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Taslima Nasrin

2026-05-06T22:14:25Z

Nick Jones: adding new info

{{short description|Bangladeshi poet, columnist, novelist (born 1962)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Tone|date=March 2025}}
{{Unbalanced|date=February 2025}}
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{{Use British English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taslima Nasrin
| native_name = {{nobold|তসলিমা নাসরিন}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Taslima Nasrin 2019.jpg
| caption = Nasrin in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|8|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]], [[East Pakistan]]
| education = [[Mymensingh Medical College]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Taslima Nasreen |journal=The Lancet |date=June 2004 |volume=363 |issue=9426 |page=2094 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16477-5 |s2cid=54309583}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Author|activist|criticism of Islam}}
| movement = Women's Equality, Human Rights, Freedom of Speech, Atheist, Scientism, Tolerance
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah]]|1982|1986|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Nayeemul Islam Khan]]|1990|1991|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Minar Mahmud|1991|1992|end=divorced}}}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| signature =Autograph Taslima Nasrin.png
| website = [https://www.taslimanasrin.com/ taslimanasrin.com]
}}

'''Taslima Nasrin'''{{Efn|Alternatively spelled as '''Nasreen'''}} (born 25 August 1962) is a [[Bangladeshi]]-[[Swedes|Swedish]] writer, physician, feminist, secular humanist, and activist. She is known for her writings on [[feminism]] and her [[criticism of Islam]]; some of her books are banned in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="bbc13Aug1999" /><ref name="bbc27Aug2002" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/split-printer-on-strikeback-path-signature-drive-to-protest-taslima-book-ban-high-court-suit-in-mind/cid/1086798 |title=Split printer on strikeback path - Signature drive to protest Taslima book ban, high court suit in mind |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309220933/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/split-printer-on-strikeback-path-signature-drive-to-protest-taslima-book-ban-high-court-suit-in-mind/cid/1086798 |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also been blacklisted and banished from the [[Bengal]] region, including both Bangladesh and the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mahasweta-devi-slams-bengal-govt-for-banishing-taslima/702087 |title=Mahasweta Devi Slams Bengal Govt for Banishing Taslima |magazine=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-facing-bans-taslima-nasreen-says-no-hope-of-returning-to-kolkata-1959059 |title=Facing bans, Taslima Nasreen says no hope of returning to Kolkata |first=Mona |last=Parthsarathi |date=3 February 2014 |work=DNA India |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134517/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-facing-bans-taslima-nasreen-says-no-hope-of-returning-to-kolkata-1959059 |url-status=live }}</ref>

She gained global attention by the beginning of the 1990s owing to her essays and novels with feminist views and criticism of what she characterises as all "misogynistic" religions.<ref>{{cite news |first=Suvojit |last=Bagchi |date=21 March 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/taslima-nasreen-interview-dont-call-me-muslim-i-am-an-atheist/article7016166.ece |title='Don't call me Muslim, I am an atheist' |work=The Hindu |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/2017/12/14/hindus-becoming-extremists-taslima-nasreen/ |title=Why are Hindus trying to prove that they can become ISIS-like extremists: Taslima Nasreen |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=16 December 2017 |archive-date=16 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091601/https://theprint.in/2017/12/14/hindus-becoming-extremists-taslima-nasreen/ }}</ref> Nasrin has been living in exile since 1994, with multiple fatwas calling for her death.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/taslima-nasrins-life-in-exile |title=Taslima Nasrin's Life in Exile |work=SheThePeople |date=25 October 2016 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134520/https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/taslima-nasrins-life-in-exile |url-status=live}}</ref> After living more than a decade in Europe and the United States, she moved to India in 2004 and has been staying there on a resident permit, multiple-entry, or 'X' visa since.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Taslima-Nasreens-long-term-visa-extended-by-just-2-months/articleshow/39386561.cms |title=Taslima Nasreen's long-term visa extended by just 2 months |work=The Times of India |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122021508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Taslima-Nasreens-long-term-visa-extended-by-just-2-months/articleshow/39386561.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/exiled-bangladeshi-author-taslima-nasrin-opens-up-on-her-delhi-connect/story-krh2slTI82fvED4gwdOQ9O.html |title=Exiled Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasrin opens up on her Delhi connect |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2017 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009193847/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/exiled-bangladeshi-author-taslima-nasrin-opens-up-on-her-delhi-connect/story-krh2slTI82fvED4gwdOQ9O.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Nasrin was born in East Pakistan to Dr. Rajab Ali and Edul Ara, of [[Mymensingh]]. Her father was a physician, and a professor of Medical Jurisprudence in Mymensingh Medical College, as well as at [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]], Dhaka, and Dhaka Medical College. After completing high school in 1976 (SSC) and higher secondary studies in college ([[Higher Secondary (School) Certificate|HSC]]) in 1978, she studied medicine at [[Mymensingh Medical College]], an affiliated medical college of the [[University of Dhaka]], and graduated in 1984 with an [[MBBS]] degree.<ref name="scholarblogs">{{cite web |url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nasrin-taslima/ |title=Taslima Nasrin |last=Devarajan |first=Arthi |date=Spring 1998 |website=Postcolonial Studies |publisher=Emory University |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134537/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nasrin-taslima/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her Hindu ancestor Haradhan Sarkar was a [[Kayastha]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima Nasreen reveals, her Hindu ancestor's name was Haradhan Sarkar |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/taslima-nasreen-reveals-her-hindu-ancestor-name-haradhan-sarkar-57185.html |work=India TV News |date=22 January 2016 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

In college, she wrote and edited a poetry journal called ''Shenjuti''.<ref name="scholarblogs "/> After graduation, she worked at a family planning clinic in Mymensingh, then practised at the gynaecology department of Mitford hospital and at the anaesthesia department of [[Dhaka Medical College]] hospital. While she studied and practised medicine, she saw girls who had been raped; she also heard women cry out in despair in the delivery room if their baby was a girl.<ref name="fume" /> Born into a [[Muslim]] family, she became an [[atheist]] over time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Taslima |title=For freedom of expression |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=12 November 1999 |url=http://www.unesco.org/webworld/points_of_views/nasreen_121199.shtml |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235801/http://www.unesco.org/webworld/points_of_views/nasreen_121199.shtml}}</ref> In the course of writing, she took a feminist approach.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Connor |first=Ashling |title=Feminist author rewrites novel after death threats from Muslim extremists |work=The Times |date=30 November 2007 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2978120.ece |access-date=28 May 2009 |location=London |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715234813/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2978120.ece }}</ref>

===Literary career===
Early in her literary career, Nasrin wrote mainly poetry, and published half a dozen collections of poetry between 1982 and 1993, often with female oppression as a theme, and often containing very graphic language.<ref name="fume"/> She started publishing prose in the late 1980s and produced three collections of essays and four novels before the publication of her documentary novel ''[[Lajja (novel)|Lajja]]'' ({{langx|bn|লজ্জা|lit=Shame|translit=Lôjja}}), in which a [[Hindu]] family was attacked by Muslim fanatics and decided to leave the country. Nasrin suffered a number of physical and other attacks for her critical scrutiny of Islam and her demands for women's equality. Hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets demanding her execution by hanging. In October 1993, a radical fundamentalist group called the Council of Islamic Soldiers offered a bounty for her death.<ref name="fume">{{cite news |last=Targett |first=Simon |author-link = Simon Targett|title=She who makes holy men fume |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |date=24 February 1995 |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=96825&sectioncode=26 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011927/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=96825&sectioncode=26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh: A group called the Sahaba Soldiers; the goals and activities of the group; treatment of those who hold progressive religious and social views by the Sahaba Soldier members (1990–2003) |publisher=[[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]] |date=29 July 2003 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,BGD,,3f7d4d5e7,0.html |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014060725/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,BGD,,3f7d4d5e7,0.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 1994, she was interviewed by the [[Kolkata]] edition of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', which quoted her as calling for a revision of the [[Quran]]; she claimed she only called for abolition of the [[Sharia]], the [[Islam]]ic [[religious law]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nasrin Sahak, Taslima: Bangladeshi author |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/404019/Taslima-Nasrin |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=29 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629052338/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/404019/Taslima-Nasrin |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 1994, she was brought up on "charges of making inflammatory statements" and faced criticism from [[Islamic fundamentalists]]. A few hundred thousand demonstrators called her "an [[Apostasy|apostate]] appointed by imperial forces to vilify Islam"; a member of a militant faction threatened to set loose thousands of poisonous snakes in the capital unless she was executed.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Walsh |first=James |title=Death To the Author |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=15 August 1994 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981247,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018211500/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981247,00.html |archive-date=18 October 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> After spending two months in hiding, she escaped to Sweden at the end of 1994, consequently ceasing her medical practice and becoming a full-time writer and activist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladeshi author and doctor Taslima Nasreen threatened by Islamic fundamentalists |publisher=Fileroom |url=http://www.thefileroom.org/documents/dyn/DisplayCase.cfm/id/1058 |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-date=29 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829160034/http://www.thefileroom.org/documents/dyn/DisplayCase.cfm/id/1058 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Life in exile==
Leaving Bangladesh towards the end of 1994, Nasrin lived in exile in Western Europe and North America for ten years. Her Bangladeshi passport had been revoked; she was granted [[citizenship]] by the Swedish government and took refuge in Germany.<ref name="richards">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-KwuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6488,3824580&dq=taslima+nasrin+passport+bangladesh&hl=en |title=Home is where they hate you |last=Richards |first=David |date=25 July 1998 |work=[[The Nation]] |access-date=8 March 2010 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134537/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-KwuAAAAIBAJ&pg=6488,3824580&dq=taslima+nasrin+passport+bangladesh&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> She allegedly had to wait six years (1994–1999) to get a visa to visit India. In 1998, she wrote ''Meyebela, My Bengali Girlhood'', her biographical account from birth to adolescence. She never got a Bangladeshi passport to return to the country to visit her parents, both of whom are now deceased.<ref name="richards"/>

===2004–2007, life in Kolkata===
{{See also|2007 Kolkata riots}}
In 2004, she was granted a renewable temporary residential permit by India and moved to Kolkata in the state of [[West Bengal]], which shares a common heritage and language with Bangladesh, In an interview in 2007, after she had been forced to flee, she called Kolkata her home.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dam |first=Marcus |title=Kolkata is my home |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 November 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/26/stories/2007112650020100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201105515/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/26/stories/2007112650020100.htm |archive-date=1 December 2007 |access-date=30 May 2009 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The government of India extended her [[Visa (document)|visa]] to stay in the country on a periodic basis, though it refused to grant her [[Indian citizenship]]. While living in Kolkata, Nasrin regularly contributed to Indian newspapers and magazines, including ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' and ''[[Desh magazine|Desh]]'', and, for some time, wrote a weekly column in the Bengali version of ''The Statesman''.

Again, her criticism of Islam was met with opposition from religious fundamentalists: in June 2006, Syed Noorur Rehaman Barkati, the [[imam]] of Kolkata's [[Tipu Sultan Mosque]], admitted offering money to anyone who "blackened [that is, publicly humiliated] Ms Nasreen's face."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |title=Cleric quizzed over author threat |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5121548.stm |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916233543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5121548.stm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Imam-issues-fatwa-against-Taslima/articleshow/1679206.cms |title=Imam issues fatwa against Taslima |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602134539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Imam-issues-fatwa-against-Taslima/articleshow/1679206.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm12/fatwa-to-blacken-taslima-s-face/article1-113625.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/nm12/fatwa-to-blacken-taslima-s-face/article1-113625.aspx |archive-date=27 February 2015 |title=Fatwa to blacken Taslima's face |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 June 2006 |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref> Even abroad, controversy followed: on the [[Independence Day (United States)|US Independence Day]] weekend in 2005, she criticised US foreign policy and tried to read her poem titled "America" to a large Bengali crowd at the [[North American Bengali Conference]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City, but was booed off the stage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Conventions light up July 4 weekend |work=[[India Abroad]] |date=15 July 2005 |quote=With over 12,000 attendees ... the 2005 North American Bengali Conference ... held over the July 4 weekend ... at Madison Square Garden ... writer Taslima Nasrin was unrelenting in her assessment of US foreign policy ... 'Everybody started booing' ... her speech, which ended with an aborted attempt to recite her poem America.}}</ref> Back in India, the "All India Muslim Personal Board (Jadeed)" offered 500,000 [[rupees]] for her beheading in March 2007. The group's president, [[Tauqeer Raza Khan]], said the only way the bounty would be lifted was if Nasrin "apologizes, burns her books and leaves."<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Muslim Body Offers Reward for Killing a Female Journalist |publisher=[[Assyrian International News Agency]] |date=17 March 2007 |url=http://www.aina.org/news/20070317150229.htm |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref>

In 2007, elected and serving members of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] made threats against Taslima Nasreen,<ref>{{cite news |title=MLA vows to 'behead' Taslima Nasreen |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mla-vows-to-behead-taslima-nasreen/46658-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106073011/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mla-vows-to-behead-taslima-nasreen/46658-3.html |archive-date=6 January 2013 |access-date=12 November 2012 |newspaper=IBN Live |date=11 August 2007}}</ref> pledging that the ''[[fatwa]]'' against her and [[Salman Rushdie]] were to be upheld.<ref>{{cite news |title=MIM vows to implement 'fatwa' against Taslima |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/11/stories/2007081161781600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828101103/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/11/stories/2007081161781600.htm |archive-date=28 August 2007 |access-date=12 November 2012 |date=11 August 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> While she was in Hyderabad releasing Telugu translations of her work, she was attacked by party members led by three MLAs- Mohammed Muqtada Khan, Mohammed Moazzam Khan and Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri - were then charged and arrested.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad police lodge case against Taslima Nasreen |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/11taslima.htm |access-date=12 November 2012 |newspaper=rediff |date=11 August 2007 |archive-date=24 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124014546/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/11taslima.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/09nasreen.htm |title=Three MLAs arrested for attack on Taslima Nasreen |work=Rediff.com |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026110245/https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/aug/09nasreen.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Taslima-Nasreen-attacked-in-Hyderabad-during-book-launch/articleshow/2267996.cms |title=Taslima Nasreen attacked in Hyderabad during book launch |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=18 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018034851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Taslima-Nasreen-attacked-in-Hyderabad-during-book-launch/articleshow/2267996.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mim-activists-rough-up-taslima-nasreen-in-hyderabad-1114508 |title=MIM activists rough up Taslima Nasreen in Hyderabad |work=DNA |date=9 August 2007 |access-date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135054/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mim-activists-rough-up-taslima-nasreen-in-hyderabad-1114508 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Expulsion from Kolkata====
On 9 August 2007, Nasrin was in [[Hyderabad]] to present the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] translation of one of her novels, ''Shodh'', when she was allegedly attacked by a mob led by legislators from the [[Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]], an Indian political party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima roughed up in Hyderabad |date=10 August 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/10/stories/2007081058910100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104020957/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/10/stories/2007081058910100.htm |archive-date=4 November 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Target Taslima: No room for critics in Islam? |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=10 August 2007 |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/target-taslima-no-room-for-critics-in-islam/46563-3-single.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220954/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/target-taslima-no-room-for-critics-in-islam/46563-3-single.html |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> A week later, on 17 August, Muslim leaders in Kolkata revived an old fatwa against her, urging her to leave the country and offering an unlimited amount of money to anyone who would kill her.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hossain |first=Rakeeb |title=Fatwa offers unlimited money to kill Taslima |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 August 2007 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=5d562b17-64dc-4a90-8396-7cfcaea2d568&ParentID=ea13ac8f-a3d8-45a2-9eba-b56c9b73e87b&&Headline=Kolkata%27s+clerics+threaten+Taslima |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110233838/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=5d562b17-64dc-4a90-8396-7cfcaea2d568&ParentID=ea13ac8f-a3d8-45a2-9eba-b56c9b73e87b&&Headline=Kolkata's+clerics+threaten+Taslima |archive-date=10 January 2013 |access-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> On 21 November, Kolkata witnessed a protest against Nasrin. A protest organised by the "All India Minority Forum" caused chaos in the city and forced the army's deployment to restore order.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 November 2007 |title=Army deployed after Calcutta riot |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7105277.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7105277.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government of India kept Nasrin in an undisclosed location in New Delhi, effectively under house arrest, for more than seven months.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vij-Aurora |first=Bhavna |title=Bad hair days, short of colour: Taslima misses beauty regime and machher jhol in 'house arrest' |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071209/asp/frontpage/story_8647669.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211183159/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071209/asp/frontpage/story_8647669.asp |archive-date=11 December 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> In January 2008, she was selected for the [[Simone de Beauvoir]] award in recognition of her writing on women's rights,<ref>{{cite news |title=Top French honour for Taslima Nasreen |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 January 2008 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=33e08b94-5b71-4894-9072-2e1a1a8a927b |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070613013854/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=33e08b94-5b71-4894-9072-2e1a1a8a927b |archive-date=13 June 2007 |access-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> but she declined to go to Paris to receive the award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima won't travel to France to collect award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/taslima-wont-travel-to-france-to-collect-award-22449-2008-01-25 |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=25 January 2008 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135617/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/taslima-wont-travel-to-france-to-collect-award-22449-2008-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref> She explained that "I don't want to leave India at this stage and would rather fight for my freedom here,"<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima wants freedom in India |work=New Age |date=19 February 2008 |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2008/feb/19/front.html#11 |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=13 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113103944/http://www.newagebd.com/2008/feb/19/front.html#11 }}</ref> but she had to be hospitalised for three days with several complaints.<ref>{{cite news |title='Freedom' in hospital, for three nights |work=The Telegraph |date=31 January 2008 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080131/jsp/frontpage/story_8846277.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201034258/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080131/jsp/frontpage/story_8846277.jsp |archive-date=1 February 2008 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> The house arrest quickly acquired an international dimension: in a letter to the London-based human rights organisation [[Amnesty International]], India's former foreign secretary [[Muchkund Dubey]] urged the organisation to pressure the Indian government so that Nasrin could safely return to Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amnesty help on Taslima sought |newspaper=The Statesman |date=1 February 2008 |quote="Confinement of Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen in a supposedly safe house ... India's former foreign secretary Mr Muchkund Dubey in a personal letter to Ms Irene Khan, chairperson of London-based human rights organisation Amnesty International, has urged her to exert pressure on the Government of India, so that the Bangladeshi author's current predicament gets over and she becomes able to get back to her home in Kolkata."}}</ref>

From New Delhi, Nasrin commented: "I'm writing a lot, but not about Islam, It's not my subject now. This is about politics. In the last three months I have been put under severe pressure to leave [West] Bengal by the police."<ref name="outsider">{{cite news |title=Bangladeshi Writer Taslima Nasrin Speaks from Hiding: 'Condemned to Life as an Outsider' |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/nov/30/fiction |access-date=28 May 2009 |location=London |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135617/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/nov/30/fiction |url-status=live }}</ref> In an email interview from the undisclosed safehouse, Nasrin talked about the stress caused by "this unendurable loneliness, this uncertainty and this deathly silence." She cancelled the publication of the sixth part of her autobiography ''Nei Kichu Nei'' ("No Entity"), and — under pressure — deleted some passages from ''[[Dwikhandito]]'', the controversial book that was the boost for the riots in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Kajari |date=21 January 2008 |title=I've lost all creative freedom: Taslima |newspaper=The Statesman |quote=As she lives in an undisclosed location in New Delhi, writer Taslima Nasreen ... In an exclusive e-mail interview she gave to The Statesman, the controversial writer said she is unable to concentrate on her writing ... She also indicated that she had deleted passages from her controversial book Dwikhandito under mental pressure ... The writer said she had no idea when she would find release from what she called this unendurable loneliness, this uncertainty and this deathly silence ... The Bangladeshi writer cancelled the publication of the sixth part of her autobiography Nei Kichu Nei (There is Nothing) ... because she said she was unable to meet the deadline.}}</ref> She was forced to leave India on 19 March 2008.

