 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> DMK contested as part of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] led by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The alliance secured 38 out of 39 seats in [[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] with a 52% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms|title=M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu |date=24 May 2019|first=D.|last=Govardan|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617|title="Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and won in [[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003910/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-date=2019-05-25 |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections Party Wise Result |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/parties |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* The DMK-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance|Secular Progressive alliance]] secured a majority in the [[2019 Tamil Nadu local elections|2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=DMK alliance wins Tamil Nadu rural local body polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/dmk-alliance-wins-tamil-nadu-rural-local-body-polls/articleshow/73086250.cms |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Akshaya |date=January 4, 2020 |title=Tamil Nadu local body poll results: DMK wins 243 district panchayat wards, AIADMK 214; counting underway |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-local-body-poll-results-dmk-wins-243-district-panchayat-wards-aiadmk-214-counting-underway-1633997-2020-01-04 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>
* In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 state assembly election]], the Secular Progressive Alliance won a majority by securing 159 seats out of 234 seats with a 46% vote share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902150932/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tamil Nadu 2021 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/40 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sushanth |title=Tamil nadu Assembly Election Results 2021 |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/result/kerala-assembly-election-2021/indepth/election_results.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Analysts partly attributed the victory to political developments within the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], including the rise and decline of [[V. K. Sasikala|V.K. Sasikala]], and subsequent internal leadership challenges.<ref name=":1" />
* In the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]], as part of the [[INDIA Alliance]], the DMK contested 21 constituencies. The alliance won all 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, resulting in a clean sweep in the region.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/dmk-alliance-sweeps-cuddalore-villupuram-and-kallakurichi/article68251459.ece#:~:text=The%20DMK%2Dled%20alliance%20made,contestants%20from%20the%20region%20%2D%20M.K. |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Party ideology==
{{Social democracy sidebar}}
{{Socialism sidebar}}
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by [[C. N. Annadurai]]. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party ideology|website=DMK|url=https://www.dmk.in/en/party/ideology/}}</ref>

===Dravidian nationalism===
The [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|anti-Hindi Imposition agitations]] of 1965 forced the [[Government of India|central government]] to abandon its efforts to use [[Hindi]] as the only official language of the country.

=== State autonomy ===
After [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] after the death of Annadurai, Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.{{Sfn|Palanithurai|1997|pp=21–22}}

=== Social justice ===
The DMK has been involved in the protest for [[OBC quota|OBC]] reservation, ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-first-amendment-act-1951|title=THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951&#124; National Portal of India|website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=protest of Periyar and Anna| url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2010/the-road-to-fort-st-george.html}}</ref> The party holds OBC welfare as a tenet of its core ideology<ref>{{cite news |title=Stalin welcomes Supreme court order favouring OBC reservation in medical courses |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 January 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/dmk-welcomes-sc-order-on-obc-quota-in-medical-courses/articleshow/88767324.cms}}</ref> and has implemented [[Reservation in India|reservation]] related policies in favour of OBCs <ref>{{cite web |title=source article |date=29 March 2021 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/how-tamil-nadu-s-reservation-stands-69-despite-50-quota-cap-146116}}</ref> and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple to honour DMK leader Karunanidhi to be built in Tamil Nadu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/temple-to-honour-dmk-leader-karunanidhi-to-be-built-in-tamil-nadu-5935903/|website=The Indian Express |date=25 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like "Thirunangai" and "Thirunambi".<ref name="Nadika">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/self-respect-weddings-transgender-rights-karunanidhi-leader-minorities-86159|title=Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities|last=N|first=Nadika|website=newsminute.com|date=7 August 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

== Party symbol ==
The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag pictured. The symbol was inspired by the Karunanidhi's 1950s play ''Udaya Suryan'' and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/story-udaya-suriyan-how-rising-sun-became-symbol-dmk-43247|title=The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK|last=Isaac|first=Anna|date=n.d.|website=thenewsminute.com|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
===Lok Sabha Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Outcome
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan=2|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
| {{Composition bar compact|7|41|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 5
| 18.64%
| 2,315,610
| rowspan="2" {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar compact|25|25|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 18
| 51.79%
| 7,996,264
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|rowspan=12|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|{{Composition bar compact|23|23|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 55.61%
| 8,869,095
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|{{Composition bar compact|1|19|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 22
| 37.84%
| 6,758,517
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar compact|16|16|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 15
| 55.89%
| 10,290,515
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar compact|2|28|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 14
| 37.04%
| 8,006,513
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar compact|0|32|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 2
| 33.78%
| 8,918,905
|rowspan="2" {{lost|Lost}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar compact|0|29|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 27.64%
| 6,823,581
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar compact|17|18|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 17
| 54.96%
| 14,940,474
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar compact|6|18|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 11
| 42.72%
| 10,937,809
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar compact|12|18|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 6
| 46.41%
| 12,638,602
| rowspan="3" {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar compact|16|16|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
| 57.40%
| 16,483,390
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar compact|18|21|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
| 42.54%
| 12,929,043
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar compact|0|34|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 18
| 23.16%
| 10,243,767
| {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar compact|24|24|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{increase}} 24
|32.76%
|14,363,332
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar compact|22|22|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{Decrease}} 2
|26.93%
|11,689,879| 11,689,879
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|}

{{Vertical bar chart
|1962|7
|1967|25
|1971|23
|1977|1
|1980|16
|1984|2
|1989|0
|1991|0
|1996|17
|1998|6
|1999|12
|2004|16
|2009|18
|2014|0
|2019|24
|2024|22
|full_name=All time–DMK Lok Sabha seat count
|type=demographic
|color=red
}}

=== Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Outcome
|-
!colspan=11 |[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|rowspan=11|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|{{Composition bar compact|2|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 2
|
| 47,823
| rowspan="2" {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Composition bar compact|3|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
|
| 30,441
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar compact|14|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 11
|
| 68,030
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar compact|5|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 9
|
| 87,754
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Composition bar compact|9|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 4
|
| 101,127
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar compact|4|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 5
|
| 96,607
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar compact|7|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 3
|
| 105,392
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Composition bar compact|7|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{steady}}
|
| 83,679
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2006 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Composition bar compact|7|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{steady}}
|
|
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar compact|3|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 4
| 10.68%
| 74,552
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Composition bar compact|2|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 1
| 8.9%
| 70,836
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar compact|6|30|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{increase}} 4
| 18.51%
|154,858
|{{no2|Opposition}}
|- |-
!colspan=11 |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=2|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
|{{Composition bar compact|50|205|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 37
| 27.10%
| 3,435,633
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Composition bar compact|137|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 87
| 40.69%
| 6,230,556
| rowspan="2" {{yes2|Government}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan=11|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|{{Composition bar compact|184|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 47
| 48.58%
| 7,654,935
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Composition bar compact|48|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 136
| 24.89%
| 4,258,771
| rowspan="2" {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar compact|37|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 11
| 22.1%
| 4,164,389
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar compact|24|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 13
| 29.3%
| 6,362,770
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar compact|150|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 116
| 37.89%
| 9,135,220
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar compact|2|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 148
| 22.5%
| 5,535,668
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar compact|173|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 171
| 53.77%
| 14,600,748
| {{yes2|Government}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Composition bar compact|31|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 142
| 30.90%
| 8,669,864
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| {{Composition bar compact|96|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 65
| 26.50%
| 8,728,716
| {{yes2|Minority Government}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar compact|23|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{decrease}} 73
| 22.40%
| 8,249,991
| {{partial|Others}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Composition bar compact|89|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| {{increase}} 66
| 31.39%
| 13,670,511
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar compact|133|234|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|{{increase}} 44
|37.7%
|17,430,179
|{{yes2|Government}}
|}{{Vertical bar chart
|1962|50
|1967|137
|1971|184
|1977|48
|1980|37
|1984|24
|1989|150
|1991|2
|1996|173
|2001|31
|2006|96
|2011|23
|2016|89
|2021|133
|full_name=All time–DMK Assembly seat count (Tamil Nadu)
|type=demographic
|color=red
}}{{Vertical bar chart
|1974|2
|1977|3
|1980|14
|1985|5
|1990|9
|1991|4
|1996|7
|2001|7
|2006|7
|2011|3
|2016|2
|2021|6
|full_name=All time–DMK Assembly seat count (Puducherry)
|type=demographic
|color=red
}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|5th
|rowspan=2|[[M.&nbsp;Karunanidhi]]
|3
|{{Composition bar compact|0|287|{{party color|DMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.26%
|{{steady}}
|36,466
|rowspan=2 {{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|6th
|2
|{{Composition bar compact|0|294|{{party color|DMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.03%
|{{decrease}} 0.23%
|6,547
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|6th
|[[M.&nbsp;Karunanidhi]]
|3
|{{Composition bar compact|0|224|{{party color|DMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.13%
|{{steady}}
|16,437
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Elections
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[M.&nbsp;Karunanidhi]]
|1
|{{Composition bar compact|0|133|{{party color|DMK}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.02%
|{{steady}}
|1,682
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

==Current office bearers and prominent members==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Member
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Position in Government
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};color:white"|Party Position
|-
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|
*[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
*Former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
|President
|-
|[[Duraimurugan]]
|
*Minister for Water Resources of Tamil Nadu
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
*[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|General Secretary
|-
|[[T. R. Baalu]]
|
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
*Former Minister of Shipping of the Republic of India
*Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|Treasurer and Lok Sabha Leader
|-
|[[K. N. Nehru]]
|
*Minister for Municipal Administration
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from [[Tiruchirappalli West Assembly constituency|Tiruchirappalli West]]
|Party Principal Secretary
|-
|[[I. Periyasamy]]
|
* Minister for Rural Administration
* MLA from [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Aathoor]]
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[Tiruchi N. Siva|Tiruchi Siva]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-mp-tiruchi-siva-appointed-new-party-deputy-general-secretary-829676 | title=DMK MP Tiruchi Siva appointed new party deputy general secretary | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dmk-removes-minister-ponmudy-from-the-post-of-deputy-general-secretary-829675 | title=Stalin sacks Ponmudy from party post over his 'vulgar' remarks | website=[[DT Next]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref>
|
* Leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in Rajya Sabha
* [[Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[A. Raja]]
|
* Member of Parliament (LS) from [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
* Former Union Minister for Information Technology
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[P. Selvarasu|Anthiyur P. Selvaraj]]
|
* Member of Rajya Sabha,
* Former State Minister for Handlooms and Textile
|Deputy General Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]]
|
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
* Former [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
|{{ubl|Deputy General Secretary and|Parliamentary Chairperson}}
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[R. S. Bharathi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/Main.aspx|title=R. S. Bharathi profile|work=Rajya Sabha}}</ref>
|
* Former Member of Parliament (RS)
* Former Chairman of Alandur Municipality
|Organization Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4533|title=TKS Elangovan profile|work=Government of India}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|
* Former Member of Parliament (RS)
|Official Spokesperson
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|
* Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
* Minister for Planning and Development
* Minister for Youth Welfare and Sports Development of Tamil Nadu
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|Youth Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[Dr. T R B Rajaa]]
|
* Minister for Industries,Investments and Commerce
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Mannargudi (state assembly constituency)|Mannargudi]]
|Information Technology Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|Helena Davidson
|
* Former Member of Parliament (LS) from [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| Women's Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan|CVMP Ezhilarasan]]
|
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Kancheepuram (state assembly constituency)|Kancheepuram]]
|Students' Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
| |[[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|
* Member of Parliament (LS) from [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Central Chennai]]
* Former Union Minister for Information Technology
| Sports Wing Secretary
|-
|[[Palanivel Thiagarajan]]
|
* Minister for Information Technology and Digital Services
* Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency|Madurai Central]]
|Assets Committee Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|[[Ezhilan Naganathan|Dr Ezhilan Naganathan]]
|
* Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|Medical Wing Secretary
|- style="text-align:left;
|M M Abdulla
|
* Member of Parliament (RS)
|NRI Wing Secretary
|}

==List of party leaders==
===Presidents===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]''' (1924–2018)
|27 July 1969
|7 August 2018
|{{age in years and days|1969|07|27|2018|8|7}}
|-
!2
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]''' (born in 1953)
|28 August 2018
|''incumbent''
|rowspan=2|{{age in years and days|2018|08|28}}
|}

===Working President===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!1
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]''' (born in 1953)
|4 January 2017
|27 August 2018
|{{age in years and days|2017|01|04|2018|08|27}}
|}

===General Secretaries===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]''' (1909–1969)
|17 September 1949
|24 April 1955
|rowspan=2|13 years, 350 days
|-
|25 September 1960
|3 February 1969
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' (1920–2000)
|24 April 1955
|24 September 1960
|rowspan=2|13 years, 254 days
|-
|4 February 1969
|16 May 1977
|-
!3
|[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]''' (1922–2020)
|17 May 1977
|7 March 2020
|42 years, 295 days
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|'''[[Duraimurugan]]''' (born in 1938)
|9 September 2020
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2020|09|09}}
|}

==List of chief ministers==
=== Chief Minister of Madras State ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Elected constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Ministry
|-
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]''' (1909–1969)
|6 March 1967
|13 January 1969
|1 year, 313 days
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|[[State legislative councils of India#Member of the Legislative Council|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]
|[[Annadurai ministry|Annadurai]]
|}

===Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu===
{{further|List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Ministry
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Assembly {{small|Election}}
|-
!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Start
!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|End
!style="background-color:#FF0000;color:white"|Duration {{small|in days}}
|-
!rowspan=1|1
|rowspan=1|[[File:CN Annadurai.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=1|'''[[C. N. Annadurai]]''' (1909–1969)
|14 January 1969
|3 February 1969
!'''20 days'''
|[[Annadurai ministry|Annadurai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]] [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|(1967)]]
|-
!rowspan=1|Acting
|rowspan=1|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=1|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' (1910–1988)
|3 February 1969
|10 February 1969
!'''7 days'''
|[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry|Nedunchezhiyan I]]
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]] [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|(1967)]]
|-
!rowspan=5|2
|rowspan=5|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=5|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]''' (1924–2018)
|10 February 1969
|14 March 1971
!'''{{ayd|1969|2|10|1971|3|14}}'''
|[[First Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi I]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Saidapet Assembly constituency|Saidapet]]
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]] [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|(1967)]]
|-
|15 March 1971
|31 January 1976
!'''{{ayd|1971|3|15|1976|1|31}}'''
|[[Second Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi II]]
|5th {{small|(1971)}}
|-
|27 January 1989
|30 January 1991
!'''{{ayd|1989|1|27|1991|1|30}}'''
|[[Third Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi III]]
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|11th [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1989)}}]]
|-
|13 May 1996
|13 May 2001
!'''{{ayd|1996|5|13|2001|5|13}}'''
|[[Fourth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi IV]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Chepauk Assembly constituency|Chepauk]]
|11th [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(1996)}}]]
|-
|13 May 2006
|15 May 2011
!'''{{ayd|2006|5|13|2011|5|15}}'''
|[[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry|Karunanidhi V]]
|13th [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2006)}}]]
|-
!rowspan=1|3
|rowspan=1| [[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|133x133px|The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin]]
|rowspan=1|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-05-05 |title=M.K. Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu CM, swearing-in on May 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mk-stalin-appointed-tamil-nadu-cm-swearing-in-on-may-7/article34491656.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''' (born 1953)
|7 May 2021
|Incumbent
!'''{{age in years and days|2021|05|07}}'''
|[[M. K. Stalin ministry|Stalin]]
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|16th [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|{{small|(2021)}}]]
|}

===List of deputy chief ministers===
====Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu====
{{further|List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Term in office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|{{white|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|{{white|Election}}]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Elected constituency
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|{{white|Chief Minister}}]]
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Assumed office
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Left office
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]''' (1953–)
|29 May 2009
|15 May 2011
|1 year, 351 days
|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|50px]] [[M. Karunanidhi]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Udhaya.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]''' (1977–)
|28 September 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2024|09|28}}
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|50px]] [[M. K. Stalin]]
|}

===Chief Ministers of Puducherry===
{{further|List of chief ministers of Puducherry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"| Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Elected constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|(Assembly)}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|Election}}]])}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|{{black|(Lieutenant Governor)}}]]
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Assumed office
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Left office
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[M. O. H. Farook]]''' (1937–2012)
| [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]
| 17 March 1969
| 2 January 1974
! 4 years, 291 days
| 3rd {{small|([[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969 election]])}}
| [[B. D. Jatti]]
|-
! 2
| rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| rowspan="2"|'''[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]''' (Unknown)
| rowspan="2"|[[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]
| 16 January 1980
| 23 June 1983
!3 years, 158 days
| 6th {{small|([[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]])}}
| [[Bidesh Tukaram Kulkarni|B. T. Kulkarni]]
|-
! 3
| 8 March 1990
| 2 March 1991
! 359 days
| 8th {{small|([[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]])}}
| [[Chandrawati]]
|-
! 4
| [[File:R.V.Janakiraman2 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[R. V. Janakiraman]]''' (1941–2019)
| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| 26 May 1996
| 21 March 2000
! 3 years, 300 days
| rowspan = "2" | 10th {{small|([[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996 election]])}}
| [[Rajendra Kumari Bajpai]]
|-
|}

== List of Leaders of the Opposition ==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" |No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Elected constituency
!colspan=3 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Term of office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|{{black|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]}} {{black|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Appointed by {{black|([[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker]])}}
|-
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|rowspan=2|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]''' (1924–2018)
|rowspan=2|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|25 July 1977
|17 February 1980
!rowspan=2|5 years, 259 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Munu Adhi]]
|-
|27 June 1980
|18 August 1983
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[K. Rajaram]]
|-
!2
|[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]''' (1922–2020)
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|24 May 2001
|14 April 2006
!4 years, 325 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|-
!3
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]''' (born 1953)
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|4 June 2016
|3 May 2021
!4 years, 333 days
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|}

=== Pondicherry/Puducherry Legislative Assembly ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" | Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white" |Elected constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white|Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|{{black|Assembly}}]] {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|{{black|(election)}}]])}}
|-
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Assumed office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Left office
!style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"| Time in office
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
|rowspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| [[R.V. Janakiraman]]
|rowspan=2| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| 22 March 2000
| 15 May 2001
|'''{{ayd|2000|3|22|2001|5|15}}'''
| | 10th {{small|(1996 election)}}
|-
| 16 May 2001
| 11 May 2006
| '''{{ayd|2001|5|16|2006|5|11}}'''
| 11th {{small|(2001 election)}}
|-
! 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| [[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
| Karaikal
| 29 May 2006
| May 2011
| '''{{ayd|2006|5|29|2011|5|29}}'''
| 12th {{small|(2006 election)}}
|-
! 3
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| [[R. Siva]]
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]
| 8 May 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/08/four-time-mla-r-siva-appointed-leader-of-dmk-legislature-party-in-puducherry-2300076.html |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date= 8 May 2021 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
| ''Incumbent''
| '''{{ayd|2021|5|8}}'''
| [[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021 election]])}}
|-
|}

=== Madras State Legislative Assembly ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Leader of the Opposition
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term Start
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Term End
! style="background-color:#FF0D0D;color:white"|Duration
|-
| '''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' || 29 March 1962 || 28 February 1967 || '''{{ayd|1962|3|28|1967|2|28}}'''
|}

== List of Speakers & Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|No.
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Name
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Deputy Speaker
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Took office
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Left office
! style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white"|Duration
|-
! rowspan =2| 1
| rowspan =2| [[Pulavar K. Govindan]]
| [[G. R. Edmund]]
| 22 February 1969
| 14 March 1971
! '''{{ayd|1969|2|22|1971|3|14}}'''
|-
| [[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]
| 3 August 1973
| 3 July 1977
! '''{{ayd|1973|8|3|1977|7|3}}'''
|-
! 2
| [[K. A. Mathiazagan]]
| [[P. Seenivasan]]
| 24 March 1971
| 2 December 1972
!'''{{ayd|1971|3|24|1972|12|2}}'''
|-
! ''Acting''
| colspan="2"|[[P. Seenivasan]] ''(Acting Speaker)''
| 2 December 1972
| 3 August 1973
! '''{{ayd|1972|2|12|1973|8|3}}'''
|-
! 3
| [[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
| [[V. P. Duraisamy]]
| 8 February 1989
| 30 June 1991
!'''{{ayd|1989|2|8|1991|7|30}}'''
|-
! 4
| [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
| [[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]]
| 23 May 1996
| 21 May 2001
!'''{{ayd|1996|5|23|2001|5|21}}'''
|-
! 5
| [[R. Avudaiappan]]
| [[V. P. Duraisamy]]
| 19 May 2006
| 15 May 2011
!'''{{ayd|2006|5|19|2011|5|15}}'''
|-
! 6
|[[M. Appavu]]
|[[K. Pitchandi]]
|12 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
!'''{{ayd|2021|5|12}}'''
|-
|}

