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Arushi Sharma

2026-05-04T20:16:24Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arushi Sharma
| image = Arushi Sharma at the premiere of Qala (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sharma in 2020
| occupation = Actress
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|18}}<ref name="HBAS" />
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| years_active = 2015–present
| spouse = Vaibhav Vishant
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[Jaypee University of Information Technology]]
}}

'''Arushi Sharma''' (born 18 November 1992) is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] films and series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year Ender 2020: From Sanjana Sanghi to Arushi Sharma, 5 Bollywood debutants who shone this year |work=India TV News |access-date=29 December 2020 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/year-ender-2020-from-sanjana-sanghi-to-alaya-f-5-bollywood-debutants-who-shone-this-year-674626}}</ref> She made her acting debut with a minor role in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali's]] film ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]'' (2015) and received recognition for her work in Ali's ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2020). Sharma has since starred in the [[Netflix]] drama film ''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]'' (2022) and series ''[[Kaala Paani|Kaala Pani]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Love Aaj Kal' fame Arushi Sharma on her new film 'Jaadugar': The film taught me teamwork |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/arushi-sharma-on-jaadugar-the-film-taught-me-teamwork-23237773 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Mid Day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Ayushi Sharma: Being Observant Helped Me Learn The Tricks Of Trade |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/arushi-sharma-being-observant-helped-me-learn-the-tricks-of-trade-news-207671/amp |access-date=31 August 2022 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sharma was born on 18 November 1995 in [[Shimla, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="HBAS">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/jaadugar-actor-arushi-sharma-imtiaz-ali-is-hands-on-person-in-my-life-i-often-call-him-for-his-guidance-exclusive-5583109.html |title=Exclusive - Arushi Sharma on Imtiaz Ali |website=News 18 |access-date=20 July 2022 |quote=The 26-year-old agrees that focusing too much on them can prove to be detrimental.}}</ref> Her parents are [[lawyer]]s. She graduated in [[Information Technology]] from [[Jaypee University of Information Technology]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She was working in [[Gurugram]], before venturing into acting.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/photos/arushi-sharma/love-aaj-kal-arushi-sharmas-these-facts-will-make-you-root-newcomer-501325 |title=From Education to First Film: THESE facts about Arushi Sharma will make you root for the newcomer |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120163906/https://www.pinkvilla.com/photos/arushi-sharma/love-aaj-kal-arushi-sharmas-these-facts-will-make-you-root-newcomer-501325 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/here-are-5-interesting-facts-about-arushi-sharma-from-love-aaj-kal-39058.amp |title=Exclusive - Here are 5 interesting facts about Arushi Sharma from Love Aaj Kal |website=Filmfare |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sharma started her acting career in 2015 with [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali's]] ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''. She played [[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s character's teacher and appeared as Samyukta in the song "Chali Kahani".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=286|title=Tamasha Album Details|publisher=A.R. Rahman – The Official Website|access-date=29 October 2015|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104061622/http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=286|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Tamasha' not autobiographical, says Imtiaz Ali |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tamasha-not-autobiographical-says-imtiaz-ali/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=22 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125180832/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tamasha-not-autobiographical-says-imtiaz-ali/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Tamasha (2015) {{!}} Box Office Earnings – Bollywood Hungama|url = http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/674554|website = [[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date = 5 January 2016|archive-date = 7 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107044743/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/674554|url-status = dead}}</ref>

She then appeared in two short films, ''Catorce: Diminishing Returns'' with [[Dhruv Sehgal]] in 2017 and ''The Other Way'' with [[Pavail Gulati]] in 2018.<ref name="way">{{Cite web|title=The Other Way review: This short film by Imtiaz Ali is the tale of our deepest fears|work=Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-other-way-short-film-imtiaz-ali-5106290/lite/|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Sharma appeared opposite [[Kartik Aaryan]] in Ali's ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kartik-aaryan-arushi-sharma-adorable-goofballs-behind-scenes-boomerang-love-aaj-kal/ |title=Kartik Aaryan and Arushi Sharma are adorable goofballs in this behind-the-scenes boomerang from Love Aaj Kal |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' mentioned, "Arushi is subtle, simple and lets her expression and face impress more than her dialogues".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/love-aaj-kal-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-kartik-aaryan-s-valentine-s-day-offering-is-love-s-labour-lost/story-snZNR8ugWi1lD8O9UiXeeM_amp.html |title=Love Aaj Kal movie review: Sara Ali Khan, Kartik Aaryan's Valentine's Day offering is love's labour's lost |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that Sharma delivers quite effectively.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/love-aaj-kal/movie-review/74121910.cms ''Love Aaj Kal'' Movie Review: Emotionally charged saga of love] ''[[Times of India]]'',
Ronak Kotecha, 14 February 2020</ref>

In 2022, Sharma appeared in [[Netflix]]'s ''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]'' opposite [[Jitendra Kumar]]. She portrayed a doctor, Disha Chabbra,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Arushi Sharma chuffed about her OTT debut with 'Jaadugar' |work=Times of India |access-date=23 June 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/arushi-sharma-chuffed-about-her-ott-debut-with-jaadugar/articleshow/92388732.cms}}</ref> whose paths crosses with a magician, who is also a footballer. ''[[Rediff.com]]'' said, "Sharma goes with the flow and empowers Meenu's unhealthiest instincts with yet another demonstration of Bollywood's dangerously docile."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaadugar Review: Jaadugar is too flimsy |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/jaadugar-review/20220715.htm |url-status=live |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608013431/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/jaadugar-review/20220715.htm |archive-date=8 June 2021}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' mentioned her performance as average.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/jaadugar-movie-review-jitendra-kumar-s-overstretched-film-fails-to-spread-magic-1975820-2022-07-15 |title=Netflix's Jaadugar Movie Review: Jitendra Kumar's overstretched film fails to spread magic |website=India Today |access-date=16 July 2020}}</ref> Sharma also starred in Netflix's series ''[[Kaala Paani|Kaala Pani]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Arushi Sharma: 'Kaalapani' Is Going To Redefine The Way Women Are Perceived |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jaadugar-love-aaj-kal-arushi-sharma-kaalapani-is-going-to-redefine-the-way-women-are-perceived-news-211903/amp |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
| Samyukta
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/arushi-sharma-on-making-her-debut-with-tamasha-had-tasted-blood-after-that-cameo-22508264 |title=Actress Arushi Sharma: Had tasted blood after that cameo in Tamasha |website=Mid Day |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[The Other Way (film)|The Other Way]]''
| Hotel Staff
| Short film
|<ref name="way"/>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| Leena Gupta
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/love-aaj-kal-kartik-aaryan-and-arushi-sharma-express-their-happiness-being-loved-fans-watch-502546?amp |title=Love Aaj Kal: Kartik Aaryan and Arushi Sharma express their happiness for being loved by the fans; WATCH |website=Pinkvilla |access-date=28 January 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126000451/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/love-aaj-kal-kartik-aaryan-and-arushi-sharma-express-their-happiness-being-loved-fans-watch-502546?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]''
| Dr. Disha Chhabra
|[[Netflix]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Jitendra Kumar and Arushi Sharma to star in a sports-based Netflix original film : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jitendra-kumar-arushi-sharma-star-sports-based-netflix-original-film/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[My Melbourne]]''
|Sakshi
|Anthology film
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|2023
|''[[Kaala Paani|Kaala Pani]]''
|Jyotsana Dey
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Arushi Sharma win hearts with her heart-warming performance in 'Jaadugar,' begins working on her next series 'Kaala Paani' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/arushi-sharma-continues-to-win-hearts-with-her-heart-warming-performance-in-jaadugar-begins-working-on-her-next-series-kaala-paani/articleshow/93109793.cms |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11281002}}

{{Commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Arushi}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Rourkela–Bhubaneswar Intercity Express

2026-05-04T12:48:47Z

NickiStpierre68: adding new location

{{Short description|Indian Railways express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rourkela – Bhubaneswar Intercity Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date|df=yes|2010|02|13}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Rourkela Junction}}
| stops = 15
| end = {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}
| distance = {{convert|420|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 20 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC chair car, second sitting, general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22839 / 22840
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}
The 22839 / 22840 '''Rourkela – Bhubaneswar Intercity Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Rourkela Junction}} and {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} in [[India]].

It operates as train number 22839 from {{rws|Rourkela}} to {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} and as train number 22840 in the reverse direction serving the states of [[Odisha]].<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/west-singhbhum-express-train-converted-into-superfast-from-1st-of-october-14566823.html],
''jagran.com'', 25 August 2016</ref>

== Coaches ==
The 22839 / 40 Rourkela Junction – Bhubaneswar Intercity Superfast Express has two AC chair car, four second sitting, six general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches .

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

== Service ==
The 22839 {{rws|Rourkela Junction}} - {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} Intercity Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|420|km|0|abbr=on}} in 7 hours 20 mins (57 km/h) and in 7 hours 20 mins as the 22840 {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} - {{rws|Rourkela Junction}} Intercity Superfast Express (57 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is higher than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

== Routing ==
The 22839/22840 Rourkela-Bhubaneswar intercity superfast express runs from {{rws|Rourkela Junction}} to {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} via {{rws|Jharsuguda Junction}}, {{rws|Sambalpur City}}, {{rws|Rairakhol}},{{rws|Angul}}, {{rws|Talcher road}}, Meramandali, and {{rws|Dhenkanal}}.

== Traction ==
As the route is fully electrified Electric locomotive WAP 7 from bondamunda Loco Shed pulls the train to its destination.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rourkela-bhubaneswar-intercity-express-22839/7941/170/238 22839 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/bhubaneswar-rourkela-intercity-express-22840/7942/238/170 22840 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rourkela - Bhubaneswar Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Transport in Bhubaneswar]]

7/G Rainbow Colony 2

2026-05-04T08:27:24Z

NickiStpierre68: Started Stub

{{Short description|Upcoming film by Selvaraghavan}}
{{Update|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:7G Rainbow Colony 2 Poster.jpg
| caption = Teaser poster in Tamil
| director = [[Selvaraghavan]]
| writer = Selvaraghavan
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
* [[Jayaram]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Sri Surya Movies
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
}}
'''''7/G Rainbow Colony 2''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Multiple-language version|bilingual]] [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Selvaraghavan]]. It is produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]] under Sri Surya Movies. The film was shot simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]; the latter titled as '''''7/G Brindavan Colony 2'''''. A sequel to ''[[7/G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004), the film stars [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Suman Setty]] and [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] reprising their roles, with [[Anaswara Rajan]] as the new female lead and [[Jayaram]] in a pivotal role.

The sequel was officially announced in early 2023, although the [[principal photography]] commenced in August 2023. The film has music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and cinematography handled by [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-01 |title='7G Rainbow Colony 2': Selvaraghavan's sequel nears completion; first look poster out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/7g-rainbow-colony-2-selvaraghavans-sequel-nears-completion-first-look-poster-out/article69049857.ece |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Nearly 10 years post the tragic death of Anitha, Kathir's (Ravi's) ailing mother makes desperate attempts to get him settled after sensing his attraction to the daughter of Flat No.7G's Newest Tenant.

== Cast ==
* [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] as Kadhir
* [[Anaswara Rajan]]
* [[Jayaram]]
* [[Suman Setty]] as Lakshmi Narayanan
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Kadhir's mother
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Anitha (flashback sequence)

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In mid-April 2023, it was reported that [[Selvaraghavan]] is gearing up to direct a sequel to his blockbuster romantic drama ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title=Selvaraghavan to do '7G Rainbow Colony' sequel; Ravi Krishna to make a comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavan-to-do-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel-ravi-krishna-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/99688632.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516054138/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavan-to-do-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel-ravi-krishna-to-make-a-comeback/articleshow/99688632.cms |archive-date=16 May 2023 |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] making a comeback after 12 years to reprise his role as Kadhir from the previous film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selvaraghavan's 7G Rainbow Colony to have a sequel with THIS actor in the lead? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/selvaraghavans-7g-rainbow-colony-to-have-a-sequel-with-this-actor-in-the-lead/4bef300ef5396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530225458/https://www.ottplay.com/news/selvaraghavans-7g-rainbow-colony-to-have-a-sequel-with-this-actor-in-the-lead/4bef300ef5396 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Selvaraghavan's frequent collaborator [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was roped in to score the music<ref>{{Cite web |last=காந்தி |first=உ சுதர்சன் |date=2023-04-21 |title=7G Rainbow Colony 2 Exclusive: செல்வராகவன் இயக்கத்தில் மீண்டும் இணையும் ரவி கிருஷ்ணா - யுவன்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/7g-rainbow-colony-gets-a-sequel-shoot-to-commence-soon |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=[[Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> while [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]] was assigned to handle the cinematography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Selvaraghavan announcing 7/G Rainbow Colony 2, revisit the first part here on OTT |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/with-selvaraghavan-announcing-7-g-rainbow-colony-sequel-revisit-the-first-part-here-on-ott/63952a2a67618 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

The 2004 film had [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Anitha as the female lead,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=7ஜி ரெயின்போ காலனி 2 படத்தின் கதாநாயகி யார்? படப்பிடிப்பு எப்போது தொடங்குகிறது? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/selvaraghavan-7g-rainbow-colony-2-heroine-cast-shooting-date-full-details-460550 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905054422/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/selvaraghavan-7g-rainbow-colony-2-heroine-cast-shooting-date-full-details-460550 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> but in late July 2023 it was reported that [[Aditi Shankar]] and [[Ivana (actress)|Ivana]] were approached for the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-26 |title=Aditi Shankar and Ivana approached to play female leads in the '7G Rainbow Colony' sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aditi-shankar-and-ivana-approached-to-play-female-leads-in-the-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel/articleshow/102138280.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731212216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aditi-shankar-and-ivana-approached-to-play-female-leads-in-the-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel/articleshow/102138280.cms |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By late-August 2023, it was confirmed that [[Anaswara Rajan]] was selected to portray [the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's final! Anaswara Rajan is the lead of 7G Rainbow Colony sequel |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/its-final-anaswara-rajan-is-the-lead-of-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel/08595d96b2494 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-04 |title=Selvaraghavan shares update from sets of 7G Rainbow Colony 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/04/selvaraghavan-shares-update-from-sets-of-7g-rainbow-colony-2 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=7/G Rainbow Colony 2 கதை இது தானா? 😮 1st Time Reveal பண்ண செல்வராகவன்M|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/CzvMUqu6oTM |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=YouTube |language=en}}</ref> She accepted to work on the film before listening to the script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/31/anaswara-rajan-shares-update-on-7g-rainbow-colony-2-and-working-with-selvaraghavan|title=Anaswara Rajan shares update on 7G Rainbow Colony 2 and working with Selvaraghavan|date=31 January 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film also stars [[Suman Setty]] and [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Lakshmi Narayanan and Kadhir's mother respectively, reprising their roles from the previous film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-01-01 |title=Selvaraghavan announces 7G Rainbow Colony sequel, Ravi Krishna to reprise his role from the original |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/01/selvaraghavan-announces-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel-first-look-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102150558/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/01/selvaraghavan-announces-7g-rainbow-colony-sequel-first-look-unveiled |archive-date=2 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Jayaram]] was cast to play a pivotal role, hence Anaswara and Jayaram are teaming up after they both were seen in ''[[Abraham Ozler]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-01 |title=7/G Rainbow Colony 2: Selvaraghavan shares first look of the much-awaited sequel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/7g-rainbow-colony-2-selvaraghavan-shares-first-look-of-the-much-awaited-sequel-2658297-2025-01-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101182838/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/7g-rainbow-colony-2-selvaraghavan-shares-first-look-of-the-much-awaited-sequel-2658297-2025-01-01 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] was reported to begin by the last week of August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2023-07-26 |title=7G Rainbow Colony 2 to go on floors in August |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/7g-rainbow-colony-2-to-go-on-floors-in-august-726448 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> The makers released the official first look poster on 1 January 2025 to convey that ''7G Rainbow Colony 2'' was in final stages of shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Selvaraghavan's 7G Rainbow Colony 2 nears completion |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/selvaraghavans-7g-rainbow-colony-2-nears-completion-817633 |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> As of January 2026, [[Selvaraghavan]] shared an update that the film was still being shot.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |author=selvaraghavan |author-link=Selvaraghavan |user=Selvaraghavan
|postid=DTLIGxCifkR |date=January 2026 |title=Filming #7G 2 Love is special @ra_ge_be6 |script-title= |trans-title= |language= |location= |access-date=10 January 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = 7G Rainbow Colony 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
}}
The soundtrack and background is scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in his fourth collaboration with [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]] after ''7G Rainbow Colony'' (2004), [[Kedi (2006 film)|''Kedi'']] (2006), ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2010)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-24 |title=Malayalam actress Anaswara Rajan in Selvaraghavan's '7G Rainbow Colony 2'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malayalam-actress-anaswara-rajan-in-selvaraghavans-7g-rainbow-colony-2/articleshow/103011857.cms |access-date=2025-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ninth with Selvaraghavan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=இறுதிகட்ட படப்பிடிப்பை எட்டிய '7ஜி ரெயின்போ காலனி 2' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1345537-selvaraghavan-s-7g-rainbow-colony-2-movie-final-shoot.html |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>{{efn| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Selvaraghavan]] previously collaborated on ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' (2002), ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004), ''[[Pudhupettai]]'' (2006), ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]'' (2007), [[NGK (film)|''NGK'']] (2019), [[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|''Nenjam Marappathillai'']] (2021) and ''[[Naane Varuvean]]'' (2022).}}

The album features three songs, one of which is sung by Super Singer fame Srinidhi Sriprakash.<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-04 |title='அசத்தும் செல்வா - யுவன் கூட்டணி, '7ஜி ரெயின்போ காலனி 2' டீசர்' - ஹீரோ அண்ணன் சொல்லும் அப்டேட் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/director-jothi-krishna-exclusively-shares-selvaradhavans-movie-7g-rainbow-colony-part-2-movie-shoot-update?pfrom=story-card |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=Cinema Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-17 |title="7ஜி ரெயின்போ காலனி 2" பாடல் குறித்து செல்வராகவன் வெளியிட்ட அப்டேட் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/selvaraghavans-7g-rainbow-colony-2-song-update-1153223 |access-date=2025-04-17 |work=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=28549815}}

{{Selvaraghavan}}

[[Category:Upcoming Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Upcoming Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Selvaraghavan]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]

Chief ministership of N. Chandrababu Naidu

2026-05-03T09:31:03Z

NickiStpierre68: Created Initial Page Basic Info.

{{Short description|Chandrababu Naidu's Chief ministership}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox administration
| image = N._Chandrababu_Naidu.jpg
| caption = Naidu in 2007
| name = Chief ministership of N. Chandrababu Naidu
| premier = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| premier_link = List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| official_url =

| term_start4 = 12 June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| seat4 = [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
| election4 = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| appointer4 = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]], [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
| cabinet4 = [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Fourth]]

| term_start1 = 1 September 1995
| term_end1 = 11 October 1999
| predecessor1 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| successor1 = ''Himself''
| seat1 = [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
| election1 = ''[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995 coup]]''
| appointer1 = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]], [[Krishan Kant]]
| cabinet1 = [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|First]]

| term_start2 = 11 October 1999
| term_end2 = 13 May 2004
| predecessor2 = ''Himself''
| successor2 = [[Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy]]
| seat2 = [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
| election2 = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| appointer2 = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]], [[C. Rangarajan]]
| cabinet2 = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Second]]

| term_start3 = 8 June 2014
| term_end3 = 29 May 2019
| predecessor3 = ''[[President's rule]]''
| successor3 = [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
| seat3 = [[Kuppam Assembly constituency|Kuppam]]
| election3 = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| appointer3 = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh]], [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| cabinet3 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Third]]
}}
{{N. Chandrababu Naidu series}}
The '''chief ministership of [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]''' began on 1 September 1995 and ended on 11 October 1999, making him the 13th [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]. Naidu was sworn in by the then [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|governor]], [[Krishan Kant]]. Naidu's second term started on 11 October 1999 to end on 13 May 2004, sworn in by the then governor, [[C. Rangarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Chandrababu Naidu sworn in |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/11ap.htm |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> After a decade, Naidu's third term commenced on 8 June 2014 and ended on 29 May 2019, during which he served as the chief minister of the bifurcated [[Andhra Pradesh]], sworn in by the then governor, [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2014-06-08 |title=Chandrababu Naidu sworn in as the first Chief Minister of residuary Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140608/nation-politics/article/chandrababu-naidu-pays-tribute-nt-rama-rao-ghat-ahead-swearing |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> He is currently serving his fourth term as the chief minister, sworn in by the current governor, [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]] on 12 June 2024.

The chief ministership of Naidu during the three terms focused on the Information-technology, innovation and bio-technology sectors paving way to economic reforms and liberalisation rather than welfare oriented governance along with slightest focus on agriculture and irrigation emphasizing the integration of technology and agriculture<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Varghese K. |date=2017-10-25 |title=Integrating technology and agriculture priority, says Chandrababu Naidu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/integrating-technology-and-agriculture-priority-says-chandrababu-varghese-k-georgenaidu/article19916396.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in the state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-04 |title=N Chandrababu Naidu chants innovation mantra; to focus on electronics and IT |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/n-chandrababu-naidu-chants-innovation-mantra-to-focus-on-electronics-and-it/articleshow/39633628.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandra Babu Naidu Birthday: Unstoppable leader... |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Birthday/Read/994495864/Chandra-Babu-Naidu-Birthday-Unstoppable-leader |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=N Chandrababu Naidu: Latest News, Videos and Photos of N Chandrababu Naidu {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/N-Chandrababu-Naidu |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=G. Krishna |date=2002 |title=New Populism and Liberalisation: Regime Shift under Chandrababu Naidu in AP |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4411814 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=871–883 |jstor=4411814 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==Government formation==
{{main|First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}
On 1 September 1995, Naidu took over as Chief Minister, and stayed the chief of [[Telugu Desam Party]] after a political coup against his father in law [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-19 |title=Going back to headlines: A demi-god, a son-in-law, two coups, and two hotels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-sasikala-panneerselvam-aiadmk-c-vidyasagar-rao-palaniswami-andhra-coup-1995-4532101/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He formed his [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|first government]] with a 11-member cabinet along with the support of nearly 150 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=September 1, 1995: Naidu sworn in as CM of Andhra |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/september-1-1995-naidu-sworn-in-as-cm-of-andhra-1.1575896 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=gulfnews.com |date=31 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vibhavari |first=Sruthi |date=2020-08-27 |title=In Naidu directed drama 25 years ago, seasoned politician-actor NTR booted out of power |url=https://www.siasat.com/in-naidu-directed-drama-25-years-ago-seasoned-politician-actor-ntr-booted-out-of-power-1958725/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NTR woos senior TDP leader and 14 MLAs back to his fold |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19951031-ntr-woos-senior-tdp-leader-14-mlas-back-to-his-fold-807883-1995-10-30 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=India Today |date=31 October 1995 |language=en}}</ref> Later in the year [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] Naidu the formed the government again by sweeping the polls with 180 seats in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh elections: Chandrababu Naidu sweeps polls, but reforms yet to pay off |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19991025-andhra-pradesh-elections-chandrababu-naidu-sweeps-polls-but-reforms-yet-to-pay-off-781692-1999-10-24 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=India Today |date=25 October 1999 |language=en}}</ref> A 9-member [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|cabinet]] was initially constituted and later expanded it 35 by inducting another 26 ministers into the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Naidu's nine-member cabinet sworn in |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/11ap1.htm |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Chandrababu Naidu expands ministry |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1999/oct/22ap1.htm |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> In the subsequent [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] and [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] elections, Naidu's led TDP lost decisively restricting itself to 47 and 92 seats respectively and served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|opposition]] in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-08 |title=Chandrababu Naidu becomes first chief minister of new Andhra Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chandrababu-naidu-becomes-first-chief-minister-of-new-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/36258115.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Later with the bifurcation of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|United Andhra Pradesh]] into [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], Naidu sworn in as the chief minister of newly bifurcated Andhra Pradesh making it to the formation of his [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|third government]] after 10 years in opposition.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-08 |title=Chandrababu Naidu takes oath as first CM of new Andhra Pradesh |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrababu-naidu-takes-oath-as-first-cm-of-new-andhra-pradesh/articleshow/36255624.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He formed a cabinet of 19 members and reshuffled twice in 2017 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu Sworn-In as New Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-new-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-733128 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In the subsequent [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] election, Naidu's led TDP once again lost power and restricted itself to the opposition by winning only 23 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=N Chandrababu Naidu's TDP staring at worst defeat in Andhra assembly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-election-results-2019-n-chandrababu-naidu-s-tdp-staring-at-worst-defeat-in-andhra/story-0bcits0NYlHLmPXdfYXdeK.html |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Naidu formed the government for the [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|fourth time]] after being sworn in as Chief Minister on 12 June 2024, following a massive victory in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 polls]]. The government was established with a cabinet comprising 24 ministers, excluding the Chief Minister himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. V. R. Subba |date=2024-06-12 |title=Chandrababu Naidu sworn in as Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/article68280396.ece |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Legislations==
{{Dynamic list}}
Notable legislations enacted during Naidu's tenure includes:
*''Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Castes (Rationalisation of Reservations) Act, 2000'' {{dash}} for the sub-classification of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in the state, which was subsequently deemed unconstitutional by the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-08-01 |title=Supreme Court allows sub-classification of Scheduled Castes for reservation |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/supreme-court-allows-sub-classification-of-scheduled-castes-for-reservation |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
*''Single Windows Act, 2002'' {{dash}} to establish a robust single-window system for processing industrial approvals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balasubramanyam |first=K. R. |date=2016-11-04 |title=N Chandrababu Naidu's 'single window' system helped AP top investment charts |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/n-chandrababu-naidus-single-window-system-helped-ap-top-investment-charts/articleshow/55241023.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-02 |title=A.P. mulling spot approvals for some industries: Naidu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-mulling-spot-approvals-for-some-industries-naidu/article6952309.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*''Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority Act, 2014'' {{dash}} for the establishment of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Sumit |title=Andhra Pradesh's capital conundrum |url=https://epaper.thehindu.com/ccidist-ws/th/th_hyderabad/issues/23919/OPS/G86ARF7K6.1+GF5ARFACI.1.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=epaper.thehindu.com}}</ref>
*''Public Service Delivery Guarantee Act, 2018'' {{dash}} based on the recommendations of the BRAP 2017 report, to enhance industry friendliness and ensure efficient public service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A law to guarantee business satisfaction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/aug/09/a-law-to-guarantee-business-satisfaction-1640511.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express|date=9 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Chandrababu Naidu launches reforms for an industry friendly Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chandrababu-naidu-industry-friendly-andhra-pradesh-1028645-2017-08-08 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=India Today |date=8 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Economic policies==
===Investment policy===
During Naidu's tenure, The Andhra Pradesh government aimed to attract $2 billion of investments and create about 100,000 jobs in the information technology (IT) sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y. |date=2017-10-09 |title=Chandrababu Naidu targeting $2 billion in IT investments in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/cim7MBuLaLcbsO5aOuX76K/Chandrababu-Naidu-targeting-2-billion-in-IT-investments-in.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2017-12-23 |title=Govt policies must adapt to changing circumstances: Chandrababu Naidu |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/govt-policies-must-adapt-to-changing-circumstances-chandrababu-naidu-117122300550_1.html |access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref> His government defined the goals in the CII summit and the Infrastructure Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2018-02-25 |title=Chandrababu Naidu aims to make Andhra 'top investment destination' |url=https://news.abplive.com/india-news/chandrababu-naidu-aims-to-make-andhra-top-investment-destination-657508 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-14 |title=Andhra Pradesh is the best place for investments: Chandrababu Naidu |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/andhra-pradesh-is-the-best-place-for-investments-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/46560098.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In way of investments and attractive incentives, the Naidu government won the honour of best tourism performing state<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |title=AP bags India Today Tourism award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-11-23/AP-bags-India-Today-Tourism-award/446196 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Hans India |date=23 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> with about 24% in all national tourist arrivals, record international aircraft movements, and occupancy raised by 100% in the same year. The state government decided to treat the tourism policy similar to that of industrial ventures to attract foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-28 |title=Andhra Pradesh to treat tourism projects as industrial ventures: N Chandrababu Naidu |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/andhra-pradesh-to-treat-tourism-projects-as-industrial-ventures-n-chandrababu-naidu/articleshow/47086940.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> This led to employment generation direct and indirectly for 37.7 lakhs people raised by 12% in the hotel and hospitality industry, food and beverage services, recreation and entertainment, cabs and transportation, travel trade and booking services and bagged 6 tourism awards for excellence out of 14 categories at the national level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgg.gov.in/core/uploads/2017/07/Good-Governance04-initiatives-in-AP-2003.pdf|title=Good-Governance-initiatives-in-AP-2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whereabouts.in/chandrababu-naidu-iato-love-affair-continues-as-andhra-readies-for-the-34th-iato-convention/|title=Chandrababu Naidu-IATO love: affair continues|last=Mallick|first=Shayan|date=6 September 2018|website=Whereabouts|language=en-US|access-date=26 February 2020|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226154057/https://www.whereabouts.in/chandrababu-naidu-iato-love-affair-continues-as-andhra-readies-for-the-34th-iato-convention/|archive-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

===Ease of doing business===
The newly formed state of Andhra Pradesh had been ranked as the easiest Indian state to do business in for the two consecutive years in a survey released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion and [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Bhanvi |title=Andhra Pradesh Tops Ease Of Doing Business Rankings |url=https://www.bqprime.com/business/andhra-pradesh-tops-ease-of-doing-business-rankings |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=BQ Prime |date=10 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu Elated With Andhra's No 1 Spot In Ease Of Doing Business |url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/chandrababu-naidu-elated-with-andhras-no-1-spot-in-ease-of-doing-business-1587062 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naidu eyes global ease of doing business ranking for AP |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/naidu-eyes-global-ease-of-doing-business-ranking-for-ap201802242341480001/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> And Andhra Pradesh is the only state to be ranked, at 51, in the [[Global Competitiveness Report|Global Competitiveness Index]] of the [[World Economic Forum|World Forum]], where India's rank was 56.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-01 |title=Ease of doing business: Chandrababu Naidu wants to take AP to top 10 globally |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ease-of-doing-business-chandrababu-naidu-wants-to-take-ap-to-top-10-globally/articleshow/55185313.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh also ranked top in the Ease of Doing Business according to team of researchers led by Tan Khee Giap, co-director of Asia Competitiveness Institute. Tan recognised chief minister N Chandrababu Naidu's leadership and relentless efforts in shaping a vision for the new sunrise state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-04 |title=Andhra Pradesh tops in 'Ease of Doing Business' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/ap-tops-in-ease-of-doing-business/articleshow/67371771.cms |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[File:N. Chandrababu Naidu meeting Union Minister for Finance, Corporate Affairs and Information & Broadcasting, Shri Arun Jaitley, in New Delhi. The Minister of State for Science and Technology and Earth Science.jpg|250px|thumb|Naidu meeting [[Arun Jaitley]] and [[Shaktikanta Das]] in 2016]]

=== Other ===
Naidu headed the chief ministers' committee on [[E-commerce payment system|digital payments]] during the time when TDP was part of the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2016-11-30 |title=Chandrababu Naidu to head panel of CMs to boost digital payment systems |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Chandrababu-Naidu-to-head-panel-of-CMs-to-boost-digital-payment-systems/article16731293.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> During his tenure he submitted an interim report to the [[Government of India]] on the issue of banks and financial institutions making digital transactions costlier by levying unwarranted charges and have sought its intervention to subsidise the digital transactions, so that banks and financial institutions are not burdened and the citizens find digital transactions attractive.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sukumar |first=C. R. |date=2020-12-14 |title=Andhra CM Chandrababu Naidu says its troubling that most citizens find net transactions costlier |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/andhra-pradesh-cm-n-chandrababu-naidu-praises-pm-modi-for-cleaning-up-and-putting-economy-back-on-track/articleshow/58953024.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu submits interim report on digitalisation to PM Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chandrababu-naidu-digitalisation-pm-modi-956928-2017-01-24 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=India Today |date=24 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on Digital Payments |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1487585 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==E-governance==
[[File:The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Shri N. Chandrababu Naidu calls on the Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee in New Delhi on December 15, 2003.jpg|200px|thumb|Naidu with the then Prime Minister of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in 2003]]

===e-Seva===
With the attempt to take the benefits of [[e-governance]] to the citizens, Naidu launched ''[[Mee Seva (Andhra Pradesh)|e-Seva]]'' centers in 2001 for paperless and speedy delivery of results to applicants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-03-31 |title=e-Seva, the citizen-friendly face of e-governance |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/e-seva-the-citizen-friendly-face-of-e-governance/92827/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}</ref> These e-Seva centers served the purpose of one-stop solution providing all government information and services online such as utility bills, [[Retail banking|banking services]], issuing birth and death certificates, written test for drivers licence, government orders, and APSRTC tours and travel operators booking.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/110-civic-bodies-to-have-e-Seva-centres/articleshow/20206985.cms|title=110 civic bodies to have e-Seva centres {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|date=26 August 2002|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=16 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408113127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/110-civic-bodies-to-have-e-Seva-centres/articleshow/20206985.cms|archive-date=8 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-03-05 |title=Government plans e-Seva network |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/government-plans-e-seva-network/articleshow/2811014.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The government introduced an outsourcing employee system where government-related services are done under a contract agreement and after a certain period of time, the employees are granted the status of permanent government employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/naidu-on-mission-to-e-enable-rural-masses/|title=Naidu on mission to e-enable rural masses|date=5 January 2002|website=Geospatial World|language=en-US|access-date=12 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408113336/https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/naidu-on-mission-to-e-enable-rural-masses/|archive-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>

===Real Time Governance Society===
{{main|Real Time Governance Society}}
''Real Time Governance Society'' is an Indian e-governance initiative of chief minister Naidu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/nov/28/how-rtgs-helps-naidu-evaluate-performance-of-his-mlas-real-time-1904305.html|title=How Real-Time Governance Society helps Chandrababu Naidu evaluate his MLAs performance|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 November 2018 |access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> It was formed on 6 September 2017. The department reports to the chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chandrababu-naidu-inaugurates-real-time-governance-centre-in-ap-117112600408_1.html|title=Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates real time governance centre in AP|last=ANI|date=2017-11-26|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> The idea is to use electronic communication and technology to deploy e-governance in Andhra Pradesh. It has 13 district centers and 1 state center for reporting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2017/11/real-time-governance-centre-launched-in-andhra-pradesh/|title=Real Time Governance Centre launched in Andhra Pradesh|date=27 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> Data from Andhra Pradesh Weather Forecasting and Early Warning Research Center, drones, machine learning systems, biometric systems and other surveillance systems are collated and reported through the RTGS system in real-time. A [[call center]] addresses internal grievances.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrababu Naidu inaugurates real time governance centre in AP |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chandrababu-naidu-inaugurates-real-time-governance-centre-in-ap201711261643580001/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-05-03 |title=RTGS wins praise from Odisha for cyclone alerts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rtgs-wins-praise-from-odisha-for-cyclone-alerts/article27029396.ece |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Initiatives==
===Janmabhoomi (Birthplace)===
Naidu launched the ''Janmabhoomi'' programme in February 1996. The main aim was to involve people in the reconstruction and revitalisation of the society. The programme works at a micro level, planning to identify people-represented problems through [[Gram sabha|Gram Sabha]] discussions by regional officers, especially in villages, and to send project proposals for the government to work on.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayyangar |first=Srikrishna |date=2003 |title=Janmabhoomi Meetings in Two Villages |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414154 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=42 |pages=4426–4429 |jstor=4414154 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The core concentrated areas are [[community service|community work]], primary school education, drinking water, health and hospitals, family welfare, and environmental protection through watershed and joint forest management activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/24772/cyberbabu-of-hyderabad/|title=CYBERBABU OF HYDERABAD - India Environment Portal {{!}} News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development {{!}} India, South Asia|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in|access-date=21 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116101917/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/24772/cyberbabu-of-hyderabad/|archive-date=16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-02 |title=Andhra Pradesh launches 'Janma Bhoomi-Mavooru' - campaign on government schemes |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/andhra-pradesh-launches-janma-bhoomi-mavooru-campaign-on-government-schemes/articleshow/50416416.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The programme was subsequently continued during his third term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu to launch 5th edition of Janmabhoomi on January 2 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2017/dec/30/andhra-pradesh-cm-chandrababu-naidu-to-launch-5th-edition-of-janmabhoomi-on-january-2-1740126.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=30 December 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2017-12-29 |title=Janmabhoomi from January 2 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/janmabhoomi-from-january-2/article22328458.ece |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

From 1997 onward, the 'Clean and Green Campaign' was initiated where school students and teachers participated in institutional and household plantation with government employees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-08-24 |title='Live' surprise visits planned |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/live-surprise-visits-planned/articleshow/20007735.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A total of 46 million trees in the [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] state were planted. About 3,906,835 people participated in sanitation work, with 1,438,850 persons engaged to remove garbage and 40,921,447 people participated in health awareness rallies. The Naidu idea was to make every habitation and municipal ward 'clean and green' and it was one of the largest and most successful events organised by his government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/71133/10/10_chapter%203.pdf|title=Janmabhoomi programme details and participation|access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

===Self Help Groups===
Naidu's government started the "self help groups" (SHG) such as water user associations, Vanasamrakshana Samities, Rythu Mithra Groups, CMEY Groups, School Education Committees, and promoted the 'Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas' (DWCRA) where each group had 15-20 female members and chose a leader who conducted group meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-10 |title=Naidu banking on women |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naidu-banking-on-women/story-MBb28mabbym8lM0OUblXpJ.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The main purpose was to offer [[microfinance]] through government and bank-linkage that would help rural women to start income generating activities, know about their rights, and the importance of education. The Naidu government distributed two [[lakh]] (two-hundred-thousand) bicycles to the girls who joined the government high schools as part of women empowerment initiative.<ref name=":5">{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/10ap.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: AP CM launches subsidised LPG Deepam scheme|date=10 July 1999|work=rediff.com|access-date=10 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418051558/http://www.rediff.com:80/news/1999/jul/10ap.htm|archive-date=18 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/71369/12/12_chapter%205.pdf|title=Reforms in participatory governance|access-date=10 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref>

===Prajalato Mukhyamantri (Dial your Chief minister)===
''Prajalato Mukhyamantri'' a phone-in initiative is a programme that encourages open dialogue between the chief minister and the common people of Andhra Pradesh state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1.5 lakh pending files block Chandrababu Naidu's long march to lead AP into the 21st century |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19970922-15-lakh-pending-files-block-chandrababu-naidus-long-march-to-lead-ap-into-the-21st-century-830592-1997-09-21 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=India Today |date=22 September 1997 |language=en}}</ref> There is a [[live broadcast]] every Monday, on both [[Doordarshan]] and All India Radio (AIR) where Naidu interacts with the callers directly to know their issues and address them.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-09-16 |title=Govt plans toll-free lines for 'Dial your CM' programme |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/govt-plans-toll-free-lines-for-dial-your-cm-programme/articleshow/22307965.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The live show is conducted in two sessions: in the first session, there is a discussion with vice-chancellors, academics, and writers and in the second session, there is interaction with the people. Naidu was described as "a leader, who mingled with the masses after shedding his official status and time as Chief Minister." The innovative program found acceptance in the country's information and broadcasting systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Intellectuals-to-feature-in-Dial-your-CM/articleshow/45304730.cms|title=Intellectuals to feature in 'Dial-your-CM' {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|date=4 May 2003|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408112942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Intellectuals-to-feature-in-Dial-your-CM/articleshow/45304730.cms|archive-date=8 April 2021}}</ref>

===Rythu Bazaar (Farmers Market)===
{{Main|Rythu bazaar}}
''Rythu Bazaar'' was launched by Naidu on 26 January 1999 with the objective to control the skyrocketing prices of fruits and vegetables.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-21 |title=Rythu Bazaars see dip in footfalls |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rythu-bazaars-see-dip-in-footfalls/article4019916.ece |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Under this program, farmers were encouraged to sell their produce directly to the consumers and in the process, eliminate the middleman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LEISAIndia |date=2015-12-19 |title=Rythu Bazaars - The alternative marketing channel |url=https://leisaindia.org/rythu-bazaars-the-alternative-marketing-channel/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=LEISA INDIA |language=en-US}}</ref> In the first phase itself, the program succeeded and reached various towns. Prices were down by 70 to 75 percent, and it benefited both the farmers and the direct consumers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/124048/15/15_chapter%205.pdf|title=Rythu Bazaar scheme Launched the Government of Andhra Pradesh|last=Rythu Bazaar|first=January 1999}}</ref>

===Anna Canteen===
{{Main|Anna Canteen}}
During his tenure the government also started the ''Anna Canteen'' initiative in various parts of the state to offer breakfast, lunch and dinner at ₹5 each.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2018-07-11 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt launches 'Anna Canteens' |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-govt-launches-anna-canteens/article24390523.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> Naidu launched the programme by inaugurated a canteen in Vijayawada on 11 July 2018. A total of 60 Canteens were opened in the first phase across the state. The [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]] was contracted to run these canteens.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-11 |title=Andhra Pradesh government launches 'Anna Canteens' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/andhra-pradesh-govt-launches-anna-canteens-as-promised/articleshow/64947910.cms |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===HITEC City===
In November 1998, [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], then prime minister of India and Chandrababu Naidu inaugurated the [[HITEC City]] (nickanamed Cyberabad) by opening the Cyber Towers, a landmark building in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Citation|title=వాజపేయి తో హైటెక్ సిటీ ప్రారంభం {{!}}{{!}} CYBER TOWERS HITECH CITY INAUGURATION BY AB, VAJPAYEE CHANDRABABU| date=10 July 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06sfGFCfUVM|language=en|access-date=14 January 2020}}</ref> In anticipation of the growth of technology in the future, his government also concentrated on providing infrastructure such as roads, safety and resilience, transportation, [[telecommunication]]s, IT parks and five-star hotels for the delegates' meetings and accommodation and the HITEX International Convention and Exhibition Center.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Confident steps|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30221396.ece|access-date=14 January 2020|website=frontline.thehindu.com|date=11 March 2004 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021085455/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30221396.ece|archive-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Cyber Towers Panorama (362493960).jpg|alt=Cyber Towers - A Landmark Building in Hyderabad|thumb|Cyber Towers at [[HITEC City]], a landmark building in [[Hyderabad]] was inaugurated during Naidu's tenure in 1998]]

Naidu once coined the slogan "Bye-bye [[Bangalore]], hello [[Hyderabad]]" to further this aim and his government allotted lands and laid the foundations for major IT parks such as [[L&T Technology Services|L&T Infocity Ascendas Park]], Cyber Gateway, [[Raheja Mindspace|Raheja Mindspace Madhapur IT Park]], and CyberPearl IT Park<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/hitech-city-to-get-cyber-pearl/60964/ |title=Hitech City To Get Cyber Pearl |date=11 October 2002 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US |access-date=14 January 2020|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224102926/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/hitech-city-to-get-cyber-pearl/60964/ |archive-date=24 December 2019 }}</ref> to partake in the IT industry boom. Naidu, at a press conference, discussed his plan to develop the state of Andhra Pradesh by making the major cities showpieces for foreign investment, especially in "key sectors such as information technology, biotechnology, healthcare, and various outsourcing services"<ref>{{Cite web|title=ASIANOW - TIME Asia {{!}} South Asian of the Year: Chandrababu Naidu|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asiabuzz/9912/30/sd/|access-date=15 January 2020|website=CNN|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220184358/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asiabuzz/9912/30/sd/|archive-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> and gave a brief PowerPoint presentation to [[Bill Gates]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Microsoft Founder Bill Gates and CM Chandrababu Naidu Relationship {{!}}{{!}} Special Story {{!}}{{!}} NTV| date=18 November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3m3dQX6fYJs|language=en|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> that convinced him to establish [[Microsoft]] Corporation Research and Development (R&D) in Hyderabad, the company's second-largest research and development campus outside the United States, a significant milestone in Hyderabad's bid to become an information technology hub.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bill-gates-recalls-first-meeting-andhra-cm-naidu-20-years-ago-71793|title=Bill Gates recalls first meeting with Andhra CM Naidu 20 years ago|website=www.thenewsminute.com|date=18 November 2017 |access-date=12 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114112321/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bill-gates-recalls-first-meeting-andhra-cm-naidu-20-years-ago-71793|archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2001, the Naidu government declared the creation of the Cyberabad Development Authority (CDA) as a special enclave for the location of IT firms, research institutions and allied services around the existing HITEC City area in Hyderabad. Spread over an area of 52 km2, in the western periphery of the city covering the townships of [[Madhapur]], [[Gachibowli]], [[Kondapur, Ranga Reddy|Kondapur]], [[Manikonda]], and [[Nanakramguda]], CDA CDA was conceived as a self-contained enclave providing premium infrastructure, such as gated residential housing, intelligent buildings, shopping malls, and transport facilities among others.

According to several national and international surveys, Hyderabad became an IT Hotspot of India in 2002 and Hyderabad became ranked number one in the city competitiveness compared of major cities in India to attract businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|title=rediff.com: Hyderabad best Indian ITES destinations 2002 Nasscom Survey|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2002/aug/12spec.htm|access-date=2 March 2020|website=www.rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023041/https://www.rediff.com/money/2002/aug/12spec.htm|archive-date=11 February 2021}}</ref> The economic reforms and new policy initiatives taken by the Naidu government in creating [[HITEC City]] provided a boost to Hyderabad's urbanisation and, with big tech industry jobs in hand, has increased consumer purchasing power, leading to massive [[Real estate economics|real estate]] developments, gated residential apartments, food and restaurants, intelligent business offices, cinema, and shopping malls in the area<ref>{{Cite web|title=What takes US presidents to Hyderabad?|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/02bush53.htm|access-date=12 March 2020|website=www.rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103063814/http://www.rediff.com:80/news/2006/mar/02bush53.htm|archive-date=3 November 2018}}</ref> and Naidu's efforts to make HITEC City India's first and largest cybercity while today Cyberabad is a big technological project in Hyderabad, which emerged as the backbone of [[Telangana]] state's economy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff.com {{!}} Make 'New Economy' Cyberabad useful for 'infotech have-Nots': US President Bill Clinton {{!}} Business News|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/mar/24usprez.htm|access-date=12 March 2020|website=m.rediff.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408115240/https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/mar/24usprez.htm|archive-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> [[File:Mr.Naidu with students..jpg|thumb|alt=Middle-aged man listening to two younger men|Naidu in discussion with students as the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh|right]]

=== Genome Valley ===
in 1999, Naidu established the Pharma City, an original, state-of-the-art biotechnology park in the country to the north of Hyderabad and promoted [[Genome Valley]]<ref>{{Cite web|title="I want AP to be No.1 in biotech" -AP CM Chandrababu Naidu|url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/73/1783/i-want-ap-to-be-no-1-in-biotech.html|access-date=1 July 2020|website=www.biospectrumindia.com|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107135245/https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/73/1783/i-want-ap-to-be-no-1-in-biotech.html|archive-date=7 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Biotechnology Policy: 2001|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Andhra-Pradesh-Biotechnology-Policy-2001|access-date=1 July 2020|website=www.projectstoday.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701133430/https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Andhra-Pradesh-Biotechnology-Policy-2001|archive-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> to leading multinational pharmaceutical companies like [[Novartis|Novartis Pharma India]], [[Shantha Biotechnics]], [[Bharat Biotech]], [[Biocon]], [[Biological E. Limited]], Jupiter Biosciences, and also requested other global IT companies like [[IBM]], [[Dell]], [[HSBC]], [[Oracle Corporation]] to move to Hyderabad, making presentations to global CEOs and convincing them to invest and establish offices in Hyderabad.<ref>Biswas, Soutik (7 September 1998) [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?206141 Reinventing Chief Ministership]. www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved on 16 January 2012.</ref>

=== Rajiv Gandhi International Airport ===
[[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (formerly Shamshabad Airport) is an initiative of Chief Minister Naidu.<ref>{{Citation|title=GMR Group Chairman Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao {{!}} Open Heart With RK {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} ABN Telugu| date=2 April 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyafL8uUvP0|language=en|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> When Hyderabad was attracting global investments the then operating Begumpet Airport was unable to handle air traffic. To promote the planned development of the area around the international airport, the Naidu government declared a special development area and called it as Hyderabad Airport Development Authority (HADA). Naidu led government acquired 5,495 acres of land for the airport in 2003.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The airport was built on public private partnership basis, where only land is provided by the government, but entire construction cost and planning has to be taken care by [[GMR Group|Grandhi Mallikarjuna Rao Group]] and [[Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad]] in exchange of 76% stake in airport.<ref name=":0" /> The land lease and state share holder agreement was completed in 2003.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=GMR Journey over the years|url=https://www.hyderabad.aero/milestones-hial.aspx|access-date=29 March 2021|website=www.hyderabad.aero}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Central concession agreement was signed by [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]] in December 2004. The airport construction has started and completed between 2005 and 2008 by GMR.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

===Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System===
In 2003, [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System]], which began construction in 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/2-railway-projects-to-start-today/articleshow/1393411575.cms|title=2 railway projects to start today|date=1 November 2001|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=28 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/2-railway-projects-to-start-today/articleshow/1393411575.cms|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> was opened to the public under the Naidu Government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-11-01 |title=2 railway projects to start today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/2-railway-projects-to-start-today/articleshow/1393411575.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MMTS-becomes-a-reality/articleshow/123291.cms|title=MMTS becomes a reality {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|date=10 August 2003|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=28 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208101547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MMTS-becomes-a-reality/articleshow/123291.cms|archive-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> A joint venture between the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[South Central Railway]], The Phase-I was flagged off with the first MMTS train at [[Secunderabad railway station]] by the Deputy Prime Minister [[L. K. Advani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Advani-flags-off-Hyderabad-MMTS/articleshow/122771.cms|title=Advani flags off Hyderabad MMTS |date=9 August 2003|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=28 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119065734/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Advani-flags-off-Hyderabad-MMTS/articleshow/122771.cms|archive-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> while Naidu inaugurated its second leg.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=Our Regional|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rs-4-500-crore-mmts-project-report-under-way-104021601086_1.html|title=Rs 4,500-crore MMTS project report under way|date=16 February 2004|work=Business Standard India|access-date=28 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228164533/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rs-4-500-crore-mmts-project-report-under-way-104021601086_1.html|archive-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> Over an operational length of 100+ km, spanning 53 stations, the system operates over three major routes, [[Falaknuma–Lingampalli route|Falaknuma–Lingampalli]], [[Hyderabad–Falaknuma route|Hyderabad–Falaknuma]] and [[Hyderabad–Lingampalli route|Hyderabad–Lingampalli]] & Secunderabad Medchal, Falaknuma Umdanagar, Lingampalli Ramachandrapuram, Sanathnagar Moula Ali Ghatkesar.