Nasrin moved to Sweden in 2008 and later worked as a research scholar at [[New York University]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-has-denied-me-shelter-says-taslima-in-exile/81955-19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113014744/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-has-denied-me-shelter-says-taslima-in-exile/81955-19.html |archive-date=13 January 2011 |title=A memory of home |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Since, as she claims, "her soul lived in India," she also pledged her body to the country, by awarding it for posthumous medical use to Gana Darpan, a Kolkata-based NGO, in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=Writer Taslima pledges body to Indian NGO |date=7 March 2005 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/07/0703taslima.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906231522/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/03/07/0703taslima.html |archive-date=6 September 2008 |access-date=30 May 2009}}</ref> She eventually returned to India, but was forced to stay in New Delhi as the West Bengal government refused to permit her entry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buddhadeb threw me out, now he's losing, Taslima tweets |url=https://www.ndtv.com/assembly/buddhadeb-threw-me-out-now-hes-losing-taslima-tweets-455738 |access-date=9 March 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Currently, her visa received a one-year extension in 2016 and Nasreen is also seeking permanent residency in India but no decision has been taken on it by the Home Ministry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima Nasreen's Indian visa extended by a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/taslima-nasreens-indian-visa-extended-by-a-year/articleshow/59249791.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/taslima-nasreens-indian-visa-extended-by-a-year/articleshow/59249791.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015 Nasrin was threatened with death by Al Qaeda-linked extremists, and so the Center for Inquiry assisted her in travelling to the United States, where she now lives.<ref name="centerforinquiry1">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/newsroom/amid_death_threats_from_islamists_cfi_brings_secular_activist_taslima_nasri/ |title=Amid Death Threats from Islamists, CFI Brings Secular Activist Taslima Nasrin to Safety in U.S. |publisher=Center for Inquiry |date=June 2015 |access-date=1 June 2015 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602035237/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/newsroom/amid_death_threats_from_islamists_cfi_brings_secular_activist_taslima_nasri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Center for Inquiry (CFI) that helped evacuate her to the US on 27 May gave an official statement in June 2015 stating that her safety "is only temporary if she cannot remain in the U.S., however, which is why CFI has established an emergency fund to help with food, housing, and the means for her to be safely settled".<ref>{{cite news |title=Taslima Nasrin Moved to US Following Death Threats in India |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taslima-nasrin-moved-to-us-following-death-threats-in-india/2806843.html |work=VOA News |access-date=5 June 2015 |archive-date=11 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811020357/http://www.voanews.com/content/taslima-nasrin-moved-to-us-following-death-threats-in-india/2806843.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Literary works==
{{quote box
| quoted = true
| width = 280px
| align = right
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| quote = Do you really think a God who created the universe, billions of galaxies, stars, billions of planets- would promise to reward some little things in a pale blue dot (i.e Earth) for repeatedly saying that he is the greatest and kindest and for fasting? Such a great creator can't be so narcissist! -Taslima Nasrin<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/taslimanasreen/status/1002197882248880128 |title=Taslima on God's narcissism |access-date=31 May 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135652/https://twitter.com/taslimanasreen/status/1002197882248880128 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Nasrin started writing poetry when she was thirteen. While still at college in Mymensingh, she published and edited a literary magazine, ''SeNjuti'' ("Light in the dark"), from 1978 to 1983. She published her first collection of poems in 1986. Her second collection, ''Nirbashito Bahire Ontore'' ("Banished within and without") was published in 1989. She succeeded in attracting a wider readership when she started writing columns in late 1980s, and, in the early 1990s, she began writing novels, for which she has won significant acclaim.<ref name="controversy">{{cite news |title=Taslima Nasreen: Controversy's child |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7108880.stm |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135618/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7108880.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In all, she has written more than thirty books of poetry, essays, novels, short stories, and memoirs, and her books have been translated into 20 different languages.

Her own experience of [[sexual abuse]] during adolescence and her work as a [[gynaecologist]] influenced her a great deal in writing about the treatment of [[women in Islam]] and against religion in general.<ref name="outsider"/> Her writing is characterised by two connected elements: her struggle with the religion of her native culture, and her [[feminist philosophy]]. She cites [[Virginia Woolf]] and [[Simone de Beauvoir]] as influences, and, when pushed to think of one closer to home, [[Roquia Sakhawat Hussain|Begum Rokeya]], who lived during the time of undivided [[Bengal]].<ref name="fume" /> Her later poetry also evidences a connection to place, to Bangladesh and India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement on Taslima Nasreen's departure from India |work=Mainstream |date=7 April 2008 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article631.html |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135619/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article631.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Columns and essays===
In 1989 Nasrin began to contribute to the weekly political magazine ''Khaborer Kagoj'', edited by Nayeemul Islam Khan, and published from Dhaka. Her feminist views and anti-religion remarks articles succeeded in drawing broad attention, and she shocked the religious and conservative society of [[Bangladesh]] by her radical comments and suggestions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} Later she collected these columns in a volume titled ''Nirbachita Column'', which in 1992 won her first [[Ananda Purashkar]] award, a prestigious award for Bengali writers. During her life in Kolkata, she contributed a weekly essay to the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] version of ''The Statesman'', called ''[[Dainik Statesman]]''. Taslima has always advocated for an Indian [[Uniform civil code]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/nasrin-makes-a-cameo-pledges-support-for-civil-code/articleshow/56743456.cms |title=Taslima Nasrin: Taslima Nasrin makes a cameo, pledges support for civil code | Jaipur News - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602135619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/nasrin-makes-a-cameo-pledges-support-for-civil-code/articleshow/56743456.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and said that criticism of [[Islam]] is the only way to establish secularism in Islamic countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-urgently-needs-uniform-civil-law-says-taslima-nasrin-4487787/ |title=India urgently needs uniform civil law, says Taslima Nasrin |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602140658/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-urgently-needs-uniform-civil-law-says-taslima-nasrin-4487787/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Taslima said that [[Triple talaq]] is despicable and the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] should be abolished.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-interviews-blog/triple-talaq-is-despicable-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-should-be-abolished-for-the-sake-of-muslims/ |title=Triple talaq is despicable ... All India Muslim Personal Law Board should be abolished for the sake of Muslims |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 May 2017 |last1=David |first1=Rohit E. |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504233740/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-interviews-blog/triple-talaq-is-despicable-all-india-muslim-personal-law-board-should-be-abolished-for-the-sake-of-muslims/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Taslima used to write articles for online media venture The Print in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/a-new-invisible-partition-is-happening-in-india-between-hindus-and-muslims/91414/ |title=A new, invisible Partition is happening in India between Hindus and Muslims |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=August 2018 |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094325/https://theprint.in/opinion/a-new-invisible-partition-is-happening-in-india-between-hindus-and-muslims/91414/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Novels===
In 1992 Nasrin produced two novellas which failed to draw attention.

Her breakthrough novel [[Lajja (novel)|''Lajja'' (''Shame'')]] was published in 1993, and attracted wide attention because of its controversial subject matter. It contained the struggle of a patriotic Bangladeshi Hindu family in a Muslim environment.<ref name="radicals">{{cite news |date=25 September 1993 |title=Radicals in Bangladesh Want Writer Put to Death |work=[[The State (newspaper)|The State]] |page=4A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Anis |date=31 October 1993 |title=Bangladesh Author Has Bounty on Her Head |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |page=11}}</ref> Initially written as a thin documentary, ''Lajja'' grew into a full-length novel as the author later revised it substantially. In six months' time, it sold 50,000 copies in Bangladesh before being banned by the government that same year.<ref name="radicals"/>

Her other famous novel is ''French Lover'', published in year 2002.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

===Autobiography===
[[Meyebela, My Bengali Girlhood|''Amar Meyebela'' (''My Girlhood'', 2002)]], the first volume of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladeshi government in 1999 for "reckless comments" against Islam and the prophet [[Mohammad]].<ref name="bbc13Aug1999">{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Kamal |title=Bangladesh bans new Taslima book |work=BBC News |date=13 August 1999 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/419428.stm |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602140657/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/419428.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Utal Hawa'' (''Wild Wind''), the second part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladesh government in 2002.<ref name="bbc27Aug2002">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh bans third Taslima book |work=BBC News |date=27 August 2002 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2218972.stm |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=5 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105165244/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2218972.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Ka'' (''Speak up''), the third part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladeshi High Court in 2003. Under pressure from Indian Muslim activists, the book, which was published in West Bengal as ''Dwikhandita'', was banned there also; some 3,000 copies were seized immediately.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal bans Taslima's book |date=28 November 2003 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/29/stories/2003112905441100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204104119/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/29/stories/2003112905441100.htm |archive-date=4 December 2003 |access-date=1 June 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The decision to ban the book was criticised by "a host of authors" in West Bengal,<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshua |first=Anita |title=West Bengal Government assailed for banning Taslima's book |date=18 February 2004 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/19/stories/2004021911291100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323054659/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/19/stories/2004021911291100.htm |archive-date=23 March 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> but the ban was not lifted until 2005.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dhar |first=Sujoy |title=Arts Weekly/Books: Split By Leftists and Fanatics |publisher=[[Inter Press Service]] |year=2005 |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=30522 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525103304/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=30522 |archive-date=25 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Court lifts ban on Nasreen's book in Bengal |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=23 September 2005 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/23taslima.htm |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830002756/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/sep/23taslima.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sei Sob Ondhokar'' (''Those Dark Days''), the fourth part of her memoir, was banned by the Bangladesh government in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exiled Taslima Nasrin to return to Bangladesh |publisher=Indian Muslims |date=16 July 2007 |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jul/15/exiled_taslima_nasrin_return_bangladesh.html |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504034442/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/jul/15/exiled_taslima_nasrin_return_bangladesh.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New book banned at behest of Islamic bigots: Taslima |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=20 February 2004 |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/02/20/2002taslima.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203004519/http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/02/20/2002taslima.html |archive-date=3 December 2008 |access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref>
To date, a total of seven parts of her autobiography have been published. "Ami bhalo nei tumi bhalo theko priyo desh", " Nei kichu nei" and "Nirbashito". All seven parts have been published by Peoples's Book Society, Kolkata.
She received her second ''Ananda Purashkar'' award in 2000, for her memoir ''Amar Meyebela'' (''My Girlhood'', published in English in 2002).

==Nasrin's life and works in adaptation==
Nasrin's life is the subject of a number of plays and songs, in the east and the west. The Swedish singer Magoria sang "Goddess in you, Taslima,"<ref>{{cite web |title=The Goddess in You Taslima mp3s, The Goddess in You Taslima music downloads, The Goddess in You Taslima songs from eMusic.com |url=http://www.emusic.com/album/Magoria-The-Goddess-In-You-Taslima-MP3-Download/11251013.html |date=5 July 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090705083431/http://www.emusic.com/album/Magoria%2DThe%2DGoddess%2DIn%2DYou%2DTaslima%2DMP3%2DDownload/11251013.html |archive-date=5 July 2009 |access-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the French band [[Zebda]] composed "Don't worry, Taslima" as an homage.

Her work has been adapted for TV and even turned into music. ''Jhumur'' was a 2006 TV serial based on a story written especially for the show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rebel with a cause: Screen On & Off |work=The Telegraph |date=27 April 2006 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060427/asp/calcutta/story_6152141.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520154911/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060427/asp/calcutta/story_6152141.asp |archive-date=20 May 2006 |access-date=31 May 2009 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Bengali singers like Fakir Alamgir, Samina Nabi, Rakhi Sen sang her songs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} [[Steve Lacy (saxophonist)|Steve Lacy]], the jazz soprano saxophonist, met Nasrin in 1996 and collaborated with her on an adaptation of her poetry to music. The result, a "controversial" and "compelling" work called ''The Cry'', was performed in Europe and North America.<ref>{{cite web |last=Huotari |first=Allen |title=Steve Lacy: ''The Cry'' |work=[[All About Jazz]] |date=May 1999 |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/the-cry-steve-lacy-soul-note-review-by-aaj-staff__5253 |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708005043/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=3652 |url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, Nasrin was to recite during the performance, but these recitations were dropped after the 1996 [[Berlin]] world première because of security concerns.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Shoemaker |first=Bill |title=Steve Lacy: Making the Words Swing |magazine=[[JazzTimes]] |date=December 1997 |url=http://jazztimes.com/articles/24701-steve-lacy-making-the-words-swing |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329054330/http://jazztimes.com/articles/24701-steve-lacy-making-the-words-swing }}</ref>

==Controversy==

=== Abrar Fahad ===
In 2019, she garnered criticism from all over [[Bangladesh]] following her comment on [[Murder of Abrar Fahad|Abrar Fahad]] in a Facebook status where she claimed "[[Murder of Abrar Fahad|Abrar Fahad]] behaved like a [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir|Shibir]] Member".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Abrar behaved like a Shibir member: Taslima Nasrin |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/abrar-behaved-shibir-member-taslima-nasrin-16569 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Her critics included [[Asif Nazrul]] who called her a "mentally unstable person" for making such a comparison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 2019 |title=Asif Nazrul slams Taslima for comparing Abrar to Shibir activist |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/430504/Asif-Nazrul-slams-Taslima-for-comparing-Abrar-to-Shibir-activist |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref>

=== Burqa ===
When [[Sri Lanka]] banned the [[burqa]] in 2019, Nasrin took to Twitter to show her support for the decision. She described the burqa as a 'mobile prison,' a comment which was reported on by journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Taslima Nasreen Calls 'Burqa Ban' A Good Decision After Sri Lanka Bans All Face Coverings |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/burqa-ban-in-sri-lanka-taslima-nasreen-calls-burqa-ban-a-good-decision-after-sri-lanka-bans-all-kinds-of-face-coverings-366331.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411111656/https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/burqa-ban-in-sri-lanka-taslima-nasreen-calls-burqa-ban-a-good-decision-after-sri-lanka-bans-all-kinds-of-face-coverings-366331.html |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In another 2020 tweet about [[A. R. Rahman|A. R. Rahman's]] daughter Khatija Rahman wearing [[Burqa|burqas]] Taslima said,<blockquote>I absolutely love [[A. R. Rahman|A. R. Rahman's]] music. But whenever i see his dear daughter, i feel suffocated. It is really depressing to learn that even educated women in a cultural family can get brainwashed very easily!</blockquote>Khatija Rahman replied to this tweet in an Instagram post by saying,<blockquote>I'm sorry you feel suffocated by my attire. Please get some fresh air, cause I don't feel suffocated rather I'm proud and empowered for what I stand for. I suggest you google up what true feminism means because it isn't bashing other women down nor bringing their fathers into the issue. I also don't recall sending my photos to you for your perusal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taslima Nasreen-AR Rahman's daughter in war of words over burqa tweet |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/around-the-web/201580/taslima-nasreen-ar-rahman%E2%80%99s-daughter-in-war-of |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-17 |title=Taslima Nasreen, AR Rahman's daughter spar over burqa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/taslima-nasreen-ar-rahmans-daughter-spar-over-burqa/articleshow/74166452.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-17 |title=A.R. Rahman's daughter Khatija: 'Why double standards only when it comes to women of a certain faith?' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahmans-daughter-khatija-why-double-standards-only-when-it-comes-to-women-of-a-certain-faith/article30841514.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Eugenics ===
In a 2019 tweet, she stated on Twitter that<blockquote>Men and women who have bad genes with genetic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer etc should not produce children. They have no right to make others suffer.<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1140856456222146560 |user=taslimanasreen |title=Men and women who have bad genes with genetic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer etc should not produce children. They have no right to make others suffer. |first=Taslima |last=Nasreen}}</ref> </blockquote>Some commentators cited this as support for [[eugenics]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Sumaiya |date=23 June 2019 |title=Taslima Nasreen's views echo eugenicists who favour genetic cleansing for racial supremacy |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/taslima-nasreens-tweet-shows-hitler-like-obsession-with-eugenics-pure-race-continues/253487/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602140659/https://theprint.in/opinion/taslima-nasreens-tweet-shows-hitler-like-obsession-with-eugenics-pure-race-continues/253487/ |archive-date=2 June 2024 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=ThePrint}}</ref> Nasrin has denied this, stating that she is not a supporter of eugenics, and that her comment was not serious, and had been taken out of context.<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1141564810288435200 |user=taslimanasreen |title=It was not really a serious tweet. Next tweet was about my love for food, that i can't have the food i love because of some hereditary diseases. More than 12.4 k hatred i have received so far. Isn't it too much? I've learned though to be more humane. |first=Taslima |last=Nasreen |date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1141918723713859584 |user=taslimanasreen |title=No i don't believe in eugenics. It's so absurd! 4 decades of my struggle for women's equal rights, human rights, secular humanism & free speech can't be gone with the wind because of a sarcastic tweet. It is so easy to misunderstand me! Wish i knew better english. |first=Taslima |last=Nasreen |date=21 June 2019}}</ref>