==List of union cabinet ministers==
===V. P. Singh ministry (1989–90)===
{{further|V. P. Singh ministry}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | #
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Portrait
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:18em" | Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
!colspan="3" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Term of office
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:8em" | Portfolio
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white" | Ministry
!rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:9em" | Prime Minister
|-
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:7em" | From
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:7em" | To
!style="background-color:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color:white; width:6em" | Period
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]''' {{small|(1934–2003) MP for [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]}}
|2 December 1989
|10 November 1990
|'''343 days'''
|'''[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]'''
|style="background:#4C915F" | '''[[V. P. Singh ministry|{{black|Vishwanath}}]]'''
|[[V. P. Singh]]
|}

===H.D Devegowda Ministry (1996{{ndash}}97)===
{{further|Deve Gowda ministry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]'''
|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]''' (1934–2003)
|1 June 1996
|21 April 1997
!'''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=4|[[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]'''
|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]''' (1931–2013)
|1 June 1996
|21 April 1997
!'''{{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|4|21}}'''
|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!3
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]''' (–)
|6 July 1996
|21 April 1997
!'''{{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|4|21}}'''
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!4
|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]''' (born 1941)
|6 July 1996
|21 April 1997
!'''{{ayd|1996|7|6|1997|4|21}}'''
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|}

===I.K Gujral Ministry (1997{{ndash}}98)===
{{further|Gujral ministry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Industry]]'''
|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]''' (1934–2003)
|21 April 1997
|19 March 1998
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=6|[[I. K. Gujral]]
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|2
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Minister of Surface Transport]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. G. Venkatraman]]''' (1931–2013)
|21 April 1997
|19 March 1998
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Affairs & Employment]]'''
|14 November 1997
|12 December 1997
!'''{{ayd|1997|11|14|1997|12|12}}'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]''' (born 1941)
|21 April 1997
|19 March 1998
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1998|3|19}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|11 January 1998
|19 March 1998
!'''{{ayd|1998|1|11|1998|3|19}}'''
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[N. V. N. Somu]]''' (–)
|21 April 1997
|14 November 1997 ''(died in office)''
!'''{{ayd|1997|4|21|1997|11|14}}'''
|[[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|}

===Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ministry (1999{{ndash}}2004)===
{{further|Third Vajpayee ministry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Murasoli Maran 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce & Industry]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[Murasoli Maran]]''' (1934–2003)
|13 October 1999
|9 November 2002
!'''3 years, 27 days'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=6|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan=6 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|'''[[Third Vajpayee ministry|Minister without portfolio]]'''
|9 November 2002
|23 November 2003
!'''{{ayd|2002|11|9|2003|11|23}}'''
|-
!2
|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment & Forests]]'''
|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]''' (born 1941)
|13 October 1999
|21 December 2003
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2003|12|21}}'''
|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|rowspan="2"|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]''' (born 1963)
|13 October 1999
|30 September 2001
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2001|9|30}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|30 September 2000
|21 December 2003
!'''{{ayd|2000|9|30|2003|12|21}}'''
|-
|}

===First Manmohan Singh Ministry (2004{{ndash}}2009)===
{{further|First Manmohan Singh ministry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[A. Raja]]''' (born 1963)
|23 May 2004
|15 May 2007
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=12|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|rowspan=12 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications & Information Technology]]'''
|15 May 2007
|22 May 2009
!'''{{ayd|2007|5|15|2009|5|22}}'''
|-
!2
|[[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications & Information Technology]]'''
|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]''' (born 1966)
|23 May 2004
|15 May 2007
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|rowspan="2"|[[File:T R Baalu at his Book Release 2024.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[T. R. Baalu]]''' (born 1941)
|23 May 2004
|22 May 2009
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways|Minister of Shipping]]'''
|25 May 2004
|2 September 2004{{efn|The ministry's competences were transferred to the [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways]] in September 2004.}}
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|25|2004|9|2}}'''
|-
!4
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[K. Venkatapathy]]''' (born 1946)
|23 May 2004
|22 May 2009
!|'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
|[[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!rowspan="2"|5
|rowspan="2"|[[File:S. Regupathy in 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. Regupathy]]''' (born 1950)
|23 May 2004
|15 May 2007
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2007|5|15}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Pudukkottai Lok Sabha constituency|Pudukkottai]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Minister of Environment and Forests]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|15 May 2007
|22 May 2009
!'''{{ayd|2007|5|15|2009|5|22}}'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|6
|rowspan="2"|[[File:S. S. Palanimanickam (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industry]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|rowspan="2"|'''[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]''' (born 1950)
|23 May 2004
|25 May 2004
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2004|5|25}}'''
|rowspan="2"|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]''' (Revenue, from 29 January 2006) '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|25 May 2004
|22 May 2009
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|25|2009|5|22}}'''
|-
!7
|[[File:Subbalakshmi Jagadeesan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]''' (born 1947)
|23 May 2004
|22 May 2009
!'''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2009|5|22}}'''
|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!8
|[[File:V. Radhika Selvi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[V. Radhika Selvi]]''' (born 1976)
|18 May 2007
|22 May 2009
!'''{{ayd|2007|5|18|2009|5|22}}'''
|[[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|}

===Second Manmohan Singh Ministry (2009{{ndash}}2014)===
{{further|Second Manmohan Singh ministry}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#ff0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications & Information Technology]]'''
|'''[[A. Raja]]''' (born 1963)
|28 May 2009
|15 November 2010 <ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-15 |title=Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/telecom-minister-a-raja-resigns-pm-to-keep-charge-of-telecom-ministry/articleshow/6926778.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-15 |title=Raja resigns over 2G spectrum issue |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/telecom/story/raja-resigns-over-2g-spectrum-issue-15096-2010-11-15 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-02 |title=CBI arrests former Telecom Minister A. Raja |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/CBI-arrests-former-Telecom-Minister-A.-Raja/article15126071.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
!'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2010|11|15}}'''
|[[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=9|[[Manmohan Singh]]
|rowspan=9 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Dayanidhi Maran.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]'''
|'''[[Dayanidhi Maran]]''' (born 1966)
|28 May 2009
|12 July 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-07 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-cabinet/article20303877.ece1 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-07-08 |title=Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dayanidhi-maran-resigns-from-union-cabinet/articleshow/9143074.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
!'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|7|12}}'''
|[[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!3
|[[File:MKAlagiri.jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers|Minister of Chemicals & Fertilizers]]'''
|'''[[M. K. Alagiri]]''' (born 1951)
|rowspan="4"|28 May 2009
|rowspan="4"|21 March 2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-07 |title=Karunanidhi denies reports on Alagiri's resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karunanidhi-denies-reports-on-Alagiris-resignation/article15510351.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
!rowspan="4"|'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2013|3|21}}'''
|[[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!4
|[[File:Nepoleon Duraisamy.png|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[Napoleon (actor)|D. Napoleon]]''' (born 1963)
|[[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!5
|[[File:S. Gandhiselvan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Minister of Health & Family Welfare]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[S. Gandhiselvan]]''' (born 1963)
|[[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!6
|[[File:S. S. Palanimanickam (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]''' (Revenue) '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|'''[[S. S. Palanimanickam]]''' (born 1950)
|[[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
!rowspan="3"|7
|rowspan="3"|[[File:S. Jagathrakshakan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information & Broadcasting]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|rowspan="3"|'''[[S. Jagathrakshakan]]''' (born 1950)
|28 May 2009
|28 October 2012
!'''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2012|10|28}}'''
|rowspan="3"|[[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of New & Renewable Energy]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|28 October 2012
|2 November 2012
!'''{{ayd|2012|10|28|2012|11|2}}'''
|-
|'''[[Ministry of Commerce & Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce & Industry]]''' '''({{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}})'''
|2 November 2012
|21 March 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 DMK ministers quit, PM accepts their resignations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/5-dmk-ministers-quit-pm-accepts-their-resignations/articleshow/19097333.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Economic Times | date=20 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
!'''{{ayd|2012|11|2|2013|3|21}}'''
|}

==List of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha==
{{further|Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Name (Birth–Death)
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Elected constituency
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Lok Sabha (Election)
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Speaker
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Assumed office
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Left office
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Time in office
! style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white;" | Prime Minister
|-
| [[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| '''[[G. Lakshmanan]]''' (1924–2001)
| [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]] [[1980 Indian general election|(1980)]]
| '''[[Balram Jakhar]]''' [[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]
| 1 December 1980
| 31 December 1984
! 4 years, 30 days
| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|}

== Splits and offshoots ==
There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, which are
* [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), founded on 17 October 1972 by the former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.).
* [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] [[Vaiko]].

=== Political lineage and offsprings of DMK ===
{{DP-genealogy}}

== Media ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Kanimozhi Karunanidhi 01.jpg
| caption1 = '''Tmt. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi''' Deputy General Secretary of the party
}}

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers: an English weekly named ''The Rising Sun'' and a Tamil daily named ''[[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dmk.in/|title=DMK homepage|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}</ref>

[[Kalaignar TV]] is a TV channel group started on 15 September 2007 and managed by [[Kanimozhi Karunanidhi]] and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The group has multiple sister channels: Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kalaignartv.co.in/|title=Kalaignar Channel|publisher=Kalaignar Channel|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
* [[2G spectrum case]]
* [[Granite scam in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers]]
* [[Dinakaran attack]]
* [[Leelavathi murder]]
* [[Kallakudi demonstration]]
* [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
* [[Politics of India]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

===Publications===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ahuja |first=M. L. |title=Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998 |year=1998 |publisher=Mittal Publication |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7099-711-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA358 |ref=Ahuja}}
* {{cite book |last=Chakrabarty |first=Bidyut |title=Indian Politics and Society Since Independence |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C |isbn=978-0-415-40868-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Copley |first=Antony R. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalcareero0000copl |url-access=registration |title=The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |year=1978}}
* {{cite book |last=Dirks |first=Nicholas B. |author-link=Nicholas Dirks |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-691-08895-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fishman |first1=Joshua |last2=Garcia |first2=Ofelia |title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |access-date=7 July 2016 |year=2010 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press, USA]] |isbn=978-0-19-539245-6 |pages=230–}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. |date=1965-08-01 |title=The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/5/8/399/23952/The-Riots-in-Tamilnad-Problems-and-Prospects-of |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |language=en |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=399–407 |doi=10.2307/2642412 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2642412|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hardgrave |first=Robert L. |date=1973-03-01 |title=Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article/13/3/288/20787/Politics-and-the-Film-in-Tamilnadu-The-Stars-and |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=288–305 |doi=10.2307/2643038 |issn=0004-4687 |jstor=2643038 |hdl=2152/34387 |hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hodges |first=Sara |title=Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India |journal=[[Contributions to Indian Sociology]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=251–277 |year=2005 |doi=10.1177/006996670503900203 |s2cid=144419547 |df=dmy-all}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-85065-398-4}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Rajan Kurai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0t6EAAAQBAJ |title=Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967 |last2=Sriramachandran |first2=Ravindran |last3=Subagunarajan |first3=V. M. S. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-19717-5 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hIUBioZHHQC&pg=PT151 |title=Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India |last2=Sen |first2=Satadru |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84331-033-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murali |first=Geetha Kamalakshi |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |title=Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu |year=2007 |location=CA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrNPAQAAMAAJ |isbn=9780549737612}}
* {{cite book |last=Omvedt |first=Gail |author-link=Gail Omvedt |title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity |publisher=[[Orient Longman]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-250-2895-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Palanithurai |first=Ganapathy |title=Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdxwA3xDtSEC&pg=PA21 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=1997 |isbn=978-8-175-33039-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Radhan |first=O.P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Political Parties |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-7488-865-5 |chapter=A Time-Bound Plan for Muslim India}}
* {{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC |title=State and nation in south Asia |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-55587-967-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ram |first=N. |year=1977 |editor-last=Barnett |editor-first=Marguerite Ross |title=Pre-History and History of the DMK |journal=[[Social Scientist]] |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=59–91 |doi=10.2307/3520089 |issn=0970-0293 |jstor=3520089}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ramaswamy |first1=Sumathi |title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 |date=20 November 1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-20805-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La8wDwAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=5.29 The Warrior Devotee}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005 |year=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&q=admk&pg=PA413}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Rubinoff |first=Arthur G. |date=1997 |title=General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4406016 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=32 |issue=43 |pages=2829–2835 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4406016 |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Subramanian |first=Narendra |date=2002-11-01 |title=Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249027491 |journal=[[Commonwealth & Comparative Politics]] |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=125–139 |doi=10.1080/713999599 |s2cid=153856033}}
* {{cite book |last=Swaminathan |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-uYmpYmXuMC |title=Karunanidhi: man of destiny |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |year=1974 |isbn=9780333902127}}
* {{cite book |last=Venu |first=E.Es. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83xIAAAAMAAJ |title=Why South opposes Hindi |publisher=Justice Publications |year=1979}}
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_2-1957-62.pdf |date=June 1962 |ref=second}}
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/review_3_62-67.pdf |date=June 1967 |ref=third}}
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf |date=June 1971 |ref=fourth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225355/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review%204_67-70.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2013}}
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_5_1971_1976.pdf |date=June 1976 |ref=fifth}}
* {{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80 |publisher=Legislative Assembly Department |location=Fort St. George, Madras |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/reviews/Review_6_1977_1980.pdf |year=1980 |ref=sixth}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1984 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf |ref=eighth}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |ref=twelfth}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=2011 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf |ref=thirteenth}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1980 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf |ref=seventh}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1989 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf |ref=ninth}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1991 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf |ref=tenth}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=1996 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |ref=eleventh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010}}
* {{cite web |title=Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006 |publisher=Election Commission of India |location=New Delhi |year=2006 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |ref=stat2006}}*{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=General Election Results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/partywiseresult-S22.htm |website=Election Results}}{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dravidian-Progressive-Federation Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam] — entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

{{Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{United Progressive Alliance}}


[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Tamil nationalism]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1949]]
[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Asia]]
[[Category:State political parties in Puducherry]]
[[Category:State political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Aranya Johar

2026-03-15T09:35:30Z

NicoleLombardo: Started new post

{{short description|Indian poet and feminist (born 1998)}}
{{notability|Bio|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Aranya Johar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|09|7}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet
| language =
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Aranya Johar''' (born September 7, 1998) is an Indian poet. She uses social media to address issues like [[gender equality]], mental health and body positivity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BdzOB-WlZV6/|title=Aranya Johar on Instagram: "Feature in this month's @bazaarindia ! So grateful! 🙆💕"|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> She uses [[Poetry slam|slam poetry]] to confront beauty standards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2017/07/162838/aranya-johar-brown-girls-guide-to-beauty-slam-poetry|title=This Indian Teenager Is Using Slam Poetry To Confront Beauty Standards|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en}}</ref> Aranya's first released piece, “A Brown Girls’s Guide to Gender” became a viral sensation and hit 1 million views within two days of its upload.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/brown-girl-guide-to-gender-speaks-for-all-women-who-cant-poetry-gender-discrimination|title='Brown Girl's Guide to Gender' Strikes a Note with Every Woman|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en}}</ref> She integrated [[spoken word]] in [[Bollywood]] for the first time through her collaboration with [[Akshay Kumar]] for the movie ‘[[Pad Man (film)|Padman]]’.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindianfeed.in/akshay-kumar-with-aranya-johar-tapes-the-menstrual-poetry-bleeding-rani/|title=Akshay kumar with Aranya Johar Tears Apart Our Society's Notion About Periods In This Slam Poem !|date=2018-02-03|work=The Indian Feed|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930161554/https://www.theindianfeed.in/akshay-kumar-with-aranya-johar-tapes-the-menstrual-poetry-bleeding-rani/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aranya was a speaker at TEDxICTMumbai in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/21679|title=TEDxICTMumbai {{!}} TED|website=www.ted.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> She has been invited and praised by various poets and foundations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/harriet/2017/07/refinery-29-introduces-aranya-johar|title=Refinery 29 Introduces Aranya Johar by Harriet Staff|date=2018-11-01|website=Poetry Foundation|language=en-us|others=Poetry Foundation|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Aranya was born on 7 September 1998 and is raised in [[Mumbai]]. She did her schooling from [[Lilavatibai Podar High School|Lilavati Podar High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lilavatibaipodarschool.com/newsletters/julymarch2016/achievers.html|title= Lilavatibai Podar School - Newsletter |website=www.lilavatibaipodarschool.com|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> She uses [[Poetry slam|slam poetry]] to express her ideas. Slam poets use [[spoken word]]s to perform, express identity and connect with their audience.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/slam-poetry|title=slam poetry {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-11-03|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Aranya started writing down poems on [[misogyny]] issues from her teenage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2017/07/162838/aranya-johar-brown-girls-guide-to-beauty-slam-poetry|title=This Indian Teenager Is Using Slam Poetry To Confront Beauty Standards|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en}}</ref> Aranya performed for the first time in front of an audience when she was 12 years old. “A group used to conduct open- mic sessions at a local resto-bar, and the performer would get a cocktail shot after their performance.” She admitted that she lied about her age to get in and her mother would accompany her. She was diagnosed with [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)]] when she was in Class VII.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lilavatibaipodarschool.com/newsletters/julymarch2016/achievers.html|title= Lilavatibai Podar School - Newsletter |website=www.lilavatibaipodarschool.com|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> So she uses the medium to create awareness about mental health. She researches on mental condition and writes about it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://millionreasonstoinspire.com/aranya-johar/|title=The Rhymer who stole our hearts with her fantastic poetry- Aranya Johar|date=2017-11-05|work=Million Reasons to Inspire|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During one of her performances, when she was a teen, she remembers moving a 47-year-old man to tears. The lines that made the man cry were, “As you stare at that vein kissing that knife/ think of all the things you’ll miss if you end this life/ If I were you I’d wait for the scars to fade/ if I were you I’d put down that blade.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/from-better-to-verse/articleshow/56844893.cms|title=From better to verse|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

Aranya along with her 17-year-old friend Prachee Mashru are the force behind More Than Mics, an organization set to curate creative platforms for performance arts (poetry, music, comedy etc.).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.umangfoundationtrust.org/esperance/2017/04/28/aranya-johar/|title=Aranya Johar|date=2017-04-28|work=Espérance|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218194337/http://www.umangfoundationtrust.org/esperance/2017/04/28/aranya-johar/|archive-date=2018-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mashru attends a school in Vile Parle (W) but they got to know each other online and bonded over their love for Canadian rapper [[Drake (musician)|Drake]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/from-better-to-verse/articleshow/56844893.cms|title=From better to verse|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

Aranya is also the curator of Blind Poetry Sessions, a series of poetry nights. Unlike other gigs, the Blind Poetry night takes place in a dark room, and the poets are anonymous.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.umangfoundationtrust.org/esperance/2017/04/28/aranya-johar/|title=Aranya Johar|date=2017-04-28|work=Espérance|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218194337/http://www.umangfoundationtrust.org/esperance/2017/04/28/aranya-johar/|archive-date=2018-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is also the co-curator of another poetry event in the city, titled Throwback Thursday, wherein she asks poets to read out their first work as well as their most recent writing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/meet-the-mumbai-based-poet-whose-piece-on-gender-discrimination-has-gone-viral/story-UgWuVih9qmB2pYLx8LRf7H_amp.html|title=Meet the Mumbai-based poet whose piece on gender discrimination has gone viral|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en}}</ref> She also supported and presented a poem for Gender equality, Know your rights by Vivel in association with [[Aaj Tak|Aaj tak]] and [[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Vivel|title=Aranya Johar supports Gender Equality. Know Your Rights #AbSamjhautaNahin|date=2017-08-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k63tDDfTrlQ|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> Aranya's video, 'To Bleed Without Violence' was a collaborative piece with [[WASH United]] which hit 7 million views over the weekend of the upload.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiawebfest.com/jury/aranya-johar|title=Aranya Johar - India Web Fest|work=India Web Fest|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref> She has also recited her poem for young enthusiasts of Harvard Model United Nations in 2017 at Hyderabad International Convocation Centre.<ref>{{Citation|last=Worldview Education|title=The MUN Anthem {{!}} Aranya Johar {{!}} HMUN India 2017 {{!}} Poetry|date=2017-10-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GICgUAQknPA|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

Aranya Johar has been featured on [[Rolling Stone]] and [[Harper's Bazaar|Harper Bazaar]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiawebfest.com/jury/aranya-johar|title=Aranya Johar - India Web Fest|work=India Web Fest|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}}</ref> She also performed at the [[SRCC Youth Conference]] on 22 September 2017. She has also been featured in the May edition of [[Teen Vogue]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/slam-poet-aranya-johar-brown-girls-guide-to-beauty|title=This Teen Just SMASHED Beauty Stereotypes With Poetry|last=Wu|first=Sarah|work=Teen Vogue|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en}}</ref> She has performed at the event of We The Women in association with [[UN Women]] on 9th and 10 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/WeTheWomenAsia/videos/aranya-johar/570319606643369/|title=We The Women|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