=== Sports ===
In 2002 during Naidu's second term, the government of the state planned for the construction of the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], a multipurpose stadium at [[Gachibowli]], Hyderabad to host the 2003 Afro-Asian Games which was named in honour of the former Lok Sabha speaker [[G. M. C. Balayogi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 250 crore National Games in Hyderabad enthuses organisers more than athletes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20021216-rs-250-crore-national-games-in-hyderabad-enthuses-organisers-more-than-athletes-793872-2002-12-15 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=India Today |date=16 December 2002 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-12-14 |title=Colourful start to National Games in Hyderabad |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/colourful-start-to-national-games-in-hyderabad/articleshow/31209219.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This tenure also witnessed the commissioning of the construction of [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] as proposed by the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] in 2003 and the government allocated the land for the purpose in [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], Hyderabad along with the contract for an open auction for the construction which was later inaugurated by the subsequent congress government after the completion of the stadium in entirely and named to honour the former Prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The HCA, at least, is grateful - Chandrababu Naidu okayed lease, setting in motion the construction of an exclusive cricket stadium |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/the-hca-at-least-is-grateful-chandrababu-naidu-okayed-lease-setting-in-motion-the-construction-of-an-exclusive-cricket-stadium/cid/1045754 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Amaravati Capital Region===
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi lays foundation stone of Amaravati.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] lays foundation stone of Amaravati in 2014]]
After the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, Naidu planned for a new capital city at [[Amaravati]] for Andhra Pradesh. [[List of prime ministers of India|Prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] attended the foundation stone laying ceremony and performed the pooja rituals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-22 |title=Modi lays foundation for Amaravati: As it happened |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/LIVE-Amaravati-new-capital-of-Andhra-Pradesh-foundation-ceremony/article60516133.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=October 22, 2015 - PM at Foundation Stone ceremony of 'Amaravathi' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/october-22-2015/pm-at-foundation-stone-ceremony-of-amaravathi/slideshow/49493856.cms |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Welfare policies==
[[File:The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Shri Chandrababu Naidu calls on the Deputy Prime Minister Shri L.K. Advani in New Delhi on February 04, 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Naidu meeting the then Deputy Prime Minister of India [[L. K. Advani]] in 2004]]
In July 1999, Naidu launched the ''Deepam scheme'' to provide LPG cooking gas connections to rural women, with a budget of ₹100 crore (equivalent to ₹365 crore or US$46 million in 2020). The central government agreed to provide one million LPG connections via this scheme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-02 |title=Andhra Pradesh government sanctions 3 lakh LPG connections to BPL women as Dussehra offer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/andhra-pradesh-government-sanctions-3-lakh-lpg-connections-to-bpl-women-as-dussehra-offer/articleshow/44106894.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This scheme was later extended to urban areas by formally releasing the liquefied petroleum gas cylinders to some women beneficiaries. Under the scheme, the state government pays the security deposit of Rs 1,000 per connection to the oil company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: AP extends gas scheme to urban poor, draws flak |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/feb/07ap1.htm |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2017-06-06 |title=Congress must apologise to people: Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/060617/congress-must-apologise-to-people-chandrababu-naidu.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-08-23 |title=Free gas connections for BPL households |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/free-gas-connections-for-bpl-households/article7573183.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A five-fold hike in the ''Social security pension scheme'' was introduced in 2014 increasing the amount of the pension from ₹200 to ₹1000 effective from October 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-12 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's pension scheme to cost Andhra Pradesh Rs 5,000 crore per year |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrababu-naidus-pension-scheme-to-cost-andhra-pradesh-rs-5000-crore-per-year/articleshow/36407444.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later in the year 2018 the benefit amount was again increased from ₹1000 to ₹2000 with effective from January 2019 to benefit 5 million old aged people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra: With state, Lok Sabha polls on horizon, Chandrababu increases old age pensions by Rs 1,000 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-chandrababu-naidu-old-age-pension-1428876-2019-01-11 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=India Today |date=11 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A similar pension scheme ''NTR Bharosa''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-11 |title=Govt. committed to NTR Bharosa scheme' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/govt-committed-to-ntr-bharosa-scheme/article6587635.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> was introduced to benefit the vulnerable sections of the society covering old aged, weavers, widows, disabled, toddy toppers, transgenders, fishermen and also to people needing Antiretroviral Therapy and suffering with Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Aetiology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-03 |title=Andhra Pradesh to distribute pensions under NTR Bharosa scheme from January 5 |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/andhra-pradesh-to-distribute-pensions-under-ntr-bharosa-scheme-from-january-5/articleshow/45744241.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

''Videshi Vidya Deevena Scheme'' was introduced applicable for members from economically weak families of [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu community]] of Andhra Pradesh who aspire to do their Graduate (only MBBS), Post Graduate, MS or Ph.D. courses abroad.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-14 |title=2,500 to benefit from 'videshi vidya' this year |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/2500-to-benefit-from-videshi-vidya-this-year/article24166978.ece |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Financial assistance of ₹1,000,000 shall be granted to the selected applicants through the prescribed process.<ref>{{cite web |title=2,500 to benefit from 'videshi vidya' this year |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/2500-to-benefit-from-videshi-vidya-this-year/article24166978.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=15 June 2018 |language=en-IN |date=14 June 2018}}</ref> A later similar scheme called "NTR Videshi Vidya Scheme" was introduced for the welfare of the [[Other Backward Class|Bc community]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=S. N. V. |date=2016-12-27 |title=After Kapus, Andhra Pradesh govt to help BC students |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/271216/after-kapus-andhra-pradesh-govt-to-help-bc-students.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

Loan waiver scheme was introduced to waive off the loans of women self help groups like DWCRA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohini |date=2018-03-20 |title=A status-check of all the grand promises TDP chief Chandrababu Naidu made in 2014 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/four-years-since-bifurcation-status-check-naidu-achieved-andhra/43162/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Later financial benefit scheme like ''Pasupu Kunkuma'' was introduced to provide financial aid to SHGs where each beneficiary is provided with ₹10,000 in cash and a smart phone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title='Pasupu Kumkuma': Andhra govt scheme for women gets EC nod |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pasupu-kumkuma-andhra-govt-scheme-for-women-gets-ec-nod-5659477/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-08 |title=AP govt reiterates commitment to women welfare |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/cld-govt-reiterates-commitment-to-women-welfare/articleshow/68310319.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''Mukhyamantri Yuvanestham'' scheme was introduced to provide financial aid of ₹1000 every month to the unemployed youth ranging from the age of 20 to 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuva Nestham scheme a boon for jobless: CM Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/sep/15/yuva-nestham-scheme-a-boon-for-jobless-cm-chandrababu-naidu-1872095.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express|date=15 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Mukhyamantri Yuvanestham' not political stunt, but career platform for youth: Andhra CM |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2018/oct/03/mukhyamantri-yuvanestham-not-political-stunt-but-career-platform-for-youth-andhra-cm-1880350.html |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 October 2018 }}</ref>

During Naidu's third term a total of 21 welfare schemes were introduced in the newly bifurcated state of Andhra Pradesh namely ''NTR Vaidya Seva'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu unveils new health insurance scheme |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/chandrababu-naidu-unveils-new-health-insurance-scheme/articleshow/56292201.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Chandranna Bima'', ''Chandranna Sankranthi Kanuka'', ''Chandranna Ramzan Taufa'', ''Chandranna Kapu Bhavan Chandranna Pelli Kanuka'' etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y. |date=2017-12-18 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Chandrababu Naidu unveils schemes named after himself |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/4okf5APHzbF8BtWIKC8JMO/Andhra-Pradesh-CM-Chandrababu-Naidu-unveils-schemes-named-a.html |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Irrigation==
[[File:Nitin Gadkari addressing the media during his visit to Polavaram project site, at Polovaram, West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh.JPG|200px|thumb|Naidu with [[Nitin Gadkari]] and other officials at the [[Polavaram Project]]]]

===Pattiseema===
{{Main|Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project}}
''Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project'' is a river interlinking project connecting [[Godavari River]] to [[Krishna River]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Krishna-meets-Godavari-in-first-river-linkage/articleshow/48992962.cms|title=Krishna meets Godavari in first river linkage|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 September 2015 |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> It was inaugurated by Naidu in March 2016 while it was completed in span of one year and holds a record in Limca Book of Records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/pattiseema-project-makes-it-to-limca-book-of-records/article9602318.ece|title=Pattiseema project makes it to Limca Book of Records|date=27 March 2017 |access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/andhra-pattiseema-lift-irrigation-project-year-limca-book-records-967608-2017-03-25|title=Pattiseema Lift Irrigation Project completed in record 1 year time; enters Limca Book of Records|author=Alok Ranjan |date=25 March 2017 |magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref>

===Other===
Naidu inaugurated Potharlanka Lift irrigation scheme in 2018 constructed at a cost of 50 Crore rupees in [[Guntur district]] to facilitate the irrigation of 5000 acres of land in 11 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2018-07-16 |title=Chandrababu Naidu launches Potharlanka Lift Irrigation Scheme |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-07-16/Chandrababu-Naidu-launches-Potharlanka-Lift-Irrigation-Scheme/398697 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Vision 2020==
In 1999, Naidu produced a [[vision statement]] called "Andhra Pradesh Vision 2020" that outlined various goals and objectives to be achieved by 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1999-02-13 |title=Sweet Dreams: Andhra's Vision 2020 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1999/07/commentary/sweet-dreams-andhras-vision-2020.html |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-15 |title=Chandrababu Naidu emphasises on readying blue-print for vision 2047 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/chandrababu-naidu-emphasises-on-readying-blue-print-for-vision-2047/articleshow/93574830.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was prepared in collaboration with US consultants, [[McKinsey & Company]], who proposed the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21042/8/08_chapter%202.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh CM Chandrababu Naidu faces problems with Andhra Pradesh, Vision: 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19981228-andhra-pradesh-cm-chandrababu-naidu-faces-problems-with-andhra-pradesh-vision-2020-827655-1998-12-27 |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=India Today |date=28 December 1998 |language=en}}</ref>

* Poverty must be eradicated. Support the elderly and children, those who really need help.
* The people should be given the opportunity to live a healthy life along with practice and income.
* Small families should be encouraged for a healthy and prosperous society.
* Provide a happy life for little girls. They should be given the opportunity to use their energy 100 percent.
*Safeguard its environment and make its cities and villages clean, green and safe to live in.
*Enable small entrepreneurs and young professionals to make startups and build thriving industries and services business.
* Women and girls need to be empowered and supported to compete equally with men in society and in the economy.
* People should be provided with resources such as investments and infrastructure. These can transform their future.
* New techniques in agriculture, upmarket services, and innovations for quality produce should be promoted.
* The government should be transparent, accountable and responsive.
* The people's voice should be heard loud and clear during the rule.

After returning as Chief Minister in 2014, Naidu updated the document to version 2.0, titled ''Sunrise AP Vision 2029''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apvision.ap.gov.in/vision2.0.php|title=AP Vision 2029|website=apvision.ap.gov.in|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/naidu-releases-draft-of-sunrise-ap-vision-2029-document-694813-2016-09-28|title=Naidu releases draft of Sunrise AP Vision 2029 document|date=28 September 2016|author=P. T. I.|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref>

==Other events==
[[File:Chandrababu with Clinton.jpg|thumb|alt=Dark-haired man giving gifts to grey-haired man|Naidu greeting [[Bill Clinton]] in 2000]]
In 2000, both [[Bill Clinton]] ([[President of the United States]]) and [[Tony Blair]] ([[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]) visited Hyderabad and met with Naidu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1707/17070040.htm|title=Bill Clinton Yatra And visit to Hyderabad at Hitec City in 2000 Chief minister Chandrababu Naidu|website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref> [[Bobby Ghosh]] of the American news magazine, [[Time (magazine)|Time]] commented, "In just five years, he has turned an impoverished, rural backwater place into India's new information-technology hub",<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053726,00.html|title=Andhra's Vote Is a Test for Reform Development -Chief minister Chandrababu Naidu|last=RAHMAN|first=MASEEH|date=13 September 1999|magazine=Time|access-date=21 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715153130/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053726,00.html|archive-date=15 July 2019}}</ref> and the magazine named Naidu, 'South Asian of the Year'.<ref name="articles.cnn.com">{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Aparisim|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asiabuzz/9912/30/sd/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130081831/http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/asiabuzz/9912/30/sd/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011|title=South Asian of the Year: Chandrababu Naidu|date=31 December 1999|access-date=16 January 2012|publisher=TIME Asia}}</ref>

===Afro-Asian Games===
{{Main|2003 Afro-Asian Games}}
The Afro-Asian Games was the largest sporting event ever held in Hyderabad, and one of the largest in India during the Naidu tenure from 23 October 2003 to 1 November 2003.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-04-23 |title=CM: Make Afro-Asian Games memorable |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cm-make-afro-asian-games-memorable/articleshow/44212139.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-01-31 |title=Andhra Pradesh to host Afro-Asian Games |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/andhra-pradesh-to-host-afro-asian-games/articleshow/36005493.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Cyclone Hudhud===
{{Main|Cyclone Hudhud}}
[[File:Chandrababu Naidu at rescue operations of Visakhapatnam airport the time of hudhud cyclone.jpg|thumb|Naidu at Vishakhapatnam airport during [[cyclone Hudhud]] in 2014]]
In the year 2014, [[Visakhapatnam]] and the neighbouring districts of [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] of Andhra Pradesh was affected with a cyclone called [[Cyclone Hudhud|Hudhud]] during Naidu's third term. He was lauded for his efforts in disaster management during the cyclone. He mobilised the Army, Navy, and the [[National Disaster Response Force]] to provide relief to over 280,000 people in 44 mandals across four districts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Post-Hudhud-flood-of-relief-in-A.P./article60389225.ece|title=Post-Hudhud, flood of relief in A.P.|newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 October 2014|accessdate=15 July 2022|last1=Subrahmanyam |first1=G. S. }}</ref> He shifted base from Hyderabad to Visakhapatnam after the cyclone made landfall. To monitor the disaster relief work that was being undertaken, he stayed in a bus parked outside the city collectorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/visakhapatnam/hudhud-andhra-cm-chandrababu-naidu-in-vishakhapatnam-to-monitor-recovery-1542762.html|title=Hudhud: Andhra CM Chandrababu Naidu stays awake in Vizag to monitor recovery|date=18 October 2014|accessdate=15 July 2022}}</ref> He also undertook visits to districts bordering Odisha such as Srikakulam which were badly hit by the cyclone. Post the disaster, he vowed to rebuild Vizag which was badly affected by it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/cyclone-hudhud-chandrababu-naidu-vizag-andhra-pradesh-223601-2014-10-17|title=Cyclone Hudhud: Chandrababu Naidu vows to rebuild Vizag|date=17 October 2014|accessdate=15 July 2022}}</ref>

===AP AgTech Summit 2017===
[[File:CBN with Bill Gates at Visakhapatnam 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Naidu with [[Bill Gates]] at [[Visakhapatnam]] in 2017]]

In 2017, Bill Gates again met Naidu at Vishakhapatnam, Addressing the valedictory of the three-day AP AgTech Summit 2017, the co-chair of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation where he recalled that he was really excited at meeting Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu for the first time over 20 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bill Gates remembers his first meeting with Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/bill-gates-remembers-his-first-meeting-with-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-n-chandrababu-naidu-4218355.html |website=Tech2 |publisher=First Post |access-date=20 November 2017 |date=20 November 2017}}</ref> Gates visited the exhibition stalls in the summit along with Andhra Pradesh chief minister. The summit focused on innovative ideas, technologies and global best practices to push agricultural transformation in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICRISAT at the high-level AP AgTech Summit – Transforming agriculture to benefit farmers – ICRISAT |url=https://www.icrisat.org/icrisat-at-the-high-level-ap-agtech-summit-transforming-agriculture-to-benefit-farmers/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.icrisat.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-15 |title=Venkaiah Naidu inaugurates AP AgTech Summit-2017 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/venkaiah-naidu-inaugurates-ap-agtech-summit-2017/articleshow/61657632.cms |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
* [[First N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
* [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
* [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
* [[Telugu Desam Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chief ministerships of Indian states]]
[[Category:1990s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1990s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2000s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2010s in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020s in Indian politics]]

Sukhdev Singh Sandhu

2026-05-02T12:38:42Z

NickiStpierre68: new the bio added tags

{{Short description|Indian documentary filmmaker, cinematographer (1933–1979)}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukhdev Singh Sandhu
| birth_date = 1 October 1933<ref>{{Cite news|title =Ek Akar (S.Sukhdev)|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/ek-akar-s-sukhdev|publisher=Films Division/NFDC India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = Dehradun<ref>{{Cite news|title =Ek Akar (S.Sukhdev)|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/ek-akar-s-sukhdev|publisher=Films Division/NFDC India |date =15 October 2025}} </ref>
| death_date = 1 March 1979 (aged 46)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref>
| death_place = New Delhi
| image =
| spouse = Kanta (wife)<ref>{{Cite video|title=The Last Adieu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtDsx6f_uAo| publisher= Films Division| date=4 December 2016|time= 2:16}}</ref>
| children = Shabnam (daughter)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Final Farewell|author=Debesh Banerjee| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/final-farewell-2/|publisher=The Indian Express |date =13 April 2014}}</ref>
| occupation = Indian [[:en:Documentary_film|documentary filmmaker]], [[:en:Cinematographer|cinematographer]]
| years active = 1955-1979
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}
'''''Sukhdev Singh Sandhu''''', also known as '''''S. Sukhdev''''', '''''Sukhdev''''', or '''''Sukh''''', was an Indian documentary filmmaker and cinematographer active from the mid-1950s until his death in 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Ek Akar (S.Sukhdev)|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/ek-akar-s-sukhdev|publisher=Films Division/NFDC India |date =15 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Final Farewell|author=Debesh Banerjee| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/final-farewell-2/|publisher=The Indian Express |date =13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref> During this period, he made over 60 films, primarily documentaries, short films, and commercials.<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}} </ref>

Over the course of his career, Sukhdev won more than 35 international and national awards.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Final Farewell|author=Debesh Banerjee| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/final-farewell-2/|publisher=The Indian Express |date =13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev - Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/S.-Sukhdev/awards |publisher=Times of India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

Sukhdev was posthumously honored with Bangladesh’s Friends of Liberation War Honor and was a recipient of India’s [[:en:Padma_Shri|Padma Shri]] award.<ref>{{Cite news|title=When Bangladesh remembered those who helped in the 1971 war|author=Rinki Roy Bhattacharya|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/slide-show-1-when-bangladesh-remembered-those-who-helped-in-the-1971-war/20131011.htm|publisher=Rediff |date =11 October 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sukhdev was born on 1 October 1933, in [[:en:Dehradun|Dehradun]], [[:en:United_Provinces_(1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[:en:Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India|British India]], to a family originally from [[:en:Ludhiana|Ludhiana]]. He attended [[:en:Don_Bosco_High_School,_Matunga|Don Bosco High School in Matunga]], [[:en:Mumbai|Mumbai]], where [[:en:Shashi_Kapoor|Shashi Kapoor]] was his junior. Later, he enrolled at [[:en: Guru_Nanak_Khalsa_College_of_Arts,_Science_%26_Commerce|Khalsa College]], Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite video|title=The Last Adieu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtDsx6f_uAo| publisher= Films Division| date=4 December 2016|time= 3:20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite video|title=The Last Adieu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtDsx6f_uAo| publisher= Films Division| date=4 December 2016|time= 12:50}}</ref>

==Career==
Sukhdev was associated with the film company owned by the Kwatra brothers, [[:en:Sardul_Singh_Kwatra|Sardul Singh Kwatra]] and his brother Harcharan Singh, from the late 1940s to the early 1950s.<ref>{{Cite video|title=The Last Adieu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtDsx6f_uAo| publisher= Films Division| date=4 December 2016|time=13:06}}</ref>

The Kwatra brothers were known for producing Punjabi films such as [[:en:Posti_(1950_film)|''Posti'']] (1950) and [[:en:Kaude_Shah|''Kaude Shah'']] (1953). Around 1955, Sukhdev worked as a camera assistant to the renowned German documentary filmmaker [[:en:Paul_Zils|Paul Zils]] and his cinematographer [[:de:Fali_Bilimoria|Fali Bilimoria]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}} </ref>

In 1958, he established his own production company in Mumbai. In the 1960s, following the relaxation of government policies on film production, distribution, and permissible topics, Sukhdev began collaborating with the [[:en:Films_Division_of_India|Films Division of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}} </ref>

Sukhdev's first documentary was ''The Evolution and Races of Man'' (1961), produced for the [[:en:Films_Division_of_India|Films Division]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>

In 1963, painter [[:en:F._N._Souza|Francis Newton Souza]] showcased his work in Mumbai for the first time in 15 years. That same year, Sukhdev made a seven-minute film on the celebrated modern artist. The [[short film]] introduced a fresh and experimental approach compared to conventional government documentaries, which tended to be either promotional or purely informative.<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref>

Next, in ''And Miles to Go'' (1965), Sukhdev employed montage and bang-cuts to vividly contrast the lifestyles of the rich and the destitute. ''An Indian Day/India '67'' is a wordless broad view of Indian life and its social and political landscape two decades after independence. ''Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh'' (1972) uses graphic footage, including a shot of a dog eating a human corpse, to convey the harsh reality of the 1971 Bangladesh War. The film had a positive reception in cinema halls, especially in Delhi. <ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}} </ref>

''After the Silence'' (1977), shot immediately after the Emergency (June 1975 - March 1977), explored the severe effects of bonded labor in Palamau, present-day Jharkhand.

Sukhdev’s documentary style was considered unconventional and provocative, and as a result, he often faced heavy censorship from the authorities. ''And Miles to Go'' was censored for being too radical.<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref>

''After The Eclipse'' (1967) explored the realities of prison life and was shot in real-life settings like a documentary, with Sukhdev himself realistically playing the role of an inmate.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>However, it was not accepted as a documentary by the [[:en:Films_Division_of_India|Films Division]] since it included performed scenes or dramatization. Fearing exposure of their bonded labor practices, bonded slave owners tried to use political influence to prevent ''After The Silence'' from being widely shown.<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref>

During the years surrounding the [[:en:The_Emergency_(India)|Emergency]], there were instances when Sukhdev gave in to the authorities, either by choice, ideological conviction, or due to the pressures of the time.<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref> Films with a clearly pro-government tone, such as ''Voice of the People'' and ''A Few More Questions'' (both 1974), and ''Thunder of Freedom'' (1976), were made during this period.

In the post-Emergency era, after the change of government, government projects were no longer commissioned to Sukhdev between March 1977 and March 1979. However, he continued to shoot films for public-sector companies like [[:en:Bharat_Heavy_Electricals_Limited|Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[:en:HMT_Limited|Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)]], and [[:en:BEML|Bharat Earth Movers Limited]] (BEML), along with some private companies.

Sukhdev ventured into mainstream Hindi cinema with [[:en:My_Love_(1970_film)|''My Love'']] (1970), starring [[:en:Shashi_Kapoor|Shashi Kapoor]] and [[:en:Sharmila_Tagore|Sharmila Tagore]], but struggled to find commercial success. The 1971 Hindi film [[:en:Reshma_Aur_Shera|''Reshma Aur Shera'']], directed by [[:en:Sunil_Dutt|Sunil Dutt]], also includes uncredited work by Sukhdev.<ref>{{Cite news|title =In Search of Sukhdev |author=Budhaditya Bhattacharya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shabnam-sukhdev-makes-documentary-on-her-father-filmmaker-s-sukhdev/article6324214.ece|work=The Hindu |date =18 August 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and honors ==
*1962 - ''The Evolution And Races Of Man'' received the [[:en:National_Film_Award_for_Best_Educational/Motivational/Instructional_Film|All India Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Documentary Film]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev - Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/S.-Sukhdev/awards |publisher=Times of India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

*1964 - ''And Miles To Go'' received the [[:en: National_Film_Award_for_Best_Non-Feature_Film|All India Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Documentary Film]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev - Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/S.-Sukhdev/awards |publisher=Times of India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

*1965 - ''And Miles To Go'' won the Bengal Tiger Award at the Third [[:en:International_Film_Festival_of_India|International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI).<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Celebrated by film legends, winner of Prez medal, Iffi fails to recognize Margao's ace lensman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/celebrated-by-film-legends-winner-of-prez-medal-iffi-fails-to-recognise-margaos-ace-lensman/articleshow/115063030.cms|publisher=Times of India|date =8 November 2024}}</ref>

*1967 - ''India '67'' received the [[:en: National_Film_Award_for_Best_Non-Feature_Film|National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]].

*1968 - Sukhdev was conferred India’s [[:en:Padma_Shri|Padma Shri]] award in recognition of his work as a [[:en:Documentary_film|documentary filmmaker]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}}</ref>

*1968 - ''India '67'' won the Diploma of Merit at the 22nd [[:en:Edinburgh_International_Film_Festival|Edinburgh International Film Festival]] and the [[:en:Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Documentary|Filmfare Award for Best Documentary]]. It also competed for the [[:en:Golden_Bear|Golden Bear]] at the [[:en:18th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =Final Farewell|author=Debesh Banerjee| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/final-farewell-2/|publisher=The Indian Express |date =13 April 2014}}</ref>

*1973 - ''Nine Months To Freedom'' won the [[:en:Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Documentary|Filmfare Award for Best Documentary]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev - Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/S.-Sukhdev/awards |publisher=Times of India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

*1974 - ''Behind The Breadline'' won the [[:en:National_Film_Award_for_Best_Film_on_Social_Issues|National Award for Best Film on Social Documentation]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev - Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/S.-Sukhdev/awards |publisher=Times of India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

*1975 - Sukhdev was a member of the Main Competition jury at the [[25th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|title =Berlinale - Juries (1975)|url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/awards-juries/juries.html/y=1975/o=desc/p=1/rp=40|publisher=Berlinale|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

==Death==
Sukhdev died at the age of 46 in [[:en:New_Delhi|New Delhi]] on 1 March 1979, while working at the [[Central_Institute_of_Educational_Technology|Center for Educational Technology]] (CIET) in [[New Delhi]]. He was reportedly mixing the soundtracks of a documentary film at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Final Farewell|author=Debesh Banerjee| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/final-farewell-2/|publisher=The Indian Express |date =13 April 2014}}</ref>

==Personal==
Sukhdev was married to Kanta. Their daughter Shabnam is a documentary filmmaker and a [[:en:Film_and_Television_Institute_of_India|Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) alumnus.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Final Farewell|author=Debesh Banerjee| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/final-farewell-2/|publisher=The Indian Express |date =13 April 2014}}</ref>

Both Kanta and Shabnam, then a one-year-old, featured in ''After the Eclipse'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite video|title=The Last Adieu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtDsx6f_uAo| publisher= Films Division| date=4 December 2016|time= 2:16}}</ref>

Shabnam's film ''The Last Adieu'', a tribute to her father and his works, received the [[:en:National_Film_Award_for_Best_Biographical_Film|National Award for Best Biographical Film]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title =Films Division pays tribute to well known film maker S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1701519|publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|date =28 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Watch: A documentary revisits S Sukhdev's life and career|url=https://scroll.in/reel/988189/watch-a-documentary-revisits-s-sukhdevs-life-and-career |publisher=Scroll|date =1 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =In Search of Sukhdev |author=Budhaditya Bhattacharya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shabnam-sukhdev-makes-documentary-on-her-father-filmmaker-s-sukhdev/article6324214.ece|work=The Hindu |date =18 August 2014}}</ref>''Ishaa Journals'' (2008) and ''Stranger In My Own Skin'' (2006) are some of her other documentaries.<ref>{{Cite news|title =In Search of Sukhdev |author=Budhaditya Bhattacharya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/shabnam-sukhdev-makes-documentary-on-her-father-filmmaker-s-sukhdev/article6324214.ece|work=The Hindu |date =18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title =Iman Mersal|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/en/authors/iman-mersal|publisher=Arab World Books|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
==Filmography==
'''As director''' - ''documentaries''
*''Wazir the Kaghzi'' (1958)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''The Saint and the Peasant'' (1960)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''The Evolution and the Races of Man'' (1961)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>
*''Castor'' (1962)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Man the Creator'' (1964)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Frontiers of Freedom'' (1964)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Kal Udaas Na Hogi'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite news|title =
Kal Udas Na Hogi (No Sad Tomorrow)|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/kal-udas-na-hogi-no-sad-tomorrow|publisher=Films Division/NFDC India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''And Miles to Go'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}}</ref>
*''Wild Life in India'' (1966)<ref>{{Cite video|title =Wild Life Of India, S Sukhdev|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVobPJUU6t8|publisher=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|date =4 February 2014}}</ref>
*''Homage to Lal Bahadur Shastri'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Homage to Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/homage-to-lal-bahadur-shastri|publisher=Films Division|date =10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610101747/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/homage-to-lal-bahadur-shastri |archive-date=10 June 2021 }}</ref>
*''After the Eclipse'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>
*''India ‘67/An Indian Day'' (1968)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}}</ref>
*''Thoughts in a Museum'' (1968)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Thoughts in a Museum|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/thoughts-in-a-museum|publisher=Films Division/NFDC India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Tomorrow May Be Too Late'' (1970)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Kathak'' (1970)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Films Division presents concluding part of Nrityanjali – an ode to Indian Classical Dance|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1667928|publisher=Films Division|date =27 October 2020}}</ref>
*''Khilonewala'' (1971)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}}</ref>
*''A Village Smiles'' (1971)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud|url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>
*''Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev - Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/S.-Sukhdev/awards |publisher=Times of India|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''You Must Be Your Own Policemen'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Co-operation is Success'' (1973)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>
*''Violence: What Price? Who Pays?'' (1974)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>
*''Behind the Breadline'' (1974)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=815867090578708&id=100064662732786&set=a.640812871417465|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|date =26 March 2024}}</ref>
*''A Few More Questions'' (1974)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Partap Singh Remembers Sukhdev|author=Iqbal Masud |url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/2022/09/partap-singh-remembers-sukhdev/|publisher=Arthouse Cinema/Indian Panorama Catalogue of 1980|date =13 September 2022}}</ref>
*''Maa Ki Pukar'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Maa Ki Pukar|url=https://filmsdivision.nfdcindia.com/shop/maa-ki-pukar|publisher=Films Division/NFDC India |date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''Thunders of Freedom'' (1976)<ref>{{Cite news|title =Discovery of a Cult|author=Mayank Shekhar| url=https://openthemagazine.com/voices/discovery-of-a-cult|publisher=Open magazine |date =10 December 2014}}</ref>
*''New World of Power'' (1977)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>
*''After the Silence'' (1977)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S. Sukhdev: Was India's finest short film-maker a victim of victim of red-tapism?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19790331-s-sukhdev-was-indias-finest-short-film-maker-a-victim-of-victim-of-red-tapism-821924-2014-03-14|publisher=India Today |date =5 January 2015}}</ref>
*''Shaira'' (1980) – completed by Gulzar<ref>{{Cite news|title =Shaira|url=https://x.com/CinemaRareIN/status/1295601111341006848?lang=ar-x-fm|publisher=CinemaRare|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

'''As cinematographer/editor''' - ''documentaries''
*''After the Eclipse'' (1967)
*''India ‘67/An Indian Day'' (1968)

'''As director''' - ''feature films''
*[[My_Love_(1970_film)|''My Love'']] (1970)<ref>{{Cite news|title =S.Sukhdev @ IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/|publisher=IMDb|date =15 October 2025}}</ref>

*[[:en:Reshma_Aur_Shera|''Reshma Aur Shera'']] – uncredited work<ref>{{Cite news|title =When Sunil Dutt Decided To Reshoot This Film And Landed In Rs 60 Lakh Debt|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/when-sunil-dutt-decided-to-reshoot-this-film-and-landed-in-rs-60-lakh-debt-8012395.html|publisher=News 18|date =6 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0837729/bio/ S.Sukhdev @ IMDb]
*[https://www.youtube.com/@FilmsDivision/search?query=s.%20sukhdev S. Sukhdev @ Films Division]

[[Category:National_Film_Awards_(India)]]
[[Category:Indian_short_documentary_films]]
[[Category:Indian_documentary_filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian_experimental_filmmakers]]
[[Category:20th-century_Indian_people]]
[[Category:Government_agencies_of_India]]
[[Category:Film_production_companies_based_in_Mumbai]]
[[Category:1933_births]]
[[Category:1979_deaths]]

1979–80 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:26:59Z

NickiStpierre68: Started Entry

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1979-80 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| count = 2
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] (Bombay) (763)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1979/80 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1979-80/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Rajinder Goel]] (Haryana) (44)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1979/80 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1979-80/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1978–79
| previous_tournament = 1978–79 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1980–81
| next_tournament = 1980–81 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1979–80 Ranji Trophy''' was the 46th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] retained the title defeating [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]].

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 2.393
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 1.506
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 1.124
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 1.039
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.216
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.307
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 1.350
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 1.199
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.839
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.530
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 2.148
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''19''' || 0.944
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.816
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || 0.799
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.739
|}
{{col-2}}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''24''' || 1.040
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 1.310
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.950
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''13''' || 1.093
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.691
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 2.270
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 1.783
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.921
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.292
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|29 Feb 1980 — Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] '''(T)'''|333/6|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|245/5
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|29 Feb 1980 — Kanpur|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|265 & 117|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''226 & 157/3'''

|14 Mar 1980 — Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|156 & 354|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''337 & 239/7d'''
|14 Mar 1980 — Jaipur|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|239 & 66/2|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''352 & 254/6d'''
|14 Mar 1980 — Bangalore|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|320 & 167|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''232 & 258/5d'''
|14 Mar 1980 — Jamshedpur|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|190 & 425/7d|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''437 & 53/1'''

|28 Mar 1980 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''229 & 167'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|223 & 59
|28 Mar 1980 — Rohtak|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|68 & 111|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''143 & 150'''

|11 Apr 1980 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''547 & 177'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|245 & 239

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=no
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

'''(T)''' - Advanced to next round by spin of coin.

===Final===

{{Test match
| date = 11–16 April 1980
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = '''547 (202.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mohinder Amarnath]] 191, [[Kirti Azad]] 102
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Padmakar Shivalkar]] 5/125
| score-team2-inns1 = '''245 (93 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 81
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kirti Azad]] 3/55
| score-team1-inns2 = '''177 (68.1 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Surinder Khanna]] 44
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 6/61
| score-team2-inns2 = '''239 (97.2 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 93
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Bishan Bedi]] 5/60
| result = Delhi won by 240 runs
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Bhairab Ganguli]] and [[V. Vikramraju]]
| motm =
| report = [https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1979-80/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_BOM_RJI-FINAL_11-16APR1980.html Scorecard]
| toss = Delhi won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1979-80.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1979-80 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1979 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1980 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1979–80]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Rampura Dabri

2026-04-30T00:44:25Z

NickiStpierre68: adding a entry

{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampura Dabri
| native_name = रामपुरा डाबड़ी
| native_name_lang = [[Dhundhadi]]
| other_name = Rampura
| official_name = Rampura Dabri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline = Shree Pardeshwar Mahadev Dham Side Picture.jpg
| image_caption = Shree Pardeshwar Mahadev Dham, Rampura Dabri
| image_alt =
| founder = unknown
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.10|N|75.73|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| established_date =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3.83
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 3,924
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|census 2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Dhundari|Dhundhari]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 303704
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| registration_plate = RJ 14
}}
'''Rampura Dabri''' (also spelled as: '''Rampura Dabdi''') is a [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan|subdistrict (tehsil)]] and [[Panchayat]] located in the [[Jaipur district]] of [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]].
Rampura Dabri is combined name of villages of Rampura and Dabri. Administratively it is a Tehsil (sub-district), Upkhand (Sub-division) and [[Gram panchayat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsils of Rajasthan |date=27 March 2015 |url=https://www.abutimes.com/list-of-districts-and-tehsils-in-rajasthan/}}</ref>
Rampura Dabri is famous for its [[Hindu temples]], like - Shree Pardeshwar Mahadev Dham, Shri Harihar Udasin Ashram (Shiv Mandir), Laxminath Ji temple and Bajrang Bali temple.

== Village information ==

According to [[2011 census of India|the 2011 census]], the location code or village code of Rampura village is 080338. Rampura Village is located in the newly formed Rampura Dabri tehsil of Jaipur rural district in Rajasthan, India. The total [[geographical area]] of village is 383 hectares or 3.83 km2.
Rampura has a total population of 3,924 peoples, with 2,030 men and 1,894 women. The literacy rate is 65.70%, out of which 75.62% males and 55.07% females are literate. There are more than 1000 houses in the village.
The Rampura Dabri Pin code is 303704 and the postal head office is in [[Jaitpura]].

== Nearest towns ==
[[Chomu]] is the nearest town to Rampura for all major economic activities, and is approximately 8 km away. Rampura is located 27 km towards North from the district headquarters [[Jaipur]].
Boodthal (4 km), Jahota (5 km), Nangalsiras (5 km), Jairampura (6 km), Nangalpurohitan (6 km) are some nearby villages to Rampura Dabri. * [[Jaipur]], [[Reengus]], [[Sri Madhopur]], [[Sambhar Lake Town|Sambhar]] are some nearby cities.
Rampura Dabri Tehsil is surrounded by Govindgarh Tehsil and [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]] Tehsil towards the north, and [[Jhotwara]] Tehsil and Jaipur Tehsil towards the south.

== Transport ==
[[National Highway 52 (India)|National Highway 52]] passes through the village. Bhaton Ki Gali Railway Station and Chomun Railway Station are nearby.

== Government offices ==
[[File:Rampura Dabri Tehsil and Upkhand Office.jpg|thumb|Rampura Dabri Tehsil and Upkhand Office]]
Rampura Dabri has a [[Tehsil]] office, Executive Magistrate court and a Sub Divisional Magistrate office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages and Tehsils in Rajasthan |url=https://landrevenue-rajasthan-gov-in.translate.goog/content/landrevenue/en/rajasthan-revenue-department/Circular/OnlineTehsils.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB&_x_tr_pto=op |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=landrevenue-rajasthan-gov-in.translate.goog}}</ref> as well as a [[Gram Panchayat]] office.
[[Ayushman Arogya Mandir]] is the subdistrict primary government hospital of Rampura Dabri Tehsil.

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of tehsils of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan]]
* [[List of urban local bodies in Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jaipur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jaipur district]]

Sandhyarani

2026-04-28T14:30:53Z

NickiStpierre68: new a stub v1

{{Short description|Bengali film actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandhyarani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = August 1922<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy Chowdhury |first=Moumita |title=রূপোলি পর্দার অন্তরালে |publisher=Biva Publication |year=2004 |isbn=9789390890989 |language=Bn |trans-title=}}</ref>
| birth_place = Kolkata
| death_date = {{death date and age|1999|7|19|1922|8|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAMATA NOMINEE LIST TAKES SHAPE |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mamata-nominee-list-takes-shape/cid/917925 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| spouse =
| father =
| children = 1<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 2018 |title=Mystery over help’s death at late actor’s house |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mystery-over-helps-death-at-late-actors-house/articleshow/66630002.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| mother =
| awards =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
}}

'''Sandhyarani Chatterjee''' (widely known as Sandhyarani) was an Indian actress who is known for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=ফার্ন রোডে পরিচারিকার অগ্নিদগ্ধ দেহ উদ্ধার |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/burnt-body-of-maid-found-in-kolkata-house-dgtl-1.897855 |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> She was a reigning actress of Bengali cinema during 1940s and 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=Jago |date=8 October 2022 |title=বাংলা ছবির লক্ষ্মীরা |url=https://jagobangla.in/the-lakshmi-of-bengali-film-industry/ |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=JagoBangla |language=en-US}}</ref> She appeared in more than 250 Bengali films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=অগ্নিদগ্ধ মৃত্যু ঘিরে স্মৃতিতে সন্ধ্যারানি |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/kolkata-gariahat-burn-case/articleshow/66625281.cms |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> She made her silver screen debut in ''Sarbojanin Bibahotsab'' (26 April 1938).<ref>{{Cite web |title=সন্ধ্যারানী |url=https://banglacinema100.com/profile-details/WnpNM1FsaFFOM1ZITm5SRVJHVnNWR2hRTjNScmR6MDk= |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref> She featured opposite [[Uttam Kumar]] in [[Ajoy Kar]]'s ''[[Bardidi]]'' (1957).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=3 September 2020 |title=Birth Anniversary Special: Uttam Kumar's magical combination with the path-breaker in Bengali cine classics Ajoy Kar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/birth-anniversary-special-uttam-kumars-magical-combination-with-the-path-breaker-in-bengali-cine-classics-ajoy-kar/articleshow/77871857.cms?from=mdr |access-date=27 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Even after she played supporting characters later, her popularity remained intact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreelekha: মা লক্ষ্মী সেজে সোশাল মিডিয়ায় অবতীর্ণ শ্রীলেখা মিত্র, দেখেছেন তাঁর নয়া অবতার? |url=https://calcuttanews.tv//entertainment/Sreelekha-Mitra-made-herself-up-as-Ma-Laxmi-and-shared-her-post-in-Social-Media |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=calcuttanews.tv |language=English}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1948, Sandhyarani featured as Gyanoda in ''Arakshaniya'' based on [[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]]'s much celebrated novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1948 - arakshaniya.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://banglacinema100.com/uploads/individualmovie/515/pdf/1948+-+arakshaniya.pdf?v%3D2 |access-date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Google}}</ref> Ajoy Bhattacharya cast her in his Bengali comedy film ''Chhadmabeshi'' (1944){{efn-la|In 1971, [[Agradoot]] remade this film under the [[Chhadmabeshi|same title]] starring [[Uttam Kumar]]. It became a massive financial success.}} based on the story of the same name by Upendranath Gangopadhyay. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ছদ্মবেশী (১৯৪৪) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/Y1hkVGEwczNPVzloWVdaSFFtWjZNMGxJY2poNFp6MDk= |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1944 - Chadmabeshi.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://banglacinema100.com/uploads/individualMovie/451/pdf/1944+-+Chadmabeshi.pdf?v=2 |access-date=8 June 2023 |publisher=Google}}</ref> [[Suchitra Sen]] eschewed the central role in ''Suryamukhi'', Sandhyarani was offered to play the concerned role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |first=শুভদীপ |title=অভিনেতার আড়ালে পরিচালক বিকাশ রায় |url=https://banglalive.com/film-director-bikash-roy/ |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#E0E0D1"|{{small|§}}
|Indicates a short film
|}
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Note
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |1938
|''Sarbojanin Bibahotsab''
|Debut, Credited as Angur
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=1938 - Sarbojanin Bibahotsab.pdf |url=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://banglacinema100.com/uploads/individualMovie/345/pdf/1938+-+Sarbojanin+Bibahotsab.pdf?v=2 |access-date=27 May 2023 |publisher=Google}}</ref>
|-
|bgcolor="#E0E0D1"|''Jagapisi'' {{small|§}}
|Credited as Angur
|
|-
|''Bekar Nashan''
|Credited as Angur
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1941
|''Banglar Meye''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=বাংলার মেয়ে |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/VVZsQlVYQndTRTlYUmtsRmNIQmxhakZ3U0RCbVFUMDk= |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Mayer Pran''
|
|
|-
|''Nandini''
|
|
|-
|''Shakuntala''
|
|
|-
|''Sreeradha''
|
|
|-
|''Pratishodh''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1942
|''Bhishma''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhishma (1942) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MjEw |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
|''Bondi''
|
|
|-
|''Parineeta''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1943
|''Jogajog''
|
|
|-
|Sahadharmini
|
|
|-
|''Samadhan''
|
|
|-
|1944
|''Chhadmabeshi''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhadmabeshi (1945) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MjQ5 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
|1945
|''Mane Na Mana''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1946
|''Natun Bou''
|
|
|-
|''Pather Sathi''
|
|
|-
|''Saat Number Bari''
|
|
|-
|''Sangram''
|
|
|-
|''Tumi Aar Ami''
|
|
|-
|1947
|''Tapobhanga''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রথম বাঙালি মুসলিম নায়িকা ‘বনানী চৌধুরী’ |url=https://www.newsg24.com/culture-news/3206// |access-date=27 May 2023 |website=newsg24.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |1948
|''Arakshaniya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Drishtidan]]''
|
|
|-
|''Purabi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sabyasachi (1948 film)|Sabyasachi]]''
|Bharti
|
|-
|''Sahara''
|
|
|-
|''Shankha Sindur''
|
|
|-
|''Shyamaler Swapno''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1949
|''Abhiman''
|
|
|-
|Bisher Dhoan
|
|
|-
|''Herfer''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Herfer (1949) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MzY5 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
|''Nireddesh''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niruddesh (1949) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=Mzgw |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1951
|''Darpachurna''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darpachurna (1951) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=NDU1 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
|''Ganyer Meye''
|
|
|-
|''Panditmashai''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1952
|''Bindur Chhele''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bindur Chhele (1951) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=NDk1 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
|''Kapalkundala''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sanjibani]]''
|
|
|-
|''Rani Bhabani''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rani Bhabani (1952) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=NTIz |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1953
|''Haranath Pandit''
|
|
|-
|''Harilakshmi''
|
|
|-
|''Nishkriti''
|
|
|-
|''Rami Chandidas''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1954
|''Amar Prem''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mantra Shakti]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1955
|''Bidhilipi''
|
|
|-
|''Bratacharini''
|
|
|-
|''[[Hrad (film)|Hrad]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1956
|''Abhagir Swarga''
|
|
|-
|''Dhular Dharani''
|
|
|-
|''Mahakabi Girishchandra''
|
|
|-
|''Mahanisha''
|
|
|-
|''Sinthir Sindur''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1957
|''[[Adarsha Hindu Hotel (film)|Adarsha Hindu Hotel]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bardidi]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Prithibi Amare Chaay]]''
|
|
|-
|''Tapasi''
|
|
|-
|1960
|''Mayamriga''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1963
|Akashpradip
|
|
|-
|''Badsha''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''Deep Nebhe Nai''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep Nebhe Nai (1964) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTAwNw== |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
|1976
|''Hansaraj''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2020 |title=‘হংসরাজ’ হওয়ার কথা ছিল না অরিন্দম গাঙ্গুলির! প্রথমে গান গেয়েছিলেন তিনি, তার পর… |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/famous-bengali-movie-hansaraj-released-before-44-years/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=TheWall |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|1985
|''[[Parama (film)|Parama]]''
|
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Apaman]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1989
|''Aghatan Ajo Ghate''
|
|
|-
|''Aparanher Alo''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Shesh Ashray]]''
|Posthumous release
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist-la}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|0154154}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]

Urvasivo Rakshasivo

2026-04-26T00:03:44Z

NickiStpierre68: new a post from scratch

{{Short description|2022 film directed by Rakesh Sashii}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Urvasivo Rakshasivo
| image = Urvasivo Rakshasivo poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rakesh Sashii
| writer = Rakesh Sashii
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'' by [[Elan (director)|Elan]]}}
| producer = [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]] Dheeraj Mogilineni Vijay M.
| starring = [[Allu Sirish]] [[Anu Emmanuel]] [[Vennela Kishore]] [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
| cinematography = Tanveer Mir
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Anup Rubens]]
| studio = Shri Tirumala Production [[Geetha Arts#GA2 Pictures (Vasu and Aravind)|GA2 Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2022|11|04|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Urvasivo Rakshasivo''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Rakesh Sashii and produced by [[Geetha Arts#GA2 Pictures (Vasu and Aravind)|GA2 Pictures]] and Shri Tirumala Production.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-31 |title=Allu Sirish and Anu Emmanuel's romantic drama titled 'Urvasivo Rakshasivo' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/allu-sirish-and-anu-emmanuel-s-romantic-drama-titled-prema-kadanta-149828 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> A remake of the 2018 Tamil language film ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/urvashivo-rakshashivo-movie-review-allu-sirish-anu-emmanuels-telugu-rom-com/article66095523.ece|title= 'Urvashivo Rakshashivo' movie review: Allu Sirish, Anu Emmanuel's rom-com mirrors contemporary conflicts|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 November 2022|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi}}</ref> the film stars [[Allu Sirish]], [[Anu Emmanuel]], and [[Vennela Kishore]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2022|title=Urvasivo Rakshasivo Teaser: Allu Sirish Assures Netizens Of An Engrossing Rom-Com|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/urvasivo-rakshasivo-teaser-allu-sirish-assures-netizens-of-an-engrossing-rom-com-6074755.html|website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Achu Rajamani]] and [[Anup Rubens]], with cinematography handled by Tanveer Mir and editing by [[Karthika Srinivas]], respectively.

The film was released theatrically on 4 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=Urvasio Rakshasivo to Ponniyin Selvan I: South movies releasing this week in theatres and OTT platforms |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/urvasio-rakshasivo-to-ponniyin-selvan-i-south-movies-releasing-this-week-in-theatres-and-ott-platforms-1197067 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and has been available for streaming on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=Stream Urvasivo Rakshasivo on Aha |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/urvasivo-rakshasivo |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Aha Video}}</ref> since 9 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-12-04 |title=aha to stream world digital premiere of 'Urvasivo Rakshasivo' on December 9 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aha-to-stream-world-digital-premiere-of-urvasivo-rakshasivo-on-december-9 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sree Kumar ([[Allu Sirish]]) is a middle-class IT employee with a conservative upbringing. He shares a close bond with his parents, especially his mother, who has a heart ailment. His parents want to see him married and actively seek a bride. Sree Kumar is in love with Sindhuja ([[Anu Emmanuel]]), his colleague who is broad-minded. While Sree Kumar pursues her for marriage, she has her eyes set on achieving her dream of owning a restaurant in [[Paris]] and prefers a live-in relationship to marriage. If they ever reach a common ground in this conflict of ideologies forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Allu Sirish]] as Sree Kumar
*[[Anu Emmanuel]] as Sindhuja "Sindhu"
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Satish, Sindhu and Sree's colleague
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Chittibabu, Sree's uncle
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Broker Murthy
*[[Aamani]] as Sree Kumar's mother
*Kedar Shankar as Sree Kumar's father
*[[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Sree and Sindhuja's boss
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Sindhuja's father
*[[Ananya Nagalla]] as Divya, Sindhuja’s friend (Special appearance)
*[[Rathika Rose]] as marraige matrimony receptionist
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Divya’s father
*[[Rajitha]] as Divya’s mother
*Gayatri Bhargavi as Chittibabu’s wife
*Mirchi Kiran as Police SI
*[[Kalpa Latha]] as Sharadakka, Office maid
*Naveena Reddy as Satish’s colleague turned wife
}}

== Production ==
Speaking with Hanuma Kiran of [[123telugu|''123Telugu'']], Rakesh Sashii has said that the original idea of the film was pitched by producer [[Allu Aravind]], which he later developed further.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=Hanuma |date=2022-11-03 |title=Exclusive Interview : Rakesh Sashii – Family audiences can happily watch Urvasivo Rakshasivo |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-rakesh-sashii-family-audiences-can-happily-watch-urvasivo-rakshasivo.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=[[123telugu|123Telugu]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Urvasivo Rakshasivo
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani]] and [[Anup Rubens]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Anup Rubens]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = Virgin Story
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Urvasivo Rakshasivo
| year = 2022
| next_title = [[Month of Madhu]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Anup Rubens]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Odela Railway Station]]
| prev_year = 2022
| title = Urvasivo Rakshasivo
| year = 2022
| next_title = [[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]
| next_year = 2022
}}
{{Singles
| name = Urvasivo Rakshasivo
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Dheemthanana
| single1date = 10 October 2022
| single2 = Mayare
| single2date = 17 October 2022
| single3 = Kalisunte
| single3date = 22 October 2022
| single4 = Seethakoka Chiluka
| single4date =27 October 2022
}}
}}

The music is composed by [[Achu Rajamani]] and [[Anup Rubens]] while the latter did the [[film score]].The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2022|title='Urvashivo Rakshashivo' romantic poster: Allu Sirish, Anu Emmanuel are lost in love; announce first single release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/urvashivo-rakshashivo-romantic-poster-allu-sirish-anu-emmanuel-are-lost-in-love-announce-first-single-release-date/articleshow/94676210.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 October 2022|title=#Kalisunte 💓, the next single from #UrvasivoRakshasivo will be out today @ 4:00 PM✨|url=https://twitter.com/GeethaArts/status/1583721562104291328|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2022|title=Here's the promo of #SeethakokaChiluka🦋 Song from #UrvasivoRakshasivo ❤️ Full song out today @ 6:00PM!🎼|url=https://twitter.com/GeethaArts/status/1585534617125154816|website=Twitter}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 15:67
| title1 = Dheemthanana
| lyrics1 = Purnachary
| music1 = [[Achu Rajamani]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Mayare
| lyrics2 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| music2 = [[Anup Rubens]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length2 = 4:06
| title3 = Kalisunte
| lyrics3 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| music3 = Achu Rajamani
| extra3 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length3 = 3:35
| title4 = Seethakoka Chiluka
| lyrics4 = [[Sri Mani]]
| music4 = Achu Rajamani
| extra4 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| length4 = 4:24
}}

==Release==
Initially, the film was titled ''Prema Kadanta'' but was changed to ''Urvasivo Rakshasivo'' for undisclosed reasons.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film was released in theatres on 4 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2022|title=Allu Sirish and Anu Emmanuel's next titled Urvasivo Rakshasivo; makers announce teaser launch date, release plans|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-sirish-and-anu-emmanuels-next-titled-urvashivo-rakshashivo-makers-announce-teaser-launch-date-release-plans/a65306333e520|website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> The teaser of the film was released on 29 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2022|title=Urvasivo Rakshasivo teaser: Allu Sirish leads a double life as a hopeless romantic and a well-behaved youngster|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/urvasivo-rakshasivo-teaser-allu-sirish-leads-a-double-life-as-a-hopeless-romantic-and-a-well-behaved-youngster/841184570730|website=OTT Play}}</ref> ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' reported that the film was released in more than 400 [[movie theater]]s worldwide. The worldwide theatrical rights were sold for ₹7 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=Urvasivo Rakshasivo: అనుతో కలిసి అల్లు శిరీష్ టార్గెట్ ఇదే..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/allu-sirish-urvasivo-rakshasivo-pre-release-business-details-here-slb-1491282.html |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]] and [[Netflix]] and the satellite rights by [[Gemini TV]].