=== Suicide ===
In another 2019 tweet just days after [[V. G. Siddhartha|V.G. Siddhartha's]] suicide, Taslima said,<blockquote>So many painless ways to commit suicide. why hang yourself, drown yourself, or cut your wrist, why jump from the high rise building or the bridge, or swallow pesticide, or poison or why jump in front of an oncoming train? Take the lethal doses of morphine and die peacefully.</blockquote>This was met with plenty of criticisms with critics calling the tweet irresponsible, insensitive and promotion of suicide. Responding to the criticisms she defended the tweet by saying,<blockquote>I am not encouraging people to die. I am asking people who decided to commit suicide or who is determined to commit suicide, to get a peaceful way to do it. It is a positive tweet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 2, 2019 |title=Twitterati slam Taslima Nasreen for urging people to choose a 'peaceful' method of suicide, days after VG Siddhartha's death |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/taslima-nasreen-urges-people-to-choose-a-peaceful-method-of-suicide-days-after-vg-siddharthas-death/articleshow/70495273.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-02 |title=Taslima Nasreen Suggests 'Easy Way to Commit Suicide', Gets Heavily Trolled on Twitter |url=https://www.latestly.com/social-viral/taslima-nasreen-suggests-easy-way-to-commit-suicide-gets-heavily-trolled-on-twitter-1065807.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Moeen Ali ===
In a 2021 tweet about British cricketer [[Moeen Ali]] she said, <blockquote>If [[Moeen Ali]] were not stuck with cricket, he would have gone to Syria to join [[Islamic State|ISIS]].</blockquote>She faced significant criticism because of this tweet including Moeen's teammates [[Jofra Archer]], [[Sam Billings]] and [[Saqib Mahmood]]. Replying to Nasreen's original tweet, [[Jofra Archer|Archer]] wrote, "Are you okay? I don't think you're okay". [[Saqib Mahmood]] wrote, "Can't believe this. Disgusting tweet. Disgusting individual". She later justified her tweet with another tweet,<blockquote>Haters know very well that my [[Moeen Ali]] tweet was sarcastic. But they made that an issue to humiliate me because I try to secularize Muslim society & I oppose Islamic fanaticism. One of the greatest tragedies of humankind is pro-women leftists support anti-women Islamists.</blockquote>[[Jofra Archer|Archer]] also blasted Nasreen's attempt at damage control with her second tweet. "Sarcastic? No one is laughing, not even yourself, the least you can do is delete the tweet," Archer wrote.

[[Moeen Ali|Moeen Ali's]] father Munir said,<blockquote>If she looks into a mirror, she will know what she tweeted is what is fundamentalist – a vicious stereotype against a Muslim person, a clearly Islamophobic statement. Someone who doesn't have self-respect and respect for others can only stoop to this level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Hurt and shocked to read Taslima Nasreen's vile remark against my son, says Moeen Ali's father Munir |url=https://www.crictracker.com/hurt-and-shocked-to-read-taslima-nasreens-vile-remark-against-my-son-says-moeen-alis-father-munir/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>She later deleted her original tweet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained {{!}} The Taslima Nasreen-Moeen Ali controversy |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/explained-the-taslima-nasreen-moeen-ali-controversy-971401.html |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=England Cricketers Slam Taslima Nasreen For "Disgusting" Tweet On Moeen Ali {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/england-cricketers-rally-behind-moeen-ali-after-taslima-nasreens-controversial-tweet-2408091 |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Taslima |title=Second Tweet by Taslima Nasrin |url=https://x.com/taslimanasreen/status/1379396677514231810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250218105209/https://x.com/taslimanasreen/status/1379396677514231810 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |website=[[Twitter|X.com]]}}</ref>

=== Malala Yousafzai ===
In a 2021 tweet about [[Malala Yousafzai|Malala Yousafzai's]] marriage to Asser Malik, Taslima said,<blockquote>Quite shocked to learn Malala married a Pakistani guy. She is only 24. I thought she went to Oxford University for study, she would fall in love with a handsome progressive English man at Oxford and then think of marrying not before the age of 30. But..</blockquote>This tweet faced sharp criticisms with critics calling the tweet Islamophobic, colonialist and racist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 November 2021 |title=Taslima Nasreen 'shocked' that Malala married a Pakistani, says 'Taliban are happy' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/taslima-nasreen-shocked-that-malala-married-a-pakistani-says-taliban-are-happy-101636561750633.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920154243/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/taslima-nasreen-shocked-that-malala-married-a-pakistani-says-taliban-are-happy-101636561750633.html |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEON |first=Quint |date=11 November 2021 |title='It's Her Business': Twitter Calls Out User Who Shamed Malala for Marrying |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/twitter-calls-out-woman-for-sexist-comment-on-malala-getting-married |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi feminist Taslima Nasreen 'shocked' over Malala's marriage with Pakistani man |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/381594-bangladeshi-swedish-feminist-taslima-nasreen-shocked-over-malalas-marriage |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=www.geo.tv |date=11 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Boycott Islam ===
After a knife terror attack at a church in [[Nice]] in 2020, Taslima tweeted "Boycott Islam". This led to formal complaints against for spreading disharmony and communal hate in [[India]]. This included [[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Saket Gokhale]] filing a complaint with the Home Ministry of India. He said in a tweet,<blockquote>A Swedish national spreading communal hate speech in India will NOT be tolerated.</blockquote>Taslima later deleted that tweet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2020 |title=Complaint filed against Taslima Nasreen over hate tweet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Oct/31/complaint-filed-against-taslima-nasreen-over-hate-tweet-2217446.html |access-date=18 February 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2020 |title=Taslima Nasreen removes 'Boycott Islam' tweet after backlash |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/taslima-nasreen-removes-boycott-islam-tweet-after-backlash/ |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mahfuj Alam ===
In 2024, Taslima faced significant backlash after asserting that [[Mahfuj Alam]] was the leader of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir (Bangladesh)|Hizb-ut-Tahrir]] in a Facebook status despite not having any concrete evidence of it. This led to the [[Mass media in India|Indian mainstream media]] picking up on it and publishing it as news without further fact checking. Her actions quickly sparked a wave of memes and trolling on social media, with many people questioning her motives and even speculating about her mental state.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How false claims of Mahfuj Alam's extremist ties spread from social to news media |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/365214/how-false-claims-of-mahfuj-alam%E2%80%99s-extremist-ties |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2024 |title=Why are the Indian media looking at Bangladesh through Taslima Nasrin's lens? |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/panorama/why-indian-media-looking-bangladesh-through-taslima-nasrins-lens-963566 |access-date=16 February 2025 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==Writers and intellectuals for and against Nasrin==
Nasrin has been criticised by writers and intellectuals in both Bangladesh and West Bengal for targeted scandalisation. Because of "obnoxious, false and ludicrous" comments in ''Ka'', "written with the 'intention to injure the reputation of the plaintiff'", [[Syed Shamsul Haq]], Bangladeshi poet and novelist, filed a defamation suit against Nasrin in 2003. In the book, she mentions that Haq confessed to her that he had a relationship with his sister-in-law.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Shamsul Huq files Tk 10 cr defamation suit against Taslima |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |date=10 November 2003 |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-87045073.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103083605/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-87045073.html |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> A West Bengali poet, Hasmat Jalal, did the same; his suit led to the High Court banning the book, which was published in India as ''Dwikhondito''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |author2=Suhrid Sankar Chattopadhyay |title=A Shocker from Taslima: Taslima Nasreen's New Book Causes a Furore in the Literary Circles of Dhaka and Kolkata |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=19 December 2003 |url=http://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/subaltern/events/facworkshops/Habib.pdf |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717015336/http://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/subaltern/events/facworkshops/Habib.pdf }}</ref> Nearly 4 million dollars were claimed in defamation lawsuits against her after the book was published. The West Bengal Government, supposedly pressured by 24 literary intellectuals, decided to ban Nasrin's book in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/05/stories/2004020500020100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405121737/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/05/stories/2004020500020100.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 April 2004 |title=Fishing for trouble |work=The Hindu |date=5 February 2004 |access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> Some commented that she did it to earn [[celebrity|fame]]. She defended herself against the allegations, responding that she had written her life's story, not those of others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/04-crisis-media/59taslima.pdf |title=homeless everywhere |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226180222/http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/04-crisis-media/59taslima.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2010 }}</ref> She enjoyed support from Bengali writers [[Annada Shankar Ray]], [[Sibnarayan Ray]] and [[Amlan Dutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Taslima's visit to India |publisher=International Humanist and Ethical Union |date=28 October 1999 |url=http://iheu.org/taslima-nasrins-visit-india/ |access-date=31 May 2009}}</ref>

Recently she was supported and defended by author [[Mahasweta Devi]], poet [[Joy Goswami]], and artist [[Paritosh Sen]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Dhiman Chattopadhyay |date=5 December 2003 |title=Literati rise late to Taslima defence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Literati-rise-late-to-Taslima-defence/articleshow/340493.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-12-05/kolkata/27214423_1_taslima-nasrin-mahasveta-devi-poet |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> In India, noted writers [[Arundhati Roy]], [[Girish Karnad]], and others defended her when she was under house arrest in Delhi in 2007, and co-signed a statement calling on the Indian government to grant her permanent residency in India or, should she ask for it, citizenship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Intellectuals Demand Indian Citizenship To Taslima Nasreen |work=Mainstream |date=24 February 2008 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article535.html |access-date=31 May 2009 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602140657/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article535.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Bangladesh, writer and philosopher [[Kabir Chowdhury]] also supported her strongly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularvoiceofbangladesh.org/Prof.kabir%20chowdhury.htm |title=Prof Kabir Chawdhury |publisher=Secularvoiceofbangladesh.org |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110035931/http://www.secularvoiceofbangladesh.org/Prof.kabir%20chowdhury.htm |archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

==Other activities==
* [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RWB), member of the Emeritus Board<ref>[https://rsf.org/en/emeritus-board Emeritus Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602140659/https://rsf.org/en/emeritus-board |date=2 June 2024 }} [[Reporters Without Borders]] (RWB).</ref>

==Awards==
Taslima Nasrin has received international awards in recognition of her contribution towards the cause of freedom of expression. Awards and honours conferred on her include the following:
* Ananda Award or Ananda Puraskar from West Bengal, India in 1992 and 2000 for ''"Nirbachita Kolam"'' and ''"Amar Meyebela"''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://peoplesbooksociety.com/product/details/amar-meyebelaautobiography-volume-i |title=Peoplesbooksociety - People's book society |website=peoplesbooksociety.com |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515080716/http://peoplesbooksociety.com/product/details/amar-meyebelaautobiography-volume-i }}</ref>
* [[Sakharov Prize]] for freedom of thoughts from European Parliament, in 1994<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.epgenpro.europarl.europa.eu/static/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-1998.html |title=1988-1998|Laureates|Sakharov Prize |website=sakharovprize |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807093211/http://www.epgenpro.europarl.europa.eu/static/sakharovprize/en/laureates/1988-1998.html }}</ref>
* [[Simone de Beauvoir Prize]] in 2008<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/101/article_461.asp |title=RFI - Exiled writer Taslima Nasreen awarded Simone de Beauvoir prize |work=Radio France Internationale |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215233920/http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/101/article_461.asp |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Human Rights Award from the [[Cabinet of France|Government of France]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cncdh.fr/article.php3?id_article=120&var_recherche=taslima |title=1994 – Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme |publisher=Cncdh.fr |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212900/http://www.cncdh.fr/article.php3?id_article=120&var_recherche=taslima |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref> 1994
* [[Edict of Nantes]] Prize from France, 1994<ref>{{cite web |title=Taslima - l'Humanite |url=https://www.humanite.fr/1994-11-05_Articles_-Taslima |date=5 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105042402/http://www.humanite.fr/1994-11-05_Articles_-Taslima |archive-date=5 November 2007 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref>
* [[Kurt Tucholsky]] Prize, Swedish [[International PEN|PEN]], Sweden, 1994<ref name="fume"/>
* Feminist of the Year from [[Feminist Majority Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/28/001.html |title=Eleanor Smeal Announces 1994 Feminist of the Year Awards |publisher=Hartford-hwp.com |date=3 January 1995 |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-date=4 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604232302/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/28/001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> US, 1994
* Scholarship from the [[German Academic Exchange Service]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daad.de/alumni/en/4.2.4_10.html |title=Scholarship holders / Alumni: Taslima Nasrin |website=Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst |access-date=29 October 2009 |archive-date=21 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821151704/http://www.daad.de/alumni/en/4.2.4_10.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Germany, 1995
* Honorary Doctorate from Ghent University, Belgium, 1995 [https://www.ugent.be/nl/univgent/voorzieningen/collecties/archief/geschiedenis/overzichten/eredoctoren.htm Overzicht eredoctoraten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106010813/http://www.ugent.be/nl/univgent/bronnen/archief/geschiedenis/overzichten/eredoctoren.htm/ |date=6 November 2013 }}
* Distinguished Humanist Award from International Humanist and Ethical Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=International Humanist and Ethical Union |url=http://www.iheu.org/node/1948 |title=IHEU awards | International Humanist and Ethical Union |publisher=Iheu.org |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818054855/http://www.iheu.org/node/1948 |archive-date=18 August 2009}}</ref> Great Britain, 1996
* Erwin Fischer Award, [[International League of non-religious and atheists]] (IBKA),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibka.org/en/articles/rb02/award.html |title=Festivity of the Erwin Fischer Award 2002 to Ms. Taslima Nasrin | International League of Non-religious and Atheists |publisher=IBKA |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202081851/http://www.ibka.org/en/articles/rb02/award.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Germany, 2002
* Freethought Heroine Award, [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ffrf.org/awards/heroine/2002_nasrin.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002045133/http://www.ffrf.org/awards/heroine/2002_nasrin.php |archive-date=2 October 2006 |title=Freethought Heroine Award |date=2 October 2006 |access-date=11 January 2018}}</ref> US, 2002
* Fellowship at [[Carr Centre for Human Rights Policy]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/aboutus/pastfellows.php |title=Carr Center for Human Rights Policy |publisher=Hks.harvard.edu |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-date=1 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001141122/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/cchrp/aboutus/pastfellows.php }}</ref> John F. Kennedy School of Government, [[Harvard University]], US, 2003
* [[UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize]] for the promotion of tolerance and non-violence,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D23191%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |title=UNESCO Taslima Nasrin, winner of the 2004 UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the promotion of tolerance and non-violence |publisher=UNESCO |date=14 October 2004 |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010091903/http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D23191%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 2004<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-against-discrimination/sv4/news/viewpoint_taslima_nasrin_winner_of_the_2004_unesco_madanj/ |title=Viewpoint - Taslima Nasrin, Winner of the 2004 UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
* Honorary doctorate from [[American University of Paris]], 2005<ref name="bitter">{{cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Sudeshna |title=Bitter, Taslima stays afloat |work=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=30 April 2005 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/bengal/story_4683306.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028065557/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050501/asp/bengal/story_4683306.asp |archive-date=28 October 2005 |access-date=1 June 2009 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>
* Grand Prix International Condorcet-Aron,<ref>{{cite web |title=CREP - Prix condorcet-Aron 2005 |url=http://crep.be/Prix2005.html |date=28 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031219/http://crep.be/Prix2005.html |archive-date=28 September 2007 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Groupe Femmes, Politique et Démocratie reçoit le prestigieux 'Prix Condorcet-Aron' du Centre de recherche et d'étude politique de Belgique |date=22 September 2005 |url=http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=1973 |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=16 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016105547/http://sisyphe.org/article.php3?id_article=1973 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Woodrow Wilson Fellowship,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://taslimanasrin.com/index2.html |title=Official Home Page of Taslima Nasrin |publisher=Taslimanasrin.com |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221125519/http://taslimanasrin.com/index2.html |archive-date=21 December 2010}}</ref> US, 2009
* Feminist Press award, US,<ref>{{cite web |last=Hogan |first=Ron |url=http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/party_hopping/feminist_press_celebrates_39th_anniversary_141110.asp |title=Feminist Press Celebrates 39th Anniversary – GalleyCat |publisher=Mediabistro.com |date=23 October 2009 |access-date=14 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126094211/http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/party_hopping/feminist_press_celebrates_39th_anniversary_141110.asp |archive-date=26 November 2009}}</ref> 2009
* Honorary doctorate from Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uclouvain.be/352068.html |title=Discours du Professeur Nathalie Delzenne |website=Universite Catholique de Louvain |date=2 March 2011 |language=fr |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817025430/https://www.uclouvain.be/352068.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary citizenship from Esch, Luxembourg,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://esch.lu/ |title=Ville d'Esch-sur-Alzette |website=Ville d'Esch-sur-Alzette |access-date=11 November 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116072031/https://esch.lu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2011
* Honorary citizenship from Metz, France,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metz.fr/agenda/fiche-5906.php |title=Autour de Taslima Nasreen |website=Ville de Metz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414005845/http://www.metz.fr/agenda/fiche-5906.php |archive-date=14 April 2015}}</ref> 2011
* Honorary citizenship from Thionville, France,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thionville.fr/actualite/153 |title=Autour de Taslima Nasreen |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411015606/http://www.thionville.fr/actualite/153 |archive-date=11 April 2015 }}</ref> 2011
* Honorary doctorate from Paris Diderot University, Paris, France,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.univ-paris-diderot.fr/sc/site.php?bc=dhc&np=accueil |title=Les cérémonies - Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7 |work=univ-paris-diderot.fr}}</ref> 2011
* Universal Citizenship Passport. From Paris, France,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fr.amiando.com/citoyennete-universelle.html?page=952109 |title=Programme/Program Journée Internationale "Citoyenneté universelle et liberté mondiale de circulation et d'installation des personnes" Paris |work=amiando |access-date=10 April 2015 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417191856/http://fr.amiando.com/citoyennete-universelle.html?page=952109 }}</ref> 2013
* Academy Award from the Royal Academy of Arts, Science and Literature, Belgium, 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/2013/06/16/in-the-meantime/ |title=In the meantime.. |work=Taslima Nasrin's Blog |date=15 June 2013 |access-date=31 May 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602141800/https://freethoughtblogs.com/taslima/2013/06/16/in-the-meantime/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorary Associate of the [[National Secular Society]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Honorary Associates |url=https://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802173824/https://www.secularism.org.uk/honoraryassociates.html |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=9 April 2021 |website=National Secular Society}}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement Award 2025 from esSENSE Global, at the Litmus '25 annual conference, Kochi, Kerala, India, 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2025 |title=Will continue fight against fundamentalism, extremism, says Taslima Nasrin - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/will-continue-fight-against-fundamentalism-extremism-says-taslima-nasrin/article70182984.ece/ }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Taslima-Nasrin [references: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Taslima-Nasrin/additional-info#history ]