She became a part of Goalkeepers New York city 2018. She spoke at Goalkeepers in New York alongside names like [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Melinda Gates]], [[Bill Gates]], [[Stephen Fry]] and many more<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatesfoundation.org/goalkeepers/about-event/speakers|title=Goalkeepers 2018|website=www.gatesfoundation.org|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> organized by the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Gates Foundation]] and #ProjectEveryone.<ref>{{Citation|last=GatesFoundation|title=We the Goalkeepers|date=2018-09-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2TZSPNsXiY|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref> She has also been a part of SHEROES Summit 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sheroes.com/articles/what-we-did-in-sheroes-summit-2017/NzIzMA==|title=Get Ready For SHEROES Summit 2018, Here's What We Did In 2017|website=sheroes.com|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

=== Works ===
*“A Brown Girl’s Guide to Gender” (First performed on 6 March 2017 at Tuning Fork)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teluguking.download/video?v=a_brown_girls_guide_to_gender_aranya_johar_womens_day_special|title=A Brown Girls Guide To Gender Aranya Johar Womens Day Special|website=teluguking.download|access-date=2018-11-01|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218180811/https://teluguking.download/video%3Fv%3Da_brown_girls_guide_to_gender_aranya_johar_womens_day_special|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*“A Brown Girl’s Guide to Beauty” (published on 7 July 2017 and was presented by [[Shaadi.com]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/shaadicom/videos/vb.92727749188/1889167574682299/?type=3&theater|title=Shaadi.com|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
*“A Brown Girl’s Guide” – A Better Tomorrow (published by Rise by [[TLC (group)|TLC]] on 1 January 2018)<ref>{{Citation|last=Rise by TLC|title=Heroes by Aranya Johar {{!}} "A Brown Girl's Guide" - A Better Tomorrow {{!}} Spoken Word Poetry|date=2018-01-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5Tw-JEHJOs&t=28s|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
*“To Bleed Without Violence” (published by Dasra India on 28 June 2017)<ref>{{Citation|last=Dasra India|title=To Bleed Without Violence: Aranya Johar|date=2017-06-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tW8G_IyxbaA&t=4s|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>
*“BleedingRani” – with [[Akshay Kumar]] (Published on 1 February 2018 by Peeping Moon)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindianfeed.in/akshay-kumar-with-aranya-johar-tapes-the-menstrual-poetry-bleeding-rani/|title=Akshay kumar with Aranya Johar Tears Apart Our Society's Notion About Periods In This Slam Poem !|date=2018-02-03|work=The Indian Feed|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930161554/https://www.theindianfeed.in/akshay-kumar-with-aranya-johar-tapes-the-menstrual-poetry-bleeding-rani/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*“To India: With Love” (Published on 29 September 2017)
*“Women Will” (Published on 29 March 2018)
*“Buy Now or Panic Later” (Published on 9 April 2017 by Airline poetry movement).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtRiieU5kiB43H2LLByYSg5Ug0Tg8c2Qv|title=The Best Of Aranya Johar - YouTube|last=|first=|date=|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref>

==Recognition==
She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-15 |title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list this year? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279 |access-date=2022-12-17}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johar, Aranya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:People with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian writers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Poets with disabilities]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

S. I. Padmavati

2026-03-15T04:02:28Z

NicoleLombardo: added info

{{Short description|Indian medical academic (1917–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Padmavati Sivaramakrishna
| image = Si-padmavati.webp
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1917|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[British Burma]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|8|29|1917|6|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for =
| education = F.R.C.P. (London), F.R.C.P.E., F.A.C.C., F.A.M.S., D.Sc. (Hon.)<ref>[http://www.nationalheartinstitute.com/spadma.php Dr. S. Padmavati: Chief Consultant In Cardiology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155640/http://www.nationalheartinstitute.com/spadma.php |date=14 July 2011 }} NHI website.</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of Medicine 1, Yangon]] [[Johns Hopkins University]] [[Harvard Medical School]]
| years_active = 1953–2020
| academic_advisors = [[Paul Dudley White]] [[Helen B. Taussig]]
| occupation = [[cardiologist]], Director National Heart Institute, Delhi Founder-president, All India Heart Foundation
}}
'''Sivaramakrishna Iyer Padmavati''' (20 June 1917 – 29 August 2020) was an Indian [[cardiologist]]. She was director of the National Heart Institute, Delhi, and the founder president of the All India Heart Foundation. The institute collaborates with the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) in training students in preventive cardiology.<ref>[http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/59/S_Padmavati.html Expert Profile: Dr S Padmavati] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714162011/http://doctor.ndtv.com/expert/ndtv/expertid/59/S_Padmavati.html |date=14 July 2011 }} [[NDTV]].</ref><ref>[http://www.whoindia.org/EN/Section54_880.htm WHO Collaborating Centres in India: Non-Communicable Diseases & Mental Health] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612235352/http://whoindia.org/EN/Section54_880.htm |date=12 June 2010 }} [[WHO]] India.</ref> Padmavati was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1992.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php|access-date=13 April 2010|archive-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123059/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padma_awards.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Padmavati, an elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="List of Fellows — NAMS">{{cite web | url=http://www.nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | title=List of Fellows — NAMS | publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=19 March 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055036/http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> was the first woman cardiologist in India and established the first cardiac clinic and cardiac catheter lab in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expresshealthcare.in/200703/healthcarelife01.shtml|title=Feature — Against the Tide: Been there, done that|date=March 2007|publisher=Express Healthcare ([[Indian Express]])|access-date=13 April 2010|archive-date=22 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122021018/http://expresshealthcare.in/200703/healthcarelife01.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sivaramakrishna Iyer Padmavati|url=https://www.womenofhopkins.com/padmavati|access-date=31 August 2020|website=the-women-of-hopkins|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040455/https://www.womenofhopkins.com/padmavati|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Padmavati was born to a barrister in Burma (now [[Myanmar]]) on 20 June 1917. She had three brothers and two sisters.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=29 September 2002|title=Matters Of Heart|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/matters-of-heart/59293/|access-date=31 August 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040504/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/matters-of-heart/59293/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hers was the story of an indomitable spirit, cultivated during the gory days of the Second World War. Japan's invasion of Myanmar in 1942 forced Padmavati, her mother and sisters to flee Myanmar for [[Coimbatore]], in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], leaving their male relatives behind. The family was only reunited once the war ended in 1945.

She received an [[MBBS]] degree from [[University of Medicine 1, Yangon|Rangoon Medical College]] and later moved to [[London]] in 1949, where she received a [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] from [[Royal College of Physicians]], followed by [[FRCPE]] from [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh]]. In her time in the United Kingdom, she worked at the National Heart Hospital, National Chest Hospital, and the [[National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery|National Hospital]], [[Queen Square, London]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Eminent Cardiologist Dr S Padmavati Dies Of COVID-19 At 103|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/eminent-cardiologist-dr-s-padmavati-dies-of-covid-19-at-103-2287764|access-date=31 August 2020|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831104606/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/eminent-cardiologist-dr-s-padmavati-dies-of-covid-19-at-103-2287764|url-status=live}}</ref>

Subsequently, after finishing her FRCP, she moved to [[Sweden]] for three months, where she took cardiology courses at the Southern Hospital.<ref>[http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=14364&sectionid=17 Prominent doctors honoured with the Wockhardt Medical Excellence Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611010821/http://www.pharmabiz.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=14364&sectionid=17 |date=11 June 2015 }} 17 February 2003.</ref> Meanwhile, she applied for fellowship at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], Baltimore, part of [[Johns Hopkins University]], and was selected, and went on to study with noted cardiologist [[Helen Taussig]]. In 1952, she joined [[Harvard Medical School]] (Harvard University), where she studied under [[Paul Dudley White]], a pioneer in modern cardiology.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=674ql28x71675375&size=largest Development of Cardiac surgery in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714081133/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=674ql28x71675375&size=largest |date=14 July 2011 }}</ref>

==Career==
Back in India, she started her career in 1953, as a lecturer at [[Lady Hardinge Medical College]], Delhi, where she opened a cardiology clinic. In 1954, she was among the first few women cardiologists in India, later as an examiner with [[Medical Council of India]] she started the first [[Doctor of Medicine|DM]] in cardiology in India.<ref name="pd">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/24/stories/2009122458220200.htm|title=Awareness on cardiac health vital|date=24 December 2009|access-date=4 August 2010|archive-date=28 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228142235/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/24/stories/2009122458220200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> She founded the All India Heart Foundation (AIHF) in 1962, with group of physicians and industrialist Ashok Jain of Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=31 Aug 2020|title=SI Padmavati: India's 1st female cardiologist dies of Covid at 103 {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-1st-female-cardiologist-dies-of-covid-at-103/articleshow/77841687.cms|access-date=31 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831051249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-1st-female-cardiologist-dies-of-covid-at-103/articleshow/77841687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dr O. P. Yadava|date=31 Aug 2020|title=The heart doctor with a big heart passes away {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-heart-doctor-with-a-big-heart-passes-away/articleshow/77841582.cms|access-date=31 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-heart-doctor-with-a-big-heart-passes-away/articleshow/77841582.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

She joined [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], Delhi in 1967, and was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], by [[Government of India]] in the same year. She established one of the first departments of [[cardiology]], at the G. B. Pant Hospital, which is within the college campus. She was the Secretary General of the 5th [[World Congress of Cardiology]], New Delhi in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fifth World Congress of Cardiology|url=https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/29/4/636.full.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426234630/https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/29/4/636.full.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2019|access-date=30 August 2020|website=British Medical Journal}}</ref>

During the 1970s, she was the chief administrator of 3 major institutions at the same time - [[Maulana Azad Medical College]], Lok Nayak Hospital and G.B.Pant hospital. She retired as the Director (Principal) of the Maulana Azad Medical college, in 1978.<ref>[http://www.mamc.ac.in/national_award.html National Award winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721151013/http://www.mamc.ac.in/national_award.html |date=21 July 2011 }} [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] website.</ref>

Post retirement, she set up the National Heart Institute (NHI) under AIHF, in [[South Delhi]], in 1981, which expanded in following years to include tertiary patient care, research and population outreach, and where she continued to work.<ref name=":1" /> She was also an [[Emeritus Professor]] of Medicine and Cardiology of the [[University of Delhi]].<ref name="pd" />

Padmavati became a fellow of the [[European Society of Cardiology]], in 2007, at the age of 90, making her the most senior fellow of the ESC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Centenarian Fellow|url=https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Who-we-are/Fellowship/dr-sivaramakrishna-iyer-padmavati-fesc,%20https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Who-we-are/Fellowship/dr-sivaramakrishna-iyer-padmavati-fesc|access-date=31 August 2020|website=www.escardio.org|archive-date=1 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901040500/https://www.escardio.org/vgn-ext-templating/404/page-not-found|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==

State honors:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />
* [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Bhushan riband]] [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honor (1967)
* [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Vibhushan riband]] [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honor (1992)

== Death ==
On 29 August 2020, Padmavati died from complications due to [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] at the National Heart Institute in New Delhi.<ref name=":0" /> She was aged 103 at the time of her death, and was the oldest living doctor in India. Her body was cremated at a special COVID-19 crematorium at Punjabi Bagh in New Delhi.

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|List of cardiologists}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nationalheartinstitute.com/index.php National Heart Institute, website]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padmavati, S. I.}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian cardiologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women academic administrators]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian women centenarians]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Harvard Medical School people]]
[[Category:University of Medicine 1, Yangon alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the European Society of Cardiology]]

Nashik Airport

2026-03-08T11:45:49Z

NicoleLombardo: Article enhanced with better details

{{Short description|International Airport in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Nashik International Airport
| image = Ozar airport,nashik.JPG
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA = ISK
| ICAO = VAOZ
| type = Military/Public
| owner = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL)
| operator = HALCON ([[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] & [[Container Corporation of India|CONCOR]])
| city-served = [[Nashik Metropolitan Region]]
| location = [[Ozar, Nashik District|Ozar]], [[Nashik district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1964|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}
| metric-elev = y
| elevation-m = 608
| coordinates = {{coord|20|07|10|N|073|54|49|E|region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| image_mapsize = 30000
| image_map_caption = [[Maharashtra]] in India
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra #India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the airport in Maharashtra
| pushpin_label = '''ISK'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| metric-rwy = y
| r1-number = 09/27
| r1-length-m = 3,000
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]/[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2023 - March 2024
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 242,372 ({{increase}} 124.9%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 3,234 ({{increase}} 3.3%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = 464 {{increase}}
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k24Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>
| timezone = [[UTC+05:30]]
}}

'''Nashik International Airport''' {{airport codes|ISK|VAOZ}} is an [[International airport|international airport]] and [[Indian Air Force]] base serving the city of [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located at [[Ozar, Nashik District|Ozar]], {{cvt|20|km}} northeast from the city centre. It is owned by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), which uses the airport primarily to develop, test and build aircraft for the [[Indian Armed Forces]]. It is home to a maintenance station of the [[Indian Air Force]] and also supports widebody commercial cargo services.<ref name = "IBN">{{cite news|title=HAL begins cargo services at Nashik airport |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/hal-begins-cargo-services-at-nashik-airport/830420.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017224101/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/hal-begins-cargo-services-at-nashik-airport/830420.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN]] |date= 20 September 2011 |access-date= 21 September 2011}}</ref> A new passenger terminal was inaugurated on 3 March 2014.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=Union minister visits new airport terminal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Nashik/Union-minister-visits-new-airport-terminal/articleshow/39005050.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 26 July 2014 |access-date= 27 July 2014}}</ref> It serves the [[Nashik Metropolitan Region]] (NMR) as well as the [[North Maharashtra|North Maharashtra Region]].

==History==
The airport was built in 1964, when [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL)'s Aircraft Division at Nashik commenced licensed manufacturing of fighter aircraft with the [[MiG-21]]FL. Other aircraft manufactured here include MiG-21M, MiG-21 BIS, [[MiG-27]] M and [[Su-30 MKI]] aircraft.

[[Kingfisher Airlines]] commenced scheduled services to [[Mumbai Airport|Mumbai]] in 2008, but ended in November 2009 due to poor response.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Air Deccan finally starts air services from Ozar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/air-deccan-finally-starts-air-services-from-ozar/articleshow/62228561.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 24 December 2017 |access-date= 26 December 2017}}</ref> HAL announced the launch of commercial air cargo operations from
the airport on 20 September 2011. The cargo services are managed by HALCON, a joint working group between HAL and [[Container Corporation of India]] (CONCOR) along with Clarion Solutions. The airport is capable of handling large aircraft like the [[Antonov]] AN-124s after having creating additional parking space and medical facilities. Clarion Solutions is the cargo terminal operator.

In 2011, HAL signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) with the [[Government of Maharashtra]] for an upgradation of the airport.<ref name = "BS">{{cite news|title=Maha govt, HAL to upgrade Ozar airport |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/maha-govt-hal-to-upgrade-ozar-airport/427345/ |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date= 5 March 2011 |access-date=21 September 2011}}</ref> This involves a passenger terminal worth ₹ 84 crores. The Government of Maharashtra paid ₹ 74 crores of the terminal project cost and HAL funded the remaining ₹ 10 crore.<ref name="TOI1"/><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Ozar terminal to be inaugurated on March 2 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Ozar-terminal-to-be-inaugurated-on-March-2/articleshow/30960125.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 25 February 2014 |access-date= 25 February 2014}}</ref> After coming on the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA)'s air map, HAL is now in the process of appointing a private company to develop, to operate and maintain the airport terminal at the airport on a revenue sharing basis.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indigo to use Nashik airport for emergency landing|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Indigo-to-use-Nashik-airport-for-emergency-landing/articleshow/50088977.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date= 8 December 2015 |access-date= 5 October 2016}}</ref>
Scheduled passenger air services to Nashik was revived after a gap of eight years when [[Air Deccan]] commenced operations to Mumbai and [[Pune Airport|Pune]] on 23 December 2017 under the government's [[UDAN]] scheme.<ref name="TOI2"/>

In March 2025, HAL announced plans to develop a new runway parallel to the existing one.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hindustan Aeronautics to invest Rs 200 crore for new runway at Nashik airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/hindustan-aeronautics-to-invest-rs-200-crore-for-new-runway-at-nashik-airport/articleshow/118666637.cms |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Ozar Air Force Station==
The 11 Base Repair Depot, one of the eight base repair depots of the [[Indian Air Force]] under overall control and supervision of the [[Maintenance Command, Indian Air Force|Maintenance Command]], Nashik is based at the airport. It was established in 1975 and is an ISO 9001:2000 certified maintenance facility. It conducts overhaul programmes for the IAF's MiG-21 (FL, BIS), MiG-23s and MiG-29s.<ref>{{cite web | title=When IAF Turns Industrial Entrepreneur - A Visit to 11 BRD | url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Unit-Articles/336-11BRD.html | work=Vayu Aerospace Review | location=New Delhi | date=12 October 2009 | access-date=10 October 2018 | archive-date=6 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206071353/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Today/Unit-Articles/336-11BRD.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Terminal==
The new terminal building, spread over 22 acres with 8,267 sq.m. built-up area can accommodate 300 passengers. The adjoining [[airport ramp|apron]] can handle up to six aircraft. The groundbreaking ceremony of the terminal was performed by the then PWD Minister and Guardian Minister, [[Chhagan Bhujbal]], on 2 January 2012,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhoomipujan of terminal building at Ozar Airport |url=http://www.cafenasik.com/my-nasik/news/bhoomipujan-of-terminal-building-at-ozar-airport.html |publisher=CafeNasik.com |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213143727/http://www.cafenasik.com/my-nasik/news/bhoomipujan-of-terminal-building-at-ozar-airport.html |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the terminal was inaugurated on 3 March 2014 by the then Union Minister for the Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, [[Praful Patel]].<ref name="TOI1"/> The facilities include departure lobby, check-in counters, security, holding and VIP areas, retail, airport administration and airlines offices, flying and ground crew services, physically challenged friendly and childcare facilities, and dedicated smoking areas. The airport boasts of modern systems like integrated baggage handling, [[flight information display system]]s (FIDS), CCTVs, public address and voice annunciation systems, access control, Building Management System (BMS), Fire and Safety Systems, and Terminal Control Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/new-airport-terminal-at-ozar-inaugurated/20-km-from-nashik/slideshow/31404826.cms |title=20 km from Nashik - New airport terminal at Ozar inaugurated &#124; The Economic Times |access-date=2019-08-21}}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport-dest-list
|[[IndiGo]]| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Ahmedabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dabolim Airport|Goa]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport|Indore]], [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur]] (via [[Indore]])
}}

== Cargo ==

Air cargo operations at Nashik International Airport are managed by HALCON, a joint venture between [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) and [[Container Corporation of India]] (CONCOR). The airport has emerged as a significant regional hub for international exports, particularly agricultural and pharmaceutical goods.<ref name="TOI_Cargo_2025">{{cite news |last=Pawar |first=Tushar |title=Nashik Airport logs 2.5-fold surge in international cargo movement during Jan-Nov period |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/nashik-airport-logs-2-5-fold-surge-in-international-cargo-movement-during-jan-nov-2025/articleshow/126276163.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2025-12-31}}</ref>

Between January and November 2025, the airport handled 7,155 tonnes of cargo, a 183% increase compared to the previous year.<ref name="CBN_Growth_2026">{{cite web |title=Nashik Airport sees solid growth in global cargo in Jan–Nov 2025 |url=https://cargobreakingnews.com/nashik-airport-sees-solid-growth-in-global-cargo-in-jan-nov-2025/ |website=Cargo Breaking News |date=2026-01-08}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Cargo airlines and destinations
|-
! Airlines !! Destinations
|-
| [[Fly Vaayu]] || [[Ras Al Khaimah International Airport|Ras Al Khaimah]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]]<ref name="FlyVaayu_Routes">{{cite web |title=Fly Vaayu: GCC's Scheduled Dedicated Freight Carrier |url=https://flyvaayu.com/about/ |website=Fly Vaayu |access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref>
|}

=== Export Commodities ===
Commodities exported from the facility include:
* Agriculture: Grapes, onions, and horticultural crops.
* Livestock: Poultry and live animals (supported by quarantine facilities in Ras Al Khaimah).<ref name="CargoFacts_Vaayu">{{cite news |title=Vaayu Group finds niche in A320P2F |url=https://cargofacts.com/allposts/carriers/podcast-vaayu-group-finds-niche-in-a320p2f/ |work=Cargo Facts |date=2025-01-31}}</ref>
* Industrial and Medical: Pharmaceutical products, defense equipment, and engineering goods.
== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Annual passenger traffic at Nashik Airport
|-
! Financial Year !! Passengers !! % Change !! Ref.
|-
| 2022–23 || 107,772 || {{mdash}} || <ref name="TBM_Stats">{{cite web |title=Nashik Airport sees record passenger growth surge |url=https://travelbizmonitor.com/top-stories/nashik-airport-sees-record-passenger-growth-surge-in-a-single-day/ |website=TravelBiz Monitor |date=2025-11-02}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–24 || 242,261 || {{increase}} 124.8% || <ref name="TBM_Stats" />
|-
| 2024–25 || 340,000 || {{increase}} 40.3% || <ref name="TOI_Growth">{{cite news |last=Pawar |first=Tushar |title=Nashik airport traffic doubles in FY24 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/ |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2024-04-10}}</ref>
|}

== Future expansion ==
In preparation for the [[Kumbh Mela|Simhastha Kumbh Mela]] (scheduled from October 2026 to July 2028), the [[Nashik]]-[[Trimbakeshwar]] Kumbh Mela Development Authority approved a ₹556 crore expansion project for the airport in November 2025.<ref name="Hindu_Kumbh">{{cite news |title=Kumbh authority gives administrative approval for Nashik airport expansion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/kumbh-authority-gives-administrative-approval-for-nashik-airport-expansion-target-march-2027/article70302053.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

The expansion plan, targeted for completion by March 2027, includes:
* A new 17,800 sqm terminal building that will increase the hourly passenger capacity from 300 to 1,000.<ref name="TOI_Kumbh_Plan">{{cite news |last=Pawar |first=Tushar |title=Kumbh Mela Authority approves Rs 556cr for Nashik airport expansion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/kumbh-mela-authority-approves-rs556cr-for-nashik-airport-expansion-other-facilities/articleshow/125442612.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2025-11-19}}</ref>
* A new 1.15 lakh sqm apron to accommodate additional aircraft parking.
* Adding modern passenger facilities, including aerobridges and advanced security systems.<ref name="MidDay_Kumbh">{{cite news |title=Kumbh authority clears Nashik airport expansion, targets March 2027 completion |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/kumbh-authority-gives-administrative-approval-for-nashik-airport-expansion-target-march-2027-23604094 |work=Mid-Day |date=2025-11-20}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of airports in Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.transworld.co/nac Website for Nasik Air Cargo]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Maharashtra transit}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Airports in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Nashik]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nashik]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]

Summer Holidays

2026-03-05T18:44:11Z

NicoleLombardo: put up new article more to come!