== Reception ==
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and called it a "wholesome light hearted entertainer" which has equal amounts of "humour, romance and emotion", also praised the performances and visually pleasing production values.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urvasivo Rakshasivo Movie Review : This rom-com is a well-made, wholesome entertainer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/urvasivo-rakshasivo/movie-review/95296813.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Urvasivo Rakshasivo'' is one of those rare films where the female character is portrayed as bold and given equal importance".<ref>{{cite web |title=Urvasivo Rakshasivo review: This Allu Sirish movie is a well-made rom-com|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/urvasivo-rakshasivo-review-allu-sirish-movie-well-made-rom-com-169600|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=4 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|22410680}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]

Ranjith Sankar

2026-04-24T11:37:52Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{undisclosed paid|date=September 2021}}
{{Advert|date=September 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjith Sankar
| image = RanjithSankar.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 14 February
| birth_place = [[Thrissur, Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]]
| yearsactive = 2009{{Endash}}present
| notable_works = ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]'' (2009) ''[[Pretham]]'' (2016)
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Ranjith Sankar''' is an Indian [[filmmaker]] who works in [[Malayalam film]]s. He started his movie career with the 2009 thriller ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=പാസഞ്ചറിന്റെ എഞ്ചിനിയര്‍|url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/44967/|language=Malayalam|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=22 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122074803/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/44967/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ഈ സാക്ഷിക്ക് കൊമ്പുണ്ട്‌|url=http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/154886/|language=Malayalam|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=22 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122074314/http://archives.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/154886/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2017-05-10 |title=In the garden of Eden |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjith-sankar-on-his-new-movie-ramante-edenthottam/article18419108.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He launched his production house [[Dreams N Beyond]] in 2012 and his distribution house [[Punyalan Cinemas]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2017-06-01 |title=Punyalan Cinemas: Jayasurya, Ranjith Sankar now join hands to launch distribution house |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/punyalan-cinemas-jayasurya-ranjith-sankar-now-join-hands-launch-distribution-house-728982 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ranjith was born in [[Thrissur, Kerala]], [[India]]. He completed his education at [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur|St. Thomas College]] in [[Thrissur]] and studied B.Tech. Civil Engineering at [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]], [[Kothamangalam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-05 |title=Ranjith Sankar: My love story might be controversial to those over 30 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ranjith-sankar-my-love-story-might-be-controversial-to-those-over-30/articleshow/93363622.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Ranjith's writing career began with television series ''Nizhalkal'' and ''[[American Dreams]]''. He won the [[Kerala State Award]] for Best Screenplay (Television) for American Dreams.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Manmadhan |first=Prema |date=2011-01-21 |title=Second Take |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Second-Take/article15527675.ece |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2009, he made ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C. |title=Review: Arjunan Saakshi is a good watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-arjunan-saakshi/20110131.htm |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
In 2011, his film ''[[Arjunan Saakshi]]'', starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], was released. The film was inspired by his real-life experiences. It got positive reviews from the critics, but was a disappointment at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prithviraj-goes-for-an-image-change-news-malayalam-lchl9Wjghcg.html|title=Prithviraj goes for an image change?|website=[[Sify]]|date=7 February 2011}}</ref>

''[[Molly Aunty Rocks]]'' (2012) starring [[Revathy]] and Prithviraj was Dreams n Beyond's first production, a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mollywood Director Ranjith Sankar Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/director/ranjith-sankar |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> It was followed by ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' (2013), a satire featuring [[Jayasurya]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] and [[Aju Varghese]].

In November 2014, Ranjith's ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' starring [[Mammootty]], [[Asha Sarath]] and [[Mamta Mohandas]] was released. Mammootty won several awards for his role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2015-01-12 |title=17th Asianet Film Awards: Mammootty, Manju Warrier Win Best Actor Awards [PHOTOS+WINNERS' LIST] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/17th-asianet-film-awards-mammootty-manju-warrier-win-best-actor-awards-photoswinners-list-620099 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> This was followed by ''[[Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam]]'', in November 2015.

The [[horror-comedy]] film [[Pretham]] was released in August 2016. It was partially remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 2]] (2017)'' starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=RGG2 not exact remake of Malayalam movie! |url=http://telugucinema.com/news/rgg2-not-exact-remake-malayalam-movie |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807125310/http://telugucinema.com/news/rgg2-not-exact-remake-malayalam-movie |archive-date=7 August 2018 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

Ranjith also produced [[Ramante Edanthottam]](2017), a best-selling movie on female empowerment. He followed it up with sequels to Punyalan and Pretham titled [[Punyalan Private Limited]] and Pretham2. He launched his distribution company [[Punyalan Cinemas]] with Punyalan Private Limited, another major commercial success {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

In 2018, Ranjith directed the film "[[Njan Marykutty]]," which is recognized as the first commercial movie in India to feature a [[transgender]] protagonist. The lead character of Marykutty was portrayed by actor Jayasurya, and the film went on to win two Kerala State Awards and received significant recognition at film festivals {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

The experimental thriller ''[[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]'' was released in 2019.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2019-10-25 |title=Mollywood Director Ranjith Sankar says 'Kamala' has revived his enthusiasm for filmmaking |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mollywood-director-ranjith-sankar-says-kamala-has-revived-his-enthusiasm-for-filmmaking/article29797159.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, Ranjith highlighted the importance of prioritizing box office revenue over other income streams, particularly [[OTT platform|OTT platforms]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-13 |title=Ranjith Sankar shares his thoughts on how to improve theatre footfall |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ranjith-sankar-shares-his-thoughts-on-how-to-improve-theatre-footfall/articleshow/99461321.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Cast !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]'' ||[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Arjunan Sakshi]]'' ||[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Ann Augustine]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Biju Menon]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Molly Aunty Rocks]]'' || [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Revathi]], [[Lalu Alex]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranjith Sankar: Molly Aunty is rocking |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ranjith-sankar/20120918.htm |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' ||[[Jayasurya]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=TNM |date=2017-05-25 |title=Director Ranjith Sankar announces sequel to 'Punyalan Agarbattis' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/director-ranjith-sankar-announces-sequel-punyalan-agarbattis-62591 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Varsham (2014 film)|Varsham]]'' || [[Mammootty]], [[Asha Sharath]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=V.P |first=Nicy |date=2014-06-18 |title=TG Ravi to Play Mammootty's Villain in 'Varsham' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tg-ravi-play-mammoottys-villain-varsham-602520 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Sshivada]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gauri |first=Deepa |title=Jayasurya's Su Su Sudhi Vathmeekam makes a positive impact |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/jayasuryas-su-su-sudhi-vathmeekam-makes-a-positive-impact |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pretham]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Shruti Ramachandran]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2016 |title=Pretham has a perfect casting: Ranjith Sankar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/150816/pretham-has-a-perfect-casting-ranjith-sankar.html |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017 || ''[[Ramante Edanthottam]]'' || [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Anu Sithara]], [[Joju George]], [[Jayasurya]] (cameo), [[Aju Varghese]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatres are the best option: Ranjith Sankar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jun/12/theatres-are-the-best-option-ranjith-sankar-18878.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2017-11-15 |title=Ranjith Sankar on his new release 'Punyalan Private Ltd' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjith-sankar-on-punyalan-private-ltd-the-sequel-of-punyalan-agarbattis/article20451079.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Njan Marykutty]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Jewel Mary]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2018-06-01 |title='Njan Marykutty' steps into the mindscapes of transpersons |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ranjith-sankar-on-his-new-film-njan-marykutty/article24045561.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pretham 2]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Amith Chakalakkal]], Durga Krishna, [[Aju Varghese]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm happy I got to work with Jayasurya: Ranjith Sankar on 'Pretham 2' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/03/im-happy-i-got-to-work-with-jayasurya-1906370.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 December 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]'' || [[Aju Varghese]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Biju Sopanam]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sunny (2021 film)|Sunny]]'' || [[Jayasurya]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Shritha Sivadas]], [[Sshivada]] || Amazon Original<ref>{{Cite web |title=No secrets between us: Jayasurya, Ranjith retrace journey together |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/22/jayasurya-ranjith-sankar-retrace-journey-together-with-sunny-movie.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[4 Years (film)|4 Years]]'' || [[Priya Prakash Varrier]], [[Sarjano Khalid]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='4 Years' movie review: Ranjith Sankar impresses with a novel love story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/nov/26/4-years-movie-review-ranjith-sankar-impresses-with-a-novel-love-story-2522138.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=26 November 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024||''[[Jai Ganesh (film)|Jai Ganesh]]'' || [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Mahima Nambiar]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Unni Mukundan-starrer Jai Ganesh Gets U Certificate From Censor Board |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/unni-mukundan-starrer-jai-ganesh-gets-u-certificate-from-censor-board-8837258.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
; {{More citations needed|section|date=March 2025}}
; Kerala State Awards<ref name=":2" />
* Best [[screenplay]] (Television) for the 2003 serial ''American Dreams''

; Dubai AMMA Awards
* Best Socially Committed movie Director - ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''
* Best Debut director - ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''

; [[Asianet Film Awards]]
* Best screenplay - ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''
* Popular film - ''[[film|Pretham]]''

; Kerala Film Critics Awards
* Special Jury Award for direction - ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''

; World Malayali Council - Kairali Awards
* Best Screenplay - ''[[Passenger (2009 film)|Passenger]]''

; Surya TV Awards
Best Debut director

; V Santharam Awards
Best Debut director (Nomination)

; Filmfare Awards
Best Director (Nomination)

; SouthScope Awards
Best Director (Nomination)

; Other awards
2009: First Lohithadas Puraskaram for best screenplay

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ranjithsankar.wordpress.com Official Blog]
* {{IMDb name|nm3452383}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankar, Ranjith}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Hoti Lal Agarwal

2026-04-23T07:08:39Z

NickiStpierre68: put up a stub.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1901–1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1901|1|12|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|9|13|1901|1|12|df=y}}
| education = M.A., LL.B
| parents = Lala Lalaram Agarwal (father)
| birth_place = Khera Hajipur Village (Agra District)
| alma_mater = Allahabad University
| spouse = Shrimati Sushila Devi Agarwal (1927)
| children = 4 sons and 3 daughters
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| office = Member of Parliament in [[1st Lok Sabha]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
| constituency = Jalaun District cum Etawah District (West) cum Jhansi District (North) constituency
| term_start = 1952
| term_end = 1957
| office1 = MLA in [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962 Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1962
| term_end1 = 1967
| constituency1 = Etawah constituency
}}

'''Hoti Lal Agarwal''' (12 January 1901 – 13 September 1980) was an Indian politician and served as a Member of Parliament in [[1st Lok Sabha]] from Jalaun District cum Etawah District (West) cum Jhansi District (North) constituency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Hoti Lal Agarwal was born on 12 January 1901 in Khera Hajipur village (Agra District). Lala Lalaram Agarwal was his father.<ref name=":0" />

Hoti Lal completed his schooling at Government High School - Etawah and Agra College - Agra, D.A.V. College - Kanpur and Allahabad University.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLZVAAAAYAAJ&q=Hoti+Lal+Agarwal+death |title=Indian Parliamentary Companion: Who's who of Members of Lok Sabha |date=2003 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Hoti Lal Agarwal married Shrimati Sushila Devi Agarwal on 5 April 1927, and the couple has 4 sons and 3 daughters.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Lok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBM6oUa4sEoC&q=Hoti+Lal+Agarwal+Sushila+Devi |title=Who's who |date=1956 |publisher=Parliament Secretariat |language=en}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Hoti Lal Agarwal took part in the non-co-operation movement (from 1920 continued till 1926), He actively took part in other moments like the "No-rent campaign" in 1932, "[[Salt sathyagraha]]" and "[[Quit India Movement]]". He was imprisoned four times, twice in 1930, once in 1932, and once in 1940. He was detained in 1942 for two years.<ref name=":1" />

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Party
|-
|1.
|1937
| -
|Elected as M.L.A., U.P.<ref name=":1" />
|
|-
|2.
|1946
| -
|Elected as M.L.A., U.P.<ref name=":2" />
|
|-
|3.
|1952
|1957
|MP in [[1st Lok Sabha]] from Jalaun District cum Etawah District (West) cum Jhansi District (North) constituency <ref name=":0" />
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|-
|4.
|1962
|1967
|MLA in [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962 Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from Etawah constituency<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etawah Assembly Constituency Election Result 2022 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/etawah.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|[[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Etawah district]]

List of tourist attractions in Bengaluru

2026-04-07T05:35:24Z

NickiStpierre68: Stub

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Travel guide|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Vidhana Soudha sunset.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The [[Vidhana Soudha]] is the seat of [[Karnataka]]'s [[Legislative assembly]]]]
[[Bengaluru]] is the capital of the Indian state [[Karnataka]]. The city was known as the "Garden City of India".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600520700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627222317/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600520700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-06-27|title=Garden city|access-date=2007-10-16|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-06-06}}</ref> Bengaluru is one of the most important tourist centers of Karnataka state.

== Attractions ==

===Parks===
[[File:Glasshouse and fountain at lalbagh.jpg|thumb|The [[Lal Bagh]], famous for its flower shows was commissioned in 1760.]]
[[File:BLR palace main entrance.jpg|thumb|Bangalore palace]]
* '''[[Lal Bagh]]''' is a [[botanical garden]], commissioned by the [[Hyder Ali]] in 1760. The {{convert|240|acre|km2|adj=on}} park is home to over 1000 species of [[flora]] and a Glass House. The park is known for its annual flower show. The garden surrounds one of the towers erected by the founder of [[Bangalore]], [[Kempe Gowda I]]. The Lal Bagh Rock, dates back to 3000 million years, is another attraction.
* '''[[Cubbon Park]]''' is located in the heart of the city and spreads over 300 acres (1.2 km2). The park was created in 1884, by Major General [[Richard Hieram Sankey|Richard Sankey]]. The park is home to numerous trees and plants that span over 68 [[general]] and 96 [[species]]. The park is also known for its kids train.
* '''Jayaprakash Narayan Biodiversity Park''' (JP park) is on an 85-acre (340,000 m2) site at Mathikere in the north-west area of Bangalore. The park has four lakes, lawns spread over 25 acres (100,000 m2), over 250 varieties of trees and shrubs can be found there all the time.

===Historical monuments===
* '''[[Bangalore Fort]]''' originally built by [[Kempegowda]] in 1537 A D. It is located next to the [[Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College)|Victoria Hospital]] Gate in the K.R Market area. The original mudfort was replaced by a stone fort in 1761 by Mysuru ruler [[Hyder Ali]].
*'''[[Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace]]''' was built in 1791, is a two-storied ornate wooden structure with exquisitely carved pillars, arches and balconies. It houses a [[museum]] that contains artifacts relating to the [[Hyder Ali|Hyder-Tipu]] regime.
* '''[[Bengaluru Palace]]''' (1862) is located near Mekhri Circle and Cantonment Railway station and is built to look like a smaller replica of the [[Windsor Castle]] in [[England]].
* '''[[Mayo Hall (Bengaluru)|Mayo Hall]]''' was designed in memory of the Lord Mayo and is regarded as one of the finest designs of British architecture.
* '''Kempe Gowda Watch towers''' were built by Immadi Kempegowda (Kempe Gowda II) in the 16th century to watch over the boundaries of the city. The four watch towers Mehkri Circle tower, [[Halasuru]] Rock tower, [[Peninsular Gneiss|Lalbagh rock]] tower and Kempambudhi Hillock tower. These towers feature symbolically in the icon of the Bengaluru's Municipal Corporation [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]].

===War memorials===
[[File:Mysore Lancers Memorial, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mysore Lancers]] World War I memorial. The Lancers helped liberate Haifa (Israel) on Sep 23, 1918.]]

* '''World War I memorial (Sapper War Memorial):''' It is located at the intersection of Brigade Road and Residency Road. It was raised in honour the fallen of the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers & Miners (Madras Engineer Group)]].
* '''Mysore Lancers WW-I memorial:''' A war memorial<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/circles-have-memories/article26942077.ece |title=Circles have memories |last=Moona |first=Suresh |date=April 25, 2019 |work=The Hindu |access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref> was erected at JC Road in memory of the contributions of the [[Mysore Lancers]] in World War I. The Mysore lancers were involved in the campaigns of the Suez Canal, Gaza, [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Meggiodo]], [[Battle of Sharon|Sharon]], [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Damascus]] and [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Palestine]]. On September 23, 1918, the Mysore Lancers<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/recalling-mysore-lancers-role-in-haifa-liberation/article25151303.ece |title=Recalling Mysore Lancers' role in Haifa liberation |date=October 8, 2018 |work=The Hindu |access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref> along with the Jodhpur lancers helped capture [[Battle of Haifa (1918)|Haifa]] in modern-day [[Israel]] from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] control.
* '''[[National Military Memorial]]''' located near the Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium was constructed to honour the sacrifices of Indian soldiers over the years.

===Government buildings===
[[File:Bangalore HighCourt.jpg|thumb|[[Attara Kacheri]] (Karnataka High Court)]]
* '''[[Vidhana Soudha]]''' is the seat of the state legislature of [[Karnataka]]. It is an imposing granite building, built in 1956 in the '[[Neo-Dravidian]]' style, incorporates elements of Indo-Saracenic, Rajasthani [[Jharokha]] and [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] styles. Vidhana Soudha is the brainchild of [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] and built by chief engineer [[B.R. Manickam]].
* '''[[Attara Kacheri]]''', ([[Karnataka High Court]]), overlooks Vidhana Sabha. It is a red brick and stone building in the [[Greco-Roman]] style of architecture. It houses the [[High Courts of India|High Court]] for the state of [[Karnataka]].

===Museums===
[[File:Government Museum Banglore 305.jpg|thumb|[[Government Museum (Bangalore)|Government Museum, Bangalore]] established in 1865]]
[[File:HAL HJT-36 Sitara at HAL Aerospace Museum HALMUS01.jpg|thumb|The [[HAL Kiran]] on display at the [[HAL Aerospace Museum]]. It showcases six decades of aviation heritage.]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The [[Nehru Planetarium|Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium]], Bangalore]]
* [[Government Museum, Bengaluru|'''Government Museum''']] was established in 1865 has a rare collection of archaeological and geological artifacts including old jewellery, sculpture, coins and inscriptions. The museum is also home to the [[Halmidi inscription]], the earliest [[Kannada]] inscription ever found (450 AD).<ref name="hindumushist">{{cite news|title=Nuggets of heritage stored for posterity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/article2994261.ece|date=14 March 2012|author=S. K. Aruni|location=Bangalore|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2012-12-03}}</ref>
* '''[[Kempegowda Museum]]''' is dedicated to [[Yelahanka]] chieftain [[Kempe Gowda I|Kempegowda]] (1513–1569) who is the founder of [[Bangalore]] city. The museum is located on the first floor of [[Mayo Hall (Bangalore)|Mayo Hall]]. The museum has Kempegowda's statue as well as posters and pictures of forts, temples, reservoirs and inscriptions from his time.
* '''[[Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum]]''' was instituted as part of the centenary celebrations of the engineer-statesman Sir M. Visvesvaraya (1861–1962) at [[Kasturba Road]].
* '''[[HAL Aerospace Museum]]''' showcases the growth of the Indian aviation industry and [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] for six decades. The museum is maintained by HAL (one of Asia's largest [[Aerospace]] companies). The museum houses displays of various [[aircraft]] and [[helicopters]], [[Aircraft engine]] models, [[Flight simulators]], a mock [[Air Traffic Control]] Tower and exhibit of Indian aviation history.

* '''[[The Madras Sappers Museum and Archives|The Madras Sappers Museum & Archives]]''', inaugurated in 1979, showcases the history of the [[Madras Engineer Group]] (called the [[Sapper]]s, established in 1803). The Madras Sappers are the oldest regiment of the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] of the [[Indian Army]]. The museum chronicles their history and achievements and houses armoury used by the regiment, medals, their attire and a sports gallery.
* '''[[NIMHANS Brain Museum]]''' showcases the human brain and its functions. It is located in the Wilson garden area. The museum has a diverse collection of over 600 brain samples and is the result of over 30 years of research.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 600 samples on display at Nimhans' Brain Museum|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Over-600-samples-on-display-at-Nimhans-Brain-Museum/articleshow/8068212.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405052322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-23/bangalore/29466141_1_frontal-cortex-brain-diseases-adult-brain|url-status=live|archive-date=5 April 2012|first=Jayashree|last=Nandi|date=23 April 2011|agency=TNN|location=Bangalore|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-02-20}}</ref> The museum seeks to help visitors understand how the brain works and get an insight into the kind of diseases that can affect it.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/takes-guts-to-get-these-brains/article5063248.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Tanu | last=Kulkarni | title=Takes guts to get these brains | date=2013-08-27}}</ref>
* '''Philatelic Museum''' is located at the first floor of the Bangalore General Post Office near [[Vidhana Soudha]].
* '''Karnataka Folk Museum''' is located in a 15-acre campus at Kumara Park West has an excellent collection of Folk puppets, costumes, utensils, instruments, weapons and masks. folk music collections and dance videotapes.
* '''[[Gandhi Bhavan, Bengaluru|Gandhi Bhavan]]''' established in 1965 at Kumara Park is showcase of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] life. It houses a photo gallery, his letters, a library and audio visuals.
* '''[[Law Museum Bangalore|Law Museum]]''' is a museum (established in 2006) dedicated to the legal profession. It was the brainchild of [[Karnataka High Court]] Chief justice [[Cyriac Joseph]]. The museum houses an original print of the [[Constitution of India]], articles and documents related to the legal profession, seals, insignia and books. It also showcases the history of the High Court and the development of courts over the ages.
* [[Museum of Art & Photography|'''Museum of Art & Photography (MAP)''']] is south India's first private art museum, showcasing the country's rich visual culture. The museum's collection includes modern and contemporary artworks, traditional paintings, photographs, sculptures, textiles, crafts, and more, ranging from the 10th century to the present.
* '''Legends Motorcycle Museum''' is a collection of 20 plus vintage motorcycles in working condition whose vintage dates back to 1924. The museum is the lifelong collection of motorcycle enthusiast SK Prabhu. The museum walls are covered with biker memorabilia and photographs. The collection includes a 1924 BSA 250 cc, a [[Čezeta|Cezeta]] 1962 and some rare motorcycles from World War II: the [[BSA M20]] 1942 500 cc, James ML 1942 and the [[Norton Motorcycle Company|Norton 500cc]] 1942.
* '''[[Nehru Planetarium|Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium]] ''' is one of the five Planetariums named after India's first prime minister. It was founded by [[Bangalore City Corporation]] in 1989.

===Galleries===
* '''[[National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru|National Gallery of Modern Art]]''' is an art gallery in [[Bangalore]]. It was inaugurated in the year 2009. It showcases modern Indian art and houses paintings by [[Raja Ravi Verma]], [[Jamini Roy]], [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and a large number of Modern and Contemporary artists. NGMA also organizes art walks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Walks that put art in context|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/26/stories/2010102650510200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411032735/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/26/stories/2010102650510200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|date=26 Oct 2010|author=Vikhar Ahmed Sayeed|location=Bangalore|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2013-03-02}}</ref>
* '''[[Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath]]''', is an art gallery of high standards. It is home to traditional Mysore art, as well as European Art, mainly Russian.

===Nature===

[[File:BIG banyan tree.jpg|thumb|700px|center|[[Dodda Alada Mara|Big banyan tree]] is 400 years old and has a span of 3 acres]]
[[File:BugleRock1.JPG|thumb|The watch tower on the [[Bugle Rock]] built by Kempegowda II]]
[[File:Nandi base.jpg|thumb|Nandi hills]]
[[File:Ulsoor lake morning.jpg|thumb|Ulsoor lake]]

[[File:White Tiger.JPG|thumb|White tiger at [[Bannerghatta National Park]]]]
[[File:Butterlfy Park.jpg|thumb| [[Bannerghatta National Park#Butterfly park|Butterfly Park]]]]

* Koravakunda:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://roamingmv.co.in/|title=Best Places to Visit Near Bangalore {{!}} Famous Places in Bangalore|website=पर्यटन् पृथिवीं सर्वां, गुणान्वेषणतत्परः।|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> Koravakunda is a hill station, which is around 250 m high and 65 km from Bangalore. It's a beautiful short trek to enjoy with friends.
*'''[[Dodda Alada Mara]]''', a big banyan tree located in Ramohalli (28 km away). This tree covers 3 acres (12,000 m2) and is one of the largest of its kind. It is at least 400 years old.
*'''[[Bugle Rock]]''' (called Kahale Bande (ಕಹಳೆ ಬ೦ಡೆ)) is a massive rock situated in [[Basavanagudi]] which is an abrupt rise above the ground of peninsular [[gneiss]] as the main rock formation and with an assessed age of about 3000 million years.
* '''[[Lakes in Bengaluru]]''' include [[Ulsoor Lake]], DRDO Lake, [[Sankey tank]], [[Hesaraghatta Lake]], Yediyur Lake, Nagavara Lake (also called Lumbini Lake), [[Hebbal Lake, Bengaluru|Hebbal Lake]], [[Madiwala Lake]], Kempanbudi Lake, Varthur Lake, [[Bellandur Lake]] among others.
* '''[[Thottikallu]]''' is a place 25 km from Bangalore off the Kanakapura road which is famous for a falls called Thottikallu falls more popularly known as TK falls.
* '''[[Thippagondanahalli Reservoir|Tippagondanahalli Reservoir]]''', also known as T G Halli or Chamarajsagar, is located at the confluence of the [[Arkavathy River]] and [[Kumudvathi River]], 35 km west of Bangalore.
* '''[[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]]''' or Nandidurg is a hill fortress of southern India, in the Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka state. It is located just 3 to 5 km from Chickballapur Taluq, 60 km from Bangalore. It is 4851 ft (1478 m) above sea level. Nandidurg hill, known commonly as Nandi Hills, is the source of the [[Penner River|Penner]], [[Ponnaiyar]] and [[Palar]] rivers. Nandi Hills gets its name from an ancient Nandi temple situated on this hill. This temple has a thousand year old sculpture of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. An ancient lord [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] temple also adorns this hill.
* '''[[Kaivara]]''', cave temples 60 km away near [[Chikkaballapur]].
* '''[[Makalidurga]]''' - is a great place near Doddaballapura, around 60 km from Bangalore which offers a great opportunity to trek and enjoy the surroundings.
* '''[[Savandurga]]''' is a hill 60 km west of Bangalore off the Magadi road. The hill is famous for Narasimhaswamy temple and is also believed to be among the largest monolith hills in Asia. The hill rises to 1226 m above mean sea level and forms a part of the Deccan plateau. It consists of peninsular gneiss, granites, basic dykes and laterites. The Arkavathi river passes nearby through the [[Thippagondanahalli Reservoir]] and on towards Manchanabele dam(feverpitch basecamp-located in banks of manchanabele dam). It is ideal for trekking. The peak offers a great view of the surrounding landscape.
* Fever Pitch Basecamp near [[Savandurga]] is a camping destination with [[woodsball]], [[all terrain vehicle]] rides, [[kayaking]], [[canoeing]], swimming in natural waters, [[Rappelling]], [[Zipline]] across terrain and jungle [[camping]] in [[Tents]] with [[sleeping bags]] and [[campfires]].

===Wildlife===
* '''[[Bannerghatta National Park]]''' is situated 22 km south of Bangalore. This hilly place is the home for one of the richest natural, zoological reserves. The 25,000 hectares (101 km2) zoological park makes this a major tourist attraction of Bangalore, which is very crowded during weekends and holidays.
* '''[[Bannerghatta National Park#Butterfly park|Butterfly Park]]''' is spread across {{convert|7.5|acre|m2}} of land. It comprises a [[Butterfly house (conservatory)|butterfly conservatory]], museum and an audio-visual room. The [[butterfly]] conservatory has a polycarbonate roof and is a 10,000 sq ft (1,000 m2). circular enclosure, inside which the living environment has been carefully designed to support over 20 species of butterflies. The environment has a tropical setting — complete with the humid climate, an [[artificial waterfall]], a narrow walking bridge and host plants and shrubs that attract butterflies.
* '''[[Hebbal Lake, Bengaluru|Birds at Hebbal lake]]''' - The habitat at [[Hebbal Lake, Bengaluru|Hebbal Lake]] is favoured by many species of water birds including large waterbirds such as the [[spot-billed pelican]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[shoveller]], [[northern pintail|pintail]], [[garganey]], [[little grebe]], [[coot]] and the [[Indian spot-billed duck]]. The shallow zone supports sandpipers and other waders as well as [[purple moorhen]]s, [[purple heron]]s and [[grey heron]]s.<ref>Krishna, M.B., Chakrapani, B.K. and Srinivasa, T.S. 1996. Water Birds and Wetlands of Bangalore, Karnataka State Forest Department, Bangalore.</ref> Nearly [[List of Bangalore birds|350 species]] of birds have been recorded from the Bangalore region<ref>Karthikeyan, S. (1999) The fauna of Bangalore. World Wide Fund for Nature-India, Bangalore.</ref> of which around 60 species may be seen with ease. Bangalore has an active [[Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore#Birds in the region|bird watching club]] that meets every Sunday.
* '''[[Bengaluru Aquarium]]''' is the second largest [[aquarium]] in India. It is located at the entrance of [[Cubbon Park]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[India]], and was established in 1983. It has a variety of exotic cultivable as well as ornamental fish on display.

=== Amusement parks ===
{{Distinguish|Lumbini Park|Lumphini Park|Lumbini Garden}}
* '''Lumbini Gardens''' was a public park on the banks of the Nagawara Lake near Hennur.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bengaloorutourism.com/lumbini-gardens.php|title=Lumbini Gardens in Bangalore |publisher=BengalooruTourism.com}}</ref> It contained an eco-friendly boating park and a 12,500 square foot artificial beach and children's pool.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mustseeindia.com/Bangalore-Lumbini-Gardens/attraction/10526|title=Lumbini Gardens|publisher=Must See India|accessdate=2 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/bust-of-dr-rajkumar-at-lumbini-gardens-stolen/article38329739.ece|title=Bust of Dr. Rajkumar at Lumbini Gardens stolen|author=|date=2022-01-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-08-19|quote=A bust of yesteryear matinee idol Dr. Rajkumar at Lumbini Gardens on Hebbal Ring Road has mysteriously disappeared}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lumbini-gardens-ltd-to-function-till-issues-sorted/articleshow/72323115.cms|title=Lumbini Gardens Ltd to function till issues sorted|last=Prasad S|first=Syam|date=2019-12-02|work=Bangalore Mirror|publisher=India Times|access-date=2022-08-19|quote=The Lumbini Gardens Limited will continue to function till the case it has filed in a trial court is disposed or till the authorities decide upon its application for renewal of license.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/dec/02/greens-see-red-dont-want-bengalurus-nagawara-lake-in-private-hands-2070032.html|title=Greens see red, don't want Bengaluru's Nagawara Lake in private hands|last=Fathima|first=Iffath|date=2019-12-02|work=New Indian Express|access-date=2022-08-19|quote=Lumbini Gardens has now filed a petition in the Karnataka High Court seeking renewal of the agreement for 10 more years. Environmentalists, however, are up in arms against this.}}</ref> The park ceased operations in December 2019, as the Forest Department of Karnataka declined to renew the lease between these parties on the grounds that the operators have polluted the lake.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Shyam Prasad SShyam Prasad S.|date=Dec 2, 2019 |title=Lumbini Gardens Ltd to function till issues sorted |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/lumbini-gardens-ltd-to-function-till-issues-sorted/articleshow/72323115.cms |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Wonderla]]''' is an amusement park located near Bidadi, 28 kilometers from Bangalore.
[[File:Masjid_e_Bilal_BTM.jpg|thumb|[[Masjid-e-Bilal (Bilal Mosque)|Masjid-e-Bilal]]]]

=== Places of worship ===

[[File:Temple_at_Begur_(c.1868),by_Henry_Dixon,_from_the_Archaeological_Survey_of_India_Collections.jpg|thumb|[[Nageshvara Temple, Begur]]: The oldest temple in Bengaluru. Built by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].]]
[[File:Halasuru_Someshwara_Temple.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple.]]]]
[[File:BullTemple1.jpg|thumb|[[Bull Temple]]: One of the biggest Nandi idols in the world.]]
[[File:St. Mary's Basilica Bangalore.jpg|thumb|[[St. Mary's Basilica, Bangalore|St. Mary's Basilica]]: A minor basilica famous for the St. Mary's feast held in September.]]
[[File:Masjid-e-Khadariya.jpg|thumb|Masjid-e-Khadariya]]

* [[Nageshvara Temple, Begur]] is a ninth century temple built by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]]. The temple is also known for its [[Old Kannada]] inscription (dated c. 890) that forms the earliest reference to Bangalore by its name.
* [[Dharmaraya Swamy Temple]] located in OTC Road, Tigalarapet is famous for the annual [[Bangalore Karaga|Karaga]] festival that is 800 years old.
* [[Ranganathaswamy temple,Bangalore|Ranganathaswamy temple]] a 16th-century temple built by the [[Vijayanagara]] empire, located off Avenue Road.
* [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple]] a 16th-century temple located in Ulsoor built by the founder of Bangalore, [[Kempegowda]] in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] style.
* [[Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple]] is a 16th-century temple known as Dakshina Kashi. The sun's rays fall on the Shivalinga only on the day of [[Makara Sankranthi]].
* [[Bull Temple]] was built by [[Kempe Gowda I]]. It is reminiscent of the 16th-century Dravidian-style architecture. It has a huge granite monolith of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]]. This landmark is situated at bull temple road, [[Basavangudi]].
* [[Kote Venkataramana Temple]] a 17th-century temple located the old fort area next to tippu's palace in [[Chamrajpet]]. The temple has beautiful granite sculptures.
* [[Kadu Malleshwara Temple]] is a 17th-century temple built by Shahji Bhonsle the father of [[Shivaji]] located in the locality of [[Malleshwaram]] off Sampige Road. The temple kalyani is said to be the source of the [[Vrishabhavati River]].
* [[Kote Jalakantheshwara temple]] the a 400-year-old Shiva temple in Bangalore situated in [[Kalasipalya]].
* [[ISKCON Temple, Bengaluru|ISKCON temple]] (Rajajinagar), built in an ornate architectural style, the [[Krishna]] Temple is a blend of modern technology and spiritual harmony. The temple is a fusion of modern and traditional elements of architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iskconbangalore.org/contact-us|title = Contact Us – ISKCON Bangalore Address}}</ref>
* ISKCON temple (Vaikunta hills) is the Krishna Lila Theme park located at Uttarahalli (accessible from Kanakapura road). It is spread over 8 acres of land atop a hill and is ISKCON's largest temple complex in the world.
* Huge Shiva in old Airport Road is a huge idol of [[Lord Shiva]] & [[Ganesha]] completely made of [[plaster of Paris]].
* [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore|St. Mark's Cathedral]], consecrated in 1816, is the oldest church in Bengaluru. It was the garrison church of the [[Madras Army]] of the [[East India Company]]. The cathedral also has memorial plaques for several British officers and for lives lost in the [[Moplah revolt]].
* [[St. Andrew's Church, Bengaluru|St. Andrew's Church]], consecrated in 1866, is a Presbyterian church, located in Cubbon road. Built by engineers R. C. Dobbs and Major Sankey, the church has a 25 ft. [[stained glass]] above the altar created by Scottish artists Alex Ballantine and Gardiner. The [[pipe organ]] of the church is over 126 years old. It has 2 manuals, 14 stops and 700 pipes.
* [[St. Mary's Basilica, Bengaluru|St. Mary's Basilica]], consecrated in 1882, is the only church in Karnataka that has been elevated to the status of a [[Basilica#Ecclesiastical basilicas|minor basilica]].<ref name="old">{{cite news|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/29/stories/2002082900270200.htm |title=Home to all faiths |author=K. Chandramouli |access-date=2007-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182513/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/29/stories/2002082900270200.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27 |location=Chennai, India |date=2002-08-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="book">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzWFvPc2xP0C&q=%22st+mary's+basilica%22+%22is+the+only+church%22&pg=PA15|title=Bangalore:An Expat Survival Guide|publisher=Chillibreeze publication|author=Preethi Sharma and Nishi Vishwanathan|isbn=9788190405522|access-date=2007-08-15}}</ref> It is famous for the festivities held during the St. Mary's Feast in the month of September each year, an event that attracts a number of devotees from in and around Bangalore.
* Memorial Church and Christ Church are the two remaining "Original Anglican" churches in Bangalore City affiliated to the Traditional Anglican Communion in India. They are located at Whitefield (Outer Circle) and Basavanguddi respectively.
* [[Infant Jesus Church, Bengaluru|Infant Jesus Church]], established in 1979 by Rev. Dr. Lourduswamy, the then Archbishop of Bangalore, the church draws huge crowds on Thursday, the day dedicated to [[Infant Jesus]].
* [[Masjid-e-Khadria]] is one of the most beautiful mosques in Bengaluru,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Nov32008/metromon2008110298449.asp|work=Online Edition of Metro Life, Deccan Herald, dated 2008-11-03|title=Old and the beautiful|author=Deepa Natrajan|access-date=2010-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010181127/http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Nov32008/metromon2008110298449.asp|archive-date=10 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> located on [[Millers Road]], this mosque hosts the prayers on [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] and also hosts the [[Haj]] camp.
* [[Gurudwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha (Ulsoor)]] is the oldest and the only major Sikh gurudwara in the heart of Bangalore. It is situated on the bank of Ulsoor lake. Traditional prayers start every morning 3am with the "Prakash" of Guru Granth Sahib followed by customary "Nitnem" (recitation of morning prayers) and kirtan. Sangat holds a special deewan every Sunday followed by Langar. Special programs happen on Guruprabs and other major Sikh festivals.
* Parsee Agiary (the fire temple), built in 1926, serves the 800 strong [[Parsi]] community in the city.
*[[Masjid-e-Bilal|Masjid - E - Bilal]] located at [[Bannerghatta road]] in [[BTM Layout]] is one of the largest mosques in the city of [[Bangalore]]

===Other Spiritual attractions===
* [[Ramakrishna Math, Ulsoor]], a Ramakrishna Mission branch located at Ulsoor.
* [[Poornaprajna Vidyapeetha]], a traditional [[gurukula]] and [[centre for excellence]] in [[Sanskrit]], [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Indology]] – [[Poornaprajna Samshodhana Mandiram]], is a 50-year-old residential [[Sanskrit college]] located near [[Vidyapeetha circle]]. Around 500 students are presently pursuing their studies in [[Indian lore]] from primary to doctorate level. This college is now affiliated to [[Karnataka Samskrit University]], Bengaluru. The temples of [[Krishna]], [[Durga]] [[(Lakshmi)]], [[Hanuman]], [[Madhvacharya]], [[Shiva]], [[Ganapati]], [[Navagraha]], [[Nāga|Naga]] and Sarpa, [[Vadirajatirtha]] and [[Raghavendratirtha]] also [[meditation]] and [[ceremony]] halls are the other major attractions for [[pilgrims]] and [[Hindu devotional movements|devotees]]. Many religious discourses, rituals and other traditional cultural activities take place regularly here.
* [[Art of Living Foundation]] is on the Kanakapura Road which is very famous for the serene ambiance and the rejuvenating effect of the atmosphere with the people worldwide visiting it to attend yoga meditation classes.
* [https://isha.sadhguru.org/en/center/sadhguru-sannidhi-bengaluru Adiyogi - The Source of Yoga] is in north of Bengaluru, near Chikballapura. Sadhguru Sannidhi, Bengaluru has been established as a powerful center for inner transformation. It features consecrated spaces such as the 112-ft Adiyogi, the Yogeshwar Linga and the Naga, where various offerings and processes for one’s immediate and ultimate wellbeing are available.

===Shopping===

[[File:Brigade Road Bangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Brigade Road]] Bangalore]]
* [[Brigade Road]]
* [[Commercial Street, Bengaluru|Commercial Street]]
* [[M G Road, Bengaluru|MG Road]] was previously known as "South Parade".
* [[Chickpet]]
* [[UB City]] is famous for India's first luxury shopping mall.
* [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bengaluru)|Phoenix Marketcity (Bangalore)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Phoenix Marketcity Bangalore|url= https://www.phoenixmarketcity.com/bangalore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Phoenix Marketcity Bangalore|url=https://www.thephoenixmills.com/businesses/retail}}</ref>
* [[Mantri Square]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mantri Square Mall|url=https://www.mantrisquare.com/}}</ref>

== Around Bengaluru ==
[[File:Wonderla Bangalore BNC.jpg|thumb|Wonderla water park, Bangalore]]
[[File:Gaganachukki waterfalls, Karnataka, India (2006) 3.jpg|thumb|[[Shivanasamudra Falls]] drops 90 meters]]
[[File:Mysorepalace.jpg|thumb|The [[Mysore]] Palace]]
* [[Antara Gange]] caves
* Avalabetta - This hill is around 90 km from Bangalore located near the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka. It is an ideal place for nature lovers, bird watchers and rock climbers.
* [[Bilikal Rangaswamy Betta]] near Kanakapura
* Chennarayana Durga - This 17th century fort is around 104 km from Bangalore. Caves, water points and inscriptions on the fort walls are things to look forward to in this place.
* [[Dodda Alada Mara]] also called as Big Banyan tree is around 30 km from Bangalore. A single tree covers approximately around 3 acres!
* [[Manchinbele dam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travelhighway.com/place/india/karnataka/manchinbele-dam/6 |title=Manchinbele Dam top tourist attractions, reviews, things to do - TravelHighway |website=travelhighway.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228194318/http://travelhighway.com/place/india/karnataka/manchinbele-dam/6 |archive-date=2016-12-28}} </ref> - It is a dam to harvest the catchment areas of rivers Arkavathy and Kumudavathi rivers. This is around 40 km from Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travelhighway.com/places-near-bangalore |title= Places Near Bangalore|date= 10 December 2017}}</ref>
* [[Muthyalamaduvu]] is a picnic spot near [[Anekal]], 40 km from Bangalore. In the local Kannada language, Muthyalamaduvu means 'pearl valley' (muthu = pearl and maduvu = valley), apparently named for its 92-meter waterfall, whose falling water appears to look like drops of pearl.
* [[Kanva Reservoir|Kanva reservoir]] is an artificial lake and tourist attraction 69 km from Bangalore and 10 km from [[Ramanagaram|Ramanagara]].
* [[Mekedaatu]], literally meaning "Goat's Jump", is 110 km away on Kanakapura Road. Nearby is another tourist attraction, ''Sangama'', where two rivers join.* [[Devarayanadurga]] (Kannada: ದೇವರಾಯನ ದುರ್ಗ) is a hill station near [[Tumkur]] in the state of Karnataka. It is 65 km from Bangalore. The rocky hills are surrounded by forest and the hilltops are dotted with several temples including the Yoganarasimha and the Bhoganarasimha temples and an altitude of {{convert|3940|ft|m}}. It is also famous for [[Namada Chilume]], a natural spring considered sacred and is also considered the origin of the Jayamangali river. Another famous temple in the area is the [[Mahalakshmi]] Temple at Goravanahalli.
* [[Madhugiri]] – Madhugiri fort was built in the 17th century. The place offers a climb to the top. The steep terrain of this fort is an interesting climb. From the top, it offers a great view of the surrounding landscape.
* [[Melukote]] is on the way to Mysore from Bangalore. The place is famous for its Vyramudi Utsava. The main deity here is "Cheluvarayaswamy - The MahaVishnuyam".
* [[Mysore]] (Officially '''Mysuru''') (Kannada: '''ಮೈಸೂರು''') is the second largest city in the state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division and lies about 140 km (87 mi) southwest of Bangalore. A short distance from Mysore city is the [[Krishnarajasagar Dam]] and the adjoining [[Brindavan Gardens]] where a musical fountain show is held in the evening. One of the most visited monuments in India, the Ambavilas Palace (also known as [[Mysore Palace]]) is the center of the Dasara festivities.
* ''Omthara Kala Kuteera'' is located just one hour from Bangalore city. It is built as homage to India's ancient culture and its vibrant art.
* ''Pyramid valley'' is the biggest pyramid shaped meditation hall in the world, along with being the largest pyramid in Asia. It stands at above {{convert|101|ft|m}}. Its base measures {{convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on}} with the main meditation area spanning {{convert|25600|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. It is located 30 km from Banashankari Temple.
*[[Ranganathittu]]
* [[Shivagange]] is a small hill in the Tumkur district of Karnataka. It is a place enjoyed by pilgrims and adventure enthusiasts alike. There is a temple and several viewpoints from the top of the hill.
* [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] (also called [[Sivasamudram]]) is an island town dividing the Kaveri River into twin waterfalls, the ''Gaganachukki'' and the ''Barachukki'', dropping 90 m. The town is located 120 km from Bangalore, 27 km from Somanathapura and 80 km from Mysore in the Mandya district of the state of Karnataka.
* [[Skandagiri]] is 75 km away from Bangalore. [[Backpacking (wilderness)|Trekking]] point near to Nandi hills.
* [[Srirangapatna]] was the capital of Mysore under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]].
* [[Talakadu]] is a desert like town with temples at Cauvery river bank.
* [[Shravanabelagola]] is a historical Jain center situated on the way to Hassan and is quite famous for Gommateshvara Bahubali statue and several Jain temples.
* [[Thattekere]] – A lake near Bannerghatta National Park

== See also ==
* [[Tourism in Karnataka]]
* [[List of shopping malls in India#Bangalore|List of shopping malls in Bangalore]]
* [[List of hospitals in India#Karnataka|List of hospitals in Bangalore]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{commons category|Visitor attractions in Bangalore}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Bangalore topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tourist Attractions In Bangalore}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru| ]]
[[Category:Bengaluru-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|B]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka|B]]

Srinivasacharya

2026-03-26T13:29:10Z

NickiStpierre68: new first entry nd citations

{{Short description|7th century Indian Vedantic Philosopher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name =
| parents = {{ubl|Ācāryapāda (father)|Lokamatī (mother)}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=95}}{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=1,2}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 660 CE{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=323}}{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=167-180}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| birth_name = Vidyānidhi{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=186}}
| death_date = {{circa}} 740 CE{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=323}}{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=177-180}}
| image =
| caption =
| successor1 = Viśvācārya{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=401}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=95}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=975}}
| predecessor1 = [[Nimbarkacharya]]{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=401}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=975}}
| region = South Asia
| era = {{Circa}} 7-8 Century
| sect = [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]]
| works = Vedanta Kaustubha, Laghustavarājastotram
| philosophy = [[Svābhāvika Bhedābheda]]
}}
'''Srinivasacharya''' ({{langx|sa| श्रीनिवासाचार्य, श्रीनिवास| Śrīnivāsācārya, Śrīnivāsa}};{{circa}} 7th century{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=323}}{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=177-180}}) also known as '''Srinivasa''', was a [[Vedanta|vedantic]] [[Philosophy of religion|philosopher]] and [[Theology|theologian]]. He was a disciple of [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimbārkacārya]]{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2011|p=78}} and an acharya of [[Nimbarka Sampradaya|Nimbārka Sampradāya]]. Srinivasacharya composed ''Vedānta-Kaustubha'' (a commentary on the [[Brahma Sutras|Brahma Sūtra]]) at the request of Nimbārkacārya.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=1,2}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=2}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=95}} Srinivasacharya's philosophical framework, known as ''[[Svabhavika Bhedabheda|Svabhāvika Bhedābheda]]'', emphasizes the natural distinction and similarity between the individual soul and the supreme being.

==Dating==
The traditional view, as outlined in the ''Ācāryacaritam'' by Nārāyaṇaśaraṇa Deva (1643–1679 CE), holds that Srinivasacharya lived during the reign of Vajranābha, the great-grandson of [[Krishna]].{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=66}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=95}} But modern scholars such as Madan Mohan Agarwal and Vijay Ramnarace, through a comparative analysis of his ''Brahma Sūtra'' commentary with those of other prominent commentators like [[Adi Shankara|Śaṅkarācārya]], [[Bhāskara (Bhedabheda Vedanta)|Bhāskarācārya]], and [[Ramanuja|Rāmānujācārya]], have concluded that Srinivasacharya lived around {{Circa|}}7th century.{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=96}} Scholars such as Professor R.V. Joshi, Swami Vrajavallabha Sharan, A.P. Bhattacharya, Baladeva dasa, and Swami Lalit Krishna Goswami Maharaj holds a similar perspective.{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=96,97}}{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=109,120}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shri Lalit Krishna Goswami Ji Maharaj |url=https://archive.org/details/nimbarka-vedanta-by-lalit-krishna-goswami-part-1/mode/1up |title=Nimbarka Vedanta By Lalit Krishna Goswami Part 1 |pages=98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyabhusana |first=Baladeva |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veQYEQAAQBAJ&dq=%C5%9Br%C4%ABniv%C4%81s%C4%81c%C4%81rya+kaustubha&pg=PR10 |title=Sri Gopala Tapani Upanisad |date=2024-08-09 |publisher=Golden Age Media |isbn=978-81-974988-3-1 |edition=New |language=en}}</ref>

==Life==
Traditionally, Srinivasacharya is regarded as an incarnation of [[Panchajanya|Pañcajanya]], the divine conch-shell of [[Vishnu|Viṣṇu]] (''Śaṅkhāvatāra''), and is believed to have lived during the reign of Vajranābha, the great-grandson of Kṛṣṇa, in [[Mathura]].

Srinivasacharya is said to have been born in the hermitage of Nimbārkācārya on the fifth day of the bright half of the month of Māgha. His father was Ācāryapāda, and his mother was Lokamatī, both known for their learning and piety. According to tradition, Ācāryapāda, while on a mission to conquer the world through his scholarship, visited the hermitage of Nimbārka. As it was nearing sunset, he refused to accept any refreshment. In response, Nimbārka caused the setting sun to remain above a Nimba tree, allowing Ācāryapāda and his companions to complete their meal. Struck by this act, Ācāryapāda became Nimbārkācārya's disciple and continued to reside in the hermitage.

It is said that Nimbārkācārya personally taught Srinivasacharya the scriptures, dedicating his ''Vedānta pārijāta-saurabha'' to him and composing the ''Daśaślokī'' for his instruction. Nimbārka also taught him the ''Rādhāṣṭaka'' and ''Kṛṣṇāṣṭaka''—eight verses each in praise of [[Radha|Rādhā]] and [[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]], respectively. Tradition holds that, by reciting these verses under Nimbārkācārya's guidance, Srinivasacharya was granted a vision of [[Radha Krishna|Rādhā and Kṛṣṇa]].