===Poetry===
* ''Shikore Bipul Khudha'' (Hunger in the Roots), 1982
* ''Nirbashito Bahire Ontore'' (Banished Without and Within), 1989
* ''Amar Kichu Jay Ashe Ne'' (I Couldn't Care Less), 1990
* ''Atole Ontorin'' (Captive in the Abyss), 1991
* ''Balikar Gollachut'' (Game of the Girls), 1992
* ''Behula Eka Bhashiyechilo Bhela'' (Behula Floated the Raft Alone), 1993
* ''Ay Kosto Jhepe, Jibon Debo Mepe'' (Pain Come Roaring Down, I'll Measure Out My Life for You), 1994
* ''Nirbashito Narir Kobita'' (Poems From Exile), 1996
* ''Jolpodyo'' (Waterlilies), 2000
* ''Khali Khali Lage'' (Feeling Empty), 2004
* ''Kicchukhan Thako'' (Stay for a While), 2005
* ''Bhalobaso? Cchai baso'' (It's your love! or a heap of trash!), 2007
* ''Bondini'' (Prisoner), 2008
* ''Golpo'' (stories), 2018

===Essay collections===
* ''[[Nirbachito Column]]'' (''Selected Columns''), 1990
* ''[[Jabo na keno? jabo]]'' (I will go; why won't I?), 1991
* ''Noshto meyer noshto goddo'' (Fallen prose of a fallen girl), 1992
* ''ChoTo choTo dukkho kotha'' (Tale of trivial sorrows), 1994
* ''Narir Kono Desh Nei'' (Women have no country), 2007
* ''Nishiddho'' (Forbidden), 2014
* ''Taslima Nasreener Godyo Podyo'' (Taslima Nasreen's prose and poetry), 2015
* ''Amar protibader bhasha'' (Language of my protest), 2016
* ''Sakal Griho Haralo Jar'' (A poet who lost everything), 2017
* ''Bhabnaguli'' (My thoughts), 2018
* ''Bhinnomot'' (Different opinions), 2019

===Novels===
* ''Oporpokkho'' (''The Opponent''), 1992.
* ''Shodh'', 1992. {{ISBN|978-81-88575-05-3}}. Trans. in English as ''Getting Even''.
* ''Nimontron'' (''Invitation''), 1993.
* ''Phera'' (''Return''), 1993.
* ''[[Lajja (novel)|Lajja]]'', 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-14-024051-1}}. Trans. in English as ''Shame''.
* ''Bhromor Koio Gia'' (''Tell Him The Secret''), 1994.
* ''Forashi Premik'' (''French Lover''), 2002.
* ''Brahmaputrer pare'' (''At the bank of Brahmaputra river''), 2013
* ''Beshorom'' (''Shameless''), 2019

===Short stories===
* ''Dukkhoboty Meye'' (Sad girls), 1994
* ''Minu'', 2007

===Autobiography===
* ''Amar Meyebela'' (''My girlhood''), 1997
* ''Utal Hawa'' (''Wild Wind''), 2002
* ''Ka'' (''Speak Up''), 2003; published in West Bengal as ''[[Dwikhandito]]'' (''Split-up in Two''), 2003
* ''Sei Sob Andhokar'' (''Those Dark Days''), 2004
* ''Ami Bhalo Nei, Tumi Bhalo Theko Priyo Desh'' ("I am not okay, but you stay well my beloved homeland"), 2006.
* ''Nei, Kichu Nei'' (''Nothing is there''), 2010
* ''Nirbasan'' (''Exile''), 2012

==Academic contribution==
===Titles in English===
* Split {{ISBN|978-0-670-09018-1}}
* Exile {{ISBN|978-0-670-08874-4}}
* French Lover {{ISBN|978-0-14-302810-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Nasrin |first=Taslima |title=All About Women |publisher=Rupa & Co |year=2005 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-291-0630-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Nasrin |first=Taslima |others=Carolyne Wright (trans.) |title=The Game in Reverse: Poems |publisher=George Braziller |date=c. 1995 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8076-1391-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Nasrin |first=Taslima |title=Shame |publisher=Penguin India |year=1994 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-14-024051-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/lajjashame00nasa}} Trans. of ''Lajja''.
* {{cite book |last=Nasrin |first=Taslima |title=Love poems of Taslima Nasreen |publisher=Rupa & Co. |date=c. 2005 |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-291-0628-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Nasrin |first=Taslima |others=Gopa Majumdar (trans.) |title=My Bengali Girlhood |publisher=Steerforth Press |year=2002 |location=South Royalton |isbn=978-1-58642-051-2}} Trans. of ''Meyebela''

===Secondary works===
* {{cite journal |last=Garzilli |first=Enrica |title=A Non-Conventional Woman: Two Evenings with Taslima Nasrin. A Report |journal=Journal of South Asia Women Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Asiatica Association |location=Milan |year=1997 |url=http://asiatica.org/jsaws/vol3_no1/non-conventional-woman-two-evenings-taslima-nasrin-report/ |issn=1085-7478}}
* {{cite journal |last=Zafar |first=Manmay |title=Under the gaze of the state: policing literature and the case of Taslima Nasrin |journal=[[Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=410–21 |year=2005 |issn=1469-8447 |doi=10.1080/14649370500170035 |s2cid=144386024}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Md. Mahmudul |title=Free speech, ban and "fatwa": A study of the Taslima Nasrin affair |journal=Journal of Postcolonial Writing |date=December 2010 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=540–552 |doi=10.1080/17449855.2010.517061 |s2cid=28109396}}
* Hasan, Md. Mahmudul (July 2016), "Nasrin Gone Global: A Critique of Taslima Nasrin's Criticism of Islam and Her Feminist Strategy." South Asia Research. 36(2): 167–185. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0262728016638716 Nasrin Gone Global: A Critique of Taslima Nasrin's Criticism of Islam and Her Feminist Strategy]

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[List of fatwas]]
* [[List of former Muslims]]
* [[Women in muslim societies]]
* [[The Cry (Steve Lacy album)|''The Cry'' (Steve Lacy album)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://mondediplo.com/blogs/women-s-untold-stories Women's untold stories: Michael Deibert interviews with Taslima Nasrin]
* [http://www.unesco.org/webworld/points_of_views/nasreen_121199.shtml ''For freedom of expression''] by Taslima Nasrin

{{Sakharov Prize}}
{{Subject bar
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nasrin, Taslima}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi essayists]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi women writers]]
[[Category:Swedish atheism activists]]
[[Category:Atheist feminists]]
[[Category:Attacks on secularists in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi atheists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi exiles]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi feminists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi former Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi humanists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi memoirists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi critics of religions]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women essayists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women novelists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women poets]]
[[Category:Bengali women poets]]
[[Category:Critics of creationism]]
[[Category:Fatwas]]
[[Category:Female critics of feminism]]
[[Category:Critics of feminism]]
[[Category:Former Muslim critics of Islam]]
[[Category:People from Mymensingh]]
[[Category:Secular humanists]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Sakharov Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Mymensingh Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century women poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ananda Puraskar]]

Bangaru Thalli (scheme)

2026-05-05T14:54:30Z

Nick Jones: new the pg more to come!

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}

'''Bangaru Thalli''' ({{lit|Golden girl child}}) is a welfare scheme aimed at supporting girl children, launched by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]], India. This initiative seeks to provide financial assistance to families, starting from the birth of a girl until her graduation, with a specific focus on economically disadvantaged households.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130707105958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-01/hyderabad/38957063_1_girl-child-rs-2-1-lakh-scheme CM N Kiran Kumar Reddy's 'Bangaru Thalli' scheme kicks off today - Times Of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/kiran-to-place-bangaru-thalli-before-cabinet-shortly/article4687049.ece Kiran to place ‘Bangaru Thalli’ before Cabinet shortly - The Hindu]</ref> The scheme is available to families holding a [[Below Poverty Line]] (BPL) white ration card.

== History ==
The scheme was introduced on 1 May 2013 by the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gom-gives-the-nod-for-bill-on-bangaru-thalli/article4811741.ece GoM gives the nod for Bill on Bangaru Thalli – The Hindu]</ref> Following its launch, the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] passed the ''AP Bangaru Thalli Girl Child Promotion and Empowerment Act, 2013'' on 19 June 2013.

== Scheme details ==
Bangaru Thalli offers a range of financial benefits that support both mothers and daughters at various stages of life. From the moment a woman becomes pregnant, she is entitled to receive ₹1,000 each month until she delivers her baby. Upon the birth of a girl, the family receives ₹2,500 as an immediate financial benefit.

During early childhood, the scheme continues to provide assistance, ensuring that families receive ₹1,500 annually through [[Anganwadi]] centers until the child turns five. Once the girl begins her formal education, she is entitled to ₹1,000 upon school admission. Further financial support is provided throughout her schooling years, with annual payments of ₹2,000 from the first to the fifth standard, ₹2,500 from the sixth to the eighth standard, and ₹3,000 for the ninth and tenth standards.

As the girl progresses into higher education, the scheme offers ₹3,500 each year for Intermediate studies, and ₹3,000 per year during her graduation.

== Objectives ==
The overarching goal of the Bangaru Thalli scheme is to foster the holistic development and empowerment of girl children. The scheme seeks to address the societal perception of girls as a burden, thereby promoting gender equality and improving the social status of women. By providing financial incentives at various educational milestones, the scheme aims to encourage families to invest in the education and growth of their daughters. This, in turn, is expected to reduce gender discrimination, contribute to the achievement of the [[Millennium Development Goals]], and harness the potential of women for nation-building.

In addition, the scheme seeks to ensure its continuity through well-defined responsibilities for stakeholders, helping to institutionalize support for girl children and creating a sustainable model for their welfare.

== Scope and entitlements ==
The Bangaru Thalli scheme is designed to benefit all girl children born into economically disadvantaged families, provided they were born on or after 1 May 2013 and possess a White Ration Card. The entitlements include access to public health facilities for safe institutional deliveries, along with pre- and post-natal healthcare and immunization services for mothers and their children.

Furthermore, the scheme guarantees three years of pre-school education through Anganwadi centers, followed by eight years of primary education. Girls are also supported through two years of high school education and two additional years beyond the 10th standard. Upon completing their school education, they are provided with three to four years of college education, and skill training is also offered to equip them for suitable employment.

== Incentives ==
The scheme offers financial incentives as a way to encourage families to ensure their daughters meet educational milestones. For instance, if a girl completes her Intermediate education but discontinues her studies, she is eligible for a payout of ₹50,000. If she completes a degree, the payout increases to ₹1 lakh. These financial incentives are deposited directly into the beneficiary's bank account through electronic transfers, ensuring transparency and minimizing the need for intermediaries. Aadhaar-based biometric authentication is used to verify the identity of beneficiaries and streamline the disbursement process.

== Implementation structure ==
The implementation of Bangaru Thalli is overseen by a State Council chaired by the Chief Minister, with participation from relevant ministers and departmental secretaries. The Women and Child Welfare Department serves as the nodal authority for the scheme. In rural areas, the ''Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP)'' is responsible for implementation, while in urban areas, this task falls to the ''Mission for Elimination of Poverty in Municipal Areas (MEPMA)''.

An IT-driven process underpins the administration of the scheme, with a central electronic registry that maintains an online database of beneficiaries. Local authorities, such as Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) and Anganwadi Workers (AWWs), play crucial roles in registering pregnant women and reporting the birth of children. Village Organizations (VOs) monitor the progress of each child throughout her schooling, and educational institutions upload beneficiary information to the central database.

== Social audit and budgetary requirements ==
To ensure transparency, all data related to the Bangaru Thalli scheme is made publicly accessible, allowing for social audits that hold the program accountable. The financial aspects of the scheme are also subject to audit, ensuring that the allocated resources are used effectively.

The program is designed to grow in scale over time. In its first year, the budget required to support approximately 8 lakh girls is estimated to be ₹200 crore. As the number of beneficiaries increases, the financial outlay is expected to rise, reaching ₹6,618 crore by the end of the 2034–2035 period.

Through its comprehensive structure, long-term planning, and focus on empowering girls, the Bangaru Thalli scheme aims to create lasting social change by promoting gender equality and improving the lives of women across Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Bangaru Talli" – A brief note {{!}} Hyderabad News |url=http://ourhyd.com/news/bangaru-talli-a-brief-note/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005034508/http://ourhyd.com/news/bangaru-talli-a-brief-note/ |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20140816055822/http://www.allapplicationforms.com/AP-bangarutalli-scheme.html

[[Category:Government welfare schemes in Andhra Pradesh]]

Asian water monitor

2026-05-04T17:59:39Z

Nick Jones: new new data v1!

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Redirect|Water monitor}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Varanus salvator|Varanus salvadorii}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Asian water monitor
| image = Varanus salvator - 01.jpg
| image_caption = ''V. s. salvator''
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Varanus salvator'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Quah, E. |author2=Lwin, K. |author3=Cota, M. |author4=Grismer, L. |author5=Neang, T. |author6=Wogan, G. |author7=McGuire, J. |author8=Wang, L. |author9=Rao, D.-Q. |author10=Auliya, M. |author11=Koch, A. |date=2021 |article-number=e.T178214A113138439 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T178214A113138439.en |access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Varanus
| parent = Varanus (Soterosaurus)
| species = salvator
| authority = ([[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti|Laurenti]], 1768)
| range_map = Varanussalvatordistributionmap.png
| range_map_caption = Range of Asian water monitor subspecies: Yellow: ''V. s. salvator'', Green: ''V. s. macromaculatus'', Blue: ''V. s. bivittatus'', Red: ''V. s. andamanensis'', Purple: ''V. s. celebensis'', Brown: ''V. s. ziegleri'', Grey: Unconfirmed water monitor populations of unclear subspecies or species
}}
The '''Asian water monitor''' ('''''Varanus salvator''''') is a large [[Varanidae|varanid]] [[lizard]] native to [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is widely considered to be the [[List of largest extant lizards|second-largest lizard species]], after the [[Komodo dragon]]. It is distributed from eastern and northeastern [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Sri Lanka]], through southern [[China]] and [[Hainan]] Island in the east to [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] and the islands of [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]], [[Java]], [[Lombok]], the [[Riau Archipelago]], and [[Sulawesi]]. It is one of the most widespread monitor lizards.

The Asian water monitor has a natural affinity towards water, inhabiting the surroundings of lakes, rivers, ponds, swamps, and various [[Riparian zone|riparian]] habitats, including [[Sewerage|sewers]], city parks, and urban waterways. It is an excellent swimmer and hunts fish, frogs, invertebrates, water birds, and other aquatic and amphibious prey.

Due to its apparently large, stable population, it is currently listed as [[Least Concern]] on to the [[IUCN Red List]].