{{short description|Indian children's film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Summer Holidays
| image = Summer Holidays poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kavitha Lankesh]]
| writer = Kavitha Lankesh
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Kavitha Lankesh
| starring =
{{plainlist| *Esha Lankesh
*[[Samarjit Lankesh]]
*Sonia Hegde
*Anish Angre
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = AC Mahender
| editing = Jo Ni Harsha
| music = '''Songs:''' Rohit Gandhi '''Score:''' Argenil
| studio = Esha Lankesh Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|8|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = English Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Summer Holidays''''' is a 2018 Indian [[children's film]] directed by [[Kavitha Lankesh]] starring Esha Lankesh, [[Samarjit Lankesh]], Sonia Hegde and Anish Angre with [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Suman Nagarkar]] in supporting roles. The film was simultaneously shot in English and Kannada.

==Plot==
Four kids and their dog named Bheema go on a trip to [[Chikkamagaluru]]. However, they have an eerie encounter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/national-capital-region-ncr/movies/summer-holidays/ET00079648|title=Summer Holidays|date=3 August 2018|work=bookmyshow|access-date=2024-12-21}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Esha Lankesh
*[[Samarjit Lankesh]]
*Sonia Hegde
*Anish Angre
*Bheema
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Suman Nagarkar]]
*[[Gauri Lankesh]] as an activist<ref name="DH">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Nina C. |title=Slain Gauri is activist in kids' film |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/slain-gauri-activist-kids-film-685507.html|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=2024-12-21}}</ref>
*[[Siddaramaiah]] as himself<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/cm-siddaramaiah-to-act-in-kavitha-lankesh-summer-holidays|title=CM Siddaramaiah to face 'Lights...camera...action...' in 'Summer Holidays'|work=[[Asianet News]]|access-date=2024-12-21}}</ref><ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/Jun/22/karnataka-cm-to-play-himself-in-a-childrens-movie-1619528.html|title=Karnataka CM to play himself in a children's movie|date=22 June 2017|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Sharadhaa|first=A.|access-date=2024-12-21|archive-date=2023-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509103008/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/jun/22/karnataka-cm-to-play-himself-in-a-childrens-movie-1619528.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
Since there are many village-based children's films in Kannada, [[Kavitha Lankesh]] decided to make an urban children's film in both English and Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2018-07-30 |title=I would rather work with children than any big star: Kavitha Lankesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Jul/30/i-would-rather-work-with-children-than-any-big-star-kavitha-lankesh-1850362.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Siddaramaiah]] played a guest role in the film appearing in the forest similar to his real life encounter with [[Adivasi]]s in the Didalli forest range.<ref name="N"/>

==Themes and influences==
The film was reported to be similar to [[Enid Blyton]]'s films.<ref name="N"/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| headline = English Track listing<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/summer-holidays-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1420161964|title=Summer Holidays (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2018|access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 11:36
| title1 = Lets Go To The Mountains (Female)
| extra1 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length1 = 2:49
| title2 = Lets Go To The Mountains (Male)
| extra2 = Santosh Venky
| length2 = 2:49
| title3 = Take Off On A Highway (Female)
| extra3 = Chaitra H. G.
| length3 = 2:59
| title4 = Take Off On A Highway (Male)
| extra4 = Santosh Venky
| length4 = 2:59
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada Track listing<ref name="A"/>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:59
| title1 = Rekke Bidisaaithu Haarooke
| extra1 = Chaitra H. G.
| length1 = 2:50
| title2 = Rekke Bidisaaithu Haarooke
| extra2 = Santosh Venky
| length2 = 2:50
| title3 = Haaru Inu Mele Jeevane
| extra3 = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| length3 = 3:20
| title4 = Rasteyalli Haarikondu Naavu
| extra4 = Santosh Venky
| length4 = 2:59
| title5 = Rasteyalli Haarikondu Naavu (Female)
| extra5 = Chaitra H. G.
| length5 = 3:00
}}

== Release ==
Prior to the film's release, the film was well received in a special screening attended by 500 parents and children.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=2018-08-03 |title=Kavitha Lankesh's 'Summer Holidays' hits the screens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavitha-lankeshs-summer-holidays-hits-the-screens/articleshow/65260284.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 3 August 2018 at PVR, Vega City Mall in Bengaluru.<ref name="T"/><ref name="DH"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kavitha Lankesh}}

[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]

Kizhakkan Pathrose

2026-03-03T21:25:54Z

NicoleLombardo: rework references and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kizhakkan Pathrose
| image =

| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
| producer = Thommy Kunju
| writer = {{ubl|[[Dennis Joseph]] (screenplay)|Muttathu Varkey (story)}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]|[[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]|[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]|[[K.P.A.C. Lalitha]]|[[Raghuvaran]]|[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]|[[Anju (actress)|Anju]]}}
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| distributor = Maruti Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1992|08|27|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Kizhakkan Pathrose''''' is a 1992 [[Malayalam film]], directed by [[T. S. Suresh Babu]], starring [[Mammootty]] in the title role. The musical score and songs were composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]]. The film was released around the same time as ''[[Adhwaytham]]'' and ''[[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/aug/19/in-second-onam-season-without-film-releases-a-recap-of-star-wars-2346687.html | title=In second Onam season without film releases, a recap of Malayalam star wars | date=19 August 2021 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Pothen Upadeshi makes his living as a Gospel preacher. He stays in a house that has been granted to him by Chandy Muthalaali for some time so as to get rid of the evil prevailing in that site. Pathrose and Kunjumol are his children. Pathrose tries to make an earning by playing drama. However, it doesn't yield him any good financial benefits. His mother gets him married to Molly so that they get a mini lorry also as dowry. Pathrose joins Chandy Muthalaali to transport his goods to Sait at Ernakulam. Chandy had already bribed the tax officials so as to evade tax at check-posts. Pathrose decides to transport fish from Ernakulam to his hometown and sell to make a profit. However, he is blocked by the authorised fish trader in Ernakulam, Tharakan, who takes away all the fish Pathrose had purchased. Pathrose suffers a heavy loss, however, Molly gives him her ornaments to be pledged. Pathrose fights with the fish trader and transports fish in return. He also transports goods directly without Chandy's knowledge to earn more. When Chandy's men get to know about it, they burn Pathrose's lorry and damage his house. Pathrose also learns that Molly was ditched by Chandy's son earlier. Pathrose leaves his house disappointed. His father takes Molly to her house.

With the financial aid given by Mary, a fish vendor, Pathrose progresses as a fish seller. Occasionally he meets Anthony, who is a drug addict. He joins hands with Anthony and they get jointly involved in the drug business. They also plan Kunjumol's wedding. However, Upadeshi, who is now in an old-age home, refuses to go home for the wedding. Molly and his son also stay with him there. An act of betrayal follows, and finally, the movie ends with hope.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mammootty]] as Kizhakkan Pathrose
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Mary alias Chala Mary
*[[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]] as Molly, Pathrose's Wife
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Pothen Upadeshi, Pathrose's Father
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Annamma, Pathrose's Mother
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Anthony, Mary's Ex-Husband
*[[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Mathai, Pathrose's Friend
*[[A. C. Zainuddin|Zainuddin]] as Mammad, Pathrose's Friend
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Chandykkunju Muthalali
*[[Shehzad Khan]] as Thomaskutty, Chandykkunju's Son
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Ponjikkara Appa, Mary's Brother
*[[Anju (actress)|Anju]] as Kunjumol, Pathrose's Sister
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as James, Thomaskutty and Anthony's Friend
*[[Bheeman Raghu]] as Meen Tharakan
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Settu
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Marangodan Devassia, Pathrose's Uncle
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Kuttikkanam Varkey, Molly's Father
* Kaladi Omana as Molly's mother
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Church Priest
*[[Poojappura Ravi]] as Church Priest
*[[K. P. A. C. Sunny]] as Church Priest
*[[Krishnankutty Nair]] as Astrologer Raghavan
*[[Kanakalatha]] as Fish Vendor
*A. T. Jose as Circle Inspector of Police
*Dr. Jayan as Sub Inspector of Police
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Bus Conductor
*[[Kailas Nath]] as Settu's assistant
}}

== Songs ==

{{Track listing

| extra_column = Artist(s)

| all_lyrics = [[O. N. V. Kurup]]
| all_music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]

| title1 = Pathirakkili
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]

| title2 = Venal Choodin
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas

| title3 = Thudi Kotti
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas

| title4 = Neerazhi Penninte
| extra4 = K. J. Yesudas, [[K. S. Chithra]]

}}

The tune of the song "Pathirakkili" was used again as "Jhoot Bol Na Sach Baat Bol De" for [[Priyadarshan]]'s [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Saat Rang Ke Sapne]]''.

==Production==
The film was originally titled ''Arayan Pathrose''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/features/flashback-friday-ts-suresh-babu-about-the-title-change-of-mammootty-starrer-kizhakkan-pathrose-066982.html | title=കോട്ടയം കുഞ്ഞച്ചന് ശേഷം മമ്മൂക്കയുടെ അരയന്‍ പത്രോസ് മുടങ്ങാനുള്ള കാരണം പറഞ്ഞ് ടിഎസ് സുരേഷ് ബാബു | date=20 November 2020 }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Dennis Joseph}}

[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1992 action comedy films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. S. Suresh Babu]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{1990s-action-film-stub}}

Ellam Chettante Ishtam Pole

2026-03-03T20:38:28Z

NicoleLombardo: expand information further and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ellam Chettante Ishtam Pole
| image =
| caption =
| director = Haridas
| producer = Dr Sudhakaran Nair
| writer = Haneefa Ambadi
| starring = [[Manikandan Pattambi]] [[Kalinga Sasi]] [[Sunil Sukhada]] [[Hareesh Perumanna]]
| music = Yoonasco
| cinematography = [[Vipin Mohan]]
| released = {{Film date|2015}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Ellam Chettante Ishtam Pole''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Haridas, featuring [[Manikandan Pattambi]], Charulatha, Sasi Kalinga and Sunil Sugatha, It was produced by Dr Sudhakaran Nair and scripted by Haneefa Ambadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/cinema/celluloid/manikandan-pattambi-in-ellam-chettante-ishtam-pole-2599|title='എല്ലാം ചേട്ടന്റെ ഇഷ്ടംപോലെ' ഹരിദാസ് സംവിധാനം ചെയ്യും; സീരിയൽ രംഗത്ത് നിന്നും സിനിമയി}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Manikandan Pattambi]] as Govindhan Kutty
* Sunil sukhadha as Veluthambi
* [[Kalinga Sasi]]
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]]
* Siddharth Shiva
* E.A Rajendran
* [[Hareesh Perumanna]]
* Master Vivas
* Vijyan Karanthoor
* [[Charulatha]]
* [[Sona Heiden]]
* [[Lakshmi Sharma]]
* Soniya
* Yamini Bhaskar
* Manka Mahesh
* Manju
* Sandra Shekhar
* Manjusha Sajish

==References==
{{reflist}}

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4384386/reference

[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Crazy Uncles

2026-03-03T09:28:13Z

NicoleLombardo: Starting First Details V1

{{Short description|South Indian comedy movie}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Crazy Uncles
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = E Sathi Babu
| producer = Boddu Ashok
| writer = Darling Swamy
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sreemukhi]]
*[[Raja Ravindra]]
*[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
*Bharani Shankar
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]]
}}
| music = [[Raghu Kunche]]
| cinematography = Bal Reddy
| editing = B. Nageshwara reddy
| studio = Good Cinema Group, Green metro Movies & Srivas 2 Creatives
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|08|19}}
| runtime = 102 mins
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Crazy Uncles''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language comedy film written and directed by E Sathi Babu. It is produced by Boddu Ashok under the banners of Good Cinema Group, Green metro Movies & Srivas 2 Creatives. The film stars [[Sreemukhi]], [[Raja Ravindra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Bharani Shankar, [[Posani Krishna Murali]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Crazy Uncles Movie Review : Nothing crazy to watch here – just a load of creepy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/crazy-uncles/movie-review/85455603.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The music was composed by [[Raghu Kunche]]. It was released on 19 August 2021.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

== Plot ==
{{Unsourced section|date = August 2024}}
Three friends—Reddy, Raju, and Rao—are unhappy in their marriages and look for excitement outside their relationships. They decide to try to win over a famous singer named Sweety. Each of them tries to impress her and hopes to spend a night with her, without knowing that the others are also trying to do the same. The story explores what happens when these friends attempt to woo Sweety and whether she ends up spending the night with any of them.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Cast ==
Film cast:{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* [[Sreemukhi]] as Sweety
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Raju{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] as Reddy
* Bharani Shankar as Rao
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* Giridhar
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]]
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
* Gayatri Bharghavi
* Vijaya Murthy
* Vaajpai
* Mahendra Nath
* Madhuri
* Sindhuri
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] as Star Producer
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Aspiring Director

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Crazy Uncles'' was released on 19 August 2021 in Telugu language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Crazy Uncle Is Family Entertainer For All Age Groups: Singer Mano |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/tollywood/crazy-uncle-family-entertainer-all-age-groups-singer-mano-141126 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13306898}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. Satti Babu]]

Job Charnock

2026-02-28T18:40:24Z

NicoleLombardo: started new details

{{Short description|17th-century East India Company administrator; disputed founder of Calcutta/Kolkata}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Job Charnock
|image = Job Charnock.jpg
|birth_date = c. 1630
|birth_place = [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
|death_date = {{death date|1692|01|10|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Mughal Empire]]
|known_for = Development of Calcutta
|occupation = Administrator and businessman
|signature = Signature of Job Charnock (p.197, March 1824).jpg
}}
'''Job Charnock''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|əʊ|b}}; {{circa|1630}}–1692/1693) was an [[English people|English]] administrator with the [[East India Company]]. He is widely regarded by historians as the founder of the city of [[Calcutta]] (Kolkata); however, this view was challenged in court, and in 2003 the [[Calcutta High Court]] ruled that he ought not to be regarded as the sole founder.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=No, Aug 24 Was Not Kolkata's 330th 'Birthday'. And Job Charnock is Not its 'Founder' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/no-aug-24-was-not-kolkatas-330th-birthday-and-job-charnock-is-not-its-founder-2817257.html |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=News18 |date=25 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Charnock came from a [[Lancashire]] family and was the second son of Richard Charnock of London. [[Stephen Charnock]] (1628–1680) was probably his elder brother. He was part of a private trading enterprise in the employ of the merchant [[Maurice Thomson]] between 1650 and 1653, but in January 1658 he joined the East India Company's service in [[Bengal]], where he was stationed at Hoogly.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Charnock was described as a silent, morose man, not popular among his contemporaries, but as "always a faithful man to the Company",<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Charnock, Job|volume=5|page=947}}</ref> which rated his services very highly.<ref>3 January 1694, ''Diary of William Hedges'', 2.293.</ref> In addition to his business acumen, he won the Company's esteem by stamping out smuggling among his less scrupulous colleagues. His zeal in this regard made him enemies who throughout his life spread malicious gossip to discredit him.<ref name=OD>I. B. Watson, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5169 Charnock, Job (c. 1630–1693)], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edition, January 2008, accessed 29 August 2008.</ref>

==Patna factory==
Charnock was entrusted with procuring the Company's [[saltpetre]] and appointed to the centre of the trade, [[Patna]] in Bihar, on 2 February 1659.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} After four years at the factory he contemplated returning to England, but the Company persuaded him to stay on by promoting him to the position of chief factor in 1664.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |author-link=P. Thankappan Nair |year=1977 |chapter=A Portrait of Job Charnock |title=Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta |location=Calcutta |publisher=Engineering Times Publications |pages=6–7 |oclc=4497022 |quote=Charnock who had taken a decision to return to England was persuaded by ... the newly appointed Chief of the Bengal factories, to stay a little longer ... on condition that he was made the head of Patna factory and he was, accordingly, appointed to that post [in 1664].}}</ref>

Charnock took a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] common-law wife.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|1977|p=31|ps=: "Charnock was never legally married to his Hindu wife."}}</ref> Historian [[P. Thankappan Nair]] places the event in 1678 or a little earlier.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|1977|p=30|ps=: "Our own conclusion is that Job Charnock had married an Indian lady, who was not of high caste, in the year 1678 or a little earlier."}}</ref> A Company servant, [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]], later wrote that she had been a [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and that Charnock, smitten by her beauty, had rescued her from her husband's funeral [[pyre]] by the [[Ganges]] in Bihar,<ref name="Alexander Hamilton 1727 pp. 8">Alexander Hamilton, ''A New Account of the East Indies'' (1727), ed. William Foster, 2 vols (London: Argonaut, 1930), Vol. II, pp. 8–9.</ref> but Nair dismisses Hamilton's statement as fiction.<ref>{{harvnb|Nair|1977|p=27|ps=: "Most of his [Hamilton's] statements have been contradicted by official records. Let us reproduce what he has to say, about Charnock, as it is a good fiction."}}</ref> She was said to be a fifteen-year-old [[Rajput]] princess.<ref name="Francis Jarman 2002 p. 8">{{cite journal |author=Francis Jarman |date=December 2001 |title=''Sati'': From exotic custom to relativist controversy |url=https://www.uni-hildesheim.de/~haensch/culturescan/5Jarman.pdf |journal=CultureScan |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=8 |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417075331/http://www.uni-hildesheim.de/~haensch/culturescan/5Jarman.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charnock named her Maria, and soon after he was accused of secretly converting to Hinduism.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Though he remained a devout Christian,<ref name=OD/> the story of his conversion and moral laxity was so widely believed that it became a cautionary tale in a later more [[Victorian era|puritanical age]].<ref>'The Englishman in India', ''The Times'' (25 October 1867), p. 4, col. E.</ref>

Charnock was promoted to the rank of senior merchant by 1666, and became third in the Bengal hierarchy in 1676. He was now the Company's longest-serving servant in Bengal, and applied for a transfer to a more senior post. After some haggling due to difficulties with resentful colleagues who hoped to see him sent away to [[Madras]], on 3 January 1679 the directors promoted him to the position of head at Cossimbazar, second in charge of the Company's operations in Bengal.