Accompanied by his disciple Viśvācārya, Srinivasacharya traveled extensively, spreading the [[Vaishnavism|Vaiṣṇava]] teachings and reportedly converting many people to the faith.{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=95}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=978}}{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=2}}

==Philosophy==

Srinivasacharya's philosophy, [[Svabhavika Bhedabheda|Svābhāvika Bhedābheda]], articulates a threefold reality that consists of:
*[[Brahman]]: The metaphysical [[ultimate reality]]{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2011|p=78}} and supreme controller.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=54}}
*[[Chit (consciousness)|Cit]]: The sentient individual soul ([[Jiva|Jivātman]]),{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2011|p=78}} which is the enjoyer.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=54}}
*Acit: The non-sentient [[universe]];{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2011|p=78}} or the object to be enjoyed.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=54}}
In this framework, Brahman is the only ''svatantra tattva'' (independent reality), while the individual soul and the universe are ''paratantra tattva'' (dependent reality). This dependency does not imply complete dualism ([[Dvaita Vedanta|dvaita]]), as in the philosophy of [[Madhvacharya|Madhvācārya]], but shows a relationship of simultaneous difference and non-difference between Brahman, the soul, and the universe.{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=11}}{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=28}}

===Brahman===
Srinivasacharya regards Brahman as the universal soul, both transcendent and immanent, referred to by various names such as [[Krishna|Śrī Kṛṣṇa]], [[Vishnu|Viṣnu]], [[Vāsudeva]], [[Purushottama]], [[Narayana|Nārāyaņa]], [[Paramatman]], [[Bhagavan|Bhagawan]] and so on.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=29}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=98}} Similarly, [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimbārkācārya]], in his ''Vedanta Kamadhenu Daśaślokī'', refers to Śrī Kṛṣṇa alongside his consort Rādhā.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=191}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|2014|p=64}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=92}}

Brahman is the supreme being, the source of all auspicious qualities, and possesses unfathomable attributes. It is [[omnipresent]], [[omniscient]], the lord of all, and greater than all.{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=8}} None can be equal to or superior to Brahman. He is the creator, cause of creation, maintenance and destruction of the universe.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=29}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=23}}

Srinivasacharya asserts that Brahman is ''saguṇa'' (with qualities). Therefore, he interprets scriptural passages that describe Brahman as ''nirguṇa'' (without qualities) differently as he argues that ''nirguṇa'', when applied to Brahman, signifies the absence of inauspicious qualities, rather than the complete negation of all attributes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Śaraṇaṁ prapadye : proceedings of the seminar on Śaraṇāgati {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/695391405 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=search.worldcat.org |page=98 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, terms like ''nirākāra'' (formless) are understood to denote the absence of an undesirable or inauspicious form. Srinivasacharya upheld the view that Śrī Kṛṣṇa possesses all auspicious attributes and that relative qualities such as virtue and vice, or auspiciousness and inauspiciousness, do not affect him.{{sfn|Gupta|2000|p=32}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=522,523}}{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=172}}

=== Relationship ===
According to Srinivasacharya, the individual soul is neither entirely distinct (''atyanta bheda'') from Brahman nor completely identical (''atyanta abheda'') with it, but is instead considered a part of Brahman (''aṃśā-aṃśī bhāva),''{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=112}} using the part-whole analogy.{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2011|p=417}} However, this "part" should not be interpreted as a literal fragment, but rather as a manifestation of Brahman's power (''śakti'').{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=437}}

==Works==
Srinivasacharya was the author of:
*''Vedānta Kaustubha'', which is a commentary on [[Nimbarkacharya|Nimbārkācārya's]] ''Vedānta Pārijāta Saurabha''. Though ''Vedānta Parijāta Saurabha'' is itself a commentary on the [[Brahma Sūtras]]. [[Keśava Kāśmīrī Bhaṭṭācārya]] wrote a commentary on ''Vedānta Kaustubha'', titled ''Vedānta Kaustubha Prabhā''.{{sfn|Dasgupta|1988|p=402}}{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|2011|p=78}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|2014|p=63}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bapat |first=Sailaja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cPWAAAAMAAJ&q=%C5%9Br%C4%ABniv%C4%81s%C4%81c%C4%81rya+kaustubha |title=A Study of the Vedānta in the Light of Brahmasūtras |date=2004 |publisher=New Bharatiya Book Corporation |isbn=978-81-87418-99-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Nimbarka+kaustubha&pg=PT498 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |language=en}}</ref>
*''Laghustavarājastotram'', which is a 41-verse hymn dedicated to his preceptor, Nimbārka.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=182}} Puruṣottamaprasāda Vaiṣṇava II wrote a commentary on ''Laghustavarājastotram'', under the title: ''Gurubhaktimandākinī''.{{sfn|Ramnarace|2014|p=78}}{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=112}}{{sfn|Bose|2004|p=978}}
*''Khyātinirnaya'', is a lost work but it is referenced in Sundarabhaṭṭa's Siddhāntasetukātīkā.{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=112}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite thesis|surname=Ramnarace |given=Vijay |year=2014 |title=Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya |type=PhD thesis |place=University of Edinburgh |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/26018/Ramnarace2015.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Tripta |title=Vedānta-Kaustubha, a study |url=https://archive.org/details/the-vedanta-kaustubha-a-study-by-dr-tripta-gupta |date=2000 |publisher=Sanjay Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7453-043-1 |edition= |location=Delhi |language=English, Sanskrit}}
* {{Cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sarvepalli |url=https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life/mode/1up |title=The Brahma Sutra: The Philosophy Of Spiritual Life |date=2011 |publisher=Literary Licensing, LLC |isbn=978-1-258-00753-9 |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |title=Vedānta-pārijāta-saurabha of Nimbārka and Vedānta-kaustubha of Śrīnivāsa: commentaries on the Brahma-sutras; English translation |url=https://archive.org/details/swabhavik-bhedabhed-sutra-bhashya |last=Bose |first=Roma |date=2004 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-1121-6 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies, Bhedābheda and Dvaitādvaita systems |date=2013 |last=Agrawal |first=Madan Mohan |series=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies / general ed.: Karl H. Potter |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofindianphilosophyvolume15bhedabhedaanddvaitadvaitasystemsagarwalm.m.karlpotterh._928_w/mode/1up |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3637-2 |location=Delhi |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dasgupta |first=Surendranath |title=A history of Indian philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150038/mode/1up|date=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0408-1 |location=Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bhandarkar |first=R. G. |url=https://archive.org/details/VaishnavismShaivismAndOtherMinorReligiousSystemsR.G.Bhandarkar/mode/1up |title=Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems (Routledge Revivals) |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58933-4 |language=en}}

[[Category:660 births]]
[[Category:740 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Nimbarka Sampradaya]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:7th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu religious leaders]]

Foreign Exchange Management Act

2026-03-25T18:08:34Z

NickiStpierre68: general update article for accuracy and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India, replaces Act 46 of 1973}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Foreign Exchange Management Act, 2000
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| imagesize = 80
| imagealt = Foreign Exchange Management Act
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with the objective of facilitating the external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
| citation = [http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1999-42_0.pdf Act No. 42 of 1999]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| assented_by = [[President of India|President]] [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| date_assented = 29 December 1999
| date_commenced = 1 June 2000
| bill_date =
| date_enacted = 29 December 1999
| repeals = [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act|Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973]]
| status = in force
}}

The '''Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999''' ('''FEMA''') is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] which was adopted under the guidance of Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] "to consolidate and amend the law relating to foreign exchange with the objective of facilitating external trade and payments and for promoting the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/capital_market_div/FEMA_act_1999.pdf|title=THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210004120/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/capital_market_div/FEMA_act_1999.pdf|archive-date=10 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was passed on 29 December 1999 in parliament, replacing the [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act]] (FERA). This act makes offences related to foreign exchange [[Civil law (common law)|civil offenses]]. It extends to the whole of [[India]],<ref name="FEMA, 1999">{{cite web |title=FEMA, 1999 |url=http://www.dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/Foreign%20Exchange%20Management%20Act%201999.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Revenue Service|Dept of Revenue]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Govt of India |access-date=9 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623201739/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/600757/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> replacing FERA, which had become incompatible with the pro-liberalization policies of the [[Government of India]]. It enabled a new [[foreign exchange]] management regime consistent with the emerging framework of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO). It also paved the way for the introduction of the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]], which came into effect on 1 July 2005. Starting in 2004, the Act also includes provisions for the [[Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)]], this provision allows for easier outward remittance of funds and is available to all resident individuals, including minors and students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)? |url=https://cleartax.in/s/what-is-liberalised-remittance-scheme |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=cleartax |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
Unlike other laws where ''everything is permitted unless specifically prohibited'', under the [[Foreign Exchange Regulation Act]] (FERA) of 1973 (predecessor to FEMA) ''everything was prohibited unless specifically permitted''. Hence the tenor and tone of the Act was very drastic. It required imprisonment even for minor offences. Under FERA, ''a person was presumed guilty unless he proved himself innocent'', whereas under other laws ''a person is presumed innocent until he is proven guilty''.<ref>{{cite book|last=AC Fernando|title=Business Environment|pages=427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaHonZv5dfIC&pg=PA427 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=9788131731581|year=2011}}</ref>

FEMA is a regulatory mechanism that enables the Reserve Bank of India to pass regulations and the Central Government to pass rules relating to foreign exchange in tune with the Foreign Trade policy of India.

==History==
===Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973===
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law regulating certain payments, dealings in foreign exchange and securities, transactions indirectly affecting foreign exchange and the import and export of currency and bullion, for the conservation of the foreign exchange resources of the country and the proper utilisation thereof in the interests of the economic development of the country.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = No. 46 of 1973
| territorial_extent = India
| date_enacted = 19 September 1973
| date_commenced = 1 January 1974
| date_repealed = 1 June 2000
| repeals = Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947
| repealed_by = Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999
| status = Repealed
}}

The '''Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973''' ('''FERA''') was legislation passed in [[India]] in 1973<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/foreign-exchange-regulation-act-1973-fera/|title=Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1999 (FERA) – General Knowledge Today|website=www.gktoday.in|date=14 September 2011 |access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref> that imposed strict regulations on certain kinds of payments, the dealings in [[foreign exchange]] (forex) and [[securities]] and the transactions which had an indirect impact on the foreign exchange and the import and export of [[currency]].<ref name="rbi">{{Cite web|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationReportDetails.aspx?ID=377|title = Reserve Bank of India – Reports}}</ref> The bill was formulated with the aim of regulating payments and foreign exchange.<ref name="rbi"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/27905/|title=The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>

FERA came into force with effect from January 1, 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karmayog.org/centralgovtacts/centralgovtacts_6243.htm|title=The Foreign Exchange Regulation Acts (FERA) {{!}} Government Acts (Alphabetically) {{!}} Central Govt. Acts (in alphabetical order) {{!}} www.karmayog.org|website=www.karmayog.org|access-date=2016-04-01|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706080240/http://www.karmayog.org/centralgovtacts/centralgovtacts_6243.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}

FERA was introduced at a time when foreign exchange (Forex) reserves of the country were low, Forex being a scarce commodity. FERA therefore proceeded on the presumption that all foreign exchange earned by Indian residents rightfully belonged to the Government of India and had to be collected and surrendered to the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). FERA primarily prohibited all transactions not permitted by RBI.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/glossary/property/fera_613.html|title=FERA|website=www.moneycontrol.com|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}}

Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered the company to dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). In 1993, the company (along with [[PepsiCo]]) returned after the introduction of India's Liberalization policy.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19820815-what-has-foreign-exchange-regulation-act-achieved-772094-2013-10-05 |title=FERA: The end of an era |work=[[India Today]] |date=5 October 2013 }}</ref>

===Switch from FERA===
FERA did not succeed in restricting activities such as the expansion of Multinational Corporations. The concessions made to FERA in 1991–1993 showed that FERA was on [[The Verge|the verge]] of becoming redundant. After the amendment of FERA in 1993, it was decided that the act would become the FEMA. This was done in order to relax the controls on foreign exchange in India. This led on to invention of beliefs among stakeholders that FEMA and FERA co-exist in present Indian scenario.

FERA was repealed in 1998 by the government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act, which liberalised [[foreign exchange controls]] and restrictions on foreign investment.<ref>{{citation |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2016 |title=The Crucial difference |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 November 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20030818-foreign-exchange-regulation-act-had-a-controversial-stint-from-1973-to-2002-791919-2003-08-17 |title=FERA: Businessman's POTA |work=[[India Today]] |date=18 August 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416155458/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-11-27/news/27487763_1_fera-person-of-indian-origin-indian-passport|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2016|title=The Crucial difference|website=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref>

The buying and selling of foreign currency and other debt instruments by businesses, individuals and governments happens in the foreign exchange market. Apart from being very competitive, this market is also the largest and most liquid market in the world as well as in India. It constantly undergoes changes and innovations, which can either be beneficial to a country or expose them to greater risks. The management of foreign exchange market becomes necessary in order to mitigate and avoid the risks. Central banks would work towards an orderly functioning of the transactions which can also develop their foreign exchange market. Foreign Exchange Market Whether under FERA or FEMA’s control, the need for the management of foreign exchange is important. It is necessary to keep adequate amount of foreign exchange.

FEMA served to make transactions for external trade and easier – transactions involving current account for external trade no longer required RBI’s permission. The deals in Foreign Exchange were to be ‘managed’ instead of ‘regulated’. The switch to FEMA shows the change on the part of the government in terms of for the capital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/indian-economy/main-features-of-the-foreign-exchange-management-act-fema/39551/|title=Main Features of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)|website=YourArticleLibrary.com: The Next Generation Library|date=7 May 2014|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-03}}</ref>

== Fundamental principle ==
'''Under FEMA, the general principle is that all current account transactions are permitted unless expressly prohibited and all Capital account transactions are prohibited unless expressly permitted. (see Sections 5 and 6 of FEMA)'''

'''“Capital account transaction” means''' a transaction which alters the assets or liabilities, including contingent liabilities, outside India of persons resident in India or assets or liabilities in India of persons resident outside India, and includes transactions referred to in sub-section (3) of section 6;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1999-42_0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315004816/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1999-42_0.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-15 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=legislative.gov.in |language=en |format=PDF}}</ref>

It generally refers to Capital inflows like Equities, Grants and Debt. Inflows within the country are called as '[[Foreign direct investment|Foreign Direct Investment]]' (FDI). Capital debt is termed – External Commercial Borrowings (ECB).

Equity outflows are termed as 'Foreign outbound investment' .

Any corporate entity receiving FDI or making an outbound investment has to file an annual FEMA return called as Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=FEMA Consultancy and Compliance – By Team Entrecap |url=https://entrecap.in/service/fema-consultancy-and-compliance/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Current Account transaction are defined as transactions other than [[capital account]] transactions. Mainly include transactions pertaining to individual remittances, trade, student remittances etc. <ref name=":0" />

==Regulations/Rules under FEMA==
((All under the guidance of Prime Ministers [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Narendra Modi]]))
* Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transactions) Rule, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Permissible Capital Account Transactions) Regulations, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Foreign currency accounts by a person resident in India) Regulations, 2000
* Foreign Exchange (Adjudication Procedure and Appeals) Rules, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Encashment of Draft, Cheque, Instrument and payment of interest) Rules, 2000
* Foreign Exchange (Authentication of Documents) Rules, 2000
* Foreign Exchange Management (Export of Goods and Services) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Export and Import of Currency) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Acquisition and transfer of immovable property outside India) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Foreign Currency Accounts by a person resident in India) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Insurance) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (International Financial Services Centre) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Possession and Retention of Foreign Currency) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Realisation, Repatriation and Surrender of Foreign Exchange) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Regularization of assets held abroad by a person resident in India) Regulations, 2015
* Foreign Exchange Management (Manner of Receipt and Payment) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Remittance of Assets) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Deposit) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Establishment in India of a branch office or a liaison office or a project office or any other place of business) Regulations, 2016
* Foreign Exchange Management (Borrowing and Lending) Regulations, 2018
* Foreign Exchange Management (Cross Border Merger) Regulations, 2018
* Foreign Exchange Management (Non-debt Instruments) Rules, 2019
* Foreign Exchange Management (Debt Instrument) Regulations, 2019
* Foreign Exchange Management (Mode of Payment and Reporting of Non-Debt Instruments) Regulations, 2019
* Foreign Exchange Management (Margin for Derivative Contracts) Regulations, 2020
* Foreign Exchange Management (Overseas Investment) Rules, 2022
* Foreign Exchange (Compounding Proceedings) Rules, 2024

== Related legislation ==
===Foreign Contribution (regulation) Act, 2010===
{{main|Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010}}

FCRA, 2010 has been enacted by the Parliament to consolidate the law to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality by certain individuals or associations or companies and to prohibit acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or foreign hospitality for any activities detrimental to national interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fcraonline.nic.in/home/index.aspx#|title=FCRA|website=fcraonline.nic.in|access-date=2017-04-20}}</ref>

====Applicability====
As per Section 1(2) of FCRA, 2010, the provisions of the act applies to:
* Whole of India
* Citizens of India outside India; and
* Associate Branches or subsidiaries, outside India, of companies or bodies corporate, registered or incorporated in India

===Acts/rules/guidelines which regulate the flow of foreign contribution to India===
The flow of foreign contribution to India is regulated under
* Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010,
* Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Rules, 2011
* And other notification / orders etc., issued there under from time to time.
* FCRA, 1976 repealed after coming of FCRA, 2010
==== Amendments ====
* The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act 2020 present in

== What is foreign contribution? ==
As per Section 2(1)(h) of FCRA, 2010, "foreign contribution" means the donation, delivery or transfer made by any foreign source, ─

(i)Of any article, not being an article given to a person* as a gift for his/her personal use, if the market value, in India, of such article, on the date of such gift is not more than such sum as may be specified from time to time by the Central Government by rules made by it in this behalf. (This sum has been specified as ₹25,000/- currently);

(ii)Of any currency, whether Indian or foreign;

(iii)Of any security as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the securities Contracts(Regulation) Act, 1956 and includes any foreign security as defined in clause (o) of Section 2 of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.

Explanation 1 – A donation, delivery or transfer or any article, currency or foreign security referred to in this clause by any person who has received it form any foreign source, either directly or through one or more persons, shall also be deemed to be foreign contribution with the meaning of this clause.

Explanation 2 ‒ The interest accrued on the foreign contribution deposited in any bank referred to in sub-section (1) of Section 17 or any other income derived from the foreign contribution or interest thereon shall also be deemed to be foreign contribution within the meaning of this clause.

Explanation 3 ‒ Any amount received, by a person from any foreign source outside India, by way of fee (including fees charged by an educational institution in India from foreign student) or towards cost in lieu of goods or services rendered by su'''ch person in the ordinary course of his bu'''siness, trade or commerce whether within India or outside India or any contribution received from an agent or a foreign source towards such fee or cost shall be excluded from the definition of foreign contribution within the meaning of this clause.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> In terms of FCRA, 2010 "person" includes ‒
* (i) An individual;
* (ii) A Hindu undivided family;
* (iii) An association;
* (iv) ) A company registered under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (now Section 8 of [[Companies Act 2013|Companies Act, 2013]]).

==See also==
* [[Law of India]]
{{Portalbar|Law}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090203182509/http://fema.rbi.org.in/ Reserve Bank of India FEMA website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081008140108/http://finmin.nic.in/the_ministry/dept_eco_affairs/america_canada/fema_acts/index.htm FEMA from the Finance Ministry]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/NRIs-can-now-open-joint-accounts-with-resident-Indian/articleshow/10005417.cms NRIs can now open joint accounts with resident Indian]

[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:Vajpayee administration]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1999]]
[[Category:Foreign trade of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Financial history of India]]
[[Category:1999 in Indian economy]]

Priyamaina Neeku

2026-03-21T02:18:14Z

NickiStpierre68: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|2001 film by Balasekaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyamaina Neeku
| image = Priyamaina Neeku.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Balasekaran]]
| cinematography = [[Shyam K Naidu]]
| writer = '''Story and screenplay:''' Balasekaran '''Dialogues:''' [[Chintapalli Ramana]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha]]
| producer = R. B. Choudary
| editing = V. Jaishankar
| narrator =
| music = Shiva Shankar
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|02|11}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Priyamaina Neeku''''' ({{translation|To You, My Dear}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Balasekaran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/in-her-element/article2600889.ece|title=In her element|first=Vishnupriya|last=Bhandaram|date=5 November 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] (in her Telugu debut) and [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha]], while [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] and [[Tanikella Bharani]] played supporting roles. The film and the soundtrack received positive reviews upon release, and was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sneha-and-sensibility/article28355410.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Metro Plus Vijayawada / Personality : Sneha and sensibility|date=2004-11-27|author=Y. Sunitha Chowdhary}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/male-bonding-mallu-style-755499|title=Male bonding, Mallu style!|author=K Naresh Kumar|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=28 July 2022 }}</ref>

The film, owing to its success, was eventually reshot and released in Tamil under the title ''Kadhal Sugamanathu'' ({{translation|Love is Pleasure}}) in December 2002, with [[Pyramid Natarajan]] playing Tarun's father and [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] playing the comedy tracks portrayed by Ali in the Telugu original. The Tamil version was also successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/masala-mix-of-melodrama-and-action-754543|title=Masala mix of melodrama and action|author=K Naresh Kumar|work=[[The Hans India]]|date=22 July 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ganesh ([[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]]) is a carefree college youth from [[Hyderabad]], whose life revolves around friends and doing good deeds for them which upsets his father Raja Shekar ([[Tanikella Bharani]]). One day, Ganesh fumbles upon a red diary in Raja Shekar's auction shop. It is actually a diary left behind unknowingly by Sandhya ([[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]), his past neighbor.

The entire first half is narrated through the diary in this film. Sandhya is staying in the house opposite to that of Aishwarya, who is the sister of Ganesh. She falls in love with Ganesh after listening to his melodious guitar play. But Ganesh is unaware of her love and he never uses to interact with her. She is also a shy girl, who never let Ganesh know about her feelings. Sirisha ([[Preetha Vijayakumar]]) is the younger sister of Sandhya, who is studying in a hostel. When she comes home for holidays, she envies Sandhya for loving Ganesh and she wanted to grab him from her. Sirisha assures Sandhya that she will liaison the love of Sandhya between Ganesh and her and plays a double game by playing tricks on Ganesh to attract him. Meanwhile, Sandhya and Sirisha's father gets transferred to [[Visakhapatnam]]. Sandhya asks Sirisha to tell Sandhya's love to Ganesh. Sirisha proposes to Ganesh and gets rejected. Sandhya, who witnessed the entire episode secretly, feels cheated by the betrayal of her own sister. At the same time, Sandhya stays away from proposing to Ganesh for the fear of rejection. The family of Sandhya moves to Visakhapatnam and in the transfer process, her diary gets misplaced.

After discovering that Sandhya is his secret admirer, Ganesh recognizes the purity in her love and wants to meet her and propose his love to her. He gets off to Visakhapatnam along with his best friend Chacha ([[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]). There, Ganesh develops a genuine friendship with Raghu ([[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]) and stays in his house. Raghu is a rich bachelor, who lives with his parents. As Ganesh explores his secret mission of finding Sandhya, Raghu gets engaged to the unwilling Sandhya. Later on Raghu learns that Ganesh is there to seek his silent admirer.

Ganesh knows that Raghu is marrying Sandhya. Being a good friend, he does not want to betray him. Sandhya has agreed to marriage since she does not want to make the things worse for her father and sister. But she still loves Ganesh. Sirisha wants to amend the mistake she has done. She searches for Ganesh to unite them. Things are still unsure and hazy as Sandhya and Raghu will marry in a few minutes. In the end, Sirisha tells everything and marries Raghu while Sandhya and Ganesh reunite.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] as Ganesh
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Sandhya
* [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Raghu
* [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha]] as Sirisha
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Chacha
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Raja Shekar, Ganesh's father
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Comic Thief
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Shivarama Rao, Sandhya and Sirisha's father
* [[Anchor Jhansi|Jhansi]] as Aishwarya, Ganesh's elder sister
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Karthik, Ganesh's brother-in-law
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] as Ravi, Ganesh's friend
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Comic Mental Musician
* [[Varsha (Telugu actress)|Varsha]] as Priya, Raghu's younger sister
* Siva Parvathi as Ganesh's mother
* Babloo as Ganesh's friend
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Vishwanathan, Raghu's father
;Tamil version
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Srinivasan, Ganesh's father
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Comic Thief
* [[Theni Kunjarammal]] as Grandma on road
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Director [[Balasekaran]] announced in June 2000 that he would direct a romantic dramedy film, with [[Tarun Kumar]] roped to play the main lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news63.html|title=Tarun to star in straight Telugu film by Supergood films|date=25 October 2000|access-date=23 November 2025|website=Idlebrain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|title=A girl’s silent love- Priyamaina Neeku|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=23 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001202000800/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/news/onset.html|archive-date=2 December 2000}}</ref> The film was titled Priyamaina Neeku in October 2000. [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] was confirmed to play the female lead in August 2000 and she joined the sets thereafter. The filming began on 6 November 2000 at Annapurna Studios.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news69.html|date=7 November 2000|website=Idlebrain|access-date=23 November 2025|title=Supergood turns straight with Tarun}}</ref> [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] agreed to play a parallel leading role in this film, as the hero's best friend. [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] and [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] were selected to play the comedians.The rest of the cast includes [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Preetha Vijayakumar]] and [[Raja Ravindra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news77.html|website=Idlebrain|access-date=23 November 2025|title=One-sided love marks the story of 'Priyamaina Neeku'}}</ref> The final schedule occurred in January 2001, a month before the film's release. The film's first half was shot in and around [[Hyderabad]] and [[Srikakulam]]. The second half's story, despite taking place in [[Vishakhapatnam]], was entirely shot in and around [[Chennai]] only due to the fact that Visakhapatnam was already crowded due to the shooting of other Tamil films such as [[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]] and [[Samuthiram]] taking place there. Yet some sporadic scenes were covered in Visakhapatnam as well.

== Soundtrack ==
The score and music were composed by Shiva Shankar. The song, "Nelanadiga" was a direct Telugu reuse of the Tamil song "Enna Azhagu" from the 1997 Tamil film ''[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]'' (1997). The songs in Telugu and Tamil versions were same except the song "Nelanadiga", which was replaced in the Tamil version with "Adi Sugama Sugama Chudithaare". "Adi Sugama" was later reused as title song for Hindi film ''[[Pyaar Diwana Hota Hai]]'' also produced by R. B. Choudary.
{{Infobox album
| name = Priyamaina Neeku /
Kaadhal Sugamanadhu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Shiva Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 January 2001 (Telugu Version) 25 December 2002 (Tamil Version)
| recorded = 2000–2001 (Telugu Version) 2002 (Tamil Version)
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]/[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Star Music
| producer = Shiva Shankar
}}
;Telugu Version

All lyrics are written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela]], [[Bhuvanachandra]] and Vasanth.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasuna
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Nachanura
| extra2 = Sukhwinder Singh, Swarnalatha
| title3 = Veyi Jenmalu
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title4 = Mastu Mastu
| extra4 = Harini, [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title5 = Nelanadiga
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Manasuna
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 =
| length7 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length1 =
| title7 =
| length6 =
| length5 =
| length4 =
| length3 =
| length2 =
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}
;Tamil Version

All lyrics are written by [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sollathan Ninaikiren
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chitra]]
| title2 = Vechirukka
| extra2 = Mano, Swarnalatha
| title3 = Ezhu Jenmangal
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title4 = Mutham Mutham Kodu
| extra4 = Tippu, Sujatha
| title5 = Adi Sugama Sugama Chudithaare
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title6 = Sollathan Ninaikiren (Sad)
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 =
| length7 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length1 =
| title7 =
| length6 =
| length5 =
| length4 =
| length3 =
| length2 =
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that "Because of the nature of story, this film went on a slow pace. He [Balasekaran] could have made the film little shorter. Nonetheless, he made sure that this film too have all the clean ingredients the youth is looking for".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-priyamaina.html|title=Telugu Cinema Review – Priyamaina Neeku – Tarun, Preethi & Sneha – RB Chowdary – SA Raj Kumar – Bala Sekharan|author=Jeevi|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Unlike other Supergood films, the musical score of Sivasankar is pedestrian except for one song and director could have added one or sub plots to make it more engrossing. Sneha fails to live to up the role and it is Tarun all the way".<ref>{{Cite web | title=Welcome to Sify.com | website=[[Sify]] | url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007865&ctid=5&cid=2430 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107172114/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007865&ctid=5&cid=2430 | archive-date=2005-01-07 | access-date=2025-04-06}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "Except for the idea the diary from which the movie unfolds, there is nothing novel about the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/priyamaina-neeku/telugu/priyamaina-neeku-movie-reviews-642-2.html|title=Priyamaina Neeku Review|website=fullhyd}}</ref> ''Andhra Today'' wrote "This movie may not add great value to the Super Good Films banner, but certainly won't ruin their reputation. Variety in the story is sure to add to the movie's strength. Some scenes look 'stretched' and slow down the pace of the movie, but the deft handling by the director make one gloss over the minor defects".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/priyamaina.htm|title=PRIYAMAINA NEEKU|website=Andhra Today|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011223212057/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/priyamaina.htm|archive-date=23 December 2001}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1606320}}

[[Category:2000s musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2001 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balasekaran]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:2001 musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy-drama films]]

Aruvithura Church

2026-03-19T06:53:42Z

NickiStpierre68: Started New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Aruvithura church.jpg|thumb|'''St George Forane Church Aruvithura, Erattupetta''']]{{Infobox church
| name = Aruvithura Church
| fullname = St.George Forane Church Aruvithura
| other name = Ara pally (Half Church)
| native_name = Aruvithura Pally
| image = Aruvithura church.jpg
| location = Aruvithura, Kottayam
| website = www.aruvithurapally.com
| founded date = AD 151
| events = Aruvithura Thirunnal
| archdiocese = Changanassery
| diocese = Palai
| district = Kottayam
| archbishop = Mar Thomas Tharayil
| bishop = Mar Joseph Kallarangattu
| vicar = Rev Fr. Mathew chandrankunnel
}}
'''St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura''', more familiarly known as '''Aruvithura Church''', is a [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic]] church located at [[Aruvithura]], in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aruvithurapally.com/|title=St. George Forane Church, Aruvithura|publisher=www.aruvithurapally.com|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/1264|title=Elected Members Details|publisher=LSG Kerala|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> Traditionally, it is believed that the [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syrian Catholic Church]] at Aruvithura was established in the [[1st century]].

The first edifice of the church at Aruvithura was made of granite stones in the manner of Hindu temples. As it is traditionally believed, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]], the apostle of India preached the Christian faith in the important and popular villages of [[Malabar region|Malabar]]. It is believed that [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] the [[Apostles of Jesus|Apostle of Jesus]] visited [[Aruvithura]] and converted prominent families into Christianity, and lay a cross on the banks of the [[Meenachil River]]. This is the first church in the [[Pala eprachy|Palai diocese]] and was built in the 1st century. St. Thomas founded seven and a half churches there. It is reported that the church was rebuilt once or twice before the 16th century. The ancient churches were constructed and maintained by the prominent families in the area until the 16th century. In the beginning of the 16th century a new church was built under the leadership of Kallarackal Kathanar by the prominent families.

The church was first dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary|Virgin Mother]], assumed into heaven. In the 14th century when either the [[Nilakkal]] Church or the Chayal Church founded by St. Thomas was destroyed, several families migrated to Aruvithura bringing with them a statue of St. George. Ever since the advent of the statue, the people began to have unflinching faith in the saint and he has been particularly beneficial in bestowing favours on his followers. Because of the numerous favours obtained through the intercession of the saint, in the 16th century, the church was dedicated to him and his statue was placed in the central niche above the main altar. As a result, St. Mary's church Aruvithura became known as St. George's Church Aruvithura.

The 16th-century church was demolished in 1951 but the sanctuary with its vaulting within the right transept of the [[Cruciform#Cruciform architectural plan|cruciform church]] was preserved to enshrine the statue of [[St. George]], its second patron. Some believe the statue to be miraculous. The church is a cruciform building in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style, facing to the west towards Jerusalem. It was completed in 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7Y6iD0Q8YI|title="Aruvithura Palli"-The Historical Church of Kerala... [PART-1] |date=September 2010 |publisher=You Tube: JOMS DigiMedia|access-date=6 January 2015 }}</ref>

The St. George Church is famous for its feast, known locally as Aruvithura Thirunal. The celebration typically takes place over three days in April, most commonly from the 23rd to the 25th, and attracts devotees from all over Kerala. The feast is renowned for the grand procession of St. George through the town, the fireworks display, and the beautiful church illumination.

However, [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/Apr/25/student-dies-in-firecracker-blast-746809.html an unfortunate firecracker accident] at the Aruvithura Perunnal occurred in 2015, which took one life and injured several others. Following this tragedy, there were calls for stricter regulations on fireworks displays at religious festivals in Kerala.

The Pala diocese, under which Aruvithura falls, reportedly issued a ban on the use of crackers at festivals in its churches in October 2015, directly in response to the Aruvithura mishap.
In the years since, the fireworks display has been carefully controlled or sometimes discontinued to ensure the safety of all devotees attending the celebrations.

This church is approximately 7 km away from [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Bharananganam|St. Alphonsa's Tomb, Bharananganam]]. Both churches are on the main road side and buses are easily available. Good parking facility is also available in both church campuses.

== Accessibility ==

* Nearest airport - [[Cochin International Airport]] - 86 km
* Nearest railway station - [[Kottayam]] - 39 km
* Nearest township - [[Erattupetta]] - 100 m
* Distance to [[Cochin]]/[[Ernakulam]] - 77 km
* Distance to [[Kottayam]] - 39 km
* Distance to Pala/[[Palai]] - 13 km
* Distance to [[Thiruvananthapuram]]- 161 km

==References==
{{reflist}}
Thomas Christian Architecture P.145
http://www.palaidiocese.com/repository/pdf/82569Directory%202014.pdf

{{coord|09|41|08|N|76|46|40|E|display=title}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. George Forane Church, Aruvithura}}
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally]]

Prime Minister's Office (India)

2026-03-18T11:27:28Z

NickiStpierre68: fix page to improve readability

{{short description|Office of the Prime minister of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Prime Minister's Office
| native_name = '''Seva Teerth'''
| logo = PMO India Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_caption = Prime Minister's Office
| picture =
| image_size =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1977}}
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Seva Teerth]] [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi, India]]
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|73.52|c|1}} (2026–27)<ref>{{cite web|title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2026-2027
|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe50.pdf|website=indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref>{{Efn|Budgets of child agencies like [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), [[Department of Space]] (DoS), [[Performance Management Division]] (PMD) and [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] are not included.|name=Note}}
| minister1_name = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Jitendra Singh]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State|Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office]]
| chief1_name = [[Pramod Kumar Mishra]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]]
| chief2_name = [[Shaktikanta Das]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief2_position = [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister]]
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| child1_agency = [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE)
| child2_agency = [[Department of Space]] (DoS)
| child3_agency = [[Performance Management Division]] (PMD)
| child4_agency = [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] (NSC)
| website = {{URL|https://www.pmindia.gov.in}}
}}
The '''Prime Minister's Office''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Pradhānamantrī Kāryālaya'') consists of the immediate staff of the [[Prime Minister of India]], as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the Prime Minister. The PMO is headed by the [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]], currently [[Pramod Kumar Mishra]]. The PMO was originally called the '''Prime Minister's Secretariat''' until 1977, when it was renamed during the [[premiership of Morarji Desai]]. It is located in Seva Teerth, where it moved to on the 13th of February, 2026 from the [[South Block]] of the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] where it was located earlier..

==History==
During the tenure of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Prime Minister]], the then Prime Minister's Secretariat was headed by a [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] until his death.<ref name="PS PM">{{cite book|title=Handbook Of Public Relations in India|year=1968|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788170233343}}</ref> The post of [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary to Prime Minister]] was created during the tenure of [[Indira Gandhi]] as [[List of Prime Ministers of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="PS PM"/> The Principal Secretary to PM is the head of the Prime Minister's Office.

==Function==
The PMO provides secretarial assistance to the Prime Minister. It is headed by the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. The PMO includes the anti-corruption unit and the public wing dealing with grievances. The office houses the Prime Minister and few selected officers of [[Civil Services of India|Indian Civil Service]] who work with him to manage and coordinate government and his office. The Prime Minister through his office coordinates with all ministers in the central union cabinet, minister of independent charges and governors and ministers of state government. The PMO is located at the South Block of the Secretariat Building.

The subject-matter of files required to be submitted to the Prime Minister depends on whether he is holding direct charge of the Ministry or whether there is a Cabinet Minister or Minister of State (Independent Charge) in charge of the Ministry. In the case of the latter, most matters are dealt with by the Cabinet Minister / Minister of State-in-charge. Only important policy issues, which the Minister concerned feels should be submitted to the Prime Minister for orders or information, are received in the PMO.

In cases where the Prime Minister is the Minister-in-charge, matters requiring Ministerial approval which are not delegated to the Minister of State/Deputy Minister, if any, are submitted for orders. The Prime Minister has traditionally been the Minister-in-charge of the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] and the Departments of [[Department of Space|Space]] and [[Department of Atomic Energy|Atomic Energy]].

Some of the important matters that require the Prime Minister's personal attention include the following:
# Important defence-related issues;
# Decorations, both civilian and defence, where Presidential approval is required;
# All important policy issues;
# Proposals for appointment of Indian Heads of Missions abroad and requests for grant of agreement for foreign Heads of Missions posted to India;
# All important decisions relating to the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]];
# Appointments to State Administrative Tribunals and the [[Tribunals in India|Central Administrative Tribunal]], [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]], [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]], Appointment of members of statutory/constitutional Committees, Commissions attached to various Ministries;
# All policy matters relating to the administration of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and other Civil Services and administrative reforms;
# Special Packages announced by the Prime Minister for States are monitored in the PMO and periodical reports submitted to Prime Minister; and

===Parliament Questions===

Parliament Questions relating to the Ministries and Departments of which Prime Minister is the Minister-in-charge are answered by a Minister of State nominated for the purpose or by Prime Minister himself.

===PM's Funds===

The [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund|Prime Minister's National Relief Fund (PMNRF)]] and the [[National Defence Fund|National Defence Fund (NDF)]] are operated directly from the PMO. The [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]] was established in January 1948 as Trust, by then Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], with public contributions to assist displaced persons from Pakistan, due to [[partition of India]]. In the year 2013–2014, the Fund received donations worth {{INRConvert|377.04|c|lk=on|year=2014}}.<ref>[http://pmindia.gov.in/en/pms-funds/ PM National Relief Fund] PMO.</ref>

==The Office==
[[File:PM_India_org.png|thumb|483x483px|Agencies under the [[Prime Minister of India]].]]
The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) located in South Block, overlooking the grandeur of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi|Rashtrapati Bhawan]]. Though in the 1990s [[I.K. Gujral]] and some of his predecessors, used [[7, Lok Kalyan Marg|Prime Minister's Residence]] (PMR) spread over a 4-hectare complex as office.<ref>{{cite web | title = Race Course Road: PMO Shifts to PMR | work = India Today | url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08091997/prabhu.html | date = 8 September 1997 | access-date = 17 September 2014 | author = Prabhu Chawla | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034338/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08091997/prabhu.html | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Current officials in the PMO ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:2px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center;"

! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Official
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Designation
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Rank

|-
| [[Pramod Kumar Mishra]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
| Cabinet Minister

|-
| [[Shaktikanta Das]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India]]
| Cabinet Minister

|-
| [[Ajit Kumar Doval]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Kirti Chakra|KC]]
| [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Adviser]]
| Cabinet Minister

|-
| Tarun Kapoor, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Advisor]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| [[Secretary to the Government of India]]

|-
| Ashish Vachhani, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]], PMO
| Additional Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| M. S. Srikar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]], PMO
| Additional Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| Amit Singh Negi, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]], PMO
| Additional Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| Subhasish Panda, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Additional Secretary to Government of India|Additional Secretary]], PMO
| Additional Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| Yadav Manharsinh Laxmanbhai, [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]], PMO
| Joint Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| C. Sridhar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]], PMO
| Joint Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| Saurabh Shukla, [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|IA&AS]]
| [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]], PMO
| Joint Secretary to the Government of India

|-
| Nidhi Tewari, [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| [[Private Secretary]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]]

|-
| Vivek Kumar, [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| [[Private Secretary]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]]

|-
| [[Hardik Shah]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| [[Private Secretary]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]]

|}

== Organisation ==

=== Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) ===
{{Main|Department of Atomic Energy}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:2px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Sector
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Agency / Institution
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Location
|-
| rowspan="3" | Regulatory Boards
| [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] (AERB)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology]] (BRIT)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | Research & Development
| [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research]] (AMD)
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR)
| [[Kalpakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]]
| [[Indore]]
|-
| [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]] (VECC)
| [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership]] (GCNEP)
| [[Bahadurgarh]], [[Haryana]]
|-
| rowspan="11" | Aided Sector
| [[Atomic Energy Education Society]] (AEES)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Tata Memorial Centre]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences]]
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] (SINP)
| [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar|Institute of Physics]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
| [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]] (HRI)
| [[Prayagraj]]
|-
| [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] (IMSc)
| [[Chennai]]
|-
| [[Institute for Plasma Research]]
| [[Gandhinagar]]
|-
| [[National Institute of Science Education and Research]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | Public Sector
| [[Electronics Corporation of India]] (ECIL)
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IREL)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL)
| [[Mumbai]]
|-
| [[Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited]] (BHAVINI)
| [[Kalpakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| [[Uranium Corporation of India]] (UCIL)
| [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Industry & Mining
| [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]] (NFC)
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Heavy Water Board]] (HWB)
| [[Hyderabad]]
|}

=== Department of Space ===
{{Main|Department of Space}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; border:2px solid black; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Sector
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Agency / Institution
! style="width:33%; background-color:#f2f2f2;" | Location
|-
| Primary Organisation
| [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| rowspan="14" | ISRO Centres / Units
| [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC)
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC)
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC-SHAR)
| [[Sriharikota]]
|-
| [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] (URSC)
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC)
| [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
| [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] (NRSC)
| [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC)
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]] (IPRC)
| [[Mahendragiri]]
|-
| [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU)
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS)
| [[Dehradun]]
|-
| [[Master Control Facility]] (MCF)
| [[Hassan District|Hassan]]
|-
| [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC)
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]] (LEOS)
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[Development and Educational Communication Unit]] (DECU)
| [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Public Sector / Commercial Arms
| [[Antrix Corporation]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| [[NewSpace India Limited]] (NSIL)
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | Autonomous Institutions
| [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL)
| [[Ahmedabad]]
|-
| [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL)
| [[Tirupati]]
|-
| [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]] (NE-SAC)
| Umiam, [[Meghalaya]]
|-
| [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST)
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|}

=== Project Monitoring Group ===
{{Main|Performance Management Division}}

In June 2013, a cell within the [[Cabinet Secretariat of India|Cabinet Secretariat]] called the Project Monitoring Group was created to track stalled investment projects, both in the public and private sectors and to remove the implementation bottlenecks in these projects on a fast-track basis.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx|title=Prime Minister sets up a Project Monitoring Group to Track Large Investment Projects|date=13 June 2013|website=[[Press Information Bureau of India]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref> An online portal open to the public was created where projects worth over {{INRConvert|1000|c|lk=on}} were to be tracked.<ref name=":0" />

The Project Monitoring Group was moved to the Prime Minister's Office in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/monitoring-group-under-pmo-to-push-225-pending-big-ticket-projects-worth-rs-13-lakh-cr-114122700715_1.html|title=Monitoring group under PMO to push 225 pending big-ticket projects worth Rs 13 lakh cr|last=Makkar|first=Sahil|date=28 December 2014|website=[[Business Standard]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-india-investment-modi/indias-modi-moves-in-to-speed-up-300-billion-stuck-projects-idUSKBN0JW0TD20141218|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181758/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-india-investment-modi/indias-modi-moves-in-to-speed-up-300-billion-stuck-projects-idUSKBN0JW0TD20141218|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2018|title=India's Modi moves in to speed up $300 billion stuck projects|last1=Nair|first1=Rupam Jain|last2=Das|first2=Krishna N.|date=18 December 2014|editor-last=Chalmers|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Birsel|editor2-first=Robert|website=[[Reuters]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://pmindia.gov.in/}} {{in lang|en|hi|bn|gu|kn|ml|mr|or|ta|te|pa}}
* https://www.thehindu.com/videos/watch-pm-modi-inaugurates-seva-teerth-says-we-have-to-shed-colonial-mindset/article70629900.ece

{{Government of India}}
{{Prime Ministers of India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}

[[Category:Prime Minister's Office (India)| ]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:Government buildings in India]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Offices of prime ministers|India]]

Yuga (2007 film)

2026-03-17T23:22:33Z

NickiStpierre68: new basic pg basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Yuga
| image = Yuga (2007 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Chandra
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Duniya Vijay]] Kavya
| narrator =
| cinematography = Venus Murthy
| editing =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|10|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yuga''''' is a 2007 Indian Kannada-language action drama film directed by Chandra and starring [[Duniya Vijay]] and Kavya in her film debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yuga-chandru-turns-actor-with-kanaka/articleshow/62525112.cms|title=Yuga Chandru turns actor with Kanaka|date=18 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Joy|first=Prathibha}}</ref> This film was Vijay's first release after the success of ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' (2007) and was a box office failure despite initially releasing to houseful theatres and running for fifty days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/24sli3.htm|title=Top Kannada actors, 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/kfcc-imposes-one-year-ban-on-kannada-actor-vijay/articleshow/2512889.cms?from=mdr|title=KFCC imposes one-year ban on Kannada actor Vijay|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 November 2007}}</ref> His next film ''[[Chanda (2007 film)|Chanda]]'' (2007) released weeks after this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vijay/20071102.htm|title=Duniya's Vijay suspended for a year|date=2 November 2007|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Duniya Vijay]] as Yuga
*Kavya as Harini
*[[Sudha Belawadi]]
*Mico Nagaraj
*Killer Venkatesh

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]], who used to worked under [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/yuga/nuh,2edDZZs_|title=Yuga|date=2008|work=JioSaavn}}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Chenda Kane Chenda | extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title2 = Hrudaya Hrudaya | extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| title3 = Kitti Kitti | extra3 = Badriprasad, Shankar Shanbhogue, Dr. Shamitha Malnad
| title4 = Yaamaridhre| extra4 = Ranjitha
| title5 = Yaavano Yaavano | extra5 = Shreya Ghoshal, Arjun Janya
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Yuga'' will disappoint even the ardent fans of Vijay".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/05yuga.htm|title=Yuga -- Avoid!|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=5 November 2007}}</ref> Film critic [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "Totally Yuga is a listless film which has no basic plot. The film has a poor script and bad narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4523/kannada/yuga/1388/review.htm|title=Yuga Kannada Movie Review|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|date=5 November 2007|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language action drama films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 action drama films]]

Malavath Purna

2026-03-06T15:56:44Z

NickiStpierre68: corrected details and added references for consistency

{{short description|Indian mountaineer (born 2029)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox climber
| image = Poorna Malavath and Anand Kumar, teenaged mountaineers who recently scaled Mt. Everest, calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on June 06, 2014. Their coach, Shri Shekhar Babu is also seen (1).jpg
| caption = Poorna (second from left) (third from right) with [[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] in 2014
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|10 June 2000}}
| birth_place = [[Nizamabad district|Pakala]], ([[Telangana]]), India
| parents =
| knownfor = [[Mount Everest]]
| education = [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]], USA
 Telangana Social Welfare Residential School [[TSWREIS]] [[Himalayan Mountaineering Institute]], [[Darjeeling]]
| majorascents = [[Mount Everest]] in 2014 [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] in 2016 [[Mount Elbrus]] in 2017 [[Mount Aconcagua]] in 2019 [[Mount Puncak Jaya|Cartsnez Pyramid]] in 2019 Mount [[Vinson Massif]] in 2019 Mount [[Denali]] in 2022
}}
'''Malavath Poorna'''{{efn|Also written as Malavath Poorna, Purna Malavath, or Poorna Malavath}} (born 10 June 2000) is an Indian [[mountaineer]]. On 25 May 2014, Poorna climbed [[Mount Everest]], aged 13 years and 11 months, the youngest female to have reached the summit.<ref>{{cite news |title=13-year-old Malavath Poorna becomes youngest woman to scale Everest |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/13-year-old-Poorna-Malavath-becomes-youngest-woman-to-scale-everest/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=12 March 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Poorna climbed [[Mount Elbrus]], the highest peak in [[Europe]] on 27 July 2017. After reaching the summit of Elbrus, Poorna unfurled a 50 ft long [[Flag of India|Indian Tricolor]] and sang the [[Indian National Anthem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreamwanderlust.com/news/poorna-malavath-on-the-top-of-mt-elbrus|title=Poorna Malavath on top of Mt. Elbrus|date=28 July 2017|work=dreamwanderlust.com}}</ref> She completed the [[Seven Summits]] on 5 June 2022 climbing [[Denali]], along with father-daughter duo [[Ajeet Bajaj]] and [[Deeya Suzannah Bajaj|Deeya Bajaj]].