== Etymology==
The [[genus|generic]] name ''Varanus'' is derived from the [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]] ''waral'' ({{lang|ar|ورل}}), which translates as "monitor". The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] is the Latin word for "saviour", denoting a possible religious connotation.<ref name="Sprackland">{{cite book |author=Sprackland, R. G. |title=Giant lizards |publisher=T.F.H. Publications |location=Neptune, NJ |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-86622-634-9}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Stellio salvator'' was the [[scientific name]] used by [[Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]] in 1768 when he [[Species description|described]] a water monitor specimen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laurenti |first1=J. N. |year=1768 |title=Specimen Medicum, Exhibens Synopsin Reptilium Emendatam cum Experimentis circa Venena |trans-title=Medical Treatise, Exhibiting an Emended Synopsis of Reptiles, with Experiments Concerning Venoms and Antidotes for Austrian Reptiles |location=Viennae |publisher=Joan. Thomae |chapter=XC. Stellio salvator |chapter-url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN362231184?tify={%22pages%22:[58],%22view%22:%22%22} |page=58}}</ref> It was subordinated to the genus ''Varanus'' by [[Theodore Cantor]] in 1847.<ref name="Böhme2003">{{cite journal |author=Böhme, W. |year=2003 |title=Checklist of the living monitor lizards of the world (family Varanidae) |journal=Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden |volume=341 |pages=4–43 |url=https://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46740 |access-date=2020-05-13 |archive-date=2017-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222003811/http://repository.naturalis.nl/document/46740 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is a significant amount of taxonomic uncertainty within this [[species complex]]. Morphological analyses have begun to unravel this taxonomic uncertainty but molecular studies are needed to test and confirm the validity of certain groupings within this genus. Research initiatives such as these are very important to assess changes in conservation assessments.<ref name="iucn"/>

The Asian water monitor is a member of the subgenus ''[[Varanus (Soterosaurus)|Soterosaurus]]'', as well as the eponymous ''Varanus salvator'' [[species complex]], which comprises all ''Soterosaurus'' species other than the [[Roughneck monitor|black rough-necked monitor]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Welton |first1=L. J. |last2=Wood |first2=P. L. |last3=Oaks |first3=J. R. |last4=Siler |first4=C. D. |last5=Brown |first5=R. M. |date=2014 |title=Fossil-calibrated phylogeny and historical biogeography of Southeast Asian water monitors (''Varanus salvator'' Complex) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=74 |pages=29–37 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.016|pmid=24486878 |bibcode=2014MolPE..74...29W }}</ref>

=== Subspecies ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Subspecies
!Common name
! style="width: 200pt;" | Distribution
! Image
|-
|''V. s. salvator''
|Sri Lankan water monitor
|Restricted to [[Sri Lanka]]
|[[File:Great big monitor lizard who goes swimming Sri Lanka (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|''V. s. andamanensis''
|Andaman Islands water monitor
|[[Andaman Islands]] and the southern [[Nicobar Islands]];<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Samarasinghe |first1=D. J. S. |last2=Surendran |first2=H. |last3=Koch |first3=A. |date=2020 |title=On the taxonomy and distribution of ''Varanus salvator andamanensis'' Deraniyagala, 1944 (Reptilia: Varanidae), including a redescription of the type specimens and a discussion about its allopatric co-occurrence with ''V. s. macromaculatus'' on the Nicobar Islands |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339458760 |url-status=live |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4743 |issue=1 |page=64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4743.1.5 |pmid=32230352 |s2cid=214484186 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222155900/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339458760_On_the_taxonomy_and_distribution_of_Varanus_salvator_andamanensis_Deraniyagala_1944_Reptilia_Varanidae_including_a_redescription_of_the_type_specimens_and_a_discussion_about_its_allopatric_co-occurren |archive-date=2020-12-22 |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[Port Blair]].<ref name=Böhme2003/>
|[[File:Varanus salvator andamanensis (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|''V. s. bivittatus''
(Mertens 1959)
|Two-striped water monitor
|Indonesian islands of [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Lombok]], [[Sumbawa]], [[Flores]], [[Alor Island|Alor]], [[Wetar]] and some neighbouring islands within the [[Sunda Islands|Sunda archipelago]]. The type locality is Java.<ref name=Böhme2003/>
|[[File:Biawak (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|''V. s. macromaculatus''
|Southeast Asian water monitor
|[[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] to [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]] and [[Meghalaya]] through [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]] to [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]], [[Bali]], [[Bangka Island|Bangka]], [[Batam]], [[Belitung]], [[Bintan Island|Bintan]], [[Enggano Island|Enggano]], [[Matak]], [[Nikoi Island (Indonesia)|Nikoi]]. The type specimen was captured in Thailand.<ref name="Koch2007">{{Cite journal |last=Koch |first=A. |date=2007 |title=Morphological studies on the systematics of South East Asian Water Monitors (''Varanus salvator'' Complex): Nominotypic populations and taxonomic overview |journal=Mertensiella |volume=16 |issue=109 |page=e80}}</ref>
|[[File:Southeast Asian Water Monitor (Varanus salvator ssp. macromaculatus) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|''V. s. ziegleri''
|Ziegler's water monitor
|[[Obi (island)|Obi Islands]], [[North Maluku]], Indonesia.
|
|-
|''V. s. celebensis''
|Sulawesi water monitor
|[[North Sulawesi]] Province of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
|[[File:Sulawesi water monitor (Varanus salvator celebensis) (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|}
''Nota bene: [[Varanus cumingi]]'', ''[[Varanus marmoratus]]'', and ''[[Varanus nuchalis]]'' were classified as subspecies until 2007, when they were elevated to full species.<ref name="Koch2007" />
[[File:Monitor lizard - Pulau Sapi - Sabah - Borneo - Malaysia - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|Melanistic Southeast Asian water monitor]]
The black water monitor from Thailand's [[Satun Province]] and Thai-Malaysian border area was formerly the subspecies ''V. s. komaini'', but now is regarded as a junior synonym and [[melanistic]] population of ''V. s. macromaculatus''.<ref name="Koch2007"/>

== Description ==
[[File:Baby varanus salvator.jpg|thumb|Young water monitor]][[File:Monitor Lizard, Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, Singapore (1669835154).jpg|thumb|''V. s. macromaculatus'']][[File:Water monitor showing split tongue .jpg|thumb|Closeup showing split tongue]]
The Asian water monitor is dark brown or blackish with yellow spots on the underside that fade gradually with age. It has blackish bands with yellow edges extending back from each eye. Its body is muscular, with long, powerful, laterally compressed tail. Its scales are keeled; the ones on top of the head are larger than those on the back. Its neck is long and its snout is elongated. It has powerful jaws, serrated teeth and sharp claws.<ref name="Shine_1996">{{cite journal |last=Shine |first=R. |author2=Harlow, P. S. |author3=Keogh, J. S. |name-list-style=amp|title=Commercial harvesting of giant lizards: The biology of water monitors ''Varanus salvator'' in southern Sumatra |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=77 |issue=2–3 |pages=125–134 |year=1996 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(96)00008-0 |bibcode=1996BCons..77..125S}}</ref>

Adults rarely exceed {{cvt|1.5|-|2|m}} in length, but the largest specimen on record from Sri Lanka measured {{cvt|3.21|m}}. A common mature weight is {{cvt|19.5|kg}}.<ref name="Shine_1996"/> However, 80 males killed for the leather trade in Sumatra averaged only {{cvt|3.42|kg}} and {{cvt|56.6|cm}} snout-to-vent and {{cvt|142|cm}} in total length; 42 females averaged {{cvt|3.52|kg}} and {{cvt|59|cm}} snout–vent length and {{cvt|149.6|cm}} in total length.<ref name="Shine_1996"/> Males are larger than females and attain breeding maturity at a length of {{cvt|40|cm}} and a weight of {{cvt|1|kg}}; and females at a length of {{cvt|50|cm}}.<ref name="Shine_1996"/>

A series of adults weighed {{cvt|7.6|kg}}.<ref name="DrydenGreen1992">{{cite journal|last1=Dryden |first1=G. L. |last2=Green|first2=B. |last3=Wikramanayake |first3=E. D. |last4=Dryden |first4=K. G. |name-list-style=amp|title=Energy and water turnover in two tropical varanid lizards, ''Varanus bengalensis'' and ''V. salvator'' |journal=Copeia |volume=1992 |issue=1 |date=1992 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.2307/1446540 |jstor=1446540}}</ref> Mature individuals in northern Sumatra were estimated to have a mean estimated body mass of {{cvt|20|kg}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shine |first1=R. |last2=Harlow |first2=P. S. |year=1998 |title=Ecological traits of commercially harvested water monitors, ''Varanus salvator'', in northern Sumatra |journal=Wildlife Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=437−447 |doi=10.1071/WR97118|bibcode=1998WildR..25..437S }}</ref> A sample of 55 Asian water monitors weighed {{Cvt|2-32|kg}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salakij |first1=C. |last2=Salakij |first2=J. |last3=Prihirunkit |first3=K. |last4=Narkkong |first4=N.-A. |last5=Sanyathitiseree |first5=P. |last6=Kranjanapitukkul |first6=K. |title=Quantitative and qualitative morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in captive Asian water monitors |journal=Veterinary Clinical Pathology |date=2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=538–546 |doi=10.1111/vcp.12183 |pmid=25123583}}</ref> The maximum weight of captive individuals is over {{cvt|50|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/varanus-salvator |title=Varanus salvator |author= |date= |website= World Association of Zoos and Aquariums|access-date= 22 August 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150430002742/https://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/varanus-salvator |archive-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

In captivity, Asian water monitors' life expectancy has been determined to be anywhere between 11 and 25 years depending on conditions, in the wild it is considerably shorter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://wildlife-facts.weebly.com/asian-water-monitor.html|title=Asian Water Monitor|website=Wildlife Facts|access-date=2017-12-01|archive-date=2019-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111105739/https://wildlife-facts.weebly.com/asian-water-monitor.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vitalexotics.com/water-monitor-black-dragon-care-sheet/|title=Water Monitor Care Sheet {{!}} Black Dragon Care Sheet {{!}} Varanus salvator Care Sheet |author= |website= Vital Exotics|language=en|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203120/http://www.vitalexotics.com/water-monitor-black-dragon-care-sheet/|archive-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>

The teeth are compressed, serrated (though irregularly) and recurved. Up to two replacement teeth lie behind each tooth position at a given time, and teeth are replaced every 59 days.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maho |first1=Tea |last2=Reisz |first2=Robert R. |date=2024-02-07 |title=Exceptionally rapid tooth development and ontogenetic changes in the feeding apparatus of the Komodo dragon |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |article-number=e0295002 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0295002 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=10849390 |pmid=38324523 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024PLoSO..1995002M }}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Asian water monitor, Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|''V. s. macromaculatus'' in a tree, in [[Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary]]]]
The Asian water monitor is widely distributed from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand excluding the north and northeastern parts.,<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Cota, M. |author2=Chan-Ard, T. |author3=Makchai, S. |title=Geographical distribution and regional variation of ''Varanus salvator macromaculatus'' in Thailand |journal=Biawak |issue=3 |date=2009 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265000481 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207034651/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265000481_Geographical_Distribution_and_Regional_Variation_of_Varanus_salvator_macromaculatus_in_Thailand}}</ref> Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the Chinese [[Guangxi]] and [[Hainan]] provinces, Malaysia, Singapore to the [[Sunda islands]] [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Borneo]] and [[Sulawesi]]. It inhabits primarily lowland freshwater and brackish [[wetland]]s. It has been recorded up to an elevation of {{cvt|1800|m}}.<ref name=iucn />

The Asian water monitor is [[semiaquatic]] and opportunistic; it inhabits a variety of natural habitats though predominantly resides in primary forests and [[mangrove]] swamps. It has been noted that it is not deterred from living in areas near human civilization. In fact, it has been known to adapt and thrive in agricultural areas as well as cities with canal systems, such as in Sri Lanka, where they are not hunted or persecuted. Habitats that are considered to be most important are mangrove vegetation, swamps, wetlands, and elevations below {{cvt|1000|m}}. It does not thrive in habitats with extensive loss of natural vegetation and aquatic resources.<ref name=iucn /> It prefers cool areas in a habitat compared to other large lizards.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wikramanayake |first1=E. D. |last2=Dryden |first2=G. L. |date=1993 |title=Thermal ecology of habitat and microhabitat use by sympatric ''Varanus bengalensis'' and ''V. salvator'' in Sri Lanka |jstor=1447231 |journal=Copeia |volume=1993 |issue=3 |pages=709–714 |doi=10.2307/1447231}}</ref>

A population of these monitors have become established as an invasive population in the southeastern parts of the USA.<ref>Common Water Monitor (Varanus salvator): Ecological Risk Screening Summary. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, February 2022. [https://www.fws.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Ecological-Risk-Screening-Summary-Common-Water-Monitor.pdf]</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:Varanus salvator (illustration).jpg|thumb|Water monitors robbing eggs from a nest. Illustration by [[Pierre Jacques Smit]], from [[Richard Lydekker]]'s ''The Royal Natural History'', 1893–1896]]

Water monitors defend themselves using their tails, claws, and jaws. They are excellent swimmers, using the raised fin on their tails to steer through water. When encountering smaller prey items, the water monitor will subdue it in its jaws and proceed to violently thrash its neck, destroying the prey's organs and spine which leaves it dead or incapacitated. The lizard will then swallow it whole.
{{Multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Sukau Sabah Baby-Biawak-in-a-puddle-of-water-02 (cropped).jpg |caption1= Asian water monitor hatchling |image2=Monitor Lizard at Sungei Buloh (8032538464).jpg |caption2= Juvenile Asian water monitor |image3=Monitor Lizard, Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve, Singapore (1669857124).jpg |caption3=Adult Asian water monitor}}
In dominantly aquatic habitats, their semiaquatic behavior is considered to provide a measure of safety from predators. This along with their versatile diet is said to contribute to their plasticity, or ecological adaptability.<ref name=iucn /> When hunted by predators such as the [[king cobra]] (''Ophiophagus hannah'') they will climb trees using their powerful legs and claws. If this evasion is not enough to escape danger, they have also been known to jump from trees into streams for safety, a tactic similar to that of the [[green iguana]] (''Iguana iguana'').<ref name=":1"/>

On the island of [[Flores]], it is [[Sympatry|sympatric]] with the Komodo dragon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forth |first=G. |date=2010 |title=Folk Knowledge and Distribution of the Komodo Dragon (''Varanus Komodoensis'') on Flores Island |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=289–307 |doi=10.2993/0278-0771-30.2.289}}</ref> Like the Komodo dragon, the water monitor often eats [[carrion]],<ref name="Sprackland"/><ref name="Khan2017">{{cite journal|last1=Rahman|first1=K. M. M.|last2=Rakhimov|first2=I. I.|last3= Khan |first3=M. M. H. |title=Activity budgets and dietary investigations of ''Varanus salvator'' (Reptilia: Varanidae) in Karamjal ecotourism spot of Bangladesh Sundarbans mangrove forest |journal=Basic and Applied Herpetology |year=2017 |volume= 31 |pages=45–56 |doi=10.11160/bah.79|doi-access=free }}</ref> or rotten flesh. By eating this decaying flesh, the Asian water monitor provides benefits to the ecosystem by removing infectious elements, cleaning the environment.<ref name=Chetruengchai2022>{{cite journal |last1=Chetruengchai |first1=W. |last2=Singchat |first2=W. |last3=Srichomthong |first3=C. |last4=Assawapitaksakul |first4=A. |last5=Srikulnath |first5=K. |last6=Ahmad |first6=S. F. |last7=Phokaew |first7=C. |last8=Shotelersuk |first8=V. |title=Genome of ''Varanus salvator macromaculatus'' (Asian Water Monitor) Reveals Adaptations in the Blood Coagulation and Innate Immune System |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |date=2022 |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.850817 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

While adults are terrestrial, juveniles are primarily arboreal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanner |first=M. |date=2020 |title=A Case of Arboreality in an Adult Water Monitor (''Varanus salvator macromaculatus'') |journal=Biawak |volume=14 |issue=1&2 |pages=56–57}}</ref>

The first description of the water monitor and its behaviour in English literature was made in 1681 by [[Robert Knox (sailor)|Robert Knox]], who observed it during his long confinement in the [[Kingdom of Kandy]]: "There is a Creature here called Kobberaguion, resembling an Alligator. The biggest may be five or six feet long, speckled black and white. He lives most upon the Land, but will take the water and dive under it: hath a long blue forked tongue like a sting, which he puts forth and hisseth and gapeth, but doth not bite nor sting, tho the appearance of him would scare those that knew not what he was. He is not afraid of people, but will lie gaping and hissing at them in the way, and will scarce stir out of it. He will come and eat Carrion with the Dogs and Jackals, and will not be scared away by them, but if they come near to bark or snap at him, with his tail, which is long like a whip, he will so slash them, that they will run away and howl."<ref>{{cite book |author=Knox, R. |title=An Historical Relation of the Island of Ceylon in the East Indies: Together With, an Account of the Detaining in Captivity the Author, and Divers, Other Englishmen Now Living There, and of the Author's Miraculous Escape |location=London |year=1681 |publisher=Richard Chiswell}}</ref>

===Reproduction===
The Asian water monitor breeds between April and October. The females lay eggs about a month after mating in rotting logs or stumps. A [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] varies from 10 to 40 eggs with an incubation period of 6 to 7 months. When hatched, hatchlings are fully developed and independent. Once males and females reach a length of about {{cvt|150|cm}}, respectively, they will become reproductively mature and able to breed.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Diet===
[[File:Lizard eating stingray (cropped).jpg|thumb|Asian water monitor feeding on a beached stingray carcass]]
[[File:Asian Water Monitor in Bangkok - 02.03.2024.jpg|thumb|Asian water monitor eating a fish head]]
[[File:Sri-Lanka water monitor.jpg|thumb|Asian water monitor at Kandy Lake (Bogambara lake), Sri Lanka. Possibly obese or pregnant, or both.]]
The Asian water monitor is carnivorous and consumes a wide range of prey. It eats fish, frogs, rodents, birds and their eggs, crabs, molluscs, insects, other lizards and snakes.<ref name="Sprackland" /><ref name="Varanus Salvator">{{cite web | url=https://biocyclopedia.com/index/monitor_lizards/varanus_salvator.php | title=Varanus Salvator }}</ref> It also eats turtles, young crocodiles, crocodile eggs, monkeys and small deer.<ref name="Varanus Salvator">{{cite web | url=https://biocyclopedia.com/index/monitor_lizards/varanus_salvator.php | title=Varanus Salvator }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitaker |first1=R. |year=1981 |title=Bangladesh – Monitors and turtles |journal=Hamadryad |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=7–9}}</ref>