==Rivalry with William Hedges==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2016}}
Cossimbazar was notorious as a smugglers' den, and when Charnock assumed his new post on Christmas Day 1680 it was over the objections of [[Streynsham Master]], president at Madras, who oversaw the Company's operations in the whole [[Bay of Bengal]]. The directors reprimanded Master for his interference, but although they agreed to free Bengal from oversight by the Madras presidency, Charnock's hopes of promotion to the top Bengal post at [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] were dashed when in 1681 the directors sent out one of their own, [[William Hedges (colonial administrator)|William Hedges]], as agent of the bay and governor of Bengal.<ref name=Essays>{{cite book|first1=William A.|last1=Pettigrew|first2=Mahesh|last2=Gopalan|title=The East India Company, 1600–1857: Essays on Anglo-Indian connection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZKuDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-19197-1|pages=188–189}}</ref>

On Hedges' arrival at Hooghly, Charnock found him to be an officious neophyte. The rivalry between the Company's two most senior servants in Bengal was aggravated by the intrigues of Company servants and interlopers keen to undermine Charnock's authority and resume their smuggling operations on the side. Charnock was further irritated by the fact that members of Hedges' staff from Hooghly were regularly sabotaging their colleagues' work in Cossimbazar by poaching the local commodities. In 1684 the exasperated directors restored supervisory control over Bengal to the new president at Madras, [[William Gyfford]], and replaced Hedges in Bengal with [[John Beard (colonial administrator)|John Beard]], the elder.

==Chief agent in Bengal==
[[File:Plaque on Baptismal Font at Mary's Church at Fort st. George.JPG|thumb|Plaque with details of Baptism of Charnock's daughters, on Baptismal Font at [[St. Mary's Church, Chennai|St. Mary's Church]], [[Fort St. George]], Madras]]
When Beard died on 28 August 1685, Charnock finally assumed the position of agent and chief in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>'The Imperial Gazetteer of India', ''The Times'' (26 May 1881), p. 5, col. C.</ref> By this time a crisis had arisen over restrictions on trade, and in particular the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[nawab]]'s imposition of a customs duty of 3½ per cent, which the English refused to pay on the grounds that it was in breach of the original [[firman]] which exempted them from customs.<ref name="Bengal', 1889 p. 11">'The Early History of the English in Bengal', ''The Times'' (31 August 1889), p. 11 col. D.</ref> Relations with the nawab deteriorated into violent conflict. When Charnock received word of his promotion, Cossimbazar was under siege, and he could not leave to take up his responsibilities at Hooghly until April 1686. On his arrival he continued to resist what he saw as extortion, by force or persuasion, and when these did not serve, by taking the Company's business elsewhere.

Finding himself again besieged at Hooghly, Charnock put the Company's goods and servants on board his light vessels. Pursued by the nawab's troops, on 20 December 1686 he dropped down the river {{convert|27|mi|km}} to [[Sutanuti]], then "a low swampy village of scattered huts",<ref name="Bhabani Bhattacharya 1962">Bhabani Bhattacharya, 'City of Cities is now callous', ''The Times'' (26 January 1962), xxi.</ref> but a place well chosen for the purpose of defence.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhaduri |first1=Saugata |title=Polycoloniality: European transactions with Bengal from the 13th to the 19th century |year=2020 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Bloomsbury |page=6 |isbn=978-93-88271-41-7}}</ref> From Sutanuti he moved on to [[Hijli Kingdom|Hijili]] in February 1687, where he was again besieged from March to June 1687. After negotiating a truce and safe passage, he transferred the factory back to Sutanuti in November 1687.

It was probably during this interlude at Sutanuti that Charnock suffered a personal loss in the death of his wife Maria. They had been together for some twenty-five years. They had one son (who would predecease his father), and three surviving daughters who were later [[baptised]] in [[Madras]]. Although Maria was buried like a Christian, and not cremated as a Hindu,<ref name="Grant, 1847 p. 260">Grant, 'Origin and Progress of English Connexion with India', ''Calcutta Review'', No. XIII, Vol. VII (January–June 1847), p. 260.</ref> Charnock was said to sacrifice a [[Rooster|cock]] over her grave each year on the anniversary of her death, "after the [[Paganism|Pagan Manner]]".<ref name="Alexander Hamilton 1727 pp. 8"/> University librarian Prabodh Biswas writes that the ritual resembles the [[Sufi]] worship of the ''panch peer'' or "five saints", a custom which Charnock "is said to have adopted".<ref>{{cite book |last=Biswas |first=Prabodh |chapter=Job Charnock |year=1990 |editor-last=Chaudhuri |editor-first=Sukanta |editor-link=Sukanta Chaudhuri |title=Calcutta: The Living City |volume=I: The Past |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=6–7 |isbn=978-0-19-563696-3}}</ref> He was also said to have built his garden house at [[Barrackpore]] so as to be near her grave.<ref name="Grant, 1847 p. 260"/>

Even though Charnock had married a native woman, he had a certain animosity towards the natives due to his sufferings at the hands of the native rulers. Captain Hamilton had said, "the Governor (Charnock) at the hour of dinner and near his dining room had delinquents (native) punished that he might satiate himself with their cries."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/b22274777/page/3/mode/1up | title=Notes on the medical topography of Calcutta | date=1837 }}</ref>

==Chittagong expedition==
[[File:Sketch if Job Charnock's Cemetery, made before 1742 (p.196, March 1824).jpg|thumb|Sketch of Job Charnock's Cemetery, made before 1742 (p.196), March 1824<ref name="Gentleman1824">{{cite journal |title=Cathedral Church of St. John at Calcutta |journal=The Gentleman's Magazine, and Historical Chronicle|date=March 1824|volume=94|issue=1 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKVJAAAAYAAJ&q=the+gentlemans+magazine+1824|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref>]]
[[File:Job Charnock's mausoleum.JPG|thumb|Job Charnock's mausoleum]]
By 1686 the secret committee of the court of directors in London had decided the Company should establish a fortified settlement in Bengal, to resist what they regarded as arbitrary exactions and violent harassment by Mughal officials:

{{blockquote|we have no remedy left, But either to desert our Trade or we must draw that sord [[James II of England|his Majesty]] hath intrusted us with to vindicate the Rights and Honour of the English Nation in India.<ref name="Bengal', 1889 p. 11">'The Early History of the English in Bengal', ''The Times'' (31 August 1889), p. 11 col. D.</ref>}}

Accordingly, in September 1688 the largest naval force the Company had ever assembled swept into the bay, with orders to blockade the ports and arrest the ships of the [[Aurangzeb|Grand Mughal]], and, if this did not bring satisfaction, to take the town of [[Chittagong]]. Beard being dead, authority devolved to a reluctant Charnock as commander-in-chief. As he anticipated, Chittagong proved remote and unviable. Sutanuti had in the meantime been razed by the nawab's troops, therefore the squadron sailed for Madras, arriving on 7 March 1689.

==Calcutta==
[[File:Job Charnock founding Calcutta, 1690.jpg|thumb|Job Charnock founding Calcutta, 1690]]
In Madras Charnock persuaded the reluctant council, over the objections of its president, his old opponent William Hedges, that Sutanuti was the best place to establish the headquarters in Bengal, because of its defensible position and its deep-water anchorage for the fleet. The selection of the future capital of India was entirely due to his stubborn resolution.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In March 1690, the Company received permission from [[Aurangzeb]] in [[Delhi]] to re-establish a factory in Bengal, and on 24 August 1690 Charnock returned to set up headquarters in the place he called Calcutta; the appointment of a new nawab ensured this agreement was honoured, and on 10 February 1691 an imperial grant was issued for the English to "contentedly continue their trade".<ref name=OD/><ref>[[Charles Robert Wilson]], ed., ''The Early Annals of the English in Bengal'', 2 vols. in 3 pts (1895–1911), vol. 1: ''The Diary of William Hedges'' (1681–1687), ed. R. Barlow and H. Yule, 3 vols., Hakluyt Society, 74–75, 78 (1887–89).</ref>

The directors showed their approval of Charnock's initiative by making his agency independent of Madras on 22 January 1692. Thereafter "Calcutta grew steadily till it became India's 'city of cities' and capital".<ref name="Bhabani Bhattacharya 1962"/>

==Mausoleum==

[[File:Job Charnock’s Tomb & Epitaph.jpg|thumb|Job Charnock's Tomb and epitaph]]
Charnock died in Calcutta on 10 January 1692 (or 1693 according to an exhibition at the Victoria Memorial which points out that the 1692 date on his gravestone refers to an old calendar system by which the new year began in March), shortly after the death of his son. His three surviving daughters all remained in Calcutta: Mary (''d.'' 19 February 1697), Elizabeth (''d.'' August 1753), and Katherine (''d.'' 21 January 1701); all found wealthy English husbands.<ref name="Francis Jarman 2002 p. 8"/> Mary married the President and Governor of Fort William, Sir [[Charles Eyre]].<ref>Mentz, Søren. ''The English Gentleman Merchant at Work: Madras and the City of London 1660–1740'' (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2005), p. 134.</ref>

A mausoleum was erected in 1695 over Charnock's simple grave by Eyre, his son-in-law and successor. It can still be seen in the graveyard of St. John's Church, the second oldest Protestant church in Calcutta after [[John Zacharias Kiernander]]'s [[Old Mission Church, Kolkata|Old Mission Church]] (1770), and is now regarded as a national monument.<ref>'St. John's, Calcutta,' ''The Times'' (20 September 1955), p. 10, col. E.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/239181469.cms Forgotten founder lies unsung]</ref> The stone for the mausoleum was brought from the [[St. Thomas Mount]], [[Madras]]. Later in 1893 geogologist [[Thomas Henry Holland|T. H. Holland]] found it to be a different form of granite and named it [[Charnockite]] after Job Charnock.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indian-cemeteries.org/viewimage.asp?ID=4 |title=Job Charnock's memorial in Calcutta |access-date=27 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928080858/http://www.indian-cemeteries.org/viewimage.asp?ID=4 |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=The discovery of Charnockite – the rock of Charnock |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/the-discovery-of-charnockite-the-rock-of-charnock/cid/1961292 |access-date=27 August 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |issue=The Telegraph |date=24 August 2023}}</ref>
 It is inscribed with the [[Latin]] [[epitaph]]:
[[File:Job Charnock Tomb (Calcutta).JPG|thumb|right|300px|The marble slab in the mausoleum]]
{{blockquote|D.O.M. Jobus Charnock, Armiger Anglus et nup. in hoc regno. Bengalensi dignissimum Anglorum Agens Mortalitatis suae exuvias sub hoc marmore deposuit, ut in spe beatae resurrectionis ad Christi judicis adventum obdormirent. Qui postquam in solo non-suo peregrinatus esset diu reversus est domum suae aeternitatis decimo die 10th Januarii 1692. Pariter Jacet Maria, Iobi Primogenita, Carole Eyre Anglorum hicci Praefecti. Conjux charissima. Quae Obiit 19 die Februarii A.D. 1696–97.<ref>''The Bengal Obituary: or, A Record to Perpetuate the Memory of Departed Worth to Which Is Added Biographical Sketches and Memoirs of History of British India, since the Formation of the European Settlement to the Present Time'' (1848), ed. P. Thankappan Nair (Calcutta: 1991), p. 2.</ref>}}

Translation:
{{blockquote|In the hands of God Almighty, Job Charnock, English knight and recently the most worthy agent of the English in this Kingdom of Bengal, left his mortal remains under this marble so that he might sleep in the hope of a blessed resurrection at the coming of Christ the Judge. After he had journeyed onto foreign soil he returned after a little while to his eternal home on the 10th day of January 1692. By his side lies Mary, first-born daughter of Job, and dearest wife of Charles Eyre, the English prefect in these parts. She died on 19 February AD 1696–97.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robert Travers |date=August 2007 |title=Death and the Nabob: Imperialism and Commemoration in Eighteenth-Century India |journal=Past and Present |issue=196 |pages=89–90, fn. 18 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtm016|s2cid=163022337 }}</ref>}}

The inscription omits any mention of Charnock's Hindu wife Maria. Eyre may have hoped to make the public image of his predecessors and in-laws seem more respectable to the growing [[Anglican]] community in Calcutta.<ref>H. B. Hyde, 'Notes on the Mausoleum of Job Charnock and the Bones Recently Discovered within It', ''Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'', Vol. XXIX (March 1893), pp. 79–80.</ref> Even so, the monument was built by Bengali craftsmen, and its incorporation of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic design]] reflects the intersection of two cultures which their union personified.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robert Travers |date=August 2007 |title=Death and the Nabob: Imperialism and Commemoration in Eighteenth-Century India |journal=Past and Present |issue=196 |page=92 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtm016|s2cid=163022337 }}</ref>

==Assessment==
In the verdict of Scottish historian [[Sir Henry Yule]]:

{{blockquote|We cannot claim a high character for Charnock. The charge of cruelty is based, we presume, on the tales of Alexander Hamilton; it is impossible to view this as more than gossip. The charges of vacillation and timidity are based, we again presume, on the fault found by the Court with his conduct of the first exodus from the Upper Hugly. We can see that Job mistrusted (though we apprehend justly) the wisdom of the orders given, especially as to the seizure of Chittagong; and his own notion of occupying Hijili as a fortified settlement showed what may doubtless seem strange ignorance of the sanitary condition of such a position. But setting aside this as a serious mistake he showed no lack of spirit in his action since February, 1687, when he saw that the Nabob and his people by their negotiations were only trying to gain time, and certainly none in the defence of the miserable position in Hijili, and no lack of resource in the notable stratagem by which he imposed upon the enemy! . . . My view of him, pieced together from the fragmentary impressions which are alone available, would be that of an imperfectly educated and coarse and wilful but strong man who had spent his life in almost isolated positions among natives and had been deeply tinged with native habits of thought and action, but who maintained a general loyalty to the Company whom he served, though he was by no means as scrupulous as they gave him credit for being.<ref>'The Early History of the English in Bengal', ''The Times'', (31 August 1889), p. 11, col. E.</ref>}}

==Ruling of Calcutta High Court==
{{main|History of Kolkata}}
A [[Calcutta High Court]] ruling on 16 May 2003,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Court changes Calcutta's history |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm |work=BBC News |date=16 May 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Subhrangshu|last=Gupta|title=Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC Says city has no foundation day|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] online edition|date=17 May 2003|access-date=17 December 2006}}</ref> based on a report from a committee found that a "highly civilised society" and "an important trading centre" had existed on the site of Calcutta long before Charnock established his settlement. They also found the place then called Kalikatah was an important religious centre due to the existence of the [[Kali]] temple in the adjacent village of [[Kalighat]]. The first literary reference to the site is found in [[Bipradas Pipilai]]'s magnum opus ''Manasa Mangala'' which dates back to 1495. Abul Fazl's ''[[Ain-I-Akbari]]'' dating 1596 also mentions the place. The [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] family was granted the ''Jagirdari'' of Kalikatah by [[Emperor Jehangir]] in 1608. The report added that there are multiple founders: Charnock, Eyre and Goldsborough, Lakshmikanta Majumdar, the Sett Bysack families, Gobindapur and Sabarna Choudhuries (who sold land to the English).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021161302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-31/india/27285083_1_job-charnock-kolkata-report Job Charnock not Kolkata's Founder: Expert committee], ''Times of India'' (31 January 2003). Accessed 1 September 2008.</ref> The court argued that Charnock ought not to be regarded as the sole founder of Calcutta,<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> and ordered government authorities to purge his name from all textbooks and official documents containing the history of the founding story of the city.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref>Bangiya Sabarna Katha Kalishetra Kalikatah by Bhabani Roy Choudhury, Manna Publication. {{ISBN|81-87648-36-8}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2018}}

Other historians have placed greater emphasis on Charnock’s role in the city’s founding. Writing in the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', historian I. B. Watson argues:

{{blockquote|It is mostly due to Charnock's imagination, his vision, and his commitment to what he considered was right that the English transformed three small villages on an inhospitable tract of riverbank into what was to become the premier city in India ... Of all the great cities of modern India, Calcutta it is that owes its existence to the vision and commitment of one man.<ref name=OD/>}}

==See also==
*[[Charnockite]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*H.E. Busteed ''Echoes from Old Calcutta'' (Calcutta) 1908
*Bangiya Sabarna Katha Kalishetra Kalikatah by Bhabani Roy Choudhury, Manna Publication. {{ISBN|81-87648-36-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Unknown|title=Historical and Ecclesiastical Sketches of Bengal; From the Earliest Settlement, Until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English, in 1757|year=1829|publisher=Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaleccles00calciala}}
* {{cite book|last=Bruce|title=Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: from their establishment by the charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707–8, Vol. I|year=1810|publisher=Black, Parry, and Kingsbury|url=https://archive.org/details/annalshonorable00brucgoog}}
* {{cite book|last=Bruce|title=Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: from their establishment by the charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707–8, Vol. II|year=1810|publisher=London, Black, Parry, and Kingsbury|url=https://archive.org/details/annalshonorable01brucgoog}}
* {{cite book|last=Marshman|first=John Clark|title=The History of India From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration I|year=1867|publisher=Longmans, Green|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiafro02marsgoog}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Job Charnock}}
*[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Charnock,_Job Biography]
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9022634/Job-Charnock Encyclopedia article on Charnock]
*[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/wmward/Misc%20html/jobcharnock.html Charnock's article at the website of William Carey University]

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charnock, Job}}
[[Category:British East India Company people]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Christianity]]
[[Category:English Christians]]
[[Category:History of Kolkata]]
[[Category:17th-century English businesspeople]]
[[Category:1630s births]]
[[Category:1693 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from London]]
[[Category:City founders]]
[[Category:British governors of Bengal]]

Chittaranjan railway station

2026-02-22T07:18:19Z

NicoleLombardo:

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|CHITTARANJAN}}
| native_name = <hr/>Mihijam
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Crjatnight.jpg
| caption = Chittaranjan railway station building
| address = [[Chittaranjan]], [[Jamtara district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|51|24|N|86|52|44|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|177.74|m|}}
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]
| other =
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| tracks = Broad gauge
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platforms = 3<ref name="trainlist" />
| parking = Available
| status = Functional
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CRJ
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Asansol}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1867}}
| closed =
| rebuilt = Renamed as Chittaranjan in 1950
| electrified = 
| accessible =
| former = Mihijam
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = '''Chittaranjan''' railway station
| map_caption = Location in [[Jharkhand]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Chittaranjan
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Delhi main line|inline=1}}
}}
'''Chittaranjan railway station''', formerly known as '''Mihijam railway station''', station code '''CRJ''', is the railway station in [[Mihijam]], [[Jamtara district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. Chittaranjan railway station lies on the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] on the [[Asansol–Patna section]]. The railway station is named after the Indian freedom fighter, [[Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]].

Chittaranjan railway station serves [[Mihijam]] and [[Chittaranjan]] township. The railway station is located in [[Mihijam]], which is in Jharkhand, whereas the township falls in [[West Bengal]]. The Chittaranjan railway station is in [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] at a distance of 237 km from Howrah. The nearest major railway junction is Asansol, 25 km away.

==History==
{{Expand section|date=April 2012}}
The earlier name of the station was Mihijam, opened in 1867. When the [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] was established at Chittaranjan, the station's name was changed to Chittaranjan on 26.01.1950.

== Facilities ==
The station is rated as NSG-5 category station having an income of 8 crores and above per year. The major facilities available are waiting rooms, retiring room, ramp, dormitory, computerized reservation counter, 2 Wheeler Vehicle parking. The station holds a Premium Lounge for Passengers and a Heritage Art Gallery for History Enthusiasts which depicts History of Indian Railways like feasibility studies and other information in pictorial form along with the description. The station also has free and fast Railwire WiFi.

Also as per the latest reports, escalator installation is planned and construction to start soon after tender. Coach indicators will be installed in coming days. The station has a telephone booth, ATM counter, toilets, tea stall and book stall.<ref name="amenities">{{cite web|title=Major passenger amenities available in stations over Asansol Division|url=http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,443,529,542|work=Commercial Information|publisher=Official Website of the Eastern Railway|accessdate=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015233919/http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C443%2C529%2C542|archive-date=15 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="computerized_list">{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=Indian Railways |accessdate=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archivedate= 3 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

=== Platforms ===
There are 3 platforms here. Platform no. 1 and 2 cater to down trains (Asansol/Dhanbad/Howrah/Sealdah/Kolkata bound trains) though platform no. 2 is predominantly used to the service of Express/Mail/Superfast trains whereas platform no. 1 is also used for EMU local trains, passenger trains, and low-priority express trains. Platform 3 is completely dedicated to up trains (New Delhi/Patna/Jhajha/Jasidih/Amritsar/Barauni/Raxaul bound trains). The platforms are connected by an over-bridge covered on either side to ensure the security of the passengers. Beyond platform no. 3 there is a raised platform for loading and unloading goods. This platform serves freight trains. A total of 5 tracks exist here 4 main + 1-yard track.