A film based on Poorna's life story was released in 2017 named ''[[Poorna: Courage Has No Limit]]'' directed by [[Rahul Bose]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://telanganatoday.news/biopic-malavath-poorna-silver-screen |title=Biopic on Malavath Poorna set to hit the silver screen |date=2017-01-11 |work=Telangana Today |access-date=2017-03-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110241/https://telanganatoday.news/biopic-malavath-poorna-silver-screen |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Poorna was born in Pakala village, [[Nizamabad district]] of [[Telangana]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountaineer Poorna Malavath, 19, Is Conquering Stereotypes|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/self-made-women-2020/mountaineer-poorna-malavath-19-is-conquering-stereotypes/58079/1|access-date=2021-05-17|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref> She joined the [[Telangana Social Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society]] for her education. Her talent was spotted by the secretary of the Society Dr. [[Repalle Shiva Praveen Kumar]] IPS. She was shortlisted for Operation Everest. In preparation for climbing [[Mount Everest]], she trekked to the mountains of [[Ladakh]] and [[Darjeeling]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CM K Chandrasekhar Rao announces reward for Poorna Malavath and Sadhanapalli Anand Kumar |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140615/nation-current-affairs/article/cm-k-chandrasekhar-rao-announces-reward-malavath-poorna-and |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=15 June 2014 |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>

== Seven Summits ==

* [[Everest]] (Asia, 2014)
* [[Kilimanjaro]] (Africa, 2016)
* [[Elbrus]] (Europe, 2017)
* [[Aconcagua]] (South America, 2019)
* [[Puncak Jaya|Carstensz Pyramid]] (Oceania region, 2019)
* [[Vinson Massif]] (Antarctica, 2019)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=7 summits in 7 continents: Telangana girl Malavath Poorna one step away from goal|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/malavath-poorna-mt-vinson-massif-youngest-girl-to-scale-mt-everest-6191686/|access-date=2020-09-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Denali]] (North America, 2022)

== Forbes List ==
Poorna was listed on the [[Forbes India]] list of the self-made women in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Self-Made Women 2020 : India's top women achievers. All of this hard work is done by Malavath Purna|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/self-made-womenbycc-2020/1835/1|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Forbes India|language=en|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210125458/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/self-made-womenbycc-2020/1835/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biography==
Poorna's biography has been written in the form of book format by Aparna Thota. The book captures Poorna's journey from her home town Pakala, a village in Nizamabad district of Telangana, to Everest even though she came from such a small village she managed to accomplish her dreams.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Archit |date=2019-08-09 |title=Poorna, the youngest girl in the world to scale Mount Everest, shares her story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/poorna-the-youngest-girl-in-the-world-to-scale-mount-everest-shares-her-story/article28943017.ece |access-date=2021-05-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{Official site|http://www.malavathpoorna.co/}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poorna, Malavath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Telangana]]

Raghunath Shah

2026-03-06T06:07:18Z

NickiStpierre68: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Nagvanshi king}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Raghunath Sah
|title = [[Raja]]
|image =
|caption =
|succession =
|reign = c. 1663-1690 CE
|predecessor = [[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]]
|successor = [[Yadunath Shah]]
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Navratangarh]]
|Coronation =
|death_date =
|death_place = Navratangarh
|spouse =
|issue =
|dynasty = [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]]
|father = Ram Sah
|mother = Mukta Devi
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|regent =
|reg-type =
}}
'''Raghunath Shah''' was a [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagvanshi]] Gond king in the 17th century. He succeeded his father [[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]] in 1663. His capital was at [[Navratangarh]]. He built several temples during his reign.<ref name="The Nagbanshis And The Cheros">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis And The Cheros|website=archive.org}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT215|title=Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar|isbn=9781000651522|last1=Ansari|first1=Tahir Hussain|date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="livehistoryindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis|title=Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis|publisher=livehistoryindia|date=27 April 2019|access-date=28 September 2022}}</ref>

According to Lal Pradumn Singh, writer of the book ''Nagvansh'' (1951), Mughals invaded Khukhra during the reign of Raghunath Shah. Mughal officials were sent by [[Aurangzeb]] to attack Khukhra in his initial years. The invasion was strongly resisted which resulted in the death of Mughal officials. Later Raghunath Shah agreed to pay tax to Mughal.<ref name="Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2016"/>

He constructed several temples with the help of Maratha Guru Harinath, including Jagannath Temple in 1682, Madan Mohan Temple of Boreya and Radha Balabh Temple in 1687. Raghunath Shah included the ''Nath'' middle name in his name in the honour of his guru [[Haranath (actor)|Harinath]].<ref name="JHARKHAND SAMAGRA">{{cite book|author=Birendra, Bimal Kishore Mishr|title=JHARKHAND SAMAGRA (Prabhat Prakashan)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|year=2020|isbn=9789390101160|pages=31}}</ref> Raghunath Shah's name is featured in a temple inscription in Chutia in Ranchi district as the fiftieth descendant of Raja [[Phani Mukut Rai]].<ref name="The Nagbanshis And The Cheros"/>
The sanskrit inscription on the wall of the Madan Mohan temple in Boreya in Ranchi shows that it was constructed during the reign of Raghunath Shah in [[Hindu calendar|Samvat]] 1722 (1665 CE). He was also a poet and wrote several poems in the [[Nagpuri language]].<ref name="Jharkhand Samanya Gyan 2016">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TCcDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|title=Jharkhand Samanya Gyan|isbn=9789351866848|last1=Ranjan|first1=Manish|date=January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/giant-new-chapter-for-nagpuri-poetry/cid/362632|title=Giant new chapter for Nagpuri poetry|website=telegraphindia|date=5 November 2012}}</ref> He is the first known poet of the Nagpuri language. He was a worshiper of Lord Krishna. His poetry reflect Vaishnav tradition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBBDAAAAYAAJ|title=Journal of Historical Research, Volume 43|website=books.google.com|year=2003}}</ref>
[[File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|thumb|Navratangarh fort]]
During his reign, [[Medini Ray]] invaded [[Navratangarh]]. He plundered it and took away the gate of Navratangarh and put it into [[Palamu fort]] known as Nagpuri gate.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Raghunath}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]
[[Category:Nagpuri-language writers]]
[[Category:Nagpuria people]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Nenem Chinna Pillana

2026-03-03T21:52:39Z

NickiStpierre68: adding new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenem Chinna Pillana..?
| image = File:Nenem…Chinna_Pillana?.jpg
| caption =
| director = P. Sunil Kumar Reddy
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| narrator =
| story = [[Balabhadrapatruni Ramani]]
| starring = [[Rahul Ravindran]] [[Tanvi Vyas]] [[Sanjjana]]
| music = [[M. M. Srilekha]]
| cinematography = Sabu James
| editing =
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
''''' Nenem Chinna Pillana..? '''''({{translation|Am I a little girl or what..?}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by P. Sunil Kumar Reddy and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under [[Suresh Productions]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/modern-day-producers-must-learn-from-ramanaidu-sharath-babu-113082400193_1.html|title =Modern-day producers must learn from Ramanaidu: Sharath Babu | work= Business Standard|date= 24 August 2013 |accessdate= 28 September 2020 }}</ref> It features [[Rahul Ravindran]] and [[Tanvi Vyas]] in the lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/movies/nenem-chinna-pillana-a-different-movie-66937|title=భిన్నమైన చిన్నపిల్ల..!|language=te|date=21 September 2013|website=Sakshi}}</ref><ref name =" Ramanaidu's Movie ">{{cite web |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/ramanaidu-s-movie-on-love-story-.html|title= Ramanaidu's Movie on Love Story|publisher= timesofap.com | accessdate= 16 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rahul Ravindran]] as Krish
*[[Tanvi Vyas]] as Swapna
*[[Sanjjana]]
*[[Sarath Babu]]
*[[Aamani]]
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[L.B. Sriram]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*Kasi Viswanath
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]]
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Film-comedian-Amanchi-Venkata-Subramanyam-dies-at-56/articleshow/25460023.cms|title=Film comedian Amanchi Venkata Subramanyam dies at 56 |website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2013 }}</ref>
*[[D. Ramanaidu]] (cameo)
}}

== Production ==
The film was partially shot in [[Skåne County]], Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/5705963|title=Sweden provides sets for Bollywood dramas|date=18 November 2013|work=[[Sveriges Radio]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news-interviews/39254934_1_sanjjanaa-mahanadhi-yamaho-yama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214140018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news-interviews/39254934_1_sanjjanaa-mahanadhi-yamaho-yama |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sweden calling for Sanjjanaa's next Telugu film}}</ref>

==Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three-and-half out of five stars and stated that "It's that kind of a movie that didn't draw the masses into the theatres when it was released, however, it's worth a watch. Rahul deserves appreciation for portraying his role just perfect".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nenem-chinna-pillana-/movie-review/25519327.cms|title=Nenem Chinna Pillana..? Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links ==
*{{IMDb title|14564368}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nenem Chinna Pillana?}}
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Denmark]]
[[Category:Films shot in Sweden]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Srilekha]]

Rama Krishnulu

2026-03-03T21:47:46Z

NickiStpierre68: adding a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rama Krishnulu
| image = Rama Krishnulu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[V. C. Guhanathan|Guhanathan]]
| screenplay = V. B. Rajendra Prasad
| producer = V. B. Rajendra Prasad
| director = [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Jayasudha]] [[Jaya Prada]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]]
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| studio = Jagapathi Art Pictures
| distributor = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1978|6|8}}
| runtime = 161 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Rama Krishnulu''''' is a 1978 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]], produced and directed by [[V. B. Rajendra Prasad]] under his Jagapathi Art Pictures banner. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jayasudha]] and [[Jaya Prada]], with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The film borrows shades of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Hera Pheri (1976 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' (1976).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 May 2020|title=సీనియర్ ఎన్టీఆర్ రీమేక్ చేసిన అమితాబ్ బచ్చన్ సూపర్ హిట్ సినిమాలు ఇవే..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/sr-ntr-remake-amitabh-bachchan-many-hindi-super-hit-films-in-telugu-here-are-the-details-ta-512320.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 January 2021|website=[[News18]]|language=Telugu}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with a nefarious Kondandam who envies Meenakshi for spurning his love and knitting an upright Ramanandam. So, he spills acid into her eyes with his two associates, Tyagaraju & Nagaraju, and conceals Ramanandam in the dark. Now Inspector Satyanandam who convicts Tyagaraju & Nagaraju. So, enraged knaves kill his wife Chandramati when their son Ramu absconds. After a while, an orphan, Krishna, acquaints him and conducts pilfering to uphold his orphanage maintained by a noble Baba who shelters Meenakshi also, hiding her identity as Krishna's mother. Years roll by, and Ramu & Krishna are bounty hunters and small-time crooks to nourish the poor. At present, Ramu falls for Lakshmi, and Krishna loves Jaya. Here, Ramu still longs to seek vengeance. Now, Krishna is aware of Meenakshi's actuality when Ramu & Krishna realize that the same subjects the two to the injustice. They begin a murder spree and search for the 3rd heinous Kondandam. During that time, Ramu meets his father, Satyanandam, but is silent until he accomplishes the mission—Terror-stricken Kondandam ploys and forges as Krishna's father when a rupture erupts between Ramakrishnulu. At last, they affirm it as their game to cease baddies. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of Ramu & Lakshmi and Krishna & Jaya.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Ramu
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Krishna
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Jaya
*[[Jayasudha]] as Lakshmi
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Kondandam
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Thyagaraju
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Jaya's father
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Jaya's brother
*[[Jaggayya]] as Sakshala Sub-Inspector Satyanandam
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Ramanandam
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Chandramathi
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Meenakshi
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Baba
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as I.G.
*K. V. Chalam as Lakshmi's brother
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Nagaraju
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Jaggu
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rama Krishnulu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1978
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 26:27
| label = EMI Columbia Audio Company
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = KD No: 1
| prev_year = 1978
| next_title = [[Chilipi Krishnudu]]
| next_year = 1978
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Rama Krishnulu (1978)-Song_Booklet|url=https://indiancine.ma/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=13 January 2021|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Abbabbabbo Aadavaallu"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]], [[Vani Jayaram]], [[V. Ramakrishna]]
|5:24
|-
|2
|"Kanne Evaro"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, V. Ramakrishna
|5:23
|-
|3
|"Hare Rama Hare Krishna"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela, Vani Jayaram, V. Ramakrishna
|3:03
|-
|4
|"Navanavalade Chinnadana"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:12
|-
|5
|"Duppatlo Dooraaka"
|V. Ramakrishna, P. Susheela
|3:07
|-
|6
|"Jhuy Jhuy Antunte"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, V. Ramakrishna
|3:08
|-
|7
|"Aadanaa Paadanaa"
|P. Susheela, Vani Jayaram
|3:10
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=0390416}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. B. Rajendra Prasad]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:1970s action drama films]]
[[Category:1978 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]

Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara

2026-03-03T04:46:12Z

NickiStpierre68: brief expand information for accuracy and corrected details for clarity

{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=June 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara
| image =
| caption =
| starring = [[Pandiarajan]] [[Suvaluxmi]]
| director = [[Keyaar]]
| screenplay = Keyaar
| producer = Aru. Subramaniam
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = B. L. Rao
| studio = [[Panchu Arunachalam|Subbu Films Productions]]
| editing = R. T. Annadurai
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|4|13|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara''''' ({{Translation|Don't worry brother}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy drama]] film, written and directed by [[Keyaar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 November 1997 |title=Kayaar to direct |url=http://expressindia.com/screen/nov21/south2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000301061048/http://expressindia.com/screen/nov21/south2.htm |archive-date=1 March 2000 |access-date=27 August 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express|Express India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Pandiarajan]] and [[Suvaluxmi]], while [[K. R. Vijaya]] and [[Janagaraj]] portrayed supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the film was released on 13 April 1998. It is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Kalyanji Anandji (film)|Kalyanji Anandji]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=17 July 1998 |title=Film Reviews: Poonthottam / Dharma |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980717/09/09170225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000611211731/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/980717/09/09170225.htm |archive-date=11 June 2000 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=27}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=one source mentions it being a remake, another we need the name of the original film}}

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pandiarajan]]
*[[Suvaluxmi]] as Philomena (Meena)
*[[K. R. Vijaya]]
*[[Janagaraj]]
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Vasool Baaba
*[[Raghuram]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Radharavi]]
*[[Vadivukkarasi]]
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Loose Mohan]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara (1998) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kavalai-padathe-sagodhara-songs-T0002764 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230629081820/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kavalai-padathe-sagodhara-songs-T0002764 |archive-date=2023-06-29 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Chinna Chinna" is set to the raga [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=126 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Thiruvonam Thirunalam" || Ilaiyaraaja, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
|-
| "Arule Arul" || Devi Neithiyar, Geetha || [[Arivumathi]]
|-
| "Iswar Allah" || Ilaiyaraaja, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Yugendran]] || rowspan=2|Panchu Arunachalam
|-
| "Chinna Chinna" || Devi Neithiyar, [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Arunmozhi]], [[S. N. Surendar]]
|-
| "Mama Poo Poo" || Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|}

== Release ==
The film was released on 13 April 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kavalai padathe sagodhara ( 1998 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=kavalai%20padathe%20sagodhara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029130455/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=kavalai%20padathe%20sagodhara |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=Cinesouth}}</ref> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INRConvert|5|l|year=2000}} subsidy by the Tamil Nadu government along with several other films.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvTZAAAAMAAJ&q=Swarnamukhi |title=Mass Media in India |publisher=[[Publications Division]] |year=2001 |isbn=9788123009421 |pages=181 |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{Keyaar}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Keyaar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thondan (2017 film)

2026-03-03T03:14:22Z

NickiStpierre68: new new details added tags

{{Short description|2017 Indian Tamil vigilante drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thondan
| image = Thondan poster.jpg
| director = [[Samuthirakani]]
| producer = R. Manikandan
| writer = Samuthirakani
| starring = Samuthirakani [[Vikranth]] [[Sunaina]] [[Arthana Binu]] Gouri Nair [[Namo Narayana]]
| music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]] [[Richard M. Nathan]]
| editing = [[A. L. Ramesh]]
| studio = Vasundara Devi Cine Films
| distributor = Vasundara Devi Cine Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|05|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Thondan''''' ({{Translation|Votary}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Samuthirakani]]. The film stars Samuthirakani himself, with [[Vikranth]], [[Sunaina]], [[Arthana Binu]], Gouri Nair, and [[Namo Narayana]] amongst others in pivotal roles. The music is composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]] with editing by [[A. L. Ramesh]]. The venture began production in December 2016 and had a theatrical release on 26 May 2017.

== Plot ==
Narayanan is the son of State Minister Pandiyanar in [[Vellore]]. Narayanan has been using his father's name and influence, to make money by corruption much to the latter's dismay. Although Pandiyanar has been an MLA and minister for only three years, Narayanan has amassed a huge fortune and industrial empire by unsavoury means. One day, some goons try to kill a man in daylight, as instructed by Narayanan. The man is lying in a pool of blood, and a local person witnesses this and calls an ambulance. The ambulance driver is Maha Vishnu, a kindhearted man who takes pride in the fact that he has never let anyone die on the way to the hospital in his ambulance. Vishnu admits the man in the hospital, and he is saved. Narayanan is angry with Vishnu for saving his enemy, for which he replies that saving the lives of people is his duty.

Vishnu is married to Bagalamugi. He has a father and sister Mahishasuramardini. The latter is stalked by Vicky, a drunkard and jobless youth who happens to be a friend of Vishnu. Vishnu convinces Vicky to reform and attend the medical technician course. Vicky completes it successfully and saves people's lives, earning the love of Vishnu and his family. Mahi has a friend named Gowri, who is stalked by Narayanan's brother Chinna Pandi, and she beats him in a bus. Insulted by this, Chinna Pandi beats Gowri up with a wooden log. Enraged, Mahi and the students kill him. Vishnu arrives with his ambulance to admit Chinna Pandi to the hospital. To avoid traffic, he takes the outer bypass, infuriating Narayanan. Chinna Pandi succumbs to the injury. Narayanan blames Vishnu for this and beats him up, but he is saved by the public. Narayanan vows to kill Vishnu.

Vishnu gets mad after his father loses his hearing ability and his wife suffers a miscarriage. Deeply saddened by this, he confronts Narayanan, who pleads that he is innocent. Vishnu believes that being a common man, he cannot do anything against a powerful man who has political support. Narayanan has constantly bribed local police Inspector Uthaman and various government officials and has them under his control. Vishnu is helped by Sub-Inspector Rahman. Vishnu plans to destroy Narayanan and bring him to justice. He is covertly invited to join by the ruling party by the District secretary, who despite being an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]], had been not made a minister because Pandianar's caste has more votes in their district. Vishnu declines, and proceeds by himself. He gathers all the details of the properties owned by Narayanan and a video footage of him insulting Uthaman and the government officials while bribing from Narayanan's auditor, who helps Vishnu because he once saved his wife's life. Vishnu realizes that Narayanan used Pandiyanar's name to earn huge amounts of money and buy so many properties by corruption. Vishnu sends the evidences them to IT, Vigilance, and other departments. He also sends the video footage to Uthaman's wife and the government officials' wives, who lose respect among their family. Uthaman and the government officials decide to stop supporting Narayanan for his further actions.

The IT department raids Narayanan's house, confiscates all of his belongings, and arrests him. Pandiyanar is sacked from the State cabinet, and woes in despair. Narayanan is goaded to escape from the hospital, through the info that the State govt is planning his suicide to repair damage, and he is chased by the Police. He evades them temporarily, but meets with an accident in town center. While he is struggling, Vishnu comes with his ambulance and saves him.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Maha Vishnu, an ambulance driver
* [[Vikranth]] as Vicky, Vishnu's friend and Mahi's love interest
* [[Sunaina]] as Bagalamugi, Vishnu's wife
* [[Arthana Binu]] as Mahishasuramardini (Mahi), Vishnu's sister and Vicky's love interest
* [[Gouri Nair]] as Gowri, Mahi's friend
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Narayanan, the main antagonist
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Xavier, Vishnu's assistant
* [[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Vishnu and Mahi's father
* [[Anil Murali]] as Inspector Uthaman, a bribe victim of Narayanan
* Poraali Dileepan as Sub-Inspector Rahman, Vishnu's friend
* [[G. Gnanasambandam]] as Pandiyanar, Narayanan's father
* [[Soundararaja]] as Chinna Pandi, Narayanan's brother and Mahi's stalker
* [[Badava Gopi]] as Unnmai TV Reporter Aryabhatham
* [[Naadodigal Gopal]] as Sikkal Shanmugasundaram, Bagalamugi's father
* Indrani as Pandiyanar's wife
* Nasath as Vaikuntham, Bagalamugi's younger brother
* [[A. Govindamoorthy|Pichaikkaran Moorthy]]
* [[Nithya Ravindran]]
* Baboos
* V. Murugavel
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as "Ilaikadai" Ramar (guest appearance)
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Income Tax Officer (guest appearance)
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In May 2016, [[Samuthirakani]] revealed that he was set to work with [[Jayam Ravi]] for the second time after [[Nimirndhu Nil]] on a project titled ''Thondan'', using a script that he had initially written for [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]]. He stated that production would begin by the end of the year, with [[Allari Naresh]] also selected to play a role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/planning-a-film-with-jayam-ravi-samuthirakani-2897127/ |title=Planning a film with Jayam Ravi: Samuthirakani |date=6 July 2016 |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020122129/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/planning-a-film-with-jayam-ravi-samuthirakani-2897127/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jayam-ravis-next-film-with-samuthirakani-has-been-titled-as-thondan.html |title=Jayam Ravi's next film with Samuthirakani has been titled as Thondan |date=28 May 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=6 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206005937/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jayam-ravis-next-film-with-samuthirakani-has-been-titled-as-thondan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However Jayam Ravi's busy schedule during 2016 and 2017 meant that the pair could not eventually work together.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Planning-a-film-with-Jayam-Ravi-Samuthirakani/article14474401.ece |title=Planning a film with Jayam Ravi: Samuthirakani |work=The Hindu |date=6 July 2016 |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121042854/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Planning-a-film-with-Jayam-Ravi-Samuthirakani/article14474401.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film re-materialised during December 2016, with [[Vikranth]] signed on to portray the role originally assigned to Naresh, while Samuthirakani himself would play the lead role. Vikranth revealed that he would star in the project alongside commitments to work in [[Suseenthiran]]'s ventures ''[[Vennila Kabaddi Kuzhu 2]]'' and ''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]''. Samuthirakani stated the film would be about "simple men, their lives, problems and pain" and "these are people who provide a service to the society; they might earn a less salaries, but they definitely get more satisfaction out of life".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Samuthirakani-An-ambulance-driver/articleshow/55911045.cms |title=Samuthirakani: An ambulance driver |website=The Times of India |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404003900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Samuthirakani-An-ambulance-driver/articleshow/55911045.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He added that the film would tackle several social issues in India including [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]], [[Disproportionate assets case against Jayalalithaa|corruption in politics]], [[Farmers' suicides in India|the farmers' plight]], [[2017 pro-jallikattu protests|jallikattu]] and the harassment of women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/612647/samuthirakani-his-finest-work-till.html |title=Samuthirakani, on his finest work till date |date=20 May 2017 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020122126/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/612647/samuthirakani-his-finest-work-till.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070417/thondan-is-not-a-political-film-samuthirakani.html |title=Thondan is not a political film: Samuthirakani |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=7 April 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020124958/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070417/thondan-is-not-a-political-film-samuthirakani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Production began during early December 2016, with [[Sunaina]] added to the cast after Samuthirakani was impressed with her performance in ''[[Neerparavai]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sunaina-joins-the-cast-of-samuthirakanis-thondan-with-vikranth.html |title=Sunaina joins the cast of Samuthirakani's Thondan with Vikranth |date=17 December 2016 |website=Behindwoods |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130223526/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sunaina-joins-the-cast-of-samuthirakanis-thondan-with-vikranth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/samuthirakani-not-only-in-cinema-harassment-against-women-happens-everywhere-news-tamil-rfxjPxehebdhj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524031602/http://www.sify.com/movies/samuthirakani-not-only-in-cinema-harassment-against-women-happens-everywhere-news-tamil-rfxjPxehebdhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 May 2017 |title=Samuthirakani: Not only in cinema, harassment against women happens everywhere |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thondan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 9 April 2017
| recorded = 2016–17
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 18:38
| language = Tamil
| label = [[U1 Records]]
| producer = Justin Prabhakaran
| prev_title = [[Kaalakkoothu]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Oru Nalla Naal Paathu Solren]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]] and featured five songs. The album was released on 9 April 2017 through [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]'s [[U1 Records]] label.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length = 18:38
| title1 = Thondan Thondan
| lyrics1 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra1 = [[Diwakar]]
| length1 = 3:13
| title2 = Chellakutti Joraa
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra2 = [[Justin Prabhakaran]], Prashanthini
| length2 = 3:25
| title3 = Poi Varavaa
| lyrics3 = Yugabharathi
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Ettoorum Kekkum
| lyrics4 = Yugabharathi
| extra4 = Pradeep Kumar
| length4 = 4:08
| title5 = Vaasamulla Poovaa
| lyrics5 = Yugabharathi
| extra5 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]], Daya Bijibal
| length5 = 3:21
}}

== Release ==
The film had a theatrical release across Tamil Nadu on 26 May 2017, alongside [[Radha Mohan]]'s ''[[Brindavanam (2017 film)|Brindavanam]]'', and earned mixed to negative reviews. The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Zee Tamil]]. Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "All of which would be okay...if there was a grain of good filmmaking. But the utterly generic bring-down-the-bad-guy story is preposterous, and scenes go on and on."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/thondan-movie-review |title=Thondan Movie Review – Film Companion |date=2 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Reception==
Anupama Subramaniam of the [[Deccan Chronicle]] wrote ''Thondan'' is an "interesting film sans entertainment values" and "all is well and good, but things do become a bit self-righteous and annoying when a fictional film begins to give you lessons on ethics and morality".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270517/thondon-movie-review-interesting-film-sans-entertainment-values.html |title=Thondon movie review: Interesting film sans entertainment values |first=Anupama |last=Subramanian |date=27 May 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324065104/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270517/thondon-movie-review-interesting-film-sans-entertainment-values.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India Today's review stated that "''Thondan'' is Samuthirakani's [[TED (conference)|TED Talk]] in Tamil that runs for more than two hours", adding that it is "an uninteresting social commentary".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thodan-movie-review-samuthirakani-vikranth-santhosh-sunaina-979602-2017-05-28 |title=Thondan movie review: An unrealistic film with lots of 'messages' |author=Srivatsan |date=May 28, 2017 |magazine=India Today |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821223129/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/thodan-movie-review-samuthirakani-vikranth-santhosh-sunaina-979602-2017-05-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> On a positive note, film critic Santhosh Mathevan wrote, "Kani documents a lot of true events, and he also comes out with some real time and cinematic references in his screenplay." He also criticised, "Usually, the mercury level of preaching would always touch the peak of thermometer in every of Kani's movie. But, ''Thondan'' has let the mercury bulb burst, as the film seems to be a 138 minute-tight-pack of loads of moral values to teach."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.santhoshmathevan.com/2017/05/thondan-he-serves-too-much-for-community.html |title=Thondan: He serves too much for the community |website=www.santhoshmathevan.com |access-date=21 August 2018 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821124731/https://www.santhoshmathevan.com/2017/05/thondan-he-serves-too-much-for-community.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sify.com stated the film was "filled with a plethora of messages in an over preachy tone".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thondan-review-old-fashioned--preachy-review-tamil-rf0jQzaajadcg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526184959/http://www.sify.com/movies/thondan-review-old-fashioned--preachy-review-tamil-rf0jQzaajadcg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2017 |title=Thondan review: Old fashioned & Preachy |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A critic from ''The New Indian Express'' wrote the film was "a basket of moral lectures", concluding "''Thondan'' is what you feared would happen once ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016) did as well as it did".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/may/26/thondan-movie-review-a-big-basket-of-moral-lectures-1609389.html |title=Thondan movie review: A big basket of moral lectures |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324065100/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/may/26/thondan-movie-review-a-big-basket-of-moral-lectures-1609389.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] rated the film 1 out of 5 and wrote, "As expected, actor and director Samuthirakani, delivers yet another sermon disguised as a movie".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/article/thondan-movie-review |title=Thondan Movie Review |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |authorlink=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 June 2017 |publisher=Film Companion |access-date=20 July 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907035636/http://www.filmcompanion.in/article/thondan-movie-review |url-status=live }}</ref> The film took a lukewarm opening at the Chennai box office and fared averagely commercially.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6763794}}

{{Samuthirakani}}
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2017 drama films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Samuthirakani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mosadi

2026-03-03T03:02:51Z

NickiStpierre68: Added

{{Short description|2019 film by Jagadeesan}}
{{No plot|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mosadi
| image =
| director = K. Jagatheesan
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = Viju Ayyapasamy Pallavi Dora

NCB VIJAYAN
| music = Shajahan
| cinematography = R.
Manikandan editing = S.M.V Subbu Gopi Ra Nath
| studio = JCS Movies

| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2019|06|21|df=yes}}
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Mosadi''''' ({{translation|Fraud}}) is a 2019 [[Tamil language]] heist-thriller film directed by Jagadeesan. The film stars Viju Ayyapasamy and Pallavi Dora in the lead roles.

== Cast ==
Credited cast:<ref name="Deccan">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=9 June 2019 |title=Demonetisation in thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090619/demonetisation-in-thriller.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
*Viju Ayyapasamy
*Pallavi Dora as Kuruvanji
*Vijayan as a minister

== Production ==
The film is directed by Jagadeesan, an assistant of [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] actress Pallavi Dora was signed to make her Tamil debut. The title poster includes a handcuffed image to indicate that the film is a crime thriller. The film is about the conversion of [[black money]] following [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]].<ref name="Deccan" />

== Release ==
The film was scheduled to release on 14 June.<ref name="Deccan" /> Thinkal Menon of ''The Times of India'' wrote that, "The movie has a not-so-bad plot, which reminds us of the interestingly-written heist film ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'', which had solid performances and intriguing scenes. But ''Mosadi'' is nowhere close to it – it would have been a decent watch if the making and performance were at least average".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=20 June 2019 |title=Mosadi Movie Review {1.5/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mosadi/movie-review/69874486.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of the ''Deccan Chronicle'' stated that, " The director has given us an interesting plot, however, it is in the execution that he errs".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=22 June 2019 |title=Mosadi movie review: Potential plot, lacks execution |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/220619/mosadi-movie-review-potential-plot-lacks-execution.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:2019 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Etawah district

2026-02-28T23:02:22Z

NickiStpierre68: add references additionally

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Etawah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Etawah district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Ravines in Etawah.jpg
| image_caption = Ravines near Etawah
| image_map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 7
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Etawah
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanpur division|Kanpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Etawah]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[Tehsil Sadar Etawah]], [[Bharthana]], [[Jaswantnagar]], [[Chakar Nagar]], [[Saifai]], [[Takha]]
| area_total_km2 = 2311
| area_footnotes = {{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,581,810
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus />
| population_urban = [[Etawah]], [[Bharthana]], [[Saifai]], [[Jaswantnagar]], [[Bakewar]], [[Sarsai Nawar]], [[Mahewa]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]], [[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Jaswantnagar]] [[Bharthana]] And [[Etawah]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = [[UP-75]]
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]], [[National Highway 719 (India)|NH 719]] & [[State Highway 83 (Uttar Pradesh)|State Highway 83]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 792 mm
| blank6_name_sec1 = Airport
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Saifai Airstrip]]
| website = http://etawah.nic.in/
}}

'''Etawah district''' is one of the [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh|districts]] in the western portion of [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]]. [[Etawah]] town is the district headquarters. The district covers an area of 2311 km{{sup|2}}. It has a population of 1,581,810.<ref name=districtcensus />

==Administration==
Etawah district is administered by an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]] officer serving as the [[District magistrate|District Magistrate (DM)]], who is responsible for the overall administration, [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]], and [[implementation]] of government [[policies]] in [[District|the district]].

For effective governance, the district is subdivided into six [[Sub- divisions of India|sub-divisions]] or [[Tehsil|tehsils]], each managed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM)]]. These tehsils serve as the primary revenue and administrative units, handling tasks such as maintenance of land records, revenue collection, and overseeing local governance.

Further, the tehsils are organized into eight development blocks, each headed by a [[Block (district subdivision)|Block Development Officer (BDO)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative setup, District: Etawah |url=https://etawah.nic.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=10 October 2022}}</ref>. The BDOs are tasked with planning, implementing, and monitoring development programs, rural infrastructure projects, and government welfare schemes at the grassroots level.

The tehsils and blocks collectively ensure that administrative functions, public services, and developmental activities reach the local population efficiently. This hierarchical structure facilitates coordinated governance, promotes accountability, and allows for effective execution of central and state government initiatives within the district.

The six [[Tehsil|tehsils]] of Etawah district are:

* [[Tehsil Sadar Etawah]]
* [[Bharthana]]
* [[Jaswantnagar|Jaswant Nagar]]
* [[Saifai]]
* [[Chakar Nagar]]
* [[Takha]]

===Blocks===
The eight [[Community development block|Blocks]] in Etawah are as follows:

* Barhpura
* [[Basrehar]]
* [[Jaswantnagar]]
* [[Mahewa]]
* [[Saifai]]
* [[Chakar Nagar|Chakarnagar]]
* [[Takha]]
* [[Bharthana]]

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,43,489|13=1911|14=4,17,882|15=1921|16=4,03,197|17=1931|18=4,10,018|19=1941|20=4,85,410|21=1951|22=5,33,569|23=1961|24=6,42,294|25=1971|26=7,82,666|27=1981|28=9,39,030|29=1991|30=11,30,340|31=2001|32=13,38,871|33=2011|34=15,81,810|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Etawah district (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.17}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|7.20}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.63}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Etawah district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,581,810.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Etawah|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1202/download/3822/DH_2011_0930_PART_A_DCHB_ETAWAH.pdf|access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 316th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert| 157 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.91%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Etawah has a [[sex ratio]] of 970 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.14%. 23.16% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes make up 24.55% of the population.<ref name="districtcensus" />

Hindus predominate in rural areas (nearly 97%). The vast majority of Muslims are urban and make up 20% of urban population in the district.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Etawah district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 98.18
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Urdu]]
| value2 = 1.75
| color2 = green
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 0.07
| color3 = gray
| thumb = left
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 98.18% of the population in the district spoke [[Hindi]] (or a related language) and 1.75% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10224/download/13336/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Nagar Panchayat==
* [[Bakewar]]
* [[Ekdil]]
* [[Lakhna]]

== Villages ==
* [[Aheripur]]
* [[Bijauli]]
* [[Saifai]]

==Temples==
[[Image:Rathore Park.jpg|thumb|upright|Hajari Mahadev Temple]]
*[[Hajari Mahadev Temple]] at [[Sarsai Nawar]]
*[[Kedareshwar Mandir]] at [[Etawah]]
*[[Kundeshwar Mahadev Mandir]] at Kundeshwar Agra Road Etawah

== Tourism ==
* [[Sarsai Nawar Wetland]] is a bird sanctuary and a protected area.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2020 |title=Six UP wetlands declared Ramsar sites this year - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/6-up-wetlands-declared-ramsar-sites-this-year/articleshow/74431796.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Etawah Safari Park]]
* [[National Chambal Sanctuary]]
{{see also|Wildlife sanctuaries in Uttar Pradesh}}

== Infrastructure ==
===Regional Transport Office===
*[[UP-75|UP-75 Etawah RTO]]

=== Railways ===
* [[Etawah Junction railway station]]
* [[Saifai railway station]]
* [[Jaswantnagar railway station]]

=== Road and Highway Network ===
Etawah district has a well-developed road transportation network comprising [[National highways of India|national highways]], [[Expressways of India|expressways]], and [[State highways in India|state highways]]. These roads connect the district with major cities of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and neighbouring states, supporting trade, commuting, and regional development.

The district lies on an important east–west transport corridor of northern India and is directly connected to [[Delhi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]], [[Lucknow]], and [[Prayagraj]].

==== National Highways ====
The following national highways pass through or serve Etawah district:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Highway No.
! Name / Former Name
! Major towns covered in Etawah district
! Direction / Connectivity
|-
| [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH-19]]
| Grand Trunk Road (formerly NH-2)
| Etawah, Jaswantnagar
| [[Delhi]] – [[Agra]] – [[Kanpur]] – [[Prayagraj]] – [[Kolkata]]
|-
| [[National Highway 91A (India)|NH-91A]]
| —
| Etawah
| Etawah – [[Kannauj]]
|-
|NH-719
|
|[[Bhind]]
|Etawah – [[Gwalior]]
|}

==== Expressways ====
Etawah district is one of the key districts connected by high-speed expressways in Uttar Pradesh:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Expressway
! Entry / Coverage in district
! Connectivity
! Status
|-
| [[Agra–Lucknow Expressway]]
| Passes through central Etawah district
| Agra – Etawah – Kannauj – Lucknow
| Operational
|-
| [[Bundelkhand Expressway]]
| Originates near Etawah district
| Etawah – [[Jhansi]] – [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
| Operational
|-
|[[Atal Progress-Way]]
|Originates near Etawah district
|Etawah([[Uttar Pradesh]]) – [[Bhind]]([[Madhya Pradesh]]) – [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]([[Rajasthan]])
|Operational
|}

==== State Highways ====
Several state highways provide regional and intra-district connectivity within Etawah district:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State Highway
! Major towns / areas covered
! Connectivity
|-
| SH-83
| Etawah – Bharthana
| Connects Etawah with Auraiya district
|-
| SH-92
| Etawah – Chakarnagar
| Connects rural and ravine areas
|-
| SH-126
| Jaswantnagar region
| Local inter-district connectivity
|}

==Education==
{{Main|:Category:Universities and colleges in Etawah district}}
===Universities===
[[File:CAET Main Building.jpg|Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology (in Etawah) of C.S.A. University of Agriculture & Technology|thumb]]
*Faculties of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dairy Technology and Fisheries Science of [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]] named [[Baba Saheb Dr. B.R.A. College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology]], [[College of Dairy Technology (Etawah)|College of Dairy Technology]] and [[College of Fisheries Science and Research Centre]], established during 1994–95, 2015–16 and 2015–16 respectively.
*[[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]] (formerly [[U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]]) [[Saifai]], Etawah is a [[medical research]] [[public university]], established by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] under Act 15 of 2016. The university is running full-fledged [[Medical College]], Paramedical College, Nursing College, Pharmacy College, Multi Specialty 850 bedded [[hospital]], 150 bedded [[Trauma center|trauma]] and [[burn centre]] and 500 bedded super specialty hospital established in the university by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="AU2016">{{cite web|title=रिम्स सैफई बना आयुर्विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय|website=अमर उजाला|date= 6 June 2016|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/etawah/rims-becomes-ayurvigyan-university|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="BS2015">{{cite news | title= UP govt to establish medical science university in Saifai | newspaper= Business Standard India | date= 13 March 2015 | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/up-govt-to-establish-medical-science-university-in-saifai-115031301071_1.html | agency= Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref name="NBT2016">{{cite web | title= सैफई मेडिकल यूनिवर्सिटी को गवर्नर का ओके |website=NBT | date= 3 May 2016 | url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/saifai-medical-university-of-governor-ok/articleshow/52080483.cms |language=hi}}</ref>

===Schools and colleges===
*[[Chaudhary Charan Singh Post Graduate College]], [[Saifai|Heonra-Saifai]], Etawah or [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Post Graduate College|Chaudhary Charan Singh Degree College]] is a college offering under-graduate and post-graduate courses in Science, Arts, Law, Commerce, Computer, Management, Education and Physical Education faculties. The college is situated in Heonra village which is part of Saifai Block (Vikas Khand) and neighbour village of Saifai village. The college is affiliated to [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (formerly Kanpur University)]].<ref name="CCSPG College">{{cite web|title=www.ccspg.org (Website of Chaudhary Charan Singh Post Graduate College)|website=Chaudhary Charan Singh Post Graduate College|url=http://www.ccspg.org/}}</ref>
*[[Government Girls Post Graduate College, Etawah]] is government women's college offering BA, BCom and MA courses in [[Etawah]].
*[[Janta College Bakewar, Etawah]] is a college offering courses in Mathematics, Computer Science, Industrial chemistry, Biotechnology, Commerce and Agriculture. The college is affiliated to [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (formerly Kanpur University)]]. It is considered as a top notch institution for science. It is accredited 'B' grade from NAAC.
*[[Karm Kshetra Post Graduate College]] or [[K.K. P.G. College, Etawah]] is a college offering under-graduate and post-graduate courses in Science, Arts, Commerce faculties. The college is affiliated to [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University (formerly Kanpur University)]].
*[[Major Dhyan Chand Sports College, Saifai]] (Etawah) is a residential sports college in [[Saifai]], established in 2014. It offers teaching from 6th to 12th standard and by the curriculum of [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Uttar Pradesh (U.P. Board)]] and sports training in [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[Field hockey|hockey]], [[wrestling]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[badminton]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and [[kabaddi]].
*[[Pharmacy College Saifai]], established in 2015, only government aided pharmacy college run by UP Government. Earlier affiliated with [[UPTU]], now part of [[Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upums.ac.in/StaticPages/CollegeofPharmacy.aspx|title=Official website of the Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences|access-date=8 February 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130142353/http://www.upums.ac.in/StaticPages/CollegeofPharmacy.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*
*[[S.S. Memorial Educational Academy, Saifai]], Etawah is a private B.T.C. training college. It offers 2 year B.T.C. which is also known as Diploma in Elementary Education (D.El.Ed.) outside [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
*[[S.S. Memorial Senior Secondary Public School, Saifai]], Etawah is a co-ed institute with English as the medium of instruction. The school is affiliated to [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE, New Delhi]] and [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] published books are introduced form class VI and onwards.<ref name="SSMSSPS">{{cite web|title=www.ssmssps.com (Website of S.S. Memorial Senior Secondary Public School)|website=S.S. Memorial Senior Secondary Public School|url=http://www.ssmssps.com}}</ref>

== Notable people ==


* [[George Adamson]], wildlife conservationist
* [[K. Asif]], film director was born in Etawah
* [[Sarita Bhadauria]] (b 1963) - politician and member of [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Pia Bajpiee]] (b 1993) - Indian actress and model
* [[Babu Gulabrai]], a significant figure in modern Hindi literature was born in Etawah
* [[Allan Octavian Hume]], the founder of Indian National Congress was district collector in 1857
* [[Zakir Husain|Dr. Zakir Hussain]], President of India completed his high schooling in Etawah
* [[C. K. Jain]], former Secretary-General was born in Etawah
* [[Imdad Khan]], Sitar and Surbahar player, founder of [[Etawah Gharana]], lived in Etawah
* [[Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], prominent in Aligarh Movement
* [[Kaptan Singh]], born in Etawah
* [[Akhilesh Yadav]] (b 1973) - politician and member of [[17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Akshay Yadav]], former MP born in Etawah
* [[Dimple Yadav]] (born 1978) - Indian politician and member of [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] (1939-2022) - politician and founder of the [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Ram Gopal Yadav]] (born 1946) - Indian politician
* [[Shivpal Singh Yadav]] (born 1955) - Indian politician



== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://etawah.nic.in}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Etawah district
|North = [[Mainpuri district]]
|Northeast = [[Kannauj district]]
|East = [[Auraiya district]]
|Southeast = [[Jalaun district]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Bhind district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|West = [[Agra district]]
|Northwest = [[Firozabad district]],
[[Dhaulpur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
}}

{{Etawah district}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26|47|24|N|79|01|12|E|region:IN-UP_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Etawah district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Roads in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Expressways in Uttar Pradesh]]

S/O Satyamurthy (soundtrack)

2026-02-28T23:02:04Z

NickiStpierre68: adding article

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = S/O Satyamurthy
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype =
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover = S-O Sathyamurthy album cover.jpg
| alt =
| released = 21 March 2015
| recorded = 2014–2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:43
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Alludu Seenu]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Srimanthudu]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|I_OedGjNByY|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
'''''S/O Satyamurthy''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] for the 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film [[S/O Satyamurthy|of the same name]], directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. The film stars [[Allu Arjun]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Nithya Menen]] and [[Adah Sharma]] in the lead roles. [[Devi Sri Prasad]] has also composed the background score for the film. The album consists of seven songs in Telugu, with [[Sri Mani]], Devi Sri Prasad, [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] penning the lyrics. "Super Machi" is the most popular track among the all.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-08|title=Happy birthday Allu Arjun: Five dance numbers that justify his dancing prowess|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-allu-arjun-five-dance-numbers-that-justify-his-dancing-prowess/story-WezZb0sxi91REpPMFtZvsL.html|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-08|title=On Allu Arjun's birthday, his 7 best dance numbers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/on-allu-arjuns-birthday-his-7-best-dance-numbers-7263199/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> For the soundtrack album, Devi received two awards, out of five nominations.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Production and release ==
Trivikram's regular collaborator, Devi Sri Prasad, was hired for the music compositions. Folk singer [[Raghu Dixit]] made his Telugu cinema debut as a playback singer, saying on 4 February 2015 that he had recorded a song for the film.<ref>{{cite web|date=4 February 2015|title=Raghu Dixit croons for Allu Arjun's next|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Raghu-Dixit-croons-for-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/46120149.cms|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204115641/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Raghu-Dixit-croons-for-Allu-Arjuns-next/articleshow/46120149.cms|archive-date=4 February 2015|access-date=4 February 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The soundtrack was scheduled to be released on 18 March,{{cn|date=December 2024}} with [[Pawan Kalyan]] and [[Mahesh Babu]] the expected guests of honour at the release party.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2015|title=Pawan, Mahesh to promote Allu Arjun?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pawan-Mahesh-to-promote-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/46229332.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214030146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Pawan-Mahesh-to-promote-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/46229332.cms|archive-date=14 February 2015|access-date=14 February 2015|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In late February 2015, Prasad wrote and recorded a song.<ref name="DSP song">{{cite web|date=20 February 2015|title=Allu Arjun's dancing days|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150220/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-dancing-days|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221092844/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150220/entertainment-tollywood/article/allu-arjun%E2%80%99s-dancing-days|archive-date=21 February 2015|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=live|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> [[Aditya Music]] acquired the soundtrack's marketing rights, and the seven-track list was released on 20 March 2015.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The complete album was released the following day, on 21 March 2015, coinciding with the Ugadi celebrations, on the [[Novotel|H. I. C. C. Novotel]] Hotel in [[Hyderabad]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} Kannada tracks of the film were released in 2020, including soundtrack album under [[Aditya Music]] label.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| lyrics7 = Devi Sri Prasad
| extra5 = Sagar, [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Chal Chalo Chalo
| lyrics6 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra6 = [[Raghu Dixit]], Sooraj Santhosh, [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]
| length6 = 5:10
| title7 = Vachchaadu
| extra7 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title5 = Jaaruko
| length7 = 2:36
| lyrics5 = Sri Mani
| length4 = 4:02
| headline = Telugu
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 26:43
| title1 = One & Two & Three
| lyrics1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| length1 = 2:08
| title2 = Seethakalam
| extra2 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Super Machi
| lyrics3 = Devi Sri Prasad
| extra3 = Devi Sri Prasad, [[Sravana Bhargavi]], [[Magizhini Manimaaran]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Come to the Party
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| length10 =
}}{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| lyrics7 =
| extra5 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Venky, Pavani
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Rajya Gedhonu
| lyrics6 = Lokesh
| extra6 = Vinayak
| length6 = 5:10
| title5 = Pennu Paper
| lyrics5 = Venu Gopal Krishna
| length4 = 4:02
| headline = Kannada
| lyrics2 = Chetan
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title2 = Seethakala
| extra2 = Danunjay
| extra4 = Sai Charan
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Super Machi
| lyrics3 = Lokesh
| extra3 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], Vinayak
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Cocktail Kudidaga
| lyrics4 = Chetan
}}

== Reception ==
The soundtrack's success was celebrated on 6 April 2015 at Haailand, [[Vijayawada]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Critical reception ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' praised Devi's background score composition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=S/o Satyamurthy review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Allu Arjun, Samantha, Adah Sharma, Nithya Menen, Sneha & Upendra|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/sonofsatyamurthy.html|access-date=2021-08-04|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' too lauded Devi's work for the album.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-10|title='S/O Satyamurthy' review: An inconsistent drama with over-the-top action and a grand message|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/so-satyamurthy-review-an-inconsistent-drama-with-over-the-top-action-and-a-grand-message-981048.html|access-date=2021-08-04|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

A critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "On the whole, the songs in the album are passable. It does have the trademark style of Devi Sri Prasad, although he doesn't hit the ball out of the park with his work."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Review: S/O Satyamurthy - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-s/o-satyamurthy/articleshow/46757930.cms|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Ceremony
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
!{{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Utsavam 2015]]
|Best Lyrics
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]] (for the song "Super Machi")
|{{nom}}
|{{cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Gulf Andhra Music Awards
|Best Commercial Song
|Devi Sri Prasad and [[Sravana Bhargavi]] (for the song "Super Machi")
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |{{cn|date=December 2024}}
|-
|Best Upcoming Singer – Male
|[[Yazin Nizar]] (for the song "Seethakalam")
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|Devi Sri Prasad
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=5th SIIMA WINNERS LIST|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|access-date=24 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Best Lyricist (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]] (for the song "Super Machi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[CineMAA Awards|2016 CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Music Director
|Devi Sri Prasad
|{{won}}
|
|}

== Legacy ==
''[[Super Machi]]'' (2022), is an upcoming film featuring [[Kalyaan Dhev]] and [[Rachita Ram]], and directed by Puli Vasu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Super Machi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/super-machi/movieshow/71802884.cms|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> The title of the film is adapted from the "Super Machi" track of the album.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kalyaan Dhev, Rhea Chakraborty's 'Super Machi' to release on OTT? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhev-rhea-chakrabortys-super-machi-to-release-on-ott/articleshow/82829096.cms|access-date=2021-08-04|website=The Times of India|date=21 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Devi Sri Prasad}}
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Filmi soundtracks]]
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Devi Sri Prasad soundtracks]]
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]

A. K. Selvaraj

2026-02-28T04:06:24Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = A. K. Selvaraj
| birth_name = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|7|4}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore District]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 3 April 2014
| term_end = 2 April 2020
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2021
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
| predecessor1 = [[O. K. Chinnaraj]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2001
| term_end2 = 11 May 2006
| predecessor2 = [[B. Arunkumar]]
| successor2 = R. V. Ramanathan
| office3 = [[Department of Housing and Urban Development (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Housing & Urban Development]]
| term_start3 = 14 May 2001
| term_end3 = 21 September 2001
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor3 = [[K. Pitchandi]]
| successor3 = [[S. M. Velusamy]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
}}

'''A.K. Selvaraj''' (born 4 July 1958) is an Indian politician. He served as a [[Member of Parliament]], represented from [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the [[upper house]] of [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]).<ref name=myneta>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha Affidavits|url=http://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=473|website=MyNeta.info|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Profile|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/rajyasaba/48382|publisher=Govt of TN|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref>

He was the Minister for Housing & Urban Development.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TN Assembly 2001–2006|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/12th_2001/Review_12_2001-2006.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808173529/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in:80/archive/12th_2001/Review_12_2001-2006.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=|website=Tamil Nadu Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|date=2014-01-25|title=AIADMK changes RS poll candidate|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-changes-rs-poll-candidate/article5617199.ece|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Electoral Career==
=== Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Elections Contested ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 95%"
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Opposition Candidate
! Opposition Party
! Opposition vote %
|-
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || {{Won}} ||60.02 || [[B. Arunkumar]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 31.21
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || {{Won}} ||46.75 || T. R. Shanmugasundaram|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] ||45.66
|}

===Rajya Sabha Elections Contested===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 90%"
!Year
!Election
!Party
!PC Name
!Result
|-
|2014
|[[Rajya Sabha]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Won}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvaraj, K.}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Vokkaliga politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Sainik School, Punglwa

2026-02-22T14:57:40Z

NickiStpierre68: cleaned up structure and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sainik School, Punglwa
| city = [[Punglwa]]
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| country = [[India]]
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| grades = 6th to 12th
| established = 2007
| gender = Boys and girls
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]], [[Boarding school|Boarding]]
| footnotes =
| picture =
| website = [http://www.sainikschoolpunglwa.nic.in Official Website]
}}

'''Sainik School, Punglwa''' is boys' school located in [[Punglwa]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Nagaland]]. It was established by the Indian government in 2007 and is part of the [[Sainik School]] network.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sainikschoolpunglwa.nic.in/ |title=Official website |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075150/http://www.sainikschoolpunglwa.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The school prepares its students for entry into the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Khadakwasla]], [[Pune]].

== Administration ==
The school is administered by the Sainik Schools Society, under the supervision of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]].

The Chief of Staff, 3 Corps is the chairman of the school's Local Board of Administration.

==Relationship to the National Cadet Corps==
The school has an Independent Company of Junior and Senior Division N.C.C. as an integral part, including all the three divisions of the defence services: the Army, Navy and Air Force.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.sainikschoolpunglwa.nic.in}}
* [http://www.sainikschoolsociety.org Sainik Schools Society]
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Sainik schools]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2007]]
[[Category:Peren district]]

{{Nagaland-school-stub}}

Indian Institute of Mass Communication

2026-02-21T08:56:40Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{Short description|Autonomous Indian Media Institute}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Mass Communication
| image = Indian Institute of Mass Communication Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{Start date and age|1965|08|17|df=yes}}
| motto = {{lang|sa|ā no bhadrāḥ kratavo yantu viśvataḥ}}
| mottoeng = Let noble thoughts come to us from all directions
| type = [[Deemed university]]
| chairman = R. Jagannathan
| chancellor = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Union Minister of Information and Broadcasting]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Pragya Paliwal Gaur
| city = [[New Delhi]] (HQ)
| free_label = Regional centers
| free = {{hlist| [[Jammu]] | [[Amravati]] | [[Kottayam]] | [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] | [[Aizawl]]}}
| coordinates =
| campus_type = Multiple sites
| logo = IIMC New Delhi.jpg
| website = {{URL|https://www.iimc.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Indian Institute of Mass Communication''' ('''IIMC''') is an Indian [[deemed-to-be-university]], established on 17 August 1965, Delhi. Considered as the best media education institute of the country, it has five regional centers across India. The IIMC is an autonomous society under the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200857/http://www.mib.nic.in/informationb/AUTONOMUS/IIMC.htmIIMC%3A I&B profile]. ''mib.nic.in''</ref>

The Institute offers [[Postgraduate diploma|PG Diploma]] courses in media subjects like journalism (Hindi, English, Odia, Urdu, Marathi and Malayalam), radio and television, advertising & public relations, digital media, and corporate communication & brand management. It also offers [[Master of Arts]] programs in media business studies, strategic communications, and new media communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academic Courses {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/academic-courses |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref> Additionally, the institute provides a [[Doctor of Philosophy]] program in mass communication and journalism.<ref>{{Cite web| title=NOTIFICATION No.3/2025-MCI - Rules Governing the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D), 2025 | date=2025-05-16 | url=https://iimc.gov.in/files/announcements/Rules-Governing-the-Degree-of-Doctor-of-Philosophy-PhD-2025.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516125143/https://iimc.gov.in/files/announcements/Rules-Governing-the-Degree-of-Doctor-of-Philosophy-PhD-2025.pdf | archive-date=2025-05-16}}</ref>

== Institutes ==
The institute has its headquarters in [[New Delhi]] and five regional campuses at [[Aizawl]] ([[Mizoram]]), [[Amravati]] ([[Maharashtra]]), [[Dhenkanal]] ([[Odisha]]), [[Jammu]] (J&K), and [[Kottayam]] ([[Kerala]]).
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 93%"
|+Regional Centers
! scope="col" style="width:443px;" |Centers
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |City
! scope="col" style="width:105px;" |State/UT
! scope="col" style="width:30px;" |Founded
|-
|Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Delhi
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|1965
|-
|Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Dhenkanal
|[[Dhenkanal]]
|[[Odisha]]
|1993
|-
|Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Kerala
|[[Kottayam]]
|[[Kerala]]
|1995
|-
|Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Mizoram
|[[Aizawl]]
|[[Mizoram]]
|2011
|-
|Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Maharashtra
|[[Amravati]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|2011
|-
|Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Jammu
|[[Jammu]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|2012
|}

== History ==
The Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) was established on August 17, 1965, by the central government. It was an initiative of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]. Then minister of this department, [[Indira Gandhi|Smt. Indira Gandhi]], attended the inauguration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media is the message |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/best-colleges/story/20180604-india-today-best-colleges-survey-indian-institute-of-mass-communication-iimc-1241867-2018-05-24 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Renowned journalist and diplomat [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat)|Gopalaswami Parthasarathi]] is credited as the founder of the institute,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Vice Chancellors {{!}} Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/former-vice-chancellor |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}</ref> and eminent press advisor [[H. Y. Sharada Prasad]] is also considered instrumental in its establishment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H. Y. Sharada Prasad {{!}} Dr. S. Srikanta Sastri - Official Website |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/hysharadaprasad |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Dr.S.Srikanta Sastri |language=en}}</ref> The blueprint of the institute was prepared by a team of communication experts headed by American scholar [[Wilbur Schramm]], who is often regarded as the “father of communication studies”.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Rahul |date=2009-06-23 |title=Top mass communication colleges {{!}} Dethroned IIMC fights back |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6qsAyE6YW0hKPJrbfNYZmK/Top-mass-communication-colleges--Dethroned-IIMC-fights-back.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127232830/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6qsAyE6YW0hKPJrbfNYZmK/Top-mass-communication-colleges--Dethroned-IIMC-fights-back.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

On Jan 31, 2024, the Institute was granted [[Deemed university|Deemed University]] status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 Jan 2024 |title=IIMC granted deemed-to-be-university status, empowered to award degrees |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/iimc-granted-deemed-to-be-university-status-empowered-to-award-degrees/1255487 |access-date=31 Jan 2024 |work=[[Press Trust of India]] 4:56 PM · Jan 31, 2024 |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

==Academics==
IIMC teaches media disciplines including print journalism, photo journalism, radio journalism, television journalism, English journalism, Hindi journalism, Urdu journalism, development communication, communication research, advertising and public relations, corporate communication and brand management, media business studies, strategic communications, new media communications, and digital media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=IIMC launched a new course on Digital Media; Will cater the increasing demand of the Industry |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/iimc-launched-a-new-course-on-digital-media-will-cater-the-increasing-demand-of-the-industry/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Admission to these courses is through an All India Entrance Examination followed by group discussions and interviews.