Water monitors have been observed eating [[catfish]] in a fashion similar to a mammalian carnivore, tearing off chunks of meat with their sharp teeth while holding it with their front legs and then separating different parts of the fish for sequential consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://varanidae.org/4-4_Stanner.pdf |journal=Biawak |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=128–131 |year=2010 |title=Mammal-like Feeding Behavior of ''Varanus salvator'' and its Conservational Implications |author=Stanner, M. |access-date=2012-08-21 |archive-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423143053/http://varanidae.org/4-4_Stanner.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> They feed on suckermouth catfish in Thailand, which helps manage their booming population since they are not eaten by the human population there.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanner |first=M. |date=2010 |title=Mammal-like Feeding Behavior of ''Varanus salvator'' and its Conservational Implications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343417815 |journal=Biawak |issue=4 |pages=128–131}}</ref> In Java, they have also been recorded entering caves at night to hunt bats that have fallen from cave's ceiling.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clarkson |first1=M. |last2=Massyn |first2=D. |date=2020 |title=Nocturnal Hunting Activity of ''Varanus salvator'' in Goa Lalay Cave, Pelabuhan Ratu, Indonesia |journal=Biawak |volume=14 |issue=1&2 |pages=79–81}}</ref>

The diet of the Asian water monitor in an urban area in central Thailand includes fish, crabs, [[Malayan snail-eating turtle]]s (''Malayemys macrocephala''), [[Chinese edible frog]]s (''Hoplobatrachus rugulosus''), birds, small rodents, domestic cats (''Felis catus'') and dogs (''Canis familiaris''), chickens (''Gallus gallus domesticus''), food scraps and carcasses.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kulabtong, S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Mahaprom, R. |year=2014 |title=Observation on food items of Asian water monitor, ''Varanus salvator'' (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata Varanidae), in urban eco-system, Central Thailand |journal=Biodiversity Journal |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=695–698 |url=http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/6(3)_695-698.pdf |access-date=2021-05-02 |archive-date=2021-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509112911/http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/6(3)_695-698.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> They have been known to feed on dead human bodies and human faeces.<ref name="Varanus Salvator">{{cite web | url=https://biocyclopedia.com/index/monitor_lizards/varanus_salvator.php | title=Varanus Salvator }}</ref> On one hand, their presence can be helpful in locating a missing person in forensic investigations, on the other hand, they can inflict further injuries to the corpse, complicating ascertainment of the cause of death.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gunethilake, K. M. T. B. |author2=Vidanapathirana, M. | year=2016 |title=Water monitors; Implications in forensic death investigations |journal=Medico-Legal Journal of Sri Lanka | volume = 4 |issue=2 |pages=48–52 |doi=10.4038/mljsl.v4i2.7338 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The stomachs of 20 adult Asian water monitors caught on [[Redang Island]] contained mostly human food waste, followed by turtle eggs and [[hatchling]]s, crabs and lizard eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rusil, M.U. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Chen, G.N. |author3=Booth, D.T. |author4=Lei, J. |year=2020 |title=Diet preference and activity of Asian water monitor at Chagar Hutang Turtle Sanctuary |journal=Journal of Sustainability Science and Management |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.46754/jssm.2020.08.00 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |url=https://jssm.umt.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2020/10/5_15.6.pdf |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502161639/https://jssm.umt.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/sites/51/2020/10/5_15.6.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The monitor does not thrive in these areas, but manages to live in them. Studies are being conducted in order to understand how these creatures are able to do so in and around human civilization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thanasak |first1=J. |last2=Roytrakul |first2=S. |last3=T. |first3=W. |last4=Jaresitthikunchai |first4=J. |last5=Phaonakrop |first5=N. |last6=Thaisakun |first6=S. |last7=Charoenlappanit |first7=S. |last8=Surarit |first8=R. |last9=Sirimanapong |first9=W. |title=The investigation of antibacterial properties of peptides and protein hydrolysates derived from serum of Asian water monitor (''Varanus salvator'') |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2023 |volume=18 |issue=10 |article-number=e0292947 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0292947 |doi-access=free |pmid=37851665 |pmc=10584125 |bibcode=2023PLoSO..1892947T}}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, human corpses are often scavenged on by ''V. s. salvator'', which can make it hard to identify the deceased, or to run autopsies. For instance, the feeding marks made by a monitor's sharp claws resemble wounds made by bladed weapons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gunawardena |first=S. |date=2016 |title=Forensic Significance of Monitor Lizard Scavenging Activity on Human Corpses |journal=Biawak |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=45–47}}</ref> In one case, however, the presence of eight dead water monitors near the corpse of a partially scavenged 51-year-old man prompted investigation that revealed the possibility that the man died from poisoning after ingesting a bottle of [[Carbosulfan]] pesticide, which then poisoned the water monitors that scavenged on the body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mendis |first1=N.D.N.A. |last2=Banda |first2=Y.M.G |date=2020 |title=Death Investigation: Does Post-mortem Scavenging by Animals Always Make it Difficult? |journal=Biawak |volume=14 |issue=1&2 |pages=45–49}}</ref>

===Venom===
[[File:Varanus salvator skull (cropped).png|thumb|''V. salvator'' skull]]
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Water Monitor, Bentota 2 (9824519005).jpg
| total_width = 250
| image2 = Monitor Lizard (7605280008) (cropped).jpg
| direction = vertical
| footer = Asian water monitor in Sri Lanka (top), Asian water monitor in Malaysia (bottom)
}}

The possibility of [[venom]] in the genus ''Varanus'' is widely debated. Previously, venom was thought to be unique to [[Serpentes]] (snakes) and ''[[Heloderma]]'' (venomous lizards). The aftereffects of a ''Varanus'' bite were thought to be due to oral [[bacteria]] alone, but recent studies have shown venom glands are likely to be present in the mouths of several, if not all, of the species. The venom may be used as a defensive mechanism to fend off predators, to help digest food, to sustain oral hygiene, and possibly to help in capturing and killing prey.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arbuckle |first=K. |url=http://www.varanidae.org/Vol3_No2_Arbuckle.pdf |title=Ecological Function of Venom in ''Varanus'', with a Compilation of Dietary Records from the Literature |journal=Biawak |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=46−56 |year=2009 |access-date=2017-08-15 |archive-date=2018-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215944/http://www.varanidae.org/Vol3_No2_Arbuckle.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Yong, E. |url=http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/06/27/the-myth-of-the-komodo-dragons-dirty-mouth/ |title=The Myth of the Komodo Dragon's Dirty Mouth |magazine=National Geographic |date=2013 |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182450/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/06/27/the-myth-of-the-komodo-dragons-dirty-mouth/ }}</ref>

===Predation===
Adult water monitors have very few predators; with the exception of human hunters, only [[saltwater crocodile]]s (''Crocodylus porosus'') are known to target them.<ref name = "Ng2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=M. |last2=Mendyk |first2=R.W. |date=2012 |title=Predation of an adult Malaysian Water monitor ''Varanus salvator macromaculatus'' by an Estuarine Crocodile ''Crocodylus porosus'' |url=http://varanidae.org/6_1.pdf#page=35 |journal=Biawak |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=34–38 |access-date=2020-04-15 |archive-date=2020-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713213937/http://varanidae.org/6_1.pdf#page=35 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Interaction with humans===
In 1999, a seven-year-old boy in [[Pahang]], Malaysia, was bitten in the leg while bathing, requiring 18 stitches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=De Lisle |first=H. |date=2007 |title=Varanid Attacks |journal=Biawak |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=58}}</ref>

The monitor was traditionally viewed negatively in Thailand with the lizard's name functioning as a swearword; public perception has become more positive in the 2020s.<ref name=Dickie>{{cite news |last=Dickie |first=G. |date=2025 |title=‘You’re going about your day and suddenly see a little Godzilla’: Bangkok reckons with a giant lizard boom|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/sep/15/little-godzilla-bangkok-reckons-with-its-giant-lizard-boom-aoe |work=The Guardian |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>

== Threats ==
[[File:Varanus salvator - 5514.jpg|thumb|Skeleton]]
Monitor lizards are traded globally and are the most common type of lizard to be exported from Southeast Asia, with 8.1 million exported between 1998 and 2007 for the international leather market.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nijman |first=V. |year=2010 |title=An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=19 |pages=1101−1114 |issue=4 |doi=10.1007/s10531-009-9758-4 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225940648 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010BiCon..19.1101N |access-date=2017-02-02 |archive-date=2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222160034/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225940648_An_overview_of_international_wildlife_trade_from_Southeast_Asia |url-status=live }}</ref> Today the majority of the harvesting of feral water monitors occurs in Southeast Asia, in Indonesia, and in peninsular Malaysia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Khadiejah |first1=Syarifah |last2=Razak |first2=Norazlinda |last3=Ward-Fear |first3=Georgia |last4=Shine |first4=Richard |last5=Natusch |first5=Daniel J. D. |date=2019-05-08 |title=Asian water monitors (Varanus salvator) remain common in peninsular Malaysia, despite intense harvesting |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR18166 |journal=Wildlife Research |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=265–275 |doi=10.1071/WR18166 |bibcode=2019WildR..46..265K |issn=1448-5494|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Efforts to breed or farm Water monitors in captivity on a commercial scale have not been widely successful. The Asian water monitor is one of the most exploited varanids; its skin is used for fashion accessories such as shoes, belts and handbags which are shipped globally, with as many as 1.5 million skins traded annually<ref name=iucn /> and between 50,000 and 120,000 skins harvested from the wild in peninsular Malaysia.<ref name=":2" /> Other uses include a perceived remedy for skin ailments and eczema,<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Uyeda, L. |author2=Iskandar, E. |author3=Purbatrapsila, A. |author4=Pamungkas, J. |author5=Wirsing, A. |author6=Kyes, R. |year=2014 |title=Water Monitor Lizard (''Varanus salvator'') Satay: A Treatment for Skin Ailments in Muarabinuangeun and Cisiih, Indonesia |journal=Biawak |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=35–38 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263374994 |access-date=2019-07-08 |archive-date=2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222160259/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263374994_Water_Monitor_Lizard_Varanus_salvator_Satay_A_Treatment_for_Skin_Ailments_in_Muarabinuangeun_and_Cisiih_Indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref> novelty food in Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nijman |first=V. |year=2015 |title=Water Monitor Lizards for Sale as Novelty Food in Java, Indonesia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281711482 |journal=Biawak |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=28−32 |access-date=2019-03-13 |archive-date=2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222160344/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281711482_Water_monitor_lizards_for_sale_as_novelty_food_in_Java_Indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref> and a perceived [[aphrodisiac]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nijman |first=V. |year=2016 |title=Perceptions of Sundanese Men Towards the Consumption of Water Monitor Lizard Meat in West Java, Indonesia |journal=Biawak |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=22−25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305379229 |access-date=2017-02-15 |archive-date=2020-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222160457/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305379229_Perceptions_of_Sundanese_men_towards_the_consumption_of_water_monitor_lizard_meat_in_West_Java_Indonesia |url-status=live }}</ref> and as pets.<ref name="chula" /> In India, several tribal communities hunt these monitor lizards for their meat, fat and skin and the eggs are also harvested. They are often considered as pests and their populations are also threatened by habitat loss and habitat fragmentation.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327307564 |title=Effects of Traditional Beliefs leading to Conservation of Water Monitor Lizards (Varanus salvator) and threatened Marshlands in West Bengal, India |date=August 2018 |journal=[[Herpetological Conservation and Biology]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=408–414 |author1=Shreya Bhattacharya |author2=Andre Koch |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
[[File:The water monitor warning sign.jpg|thumb|Roadway crossing sign, Thailand]]
[[File:Vararus salvator - Asian water monitor.webm|thumb|Young ''V. s. macromaculatus''. Video clip|156x156px]]
In [[Nepal]], it is a protected species under the Wild Animals Protection Act of 2002. In [[Hong Kong]], it is a [[List of protected species in Hong Kong|protected species]] under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170. In Malaysia, this species is one of the most common wild animals, with numbers comparable to the population of macaques there. Although many fall victim to humans via [[roadkill]] and animal cruelty, they still thrive in most states of Malaysia, especially in the shrubs of the east coast states such as [[Pahang]] and [[Terengganu]] as the regulations in Malaysian states differ based on wildlife management authorities.<ref>Khadiejah, S., Abu-Hashim, A.K., Musa, F.H., Abdul-Patah, P., Abdul-Rahman, M.T., Ismail, H.I., Wahab, A., and Razak, N.A. (2020). Management and Trade in Asian Water Monitors (Varnanus salvator) in Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN). 87 pages.</ref> In Thailand, all monitor lizards are protected species.<ref name="chula">{{cite journal |author1=Komsorn L. |author2=Kumthorn Thirakhupt |name-list-style=amp|date=2001 |title=Species Diversity, Distribution and Proposed Status of Monitor Lizards (Family Varanidae) in Southern Thailand |journal=The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |url=http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/5/Ts-5%20species%20diversity,%20distribution%20and%20proposed%20status%20of%20monitor%20lizards%20%28family%20varanidae%29%20in%20southern%20thailand.pdf |access-date=2015-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123110/http://www.thaiscience.info/Article%20for%20ThaiScience/Article/5/Ts-5%20species%20diversity,%20distribution%20and%20proposed%20status%20of%20monitor%20lizards%20%28family%20varanidae%29%20in%20southern%20thailand.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> It is still common in large urban areas in Thailand and is frequently seen in Bangkok's canals and parks. Because of this, it is currently listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List. These classifications have been made on the basis that this species maintains a geographically wide distribution, can be found in a variety of habitats, adapts to habitats disturbed by humans, and is abundant in portions of its range despite large levels of harvesting.<ref name=iucn />

Loss of habitat and hunting has exterminated water monitors from most of mainland India. In other areas they survive despite being hunted, due in part to the fact that larger ones, including large females that breed large numbers of eggs, have tough skins that are not desirable.<ref name=ria-tan>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/verts/monitor_lizard.htm |title=Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Wetlands Reserve: Malayan Water Monitor Lizard |publisher=Naturia.per.sg |author=Ria Tan |year=2001 |access-date=2015-09-15 |archive-date=2019-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105102847/http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/verts/monitor_lizard.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, it is protected by local people who value its predation of "crabs that would otherwise undermine the banks of rice fields".<ref name=ria-tan/> It is also protected as it eats venomous snakes.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wirz, P. |title=Exorcism and the Art of Healing in Ceylon |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=1954 |page=238}}</ref>

The species is listed in Appendix II of the [[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species]] (CITES) meaning international trade (import/export) in specimens (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.<ref name=iucn/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite journal | last1=Das |first1=I. |year=1988 |title=New evidence of the occurrence of water monitor (''Varanus salvator'') in Meghalaya | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=86 |pages=253–255}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Deraniyagala | first1 = P. E. P. | year = 1944 | title = Four New Races of the ''Kabaragoya'' Lizard ''Varanus salvator'' | journal = Spolia Zeylanica | volume = 24 | pages = 59–62}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Pandav |first1=B. |year=1993 |title=A preliminary survey of the water monitor (''Varanus salvator'') in Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, Orissa |journal=Hamadryad |volume=18 |pages=49–51}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Varanus salvator|''Varanus salvator''}}
* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvator.html Animal Diversity Web]
* [http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Varanus&species=salvator JCVI.org]
* [http://www.reptile-database.org/ The New Reptile Database]

{{Varanoidea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q655616}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Varanus]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Brunei]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Lizards of India]]
[[Category:Lizards of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Laos]]
[[Category:Lizards of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Lizards of Thailand]]
[[Category:Lizards of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Borneo]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1768]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Chink

2026-04-26T17:04:15Z

Nick Jones: stub.

{{short description|Ethnic slur}}
{{Other uses|Chink (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Lead too short|date=September 2025}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

[[File:Postcard-Yellow-Peril-Chink-by-Fred-Lounsbury-1907.png|thumb|A racist postcard by Fred C. Lounsbury, promoting the idea of the [[Yellow Peril]] (1907)|alt=An angry caricatured Chinese male face with spiny facial hair and a snake-like tail. Beneath is a five-line poem which begins, "He's a Yellow Peril Chink of surprising versatility."]]

'''''Chink''''' may be used as a English-language [[List of ethnic slurs|ethnic slur]] usually referring to a person of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] descent, but also used to insult people with [[East Asia]]n features. However, "chink" is also a legitimate English noun according to [[Merriam-Webster]] describing: (1) a small cleft, slit, or fissure; (2) a weak spot that may leave one vulnerable; or (3) a narrow beam of light shining through a chink. It is also used as a verb where "chinking" describes caulking cracks and slits in construction work as building log houses.<ref name="chink definition">{{Cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chink |title=Chink {{!}} Definition of chink by Merriam-Webster |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124104137/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chink |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Various dictionaries provide different etymologies of the word ''chink''; for example, that it originated from the Chinese courtesy ''ching-ching'',<ref>{{cite book|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|date=November 2005|isbn=978-0304366361}}</ref> that it evolved from the word ''China'',<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Slang|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=December 2003|isbn=978-0198607632}}</ref> or that it was an alteration of ''Qing'' (''Ch'ing''), as in the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=21st Century Dictionary of Slang|publisher=Random House, Inc.|date=1 January 1994|isbn=978-0-440-21551-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/21stcenturydicti00watt}}</ref> It may also reflect the word ''[[wikt:chink#Etymology_1|chink]]'', meaning "slit", with reference to the comparatively narrow eyes of East Asians.<ref>{{cite OED|chink|1205743540}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Ironchinkworker.png|thumb|right|The ''Iron Chink'', a machine that guts and cleans salmon for canning,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2109|title=Automated salmon cleaning machine developed in Seattle in 1903|publisher=HistoryLink.org|date=1 January 2000|access-date=20 July 2007|archive-date=7 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807221544/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2109|url-status=live}}</ref> alongside a Chinese fishplant worker, was marketed as a replacement for fish-butchers, who were primarily Chinese immigrants.|alt=A Chinese laborer loads salmon carcasses into an Iron Chink machine. A pile of salmon carcasses covers the floor.]]