== Trains ==
Many passenger and express trains serve Chittaranjan station.<ref name=trainlist>{{cite web|title=Trains at Chittaranjan|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/587|publisher=India Rail Info|accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=indiantrains>{{cite web|title=Chittaranjan Railway Station Details|url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=CRJ&name=CHITTARANJAN|publisher=indiantrains.org|accessdate=1 April 2012}}</ref>

==Nearest airports==
The nearest airports to Chittaranjan station are:
#[[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]] [[Durgapur]] {{Convert|61|km}}
#[[Deoghar Airport|Deoghar Airport, Jharkhand]] {{Convert|91|km}}
#[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{Convert|190|km}}
#[[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] {{Convert|233|km}}
#[[Gaya Airport]] {{Convert|245|km}}
#[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{Convert|296|km}}

== See also ==
* [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:The history of rail transport in India.jpg
File:Enquiry Office and Book Stall.jpg
File:Platform at Chittaranjan Railway Station.jpg
File:Chittaranjan Railway Station.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/587 Chittaranjan station map]
* [http://jamtara.nic.in/ Official website of the Jamtara district]

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}



[[Category:Railway stations in Jamtara district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]

Zemeic languages

2026-02-21T10:52:56Z

NicoleLombardo: small changes

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Zemeic
|altname=Zeliangrong Western Naga
|region=[[India]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
|fam4=[[Kuki-Chin-Naga languages|Kuki-Chin-Naga]]
|glotto=zeme1241
|glottorefname=Zemeic
}}
The '''Zemeic''', '''Zeliangrong''' or '''Western Naga'''<ref name="Mortensen2003">Mortensen, David R. (2003). “[http://www.davidmortensen.org/papers/comparative_tangkhul.pdf Comparative Tangkhul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613085134/http://www.davidmortensen.org/papers/comparative_tangkhul.pdf |date=2018-06-13 }}.” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley.</ref> are a languages branch of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken mostly in Indian state of [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]] and [[Manipur]] in [[northeast India]]. It may have close relationship with other [[Naga languages]] pending further research. The corresponding ethnic group is the [[Zeliangrong]] people. There were 63,529 Zemeic-speaking people in Nagaland state of India in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|access-date=2021-11-27|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

''Ethnologue'' gives the name ''Western Naga'' for the Zemeic languages.

==Languages==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2021}}
The Zemeic languages are:
*[[Zeme language|Zeme]]
*[[Liangmai language|Lianglad]]
*[[Rongmei language|Ruanglat]]
*[[Mzieme language|Mzieme]] (Northern Zeme)
*[[Inpui language|Puiron]]
*[[Khoirao language|Khoirao]] (Thangal)
*[[Maram language|Maram]]

The Zeme and Rongmei language clusters are close enough to sometimes be considered dialects of a single ''Zeliang'' language.

Van Driem (2011) lists the varieties, from south to north, as:
:Mzieme, Khoirao, Maram, Puiron, Zeme (also known as Empeo Naga, Kacha Naga, Kochu Naga), Nruanghmei (also known as Rongmei, Kabui), Liangmai (also known as Kwoireng)

([[Inpui language|Inpui]] and [[Puimei language|Puimei]], which are sometimes listed, are not distinct.)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}
* George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.'' Brill.
{{refend}}

{{Nagaland}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zeme languages|*]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Nagina

2026-02-15T05:39:07Z

NicoleLombardo: Added new post w/ refs...

{{short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagina
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.443|N|78.433|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Manoj Kumar Paras]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |url=http://www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/web/guest/member?memberId=20102 |website=www.upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>
| government_type = Nagar Palika
| governing_body = [[Town centre]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 282
| population_total = 95,246
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=125492|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 October 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 246762
| registration_plate = UP- 20
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Nagina''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Bijnor district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Name==
According to Paul Whalley, the name ''Nagīnā'' may ultimately come from Sanskrit ''nāga''-''[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/इन#Sanskrit ina]'', meaning "snake lord", via a regularly-derived intermediate form *''Nāgena''.<ref name="Whalley 1923">{{cite journal |last1=Whalley |first1=Paul |title=Place-Names in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Chapter III, Part 3 |journal=The Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society |date=1923 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=47–87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwdDAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|18–9}} Nagina is also the word for ''"Jewel"'' (See [[Negin]]), it was named by Syed's who received this place as jagir by the Mughals.

==History==
During the British period, it remained the headquarters of Nagina Tahsil, [[Bijnor]] district, in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Province]]; and from 1817 to 1824, it was the headquarters of newly formed Northern [[Moradabad]] district.<ref name=gaze>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_305.gif Nagina Town] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 18, p. 299.</ref> In 1901, the Nagina Tehsil had 464 villages and two towns: Nagina, with a population of 21,412, and [[Afzalgarh]], with a population of 6,474.<ref name=gaze/>

The rise of [[Rohilla]] power in the area was marked by an 18th-century fort, which was later used as ''tahsil'' or [[tehsil]] offices. In 1805, the city was sacked by the [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] under [[Amir Khan (Tonk State)|Amir Khan]].<ref name=gaze/>

As a part of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Nagina was the site of battle between the [[Nawab]] of [[Najibabad]] and the British, ending in the defeat of the Nawab on 21 April 1858,<ref name=nagina>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_306.gif Nagina2] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], v. 18, p. 300.</ref> following which British established their authority in [[Bijnor]], and later, in 1886, Nagina became a municipality.<ref name=nagina/>

==Geography==
Nagina is located at {{Coord|29.45|N|78.45|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Nagina.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Nagina]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|282|m|ft}}.

==Demographics==
According to Census of India in 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nagina had a population of 71,310. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Nagina has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; Male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 64%. In Nagina, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

=== Religion ===
{{bar box|title=Religions in Nagina (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|29.06}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Muslims]]|green|70.53}}|caption=}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bijnor district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bijnor district]]

Patliputra–Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal Superfast Express

2026-02-07T00:17:08Z

NicoleLombardo: new info

{{Short description|Indian superfast train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Patliputra–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|11|08}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Patliputra Junction}} ('''PPTA''')
| stops = 28
| end = [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]] ('''SMVB''')
| distance = {{convert|2711|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 48h 40m
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22351/22352
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:Sanghamitra Express (Patna - Bangalore) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Patliputra–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Patliputra Junction}} in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] and {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}} in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. It is currently being operated with 22351/22352 train numbers on a weekly basis. It runs with LHB coach with effect from 27 December 2019.<ref>[http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1245&did=1450680955491926651CCCB09F01D5A66D0D6D188CEF4.web91 East Central Railway to Run Train Nos. 22351/22352 Pataliputra-Yesvantpur-Pataliputra Weekly Express Up To Pataliputra Instead of Danapur]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/List-of-Chennai-bound-trains-that-have-been-cancelled/articleshow/50047274.cms | title=List of Chennai-bound trains that have been cancelled | date=4 December 2015 | first=Rajiv | last=Kalkod | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=8 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/54-trains-to-remain-cancelled/articleshow/48103597.cms | title=54 trains to remain cancelled | date=17 July 2015 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Kumod | last=Verma | accessdate=8 September 2018 }}</ref>

== Service==

The 22351/Patliputra–SMVT Bengaluru Weekly Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 2711 km in 48h 40m. The 22352/SMVT Bengaluru–Patliputra Weekly Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 2711 km in 48h 40m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Patliputra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Danapur}}
* [[Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]] (Mughal Sarai)
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Chheoki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|khammam}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]]
* {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajapuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal, Bengaluru}}

==Coach composition==

The train has highly refurbished LHB coach with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC First Class
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 1 AC III Tier Economy
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry Car
* 3 General Unreserved
* 2 End-on Generator

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive from Patna to [[Itarsi]]. From Itarsi the train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive until [[Chennai]]. From Chennai the train is hauled by an Itarsi Loco Shed-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive until Yesvantpur, and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}}

== Schedule ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22351 || PPTA || Patliputra (Patna) || 20:15 || Friday || (Bangalore) || 17:30 || Sunday
|-
| 22352 || YPR || Sir Mokshagundam Vishveshwaraya Terminal (Bangalore) || 13:30 || Monday || Patliputra (Patna) || 10:25 || Wednesday
|}

== See also ==

* [[Patliputra Junction railway station]]
* [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Sanghamithra Express]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22120 22351/Patliputra - Yesvantpur Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/22121 22352/Yesvantpur - Patliputra Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patliputra-Yesvantpur Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Phoenix Grand Victoria

2026-02-05T18:18:46Z

NicoleLombardo: new article

{{orphan|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Phoenix Grand Victoria
| image =
| location = [[Alipore]], [[Kolkata]]
| mapframe-zoom =
| coordinates =
| developer =
| owner =
| manager = The Phoenix Mills Limited
| architect =
| opening_date =
| number_of_stores =
| floor_area = 1 Million Sq. ft. (1st phase)
| parking = 1834<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/marketdata/construction-phoenix-marketcity-kolkata/ | title=Construction commences on Phoenix Marketcity Kolkata project in India | date=12 May 2023 }}</ref>
| floors = 8<ref name="auto"/>
|website= {{URL|https://www.phoenixmarketcity.com/}}
}}
'''Phoenix Grand Victoria''' is an under construction shopping mall being developed by [[Phoenix Mills|Phoenix Mills Limited]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Construction==
The project was announced in 2021 while the construction started in 2023.<ref name="auto"/>
The mall is planned to be based on a 7.48-acre area with having 1 million square feet retail area in its first phase.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/phoenix-mills-and-canada-pension-plan-investment-board-to-build-largest-retail-mall-in-calcutta/cid/1817166 | title=Phoenix Mills and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board to build largest retail mall }}</ref>

Developed by Phoenix Mills and Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPB),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vccircle.com/the-phoenix-mills-cppib-to-jointly-develop-mall-in-kolkata | title=The Phoenix Mills, CPPIB to jointly develop mall in Kolkata }}</ref> the mall is expected to bear a cost of ₹600 Crores. The mall is expected to be built by 2026.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/nation-and-world/upcoming-phoenix-marketcity-mall-in-kolkata-to-be-the-largest-mall-in-east-india-31663997925181.html | title=পূর্ব ভারতের বৃহত্তম শপিং মল হচ্ছে কলকাতায়! খরচ ৫৬০ কোটি টাকা, কোথায় জানেন? | date=24 September 2022 }}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Interior and features==
Along with retail shops the mall will contain multiplex, food court, gaming and entertainment space and wellness center. There will be 1,834 underground parking spaces.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in India]]

Inter-City Bus Terminal, Hyderabad

2026-01-25T11:48:42Z

NicoleLombardo: started place

{{Short description|Bus station in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Inter City Bus Terminal
| type =
| style =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Miyapur]], [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform =
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| acessible =
| code =
| owned = [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority|HMDA]]
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}
'''Inter City Bus Terminal''' (ICBT)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/work-on-inter-city-bus-terminal-to-begin-soon/article4053632.ece | work=The Hindu, Hyderabad | title=Work on inter city bus terminal to begin soon | date=1 November 2012}}</ref> is an upcoming [[bus terminus]] at [[Miyapur]] area of the [[India]]n city of [[Hyderabad]]. It is owned by the HMDA and operated under a [[public–private partnership]]. The terminal once completed, would be one of the largest in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Miyapur to get Asia's biggest bus terminal at cost of Rs 100 crore - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/miyapur-to-get-asias-biggest-bus-terminal-at-cost-of-rs-100-crore/articleshow/56250645.cms|accessdate=31 May 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The buses belonging to TSRTC will operate here. It will be one of the largest bus stations in [[India]], with 200 [[bus bay]]s.<ref name="Inter_City_Bus_Terminal">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-awaits-its-mega-bus-bay/articleshow/6725925.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204144559/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-11/hyderabad/28263723_1_hmda-hyderabad-metropolitan-development-authority-metro-rail-project| url-status=live| archive-date=4 December 2011| title=City awaits its mega bus bay| date= 11 October 2010| work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cash-crunch-hits-hmda-projects/article4249750.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=T. Lalith | last=Singh | title=Cash crunch hits HMDA projects | date=29 December 2012}}</ref> The project was cancelled in June 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180618/hmda-shelves-miyapur-icbt-project.html|title = HMDA shelves Miyapur ICBT project|date = 18 June 2018}}</ref>

== Location ==
It is under Planning stage on 55 acres located on Miyapur-Mumbai high-way [[Intermediate Ring Road, Hyderabad| Intermediate Ring Road]] connecting NH-65 & NH-44.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060864730400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611051819/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/08/stories/2011060864730400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 June 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Inter-city bus terminal to be developed as 1 lakh sft facility | date=8 June 2011}}</ref> It is right beside Miyapur metro depot and [[Hyderabad Metro]]'s station, 2 km from [[Inner Ring Road, Hyderabad| Inner Ring Road]] and 4 km from [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]].

== The Terminal ==
The terminal is being built with 200 bus bays and 30 city bus bays. The infrastructure for 1,000 buses to idle along between arrivals and departures. It will have a 1 lakh sft of commuter and passenger terminal space. The total cost is 100 crores.

== History ==
After repeated delays it was approved in June 2011 and is expected to be completed by the end of 2019.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/kiran-approves-intercity-bus-terminal-project-at-miyapur/article2807756.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Kiran approves inter-city bus terminal project at Miyapur | date=17 January 2012}}</ref>

The other existing bus stations in Hyderabad are [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] and [[Jubilee Bus Station]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Bus stations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, India]]

Deva (soundtrack)

2026-01-21T23:21:01Z

NicoleLombardo: Starting Some Post W/ Sources

{{Infobox album
| name = Deva
| type = soundtrack
| cover = Deva (soundtrack).jpg
| artist = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] and [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|02|12}}
| recorded = 2023–24
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=44}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Thudarum]]
| next_year = 2025
| chronology = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|dgrpV0aX8Pc|Deva - Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Deva
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Bhasad Macha
| single1date = 11 January 2025
| single2 = Marji Cha Maalik
| single2date = 24 January 2025
}}
}}

'''''Deva''''' is a [[soundtrack album]] to 2025 Hindi action thriller film [[Deva (2025 film)|of the same name]] directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]], starring [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] in the lead roles. The film is produced by [[Zee Studios]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur|Roy Kapur Films]].

The film's soundtrack and musical score were composed by [[Jakes Bejoy]], with a song composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]. ''Deva'' marked Jakes' debut in [[Hindi film music]]. The lyrics of the songs are penned by [[Raj Shekhar]] and songs were sung by [[Mika Singh]], [[Jyotica Tangri]], Vishal Mishra, Shreyas Sagvekar and Baby Jean. The album preceded with two singles—"Bhasad Macha" and "Marji Cha Maalik"—before its release in its entirety in January 2025.

== Development ==
''Deva'' marked [[Jakes Bejoy]]'s debut as a music composer in Bollywood, previously having composed [[background score]] of ''[[Durgamati]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-08 |title=ബോളിവുഡിൽ ട്രെൻഡ് ആകാൻ ജേക്സ് ബിജോയ്; ഐഡന്റിറ്റിക്ക് ശേഷം 'ദേവ'യിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/jakes-bejoy-to-do-do-music-for-bollywood-film-deva-1.10234749 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Jakes Bejoy Roped In To Score Music For Mohanlal's L360 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/jakes-bejoy-roped-in-to-score-music-for-mohanlals-l360-article-109940399 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] was hired to compose a song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Deva teaser: Shahid Kapoor channels Amitabh Bachchan, surpassing raw energy of Kabir Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/deva-teaser-shahid-kapoor-channels-amitabh-bachchan-surpassing-raw-energy-of-kabir-singh-9760925/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film marked Rosshan's first and third collaboration with Vishal and Jakes Bejoy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2025-01-26 |title=Deva's game-changing scene filmed under top-secret conditions |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/devas-game-changing-scene-filmed-under-top-secret-conditions-1503390925.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> [[Raj Shekhar]] penned the lyrics of the songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Shahid Kapoor's Deva to unveil Bhasad Macha teaser on Jan 11: Reports |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/shahid-kapoor-s-deva-to-unveil-bhasad-macha-teaser-on-jan-11-reports-article-12906766.html |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref> On 17 January 2025, Jakes Bejoy announced through his [[Twitter]] that Shreyas Sagvekar and Baby Jean have sung in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jakes Bejoy (@JxBe) |date=2025-01-17 |title=Super happy to get both #BabyJean and #Shreyassagvekar to verse in Deva 🔥Both of their verses are featured in the film. #NorthSouthUnite #ShahidKapoor #DevaTrailer #RosshanAndrews |url=https://x.com/JxBe/status/1880291696497553869 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121174223/https://x.com/JxBe/status/1880291696497553869 |archive-date=2025-01-21 |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first single, "Bhasad Macha" was sung by [[Mika Singh]] and [[Jyotica Tangri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deva Song Bhasad Macha Teaser Out Tomorrow: Shahid Kapoor, Pooja Hegde Film To Drop First Track On Jan 11 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/deva-song-bhasad-macha-teaser-out-tomorrow-shahid-kapoor-pooja-hegde-film-to-drop-first-track-on-jan-11-9183370.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The song features [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Pooja Hegde]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Deva Song Bhasad Macha: It's A Dance Party You Can't Miss. Bonus - Shahid Kapoor And Pooja Hegde |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/deva-song-bhasad-macha-its-a-dance-party-you-cant-miss-bonus-shahid-kapoor-and-pooja-hegde-7449290 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The song was choreographed by duo [[Bosco–Caesar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Shahid Kapoor's Deva FIRST Song Bhasad Macha Out On Jan 11, Teaser Out TOMORROW |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/shahid-kapoors-deva-first-song-bhasad-macha-out-on-jan-11-teaser-out-tomorrow-article-117083921 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> In early-September 2024, the song was shot in [[Mumbai]] for four days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Deva: Shahid Kapoor and Pooja Hegde celebrate song wrap; cut 'Bhasad Macha' cakes on set; PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/deva-shahid-kapoor-and-pooja-hegde-celebrate-song-wrap-cut-bhasad-macha-cakes-on-set-pic-1345751 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

The second single, "Marji Cha Maalik" was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] rap performed by Shreyas Sagvekar and [[Jakes Bejoy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=जनता की मांग पर लॉन्च हुआ देवा का धमाकेदार गाना, मर्जी चा मालिक! |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/filmi-duniya/deva-explosive-song-marzi-cha-malik-launched-/256052/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.navodayatimes.in |language=hindi}}</ref> Shreyas penned the lyrics of the track.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OneArabia |date=2025-01-23 |title=Deva Makers Unveil Marzi Cha Malik Audio Ahead Of Film Release On January 31, 2025 |url=https://www.onearabia.me/bollywood/marzi-cha-malik-audio-launch-deva-makers-unveil-soundtrack-011-94981.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.onearabia.me |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The music rights were bagged by [[Zee Music Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Kapoor turns fearless cop for Deva; film set to release during Dussehra 2024 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/shahid-kapoor-turns-fearless-cop-for-deva-film-set-to-release-during-dussehra-2024/14c52914af401 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The glimpse of the track "Marji Cha Maalik", which featured in film's motion poster was released on 1 January 2025, coinciding with [[New Year]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=Deva first poster: Shahid Kapoor's intense avatar is a tribute to Amitabh Bachchan |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/deva-first-poster-shahid-kapoors-intense-avatar-is-a-tribute-to-amitabh-bachchan-649573.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> The glimpse of the song "Bhasad Macha" was featured in the film's teaser announcement, released on 4 January.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2025-01-04 |title=Shahid Kapoor unveils raw swag in 'Deva': Teaser launch event on Jan 5! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-unveils-raw-swag-in-deva-teaser-launch-event-on-jan-5-1503383019.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

The first single "Bhasad Macha" was released on 11 January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=Deva first song Bhasad Macha OUT: Shahid Kapoor sets dance floor on fire in energetic track; his chemistry with Pooja Hegde is cherry on cake |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/deva-first-song-bhasad-macha-out-shahid-kapoor-sets-dance-floor-on-fire-in-energetic-track-his-chemistry-with-pooja-hegde-is-cherry-on-cake-1366869 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> The full audio of the track "Marji Cha Maalik" was released on 24 January 2025, after the huge public demand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2025-01-23 |title='Marzi Cha Malik' released: Deva soundtrack ignites fan frenzy! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/marzi-cha-malik-released-deva-soundtrack-ignites-fan-frenzy-1503389957.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:44
| all_writing =
| title1 = Bhasad Macha
| length1 = 3:21
| lyrics1 = [[Raj Shekhar]]
| music1 = Vishal Mishra
| extra1 = [[Mika Singh]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| title2 = Marji Cha Maalik
| length2 = 2:48
| lyrics2 = Sheryas Sagvekar
| music2 = [[Jakes Bejoy]]
| extra2 = Shreyas Sagvekar
| title3 = Bas Tera Pyaar Hai
| length3 = 3:27
| lyrics3 = Raj Shekhar
| music3 = Vishal Mishra
| extra3 = Vishal Mishra, Pratiksha Kale
| title4 = Chal Chal Patak Doon Maar
| length4 = 1:08
| lyrics4 = Siddhant Kaushal
| music4 = Jakes Bejoy
| extra4 = Baby Jean
}}

== Reception ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
The music received positive reception from critics.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:2020s film soundtrack albums]]
{{improve categories|date=April 2025}}

Akurdi railway station

2025-12-23T06:00:26Z

NicoleLombardo:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Akurdi
| native_name =
| type = [[Pune Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = B.D.Tupe Road, Sector-26, [[Nigdi|Nigdi Pradhikaran]], [[Pune]].
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.6483|73.7647|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Maharashtra
| elevation = 590 m
| line = [[Pune Suburban Railway]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = AKRD
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Pune Suburban Railway|line=Lonavala Line|left=Dehu Road |right=Chinchwad }}
}}
{{Pune–Lonavala RDT|collapse=yes}}
'''Akurdi Station''' is a suburban railway station of [[Pune Suburban Railway]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-27 |title=Akurdi railway station to get PCMC's first food court |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/akurdi-rly-station-to-get-pcmcs-first-food-court-8345661/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The station is in Sector-26 of [[Nigdi|Nigdi Pradhikaran]]. All suburban (local) trains between [[Pune Junction]]–{{stnlnk|Lonavala}}, Pune Junction–[[Talegaon Dabhade|Talegaon]], {{stnlnk|Shivaji Nagar}}–{{stnlnk|Lonavala}}, Shivajinagar–Talegaon stop here. It is a major local station for students travelling from Pune to D Y Patil College of Engineering, Akurdi and Pimpri-Chinchwad College of Engineering, Nigdi which is at a walking distance.