It also offers a diploma course in Development Journalism for non-aligned and [[developing countries]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iimc.nic.in/content/29_1_PostGraduateDiplomaCourses.aspx|title = Notice – Admission Related :Indian Institute of Mass Communication}}</ref> The institute was originally set up to provide training to the officers of the [[Indian Information Service]] and continues to function as their primary training academy. The institute also conducts a number of specialized short-term courses each year to meet the training needs of media personnel working in government and public sector organisations. Notably, IIMC is the first media training institute in Asia to house a dedicated Communication Research Department, which undertakes research, analysis, and impact evaluation studies for various ministries and government bodies.<ref name="iimc.gov.in">{{Cite web | url=https://iimc.gov.in/files/downloads_documents/Prospectus-2025-26.pdf | title=Indian institute of mass communication - Prospectus 2025-26/27 | website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref>

== Infrastructure and facilities ==
IIMC offers a comprehensive range of academic and residential facilities across its six campuses. The main campus in Delhi houses fully equipped audio and video studios, advanced computer labs, a modern library, smart classrooms, two auditoriums with multimedia capabilities, and multiple hostels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facilities {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/facilities |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref> Regional campuses are similarly well-resourced, featuring smart classrooms, media labs, seminar halls, libraries, computer labs, and hostel accommodations. The Dhenkanal campus includes a media museum, open-air gym, and yoga hall, while Amravati and Jammu offer additional access to sports facilities and amphitheatres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC Dhenkanal {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/index.php/dhenkanal-Odisha-about-us |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC Amravati {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/index.php/amaravati-maharashtra-about-us |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC Jammu {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/index.php/jammu-j-and-k-about-us |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref> The Kottayam campus is equipped with administrative and residential blocks, and the Aizawl campus features a large integrated academic facility with full infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC Kottayam {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/kottayam-kerala-about-us |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC Aizawl {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/index.php/aizawl-mizoram-about-us |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref> Notably, the institute's first-ever incubation centre was inaugurated at the Delhi campus on August 29, 2024, followed by the establishment of another centre at the Kottayam campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 in Review: Some Milestones of IIMC to Cherish {{!}} Indian Institute of Mass Communication |url=https://iimc.gov.in/index.php/news/2024-review-some-milestones-iimc-cherish |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref>

== Publications ==
IIMC brings out two quarterly research journals, ''Communicator'' (in English) and ''Sanchar Madhyam'' (in Hindi), featuring peer-reviewed research articles and book reviews that reflect ongoing developments in the field of communication. Leading professionals and academics from the mass communication sector regularly contribute to these publications. The institute also publishes ''Sanchar Srijan'', a bilingual quarterly magazine focused on media and communication, and ''Rajbhasha Vimarsh'', a quarterly magazine dedicated to Official Language. In addition, a monthly newsletter covers key events and updates from the institute. From time to time, IIMC also publishes books in both English and Hindi, including research anthologies and edited volumes.<ref name="iimc.gov.in"/>

== Rankings ==
Since 2018, it has been ranked as the best mass communication college in India by [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]], [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]], and [[India Today]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://iimc.gov.in/files/downloads_documents/Prospectus_2024-25_Website.pdf | title=Indian institute of mass communication - Prospectus 2024-2025 | website=iimc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=India |title=Top Mass Communication Colleges 2025 in India Courses, Fees, Admission - Best Colleges |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/mass-communication |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=India |title=Top Mass Communication Colleges 2024 in India Courses, Fees, Admission - Best Colleges |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/mass-communication?year=2024 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=India |title=Top Mass Communication Colleges 2023 in India Courses, Fees, Admission - Best Colleges |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/mass-communication?year=2023 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=bestcolleges.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE WEEK-Hansa Research Survey 2025: India's best colleges |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2025/06/21/the-week-hansa-research-survey-2025-india-best-colleges.html |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet | user=IIMC_India | number=1804596690651160829 | title=Exciting news! Once again, @TheWeekLive Magazine has ranked #IIMC as the No. 1 #MassCommunication College in India in the prestigious ‘The Week-Hansa Research Survey 2024'. Congratulations to all students, faculty, alumni and staff!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet | user=IIMC_India | number=1667425162516631552 | title=Glad to announce that we are on top once again, The Week Magazine has ranked #IIMC as No. 1 among top #MassCommunication Colleges in India in ‘The Week-Hansa Research Survey 2023'...}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

* [[Aishwarya Rutuparna Pradhan]], India's first openly transgender civil servant.
* [[Anshu Gupta]], social worker, founder of [[Goonj (NGO)]], and recipient of the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]
* [[Anuja Iyer]], Indian actress and model<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-10-01 |title=My first break: Anuja Iyer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-first-break-Anuja-Iyer/article16884195.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Annupamaa]], Indian playback singer
* [[Anuranjan Jha]], Indian journalist and author<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC Connections 2015 Felicitates 'Campus Wale Entrepreneurs' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/iimc-connections-2015-felicitates-campus-wale-entrepreneurs-19352 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Alaka Sahani]], Indian film critic and senior assistant editor at [[Indian Express|''Indian Express'']]
* [[Allan Alaküla]], Estonian journalist
* [[Arun Krishnamurthy]], social worker, and founder of [[Environmentalist Foundation of India]]
* [[Bharat Koirala]], Nepalese journalist and recipient of the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=Jubilee Alumni Batches 1972 & 1997 - IIMCAA |url=https://iimcaa.org/initiatives/jubilee-alumni-batches/jubilee-alumni-batches-1972-1997/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Brij Khandelwal]], Indian journalist and environmentalist
* [[Chandan Roy]], Indian actor<ref>{{Cite news |title=Panchayat's Chandan Roy says he had a blueprint for becoming an actor: 'Things just fell in place' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/panchayats-chandan-roy-says-he-had-a-blueprint-for-becoming-an-actor-101673918209941.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* [[Chitra Subramaniam]], known for breaking the infamous [[Bofors scandal]] and recipient of the [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons|Chameli Devi Jain Award]]
* [[David Devadas]], journalist, writer and columnist
* [[Deepak Chaurasia]], editor-in-chief [[India News|''India New''s]]<ref name=mint>{{ cite news|title=Top mass communication colleges: Dethroned IIMC fights back|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/6qsAyE6YW0hKPJrbfNYZmK/Top-mass-communication-colleges--Dethroned-IIMC-fights-back.html|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date= 23 June 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Deepak Sandhu]], first woman [[Chief Information Commissioner|chief information commissioner]] of India<ref>{{Cite web| title=Writ petition (C) No. 210/2012 in the Supreme Court of India : Namit Sharma Vs. U01 | url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/4_3_2013_IR_Corrs.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712000123/http://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/4_3_2013_IR_Corrs.pdf | archive-date=2017-07-12}}</ref>
* [[Diego Gómez Pickering]], former [[Embassy of Mexico, London|Mexican ambassador to the United Kingdom]] and [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Royal Victorian Order]]
* [[Gajra Kottary]], Indian screenwriter
* [[Garima Sanjay]], Indian author
* [[Gauri Lankesh]], Indian activist and journalist and recipient of the [[Anna Politkovskaya Award]]
* [[Gayatribala Panda]], Indian poet and winner of [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Geeta Chandran]], Indian [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, vocalist, and [[Padma Shri]] awardee<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2022-03-05 |title=Danseuse Geeta Chandran receives Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/womenia/danseuse-geeta-chandran-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-731943 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[George Herming]], [[Communications Director|communications director]] for the [[Solomon Islands Government]]
* [[Sudhir Chaudhary (journalist)|Sudhir Chaudhary]], editor-in-chief of [[DD News]], former [[Zee Media Corporation|Zee Media]] editor-in-chief and CEO, and ex-consulting editor of [[Aaj Tak]]
* [[Haroon Habib]], writer and journalist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-18 |title= Star Weekend Magazine |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/01/02/exhibition.htm |access-date=2025-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053053/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2010/01/02/exhibition.htm |archive-date=18 June 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Hasleen Kaur]], actress, model and [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Earth 2011]]<ref>{{ cite news|title=Launch Pad/ Ready to rock|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/launch-pad-ready-to-rock/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2014-01-22|access-date=2014-07-28}}</ref>
* [[Jajati Karan]], journalist and winner of [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]]
* [[Mc Tino|Kasirye Martin]], Rwandan artist, host, and disk jockey
* [[Kiran Sethi]], Indian police officer
* [[Kris Rampersad]], Trinidadian and Tobagonian journalist
* [[Natasha Jog]], former senior editor and anchor at [[NDTV]] and director of public policy, India at [[Instagram]]
* [[Neelesh Misra]], author, journalist and [[Bollywood]] lyricist
* [[Neelum Sharma]], one of the founding anchors of [[Doordarshan]] and recipient of the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
* [[Nidhi Razdan]], former executive editor of [[NDTV]] and former primary anchor of [[NDTV 24x7]]<ref name=mint/>
* [[Niret Alva]], TV producer, co-founder [[Miditech]]
* [[Rini Simon Khanna]], news anchor<ref>{{cite web |title=Manthan Award South Asia Grand Jury 2010 Profile: Rini Simon Khanna |url=http://www.manthanaward.org/section_full_story.asp?id=931 |year=2010 |publisher=Manthan Award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017173250/http://manthanaward.org/section_full_story.asp?id=931 |archive-date=17 October 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Ravish Kumar]], ex-senior executive editor of [[NDTV India]] and recipient of the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]
* [[Rajvardhan Singh Dattigaon]], four-time [[member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]
* [[Rokas Žilinskas]], first openly gay [[Seimas|Lithuanian Member of Parliament]]
* [[Mandeep Punia]], freelance journalist<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/journalist-mandeep-punia-held-at-singhu-is-sent-to-jail-for-14-days-7169366/ | title=Journalist Mandeep Punia held at Singhu is sent to jail for 14 days | date=February 2021 }}</ref>
* [[Manisha Pande]], [[managing editor]] at [[Newslaundry]] and winner of [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]]
* [[Meena Kotwal]], Indian journalist and founder of ''[[The Mooknayak]]''
* [[Mitali Mukherjee (journalist)|Mitali Mukherjee]], director of [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]] at [[University of Oxford]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=Mitali Mukherjee {{!}} Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/mitali-mukherjee |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lillete Dubey]], Indian actress and theatre director<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lillete Dubey - Creating Emerging Markets - Harvard Business School |url=https://www.hbs.edu/creating-emerging-markets/interviews/Pages/profile.aspx?profile=ldubey |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=www.hbs.edu}}</ref>
* [[Satyendra Murli]], media pedagogue, researcher, and journalist; assistant professor at [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].
* [[Sitaram Agrahari]], Nepalese journalist and [[editor-in-chief]] of ''[[Gorkhapatra]]''
* [[Sonal Kalra]], editor, HT City
* [[Sourav Mishra]], journalist, livelihood interventionist, researcher
* [[Sunetra Choudhury]], journalist, and anchor of [[NDTV 24x7]]
* [[Tufail Ahmad]], British journalist and political commentator
* [[Vartika Nanda]], head of the Department of Journalism at [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]]
* [[Vipul Mudgal]], journalist and social activist
* [[Vivek Agnihotri]], Indian film director<ref>{{ cite news|title=FTII doesn't deserve the government's stepmotherly treatment|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-ftii-doesn-t-deserve-the-government-s-stepmotherly-treatment-2098483|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date= 24 June 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Željko Malnar]], [[Croats|Croatian]] maverick traveler, writer and TV producer
* [[Zafar Anjum]], writer, journalist, publisher and filmmaker
* [[Vishakha Singh]], Bollywood actor
*[[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]], [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]
*[[Yasser Usman]], Indian television journalist and winner of [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]]
*[[Z. G. Muhammad]], Indian writer

== Alumni association ==
IIMC Alumni Association (IIMCAA) meets every year at its annual event, Connections.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=Mizoram : Aizawl Hosts 'IIMCAA Connections 2022'; Alumni Meet Featuring Interactions & Lectures |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/05/28/mizoram-aizawl-hosts-iimcaa-connections-2022-alumni-meet-featuring-interactions-lectures/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-24 |title=IIMC Dhenkanal hosted its annual event – 'Connections' |url=https://orissadiary.com/iimc-dhenkanal-hosted-its-annual-event-connections/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIMC alumni honoured at sixth awards meet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/mar/09/iimc-alumni-honoured-at-sixth-awards-meet-2428048.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Held in various cities across India and worldwide<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipin.vijayan |title=IIMCAA organises 'Connections 2021' in Hyderabad and Singapore |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/iimcaa-organises-connections-2021-in-hyderabad-and-singapore-qqh7qb |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref> in chapters, alumni regularly meet and network.

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{MIBI}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1965 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Journalism schools in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]

Amrita Raichand

2026-02-16T15:48:49Z

NickiStpierre68: Started New Pg

{{Short description|Indian actress and celebrity chef}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Bio|date=May 2017}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amrita Raichand
| image = Amrita Raichand.jpg
| caption = Amrita Raichand in 2014
| birth_place = [[Dhanbad]], [[Jharkhand]]
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Chef]]
| spouse = Rahul Raichand
| children = 1
| relatives =
}}

'''Amrita Raichand''' is an Indian actress and [[celebrity chef]] who appears in films and TV series.

== Acting career ==
She made her film debut with ''Humko Ishq Ne Mara'', which released in 1997. The film was directed by Arjun Sablok and produced by [[Yash Chopra]]. Raichand has also starred in [[Baat Bann Gayi]] released on 11 October 2013, and worked in [[Kaanchi: The Unbreakable|Kaanchi]] as third wife of [[Rishi Kapoor]].<ref>[http://www.glamsham.com/picture-gallery/baat-ban-gayi-first-look-launch-gallery/event/11721/12/index.htm Baat Ban Gayi First Look]. glamsham.com.{{dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref> She has worked in the [[Doordarshan]] music show ''Ek Se Badhkar Ek'' along with [[Mukul Dev]]. She was a judge on ''Punjab De SuperChef'' - Season 4, a Punjabi cooking reality show telecast on [[PTC Punjabi]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

=== Other ventures ===
Amrita Raichand is also known as the host of ''Mummy Ka Magic'' which airs on the TV channel [[Food Food (TV channel)|Food Food]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/121118/famed-chef-amrita-raichand-becomes-brand-ambassador-of-vittaazio.html|title=Famed chef Amrita Raichand becomes brand ambassador of Vittaazio|date=2018-11-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref> In 2018 she was a judge along with [[Saransh Goila]] and [[Sanjeev Kapoor]] on India's Digital Chef.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2018-07-23|title=Sanjeev Kapoor, Amrita Raichand get together for 'India's Digital Chef'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/sanjeev-kapoor-amrita-raichand-get-together-for-india-s-digital-chef-118072300875_1.html|access-date=2020-07-27}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Baat Bann Gayi]]''
| Sulochna
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
| Pooja Malhotra
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Detective Naani]]''
|Priya Sinha
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
|1997
|''Humko Ishq Ne Mara''
|Anjala
|Television film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/humko-ishq-ne-maara-tv/cast/|title=Humko Ishq Ne Maara (TV) Cast List | Humko Ishq Ne Maara (TV) Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
|-
|2005
| ''Time Bomb 9/11''
|Roma Awasthi
|
|-
| 2010
|''[[Mahi Way]]''
|Anjali Suri
|
|-
|2019
|''Punjab De SuperChef'' (season 4)
|Judge
|[[Cooking show]] on [[PTC Punjabi|PTC Punjanbi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/punjab-de-superchef|access-date=2021-06-12|website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Amrita Raichand}}
* {{IMDb name|0997918}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raichand, Amrita}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad]]

Ssumier Pasricha

2026-02-12T02:53:39Z

NickiStpierre68: new initial data w/ refs

{{short description|Indian actor, singer and businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Ssumier Pasricha
| image = Ssumier S Pasricha.png
| caption =
| pseudonym = Pammi Aunty
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|5|12}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| Religion =
| medium = Writer, Singer, Comedian, Presenter, Actor
| education = MBA
| alma_mater = [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]] [[University of Notre Dame]]
| active = 2011–present
| notable_work = Creating viral comedy Youtube videos
| genre = Satirical
| website =
| subject =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Surinder Pasricha (Father), Ritu Pasricha (Mother)
| relatives =
| signature =
| footnotes =
| module =
}}

'''Ssumier S Pasricha''' is an Indian actor, singer and businessman.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/ssumier-pasricha-gaurav-gera-mallika-dua-meet-the-most-viral-people-on-internet-1410085.html| title=Ssumier Pasricha, Gaurav Gera, Mallika Dua: Meet the Most Viral People on Internet |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=23 May 2017}}</ref> He has starred in Indian movies, TV soaps and theater musicals. He is popularly known for his character 'Pammi Aunty' and has created viral videos with the same.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/meet-ssumier-pasricha-the-face-behind-the-115159178.html| title=Meet Ssumier Pasricha, The Face Behind The Internet Sensation Pammi Aunty. |publisher=[[Yahoo News]] |date=22 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/celebrities-digital/content-of-any-show-is-the-key-to-success-ssumier-pasricha/2017/04/27| title=Content of any show is the key to success: Ssumier Pasricha |publisher=IWM Buzz |date=27 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/ssumier-pasricha-aka-pammi-aunty-gets-overwhelmed-boman-iranis-reply-find-out-why-405904| title=Ssumier Pasricha aka Pammi Aunty gets overwhelmed with Boman Irani's reply; Find out why |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Ssumier has won various awards worldwide including the Bharat Shiromani Award for this acting.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ssumier-pasricha-aka-pammi-aunty-on-being-conferred-with-the-bharat-shiromani-award-this-will-always-be-special-2738722| title=Ssumier Pasricha aka Pammi Aunty on being conferred with the Bharat Shiromani Award: 'This will always be special'|publisher=DNA India |date=11 April 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ssumier comes from a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] family in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ssumier-pasricha-i-grew-up-eating-chhole-bhature-in-kamla-nagar/articleshow/58445899.cms| title=Ssumier Pasricha: I grew up eating chhole bhature in Kamla Nagar |work=The Times of India |date=1 May 2017}}</ref> He received 5 years of training in Indian classical dance ([[Kuchipudi]]) from famous dance gurus, [[Raja and Radha Reddy]] and 13 years of training in Indian classical music.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tomatoheart.com/rishika/13-unknown-facts-pammi-aunty-ssumier-pasricha/| title=13 Unknown Facts About The Face Behind Hilarious Pammi Aunty: Ssumier Pasricha |publisher=Tomato Heart}}</ref> He went to [[Australia]] for higher studies where he worked as a Radio Jockey at a local radio station and became an active member of Indian Society of Western Australia. Ssumier declined the offer to join his family business to pursue his childhood dream of becoming an actor. He moved to Mumbai to take up acting as his full-time career.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://businessworld.in/article/-PammiAunty-Social-Media-s-New-Comedy-Icon-Brings-Drama-Online/24-08-2016-104785/| title=#PammiAunty: Social Media's New Comedy Icon Brings Drama Online |publisher=Business World |date=24 August 2016}}</ref> However, post his father's demise, Ssumier took up a new role of a businessman and joined his family business of Pharmaceuticals with a new aim of taking it to newer heights.

==Career==
Ssumier has worked across different mediums and has tasted success in the industry over the years. He also portrayed the role of "Shailu" in the TV soap, ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'', and played the transgender protagonist Manabi Bandyopadhyay (who became a principal of a college) in TV show ''Code Red''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pammi-aunty-coming-soon-on-tv-says-ssumier-pasricha-2238647| title=Pammi Aunty coming soon on TV, says Ssumier Pasricha |publisher= DNA |date=28 July 2016}}</ref> His international projects include theatre musicals like 'Jesus Christ Super Star and Heart to Heart'. He has worked with director, [[Shekhar Kapur]], in the musical 'Mahim Junction'. He has starred alongside actor [[Abhishek Bacchan]] in a TV commercial for the mobile network operator [[Idea Cellular]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ssumier-Pasricha-spills-beans-on-Pammi-Aunty/| title=Ssumier Pasricha spills beans on 'Pammi Aunty' |work=[[Times of India]] |date=20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/say-hello-to-pammi-aunty-ssumier-pasricha-is-the-brain-behind-the-viral-internet-sensation-29593| title=Say hello to Pammi Aunty: Ssumier Pasricha is the brain behind the viral internet sensation |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Ssumier also features on comedy TV show ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/ssumier-pasricha-comedy-nights-bachao-2-pammi-aunty-lifetv-342358-2016-09-21| title=Exclusive: Ssumier Pasricha aka Pammi Aunty spills the beans on his role in Comedy Nights Bachao 2 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=21 September 2016}}</ref>

===Pammi Aunty===
Ssumier has gained popularity for creating viral videos based on a fictional character 'Pammi Aunty'-- impersonation of a typical middle-class Delhi Punjabi woman who loves to gossip, crib and complain about many things to her friends over the phone.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/everyone-loves-pammi-aunty/article8995450.ece| title=Everyone loves Pammi Aunty |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/meet-ssumeir-pasricha-pammi-aunty-aka-srk-s-lookalike/story-lLSzIGw4kGw93fPdCAZEeN.html| title=Meet Ssumier Pasricha: Pammi Aunty aka SRK's lookalike|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 July 2016}}</ref> Ssumier came up with the idea of creating 'Pammi Aunty' while experimenting with filters in the video social media app, [[Snapchat]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ssumier-Pasricha-spills-beans-on-Pammi-Aunty/| title=Ssumier Pasricha spills beans on 'Pammi Aunty' |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=20 July 2016}}</ref> Celebrities such as veteran actor, [[Rishi Kapoor]], and British-Indian director [[Gurinder Chadha]], have publicly appreciated the 'Pammi Aunty' videos.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/have-you-met-pammi-aunty-rishi-kapoor-has-and-is-still-rofl-1430107| title=Have You Met Pammi Aunty? Rishi Kapoor Has And Is Still ROFL|publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Television and Digital (Shows and Campaigns)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Show !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2011–2015 || ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' || [[Colors (TV channel)]] || Shailu/Shailendra Bharadwaj
|-
| 2012 || ''Teri Meri Love Stories'' || [[Star Plus]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]'' || [[Colors (TV channel)]] || Shubroto/ Supriya
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)]] Season 3 Episode 7'' || [[Zing (TV channel)]] || Rahmann
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'' season 2 || [[Colors TV]] || Himself
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Zee Cine Awards]]'' || [[Zee TV]] || Red Carpet Host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pammi-aunty-comes-to-mumbai-2349309|title=Pammi Aunty comes to Mumbai|date=11 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Jio Filmfare Awards - Punjabi'' || MH One || Host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/gyan-zone/jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017-gurdas-maan-to-diljit-dosanjh-here-s-list-of-winners/385598.html |title=Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi) 2017: Gurdas Maan to Diljit Dosanjh, here's list of winners |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2017-04-01 |accessdate=2018-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/photos/our-hosts-manish-paul-ssumier-pasricha-and-arjan-bajwa-slay-at-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-19689.html|title=Our hosts Manish Paul, Ssumier Pasricha and Arjan Bajwa slay at the Jio Filmfare Awards (Punjabi)|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''MTV Roadies Rising - Pammi Aunty Critic'' || [[Voot]] || Special Show <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/coming-soon-pammi-auntys-review-of-roadies/articleshow/57916399.cms|title=Coming Soon: Pammi Aunty's review of Roadies|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Pammi Aunty (web series)'' || [[ALT Balaji]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/tv-actor-comedian-ssumier-pasricha-aka-pammi-aunty-on-ekta-kapoor-digital-website-alt-balaji-12989|title=Ssumier Pasricha aka Pammi aunty, to now entertain 4 times, on ALT Balaji|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/altbalaji-welcomes-pammi-aunty-for-its-new-web-show/articleshow/59233936.cms|title=ALTBalaji welcomes Pammi Aunty for its new web show - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Diwali Campaign'' || Amazon India || Digital Campaign <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDtt7_yqEzY|title=Pammi aunty and Diwali ki shopping - Latest Episode Jokes|last=Trending Videos on Youtube|date=6 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Campaign for Kurkure'' || Pepsico India || Digital Campaign <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyGeiEkGhHc|title=Pammi Aunty & Rumours about her Lip Job Rumor Ridiculous|last=Trending Videos on Youtube|date=30 June 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Tenali Rama'' || [[Sony SAB]] || Played the character of Sheikh Chilli.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ssumier-s-pasricha-roped-sab-tv-s-tenali-rama-190326|title=Ssumier S Pasricha roped in for SAB TV's Tenali Rama|date=26 March 2019|publisher=|accessdate=20 April 2019|via=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''Khel Paheliyon Ka'' || [[Flipkart]] || Host as Pammi Aunty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-ssumier-pasricha-his-digital-debut-and-the-game-show-khel-paheliyon-ka-210719|title=Ssumier Pasricha on his digital debut and game show|publisher=Tellychakkar|accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2023–2024 || ''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti]]'' || [[Zee TV]] || Purnendu
|}

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Actors !! Genre
|-
| 2016 || ''Doc' it yourself'' || Kevin Rumley || NA || Documentary.
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]'' || [[Abhishek Kapoor]] || [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Vaani Kapoor]] || Feature Film.
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Play !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || Amavas se Amaltas || Man with Autism || with [[Jayati Bhatia]], [[Ankita Bhargava]] and [[Chitrashi Rawat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhi-fun-dos.com/amavas-se-amaltas-pammi-aunty-in-a-different-avatar/|title=Amavas se Amaltas – Pammi Aunty in a different avatar|date=5 May 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2009-2011 || Mahim junction || Randy Bhai || Directed by Sohaila Kapur and [[Shekhar Kapur]]
|-
| 2009 || Woh Din Wo Log || Chabba || Directed by Sabina Mehta Jaitly
|-
| 2007 || Heart to heart || Self || Directed by Vivek Mansukhani
|-
| 2002 || Ali Baba Chalis Chor || Abdullah || --
|}

===TV commercials===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Brand
|-
| 2016 || ''Tata Cliq''
|-
| 2015 || ''PediaSure''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Snapdeal]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[McDonald's]]''
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Indian Premier League|IPL]]''
|-
|2012 || ''Mahindra & Mahindra Bike''
|-
| 2011 || ''The Pitch''
|-
|2011 || ''Imperial Blue''
|-
| 2010 || ''Idea''
|}

===Music===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Song !! Label !! Genre
|-
| 2020 || ''Teri jyota to balihari''<ref>{{cite web |title=Singer Ssumier Pasricha debuts in devotional music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/nov/10/singer-ssumier-pasricha-debutsin-devotional-music-2221822.html |website=Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> || T series || Devotional
|-
| 2021 || ''Jai Kali Jai Mahakali'' || Shreeng Entertainment || Devotional
|}

==Photography==
Ssumier is also a professional photographer. He has done photoshoots for magazines such as ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''. His photos have been carried by other international magazines in Spain, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ssumier-Pasricha-spills-beans-on-Pammi-Aunty/articleshow/53295476.cms| title=Ssumier Pasricha spills beans on 'Pammi Aunty' |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

==Association with Jordan Tourism==
[[Jordan]] Tourism has collaborated with Ssumier to drive more Indian tourists to the country. Ssumier has been asked to make promotional videos starring Pammi Aunty to showcase the tourist attractions in Jordan.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pammi-aunty-to-fly-to-jordan-2256750| title=Pammi Aunty to fly to Jordan |publisher=DNA |date=20 September 2016}}</ref>

==Association with social causes==
Ssumier has been associated with the educational online platform ''[[Agents of Ishq]]'', which provides educational material about sex, sexuality, and gender. He made a 'Pammi Aunty' video to de-stigmatize homosexuality in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/17/this-video-talks-about-accepting-homosexuality-in-the-coolest-wa/| title=This Video Talks About Accepting Homosexuality In The Coolest Way Possible |publisher=Huffington Post |date=17 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/pammi-aunty-homosexuality-lgbt-ssumier-pasricha-lifest-335882-2016-08-18| title=Pammi Aunty's commentary on homosexuality is both hilarious and meaningful |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=18 August 2016}}</ref>

He has also supported AIDS awareness initiatives such as [[Red Ribbon]] campaign in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ssumier-s-pasricha-supports-aids-awareness-campaign-141207| title=Ssumier S Pasricha supports AIDS awareness campaign |publisher=Telly Chakkar |date=7 December 2014}}</ref>

In a video appeal, he urged Prime Minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], to take action for crimes against women in Delhi<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/ssumier-pasricha-aka-pammi-aunty-urges-pm-modi-to-break-his-silence-on-the-issue-of-rape-321826.html| title=Ssumier Pasricha AKA Pammi Aunty Urges PM Modi To Break His Silence On The Issue Of Rape!|publisher=Indiatimes |date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Event
|-
| 2017 || ''Performer at Jaspal Bhatti Humor Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/laugh-out-loud-jaspal-bhatti-humour-festival-2017-begins-in-chandigarh-4553565/|title=Laugh Out Loud: Jaspal Bhatti Humour Festival 2017 begins in Chandigarh|date=4 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>''
|-
| 2017 || ''TedX Chandigarh - Speaker on Black Sheep Syndrome<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5kTufr-jiU|title=The black sheep syndrome - SSumier Pasricha - TEDxChandigarh|last=TEDx Talks|date=5 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>''
|-
| 2017 || ''Sriram College of Commerce, Delhi - Speaker on Leadership''
|-
| 2017 || ''India Today Mind Rocks Youth Summit - Speaker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-mind-rocks-guwahati-2017/story/india-today-mind-rocks-summit-2017-pammi-aunty-ssumier-s-pasricha-974259-2017-04-29|title=I make sure people see me as Pammi Aunty; I don't deny that: Ssumier S Pasricha|website=India Today|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>''
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Awards
|-
| 2021 || ''ITA Awards: Social Media Star''
|-
| 2019 || ''Young Achievers Award 2019: Rotary Club (Mumbai West)''
|-
| 2019 || ''The vIDEA Awards 2019 - Video Influencer of the Year''
|-
| 2019 || ''Bharat Shiromani Award'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-ssumier-pasricha-aka-pammi-aunty-on-being-conferred-with-the-bharat-shiromani-award-this-will-always-be-special-2738722|title=Ssumier Pasricha aka Pammi Aunty on being conferred with the Bharat Shiromani Award: 'This will always be special'}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || '' Entertainer of the year - Delhiites Lifestyle Award 2019''
|-
| 2019 || ''TimesNow Power Brand Digital Media Trendsetter Award''
|-
| 2018 || ''Best Comedian in a Web Series - IWM Digital Awards''
|-
| 2018 || ''DIGIXX Star Entertainer Award 2018''
|-
| 2018 || ''Person of the Year - Content Award at VDOnxt Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/52195_Vdonxt-Awards-2018-Hotstars-Ajit-Mohan-is-Person-of-the-Year---Business-Ssumier-Pasricha-of-Pammi-Aunty-is-Person-of-the-Year---Content|title=Vdonxt Awards 2018: Hotstar's Ajit Mohan is Person of the Year - Business; Ssumier S Pasricha of 'Pammi Aunty' is Person of the Year - Content|website=www.afaqs.com|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>''
|-
| 2017 || ''Best Internet Sensation Award - Nickelodeon ka Digital Star - Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-2017-was-a-starry-affair-75437.html|title=Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards 2017 was a starry affair!|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>''
|-
| 2017 || ''Honoured by House of Commons UK for contribution to Indian British society & culture<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/ssumier-pasricha-honoured-by-uks-house-of-commons/articleshow/61260655.cms |title=Ssumier Pasricha honoured by UK's House of Commons – Bombay Times |publisher=Bombaytimes.com |date=2017-10-27 |accessdate=2018-08-13}}</ref>''
|-
| 2017 || ''Elite Magazine 25 of Delhi's most Influential entrepreneurs''
|-
| 2017 || ''Icon of the year by India Today''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20170821-artists-writers-musicians-caterers-freedom-1029182-2017-08-11|title=Right to be|website=India Today|access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Best Actor - Rajdhani Ratn Award''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ssumier-pasricha-aka-pammy-aunty-and-singer-akhil-sachdeva-receive-rajdhani-ratn-award-2522014 |title=Ssumier Pasricha aka Pammy Aunty and singer Akhil Sachdeva receive 'Rajdhani Ratn Award' |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2017-08-07 |accessdate=2018-08-13}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Marketing Influencer of the Year Award by InkSpell''
|-
| 2017 || ''NBC [[Newsmakers Achievers Award]] - Best Actor Comedy''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afternoonvoice.com/8th-newsmakers-achievers-award.html|title=8th Newsmakers Achievers Award – Afternoon Voice|date=30 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Talentrack Awards - Best Actor Comedy''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.talentrackawards.in/winners|title=talentrack awards 2019 - Digital Content Awards|website=www.talentrackawards.in|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''Jordan Tourism Board Award''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/travel-tourism/after-standout-promo-video-campaign-ssumier-pasricha-of-pammi-aunty-fame-gets-jordan-tourism-award/637233/|title=After standout promo video campaign, Ssumier Pasricha of 'Pammi Aunty' fame gets Jordan Tourism award|date=21 April 2017|publisher=|accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Humour King of the year - Outlook social media awards''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.osm-awards.com/nominee_profile.php?id=Mjg4| title= Ssumier S Pasricha |publisher=OSM Awards Official Website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/aunty-extraordinaire/297978| title=Aunty Extraordinaire | date=4 February 2022 |publisher=Outlook India}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Entertainer of the year - DissDash''<ref>https://www.dissdash.com/2016/12/dissdash-honors-top-10-influential-south-asians-2016/ {{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7450605}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasricha, Ssumier}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Iqbal Bano

2026-02-10T14:02:50Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{short description|Pakistani classical and ghazal singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Iqbal Bano
| image = Iqbal Bano Pakistani Singer.jpg
| caption = Iqbal Bano
| image_size = 190px
| honorific_suffix = [[Pride of Performance|PP]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|8|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|4|21|1928|8|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
| other_names = ''The Queen of Ghazal''<ref name=JangNews/>
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1939 – 2009
| children = 3
| style = [[Ghazal]] • [[Thumri]] • [[Dadra]] • [[Khayal]]
| awards = [[Pride of Performance]] (1974)
}}

'''Iqbal Bano''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اِقبال بانو}}}}; born 1928 in Delhi – died 21 April 2009 in [[Lahore]])<ref name="bbc"/><ref name="inde"/> was a [[Pakistani]] singer who specialized in [[ghazal]]. She is popularly known by her honorific title ''Malika-e-Ghazal'' ''(The Queen of [[Ghazal]])'' in both [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref name=JangNews>{{cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/630363|title=ملکہ غزل "اقبال بانو"|website=Jang News|date=April 26, 2023}}</ref> She was known for her semi-classical [[Urdu]] [[ghazal]] songs and classical [[thumris]], but also sang easy-listening numbers in the 1950s films. In 1974, she became the recipient of the [[Pride of Performance]] award.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name=TheGuardian/>

==Early life==
Iqbal Bano was born in 1928 in [[Delhi]], [[British India]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8011930.stm |title=Pakistani singer Iqbal Bano dies|author= M. Ilyas Khan|website= BBC News website |date= 22 April 2009 |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite news |date=10 May 2009 |title=Iqbal Bano – Renowned Pakistani singer of Urdu ghazals |newspaper=The Guardian (UK newspaper) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/may/11/iqbal-bano-obituary |access-date=3 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="inde"/> From a young age, she developed a love for [[music]]. It was a crucial moment of her life when her friend's father told Bano's father, "My daughters do sing reasonably well, but Iqbal Bano is especially blessed in singing. She will become a big name if you begin her training." Her father allowed her to study music. She spent her childhood years in [[Rohtak]] near Delhi.<ref name=TheGuardian/>

In Delhi, she studied under [[Ustad]] Sabri Khan and Ustad Chaand Khan of the [[Delhi gharana]], an expert in all kinds of pure classical and light classical forms of [[vocal music]].<ref name=TheGuardian/><ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/944800/iqbal-bano-ghazal-personified Iqbal Bano ghazal personified] Dawn (newspaper), Published 22 April 2009, Retrieved 3 July 2020</ref>

He instructed her in pure classical music and light classical music within the framework of classical forms of [[thumri]] and [[dadra]]. She was duly initiated ''Ganda-bandh shagird'' (formally initiated disciple; Ganda-bandh is a traditional knot-tying-ceremony which cements the relationship between guru and student) of her Ustad (teacher).<ref name="inde"/>

==Career==
Ustad Chaand Khan referred her to [[All India Radio]], [[Delhi]], where she sang on the radio and recorded her first songs.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="bbc" /> In 1948, aged 21, she migrated to Pakistan and also married into a land-owning family in [[Multan]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheGuardian/> She moved to [[Multan]] with her husband who promised her that he would never try to stop her from singing, but would rather encourage and promote her. In her earlier career Iqbal Bano collaborated with well known [[lyricist]]s such as the poets [[Saifuddin Saif]] and [[Qateel Shifai]] and composers such as [[Master Inayat Hussain]] and [[Rasheed Attre]].<ref name=KhawajaNajamul/> She had become a 'singing star' by the 1950s, singing soundtrack songs for famous [[Pakistani]] Urdu films like ''Payal Mein Geet Hai Cham Cham Ke'' (Film ''[[Gumnaam (1954)|Gumnaam]]'', 1954), ''Ulfat ki Nai Manzil ko Chala'' (''Qatil'', 1955),
''Chhor Hamen Kis Des Sudharay Sayyan Hamaray'' and ''Dono Dillon Peh Hua Ulfat Ka Asar'' (''Inteqaam'', 1955), ''Taaron Ka Bhi Tu Maalik'' (''Sarfarosh'', 1956), ''Pareshan Raat Sari Hai'' (''[[Ishq-e-Laila]]'', 1957), and ''Ambva ki Darrion pe Jhoolana Jhoolae Ja'' (''Nagin'', 1959).<ref name="KhawajaNajamul">{{cite news |last1=Saiyid |first1=Dushka |title=Khawaja Najamul Hassan's Encounters with Iqbal Bano and Musarrat Nazir: Part VI |url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/article/khawaja-najamul-hassan-encounters-with-iqbal-bano-and-musarrat-nazir-part-vi/MjIyOQ== |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=Youlin Magazine |publisher=Youlin Magazine}}</ref><ref name=Dawn/><ref name="bbc"/> Iqbal Bano was later invited by [[Radio Pakistan]] for classical performances on the radio. Her debut public concert took place in 1957, at the [[Lahore Arts Council]].<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheGuardian/>

Throughout her musical career she also appeared on [[Pakistan Television]] programs in addition to conducting concerts.<ref name="KhawajaNajamul"/><ref name=Queen/> By 1970s, Iqbal Bano had achieved fame as a popular artist and her stature had grown in the Pakistani cultural community as an accomplished [[ghazal]] singer for which she was critically acclaimed by her artist [[Peer group|peers]]. An example of this was seen in a memorable concert in a television program called 'Nikhar' in the early 1970s; in the recordings of this program numerous literary and musical artists of Pakistan such as [[Hafeez Jalandhari]], [[Ahmed Faraz]], [[Amjad Islam Amjad]], [[Kishwar Naheed]], [[Ashfaq Ahmed]] and [[Nayyara Noor]] could be seen in the audience.

Her husband died in 1980,<ref name=Dawn/> after which she moved to [[Lahore]] from [[Multan]]. It was observed by many music critics that her temperament was particularly suited to vocal genres like [[thumri]], [[dadra]], and [[ghazal]]. According to [[BBC]] News website, "Few singers of classical music matched the brilliance of her voice and her command over musical notes".<ref name="bbc"/><ref name=Dawn/>

== Ghazal specialist ==
Iqbal Bano is regarded as an accomplished [[ghazal]] singer around the world who took the sub-continental ghazal singing to new heights and has been called the "Queen of Ghazal".<ref name="Queen">{{cite web |last1=Tayyebi |first1=Aaliyah |title=The Queen of Ghazal: Iqbal Bano A musical journey of resistance |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/the-queen-of-ghazal-iqbal-bano-the-citizens-archive-of-pakistan/awUhm-S3c_WmLA?hl=en |website=/artsandculture.google.com |access-date=21 February 2023}}</ref>
Her repertoire include ghazals of numerous poets, including [[Mirza Ghalib]] (''Muddat Hoi Hai Yaar Ko''), [[Quli Qutub Shah]] (''Piya Baaj Piyala, Piya Baaj Jaay Na''), [[Baqi Siddiqui]] (''Daagh e Dil Humko Yaad Anay Lagay''),<ref name=Queen/><ref>{{cite web |title=dagh-e-dil hum ko yaad aane lage |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ghazals/daag-e-dil-ham-ko-yaad-aane-lage-baqi-siddiqui-ghazals |website=rekhta |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> [[Daagh Dehlvi]] (''[https://www.discogs.com/release/12293342-Iqbal-Bano-Best-Of-Iqbal-Bano Tere Wade Ko - Daag]''), [[Nasir Kazmi]] (''Kuchh To Ehsas-e-Ziyan Tha Pahle'') and [[Ahmed Faraz]] (''[[Ranjish Hi Sahi]]''). However, in her later career she was recognized particularly for singing [[ghazal]]s of [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], a [[Lenin Prize]]-winning poet,<ref name=TheGuardian/><ref name=Dawn/><ref name="bbc"/> such as ''Aaiye Haath Uthaen'', ''Mere Dil Mere Musafir'', ''Yeh Mausam-e-Gul'', ''Rang Pairahan Ka'', ''Na Ganwao Nawak-e-Neem Kash'' amongst others;<ref name=Queen/> her rendition of [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]'s Dasht-e-Tanhai Mein has become a timeless classic.<ref name=KhawajaNajamul/> In addition to [[Urdu]], she also sang in [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], the latter introducing her to audiences outside the sub-continent in Iran and Afghanistan. In pre-1979 Afghanistan, she was often invited to the annual cultural fair, the ''Jashn-e-[[Kabul]]''.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name=Queen/><ref name=TheGuardian/>

In light classical, her presentation of Thumris in Raag Khamaj (''Kaahe Sataye Mohey''), Raag Tilak Kamod (''Sautan Ghar Na Ja''), Raag Des (''Nahin Pare Mohe Chain''), Raag Pilu (''Gori Tore Naina Kajar Bin Kaare'') and other such renderings which have become ever-green classics.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name=Dawn/> Iqbal Bano was well known for her versatility as a singer and vocalist; she was not only at ease with classical, light-classical, film and popular music but also rendered her classical training to [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KSqGufOJwg folk songs].

Music lovers noted some similarities between Iqbal Bano and [[Begum Akhtar]],<ref name=Dawn/> especially some marked resemblances in their styles of singing. Bano's recitals stuck to a [[Classicism|classical style]] that lays more stress on the ''[[Rāga|raag]]'' purity.<ref name=Dawn/>

== Defiance and activism ==
Although Iqbal Bano was not directly involved in politics or political campaigning, she made an effective protest that has gone down in history as an iconic symbol of resistance and as legend.<ref name="IqbalBano">{{cite news
|author=Staff Report
|title=Iqbal Bano
|newspaper=Dawn, Karachi, Pakistan
|date=2019
|url= https://images.dawn.com/news/1184309
}}</ref> From 1977 to 1988 [[Pakistan]] was under the military dictatorship headed by General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]].<ref name="ZiaCoup77">{{cite news |last1=Rehman |first1=I.A. |title=40 years of Zia |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1342765 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |work=Dawn |agency=Dawn |publisher=Dawn Media Group |date=July 5, 2017 |ref=Pakistan Coup d'etat 1977}}</ref><ref name="ZiaCancelNYT">{{cite news |last1=Borders |first1=William |title=Zia Cancels Vote |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/10/02/archives/gen-zia-cancels-vote-in-pakistan-set-for-oct-18-general-zia-cancels.html |access-date=February 19, 2023 |work=New York Times |agency=NYT |date=October 2, 1977}}</ref> By 1986 Zia’s regime was in full swing with severe curtailment and [[Human rights abuses in Pakistan under Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|abuses]] of basic human rights, so much so that various restriction were placed on what clothing could be worn by public figures, particularly women. One such curtailment of basic human rights was the banning of the [[sari]], a common attire for women of all religions in many countries in the sub-continent, as un-Islamic.<ref name="CSM" />

Iqbal Bano had worn sari for decades and appeared in concerts, radio and television programs<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |last1=Massey |first1=Reginald |title=Iqbal Bano Obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/may/11/iqbal-bano-obituary |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=The Guardian |agency=The Guardian |date=May 11, 2009}}</ref> and was famous for rendering the poetry of [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]. Not long after Zia's regime issued the edict that sari was to be banned from the public sphere,<ref name="CSM">{{cite news |last1=Fouquet |first1=David |title=Zia leads Pakistan deeper into Islam |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0830/083047.html |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=Christian Science Monitor |agency=Christian Science Monitor |publisher=Christian Science Publishing Society |date=August 30, 1983}}</ref> Iqbal Bano donned a black [[sari]] and appeared at the Al-Hamra hall in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] on 13 February 1986<ref name="BanoAlhamra">{{cite news |last1=Hashmi |first1=Ali Madeeh |title=When Iqbal Bano Defied Zia's Dictatorship To Sing 'Hum Dekheinge' At Alhamra |url=https://medium.com/@nayadaurpk/when-iqbal-bano-defied-zias-dictatorship-to-sing-hum-dekheinge-at-alhamra-81f971eebe3d |access-date=20 February 2023 |work=Medium.com |agency=Medium.com |publisher=Naya Daur Media |date=Sep 4, 2019}}</ref> in front of a large audience. This was an event to commemorate anniversary of the renowned poet [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]] who was himself out of favour with and surveilled by Zia's regime due to his progressive views and anti-fascist writings.<ref name="FaizProtest">{{cite news |last1=Dubrow |first1=Jennifer |title=Faiz, India and protest |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1566933 |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=Dawn, Karachi, Pakistan |agency=Dawn, Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Dawn Media Group |date=July 5, 2020}}</ref> At the event in 1985, Iqbal Bano resplendent in a black sari, a universal color of protest and a garment banned by Zia's regime, and went on to sing [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]'s famous poem of resistance [[Hum Dekhenge]] (We shall see),
<ref name="IqbalBano"/><ref name="Obituary" /> in an act of defiance against General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]'s diktat and rule. This simple act of defiance led to a crackdown by the Zia regime, persecution of the organizers of the event and a ban on Iqbal Bano appearing on national stage as a singer.<ref name="IqbalBano" /><ref name="SingerSong">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Govind |title=Singer and the Song |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/singer-and-the-song-1502848056.html |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=the statesman |publisher=The Statesman Ltd |date=January 22, 2020}}</ref><ref name="bbc"/>

==Personal life==
Iqbal Bano married a landlord in 1948 and had three children including two sons named Humayun and Afzal, also a daughter named Maleeha.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheGuardian/>

==Illness and death==
After a short illness, at the age of 80, Iqbal Bano died in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] on 21 April 2009.<ref name="bbc"/><ref name=Dawn/><ref name=TheGuardian/><ref name="inde">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/iqbal-bano-singer-who-transformed-the-genre-of-the-ghazal-1679025.html |title=Iqbal Bano: Singer who transformed the genre of the ghazal|author=Ken Hunt|newspaper= The Independent newspaper [UK]|date= 5 May 2009|access-date= 3 July 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Title !! Ref.
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Pride of Performance]]'' || ''Award by the [[President of Pakistan]]'' || {{Won}} || ''Arts'' ||<ref name="bbc"/><ref name=TheGuardian/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1531060}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8011930.stm BBC report of Iqbal Bano's death]
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/iqbal-bano-singer-who-transformed-the-genre-of-the-ghazal-1679025.html Obituary in The Independent (UK) by Ken Hunt]

{{Pride of Performance for Arts}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bano, Iqbal}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Singers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Pakistani ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Urdu-language singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani women singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Haryanvi descent]]

Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay

2026-02-06T05:56:09Z

NickiStpierre68: fixed intro for accuracy for clarity

{{Short description|Bengali-language novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, and physician}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| title =
| relatives = [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay]] (brother)
| awards = *[[Rabindra Puraskar]]
*[[Sharat-Smriti Puraskar]]
*[[Padma Bhushan]]
| name = Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay
| image = Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay 1999 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mukhopadhyay on a 1999 Indian stamp
| alias = Banaphul
| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|7|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Manihari]], [[Purnia District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|2|9|1899|7|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]] [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]]
| occupation = Writer, poet, pathologist
| notable_works = *''Dana'' (''Wings'')
*''Sthabar''
*''Trinakhanda''
}}

'''Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay''' (19 July 1899 – 9 February 1979) was an Indian [[Bengali-language]] writer, physician, and playwright, best known by his pen name '''Banaphul''', (meaning "Wild / Forest flower" in Bengali). His oeuvre spanned novels, poetry, plays, essays and over 400 short stories, the genre for which he is best remembered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Kunal |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |date=2013 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5334-8 |series=Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures |location=Lanham |pages=61}}</ref> For his contribution to literature, he was awarded the [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–1979)|Padma Bhushan]] in 1975, India's third-highest civilian honor.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Life==
Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Manihari]] village of [[Purnia district]] (now [[Katihar]] District), [[Bihar]] on 19 July 1899. His family originally hailed from [[Sehakhala]] situated in [[Hooghly District]] of present-day [[West Bengal]].<ref>''BANAPHOOL RACHANABALI'' (VOL.16), MUKHOPADHYAY, BALAICHAND, Granthagar Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, 1955, p. 3</ref> His father, Satyacharan Mukhopadhyay, was a doctor, and his mother was Mrinalini Devi. He originally took the pen name Banaphul ("the wild flower") to hide his literary activities from a disapproving teacher. He attended [[Hazaribag]] College and was later admitted, into the [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]]. He moved to Lake Town, Calcutta, in 1968, and died there on 9 February 1979.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4858944.Banaful|title=Banaful ( of একশ বছরের সেরা গল্প)|work=[[Goodreads]]|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref> He is the elder brother of famous Bengali film Director [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay]].