The first recorded use of the word ''chink'' is from approximately 1880.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> As far as is ascertainable, its adjective form, ''chinky'', first appeared in print in 1878.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Tom Dalzell |editor2=Terry Victor |title=New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|url=https://archive.org/details/newpartridgedict00tomd_0 |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge|date=12 May 2005|isbn=978-0-415-21258-8}}</ref>

Around the turn of the 20th century, many [[white Americans]] in the [[Northern United States]] perceived Chinese immigration as a threat to their living standards. However, Chinese workers were still desired in the [[Western United States]] due to persistent labor shortages. Chinese [[butcher]] crews were held in such high esteem that when [[Edmund A. Smith (inventor)|Edmund A. Smith]] patented his mechanized fish-butchering machine in 1905, he named it the ''Iron Chink''<ref>{{citation|title=Smith's Iron Chink – One Hundred Years of the Mechanical Fish Butcher |author=Jo Scott B |journal=British Columbia History |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=21–22 |url=http://www.canfisco.com/wildsalmon/salmon_history.asp?article=17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023023411/http://www.canfisco.com/wildsalmon/salmon_history.asp?article=17 |archive-date=23 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://stories.washingtonhistory.org/leschi/teaching/pdfs/sts-ironchink.pdf| quote=The myth arose that Edmund Smith had designed the machine specifically to fire Chinese workers| title=Revolution on a Dare; Edmund A. Smith and His Famous Fish-butchering Machine| author=Philip B. C. Jones| access-date=1 June 2011| archive-date=25 July 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725173046/http://stories.washingtonhistory.org/leschi/teaching/pdfs/sts-ironchink.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> which is seen by some as symbolic of anti-Chinese racism during the era.<ref name=exclusion>{{cite web|url=http://news.asianweek.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=adce7c26150f960d57b3f2913d47b7aa|title=Acts of Exclusion|author=Wing, Avra|publisher=AsianWeek|date=14 January 2005|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061021055731/http://news.asianweek.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=adce7c26150f960d57b3f2913d47b7aa |archive-date = 21 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2109 |title=HistoryLink.org- the Free Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History |access-date=1 June 2011 |archive-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622082339/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2109 |url-status=live }}</ref> Usage of the word continued, such as with the story "The Chink and the Child", by [[Thomas Burke (author)|Thomas Burke]], which was later adapted to film by [[D. W. Griffith]]. Griffith altered the story to be more racially sensitive and renamed it ''[[Broken Blossoms]]''.

Although ''chink'' refers to those appearing to be of Chinese descent, the term has also been directed towards people of other East and Southeast Asian ethnicities. Literature and film about the Vietnam war contain examples of this usage, including the film ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'' (1986)<ref>http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Platoon.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030011428/http://www.imsdb.com/scripts/Platoon.html|date=30 October 2006}} Accessed 31 March 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Poon |first=OiYan A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdLPEAAAQBAJ&dq=Platoon+film+%22chink%22&pg=PA6 |title=Asian American Is Not a Color: Conversations on Race, Affirmative Action, and Family |date=2024-04-30 |publisher=Beacon Press |isbn=978-0-8070-1362-5 |language=en}}</ref> and the play ''[[Sticks and Bones]]'' (1971, also [[Sticks and Bones (film)|later filmed]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKAjAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Sticks+and+Bones%22+%22Chink%22 |title=The New York Times Theater Reviews, 1920- |date=1973 |publisher=New York Times/Arno Press |isbn=978-0-405-00696-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Worldwide usage==
=== Australia ===
The terms [[Chinaman (term)|Chinaman]] and ''chink'' became intertwined, as some Australians used both with hostile intent when referring to members of the country's Chinese population, which had swelled significantly during the [[Gold Rush]] era of the 1850s and 1860s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Yu|first=Ouyang|date=1993|title=All the Lower Orders: Representations of the Chinese Cooks, Market Gardeners and Other Lower-Class People in Australian Literature from 1888 to 1988|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2174&context=kunapipi|journal=Kunapipi|volume=15|issue=3|access-date=March 10, 2023|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310222333/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2174&context=kunapipi|url-status=live}}</ref>

Assaults on Chinese miners and racially motivated riots and public disturbances were not infrequent occurrences in Australia's mining districts in the second half of the 19th century. There was some resentment, too, of the fact that Chinese miners and laborers tended to send their earnings back home to their families in China rather than spending them in Australia and supporting the local economy.

In the popular Sydney ''[[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|Bulletin]]'' magazine in 1887, one author wrote: "No nigger, no chink, no [[lascar]], no [[Kanakas|kanaka]] (laborer from the South Pacific islands), no purveyor of cheap labour, is an Australian."<ref name="ReferenceA">Hughes, Geoffrey. An Encyclopedia of Swearing. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.</ref> Eventually, since-repealed federal government legislation was passed to restrict non-white immigration and thus protect the jobs of [[Anglo-Celtic]] Australian workers from "undesirable" competition.

=== India ===
In India, the ethnic slur ''chinki'' (or ''chinky'') is frequently directed against people with East Asian features, including people from [[Northeast India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/northeast-students-question-racism-in-india/94320-3.html|title=Northeast students question 'racism' in India|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=6 June 2009|access-date=28 November 2009|archive-date=28 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628090155/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/northeast-students-question-racism-in-india/94320-3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> who are often mistaken for Chinese, despite being closer to [[Tibetans]] and the [[Burmese people|Burmese]] than to [[Han Chinese people]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/world/asia/indians-protest-saying-a-death-was-tied-to-bias.html |title=Indians Protest, Saying a Death Was Tied to Bias |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107042954/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/02/world/asia/indians-protest-saying-a-death-was-tied-to-bias.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of Home Affairs]] recognized use of the term "chinki" to refer to a member of the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] (especially in the North-East) as a criminal offense under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act with a penalty of up to five years in jail. The Ministry further warned that they would very seriously review any failure of the police to enforce this interpretation of the Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/north-east-racial-slur-home-ministry-sc-st-act-jail-term-104281-2012-06-02 |title=North-East racial slur could get you jailed for five years |first=Aman |last=Sharma |work=India Today |date=3 June 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-date=5 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805093458/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/north-east-racial-slur-home-ministry-sc--st-act-jail-term/1/198828.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
{{Blockquote
|text=Chinky: Strongest language, highly unacceptable without strong contextualisation. Seen as derogatory to Chinese people. More mixed views regarding use of the term to mean 'Chinese takeaway'.
|author=Broadcasting regulator [[Ofcom]]
|source=''Attitudes to potentially offensive language and gestures on TV and radio'' (2016)<ref name="ofcom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/91625/OfcomQRG-AOC.pdf |title=Attitudes to potentially offensive language and gestures on TV and radio, Quick Reference Guide |website=ofcom.org.uk |publisher=Ipsos MORI |date=September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007171953/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/91625/OfcomQRG-AOC.pdf |page=12}}</ref>
}}

''Chinky'' (or ''chinky chonky''<ref>{{cite book|title=Britslang: An Uncensored A-Z of the People's Language, Including Rhyming Slang|author=Ray Puxley|page=98|year=2004|publisher=Robson|isbn=1-86105-728-8}}</ref>) is slang for a [[Chinese takeaway]] restaurant or Chinese food and Chinese people<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/21/broadcasting.uknews|title=TV's most offensive words|date=21 November 2005|website=The Guardian}}</ref> which, in parts of [[northern England]], are known as a ''chinkies'', always in the plural.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

The 1969 top 3 UK hit single for [[Blue Mink]], "[[Melting Pot (song)|Melting Pot]]", has the lyric: "take a pinch of white man/Wrap him up in black skin. [...] Mixed with yellow Chinkies. You know you lump it all together/And you got a recipe for a get-along scene/Oh what a beautiful dream/If it could only come true".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/melting-pot-lyrics-blue-mink.html |title=Melting Pot Lyrics |website=metrolyrics.com |url-status=dead|access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214223000/http://www.metrolyrics.com/melting-pot-lyrics-blue-mink.html}}</ref> In August 2019, British broadcaster [[Global Media & Entertainment|Global]] permanently deleted the song from its [[Gold (British radio network)|Gold]] playlist after a complaint about offensive language was lodged with British broadcasting regulator Ofcom. Under the direction of the [[Communications Act 2003]], Ofcom ruled that "the phrase 'yellow Chinkies' had the potential to be highly offensive"{{r|name="ofcom 2019"|p=16}} and "that the use of derogatory language to describe ethnic groups carries a widespread potential for offence".{{r|name="ofcom 2019"|p=17}} Ofcom considered that the passage of time since the song's release and the song's positive message of racial harmony did not "mitigate the potential for offence."{{r|name="ofcom 2019"|p=17–18}} Ofcom determined that the "potentially offensive material was not justified by the context"{{r|name="ofcom 2019"|p=18}} and ruled the case resolved as the licensee Global had removed the song from Gold's playlist.<ref name="ofcom 2019">{{cite book |title=Broadcast and On Demand Bulletin |chapter=The Music Marathon: Gold, 27 May 2019, 12:45 |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/163507/issue-385-broadcast-and-on-demand-bulletin.pdf#page=15 |pages=15–18 |publisher=Ofcom |date=27 August 2019 |issue=385 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120181102/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/163507/issue-385-broadcast-and-on-demand-bulletin.pdf#page=15 |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2023 }}</ref> In September 2019, Scottish [[community radio in the United Kingdom|community radio]] station Black Diamond FM removed "Melting Pot" from its playlist and "planned to carry out refresher training with its staff" after two complaints about the song's broadcast were lodged with Ofcom. Ofcom ruled in December 2019 that Black Diamond was in breach of Ofcom's Broadcasting Code because "the potentially offensive language in this broadcast was not justified by the context".<ref>{{cite book |title=Broadcast and On Demand Bulletin |chapter=Geoff Ruderham: Black Diamond FM 107.8, 2 September 2019, 12:23 |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/182679/Issue-392-broadcast-and-on-demand-bulletin.pdf#page=12 |pages=12–15 |publisher=Ofcom |date=12 December 2019 |issue=392 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604133204/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0033/182679/Issue-392-broadcast-and-on-demand-bulletin.pdf#page=12 |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Complaints upheld against station playing Melting Pot by Blue Mink |url=https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/12/complaints-upheld-against-station-playing-melting-pot-by-blue-mink/ |work=[[Radio Today (website)|RadioToday]] |date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415134947/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2019/12/complaints-upheld-against-station-playing-melting-pot-by-blue-mink/ |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2023 }}</ref>

In 1999, an exam given to students in [[Scotland]] was criticized for containing a passage that students were told to interpret containing the word ''chinky''. This exam was taken by students all over Scotland, and Chinese groups expressed offence at the use of this passage. The examinations body apologized, calling the passage's inclusion "an error of judgement."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/380867.stm|title=Chinese 'slur' wins apology|work=BBC News|date=29 June 1999|access-date=6 April 2007|archive-date=9 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309043421/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/380867.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2002, the [[Broadcasting Standards Commission]], after a complaint about the [[BBC One]] programme ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'', held that when used as the name of a type of restaurant or meal, rather than as an adjective applied to a person or group of people, the word still carries extreme racist connotation which causes offence particularly to those of East Asian origin.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/bsc/pdfs/bulletin/bulletin56.pdf|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040104233440/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/bsc/pdfs/bulletin/bulletin56.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-01-04|page=19|date=2002-07-25|issue=56|journal=The Bulletin|title=The Vicar Of Dibley|volume=56|publisher=[[Broadcasting Standards Commission]]}}</ref>

In 2004, the commission's counterpart, the [[Radio Authority]], apologised for the offence caused by an incident where a DJ on [[Heart London|Heart 106.2]] used the term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/rau/publications-archive/adobe-pdf/regulation/quart-bulletins/bullet42.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040104233440/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/rau/publications-archive/adobe-pdf/regulation/quart-bulletins/bullet42.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-01-04 |title=Radio Authority Quarterly Complaints Bulletin: April – June 2001 |page=25 |date=June 2001 |issue=42 |publisher=[[Radio Authority]]}}</ref>

In a 2005 document commissioned by [[Ofcom]] titled "Language and Sexual Imagery in Broadcasting: A Contextual Investigation" their definition of chink was "a term of racial offence/abuse. However, this is polarising. Older and mainly white groups tend to think this is not usually used in an abusive way—e.g., let's go to the Chinky—which is not seen as offensive by those who aren't of East Asian origin; Chinky usually refers to food not a culture or race however, younger people, East Asians, particularly people of Chinese origin and other non-white ethnic minorities believe the word 'Chinky, Chinkies or Chinkie' to be as insulting as '[[Paki (slur)|paki]]' or '[[nigger]]'."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/24015/language.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083626/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/24015/language.pdf | archive-date=18 April 2017 | url-status=dead | title=Language and Sexual Imagery in Broadcasting: A Contextual Investigation | publisher=Ofcom | date=September 2005 | author=The Fuse Group | page=85 | access-date=9 April 2022 }}</ref>

In 2006, after several campaigns by the [[Scottish Executive]], more people in [[Scotland]] now acknowledge that this name is indirectly racist.<ref>{{cite book|title=One Scotland Many Cultures 2005/2006 — Waves 6 and 7 Campaign Evaluation|date=2006-09-13|url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/148647/0039524.pdf|publisher=[[Scottish Executive]]|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811174255/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/148647/0039524.pdf|isbn=0-7559-6242-7|issn=0950-2254}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, British broadcasting regulator [[Ofcom]] considers the word to be "Strongest language, highly unacceptable without strong contextualisation. Seen as derogatory to Chinese people. More mixed views regarding use of the term to mean 'Chinese takeaway'".<ref name="ofcom" />

In 2014, the term gained renewed attention after a recording emerged of [[UK Independence Party|UKIP]] candidate Kerry Smith referring to a woman of Chinese background as a "chinky bird".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-30546515|title=Farage defends 'rough diamond' former UKIP candidate|website=BBC News|date=19 December 2014|access-date=9 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409181712/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-30546515|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== United States ===
The [[Pekin Community High School District 303]] teams in [[Pekin, Illinois]] were officially known as the "Pekin Chinks" until 1981, when the school administration changed the name to the "Pekin Dragons". The event received national attention.<ref name=CAMC>{{cite web|title=1981: The Pekin Chinks high school team becomes the Pekin Dragons|url=http://www.ccamuseum.org/index.php/en/research/research-1900-1949/128-1981-the-pekin-chinks-high-school-team-becomes-the-pekin-dragons|website=Chinese-American Museum of Chicago|access-date=30 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819070808/http://www.ccamuseum.org/index.php/en/research/research-1900-1949/128-1981-the-pekin-chinks-high-school-team-becomes-the-pekin-dragons|archive-date=19 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Stainbrook>{{cite news|last1=Stainbrook|first1=Michael|title=The hunt for 'Red' alternatives|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/highschool/ct-spt-0921-prep-sunday-special-mascots-sider-20140920-story.html|access-date=30 July 2015|work=Chicago Tribune|date=26 September 2014|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019092212/http://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/highschool/ct-spt-0921-prep-sunday-special-mascots-sider-20140920-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During early 2000, [[University of California, Davis]] experienced a string of racial incidents and crimes between Asian and white students, mostly among [[fraternities]]. Several incidents included "chink" and other racial epithets being shouted among groups, including the slurs being used during a robbery and assault on an Asian fraternity by 15 white males. The incidents motivated a school-wide review and protest to get professional conflict resolution and [[culturally sensitive]] mediators.<ref name=ucd>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianweek.com/2001_02_16/bay1_ucdavisprotest.html |title=Hate Crimes Galvanize U.C. Davis Students |author=Banerjee, Neela |publisher=Asianweek.com |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=3 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013162308/http://www.asianweek.com/2001_02_16/bay1_ucdavisprotest.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref>

[[Sarah Silverman]] appeared on ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'' in 2001, stirring up controversy when the word ''chink'' was used without the usual [[Bleep censor|bleep]] appearing over ethnic slurs on network television. The controversy led Asian activist and community leader [[Guy Aoki]] to appear on the talk show ''[[Politically Incorrect]]'' along with Sarah Silverman. Guy Aoki alleged that Silverman did not believe that the term was offensive.<ref name=AsianWeek>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianweek.com/2001_08_24/news_polit_incor.html |title=ABC's Politically Incorrect Tackles Comedian's 'Chink' Joke |publisher=AsianWeek |date=24 August 2000 |access-date=22 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527211343/http://www.asianweek.com/2001_08_24/news_polit_incor.html |archive-date=27 May 2006 }}</ref>

New York City radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] was criticized for airing the "[[USA for Indonesia|Tsunami Song]]". Referring to the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], in which over an estimated 200,000 people died, the song used the phrase "screaming chinks" along with other offensive lyrics. The radio station fired a co-host and producer, and indefinitely suspended radio personality [[Miss Jones (radio personality)|Miss Jones]], who was later reinstated. Members of the Asian American community said Miss Jones' reinstatement condoned hate speech.<ref name=hot97>{{cite web|url=http://yellowworld.org/top_stories/295.html |title='Tsunami Song' Host Miss Jones Returns |publisher=Yellowworld.org |last1=Fang |first1=Jennifer |first2=James |last2=Fujikawa |date=16 February 2005 |access-date=3 April 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718094830/http://yellowworld.org/top_stories/295.html |archive-date=18 July 2006 }}</ref>