==Trains==
Six medium-long range trains halt at Akurdi railway station. All six are passenger trains. Akurdi station has two platforms and a foot overbridge. Nearby areas are Ravet, Walhekarwadi, Bijli Nagar and Sector 26, 25, 27, 27A, 28, 29, 30, 32A of Nigdi Pradhikaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akurdi Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/akurdi-akrd/3158 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

=== Improvements ===
Infrastructure upgrades and renovation was taken up in April 2025 as part of Amrit Bharat Station Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2025-04-16 |title=Amrit Bharat Boost: Akurdi Railway Station Nears Milestones in Redevelopment |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/amrit-bharat-boost-akurdi-railway-station-nears-milestones-in-redevelopment/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, the station got a reservation booth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-13 |title=Akurdi to get rail reservation booth soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/akurdi-to-get-rail-reservation-booth-soon/articleshow/64563936.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A restaurant on wheels, called Bogie Wogie, was started in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dolare |first=Rahul |date=2024-12-28 |title='Bogie-Wogie' Restaurant on Wheels: A Unique Dining Experience at Pune's Akurdi Railway Station |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/bogie-wogie-restaurant-on-wheels-a-unique-dining-experience-at-punes-akurdi-railway-station/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pune Suburban Railway}}
{{Central Railway}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Pune railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Pune district]]
[[Category:Transport in Pimpri-Chinchwad]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Amruthur

2025-11-18T14:12:05Z

NicoleLombardo: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amurthur
| native_name = amruthuru
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.92|N|76.93|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur district]]
| established_title = 
| governing_body = Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 670
| population_total = 11201
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 572 111
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08132
| website =
}}

'''Amruthur''' is a town (''hobli'') in [[Kunigal]] taluk, [[Tumkur]] district, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is situated in a valley created by the rivers [[Shimsha]], Veera-vaishnavi and Nagini. It is irrigated by the Markonhalli and Mangala reservoirs and a series of tanks. Amruthur is surrounded by paddy fields and [[Areca nut|areca-nut]] gardens. To the south of the village are two lakes that also serve as a source of irrigation.

Amruthur is at a distance of 73 km from the state capital, [[Bangalore]]. Its climate is similar to that of Bangalore. It is well connected through the National Highway NH-48 (Bangalore - Mangalore highway). There are many ancient temples in Amruthur, like the Sri Rameshwara temple, Sri Channakeshava temple, Sri Anjaneya temple, Sri Srinivasa temple, Sri Kanyaka Parameswari and the temple of the village deity, Pattaladamma Hosapalya.

==Freedom struggle==
Amruthur was involved in India's freedom struggle from the [[British Empire|British empire]]. Even before [[Mysore]] State Congress was formed, delegates from Amruthur attended the 1924 Belgaum Session of the [[Indian National Congress]] where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was also present. Many people from Amruthur had participated in the 1942 [[Quit India Movement]] and had been arrested by the British government. Shri Obedulla Khan Shirani, Shri. Ramurti Inoor, Shri. Ramanna Gowda and Shri. Gulli Gowda, had a key role in developing the village.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==Cooperative and banking movement==
In 1911, Sri Rama Mandiram Cooperative Society was started. This provided banking and credit facilities to the people of Amruthur. It is managed by an elected body. In the 1960s, the Ryots Cooperative Society and the Housing Cooperative Society were formed to help the farmer community of the area. Also, in the 1960s, [[Canara Bank]] opened a branch in Amruthur. In the 1970s, as a part of the [[White Revolution (India)|White Revolution]], the Milk Producers Cooperative Society was started. Many local farmers took up to dairy as a profession.

==Healthcare facilities==
A hospital was established in Amruthur in 1930. The hospital was upgraded in accordance with the plan of the [[Government of India]] in the 1960s and more staff was posted. Private wards were added with the donations of [[Philanthropy|philanthropists]] of Amruthur. In the 1960s a veterinary hospital was established.

==Electricity and drinking water supply==
Amruthur received the benefits of water supply and electricity from the 1950s. A Section Office for the [[Karnataka Electricity Board]] is also present in Amruthur. With the aid of the [[World Bank]], it has been further improved.

==Education facilities==
Amruthur had educational facilities since the 1920s. There were separate schools for girls and boys up to Lower Secondary levels (this translates to 7th standard or 7th grade). A private high school (Nehru High School) was started in the 1950s. The Government Junior College was started in the 1970s offering PUC (Pre-University College) courses in [[science]], arts and [[commerce]]. Educational institutions from [[kindergarten]] up to 10th standard were started in 1982 under the auspices of the [http://www.amruthur-edu.in/index.html Amruthur Education Institution]. In 2008, this was expanded to include a junior college offering Commerce and Arts courses.

==Other facilities==
A Post office was established in the 1930s. This was converted to a sub-office in 1960 with telegraphy facility. In the 1960s, Amruthur got telephone services with a [[Public call office|Public Call Office]] (PCO) which later became an automatic telephone exchange. Amruthur has [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] (national calling) and [[International direct dialing|ISD]] (international calling) services, and different Telecom operators provide cellphone services. Two gas stations are also present in the village.

==State Highways==
Amruthur is well connected to other parts of Karnataka through the following state highway:
SH-84 : Highway connecting [[Sira, India|Sira]] with Nanjangud via [[Gubbi]], [[Kallur, Tumkur|Kallur]], Yadayur, Amruthur, [[Mandya]], [[Kirugavalu|Kirugaval]], Hosavatti and [[Tirumakudal Narsipur|T. Narsipura]].

==External links==
* http://wikimapia.org/4341357/Amruthur-Chikkere Locate on Map
* http://www.amruthur-edu.in/index.html Amruthur Education Institution

{{Settlements in Tumkur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Tumakuru district]]

List of deputy speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly

2025-11-01T16:04:07Z

NicoleLombardo: new redirect

#redirect [[List of speakers of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

Bangalooru Rural

2025-10-31T13:19:34Z

NicoleLombardo: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bengaluru North district]]

Ajjanahalli, Bengaluru South

2025-10-28T22:11:26Z

NicoleLombardo: Started page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ajjanahalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12|55|02|N|77|23|12|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Bengaluru South
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562 130
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Ajjanahalli, Bengaluru South ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161209/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |url-status=dead }} , Census Village code= 2054800</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Ajjanahalli, Bangalore South, Bangalore, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Bangalore South|Magadi]] [[taluk]] of Ramanagaram [[Bangalore district|district]] in Karnataka.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Ajjanahalli had a population of 2,541. Males constitute 1,270 of the population and females 1,271. [[Kannada]] is the official and most widely spoken language in Ajjanahalli. Ajjanahalli has an average literacy rate of 67 percent, higher than the national average of 59.5 percent, with 72.60 percent of the males and 61.40 percent of females literate.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://Bangalore.nic.in/{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

HaJaBaRaLa

2025-10-20T19:16:14Z

NicoleLombardo: started details

{{Short description|1921 children's novella by Sukumar Ray}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox novella | 
| name = HaJaBaRaLa (হ য ব র ল)
| image =
| caption =
| author = [[Sukumar Ray]]
| illustrator = [[Sukumar Ray]]
| cover_artist = [[Sukumar Ray]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novella]]
| publisher = 1st : U.Roy and Sons
2nd : [[Signet Press]]
| release_date = 1921
}}
'''''HaJaBaRaLa''''' ({{langx|bn|হ য ব র ল}}), or '''''HJBRL: A Nonsense Story''''', is a children's [[novella]] by [[Sukumar Ray]].<ref name="ClementJamali2015">{{cite book|author1=Lesley D. Clement|author2=Leyli Jamali|title=Global Perspectives on Death in Children's Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqhGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT164|date=30 July 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-59948-7|pages=164–}}</ref> ''Ha Ja Ba Ra La'' is considered one of the best [[Literary nonsense|nonsense stories]] of Bengali literature. To highlight its genre, artistic merit and style, it is frequently compared to ''[[Alice In Wonderland]].''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sukumar Ray Breaking ground with literary nonsense|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-160490|date=2010-10-30|website=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts with a child, the narrator, suddenly waking up from sleep and finding that the handkerchief they had placed just beside them before sleeping has turned into a cat. The child starts talking to the cat, who speaks nonsensically about a handkerchief before disappearing over the hedge. Then the child finds Kakeshwar doing mathematical calculations on a slate, that appears very unusual to the narrator.
[[File:হ য ব র ল রম্য রচনার প্রথম সিগনেট প্রেস সংস্করণ.jpg|thumb|First Signet Edition of HA JA BA RA LA by Satyajit Ray]]
This includes multiplication that is purely illogical and fallacious. After arguing over math, a goat appears and narrates his life about eating paper and other artificial things. Hijibijbij appears and laughs hysterically at improbable situations and keeps changing his mind about the names of his family members. Then many animals appear, and confusion results. The child wakes up from their odd dream and finds the cat, which does not talk.

==Characters==
Most of the characters have found idiomatic usage in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language, which is true for many of Ray's works.

Some of the main characters are:

[[File:Hajabarala2.gif|thumb|Shri Kakeswar Kuchkuche]]
;Shree Kakkeshwar kuchkuche ({{langx|bn|শ্রী কাক্কেশ্বর কুচকুচে}}): A raven/crow who wears a clerk's [[green eyeshade]] while performing mathematics.

;Gechhodada ({{langx|bn|গেছোদাদা}}): A character that is only alluded to by the cat but never appears in the story. he is completely unpredictable, and according to the cat, can only be found solving a very complicated, irrational and nonsensical mathematics, which depends on many probabilities about where Gechodada can be that moment.

;Hijibijbij ({{langx|bn|হিজিবিজবিজ}}):A person who imagines very improbable situations and laughs at them.
;Sheyal : The fox and the advocate against Kumir
;Byakaran Shing BA Khadyabisharad ({{langx|bn|ব্যাকরণ শিং বি,এ,খাদ্যবিশারদ}}):A goat who delivers academic lectures on non-academic subjects, such as what goats do not eat.
;Pyancha : The owl judge in the court
[[File:Hajabarala3.gif|thumb|Udo]]
;Udhho and Budhho ({{langx|bn|উধো আর বুধো}}): dwarf-like creatures who are fighting one moment and hugging the next. The phrase "Udhor pindi Budhor ghare", meaning (but not literally translated to) "the shoe is on the other foot", has become a very common idiom.
;Shojaru : A porcupine who makes a court case for insult
;Kumir : A crocodile, the advocate of Shojaru
;Chondrobindu: A nonsense cat who speaks about nonsense things like gechodada (grandpa tree) and other people.
;Nera ({{langx|bn|নেড়া}}): A person who has no hair. He loves to sing nonsense songs.
;Gechhoboudi : Who dos not appear in the story but is the wife of gechhodada who cooks
;Mejomama : Maternal uncle who finds everything about the story nonsense.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1)/%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B2 Wikisource page] {{in lang|bn}}, illustrated
* [https://www.isid.ac.in/~deepayan/bengalionline.net/Archive/Sukumar/Prose/hajabarala.bn.html Transcript of HaJaBaRaLa] {{in lang|bn}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hajabarala}}
[[Category:1921 novels]]
[[Category:Sukumar Ray]]
[[Category:Indian Bengali-language novels]]
[[Category:1921 children's books]]
[[Category:Indian children's novels]]
[[Category:Children's novellas]]

Tirupati West Halt railway station

2025-09-19T22:05:59Z

NicoleLombardo: added info

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tirupati West Halt
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.6279|N|79.4194|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|160|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Renigunta–Katpadi line]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 1
| tracks = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| entrances =
| parking =
| baggage_check =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TPW
| zone = [[South Coast Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Guntakal}}
}}
| owned =
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_dot_label = Tirupati West Halt
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=South Central Railway zone|left=Tirupati Main|right=Chandragiri|type=[[Renigunta–Katpadi line]]}}
}}

'''Tirupati West Halt railway station''' (station code: TPW)<ref>{{cite web |title=Distances in kilometers between stations on the Pakala Jn.–Tirupati section |url=http://rbs.indianrail.gov.in/ShortPath/Rbs_pdf/LdtPart-i/ldtpart-i_scr.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=1 May 2019 |page=99 |format=PDF |date=12 September 2009}}</ref> is located at [[Tirupati]] of [[Tirupati district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It serves as the second station besides [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati main station]] under [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Coast Railway zone]]. It is a broad gauge electrified line.<ref>{{cite web|title=Katpadi Jn. – Pakala Jn.|url=http://www.irfca.org/articles/metric/kpd.html|website=IRFCA|access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Tiruchanur railway station]]
*[[Renigunta Junction railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|4719}}

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Guntakal railway division]]

{{AndhraPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Salute (disambiguation)

2025-09-18T14:42:52Z

NicoleLombardo: Created first article more to come - done

{{wiktionary|salute}}
A '''[[salute]]''' is a gesture or other action used to indicate respect.

'''Salute''' may also refer to:

{{TOC right}}

== Gestures ==
* [[Nazi salute]]
* One-finger salute, another term for [[the finger]]
* [[Three-finger salute (disambiguation)]]
* [[Two-finger salute]]
* [[Quenelle (gesture)]]

== Military ==
* [[Gun salute]]
* [[21-gun salute]], a military honour
* {{USS|Salute|AM-294}}
* {{USS|Salute|AM-470}}

== Society and politics ==
* [[Bellamy salute]], a salute formerly used to accompany the United States Pledge of Allegiance
* ''[[Imperial Salute]]'', the national anthem of Iran under the Shah
* [[Roman salute]]
* [[Vice Regal Salute]], a piece of music played before Commonwealth governors

== Entertainment ==
* [[Ten-bell salute]], used in professional wrestling to honor a wrestler who has died
* [[Vulcan salute]], used in the ''Star Trek'' series
* [[Salute (1929 film)|''Salute'' (1929 film)]], a film featuring John Wayne
* [[Salute (2008 film)|''Salute'' (2008 film)]], a documentary by Matt Norman
* [[Satyam (2008 film)]] or Salute, an Indian Telugu-language film
* [[Salute (2009 film)|''Salute'' (2009 film)]], an Indian Kannada-language film
* [[Salute (2016 film)|''Salute'' (2016 film)]], a biographical film on Aitzaz Hasan
* [[Salute (2022 Indian film)|''Salute'' (2022 Indian film)]], an action thriller film
* [[Salute (2022 Taiwanese film)|''Salute'' (2022 Taiwanese film)]], a film about dancer Sheu Fang-yi

==Music==
* [[Salute (musician)]], a DJ and producer

===Albums===
* [[Salute (Little Mix album)|''Salute'' (Little Mix album)]], 2013, or its title track (see below)
* [[Salute (Gordon Lightfoot album)|''Salute'' (Gordon Lightfoot album)]], 1983, or its title track
* [[Salute (21 Guns album)|''Salute'' (21 Guns album)]], 1992
* ''Salute'', a non-profit album by [[Leslie Cheung#Stardom and retirement|Leslie Cheung]]

===Songs===
* [[Salute (song)|"Salute" (song)]], a 2014 song by British girl group Little Mix from ''Salute'' (see above)
* "Salute", a song by Cardi B from ''[[Am I the Drama?]]''
* "Salute", a song by Fabolous from ''[[Loso's Way]]''
* "Salute", a song by Future from ''[[Purple Reign]]''

== Other ==
* [[Salute (pyrotechnics)]], a device designed to make a loud bang
* [[Salute (yacht)|''Salute'' (yacht)]], a 2008 sailing superyacht, later named ''Bayesian''
* [[Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute]], a church in Venice commonly known as La Salute

==See also==
{{canned search|salute|salutes}}
* {{srt}}

{{disambiguation}}

Monica Khanna

2025-09-03T22:29:34Z

NicoleLombardo: Added some entry with sources...

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox model
|name = Monica Khanna
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
|nationality =
|yearsactive = 2010–present
}}
'''Monica Khanna''' (born 7Aug 1986) is an Indian [[Television in India|television]] actress and model. She is known for playing Karishma Joglekar in ''[[Aasman Se Aage]]'', Payal Deewan in ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]],'' and Shraddha Siakal in ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pyaar-ka-dard-hai-yashashri-chiplunkar-monica-khanna/articleshow/24821208.cms | title=Monica Khanna & Yashashri Chiplunkar in Pyaar Ka Dard | first=Vijaya | last=Tiwari | date=28 October 2013 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=13 December 2018 }}</ref>

== Television ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role!! Notes
|-
|2010 || ''[[Mahi Way]]'' || Roshni ||
|-
|2010–2011 || ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' || Various ||
|-
|2011–2012 || ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'' || Swati Raj||
|-
|2012 || ''[[Aasman Se Aage]]'' || Karishma Joglekar ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Aaj Ki Housewife Hai... Sab Jaanti Hai]]'' || Neelam ||
|-
|2013–2014 || ''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]'' || Payal Talwar ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Monica Khanna dating an executive producer? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/140722/entertainment-tvmusic/article/monica-khanna-dating-executive-producer |access-date=21 September 2020 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2015–2017 || ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]'' || rowspan="2"|Shraddha Siakal || <ref>{{cite news |title=Thapki Pyaar ki completes 400 Episodes team celebrates success. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/thapki-pyar-ki-completes-400-episodes-team-celebrates-success/articleshow/53554699.cms |work=Times of India|date=5 August 2016|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]'' || Episode 162
|-
|2018–2020 || ''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]'' || Zeenat Sheikh || <ref>{{cite news |title=All My Firsts. Ft. Monica Khanna {{!}}Ishq Subhan Allah{{!}} {{!}}Exclusive{{!}} {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/all-my-firsts-ft-monica-khanna-ishq-subhan-allah-exclusive/videoshow/72281244.cms |access-date=21 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=28 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Monica Khanna celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi with full devotion |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-monica-khanna-celebrates-ganesh-chaturthi-with-full-devotion-1322126/amp |accessdate=21 September 2020 |work=ABP Live |date=26 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021 || ''[[Prem Bandhan (TV series)|Prem Bandhan]]'' || Vandana Shastri ||
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Chikoo Ki Mummy Durr Kei]]''
| Rangoli
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
| Latika Banerjee
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''Ikk Kudi Punjab Di''
|Tejinder Kaur
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Urvashi
|
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Tulsi – Hamari Badi Sayani]]''
| Maala Raichand
|
|-
| 2025–present
| ''Prathaon Ki Odhe Chunri: Bindani''
| Rumkudi
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Award
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Category
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Show
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Result
|-
|2017
|[[Golden Petal Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Negative Role
|[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]
|{{won}}
|-
|2019
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Negative Role
|[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3790420}}
*{{Instagram|monnikkakhanna}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Monica}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chiroti

2025-08-14T02:11:15Z

NicoleLombardo: added references

#REDIRECT [[Chirote]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Telangana State Human Rights Commission