==Literary works==

He is best known for his short [[Vignette (literature)|vignettes]], which were often just half-page long, and centered on a single powerful moment with sharp observation and unconventional perspective,<ref name=":0" /> but his literary career spanned sixty-five years and included thousands of poems, over 586 short stories (a handful of which have been translated to English),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=Wildfire and Other Stories by Banaphool|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/wildfire-and-other-stories-by-banaphool-review/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref> {{better source needed|date=April 2025}} 60 novels, 5 dramas, a number of one-act plays, an autobiography called ''Paschatpat'' (''Background''), and numerous essays."<ref>[http://www.indiaheritage.org/creative/creative_literature_bengali.htm Spectrum of Bengali literature (modern period)], ''Indiaheritage.org'', Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref><ref>Ananta Ghosh, [http://www.bagc.net/newsletter2000-2.html Great writers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220035/http://www.bagc.net/newsletter2000-2.html |date=2 June 2021 }}, ''Bengali Association of Greater Chicago Newsletter'', Volume 25: Issue 2 : April 2000. Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref> His short stories often revolve around a single, powerful moment, defined by sharp observation, unconventional perspectives, and exceptional storytelling.
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

===Novels===

* ''Trinokhondo'' তৃণখণ্ড
* ''Boitorini Tire'' বৈতরণীর তীরে
* ''Niranjana'' নিরঞ্জনা
* ''Bhuban Som'' ভুবন সোম
* ''Maharani'' মহারাণী
* ''Agnishwar'' অগ্নীশ্বর
* ''Manaspur'' মানসপুর
* ''Erao achhe'' এরাও আছে
* ''Nabin Dutta'' নবীন দত্ত
* ''Harishchandra'' হরিশ্চন্দ্র
* ''Kichukshan'' কিছুক্ষণ
* ''Se O Ami'' সে ও আমি
* ''Saptarshi'' সপ্তর্ষি
* ''Udai Asta'' উদয় অস্ত
* ''Gandharaj'' গন্ধরাজ
* ''Pitambarer Punarjanma'' পীতাম্বরের পুনর্জন্ম
* ''Nayn Tatpurush'' নঞ তৎপুরুষ
* ''Krishnapaksha'' কৃষ্ণপক্ষ
* ''Sandhipuja'' সন্ধিপূজা
* ''Hate Bajare'' হাটেবাজারে
* ''Kanyasu'' কন্যাসু
* ''Adhiklal'' অধিকলাল
* ''Gopaldeber Swapna'' গোপালদেবের স্বপ্ন
* ''Swapna Sambhab'' স্বপ্নসম্ভব
* ''Kashti Pathar'' কষ্টিপাথর
* ''Prachchhanna Mahima'' প্রচ্ছন্ন মহিমা
* ''Dui Pathik'' দুই পথিক
* ''Ratri'' রাত্রি
* ''Pitamaha'' পিতামহ
* ''Pakshimithun'' পক্ষীমিথুন
* ''Tirther Kak'' তীর্থের কাক
* ''Rourab'' রৌরব
* ''Jaltaranga'' জলতরঙ্গ
* ''Rupkatha ebang Tarpar'' রূপকথা এবং তারপর
* ''Pratham Garal'' প্রথম গরল
* ''Rangaturanga'' রঙ্গতুরঙ্গ
* ''Ashabari'' আশাবারি
* ''Li'' ৯
* ''Sat Samudra Tero Nadi'' সাত সমুদ্র তেরো নদী
* ''Akashbasi'' আকাশবাসী
* ''Tumi'' তুমি
* ''Asanglagna'' অসংলগ্ন
* ''Simarekha'' সীমারেখা
* ''Tribarna'' ত্রিবর্ণ
* ''Alankarpuri'' অলংকারপুরী
* ''Jangam'' জঙ্গম
* ''Agni'' অগ্নি
* ''Dwairath'' দ্বৈরথ
* ''Mrigoya'' মৃগয়া
* ''Nirmok'' নির্মোক
* ''Mandanda'' মানদন্ড
* ''Nabadiganta'' নবদিগন্ত
* ''Koshtipathar'' কষ্টিপাথর
* ''Sthabar'' স্থাবর
* ''Bhimpalashri'' ভীমপলশ্রী
* ''Pancha Parba'' পঞ্চপর্ব
* ''Lakshmir Agaman'' লক্ষ্মীর আগমণ
* ''Dana'' ডানা

===Short stories===
* Pratibaad
* swadhinata
* "Bonofuler Golpo"
* "Bonofuler Aro Golpo"
* "Bahullo"
* "Bindu Bishorgo"
* "Adrisholok"
* "Anugamini"
* "Tonni"
* "Nobomonjori"
* "Urmimala"
* "Soptomi"
* "Durbin"
* "Bonofuler Sreshto Golpo"
* "Bonofuler Golpo Songroho-1"
* "Bonofuler Golpo Songroho-2"
* "Banaphooler Chhoto Galpa Samagra—1 & 2"
* "Fuldanir Ekti Ful"

===Film adaptation of his literature===
* ''[[Agnishwar]]''
* ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
* ''[[Ekti Raat]]''
* ''[[Aarohi (film)]]'' (He received [[National Film Award for Best Story]])
* ''[[Alor Pipasa]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Hatey Bazarey]]''
* ''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (He received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] for this film)
* ''Tilottama''
* ''[[Paka Dekha]]''
* ''[[Ektu Sore Bosun]]'' (2023)
{{div col end}}

==Postage stamp==
On the 100th anniversary of his birth, the Government of India issued a postage stamp featuring his image.<ref>[http://www.postbeeld.nl/database/landwink.php3?jaar=1999&code=ID India, 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929015409/http://www.postbeeld.nl/database/landwink.php3?jaar=1999&code=ID |date=29 September 2007 }}. ''Postbeeld.com'', Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bengali literature]]
*[[Binay Mukhopadhyay]]

==Further reading==

* ''বনফুলের ছোট গল্প সমগ্র'' (Complete Short Stories of Banaphul), published by Banishilpa, Kolkata in January 2003
* ''উপন্যাস সমগ্র'' (Complete Novels), published by New Bengal Press (Private) Limited, Kolkata in July 1999
* ''পশ্চাৎপট'' (Background), the autobiography of Banaphul, published by Banishilpa, Kolkata in 1999

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Banglapedia|Mukhopadhyay,_Balaichand|Balaichand Mukhopadhyay}}
*{{Store norske leksikon|Balaichand_Mukhopadhyay}}
*{{OL author|2440A|Banaphula}}
*[http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/browse?type=author&or&value=MUKHOPADHYAY,+BALAI+CHAND Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay] at the West Bengal Public Library Network
*[http://parabaas.com/translation/database/authors/texts/bonophul.html Parabaas Profile]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{National Film Award Best Story}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Balaichand}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Best Story National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]

Tapatrao Anandrao Pawar

2026-01-31T08:06:33Z

NickiStpierre68: new some bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian monarch}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Tapatrao Pawar
| title =
| image = File:3 Raja of Dang in Dang Durbar.png
| caption = Raja Tapatrao Pawar sitting between another two [[Raja]] of [[Dang district, India]]
| succession = [[Raja]] [[Dang district, India#Kings of Dang|of Daher-Amala]]
| predecessor = Anandrao Pawar
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = [[Dang district, India|Dang]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] (53 years)
| issue = 2 sons
<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 30, 1998|first=Uday|last=Mahurkar|title=Once a year on Holi, Bhil rajas of south Gujarat reclaim their erstwhile glory|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19980330-once-a-year-on-holi-bhil-rajas-of-south-gujarat-reclaim-their-erstwhile-glory-826017-1998-03-30|access-date=2021-02-08|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412183305/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19980330-once-a-year-on-holi-bhil-rajas-of-south-gujarat-reclaim-their-erstwhile-glory-826017-1998-03-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
| regnal name = તપતરાઓ પવાર
| father = Anandrao Pawar
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

Raja '''Tapatrao Anandrao Pawar '''(born 1967) is the current [[Raja]] of [[Daher, Dang|Daher]]. He is one of the five Kings of Dang which are the only hereditary royals in India whose titles are currently recognized by the government of India
owing to an agreement made with the Government in 1842.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bharwad|first=Dhaval|date=2011-03-17|title=Dangs Darbar kicks off at Ahwa {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-dangs-darbar-kicks-off-at-ahwa-1521007|access-date=2021-02-06|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723061135/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/slideshow-dangs-darbar-kicks-off-at-ahwa-1521007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-15|title=Once a year, peasant rulers are given the royal treatment|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/once-a-year-peasant-rulers-are-given-the-royal-treatment|access-date=2021-02-06|website=archive.vn|archive-date=2013-01-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115001326/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/once-a-year-peasant-rulers-are-given-the-royal-treatment|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chandra|first=Kavita Kanan|date=2017-06-24|title=Kings of the Dang|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/kings-of-the-dang/article19132643.ece|access-date=2021-02-06|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2022-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412183305/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/kings-of-the-dang/article19132643.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=March 7, 2009|first=Yagnesh Bharat|last=Mehta|title=Dangs darbar gets off to royal start|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/dangs-darbar-gets-off-to-royal-start/articleshow/4239572.cms|access-date=2021-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714055039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Dangs-darbar-gets-off-to-royal-start/articleshow/4239572.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dang district, India]]
* [[Surat Agency]]
* [[List of current constituent Asian monarchs]]
*[[Daher, Dang]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Tapatrao Anandrao}}
[[Category:Dang district, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Carl and the Reda Mafia

2026-01-31T06:42:20Z

NickiStpierre68: Created Some Article W/ Refs.

{{Short description|United Arab Emirates band}}
'''Carl & The Reda Mafia''' is a [[Dubai]]-based band formed in October 2014.
The group consists of Carl Frenais from [[India]] (singer & songwriter), Tarek Reda from [[Egypt]] (guitarist and composer), Christos Asimakopoulos from [[Greece]] (bassist) and Abimbola Durojaye "Bims" from [[Nigeria]] (drummer). The band comprises a mixture of backgrounds that resulted in a hybrid sound known as "Funk Jam" combining elements of [[funk]], [[rock and roll]] and [[blues]] with a [[pop music]] twist.<ref>[http://www.infusion.ae/en/dj/music-news-1/sound-stage/carl-the-reda-mafia.html Infusion Magazine interview] (January 2015). In Infusion magazine. Retrieved March 2, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.redbull.com/mea/en/music/stories/1331750877827/ahead-of-opening-for-bon-jovi-in-abu-dhabi Ahead of Opening for Bon Jovi in Abu Dhabi] (September 2015). In Redbull. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.shortlistdubai.com/events-attractions/article/5341-interview-carl-and-the-reda-mafia INTERVIEW: Carl and The Reda Mafia] (November 2015). In ShortList Dubai. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://feelyourtempo.com/twist-and-tune-that-funk-jam-carl-and-the-reda-mafia/ Twist and Tune that Funk Jam Carl and the Reda Mafia] (June 2015). In Feel Your Tempo. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref name="auto">[http://www.triplew.me/en/feature/one-on-one-carl-frenais-carl-and-the-reda-mafia.html One on One: Carl Frenais] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307134635/http://www.triplew.me/en/feature/one-on-one-carl-frenais-carl-and-the-reda-mafia.html |date=2016-03-07 }} (February 2016). In TripleW. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

A few weeks after forming the band, Carl & The Reda Mafia were crowned winners of the prestigious BandJam battle of the bands organized by [[Al Ghurair Group]]. The band took home the first place after joining 60 other bands playing for a crowd of over 5,000 music lovers. Carl & The Reda Mafia got the chance to meet with one of the biggest selling bands in the Philippines, [[Rivermaya]], in a mentorship session as part of their prize.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/life-style/music/bands-battle-it-out-in-dubai-1.1413417 Bands battle it out in Dubai] (November 2014). In Gulf News. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/20141120/ARTICLE/311209973/1057 Rivermaya mentors talent in Battle of the Bands] (November 2014). In Khaleej Times. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

Building on their success at BandJam, the band then went on to perform at various gigs around the UAE including [[Dubai International Jazz Festival]] and [[Abu Dhabi Festival]]. Around May 2015, Carl & The Reda Mafia signed a record label and management deal with Abu Dhabi's local production studio White Cube Studios. Soon after they started recording their debut album ''What The?!''.<ref>[http://one8one.com/new/carl-the-reda-mafia/ Carl & The Reda Mafia] (June 2015). In one8one. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/nightlife/features/69449-white-cube-studios-abu-dhabi-update White Cube Studios tells Jack Dignum more about its musical movement] (February 2016). In Timeout Abu Dhabi. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

In September 2015, the band was selected to open for the legendary rock band [[Bon Jovi]] at one of the biggest music venues in the Middle East, the Du Arena in [[Abu Dhabi]] on October 1, 2015. This marked their first appearance opening for a major world-renowned act.<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/music/nothing-short-of-crazy-for-us-carl-frenais Nothing short of crazy for us: Carl Frenais]. (September 2015). In Khaleej Times. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151002073249/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/music/dubai-band-take-bon-jovi-support-slot-in-their-stride Dubai band take Bon Jovi support slot in their stride] (September 2015). In The National. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kochi-boys-band-to-open-for-bon-jovi/article7662617.ece Kochi boy’s band to open for Bon Jovi] (September 2015). In The Hindu. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/nightlife/features/66625-bon-jovi-in-abu-dhabi Carl and The Reda Mafia to open for global rock superstars Bon Jovi] (September 2015). In Timeout Abu Dhabi. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://rollingstoneindia.com/psyched-about-opening-for-bon-jovi/ ‘Psyched about opening for Bon Jovi’] (September 2015). In Rolling Stones India. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.redbull.com/mea/en/music/stories/1331747643128/rising-uae-rockers-set-to-open-for-bon-jovi Rising UAE Rockers Set to Open for Bon Jovi] (September 2015). In Redbull. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://whatson.ae/abudhabi/2015/09/big-bon-jovi-news-for-local-band/ Big Bon Jovi news for local band] (September 2015). In What's On. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://7days.ae/local-act-tune-up-for-gig-of-their-lives-with-bon-jovi Local act tune up for gig of their lives with Bon Jovi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123145549/http://7days.ae/local-act-tune-up-for-gig-of-their-lives-with-bon-jovi |date=2016-01-23 }} (September 2015). In 7 DAYS. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

Following their Bon Jovi gig they had the opportunity to open for world renowned hip hop artist [[J. Cole]] for an even bigger crowd at the Beats on The Beach concert in [[Abu Dhabi]] on November 27, 2015.<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/guides/going-out/culture/f1-yasalam-concert-line-up-1.1620937 F1 Yasalam concert line-up] (November 2015). In Gulf News. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

In January 2016 Carl Frenais (the frontman of the band) went viral on the internet after making a video mixing Indian harmonies and human beatboxing to the [[iPhone]] app [[Siri]]. The video was supposedly intended to be private and only shared amongst friends, but it was leaked and had more than 15 million views.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-35413576 BBC Trending:Singalong to Siri] (January 2016). In BBC. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160124101519/http://www.thenational.ae/blogs/scene-heard/viral-video-starring-uae-musician-carl-frenais-beatboxing-to-iphone-app-siri-clocked-15-million-views Viral video starring UAE musician Carl Frenais beatboxing to iPhone app Siri clocked 15 million views] (January 2016). In The National. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/video-trio-beatboxing-indian-classical-song-siri-coolest-thing-internet-today-38033 Video of trio beatboxing an Indian classical song with Siri is the coolest thing on the internet today] (January 2016). In The News Minute. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref><ref>[https://www.buzzfeed.com/sahilrizwan/these-guys-beatboxed-along-with-siri-to-create-the-most-amaz#.taV6oLqge These Guys Beatboxed With Siri To Create The Most Amazing Indian Classical Jam Ever] (January 2016). In BuzzFeed. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

On February 19, 2016, Carl & The Reda Mafia released their debut album ''What The?!'' on the [[iTunes Store]] and all other major music streaming platforms including [[Apple Music]], [[Spotify]] and [[SoundCloud]].
When asked what the band writes about, Carl Frenais said "I don’t write about love. At all. I think that’s an emotion that’s been used too much". The album ''What The?!'' specifically asks questions about what's happening around the world, and questions about why people think the way they think.<ref name="auto"/><ref>[http://7days.ae/carl-reda-mafia-release-debut-album/81989 Carl and the Reda Mafia release debut album]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (February 2016). In 7 DAYS. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>

In April 2016, the band was awarded "Best Local Band" at the biggest nightlife and entertainment awards ceremony in UAE, HYPE Awards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dubainight.com/mag/news/dubai-nightlife-celebrated-in-2016-hype-awards,28,26625.html|title=Dubai Nightlife Celebrated in 2016 Hype Awards|last=|first=|date=April 2016|website=Dubai Night|publisher=|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

== Awards ==

'''Winner of BandJam Battle of The Bands (2014)''' - Al Ghureir Group.

'''Band Of The Year (2016)''' - Infusion Magazine.

'''Best Local Band (2016)''' - HYPE Awards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dubainight.com/mag/news/dubai-nightlife-celebrated-in-2016-hype-awards,28,26625.html|title=Dubai Nightlife Celebrated in 2016 Hype Awards|last=|first=|date=April 2016|website=Dubai Night|publisher=|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref>

''"Funk-fried rock and roll from Carl & The Reda Mafia who took to their Bon Jovi warm up like true rock stars" - Infusion Magazine.<ref>[http://www.infusion.ae/en/article/magazine/features/winners-of-2015.html Winners of 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306060131/http://www.infusion.ae/en/article/magazine/features/winners-of-2015.html |date=2016-03-06 }} (January 2016). In Infusion Magazine. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</ref>''

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
''What The?!'' (2016)
# "Drown with Me"
# "A Better Place"
# "Moo Point of View" (Ft. [[Inphinix]])
# "Live Today"
# "Crazy Town"
# "Let the Music Take Control"
# "Don't Freakin Waste My Time"
# "My World"
# "Starting New"
# "We'll Go in Peace"

=== Singles ===
* "Fight for your queen" (2015)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Musical groups from Dubai]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2014]]

Sandeep Raj

2026-01-31T05:59:45Z

NickiStpierre68: new a data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian Telugu filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Sandeep Raj
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 21 June<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/103404/makers-of-mowgli-2025-release-bts-clip-to-mark-film-director-sandeep-rajs-birthday|title=Makers of 'Mowgli 2025' release BTS clip to mark film director Sandeep Raj's birthday|date=21 June 2025|website=ap7am.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director|writer|producer|actor}}
| years_active =
|spouse = Chandini Rao
| awards = [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]]
| known_for = ''[[Colour Photo]]''
}}

'''Sandeep Raj''' (born 21 June) is an Indian director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]] .Sandeep specialises in tragic endings unlike many Telugu directors he believes in stories with tragic endings hoping to add Tamil flavours.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2022-12-06 |title='Mukhachitram' will spring a surprise and Vishwak Sen's role is crucial, says Sandeep Raj of 'Colour Photo' fame |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/colour-photo-fame-sandeep-raj-gears-up-for-his-next-telugu-movie-mukhachitram/article66229634.ece |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Raj says Anger Tales director Prabhala Tilak was a key pillar behind the success of Colour Photo |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sandeep-raj-says-anger-tales-director-prabhala-tilak-was-a-key-pillar-behind-the-success-of-colour-photo/5ce0468a0c947 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Colour Photo]]'' (2020), which received critical acclaim and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2022-07-22 |title=Colour Photo: బెస్ట్ తెలుగు ఫిల్మ్ గా నేషనల్ అవార్డు అందుకున్న చిన్న సినిమా |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/68th-national-film-awards-best-feature-film-award-goes-to-colour-photo-202705.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2024-12-07 |title=National Award-winning director Sandeep Raj marries actor Chandini Rao |url=https://telanganatoday.com/national-award-winning-director-sandeep-raj-marries-actor-chandini-rao |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

===As a director and writer===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Title
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
!Director
!Writer
|-
|2020
|''[[Colour Photo]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|Directorial debut
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2020-10-08 |title=Sandeep Raj and Suhas of 'Colour Photo', friends who dared to dream big |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sandeep-raj-and-suhas-friends-who-dared-to-dream-big/article32802366.ece |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''[[Aakashavaani]]''
|{{no}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashwin Gangaraju's Akashavani to release on THIS platform in August? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ashwin-gangarajus-akashavani-to-release-on-this-platform-in-august/a90a1407fe93 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Heads and Tales (film)|Heads and Tales]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |title=Heads & Tales Latest News in Telugu, Heads & Tales News, Heads & Tales Online News Live, Heads & Tales Updates |url=https://telanganatoday.com/tag/heads-tales |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Good Luck Sakhi]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-09 |title=Keerthy Suresh on wrapping up the shoot of Nagesh Kukunoor's 'Good Luck Sakhi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-on-wrapping-up-the-shoot-of-nagesh-kukunoors-good-luck-sakhi/articleshow/78021324.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mukhachitram]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2022-12-07 |title=Sandeep Raj: బాలచందర్ సినిమా స్ఫూర్తిగా 'ముఖచిత్రం' |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2022/prathyekam/a-scene-from-balachander-film-is-the-inspiration-for-mukhachitram-kavi-963495.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Mowgli (2025 film)|Mowgli]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-12-20 |title=Roshan Kanakala and Sandeep Raj 'Mowgli 2025' gets a grand launch |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/roshan-kanakala-and-sandeep-raj-mowgli-2025-gets-a-grand-launch-931353 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Director Sandeep Raj interview: Roshan Kanakala came in like a blank slate and transformed into ‘Mowgli’">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Director Sandeep Raj interview: Roshan Kanakala came in like a blank slate and transformed into ‘Mowgli’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sandeep-raj-interview-for-his-new-telugu-film-mowgli-starring-roshan-kanakala/article70375159.ece |access-date=10 December 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=10 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210172047/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-sandeep-raj-interview-for-his-new-telugu-film-mowgli-starring-roshan-kanakala/article70375159.ece |archive-date=10 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|}

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|''[[Agent Sai Srinivasa Athreya]]''
|Ajay
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-06-21 |title=Agent Sai Srinivas Atreya Movie Review & Rating |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/agent-sai-srinivas-atreya-61584 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Mishan Impossible]]''
|Farooq
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-28 |title=National Award for Colour Photo shows that 'short film guys' like us are here to stay: Sandeep Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/national-award-for-colour-photo-shows-that-short-film-guys-like-us-are-here-to-stay-sandeep-raj/articleshow/93164754.cms |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|Cameo
|-
|2024
|''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]''
|Village guy
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=techteam |date=2024-01-02 |title=Ambajipeta Marriage Band second single "Maa Ooru Ambajipeta, Malligadu's Village Song Out Now |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/en/cinemas/cinema-news/ambajipeta-marriage-band-second-single-maa-ooru-ambajipeta-malligadus-village-song-out-now-2-2158.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=English site |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''
|Manohar Naidu
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2025-01-06 |title=Daaku Maharaaj: బాలయ్య సినిమాలో నేషనల్ అవార్డు అందుకున్న టాలీవుడ్ డైరెక్టర్.. ఎవరో గుర్తు పట్టారా? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/tollywood-director-sandeep-raj-acted-in-balakrishna-daaku-maharaaj-shares-emotional-post-1439887.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhairavam]]''
|Puli Ravindra
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-01-21 |title=Sandeep Raj: The making of Bhairavam should be a case study |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/21/sandeep-raj-the-making-of-bhairavam-should-be-a-case-study |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mowgli''
|Cameo
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!
|-
|2025
|''[[AIR: All India Rankers]]''
|Coordinator
|[[ETV Win]]
|Also producer
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2024-06-24 |title=ETV Win Launches New Web Series "AIR: All India Rankers" with Sandeep Raj as Show Runner |url=https://industryhit.com/t/etv-win-launches-new-web-series-air-all-india-rankers-with-sandeep-raj-as-show-runner/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Category
!work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|rowspan="4" |''[[Colour Photo]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th National Film Awards: Natyam, Colour Photo and Ala Vaikunthapurramulo bag top honours in Telugu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/68th-national-film-awards-natyam-colour-photo-and-ala-vaikunthapurramulo-bag-top-honours-in-telugu/e2add2745e53 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=upmyb |title=SIIMA {{!}} South India International Movie Awards |url=https://siima.upmyb.com/index.php |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=siima.upmyb.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards]]
|Gaddar Telangana Film Award for Second Best Feature Film
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-honor-a-decade-of-telugu-cinema-1882256|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards Honor Films From 2014|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=30 May 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Entertainment Awards]]
| Best Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXu-d0qOnLg|title=Sandeep Raj Speech at Icon StAAr @Allu Arjun Presents aha 2.0 | Aha Entertainment Awards|date=2 November 2021|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|}

== Personal life ==
On 7 December 2024, he married Chandini Rao, an actress and classical dancer.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]

K Kothagudem

2026-01-22T18:14:22Z

NickiStpierre68: slightly update intro as per guidelines further and cleaned formatting

{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = K Kothagudem
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = Chatrai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=17 February 2016|page=16,262|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 8.23
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1815
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''K Kothagudem''' is a village in [[Krishna district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Chatrai [[mandal]] of [[Nuzvid revenue division]].<ref name="census" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]

Kottaimedu Mosque

2026-01-18T23:11:23Z

NickiStpierre68: put up a data

{{Short description|Mosque in Kottaimedu, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Kottaimedu Mosque
| native_name = கோட்டைமேடு பள்ளிவாசல், கோயம்புத்தூர்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = Current Mosque.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 2020
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| tradition =
| sect =
| district =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership = T. A. Mohammed Dharvesh {{small|([[General secretary|Gen. sec.]])}}
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = Active
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = Kottaimedu, [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| locale =
| municipality =
| cercle =
| state =
| country = India
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| administration =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]]}}
| founded_by = [[Tipu Sultan]] {{small|(1776)}}
| creator =
| funded_by = Haji Mohammed Pillai Rawther {{small|(1910)}}
| general_contractor =
| established = 1776
| groundbreaking = 1901 {{small|(reconstruction)}}
| year_completed = {{ubl|1776 {{small|(original mosquen)}}|1910 {{small|(reconstruction)}}}}
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Four
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
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| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| delisted1_date =
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| module = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Kottaimedu Mosque''', also known as the ''' Kottai Hidayathul Islam Safia Jamath Mosque''' ({{langx|ta|கோட்டைமேடு பள்ளிவாசல், கோயம்புத்தூர்}}), is a [[mosque]] in Kottaimedu within the [[Coimbatore]] district of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. The mosque is situated approximately {{convert|1|km|yd|spell=on}} from the [[Coimbatore Junction railway station]]. Built in 1776 and reconstructed in 1910, one of the features of the mosque is its underground water tank for ''[[wudu]]''.

== History ==
Legend has it that Muslim saint, [[Nagore Shahul Hamid|Syed Abdul Qadir]], arrived in Kottaimedu, drawn by the region's vibrant cultural mix, and established a small prayer hall.<ref name=TT/>

The original mosque was built in 1776 under Tipu Sultan as part of a fort. After its destruction during the British rule, Haji Mohammed Pillai Rawther arranged for a new mosque to be built between 1901 and 1910.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mosques-in-history/article5236875.ece |title=Mosques in History |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= |access-date=16 October 2013 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coimbatoreonline.in/city-guide/mosques-in-coimbatore |title=Mosques in Coimbatore |work=coimbatoreonline |date= |access-date= }}</ref> He was buried next to the mosque, and a nearby street was named in his honour. Rawther's son-in-law, Haji Meera Pillai Rowther, succeeded him in maintaining the mosque.<ref name=tour>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/tamil/kovai.html |title=கோட்டை மேடு மசூதி |trans-title=Kottaimedu Mosque |lang=ta |work=தமிழ்நாடு சுற்றுலாத் துறை |date= |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103033516/http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/tamil/kovai.html |archive-date=2013-11-03}}</ref>

A number of casualties from the 1921 [[Malabar Rebellion]] against the British were buried here. Lena Mohammad Rawuthar became first president of the mosque in 1924 and was responsible for constructing facilities for Islamic education.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The mosque was registered under 'Act XXI of 1860' on 2 May 1924 and a management was formed by 21 members of the administration. The document was signed by 195 members of the congregation.{{cn|date=February 2025}}
== Architecture ==
The mosque was designed in a combination of [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] architectural styles, with beautiful paintings and designs. The main hall was built with a large central pillar supported by ornate pillars. The main attraction of this mosque is its interior, which is decorated with calligraphy and geometric patterns reflecting Islamic culture, and its underground ''wudu'' facilities.<ref name=TT>{{cite web |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/attractions/darghas/kottai-mosque.php |title=Kottai Mosque |work=Tamilnadu Tourism |date=2023 |access-date=23 February 2025 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Utpuram.jpg|The mosque interior
Thoongal.jpg|The mosque interior
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{cite web |url=https://britton-images.com/product/india-kottaimedu-mosque-in-coimbatore-built-by-tipu-sultan-1776/ |title=India, Kottaimedu mosque in Coimbatore, built by Tipu Sultan 1776 |work=Britton Images |format=Digital image of an 1834 steel engraving of the original mosque |orig-date=1834 |date=2024 |access-date=23 February 2025 |author1=Daniell, William |author1-link=William Daniell |author2=Armytage, J. C. {{small|(engraver)}} |author2-link=James Charles Armytage }}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:18th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1770s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1776]]

A Suitable Girl (novel)

2026-01-15T05:01:51Z

NickiStpierre68: Started A Post

{{short description|Novel by Vikram Seth}}
{{Notability|Books|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = A Suitable Girl
| author = Vikram Seth
| language = English
| country = India
| genre =
| publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]
| media_type =
| cover_artist =
| isbn = 978-1780227887
| image = File:A_Suitable_Girl_(novel).png
| caption =
| series =
| release_date = Unannounced
| pages =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| awards =
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''A Suitable Girl''''' is an upcoming novel by [[Vikram Seth]] that is a sequel to his 1993 book ''[[A Suitable Boy]]''.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8131538.stm |title=Seth writing Suitable Boy sequel |date=2 July 2009 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=13 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="Flood">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jul/03/vikram-seth-suitable-boy-sequel|title=Vikram Seth writes Suitable Boy sequel|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=3 July 2009|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=13 December 2009}}</ref> Seth has said the book will be set in the present, rather than in 1952 when ''A Suitable Boy'' finished, and will therefore be what Seth calls a "jump sequel".<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Flood"/> The book was announced in 2009 but has yet to be completed.

After Seth missed a deadline to submit the manuscript to [[Penguin Group|Penguin Publisher]] in June 2013,<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/10/vikram-seth-a-suitable-girl-suitable-boy|title=Vikram Seth in trouble over uncompleted Suitable Boy sequel | authorlink = Claire Armitstead |last=Armitstead|first=Claire|date=10 July 2013 | work = [[The Guardian]] |accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> it was announced that the new novel would be published in autumn of 2016 by [[Orion Publishing Group|Orion Publishers]], which had published ''A Suitable Boy''.<ref name="Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/sep/13/vikram-seth-suitable-boy-girl-publisher|title=Vikram Seth finds a suitable publisher|last=Burly|first=Liz|date=13 Sep 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=19 November 2013}}</ref> In May 2015, it was reported that Seth was hoping to finish writing the book in 2016, for publication in 2017. Seth explained that he had missed the Penguin deadline due to suffering from [[writer's block]] as a result of the failure of a romantic relationship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/vikram-seth-breakup-long-term-partner-delayed-sequel-suitable-boy-2224666.html|title=Vikram Seth: Breakup with long-term partner delayed sequel to 'A Suitable Boy'|work=First Post|date=3 May 2015|accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref> As of 2023 the novel was still unfinished though Seth confirmed in a 2018 interview that he was still working on the book as well as more material in the ''[[A Suitable Boy]]'' universe to be collectively called ''A Bridge of Leaves''.<ref>{{cite web |title='Obsession kept me going': Writer Vikram Seth on 25 years of A Suitable Boy |date=20 October 2018 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/what-kept-me-going-was-obsession/story-y2rTlzLUZBUmIJX22CmxiP.html |accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikram Seth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suitable Girl, A}}
[[Category:Novels by Vikram Seth]]
[[Category:Upcoming books]]

{{2000s-novel-stub}}

Royal Air Force strikes of 1946

2026-01-09T09:58:18Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{Short description|Small revolt in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
The '''Royal Air Force strikes of 1946''' was a series of demonstrations and strikes at several dozen [[Royal Indian Air Force]] stations in the Indian subcontinent beginning on 22 January 1946.<ref name=RAFMuseum>{{cite web |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/never-forgotten-the-raf-in-the-far-east/mutiny/ |title=Mutiny? |publisher=[[Royal Air Force Museum]]}}</ref><ref> [https://archive.today/20130419192709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/69/a4134269.shtml BBC. People's war]</ref> As these incidents involved refusals to obey orders they technically constituted a form of [[mutiny]].<ref name=RAFMuseum/>

== Protests ==
A series of demonstrations and strikes occurred at several dozen [[Royal Air Force]] stations in the Indian subcontinent beginning on 22 January 1946. As these incidents involved refusals to obey orders, they technically constituted a form of [[mutiny]]. The protests arose in response to slow [[Demobilization of the British Armed Forces after World War II|demobilization and return]] of British troops to Britain, and use of British shipping facilities for transporting [[G.I. (military)|G.I.]]s. The "mutiny" began at either [[Maripur]]<ref name=RAFMuseum/> or nearby [[Karachi]] ([[PAF Base Faisal|RAF Drigh Road]]) and later spread to involve nearly 50,000 men over 60 RAF stations in India, [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]], Burma and as far away as Singapore,<ref name=Childs22>{{Harvnb|Childs|2000|p=22}}</ref> Egypt, North Africa, and [[Gibraltar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II: from war to revolution|url=https://www.marxist.com/world-war-ii-from-war-to-revolution.htm|date=27 April 2020|access-date=27 April 2020|author=Ben Gliniecki}}</ref> The peaceful protests lasted between three and eleven days.

For their part, the British Government argued that the amount of shipping available was insufficient to permit immediate repatriation of the large number of personnel. However, later declassified reports have shown that British troops were deliberately retained in India to control possible unrest from the [[Indian Independence movement|independence movement]], and the grievances of the RAF men may have also included significant political opinions and sympathy with the [[communist Party of India]].<ref name=Childs22/>

The initial protests in Karachi had the form of a collective refusal to prepare kit for inspection and going to the parade ground at the normal time but in casual [[khaki drill]] rather than the "[[Uniforms of the Royal Air Force|best blue]]" uniforms required when on morning parade.<ref>Mutiny in the RAF: the air force strikes of 1946 - David Duncan</ref>

The issues were ultimately resolved. Some of the airmen involved experienced [[courts-martial]]. However, the precedent set by this event was important in instigating subsequent actions by the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] and later, the [[Royal Indian Navy]] in February 1946 in which [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny|78 of a total of 88 ships mutinied]]. [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]], [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], commented at the time, "I am afraid that [the] example of the Royal Air Force, who got away with what was really a mutiny, has some responsibility for the present situation."<ref>Field Marshal Viscount Wavell to Mr Attlee (via India Office), Telegram, L/PO/4/28: ff 66-7. Sent 24 February 1946, 4.50 pm at New Delhi, appears in ''The Transfer of Power in India, 1942-47'', Volume 6, Page 1055 edited by [[Nicholas Mansergh]], published by Foreign & Commonwealth Office (London, 1976).</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]]
* [[RAF India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Childs
| given1 = David
| year = 2000
| title = Britain Since 1945: A Political History
| url = https://archive.org/details/britainsince19450000chil
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-24804-3
| issn =
| url-access = registration
}}.

==Bibliography==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=frJ3AAAACAAJ Mutiny in the RAF - the Air Force Strikes of 1946]. David Duncan. 1999 {{ISBN|0-9523810-6-0}}.
*[http://www.jmr.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/ConJmrBookReview.116 Review of Richard Woodman's ''A brief history of mutiny'']. ''Journal for Maritime research''. August 2005.
*{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006042533/http://www.jcc.org.uk/news/gazette/113.html |archive-date=2007-10-06|url=http://www.jcc.org.uk/news/gazette/113.html |title=RAF strike in India-1946 |author= David van Vlymen |publisher= The John Carpenter Club |quote= article by Bernard Shilling and published in the December 1986 issue of Aeroplane Monthly }}.
*John W. Cell, in Reviews of Books; Asia. ''White Mutiny: British Military Culture in India'' by Peter Stanley. The American Historical Review, Vol. 104, No. 3. (Jun., 1999), pp. 888–889.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090129093107/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/554466 SECRET HISTORY: MUTINY IN THE RAF] [[British Film Institute]].
*{{cite journal |first=Nigel |last=White |title=Gerry Rubin, ''Murder, Mutiny and the Military: British Court Martial Cases 1940–1966'' |journal=Journal of Conflict and Security Law |date=18 December 2006 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=511–513 |doi=10.1093/jcsl/krl025 }}

{{Indian independence movement}}

[[Category:20th-century history of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:Events that led to courts-martial]]
[[Category:1946 in India]]
[[Category:1946 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1946 in military history]]
[[Category:1946 labor disputes and strikes]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in India]]
[[Category:Military history of Karachi]]
[[Category:Labour disputes and strikes in the aftermath of World War II]]

Kalavoor

2025-12-10T21:13:27Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalavoor
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = File:Kalavoor Alleppey Beach.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalavoor Beach
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|33|0|N|76|19|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4.5
| population_total = 29808
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 688522
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0478
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Alappuzha
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Alappuzha
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Alappuzha
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Kalavoor Junction.jpg|thumb|Kalavoor Junction on a busy day.]]
[[File:Kalavoor Alleppey Beach1.jpg|thumb|Fishermen in Kalavoor]]

'''Kalavoor''' is a village located in National Highway 66 at [[Alappuzha district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].

==Location==
Kalavoor is {{cvt|8|km}} to the north of [[Alappuzha]] city and {{cvt|45|km}} to the South of [[Cochin]]. National Highway 66, passes through Kalavoor.

==Transportation==
It is well-connected by road and rail transportation. The railway station situated roughly 1 km away from the center has passenger services. KSRTC buses including limited and superfast services have stoppages. There is an auto-taxi hub too.

==Institutions and buildings==
* [[International Coir Museum]]<ref name="DTPC">{{cite web |title=International Coir Museum |url=https://www.dtpcalappuzha.com/destination/international-coir-museum |website=DTPC Alappuzha |publisher=District Tourism Promothion Council, Alppuzha |language=en}}</ref>
* Central Coir Research Institute<ref>{{Cite news|last=Our|first=Correspondent|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/news/2017/11/18/natural-dye-water-hyacinth-sd-college-alappuzha-laurel.html|title=Manorama Online|date=18 November 2017|work=Manorama Online}}</ref>
*All India Radio Relay Station<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?client=ubuntu&channel=fs&q=AIR%20alappuzha&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&hs=S0q&sxsrf=ACYBGNT3jFHlzkauxPL66UhIonzYLnfYQA:1581417887078&npsic=0&rflfq=1&rlha=0&rllag=9524106,76334279,3722&tbm=lcl&rldimm=17111704845648748637&lqi=Cg1BSVIgYWxhcHB1emhhSPXPsJXvgICACFoYCgNhaXIQABgBIg1haXIgYWxhcHB1emhh&ved=2ahUKEwjk-JnbqMnnAhVHyDgGHVdxAd8QvS4wAHoECAwQJg&rldoc=1&tbs=lrf:!1m4!1u3!2m2!3m1!1e1!1m4!1u2!2m2!2m1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1!1e2!2m1!1e2!2m1!1e16!2m1!1e3!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:2&rlst=f#rlfi=hd:;si:17111704845648748637,l,Cg1BSVIgYWxhcHB1emhhSPXPsJXvgICACFoYCgNhaXIQABgBIg1haXIgYWxhcHB1emhh;mv<nowiki>:[[9.5620315,76.3450258],[9.465618,76.31891]];tbs:lrf:!1m4!1u3!2m2!3m1!1e1!1m4!1u2!2m2!2m1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1!1e1!1m4!1u16!2m2!16m1!1e2!2m1!1e2!2m1!1e16!2m1!1e3!3sIAE,lf:1,lf_ui:2</nowiki>|title=AIR Alappuzha|website=Google Maps}}</ref>

==Industries==
Kalavoor is home to several large scale and small scale industries that extend from Pharmaceuticals to Coir products. Some of the notable industries are :
* [[Kerala State Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]]

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Kalavoor has a population of 29,808 with 14,458 males and 15,350 females living in 7,385 households. Population of children with age range of 0–6 years, is 2717 which is 9.12% of the total population. The [[sex ratio]] of Kalavoor is 1062, lower than the state average of 1087. The child sex ratio is 959, which again is lower than the state average of 964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalavoor Village Population - Ambalappuzha - Alappuzha, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628226-kalavoor-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

Hinduism, Islamism and Christianity are the three major religions found.

==Notable people==


*[[Ebin Raj Maliakal]], documentary filmmaker
*[[Ratheesh]], Malayalam actor
*[[Kalavoor Ravikumar]], Malayalam screenwriter and movie director

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[[Indian Railways]], public information website, [http://erail.in erail.in].
*[http://censusindia.gov.in/ Census of India] 2011 website for demographics data.
*{{cite web|access-date=2015-10-16|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628226-kalavoor-kerala.html|title=India Census, Kalavoor Census 2011}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Alappuzha district}}

[[Category:Villages in Alappuzha district]]

Kalavoor

2025-12-10T21:13:27Z

NickiStpierre68:

Pākhangbā

2025-11-09T07:06:58Z

NickiStpierre68: adding a article

{{short description|Primordial god in Meitei mythology}}
{{About|a primordial deity of [[Sanamahism|Meitei religion]]|the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei king]] of [[Ningthouja dynasty]]|Nongdā Lāiren Pākhangba|the foremost king of [[Manipur]]|Tangja Leela Pakhangba}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Meitei
| name = Pakhangba
| deity_of =
| member_of = [[Meitei dragons]]
| image = File:The sacred idols of God Pakhangba and his divine consort kept inside the Pakhangba Temple in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Idols of Pakhangba and his consort in the [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]].
| other_names =
| hiro =
| Old_Norse =
| script_name =
| script =
| affiliation = [[Sanamahism]]
| cult_center = [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]]
| abode = heaven and earth
| planet = 
| weapon = 
| battles =
| artifacts = 
| animals =
| symbol = [[Meitei dragons]] 
| adherents =
| height =
| age =
| tree =
| day =
| color = 
| number =
| consort = [[Nongthang Leima]]
| father = [[Salailen]]
| mother = [[Leimarel Sidabi]]
| siblings = [[Lainingthou Sanamahi]], [[Irai Leima]], [[Khoriphaba]], [[Khunu Leima]], [[Ngaleima]], [[Nganu Leima]], [[Nongshaba]], [[Nongthang Leima]], [[Phouleima]] ([[Phouoibi]]), [[Shapi Leima]], [[Thumleima]]
| children = [[Mangang]], [[Luwang]], [[Khuman Salai]], and others (or [[Yek|Salai Taret]] [[Apokpa]]s)
| predecessor =
| successor =
| army =
| mount =
| texts =
* [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok]]
* [[Leishemlon]]
* [[Leithak Leikharol]]
* [[Sakok Lamlen]]
| gender = Male
| Greek_equivalent = [[Typhon]]
| Roman_equivalent =
| Etruscan_equivalent =
| Christian_equivalent =
| Slavic_equivalent =
| Hinduism_equivalent =
| Canaanite_equivalent =
| equivalent1_type =
| equivalent1 =
| equivalent2_type =
| equivalent2 =
| region = [[Ancient Kangleipak]]
| ethnic_group = [[Meitei people|Meitei]]
| festivals = [[Lai Haraoba]]
}}
{{Meitei mythology}}
{{Sanamahism}}
'''Pakhangba''' {{meitei|lit=the one who knows his father|ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ}} is a primordial deity, often represented in the form of a [[Meitei dragon|dragon]], in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Sanamahism]], the indigenous religion of Manipur. He is depicted in the [[heraldry]] of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur kingdom]], which originated in ''paphal'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯄꯥꯐꯜ}}}}), mythical illustrations of the deity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo0MAQAAMAAJ&q=pakhangba|title = Journal of the Assam Research Society|last1 = Samiti|first1 = Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna|year = 2007}}</ref> It is believed that the ancestor of one of the [[Meitei clans]] manifested himself as the Pakhangba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izhuAAAAMAAJ&q=pakhangba+universal|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9DqBAAAAMAAJ&q=pakhangba+serpent|title = Tribal Art of Manipur|last1 = Bahadur|first1 = Mutua|last2 = Santabai|first2 = Y.|year = 1989}}</ref><ref>''Hastings Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics'', Volume 11</ref>

The identity of the deity is often fused with ''[[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]]'', the first ruler of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hzduAAAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba|title = Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik|isbn = 9788175412187|last1 = Nayar|first1 = V. K.|year = 2005| publisher=Shipra Publications }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPjqAAAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba|title = Other Masters: Five Contemporary Folk and Tribal Artists of India|last1 = Jain|first1 = Jyotindra|year = 1998}}</ref> The title ''Pakhangba'' was also used by other kings in the [[history of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo0MAQAAMAAJ&q=nongda+lairen+pakhangba|title = Journal of the Assam Research Society|last1 = Samiti|first1 = Kāmarūpa Anusandhāna|year = 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Pakhangba.jpg|thumb|Pakhangba statue]]

== Mythology ==
Pakhangba and his elder brother [[Sanamahi]] were told by their father that the one who could [[circumambulate]] the universe seven times and reach him first would be given the throne of the universe. Sanamahi set out immediately. Pakhangba, besides being the younger brother, was less strong. His mother [[Leimarel Sidabi]], said that circling his father's throne is equivalent to the circling of the entire universe. So, he circled the throne, and his father was satisfied with Pakhangba's knowledge. So, Pakhangba was given his name, which means "one who has realised his father" and was enthroned.<ref name=birajit>{{Cite book |last=Birajit |first=Soibam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ | pages=94–95 |title=Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness |date=2014-12-01 |publisher=ARECOM ( Advanced Research Consortium, Manipur |language=en}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
Pakhangba is depicted as a serpent with the antlers of a [[sangai]], or brow-antlered deer, signifying the cultural synthesis of two different totemic belief systems, which are the worship of serpents and [[stags]].{{r|birajit|p=84}}

[[File:Two "Hiyang Hiren" watercrafts (Meitei royal boats) in the middle and two "Tanna Hee" watercrafts (Meitei commoners' boats) in the sideways, kept inside the "Hijagang" (Boatyard) in the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|Two Meitei [[Hiyang hiren]], or royal boats, in the shape of Pakhangba inside the {{langnf|mni|[[Hijagang]]|Boatyard}} in the [[Kangla Fort]] in [[Imphal]]]]

Serpents are the totem creatures of the [[Ningthouja dynasty|Ningthouja clan]]. Ningthoujas do not consume any fishes or plants that look like serpents, as a mark of respect for their ancestors.
The [[Sangai]] is associated with the [[Luwang]] clan. The Chakpa people, who are a part of the [[Meitei community]], also regard deer as their totem animals.{{r|birajit|p=84}}

According to legend, Pudangkoi Khutkoiba, a king of the Luwangs, was once transformed into a deer. He was inadvertently killed by his own younger brother, who didn't know his true identity. Once the error was recognised, the head and antlers of the deer were brought into and preserved in the royal palace. For the inauguration of a royal boat of a Luwang king, the preserved horned head was decoratively installed on the stern. After the cultural integration of the Luwangs and the Meiteis, this tradition was integrated into the making of Meitei {{langnf|mni|[[hiyang hiren]]|royal boats}}.
Simultaneously, the sides of the boat are decorated to resemble the body of serpentine dragon, thereby looking like the features of deity Pakhangba.{{r|birajit|p=85}}

In the post-[[Khagemba]] era, representations of Pakhangba in the form of a paphal (a coiled serpent or dragon biting its own tail, similar to an [[oubouros]] became prominent.{{r|birajit|p=85}}

=== In Meitei architecture ===
{{Main|Meitei architecture}}

[[File:A TYPICAL MEETEI TEMPLE OF KANGLEIPAK (MANIPUR).jpg|thumb|An illustration of a traditional building based on [[Meitei architecture]], highlighting the Chirong, a sacred symbol for the [[antlers]] of deity Pakhangba]]

In traditional [[Meitei architecture]], the most important [[Meitei culture|Meitei cultural]] element in building a house is the decoration for the front roof with a design resembling a deer's antlers ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Latn|Chirong}}|}}). {{langnf|mni|Chi|horn}} is derived from the word {{langnf|mni|Machi|antler}}, and {{langnf|mni|rong|branching}} is derived from the word {{langnf|mni|rongba|posterior directed branch}}.
The Chirong symbolises the antler premeditated on his head of the deity Pakhangba.<ref name=bhattacharyya>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rituparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEZ1EAAAQBAJ&q=pakhangba |title=Northeast India Through the Ages: A Transdisciplinary Perspective on Prehistory, History, and Oral History |date=2022-07-29 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-62390-1 |pages=192 |language=en}}</ref>

== Beliefs ==
In relation to Pakhangba, [[Meitei language]] has two commonly used words to refer to the [[snakes]] or [[serpent symbolism|serpents]]. The words are "lin" and "lairen".
Lin is used to refer to small snakes, usually the [[poisonous snakes]].
On the other hand, "Lairen" is used to refer to the large snakes, usually the [[pythons]], as well as any big mythical snakes.<ref name=wouters>{{Cite book |last=Wouters |first=Jelle J. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrptEAAAQBAJ&dq=pakhangba&pg=PA203 |title=Vernacular Politics in Northeast India: Democracy, Ethnicity, and Indigeneity |date=2022-05-16 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-267826-3 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>

Whenever anyone encounters a snake, they may attribute it to the "lin" or "lairen" or any other [[honorifics]] dedicated to divine serpents. Sometimes, they simply attribute it to the gods, or directly to Pakhangba.{{r|wouters|p=203}}

Pythons are related to Pakhangba in the world of charms and fortunes. Many people claim that their lives have changed in dramatic ways after encountering a pythons (or Pakhangba).{{r|wouters|p=212}}

There are some people who believe in the [[millenarian]] return of Pakhangba. According to their beliefs, Pakhangba will re-unite the people of the plains and the hills of Manipur, both politically and religiously, ending decades of tension and violent [[Insurgency in Manipur|insurgency]].{{r|wouters|p=208}}

== Cult ==
The cult of Pakhangba extraordinarily has an ability to integrate different deities.
There are numerous deities, whose names are sufficed with the word "Pakhangba", starting from cosmological deities to ancestral deities.
Notable ones are [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]], [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]], Leinung Loncha Pakhangba, [[#Tangkhul deities|Saram Tangkhul Pakhangba]], Loidam Thaja Pakhangba and Laiyingthou Pakhangba.{{r|birajit|p=84}}<ref name=sanajaoba>{{Cite book |last=Sanajaoba |first=Naorem |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=pakhangba&pg=PA4 |title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Deified Meitei kings ===
{{Main|List of Meitei kings}}

Since ancient times, rulers of Kangleipak were deified and worshipped as Pakhangba or one of his divine forms. Similarly, historical queens were deified and integrated into the cult of [[Yumjao Lairembi]]. In the Thangmeiband region, Meitei king [[Naothingkhong]] (c. 5th century CE) is worshipped as Naothingkhong Pakhangba. Another King, [[Khagemba]] is also worshipped as a form of Pakhangba.{{r|birajit|p=84}}

=== Tangkhul deities ===
Saram Tangkhul Pakhangba and his wife, Saram Tangkhul Nurabi are associated with the [[Tangkhul people]] of north eastern parts of Manipur. The Tangkhul deities were given a prominent position in the Umang Lai pantheon of the Meitei people. Besides being identified as a form of deity Pakhangba, in some cases, Saram Tangkhul is also identified with [[Nongpok Ningthou]].{{r|birajit|p=84}}

== Consorts ==
Pakhangba has numerous consorts, belonging to different communities and ethnicities.

One legend of Pakhangba says that he has seven wives, who give birth to the seven Meitei clans. It signifies the integration of different communities and ethnicities into one single nation.{{r|birajit|p=85}}

Lady Liksanu Saphabi belonging to [[Kabui people]] and [[Thangal people]], lady Khamlang Taobi belonging to [[Chothe people]], lady Chotenu belonging to [[Kom people (India)|Kom people]] and lady Leiyoi Nurabi belonging to Langmeidong are a few of the numerous consorts of the Meitei deity Pakhangba. Lady Saram Tangkhul Nurabi is the consort of Tangkhul Pakhangba, a [[Tangkhul people|Tangkhul]] deity, who is a divine form of Pakhangba.{{r|birajit|p=84}}

== Texts ==
Pakhangba is mentioned in numerous [[ancient Meitei language]] texts, including the ''Thanglon Thangchat'',{{r|sanajaoba|p=4}} the ''Pakhangba Laihui'', the ''Pakhangba Phambal'',{{r|sanajaoba|p=xi}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dr Th Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=Pakhangba+Phambal&pg=PA25 |title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India |date=2014-06-02 |publisher=Quills Ink Publishing |isbn=978-93-84318-00-0 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=Yumlembam Gopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxqeDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pakhangba+Phambal&pg=PA118 |title=Glimpses of Manipuri Culture |date=2019-06-16 |publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-72919-7 |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref> the "Pakhangba Naoyom",{{r|birajit|p=128}}<ref name=kunjeswori>{{Cite book |last=Devi |first=L. Kunjeswori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFluAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakhangba+Naoyom |title=Archaeology in Manipur |date=2003 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |isbn=978-81-85891-18-7 |pages=61 |language=en}}</ref> the "Pakhangba Nongkarol",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Moirangthem Kirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Pakhangba+Nongarol |title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy |date=1998 |publisher=Parimal Publications |pages=179 |language=en |author-link=Moirangthem Kirti Singh}}</ref>{{r|page=147|kunjeswori}} etc.

== In heraldry ==
Pakhangba, as a [[Heraldry|heraldic]] [[dragon]], was present in all the former royal flags and coats of arms of Manipur.
The kingdom of Manipur had a set of two flags, a white one and a red one. All featured the Pakhangba dragon in the centre, although not as prominently in the latter flags.<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-mu.html FOTW - Manipur, Indian Princely State]</ref>

== In traditional dance and music {{anchor|In traditional dance|In traditional music}} ==
{{Further|Jagoi|Dances of Manipur|Music of Manipur|Animals in Meitei culture|Birds in Meitei culture}}

Keiyen is an [[ancient Meitei language]] song describing the conflict between Pakhangba (Apanba) and his elder brother [[Sanamahi]] (Asheeba), as a conflict between a [[animals in Meitei culture|tiger]] and a [[birds in Meitei culture|cock]] respectively, having [[Meitei mythology|mythological]] and symbolic importance to the [[Meitei culture]]. It is symbolically represented in the Ke-kre-Chongba performance.

Younger brother Pakhangba's attempt to escape, along with his seven goddesses, from the elder brother Sanamahi is depicted in the song.{{efn|Singh, 1993b, p. 72}}

Its interpretation by the different minstrels, [[maiba]]s and [[maibi]]s, have many variations. Metaphorically, the song is about a cock (Pakhangba) being pursued by a tiger (Sanamahi).

In [[Ancient Meitei language]], a tiger is termed as “Kei”. “Yangen” is a name of a small wild bushy shrub plant. “Shamba” means “to traverse” in Meitei.
“Shyao Shyao” refers to the [[Ancient Meitei language|ancient Meitei]] onomatopoeic word for the sound produced while traversing the bushy way by the tiger.
“Yengkhong Phate” refers to the ominous sound of the cock.
It implies that Pakhangba's deeds are not good and so, he deserves to be devoured as a punishment.
But, that very cock is not an ordinary one, as it belongs to {{langnf|mni|Lai|God}}.
The last line indicates that the entire actions of everyone are done as a divine will of God, thereby showing the ultimate power of the Almighty God and his process of the creation of the entire universe.

The [[Meitei philosophy]] associated with Keiyen is imbibed in the dances performed in the [[Lai Haraoba]]. Later, it gradually evolved into present day dance of the [[Thabal Chongba]].{{r|bhattacharyya|p=187}}

== Festivals ==
=== Lai Haraoba ===
Pakhangba, being considered as one of the [[Umang Lai]] deities, is honoured with the celebration of the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival by the [[Meitei people]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Umanglai Haraoba Traditional Institution for Local Self Governance in Manipur |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Article_Lai_Haraoba.Umanglai_Haraoba_Traditional_Institution_for_Local_Self_Governance_in_Manipur_By_Thounaojam_Ruhichand |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=}}</ref>

=== Pakhangba Cheng Hongba ===
Pakhangba Cheng Hongba is a traditional Meitei religious festival celebrated annually in honour of deity Pakhangba, to bring peace and tranquility among the mankind. One of the most notable celebrations is organised by the Utra Shanglen Sana Konung and the Pacha Loishang by offering flowers to [[Nongshaba]], Pakhangba and [[Yumjao Lairembi]].
This festival is celebrated on regular basis in the [[Sana Konung]], widely believed to be organised since the era of King [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Cheng Hongba' observed : 07th may12 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=27..070512.may12 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=}}</ref>

It has been participated by a renowned cultural institute named "Atinga" since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An artist couple running a cultural institute |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.An_artist_couple_running_a_cultural_institute_By_James_Khangembam |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=}}</ref>

== In politics ==
In 1992, Meitei King Okendrajit Singh, the then ruler of [[Manipur Kingdom]], converted from Hinduism to Sanamahism, the traditional Meitei religion to become a revivalist.

In 2020, [[Leisemba Sanajaoba]], the son of the former king Okendrajit, took oath of joining as an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] inside the [[Rajya Sabha]] on behalf of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), mentioning the name of deity Pakhangba, besides [[Sanamahi]] and [[Govindajee]] ([[Krishna]]).

The state administrative office of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in [[Imphal]] houses a shrine dedicated to the deity Pakhangba. The BJP-ruled state [[government of Manipur]] developed the sacred sites of Pakhangba and performed rituals in the [[Kangla]].
Other opposition political parties are also seen in engaging religious activities in relation to deity Pakhangba.

During his [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Parliamentary election campaign]], [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], a renowned politician-turned actor of [[Meitei cinema]], visited the [[Pakhangba Temple, Kangla]] and publicly performed {{langnf|mni|laibau chenba|[[ritual]] [[divination]]}}.{{r|wouters|p=218}}

== Outside Manipur ==
===Bangladesh===
A temple dedicated to Pakhangba was constructed during the time of Maharaja [[Gambhir Singh]], in the [[Sylhet Division]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illustrated Manuscripts 2 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Illustrated_Manuscripts_2 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=}}</ref> The temple is 24m tall and raised a further 90cm on a 15 by 37m brick platform, which it shares with temples dedicated to Yumjao Lairembi and Lainingthou Nongasaba.
It has a steep conical roof and is decorated with bas relief carvings of a peacock, moon and sun on the upper part of its entrance door. The eastern wall is carved with images of the moon, a horse and a cow.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Textile Bdesh Myanmar 6 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Textile_Bdesh_Myanmar_6 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=}}</ref>{{r|sanajaoba|p=172}}

=== Myanmar ===
There are a few shrines dedicated to Pakhangba in Myanmar.
One notable example is found in the village of Tadalel, Amarapura township, [[Mandalay Division]].
In 2023, the Mandalay-based Myanmar Meitei Development Association requested help with the protection and preservation of the site from [[Nongthombam Biren]], the then [[Chief Minister of Manipur]], to give assistance for the preservation and protection of the holy site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur government's assistance sought in preserving shrine in Mandalay |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/manipur-governments-assistance-sought-in-preserving-shrine-in-mandalay |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tripura ===
A temple dedicated to deity Pakhangba was built during the coronation of Tripuri King [[Radha Kishore Manikya]], highlighting the influence of Meitei queens, including both the mother and the wife of King Radha, on the [[Kingdom of Tripura]].{{r|sanajaoba|p=357}}

During the reign of the Meitei king [[Marjit Singh]], Raja Borothakur Krishna Kishore ruled in Tripura. The first queen was Sija Chandrakala Devi, a Meitei princess and the second, known as Bamon Leima was a [[Meitei Brahmin]]. Meitei culture flourished in Tripura, with the proliferation of cults dedicated to different [[Meitei deities]] in the region of Bonmalipur.{{r|sanajaoba|p=24}}

Pakhangba is still worshipped in the Pakhangba Temple, located near the Royal Palace of [[Tripura]].{{r|sanajaoba|p=6}}

== In popular culture ==
In the 2018 edition of the [[Sangai festival]] held in [[Manipur]], twenty artistes, standing and dancing in the form of a human chain, presented a lively 30 metres long image of deity Pakhangba, dancing on the stage for 45 minutes, depicting the origin of the human beings, as adapted from the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival performances, while presenting a theatrical show titled {{langnf|mni|Laigi Machasing|Children of God}}, choreographed by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]'s [[Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar]] Awardee Sinam Basu.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Laigi Machasing' captivates audience on closing day of Manipur Sangai Festival : 01st dec18 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..011218.dec18 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=}}</ref>

A [[Mumbai]]-based group of musical artists titled "Serpents of Pakhangba", named after the deity Pakhangba himself, formed in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarma |first=Krishangi |date=2023-08-26 |title=How Serpents of Pakhangba brings together Meitei mysticism and music |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2023/08/26/how-serpents-of-pakhangba-brings-together-meitei-mysticism-and-music/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> is continuously producing musical works related to [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2022-06-04 |title=Serpents Of Pakhangba Draw From Meitei Folklore for Incendiary 'Panthoibi' Video |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/serpents-of-pakhangba-panthoibi-video/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-06-07 |title=Watch: Folk metal band 'Serpents of Pakhangba' weave Manipuri Meitei folklore into their new single |url=https://scroll.in/video/1025591/watch-folk-metal-band-serpents-of-pakhangba-weave-manipuri-meitei-folklore-into-their-new-single |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2020-02-02 |title=Avant-Garde Act Serpents of Pakhangba Debut Live at Control ALT Delete 12 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/avant-garde-act-serpents-of-pakhangba-debut-live-at-control-alt-delete-12/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lists of deities in Sanamahism]]
* [[Dragons in Manipuri mythology]]
* [[History of Manipur]]
* [[Kangla Palace]]
* [[Ningthouja dynasty]]

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467130 |title=Pakhangba Phamlup |date=2009 |publisher=Publications Divisions Reforms, Imphal |location=India |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaoba |first=Kangbam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267347 |title=Pakhangba Naoyom |date=1985 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bheigya Singh |first=Yengkhom |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.267116 |title=Pakhangba |date=1985 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kala Meitei |first=Pukhrambam |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465579 |title=Pakhangba |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ibobi |first=laikhuram |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466608 |title=Pakhangba Laining |date=1995 |publisher=[[Digital Library of India]] |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bihari Singh |first=Huirem |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466623 |title=Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba |date=2012 |publisher=Digital Library of India |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kokngangsana |first=Rajkumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465878 |title=Kanglei Langba Pakhangba |date=1955 |publisher=Ningthou Macha Manisana Heirangkhoithong Keibung Imphal |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ngamba |first=Chongthamcha |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466883 |title=Mapugee Matik Mayai |date=1989 |language=mni}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Khwairakpam |first1=Biren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d11VygEACAAJ |title=The Lai of Manipur: Andro and Sengmai |last2=Chingakham |first2=Dinachandra |date=2018-10-08 |publisher= Independently Published|isbn=978-1-7266-9002-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAw-tAEACAAJ |title=The Coils of Pakhangba: A Culture History of Meeteis |date=2017 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-823-5 |language=en}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Pakhangba}}

{{Sanamahi1|state=expanded}}
{{Religion topics}}

[[Category:Animal gods]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
[[Category:Dragon deities]]
[[Category:Horned gods]]
[[Category:Kings in Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Lunar gods]]
[[Category:Meitei gods]]
[[Category:Meitei dragons]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Snake gods]]

Arogyavani

2025-11-07T05:19:10Z

NickiStpierre68: Started A Details

{{short description|Health helpline by Karnataka Government}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox project
| country = India
| logo =
| ministry = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| key_people =[[U. T. Khader]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://enarada.com/helpline-104-launched-for-medical-consultation/|title=Helpline '104' launched for medical consultation|date=20 June 2013|accessdate=18 March 2019|website=enarada.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/339893/helpline-104-launched-medical-consultation.html|title=Helpline '104' launched for medical consultation|date=20 June 2013|website=Deccan Herald|accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref>
| launched = {{Start date and age|2013|6|30|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/karnataka-launched-health-information-help-line-service-arogya-vani-1372663914-1|title=Karnataka launched Health information Help Line Service Arogya Vani|date=1 July 2013|website=Jagranjosh.com|accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref>
| launch_place = IT Park, [[Hubli]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="auto"/>
| website =
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Arogyavani''' is an initiative first conceptualized and implemented by the [[Government of Karnataka]]. It is a toll-free health helpline number ('''Dial to 104''') functioning 24/7 hrs for the convenience of general public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/glitches-disrupt-104-arogyavani-services/article19898351.ece|title=Glitches disrupt 104 Arogyavani services|first=Afshan|last=Yasmeen|date=21 October 2017|accessdate=18 March 2019|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Health-helpline-receives-over-80000-calls/articleshow/21917030.cms|title=Health helpline receives over 80,000 calls|website=The Times of India|date=19 August 2013 |accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref> Arogyavani Health Information Helpline provides medical advice, health related schemes launched by various governments, and health counseling services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article-print/news-business/phone-doctor-104-arogyavani-crosses-1-million-customer-calls-in-karnataka-114121700035_1.html|title = Phone Doctor 104 Arogyavani crosses 1 million customer calls in Karnataka}}</ref>
[[File:Launch of 104 Health Helpline Number.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A still from the launch event of 104 Health Helpline Number in the state of Odisha.]]

== Presence in other States of India ==
After its success in [[Karnataka]] in agreement with Piramal Swasthya, the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] started a 104 medical helpline call centre by entering into an agreement with Ziqitza Healthcare Limited from June 2014. In the state of [[Punjab]], the services under the Arogyavani initiative are available in three languages namely [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]] and English.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbhealth.gov.in/Note%20104.pdf|title=Medical Helpline:104|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Punjab|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114031907/http://www.pbhealth.gov.in/Note%20104.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In its first year, the 104 medical helpline served for 47,476 people in the state of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/104-medical-helpline-served-47476-people-in-its-first-year.html|title=104 medical helpline served 47,476 people in its first year|date=11 July 2015|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=The Pioneer}}</ref>

In the state of Odisha and Chhattisgarh, Ziqitza Healthcare Limited operates 104 health helpline number through tender processing under Public Private Partnership (PPP) with [[National Health Mission]] (NHM).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zhl.org.in/services/helplines|title=Dial 104 Health Helpline|accessdate=23 January 2020|work=www.zhl.org.in}}</ref> The other states where 104 non-emergency medical helpline number is active are [[Assam]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aasra.info/helpline.html|title=HELPLINE NUMBERS|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=www.aasra.info}}</ref>

== Objective ==
The main objective of the "104" medical helpline telephone number is to provide medical information and advice on health related services to the members of the general public who call seeking answers and/or resolution for health-related areas. Services:
* Information directory for tracking health service providers/ institutions, diagnostic services, hospitals, etc.
* Complaint registration about persons/ institutions relating to deficiency of service, negligence, corruption, etc., in government healthcare institutions.
* Advice on long term medical conditions like diabetes, heart trouble, etc.
* Response to health scares and other localized epidemics.
* Counselling and advice (stress, depression, anxiety, post-trauma recovery, HIV, AIDS, RTI, STI, etc.)
* Health and symptoms checker (initial assessment, flu advice, pregnancy related information, etc.)
* First aid information and advice.
* Any other health related service/ issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbhealth.gov.in/Note%20104.pdf|title=Medical Helpline:104|accessdate=22 January 2020|work=Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Punjab|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114031907/http://www.pbhealth.gov.in/Note%20104.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Telephone numbers]]
[[Category:Three-digit telephone numbers]]

Nusrati

2025-10-16T17:12:46Z

NickiStpierre68: adding article

{{Short description|Urdu poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Nusrati.jpg|upright=1.25|thumb|Nusrati writing the ''Gulshan-i ʿishq'', from a manuscript of 1743]]
'''Muḥammad Nuṣrat''' (died 1674), called '''Nuṣratī''' ('victorious'),<ref>{{harvnb|Saksena|1990|pp=39–40}}. His (nick)name is also spelled "Naṣrat(ī)".</ref> was a [[Deccanis|Deccani]] [[Urdu poet]].{{sfn|Haywood|1995}}

==Life==
Nuṣratī was born in the [[Carnatic region]] into an elite Muslim family of [[Brahmin]] origin.<ref>{{harvnb|Haywood|1995}}; {{harvnb|Zaidi|1993|pp=42–43}}.</ref> He lived as a [[Sufi]] [[dervish]] before moving to [[Bijapur]].{{sfn|Haywood|1995}} There he was made a ''[[mansabdar]]'' under Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II|ʿAlī II]] ({{reign|1656|1672}}) of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|ʿĀdil-Shāhī dynasty]].{{sfn|Saksena|1990|pp=39–40}} For his poem ''ʿAlī-nāma'' ({{circa|1665}}), he was named poet laureate (''malik al-shuʿarāʾ'').<ref>{{harvnb|Haywood|1995}}; {{harvnb|Sharma|2020|p=409}}; {{harvnb|Saksena|1990|pp=39–40}}.</ref> He died at an old age in 1674<ref>{{harvnb|Naim|2017}}; {{harvnb|Sharma|2020|p=402}}.</ref> or 1683.<ref>{{harvnb|Bailey|1932|pp=28–29}}. {{harvnb|Zaidi|1993|pp=42–43}}, says that he died after the [[Siege of Bijapur|fall of Bijapur]] (1686) and was laureated by Sultan [[Aurangzeb]].</ref>

==Works==
Nuṣratī wrote in the [[Deccani language|Deccani]] variety of Urdu and [[New Persian|Persian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sharma|2020|p=402}}; {{harvnb|Saksena|1990|pp=39–40}}.</ref> His poetry uses archaic language and a complex style.{{sfn|Haywood|1995}} He was a prominent practitioner of the ''[[qaṣīda]]'', ''[[ghazal]]'' and especially ''[[mathnawī]]'' forms.<ref>{{harvnb|Naim|2017}}; {{harvnb|Haywood|1995}}.</ref> One of his earliest works, ''Miʿrāj-nāma'', was written for Sultan [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Muḥammad ʿĀdil Shāh]] ({{reign|1627|1656}}).{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=28–29}}

His most original work is the ''ʿAlī-nāma'', an epic celebration of ʿAlī II's wars against the [[Mughals]] and [[Marathas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haywood|1995}}; {{harvnb|Sharma|2020|p=409}}; {{harvnb|Dayal|2020|p=428}}.</ref> It is the earliest [[panegyric]] of a ruler in Deccani.{{sfn|Saksena|1990|pp=39–40}} Nuṣratī himself claimed to have invented a new poetic form with this work, which is "the only thing of its kind in Urdu".{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|pp=55–56}} It is patterned on the Persian ''[[Shahnameh|Shāh-nāma]]''.{{sfn|Zaidi|1993|pp=42–43}} Grahame Bailey calls it the greatest poem ever written at Bijapur.{{sfn|Bailey|1932|pp=28–29}}

Nuṣratī's final poem, written in a similar vein, is ''Taʾrīkh-i Sikandarī'' (also called the ''Taʾrīkh-i Bahlol Khani''), a celebration of [[Bahlol Khan]]'s victory over [[Shivaji]] at the [[battle of Umrani]] in 1672. It was written for ʿAlī II's successor, [[Sikandar Adil Shah|Sikandar]].{{sfn|Dayal|2020|p=428}} Unlike the ''ʿAlīnāma'', written at the height of Bijapur's power, it is "largely in a minor key".{{sfn|Sadiq|1995|pp=55–56}} Other works of Nuṣratī's include ''[[Gulshan-i 'Ishq|Gulshan-i ʿishq]]'' (1658), a collection of odes and the lyric collection ''Guldasta-yi ʿishq''.<ref>{{harvnb|Haywood|1995}}; {{harvnb|Sharma|2020|p=409}}; {{harvnb|Bailey|1932|pp=28–29}}.</ref> ''Gulshan-i ʿishq'' is a highly conventional romance.<ref>{{harvnb|Sadiq|1995|pp=55–56}}; {{harvnb|Bailey|1932|pp=28–29}}.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=Thomas Grahame |title=A History of Urdu Literature |year=1932 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit0000bail/}}
*{{cite book |last=Dayal |first=Subah |title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-253-04894-3 |editor-last=Overton |editor-first=Keelan |pages=421–446 |chapter=On Heroes and History: Responding to the ''Shahnama'' in the Deccan, 1500–1800}}
*{{EI2 |first=J. A. |last=Haywood |title=Nuṣratī |volume=8 |page=154 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6004}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |edition=4th |editor-first=Roland |editor-last=Greene |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2017 |title=Urdu Poetry |first=C. M. |last=Naim |author-link=C. M. Naim}}
*{{cite book |first=Muhammad |last=Sadiq |title=A History of Urdu Literature |edition=2nd |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563145-6 |orig-year=1964 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit00sad_eg9/}}
*{{cite book |first=Ram Babu |last=Saksena |title=A History of Urdu Literature |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-206-0616-6 |orig-year=1927 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit0000saks/}}
*{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sunil |title=Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-253-04894-3 |editor-last=Overton |editor-first=Keelan |pages=401–420 |chapter=Forging a Canon of Dakhni Literature: Translations and Retellings from Persian}}
*{{cite book |first=Ali Jawad |last=Zaidi |title=A History of Urdu Literature |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7201-291-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit0000zaid/ |author-link=Ali Jawad Zaidi}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Nusrati: The Poet-Laureate of Bijapur (A Critical Study of his Life and Works) |publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdu]] |location=New Delhi |editor=Abdul Haq |editor-link=Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar) |date=n.d. |url=https://archive.org/details/nusratihaqa00haqauoft/ |language=ur}}
*{{cite book |last=Haidar |first=Navina Najat |editor1-last=Parodi |editor1-first=Laura E. |editor2-last=Eaton |editor2-first=Richard M. |title=The Visual World of Muslim India: The Art, Culture and Society of the Deccan in the Early Modern Era |date=2014 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=978-0-7556-0561-3 |pages=295–318 |chapter=Gulshan-I ‘Ishq: Sufi Romance of the Deccan|oclc=1128174855}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1674 deaths]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Bijapur, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Dervish]]
[[Category:Ghazal]]
[[Category:Mathnawi]]
[[Category:Shahnameh]]
[[Category:People from the Sultanate of Bijapur]]
[[Category:Poets laureate]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]

List of archives in India

2025-10-07T21:01:26Z

NickiStpierre68: expanded citations per sources

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Archive boxes 2.JPG|thumb|upright|Archives]]
This is a '''list of archives which were held in India''', which collect and store historical documents, photographs, shashtras and all the other media.

==National archives==
* [[National Archives of India]] - established in [[Kolkata]] as the "Imperial Record Department" in 1891.
* [[National Film Archive of India]]
* [[National Mission for Manuscripts]] - established in [[New Delhi]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ignca.nic.in/nl002502.htm | title=National Manuscripts mission inauguration | work=National Informatics center | accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref>

== State archives ==
* [http://archives.assam.gov.in/ Assam State Archives]
* [http://uparchives.up.nic.in/ Uttar Pradesh State Archives]- established at [[Lucknow]] in 1975.
* [http://archives.bihar.gov.in/ Bihar state archives] - established in [[Patna]] in 1912 as the Civil secretariat record room.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.bihar.gov.in/ | title=Bihar state archives (BSA)| publisher=Government of Bihar | accessdate=13 March 2013 }}</ref>
* [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_art/Art+Culture+and+Language/Home/Department+of+Archives Delhi archives] - established in [[New Delhi]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_art/Art+Culture+and+Language/Home/Department+of+Archives/About+Us/ | title=Delhi archives: About | publisher=Government of Delhi | accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref>
* [http://daa.goa.gov.in/ Goa state archives] - established in [[Panaji]] on 25 February 1595 by [[Diogo do Couto]] and was called "Torre do Tombo do Estado da India". The oldest record is from the year 1498.
* [http://www.haryanaarchives.gov.in Haryana state archives]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.haryanaarchives.gov.in | title=Haryana state Archives|publisher=Government of Haryana | accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref>
* [http://hp.gov.in/LAC/Archive Himachal Pradesh state archives] - established in 1979.
* [http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/archives/index.htm Karnataka state archives] - established in [[Bangalore]] in 1972.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/archives/aboutus.htm | title=Karnataka state Archives|publisher=Government of Karnataka | accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>
* [http://keralastatearchives.org Kerala state archives] - established in [[Thiruvanandapuram]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://keralastatearchives.org/main1.htm | title=Kerala state Archives: About | publisher=Government of Kerala | accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref>
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100411032940/http://www.mparchaeology.org/overarch.asp Madhya Pradesh state archives]}} - "The new State of Madhya Pradesh came into existence on 1st November 1956. It was carved out of the parts of old Madhya Pradesh (Central Provinces & Berar) the erstwhile States of Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal, Rewa and Madhya Bharat State."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mparchaeology.org/overarch.asp|title=MP state archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411032940/http://www.mparchaeology.org/overarch.asp|archive-date=2010-04-11|url-status=usurped|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
* [http://cdac.in/html/egov/mda.aspx Maharashtra state archives] - in Mumbai, Pune, Kolhapur and Vidarbha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdac.in/html/egov/mda.aspx|title=Maharashtra state Archives|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=C-DAC|accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>
* [http://archivesmanipur.nic.in Manipur state archives] - established in [[Imphal]] in 1982 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://archivesmanipur.nic.in | title=Manipur state Archives | publisher=Govt of Manipur | accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>
* [http://archivesmz.blogspot.in/ Mizoram state archives] - established in [[Aizawl]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mizoram.nic.in/rti/manual/ArtCulture/statearchive.pdf | title=Mizoram state archives | publisher=Government of Mizoram | accessdate=13 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083458/http://mizoram.nic.in/rti/manual/ArtCulture/statearchive.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Nagaland state archives - established [[Kohima]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/channelnews/State/StateNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAxNTEzMg%3D%3D-PuA2ObPwQTU%3D |title=
State archive building inaugurated in Kohima|agency=Nagaland Post | accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref>
* [http://www.odishaarchives.nic.in Odisha state archives]
* [http://www.e-corpus.org/punjab.html Punjab state archives]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.e-corpus.org/punjab.html | title=Punjab state Archives|publisher=Government of Punjab | accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref> - known as the [[Punjab State Archives, Patiala]]
* [[Rajasthan State Archives|Rajasthan state archives]] - is established in [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://doitc.rajasthan.gov.in/Rajasthan%20State%20Archive,%20Bikanerr.asp | title=Rajasthan State Archive, Bikaner | publisher=Government of Rajasthan | accessdate=13 March 2013}}</ref>
* [[Madras Record Office|Tamil Nadu Archives]] previously known as Madras Record Office - established in 1909 at [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tnarchives.tn.gov.in/aboutus.html | title=Tamilnadu state Archives|publisher=Government of Tamilnadu | accessdate=12 March 2013}}</ref>
* [http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in West Bengal state archives]
* [http://sikkimarchives.gov.in/ Sikkim state archives]

==Other archives==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130329002623/http://www.indialabourarchives.org/ Archives of Indian Labour] - established in [[Noida]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indialabourarchives.org/aboutarchives.htm | title=India labour archives | accessdate=13 March 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130802015948/http://www.indialabourarchives.org/aboutarchives.htm | archive-date=2 August 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]
* [http://www.gandhifoundation.net/gandhi%20in%20archives.htm Gandhi Research Foundation], [[Gandhi Teerth]], Jalgaon
* [[Indian Memory Project]], Mumbai - established in 2010
* [http://kearchives.in/][[St Kuriakose Elias Chavara Archives and Research Centre Mannanam]] - established in [[Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala]] as the "Church and Historical Archives"
* Cooch Behar Archive - established in 2013 at [[Cooch Behar District, West Bengal]]
*[[Sarmaya Arts Foundation]] [https://www.sarmaya.in]

==See also==
* [[List of museums in India]]
* [[Open access in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia topic|List of archives in}}

[[Category:Archives in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|archives]]
[[Category:Lists of archives|India]]
[[Category:India education-related lists|Archives]]
[[Category:India history-related lists|Archives]]

Jaya-Vijaya

2025-10-07T15:11:31Z

NickiStpierre68:

{{short description|Gatekeepers of Vaikuntha in Hinduism}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Jayawijaya Mountains]], a mountain range in [[Highland Papua]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Sculpture of Jaya, guardian to the entrance of the sanctum of Vishnu in Chennakeshava temple at Belur.jpg
| width1 = 130
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sculpture of Vijaya, guardian to the entrance of the sanctum of Vishnu in Chennakeshava temple at Belur.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Jaya-Vijaya guarding the sanctum of the Vishnu temple, [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]].
}}

In [[Hinduism]], '''Jaya''' and '''Vijaya''' are the two ''[[Dvarapala|dvarapalakas]]'' (gatekeepers) of [[Vaikuntha]], the abode of the god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Legends of Devi|page=16|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1998|author=Bhattacharji, Sukumari}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ashtanga Yoga The Intermediate Series: Mythology, Anatomy, and Practice|page=34|publisher=New World Library|author=Gregor Maehle|year=2012}}</ref> Due to a curse by the [[four Kumaras]], they were forced to undergo multiple births as mortals who would be subsequently killed by various avatars of Vishnu. They were incarnated as [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Hiranyaksha]] in the [[Satya Yuga]], [[Ravana]] and [[Kumbhakarna]] in the [[Treta Yuga]], and finally [[Shishupala]] and [[Dantavakra]] in the [[Dvapara Yuga]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-12|title=Story of three births of Jay and Vijay who were gatekeepers of Vaikuntha Lok|url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/story-of-three-births-of-jay-and-vijay-who-were-gatekeepers-of|access-date=2021-05-14|website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref>

== Origin ==
According to the [[Brahmanda Purana]], Jaya and Vijaya were the sons of Kali (not to be confused with the [[Kali (asura)|asura]]) and Kali, in turn, was one of the sons of [[Varuna]] and his wife, Stuta (Sanskrit स्तुत, meaning 'praise'). The brother of Kali (and uncle of Jaya and Vijaya) was Vaidya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3|title=Brahmanda Purana – English Translation – Part 3 of 5|last=G.V.Tagare|date=1958|pages=[https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3/page/n77 794]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/stuta|title=Stuta, Stutā: 5 definitions|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2017-10-09|website=www.wisdomlib.org|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref>

While, the Padma Purana says that Jaya and Vijaya are the sons of Kardama and Devahuti. Due to their devotion towards lord Vishnu, they later became the doorkeepers of Vaikuntha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2019-10-30 |title=The Story of Jaya and Vijaya [Chapter 110] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-padma-purana/d/doc365689.html |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Statue of Jaya, one of the gatekeepers of Vaikuntha.jpg
| image2 = Statue of Vijaya, one of the gatekeepers of Vaikuntha.jpg
| footer = Statues of Jaya (left) and Vijaya (right) outside the sanctum sanctorum of the [[Koodal Azhagar Temple]], Madurai
}}

Jaya is depicted as a four-armed god with the chakra in his upper left hand, a [[shankha]] in his upper right hand, a [[Gada (mace)|mace]] in his lower left hand, and a [[sword]] in his lower right hand. Vijaya is depicted in the same manner except that he holds a chakra in his upper right hand, a shankha in his upper left hand, a gada in his lower right hand, and a sword in his lower left hand. They hold three weapons that Vishnu holds: the chakra, the shankha, and the mace, but have a sword in their fourth hands, whereas Vishnu holds a lotus.

==Curse of the four Kumaras==
According to a story from [[Bhagavata Purana]], the [[Four Kumaras]], Sanaka, Sanandana, [[Four Kumaras|Sanatana]], and Sanatkumara, who are the [[Mānasaputra|manasaputras]] (mind-born children) of [[Brahma]], visit [[Vaikuntha]], the abode of [[Vishnu]], to see him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-12|title=Story of three births of Jay and Vijay who were gatekeepers of Vaikuntha Lok|url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/story-of-three-births-of-jay-and-vijay-who-were-gatekeepers-of|access-date=2021-11-01|website=ISKCON Desire Tree {{!}} IDT}}</ref>
[[File:Gate keepers of Vaikunda prevent the saints from entering and they were cursed. Vishnu is rushing to the spot.jpg|thumb|Jaya and Vijaya prevent the Kumaras from entering Vaikuntha.]]
Due to the strength of their ''[[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]]'', the four Kumaras appear to be mere children, though they are of advanced age. Jaya and Vijaya interrupt the Kumaras at the gate, thinking them to be children. They also tell the Kumaras that Vishnu is resting and that they cannot see him now. The Kumaras deduce that these beings must possess some kind of fault and sentence them to be born on earth, where they would have to overcome the flaws of lust, anger, and greed, and then be purified. When Vishnu appears before them, and the gatekeepers request Vishnu to lift the curse of the Kumaras, Vishnu says that the curse of the Kumaras cannot be reversed. Instead, he gives Jaya and Vijaya two options. The first option is to take seven births on earth as devotees of Vishnu, while the second is to take three births as his staunch enemies. After serving either of these sentences, they can reattain their stature at Vaikuntha and be with him permanently. Jaya and Vijaya cannot bear the thought of staying away from Vishnu for seven lives. As his enemies, the deity would have to incarnate on earth 3 times to vanquish them. Thus, they would meet him in each of their births. As a result, they choose to be born three times on earth, even though it would have to be as enemies of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Story of Jaya-Vijaya|url=https://www.templepurohit.com/story-jaya-vijaya/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad|language=en-US}}</ref>

In their first life during [[Satya Yuga]], they were born as [[Hiranyakashipu]] (Jaya) and [[Hiranyaksha]] (Vijaya) to [[Diti]] (daughter of Daksha Prajapati) and sage [[Kashyapa]]. Hiranyaksha was killed by [[Varaha]] (boar [[avatar]]) and Hiranyakashipu was killed by [[Narasimha]] (man-lion avatar). In their second life during the [[Treta Yuga]], they were born as [[Ravana]] (Jaya) and [[Kumbhakarna]] (Vijaya), and both were killed by [[Rama]]. In their third life during [[Dvapara Yuga]], they were born as [[Shishupala]] (Jaya) and [[Dantavakra]] (Vijaya) and both were killed by [[Krishna]]. In their first two births, they were brothers, and in their final birth, they were cousins.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-09-16|title=Vidwesha-bhakti|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/vidweshabhakti/article5131936.ece|access-date=2021-11-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

It has been noted by many that the strengths of Jaya and Vijaya gradually declined with each subsequent birth due to the yuga effect. In their first birth, they are born as [[asuras]] who captured and ruled the earth individually. In their second birth, they are born as [[rakshasas]] ruling merely a region on earth. In the third birth, they are born as humans in [[Krishna]]'s extended family itself. Moreover, Vishnu incarnated as two avatars to kill Hiranyaksha (Varaha) and Hiranyakashipu (Narasimha) in the Satya Yuga. Born as Rama in the Treta Yuga, he was able to vanquish both [[Ravana]] and [[Kumbhakarna]]. In the Krishna avatar during the Dvapara Yuga, the killing of [[Dantavakra]] and [[Shishupala]] are not even the purpose of the avatar, but rather they are slain to reduce the "bhubhara" (the burden on [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]] due to too many sinners and non-truthful people).

==Doorkeepers of Vishnu temples==
[[File: Jagannath Temple, Puri 02.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of Vijaya at the entrance of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]]]
In the modern era, known in [[Sanskrit]] and held in Hindu tradition as the [[Kali Yuga]], Jaya and Vijaya are free from their curse, and they can be seen as gatekeepers in Vishnu temples affiliated with [[Vaishnavism]]. Statues of Jaya-Vijaya stand prominently in the temple of [[Venkateswara|Venkateshvara]] in [[Tirumala]], the temple of [[Jagannath]] in [[Puri, Orissa|Puri]], and the temple of [[Ranganatha]] in [[Srirangam]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Vaishnavism]]
[[Category: Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category: Salakapurusa]]
[[Category: Mythological duos]]

Sodha

2025-10-05T01:12:56Z

NickiStpierre68: new basic data nd citations

{{Short description|Rajput clan in Pakistan and India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}

'''Sodha''' ({{Langx|Sd|سوڍا}}) is a [[Rajput]] clan residing in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ&dq=sodha+rajput&pg=PA18 |title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas |date=2016-01-28 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21659-2 |language=en}}</ref> They are an off-shoot of the [[Paramara dynasty|Parmar]] Rajputs and claims [[Agnivansha|Agnivanshi]] descent.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhala |first=Jayasinhji “Both the Solankis and Sodhas being clans within the Agnivanshi lineage of the Rajput people” |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gSZqDwAAQBAJ&dq=sodha+agnivanshi&pg=PA122 |title=Genealogy, Archive, Image: Interpreting Dynastic History in Western India, c. 1090-2016 |date=2018-07-19 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-060129-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXsmCwAAQBAJ&dq=sodha+rajputs&pg=PA18 |title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas |date=2016-01-28 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21659-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwVuAAAAMAAJ&q=sodha+rajputs+parmar |title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility |date=2005 |publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox noble house
| surname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = House of Amarkot
| coat of arms =
| coat_of_arms_size = 200px
| coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms
| image = Flag of Amarkot State.png
| image_caption = Flag of Kingdom of Amarkot
| type = 
| parent house = [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara Rajputs]]
| country = [[ Sodha dynasty of Amarkot|Kingdom of Amarkot]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1125}}
| founder = Rao Sodho
| current head = [[Rana Hamir Singh]]
| dissolution =
| final ruler = Rana Arjun Singh
| titles = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Sodha dynasty of Amarkot|Amarkot]]
| styles =
| deposition =
| cadet branches =
}}

==History==
They are an off-shoot of [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara Rajputs]], who once controlled regions of [[Malwa]] and later northwestern parts of [[Rajasthan]]. The area around [[Suratgarh]] was called 'Sodhawati' and south-east of [[Bhatner]] was once occupied by the Sodha Rajputs before being evicted from these regions by [[Bhati Rajputs]], after which they moved their base to [[Thar Desert]].<ref name=g>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=suratgarh+sodha |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Ganganagar |date=1972 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7YbAAAAIAAJ&q=suratgarh+sodha |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031303/https://books.google.com/books?id=H7YbAAAAIAAJ&q=suratgarh+sodha |url-status=live }}</ref>
Sodha Rajputs, based in Umerkot district of Pakistan's Sindh, are one of the clans, which are off-shoots of the Parmar Rajput dynasty that reigned over Malwa in central India from the 9th to the 13th century.<ref name=a/> The Sodhas controlled [[Tharparkar|Tharparak (Thar)]] in the southeast of the [[Sindh province]] in Pakistan.

Sodha Rajputs are one of the few Hindu Rajput clans still living in Pakistan. The history of Sodha Rajputs is also recorded in book named "''Sodhayan''" authored by Chimanji Kavia in early 20th century and published in 1887 at Jodhpur.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sources on Social and Economic History of Rajasthan, 17th-20th Century A.D. |year=2005 |publisher=Vikas Prakashan |pages=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVluAAAAMAAJ&q=sodha+rajput |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Amarkot kingdom ===
{{Main|Sodhas of Amarkot}}
[[File:Umarkot Fort view3.JPG|Amarkot Fort of Sodha Rajput|right|thumb]]A branch of [[Paramara dynasty|Parmaras]] left [[Mount Abu|Abu]] and settled in Radhanpur led by Bahar Parmar. His descendant Rao Sodho G became the founder of Sodha clan of Rajputs and captured Ratokot in 1125 AD. With base at Ratokot, they consolidated neighbouring villages under their influence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kalhoro |first=Zulfiqar Ali |title=VANISHING VISUAL HERITAGE: SATI AND HERO STONES IN NAGARPARKAR, SINDH ZULFIQAR ALI KALHORO Introduction |url=https://www.academia.edu/4803305 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |access-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031303/https://www.academia.edu/4803305 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Further, Sodhoji's ambitious descendant Rana Raj Dev began plotting for the [[Umarkot Fort|Amarkot fort]] held by the [[Soomra dynasty|Soomras]]. For this purpose, he sent his trusted [[Charan]] allies Junfahji and Budhimanji to Amarkot to prepare the ground for the invasion, where they lived for some time before returning to Ratokot.<ref name=":0" />

After deliberations with both the Charanas, Rana Raj Dev launched his [[invasion]] of Amarkot ([[Umerkot|Umarkot]]) in 1226 AD. In the ensuing battle between the armies of Khenhro Soomro and Rana Raj Dev, Sodhas were victorious while [[Soomra dynasty|Soomras]] had to retreat. Thus, Rana Raj Dev established Sodha rule over Amarkot and is considered the real founder of the Sodha dynasty.<ref name=":0" />

Thereafter, with Umarkot under control, the Sodhas began expansion of their kingdom and soon captured parts of [[Mithi]], [[Chelhar]], [[Chachro Tehsil|Chacharo]], and extended their sway up to [[Nagarparkar Tehsil|Nagarparkar]]. Four generations later, Rana Darabursh divided his state between his two sons and gave Amarkot and adjoining areas to his elder son Darjanshal and Nagarparkar to the younger son, Aasrai.<ref name=":0" />

[[Amarkot]] province was ruled by Sodha Rajput clan from medieval times until 1947 [[Partition of British India]]. The city held prominence during the [[Mughal Empire]] Jalaluddin Mohammed Akbar and the [[British Raj]]. Mughal Emperor [[Akbar The Great]] was born in Amarkot 14 October 1542 when his father [[Humayun]] fled from the military defeat at the hands of [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/part10.html Part 10:..the birth of Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629053135/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/part10.html |date=29 June 2010 }} ''[[Humayun]] nama'' by [[Gulbadan Begum]].</ref> [[Rana Parshad Sodha|Rana Parshad]], the Sodha Rajput ruler of Amarkot, gave him refuge.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/part10.html Part 10:..the birth of Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629053135/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gulbadan/part10.html|date=29 June 2010}} ''[[Humayun-nama]]'' by [[Gulbadan Begum]].</ref> Anarkot Kingdom ruled by Sodha Rajputs was annexed by [[Jodhpur State]] in the 18th century and its rulers were reduced to Vassals. Amarkot area and its fort was later handed to the British in 1847 by the Maharaja of Jodhpur in return for reducing the tribute imposed on [[Jodhpur State]] by Rs.10,000. and the territory came under direct rule of British India, and the Ranas were reduced to category of [[Jagirdar]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 186 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_192.gif |access-date=1 May 2021 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501051521/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_192.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Pakistan==
Amarkot was the only area with a Hindu majority population of Sodha Rajputs and including the ruling family that acceded to Pakistan. [[Rana Chandra Singh]], a federal minister and the chieftain of the [[Hindu]] Sodha Rajput clan and the [[Amarkot Jagir]], was one of the founder members of [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and was elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] from Umarkot, seven times with PPP between 1977 and 1999, when he founded the Pakistan Hindu Party (PHP). Many [[Muslim]] Sodhas are also found across Pakistan's [[Sindh]] province and Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hindu Leader, Ex-minister Chardar Singh is Dead|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data/international/2009/August/international_August122.xml&section=international&col=|date=3 August 2009|work=[[Khaleej Times]]|access-date=3 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608211713/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/displayarticle.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2009%2FAugust%2Finternational_August122.xml&section=international&col=|archive-date=8 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Chieftain of Pakistani Hindu Thakurs dies">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C08%5C02%5Cstory_2-8-2009_pg12_6|title=Chieftain of Pakistani Hindu Thakurs dies|last=Guriro|first=Amar|date=2 August 2009|work=Daily Times|access-date=2 August 2009|archive-date=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830233251/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C08%5C02%5Cstory_2-8-2009_pg12_6|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently, his politician son [[Rana Hamir Singh]] is the 26th [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Tharparkar]], [[Amarkot]] and [[Mithi]].<ref name=hamir1>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1157340 Footprints: Once upon a time in Umerkot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928081527/https://www.dawn.com/news/1157340 |date=28 September 2022 }}, [[Dawn (newspaper)]], 16 January 2015.</ref><ref name=hamir2>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Pakistans-Umerkot-gets-a-new-Hindu-ruler/article16042843.ece Pakistan's Umerkot gets a new Hindu ruler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928192037/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/Pakistans-Umerkot-gets-a-new-Hindu-ruler/article16042843.ece |date=28 September 2022 }}, [[The Hindu]], 30 May 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Economics |first1=Pakistan Institute of Development |title=Land Reforms in Pakistan: A Historical Perspective |year=1987 |publisher=Pakistan Institute of Development Economics |pages=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCksAAAAIAAJ&q=sodha+rajput |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531031302/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCksAAAAIAAJ&q=sodha+rajput |url-status=live }}</ref>

They still follow the age-old tradition of getting their daughters married to Rajput families in the border districts of India's Rajasthan. As they only inter-marry with other Hindu Rajput clans, every year they come to [[Rajasthan]], to choose their bride and groom. Both Government of India and Pakistan have made special visa provisions and created a special diplomatic channel to facilitate the cross-country marriage of Sodha Rajputs, despite the strained relations between both countries.<ref name=a>{{cite news |title=For These Cross-Border Couples, Strained India-Pak Ties Mean an Indefinite Separation |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sodha-rajpurs-india-pakistan-cross-border-marriage-visa-troubles |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=The Wire |agency=The Wire |date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428024538/https://thewire.in/rights/sodha-rajpurs-india-pakistan-cross-border-marriage-visa-troubles |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cross-Border Couples Rejoice as India Resumes Visa Service To Pakistanis |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/cross-border-couples-india-visa-pakistan-sodha-rajput |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=The Wire |date=15 February 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428000705/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/cross-border-couples-india-visa-pakistan-sodha-rajput |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=भारत-पाक सीमा की परवाह नहीं करने वाले सोढा समुदाय के बारे में जानते हैं आप? - पाकिस्तान के गांव में होती है शादी |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hindi/news/when-baraats-have-to-cross-indo-pak-border/marital-bliss-was-short-lived/slideshow/70123396.cms |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=8 July 2019 |language=hindi |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430114935/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/hindi/news/when-baraats-have-to-cross-indo-pak-border/marital-bliss-was-short-lived/slideshow/70123396.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Smriti Kak |title=Marriage mission made easy for Sodhas from Pakistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Marriage-mission-made-easy-for-Sodhas-from-Pakistan/article16883113.ece |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=23 September 2009 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422120138/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Marriage-mission-made-easy-for-Sodhas-from-Pakistan/article16883113.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Months after getting citizenship, Pakistan migrant set to fight Rajasthan panchayat polls |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/months-after-getting-citizenship-pakistan-migrant-set-to-fight-rajasthan-panchayat-polls-795467.html |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422120139/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/months-after-getting-citizenship-pakistan-migrant-set-to-fight-rajasthan-panchayat-polls-795467.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==India==
In India, Sodha Rajputs are found scattered around North West regions of Rajasthan.<ref name=g/>

In [[Kutch district|Kachchh district]] of [[Gujarat]], Sodha Rajputs are the most recent migrants from [[Sindh, Pakistan]]. After [[Chachro Raid]] during [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]], the Sodhas had flee Sindh and were settled in Rapar and Bacchau tehsils of Kachchh where they continue to live.

Sodhas are one of several sub-groups of the larger Hindu Rajput community and retain strong links with Sindh through intermarriages. Fiercely patriarchal customs and traditions characterize this traditional protector-warrior community. Control over the movement of women in public has led to various ironic role reversals, such as men fetching water for the women from the village well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maiwa - Artisans: Kachchh Mahila Vikas Sangathan KMVS |url=https://maiwa.com/pages/kachchh-embroidery |website=MAIWA |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428022531/https://maiwa.com/pages/kachchh-embroidery |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hatanaka |first1=Kokyo |last2=Sardar |first2=Zahid |title=Textile Arts of India |date=1996 |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-0-8118-1084-5 |pages=338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dQAAAAMAAJ&q=kutch+sodha+rajput |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyotindra |last2=Gujarat |first2=Shreyas Folk Museum of |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |date=1980 |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |pages=44–45,213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuPWAAAAMAAJ&q=sodha+kutch |access-date=1 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Sindh]]

Devaraja Market

2025-09-23T14:31:09Z

NickiStpierre68: Created The Entry W/ Refs.

{{Short description|Market in Mysore in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Devaraja Market, Mysore (306989724).jpg|thumb|Devaraja Market at night in 2005]]
[[File:Pigments at Devaraja Market in Mysore (5992956369).jpg|thumb| [[Kumkuma|Kumkum powder]] displayed for sale at the market]]
'''Devaraja Market''' is a market located in [[Mysuru]], India.<ref name="Bathool">{{cite journal |last1=Bathool |first1=Z. |last2=Shakar |first2=B.|date=2019 |title= Changing Dynamics of Old Markets in Heritage City of Mysuru |journal= Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Research in Applied Science and Engineering |url= https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7-8017-RASECONF.pdf }}</ref> One can buy [[flower]]s, [[fruit]]s, and choose from conical piles of colorful [[Kumkuma|Kumkum powder]].<ref name="Guides 2013 p. 723">{{cite book | last=Insight Guides | title=Insight Guides: India | publisher=APA | series=Insight Guides | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-78005-687-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKsxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT723 | access-date=2020-05-16 | page=723}}</ref> [[Spice]]s, [[sandalwood]] products, [[silk]] [[sari]]s, [[essential oil]]s, and [[incense]] are also available for purchase.<ref name="Planet Benanav Bindloss Brown 2019 p. 1637">{{cite book | last1=Planet | first1=L. | last2=Benanav | first2=M. | last3=Bindloss | first3=J. | last4=Brown | first4=L. | last5=Butler | first5=S. | last6=Elliott | first6=M. | last7=Harding | first7=P. | last8=Holden | first8=T. | last9=Mahapatra | first9=A. | last10=Mayhew | first10=B. | title=Lonely Planet India | publisher=Lonely Planet Global Limited | series=Travel Guide | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-78868-682-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmuyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1637 | access-date=2020-05-16 | page=1637}}</ref> The market is on Sayaji Rao Road.<ref name="Guides 2012 p. 27">{{cite book | last=Guides | first=R. | title=Karnataka Rough Guides Snapshot India (includes Bengaluru, Mysore, Kodagu, Gokarna, Hampi and Bijapur) | publisher=Rough Guides | series=Rough Guide to... | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4093-6203-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yv76XO7k_aMC&pg=PT27 | access-date=2020-05-16 | page=27}}</ref> In 2017, there were 1,122 shops in the market employing over 3,000 people and receiving 8,000 to 10,000 visitors each day.<ref name="Star of Mysore 2017">{{cite web | title=Devaraja Market Reconstruction... | website=Star of Mysore | date=2017-02-18 | url=https://starofmysore.com/devaraja-market-reconstruction/ | access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> It is a [[tourist attraction]], and a popular place to take photos.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2016">{{cite web | title=Mysuru's 125-yr-old Devaraja market structure collapses, none injured | website=The New Indian Express | date=2016-08-29 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2016/aug/29/mysurus-125-yr-old-devaraja-market-structure-collapses-none-injured-1513927.html | access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>

The market was constructed in 1886.<ref name="Star of Mysore 2019">{{cite web | title=To Demolish or Restore...: DC awaiting Government nod on Devaraja Market & Lansdowne building | website=Star of Mysore | date=2019-05-14 | url=https://starofmysore.com/to-demolish-or-restore-dc-awaiting-government-nod-on-devaraja-market-lansdowne-building/ | access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> It was initially a weekly market.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2016"/> The market was built above the Dewan Poornaiah Canal that supplied drinking water to [[Mysore Palace]].<ref name="Bathool"/><ref name="Star of Mysore 2017"/> It was named in 1925 after [[Dodda Kempadevaraja|Dodda Devaraja Wadeyar]].<ref name="Bathool"/><ref name="Star of Mysore 2017"/> It is also known as Dodda market.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2016"/>

Its area spans 3.67 acres.<ref name="Star of Mysore 2019"/> The market is bounded by a structure with wooden [[rafter]]s and stone masonry walls that faces the street on all four sides.<ref name="Bathool"/> The north gate is on Devantri Road.<ref name="Fernandez 2016 p. 57">{{cite book | last=Fernandez | first=M. | title='Seasoned' for Family and Friends: Contemporary Recipes with an Old World Flavour and Reminiscences and Vignettes of Life in Provincial India | publisher=Notion Press | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-946204-36-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIhRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 | access-date=2020-05-19 | page=57}}</ref> The market is bounded by Sayaji Rao Road on the east side.<ref name="Fernandez 2016 p. 57"/> The south gate faces [[Dufferin Clock Tower]].<ref name="Fernandez 2016 p. 57"/> Inside the market, there are open areas where vendors can sell their wares.<ref name="Bathool"/> The inner shops are arranged along three aisles that go through the entire market.<ref name="Bathool"/>

Throughout the years, Devaraja Market has also seen fires and other disasters.<ref name="Bathool"/> 150 shops were destroyed by fire in 1981, 195 in 1990, and 30 in 1999.<ref name="Bathool"/> In August 2016, the north entrance gate collapsed due to structural weakness.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2016"/> There have been discussions about demolishing the market due to the state of disrepair.<ref name="Star of Mysore 2017"/><ref name="Star of Mysore 2019"/>

{{commonscat|Devaraja Market, Mysore}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord| 12.3111|76.6520|display=title}}

[[Category:Mysore]]
[[Category:Retail markets in India]]