2025-08-13T02:04:03Z

NicoleLombardo: put up new post added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = '''Telangana State Human Rights Commission'''
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname =
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo =
| logocaption =
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto =
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| federal = Yes
| map =
| mapcaption =
| sizearea =
| sizepopulation =
| legaljuris =
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| restriction =
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Gruhakalpa Complex, M.J. Road, Opp: Gandhi Bhavan, Nampalli, Hyderabad-500001.Tel.No.040-24601572.Fax: 24601573.Email: office-shrc@telangana.gov.in.<ref name="THR ref1">{{cite web |title=Telangana State Human Rights Commission |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/telangana-state-human-rights-commission |website=Telangana State Human Rights Commission |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>
| website = {{Official website| https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/telangana-state-human-rights-commission }}
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype =
| minister1name =
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Justice Shameem Akther
| chief1position = Chairman
| chief2name =
| chief2position =
| parentagency =
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| stationtype =
| stations =
}}

'''Telangana State Human Rights Commission''' is a [[Statute|statutory]] organisation created as per "The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 for India" for the state of [[Telangana]] to inquire into [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] for subjects referred in the state list and concurrent list mentioned in the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|seventh schedule]] of the [[constitution of India]]. The Chairman and other members of the Telangana State Human Rights Commission are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

Justice Shameem Akther assumed charge as the Chairperson of the Telangana State Human Rights Commission (TGHRC) on 17 April 2025 along with members Sivadi Praveena and B Kishore.<ref name="Justice Shameem Akther appointed SHRC Chairperson, Justice Rajasekher Reddy is Lok Ayukta">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Justice Shameem Akther appointed SHRC Chairperson, Justice Rajasekher Reddy is Lok Ayukta|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/justice-shameem-akther-appointed-shrc-chairperson-justice-rajasekher-reddy-is-lok-ayukta/article69439717.ece|accessdate=17 April 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=11 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417150301/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/justice-shameem-akther-appointed-shrc-chairperson-justice-rajasekher-reddy-is-lok-ayukta/article69439717.ece|archivedate=17 April 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Justice Shameem Akther Assumes Charge As Chairperson Of Telangana Human Rights Commission">{{cite news |title=Justice Shameem Akther Assumes Charge As Chairperson Of Telangana Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/justice-shameem-akther-assumes-charge-as-chairperson-of-telangana-human-rights-commission-1873438 |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417150651/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/justice-shameem-akther-assumes-charge-as-chairperson-of-telangana-human-rights-commission-1873438 |archive-date=17 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== History and Objective ==

Telangana State Human Rights Commission was created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993<ref name="HR ref3">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheeraj |title=Staff Shortage Besets Human Rights Commissions, 10 States Don't Have Chairpersons: RTI |url=https://thewire.in/government/human-rights-commissions-staff-shortage-rti |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=13 December 2019}}</ref> with provisions to inquire into violation of human rights related to concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution<ref name="HR ref5">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=Giving Human Rights Commissions more teeth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-human-rights-commissions-more-teeth/article31111463.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> and subjects covered under Telangana state list.<ref name="HR ref1">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-human-rights-commission-1438319148-1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="HR ref6">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commissions set up in 19 States: Govt.|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/28/statehuman-rights-commissions-set-up-in-19-statesgovt.html?story=1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

Telangana State Human Rights Commission office is situated in Gruhakalpa Complex, M.J. Road, Opp: Gandhi Bhavan, Nampalli, Hyderabad-500001.

== Composition ==

Telangana State Human Rights Commission as per Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 should consist of at least three members including a chairperson, who should be a retired Chief Justice of any Indian High Court.<ref name="HR ref1" /><ref name="HR ref2">{{cite web |title=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |url=http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |website=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803064748/http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HR ref4">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Dheeraj |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-rights/state-human-rights-commission/49347 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=yourarticlelibrary}}</ref><ref name="HR ref7">{{cite news |title=Role Of National Human Rights Commission In Protection Of Human Rights In India |url=https://thelawbrigade.com/human-rights/role-of-national-human-rights-commission-in-protection-of-human-rights-in-india/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=thelawbrigade.com |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

The other members should be:<ref name="HR ref8">{{cite news |title=After seven-year-long wait, Andhra Pradesh to get its SHRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-seven-year-long-wait-ap-to-get-its-shrc-on-march-22/articleshow/81004771.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

(i) A serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years experience as District judge.

(ii) A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights.

Telangana State Human Rights Commission chairperson and other members are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly.In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

The term of the chairperson and members of the commission is fixed for five years or until attainment of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The members including chairman will not be eligible to take up any employment under the state government or the central government after the completion of their term in the commission, excluding the eligibility for another term in the commission subject to the attainment of the prescribed age limit.

Justice Gunda Chandraiah is the current Chairman of Telangana State Human Rights Commission.<ref name="TSHR ref2" />

== Functions ==

Telangana State Human Rights Commission is created with below functions, according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993:<ref name="HR ref1" />

* Inquire either on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or suo motu or by any person or on his behalf into complaints of human rights violation or violation by a public servant due to negligence in the prevention of such offences.<ref name="TSHR ref3">{{cite news |title=Social boycott victims approach Telangana Human Rights Commission |url=https://telanganatoday.com/social-boycott-victims-approach-telangana-human-rights-commission |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=telanganatoday.com |date=6 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="TSHR ref5">{{cite news |title=Telangana Intermediate Board gets notice from Human Rights Commission on employee issues |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/telangana-intermediate-board-gets-notice-human-rights-commission-employee-issues-154036 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=thenewsminute.com |date=18 August 2021}}</ref>
* Make visits to any jail or other places of detention of people, which is under the control of the State Government and observe the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations for improvement, if any.<ref name="TSHR ref2">{{cite news |title=Protect human rights and environment: TSHRC chairman |url=https://telanganatoday.com/protect-human-rights-and-environment-tshrc-chairman |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=telanganatoday.com |date=17 July 2021}}</ref>
* Recommend appropriate remedial measures after reviewing the factors, which prevents the enjoyment of human rights through any actions including acts of terrorism.
* The commission should encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations or any other institutions working in the field of human rights development.
* In case of allegations of violation of human rights before a Court, the commission should intervene in the proceedings involved with the approval from Court.
* Commission should Undertake and promote research in the area of human rights.
* Commission should make efforts to promote awareness of the various safeguards available for the protection of human rights and spread human rights literacy among general public.<ref name="TSHR ref4">{{cite news |title=TSHRC to hold human rights awareness programmes from November 26 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/241121/tshrc-to-hold-human-rights-awareness-programmes-from-november-26.html |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
* Commission should also review the provision of safeguards relating to protection of human rights under any law of the constitution which is in force for time being and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
* For the promotion of human rights, commission may undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary.

Telangana State Human Rights Commission has below powers:

• Powers to regulate its own procedure.

• All the powers of a civil court and with its proceedings being judicial.

• Call for details of information or report from the state government or any other authority subordinate to them.

• Powers to require any person who is subject to any privilege which may be claimed under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on points or matters useful for, or relevant to the subject matter of inquiry.

• The commission can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence.

== Limitations ==

Telangana State Human Rights Commission has limited powers and functions as they are subject to only advising, and does not have power to punish the violators of human rights or award any relief including monetary, to the victim.

The recommendations of Telangana State Human Rights Commission are not binding on the state government or authority, except that the commission should be informed about the action taken by the state government on its recommendation within one month from the date of complaint.

== See also ==

[[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/telangana-state-human-rights-commission Official Website]


[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of India]]

Sangeerthana Vipin

2025-04-02T02:57:01Z

NicoleLombardo: put up the post added tags!

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeerthana Vipin
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2002|11|06}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm13091358/|title=Sangeerthana Vipin | Actress|website=IMDb|accessdate=10 Mar 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nileshwaram|Nileshwar]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2023{{ndash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| mother = Seema <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/sangeerthana-vipin-interview-1.10026803|title=ശ്രദ്ധിക്കപ്പെടാനായി ഒരുപാട് ഫോട്ടോഷൂട്ടുകൾ പോസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്തു- സങ്കീർത്തന വിപിൻ|date=28 October 2024|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>
| father = Vipin <ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''Sangeerthana Vipin''' is an Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തെലുങ്കിലും തമിഴിലും ഗംഭീര തുടക്കം കുറിച്ച് സങ്കീർത്തന വിപിൻ |url=https://www.nanaonline.in/news/sangeerthana-vipin--interview/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.nanaonline.innews |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Sangeerthana Vipin was born in [[Nileshwaram|Nileshwar]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=സങ്കീർത്തന വിപിൻ |url=https://m3db.com/sangeerthana-vipin |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=M3DB |language=en}}</ref> She made her debut as a heroine in Malayalam cinema with the film ''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]'', directed by Hemanth G Nair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തെലുങ്കും തമിഴും കടന്ന് സങ്കീർത്തന - Read this story on Magzter.com |url=https://www.magzter.com/nb/stories/entertainment/Manorama-Weekly/1700651790269?srsltid=AfmBOoqmCho7iIWpbjfOQYFsZ-iHhvVEA50qPopIVunxM-ExlqQGbGj5 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.magzter.com |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she appeared in the Telugu film ''[[Narakasura]]''.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=തെലുങ്ക്‌ നാട്ടിൽ മലയാളി സങ്കീർത്തന |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/actress-sangeerthana/1144212 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref>

In 2024, her Tamil debut film ''[[Kaaduvetty]]'', directed by Solai Arumugam, was released.That year, she also starred in two Telugu films.In ''[[Operation Raavan]]'', directed by Venkata Satya, she portrayed an investigative journalist. She also appeared in ''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''.{{fact|date=April 2025}}

Her upcoming film, ''[[Asuragana Rudra]]'' is currently in production.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |title=Asuragana Rudra: 'అసురగణ రుద్ర' ప్రారంభం |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/asuragana-rudra-movie-launched/0201/122065497 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Roles
!Language
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]''
|Sharanya
|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|''[[Narakasura (2023 film)|Narakasura]]''
|Veeramani
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Kaaduvetty]]''
|Dakshayani
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|''[[Operation Raavan]]''
|Amani
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-07-03 |title='Operation Raavan'set for theatrical release on August 2 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/operation-raavanset-for-theatrical-release-on-august-2-889136 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Janaka Aithe Ganaka]]''
|Haritha
|Telugu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-27 |title=Janaka Aithe Ganaka trailer: A middle-class man's fight |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/27/janaka-aithe-ganaka-trailer-a-middle-class-mans-fight |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Asuragana Rudra}}
|{{TBA}}
|Telugu
|<ref name="A"/>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|nm13091358}}

[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Wangath Temple complex

2025-02-24T11:38:57Z

NicoleLombardo: small refined details and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Wangath temple complex]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath

2025-01-20T04:39:48Z

NicoleLombardo: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|1996 Supreme Court of India environmental law case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = M.C.Mehta v. Kamal Nath
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = M.C.Mehta v. Kamal Nath and Ors.
|date decided = 13 December 1996
|citations = (1997) 1 SCC 388
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = [[Kuldip Singh (judge)|Kuldip Singh]], S. Saghnr Ahma
|number of judges = 2
|decision by = Kuldip Singh
|concurring =
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from =
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions = The [[public trust doctrine]], as discussed by the Court in this judgment was a part of the law of the land
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}

'''''M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath''''' was a [[landmark case]] in [[Indian law|Indian]] [[environmental law]]. In the case, the [[Supreme Court of India]] held that the [[public trust doctrine]] applied in [[India]].<ref name="Land Mark Cases"/>

==Facts of the case==
The ''[[Indian Express]]'' published an article reporting that [[Span Motels Private Limited]], which owns Span Resorts, had floated another ambitious venture, Span Club. The family of Indian politician [[Kamal Nath]] has direct links with this company.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM declares his FDs, Kamal Nath & Deora business interests |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pm-declares-his-fds-kamal-nath---deora-business-interests/801260/|accessdate=14 May 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=9 June 2011}}</ref>
The club was built after encroaching upon 27.12 [[bigha]]s (16.95 acres) of land, including substantial [[forest]]land, in 1990. The land was later regularised and [[lease]]d out to the company on 11 April 1994.

The regularisation was done when Nath was [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of Environment and Forests]]. This encroachment led to the swelling of the [[Beas River]], and the swollen river changed its course and engulfed the Span Club and the adjoining lawns, washing it away. For almost five months now, the Span Resorts management has been moving bulldozers and earth movers to turn the course of the Beas for a second time.

A worrying thought was that of the river eating into the mountains, leading to landslides which were an occasional occurrence in that area. In September, these caused floods in the Beas and property estimated to be worth Rs. 105 crore was destroyed.
The Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests by the letter dated 24.11.1993, addressed to the Secretary, Forest, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla conveyed its prior approval in terms of Section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for leasing to the Motel 27 bighas and 12 biswas of forest land adjoining to the land already on lease with the Motel.
An expert committee formed to assess the situation of the area arrived at the following conclusion;

"The river is presently in a highly unstable regime after the extraordinary floods of 1995, and it is difficult to predict its behaviour if another high flood occur in the near future. A long-term planning for flood control in the Kullu Valley needs to be taken up immediately with the advice of an organisation having expertise in the field, and permanent measures shall be taken to protect the area so that recurrence of such a heavy flood is mitigated permanently".

==Arguments for the defendants==
* Whatever construction activity was done by the motel on the land under its possession and on the area around, if any, was done with a view to protect the lease-hold land from floods.
* Divisional Forest Officer permitted the motel to carry out the necessary works subject to the conditions that the department would not be liable to pay any amount incurred for the said purpose by the motel.
However, it could be easily ascertained from the facts that the Motel had made various constructions on the surrounding area and on the banks of the river.

==Judgment of the court==
{{Environmental law}}

The forest lands which have been given on lease to the Motel by the State Governments are situated at the bank of the river Beas. Beas is a young and dynamic river. The river is fast-flowing, carrying large boulders, at the time of flood. When water velocity is not sufficient to carry the boulders, these are deposited in the channel often blocking the flow of water. Under such circumstances the river stream changes its course, remaining within the valley but swinging from one bank to the other. The right bank of the river Beas where the motel is located mostly comes under forest, the left bank consists of plateaus, having steep banks facing the river, where fruit orchards and cereal cultivation are predominant. The area being ecologically fragile and full of scenic beauty should not have been permitted to be converted into private ownership and for commercial gains.

===Doctrine of Public trust under Roman Law===
The notion that the public has a right to expect certain lands and natural areas to retain their natural characteristic is finding its way into the law of the land. The ancient Roman Empire developed a legal theory known as the "Doctrine of the Public Trust". It was founded on the ideas that certain common properties such as rivers, sea-shore, forests and the air were held by Government in trusteeship for the free and unimpeded use of the general public. Under the Roman Law these resources were either owned by no one (Res Nullious) or by everyone in common (Res Communious).

===Doctrine of Public trust under English common Law===
Under the English common law, however, the Sovereign could own these resources but the ownership was limited in nature, the Crown could not grant these properties to private owners if the effect was to interfere with the public interests in navigation of fishing. Resources that were suitable for these uses were deemed to be held in trust by the Crown for the benefit of the public.
The Public Trust Doctrine primarily rests on the principle that certain resources like air, sea, waters and the forests have such a great importance to the people as a whole that it would be wholly unjustified to make them a subject of private ownership. The said resources being a gift of nature. They should be made freely available to everyone irrespective of the status in life. The doctrine enjoins upon the Government to protect the resources for the enjoyment of the general public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes.
Three types of restrictions on governmental authority are often thought to be imposed by the public trust: first, the property subject to the trust must not only be used for a public purpose, but it must be held available for use by the general public; second, the property may not be sold, even for a fair cash equivalent; and third, the property must be maintained for particular types of uses.

===Lake Mono Case===
[[Supreme Court of California]] said in the Mono Lake case,
"….the public trust is more than an affirmation of state power to use public property for public purposes. It is an affirmation of the duty of the state to protect the people's common heritage of streams, lakes, marshlands and tidelands, surrendering that right of protection only in rare cases when the abandonment of that right is consistent with the purposes of the trust...."
Our legal system-based on English Common Law - includes the public trust doctrine as part of its jurisprudence. The State is the trustee of all natural resources which are by nature meant for public use and enjoyment. The State as a trustee is under a legal duty to protect the natural resources. These resources meant for public use cannot be converted into private ownership.

The esthetic use and the pristine glory of the natural resources, the environment and the eco-systems of our country cannot be permitted to be eroded for private, commercial or any other use unless the courts find it necessary in good faith, for the public good and in public interest to encroach upon the said resources.

The Court said that they had no hesitation in holding that the Himachal Pradesh Government committed patent breach of public trust by leasing the ecologically fragile land to the Motel management. Both the lease - transactions are in patent breach of the trust held by the State Government. The second lease granted in the year 1994 was virtually of the land which is a part of riverbed. Even the board in its report has recommended stopping the lease of the area.

==Orders of the Court==
The public trust doctrine, as discussed by the Court in this judgment was a part of the law of the land.
The prior approval granted by the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest and the lease-deed dated 11.04.1994 in favour of the Motel were quashed. The lease granted to the Motel by the said lease-deed in respect of 27 bighas and 12 biswas of area, is cancelled and set aside. The Himachal Pradesh Government shall take over the area and restore it to its original-natural conditions.
The Motel shall pay compensation by way of cost for the restitution of the environment and ecology of the area. The pollution caused by various constitutions made by the Motel in the riverbed and the banks on the river Beas have to be removed and reversed.<ref name="Land Mark Cases">{{cite web|title=Land Mark Cases|url=http://www.mcmef.org/landmark.htm|publisher=mcmef.org|accessdate=9 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227053748/http://www.mcmef.org/landmark.htm|archivedate=27 December 2008}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231234/http://www.elaw.org/node/1360 India -- M.C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath, WP 182/1996 (2002.03.15) (Beas River Case: Imposition of Exemplary Damages) | Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081227053748/http://www.mcmef.org/landmark.htm M.C. Mehta Environmental Foundation] (see under "KAMAL NATH CASE")

[[Category:Environmental case law]]
[[Category:1997 in Indian case law]]
[[Category:1997 in the environment]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Environmental law in India]]

Baunsalundi

2025-01-06T10:34:17Z

NicoleLombardo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baunsalundi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = or
| other_name = Baunsalundi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19|55|59|N|84|34|6|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Democracy|Democratic]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 761133
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baunsalundi''' is a small Indian village in Gram Panchayat Baunsalundi located near [[Bhanjanagar]] of [[Ganjam district]] in [[Odisha, India|Odisha]]. It is located 91 km towards North from District Headquarters Chhatrapur. 162 km from State capital Bhubaneswar. . Odia is the Language here.

== Geography ==
The village is located at 19° 55′ 59″ N & 84° 34′ 06″ E.[[Belaguntha]], [[Asika]], [[Hinjilicut]], [[Phulabani]], [[Berhampur]] are the nearby Cities to Baunsalundi<ref name="Baunsalundi Bhanjanagar">{{cite web|last1=Baunsalundi Bhanjanagar|first1=Baunsalundi|title=Baunsalundi- Bhanjanagar|url=http://soki.in/baunsalundi-bhanjanagar-ganjam/|website=soki.in|accessdate=19 August 2015|ref=Baunsalundi Bhanjanagar}}</ref>

== Demography ==
Baunsalundi is in the Ghumusar tehsil, which is surrounded by [[Bellaguntha]] tehsil towards east, [[Surada]] tehsil towards South, Jagannathprasad tehsil towards east, [[Buguda]] tehsil towards east. The Baunsalundi village has population of 3790 of which 1972 are males while 1818 are females in the census of 2011. In Baunsalundi village population of children with age 0-6 is 412 which makes up 10.87% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Baunsalundi village is 922 which is lower than Orissa state average of 979. Child Sex Ratio for the Baunsalundi as per census is 839, lower than Orissa average of 941. Baunsalundi village has higher literacy rate compared to Orissa. In 2011, literacy rate of Baunsalundi village was 90.02% compared to 72.87% of Orissa. Male literacy stands at 93.54% while female literacy rate was 86.26%. As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Baunsalundi village is administrated by sarpanch (head of village) who is elected representative of village.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Census 2011|first1=baunsalundi-orissa.html|title=Baunsalundi|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/410625-baunsalundi-orissa.html|website=census2011.co.in|accessdate=19 August 2015|ref=baunsalundi-orissa.html}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
There is no railway station at Baunsalundi. [[Berhampur]] is the nearest railway station located 162 km from State Capital Bhubaneswar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ganjam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ganjam district]]

Andhra Pradesh State Wakf Board

2024-11-11T02:34:59Z

NicoleLombardo: improved article per sources

#REDIRECT [[Telangana State Waqf Board]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Krishnaut

2024-11-08T10:11:38Z

NicoleLombardo: created redirect page

#redirect [[Ahir clans#Krishnaut]]
{{Redirect category shell|
{{R to section}}
}}