A [[Philadelphia]] eatery, [[Chink's Steaks]], created controversy beginning in 2004 with articles appearing in the ''[[Philadelphia Daily News]]'' and other newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Says |first=Gary |date=2008-04-28 |title=Northeast cheesesteak joint shows prejudice - The Temple News |url=https://temple-news.com/northeast-cheesesteak-joint-shows-prejudice/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=temple-news.com |language=en-US |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214224602/https://temple-news.com/northeast-cheesesteak-joint-shows-prejudice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The restaurant was asked by Asian community groups<ref>{{cite news |last=Aoyagi |first=Caroline |date=6 February 2004 |title=AA Groups demand name change for Philadelphia eatery, "Chink's Steacks" |url=https://pacificcitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/archives-menu/Vol.138_%2302_Feb_06_2004.pdf |url-status=live |work=[[Pacific Citizen]] |volume=138 |pages=1–2 |issn=0030-8579 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117010953/https://pacificcitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/archives-menu/Vol.138_%2302_Feb_06_2004.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2021 |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> to change the name. The restaurant was named after the original [[American Jews|Jewish-American]] owner's nickname, "Chink", derived from the ethnic slur due to his "slanty eyes".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chapters.aaja.org/Philadelphia/csteaks.html |title=Only 21, she's leading steak-shop fight |publisher=The Asian American Journalists Association – Philadelphia |date=1 April 2004 |access-date=22 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403193647/http://chapters.aaja.org/Philadelphia/csteaks.html |archive-date=3 April 2007 }}</ref> The restaurant was renamed Joe's in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/food/Chinks-Steaks-changing-its-name.html |title=Chink's Steaks changing its name |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219134548/http://www.philly.com/philly/food/Chinks-Steaks-changing-its-name.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/04/01/iconic-northeast-philadelphia-cheesesteak-joint-changes-name/ |title=Chink's Steaks Sign No Longer Hanging In Northeast Philadelphia « CBS Philly |date=April 2013 |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104153/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2013/04/01/iconic-northeast-philadelphia-cheesesteak-joint-changes-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://joessteaks.com/ |title=Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130124605/http://joessteaks.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.angryasianman.com/2013/08/take-that-racists-eat-at-joes-formerly.html |title=Take that, racists: Eat at Joe's (formerly Chink's Steaks) |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104319/http://blog.angryasianman.com/2013/08/take-that-racists-eat-at-joes-formerly.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phillymag.com/foobooz/2013/03/28/chinks-steaks-is-now-joes-steaks-soda-shop/ |title=Chink's Steaks Is Now Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop – Foobooz |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203000523/http://www.phillymag.com/foobooz/2013/03/28/chinks-steaks-is-now-joes-steaks-soda-shop/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Stop Asian Hate IMG 1957a (51076888183).jpg|thumb|[[Stop Asian Hate]] emerged as a response to the use of slurs such as 'Chink' in the aftermath of the [[Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].]]
In February 2012, [[ESPN]] fired one employee and suspended another for using the headline "Chink in the Armor" in reference to [[Jeremy Lin]], an American [[basketball]] player of Taiwanese and Chinese descent.<ref name=boren>{{cite news |last=Boren |first=Cindy |title=ESPN fires employee for offensive Jeremy Lin headline; "SNL" weighs in |date=19 February 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/post/espn-fires-employee-for-offensive-jeremy-lin-headline-snl-weighs-in-video/2012/02/19/gIQAYO7qNR_blog.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220112955/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/post/espn-fires-employee-for-offensive-jeremy-lin-headline-snl-weighs-in-video/2012/02/19/gIQAYO7qNR_blog.html |archive-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=collins>{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Scott |title=Jeremy Lin and ESPN: Network rushes to quell furor over 'chink' comments |date=19 February 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2012/02/espn-jeremy-lin-chink-comments-fired-suspended.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219223447/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2012/02/espn-jeremy-lin-chink-comments-fired-suspended.html |archive-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While the word ''[[wikt:chink|chink]]'' also refers to a crack or fissure and ''[[chink in the armor]]'' is an [[idiom]] and common sports cliché, referring to a vulnerability,<ref>{{cite web |title=chink in one's armor |work=Dictionary.com |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chink+in+one%27s+armor |access-date=19 February 2012 |archive-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314201945/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chink+in+one's+armor |url-status=live }}</ref> the "apparently intentional" [[double entendre]] of its use in reference to an Asian athlete was viewed as offensive.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Kelly |title=Apparently intentional, ESPN's since-deleted headline about Jeremy Lin was distressing |date=18 February 2012 |publisher=Yahoo! |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/whether-intentional-not-espn-since-deleted-headline-jeremy-192208429.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218204426/http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nba-ball-dont-lie/whether-intentional-not-espn-since-deleted-headline-jeremy-192208429.html |archive-date=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2019, after it was announced that [[Shane Gillis]] would be joining ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' as a featured cast member, clips from Gillis' podcast in 2018 resurfaced, in which Gillis made anti-Asian jokes, including using the word "chink". The revelation sparked public outcry, with several outlets noting the disconnect of hiring Gillis along with [[Bowen Yang]], the show's first Chinese American cast member.<ref>* {{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/09/saturday-night-live-cant-ignore-its-shane-gillis-problem/598033/|title='Saturday Night Live' Made a Mistake Hiring Shane Gillis|last=Sims|first=David|date=September 13, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-13|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515171731/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/09/saturday-night-live-cant-ignore-its-shane-gillis-problem/598033/|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/sep/12/snl-bowen-yang-shane-gillis-asian-slur|title=SNL adds first Asian cast member while another is under fire over anti-Asian slur|last=Ho|first=Vivian|date=September 13, 2019|website=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 13, 2019}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2019-09-12/snl-shane-gillis-racial-slur-matt-and-shane-secret-podcast|title=New 'SNL' cast member Shane Gillis responds after video of racist slur resurfaces|date=2019-09-12|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-13|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515171731/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2019-09-12/snl-shane-gillis-racial-slur-matt-and-shane-secret-podcast|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/09/snl-shane-gillis-racist-homophobic-remarks.html|title=New SNL Hire Shane Gillis Has a History of Racist and Homophobic Remarks|last=Wright|first=Megh|date=September 13, 2019|work=Vulture|access-date=September 13, 2014|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516041950/https://www.vulture.com/2019/09/snl-shane-gillis-racist-homophobic-remarks.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/shane-gillis-snl-racial-slur-saturday-night-live-nbc-1203334216/|title=New 'SNL' Cast Member Shane Gillis Uses Racist, Sexist, Homophobic Remarks in Resurfaced Material|last1=Thorne|first1=Will|date=September 13, 2019|work=Variety|access-date=September 13, 2019|last2=Low|first2=Elaine|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515171732/https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/shane-gillis-snl-racial-slur-saturday-night-live-nbc-1203334216/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="using">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-snl-cast-member-shane-gillis-exposed-in-videos-using-racist-and-homophobic-slurs/|title=New "SNL" cast member Shane Gillis exposed in videos using racist and homophobic slurs|last=Lewis|first=Sophie|date=September 13, 2019|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515171731/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-snl-cast-member-shane-gillis-exposed-in-videos-using-racist-and-homophobic-slurs/|url-status=live}}</ref> After Gillis issued what was characterized as a [[non-apology apology]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/platform/amp/culture/2019/9/13/20864098/snl-shane-gillis-racist-homophobic-jokes-controversy-backlash|title=Racist jokes by new SNL cast member Shane Gillis prompt backlash — and a non-apology about "risks"|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alex|date=September 13, 2019|work=Vox|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314025958/https://www.vox.com/platform/amp/culture/2019/9/13/20864098/snl-shane-gillis-racist-homophobic-jokes-controversy-backlash|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_5d7ada5ae4b077dcbd5b2b32/amp|title=New 'SNL' Cast Member Spews Racist Asian Jokes, Slur In Resurfaced Video|last=Herreria|first=Carla|date=September 13, 2019|website=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625041013/https://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_5d7ada5ae4b077dcbd5b2b32/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> a spokesperson for [[Lorne Michaels]] announced Gillis would be let go prior to his first episode due to the controversy.<ref name="using" />

In May 2021, American comedian [[Tony Hinchcliffe]] was videotaped insulting Peng Dang, an [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] comedian who had introduced Hinchcliffe after performing the previous set at a comedy club in [[Austin, Texas]], by referring to Dang as a "filthy little fucking chink".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-12|title=Tony Hinchcliffe goes on racist rant after being introduced by Asian-American comedian|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/tony-hinchcliffe-racist-peng-dang/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=The Daily Dot|language=en-US|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512231923/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/tony-hinchcliffe-racist-peng-dang/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dang posted the video on [[Twitter]], resulting in heavy backlash against Hinchliffe, who was subsequently dropped by his agency and removed from several scheduled shows.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-13|title=Comedian Tony Hinchcliffe dropped by WME and Joe Rogan gigs after slur against Chinese comedian: reports|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-comic-tony-hinchcliffe-let-go-by-wme-after-anti-asian-slur-against-peng-dang-20210513-7xqq6fhycfcd5e3krh6ztceylu-story.html|access-date=2021-05-15|website=New York Daily News|language=en-US|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515162254/https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-comic-tony-hinchcliffe-let-go-by-wme-after-anti-asian-slur-against-peng-dang-20210513-7xqq6fhycfcd5e3krh6ztceylu-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2025, the [[Love Island USA]] season 7 contestant, Cierra Ortega, was removed from the show one week before the season finale after social media posts from years prior resurfaced of her using the term. After her removal, she finally spoke out on [[Instagram]] on the matter, "I am deeply, truly, honestly, so sorry. I had no idea that the word held as much pain as much harm, and came with the history that it did, or I never would have used it," she said. "I had no ill intention when I was using it. But that's absolutely no excuse, because intent doesn't excuse ignorance."<ref>{{cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DL6MCnTPsjy/ }}</ref> There were two posts that resurfaced on social media of Ortega using the term—one from 2015 and another from 2023—both of which show Ortega using the term to describe her own appearance. Viewers and fans of the show quickly began asking Peacock to remove Ortega from the show, including over 17,000 people signing an online petition.<ref>{{cite web | title=Why Did Cierra Ortega Leave 'Love Island USA'? Inside Her Sudden Exit for 'Personal' Reasons | url=https://people.com/why-did-cierra-ortega-leave-love-island-usa-11767348 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Wiktionary|Chink}}
* [[Ang mo]]h
* [[Chinaman]]
* [[Ching chong]]
* [[Coolie]]
* [[Gook]]
* [[Guling (derogatory)]]
* [[Gweilo]]
* [[Jap]]
* [[Moke (slang)]]
* [[Shina (word)]]
* [[List of ethnic slurs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Foster, Harry. ''A Beachcomber in the Orient''. New York: [[Dodd, Mead & Co.]], 1930.

{{Anti-Chinese sentiment}}
{{Ethnic slurs}}

[[Category:Anti-Chinese slurs]]
[[Category:English words]]
[[Category:Asian-Australian issues]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Racism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Buddhist slurs]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States]]

Biswanath Somadder

2026-04-23T07:43:37Z

Nick Jones: article

{{short description|23rd Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| name = Biswanath Somadder
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pic of justice Biswanath Somadder.jpg
| alt = 200px
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Sikkim High Court|23rd Chief Justice]] of [[Sikkim High Court]]
| term_start = 12 October 2021
| term_end = 14 December 2025
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[J. K. Maheshwari]]|[[Meenakshi Madan Rai|M. M. Rai]] (acting)}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[A. Muhamed Mustaque]]|[[Meenakshi Madan Rai|M. M. Rai]] (acting)}}
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Meghalaya High Court|9th Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| term_start1 = 27 April 2020
| term_end1 = 11 October 2021
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mohammad Rafiq (judge)|Mohammad Rafiq]]
| successor1 = [[Ranjit Vasantrao More]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start2 = 17 October 2019
| term_end2 = 26 April 2020
| nominator2 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start3 = 22 June 2006
| term_end3 = 16 October 2019
| nominator3 = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| term_start4 = 1 January 2019
| term_end4 = 3 April 2019
| status4 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| appointer4 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor4 = [[Debasish Kar Gupta]]
| successor4 = [[T. B. Radhakrishnan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|12|15}}
| birth_place =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] and [[LL.B.]]
}}

'''Biswanath Somadder''' (born 15 December 1963) is a retired Indian judge, who has served as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Sikkim High Court]] and [[Meghalaya High Court]]. He is a former [[judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]] and [[Calcutta High Court]]. He has also served as [[Chief justice|Acting Chief Justice]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]] in 2019.<ref name="Calcutta High Court - Judges">{{Cite web|title=Calcutta High Court - Judges|url=https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/31|access-date=2021-12-01|website=www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Justice Somadder was born on 15 December 1963. He completed his schooling from the La Martiniere for Boys school, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He then passed his Bachelor of Arts and [[LL.B]]. from the [[University of Calcutta]] and also completed a Certificate Course on Office Automation Tools under the Computer Education Programme of the Regional Computer Centre, [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Calcutta High Court - Judges"/>

==Career==
Somadder was enrolled as an advocate on 21 July 1989. He practised in the High Court at Calcutta as well as the [[Supreme Court of India]] and also appeared before [[Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal|CESTAT]], Eastern Regional Bench. Somadder practised in Constitutional (Customs & Central Excise, FERA, Telecommunication, Education, Service and Income Tax), Arbitration, Company, Revenue, Civil and Criminal matters, and specialised in Revenue, Arbitration and Constitutional laws. Somadder was senior counsel for the Central Government in the High Court at Calcutta and was also the honorary joint secretary of the Bar Library Club of Calcutta High Court, till just prior to his elevation.<ref name="Calcutta High Court - Judges"/>

On 22 June 2006, he was elevated as a permanent judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/06/22/16-new-judges-join-calcutta-high-court-1150981658.html|title=16 new judges join Calcutta High Court|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/16-new-judges-five-slots-still-empty/cid/794393|title=16 new judges, five slots still empty|last=|first=|date=|website=telegraphindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> Justice Somadder was appointed the executive chairman of the State Legal Services Authority of [[West Bengal]] on 5 November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/31|title=Judge Information|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> Appointed Judge-in-Charge, Administrative Department, High Court at Calcutta, to discharge the functions assigned under the Appellate Side Rules of the High Court at Calcutta, with effect from 19 November 2018. He became the Acting Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court from 1 January 2019 and retained the post till 3 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/biswanath-somadder-acting-chief-justice-calcutta-hc/|title=Justice Biswanath Somadder appointed Acting Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/biswanath-somadder-to-be-acting-chief-justice-from-january-1/articleshow/67280731.cms|title=Biswanath Somadder to be acting chief justice from January 1|last=|first=|date=|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sangbadbiswabangla.com/2018/12/28/chief-justice-high-court-justice-biswanath-samadder/|title=হাইকোর্টের নতুন ভারপ্রাপ্ত প্রধান বিচারপতি বিশ্বনাথ সমাদ্দার|language=bn|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 December 2018}}</ref> He assumed charge as judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] on 17 October 2019.

On 23 April 2020, he was appointed the [[Chief justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]] and took oath on 27 April 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice Biswanath Somadder new chief justice of Meghalaya High Court |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/justice-biswanath-somadder-new-chief-justice-of-meghalaya-high-court.html |accessdate=24 April 2020 |work=NORTHEAST NOW}}</ref> He was transferred as Chief Justice of [[Sikkim High Court]] on 9 October 2021 and took oath on 12 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritu |date=2024-01-04 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice Biswanath Somadder, 24th Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/01/04/justice-biswanath-somadder-24th-chief-justice-of-sikkim-high-court-scc-blog-scc-blog-legal-research-news/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He was not elevated to Supreme Court though he has been the senior most High Court judge in the [[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#List of Judges by seniority (in cumulative)|all India Seniority of all High Court judges]] for more than 2 years. His and [[Dipankar Datta|Dipankar Datta's]] non elevation to Supreme Court in May 2022 has generated significant controversy when much junior [[J. B. Pardiwala]] of [[Gujarat High Court]] was elevated to Supreme Court,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bengal judges denied elevation to Supreme Court |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/denial-of-bengal-judges-elevation-to-supreme-court-sparks-row/cid/1864706}}</ref> had they both were elevated at this time both Somadder and Datta would be in line to become CJI in 2028.<ref name=":0" /> However, in December 2022, Dipankar Datta (junior to Justice Somadder, though both became judge on same day i.e. 22 June 2006) was elevated to Supreme court but Justice Somadder was left.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2022-12-12 |title=Ex-Bombay HC Chief Justice Dipankar Datta takes oath as Supreme Court judge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-bombay-hc-chief-justice-dipankar-datta-takes-oath-as-supreme-court-judge/article66253854.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Again in March 2025, appointment of Junior judge [[Joymalya Bagchi]] of Calcutta High Court to Supreme Court bypassing senior judges including Somadder has generated contorversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=SC Collegium Supersedes These 10 HC Judges to Nominate Justice Bagchi to Supreme Court - Law Trend |url=https://lawtrend.in/sc-collegium-supersedes-10-hc-judges-to-nominate-justice-bagchi-to-supreme-court/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

He retired as Chief Justice of Sikkim High Court on 14 December 2025 upon reaching age of superannuation i.e. 62 years, bringing an end to 2 decades long career as Judge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Sikkim holds Full Court Reference to bid farewell to Chief Justice Biswanath Somadder |url=https://sikkimexpress.com/high-court-of-sikkim-holds-full-court-reference-to-bid-farewell-to-chief-justice-biswanath-somadder |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somadder, Biswanath}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Senior Counsel]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Meghalaya High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Sikkim High Court]]

Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:30Z

Nick Jones: adding a post - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{for|the constituency in Punjab|Sujanpur, Punjab Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sujanpur
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 37
| map_image = 37-Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh constituency.svg
| mla = [[Ranjit Singh (Himachal Pradesh politician)|Ranjit Singh]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Bye Election to Assembly Constituencies: Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0837.htm}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:75396}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Sujanpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]] covering [[Tira Sujanpur]]. It is part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sujanpur Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sujanpur.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 31, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Rajinder Singh Rana]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|2014{{efn|by-election}}
|[[Narinder Thakur]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2" | [[Rajinder Singh Rana]]
|rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly bye-elections|2024]]{{efn|by-election}}<ref name="Himachal Pradesh Election Results 2024: BJP’s Rajinder Rana loses to Cong’s Ranjit Singh in Himachal’s Sujanpur bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Himachal Pradesh Election Results 2024: BJP’s Rajinder Rana loses to Cong’s Ranjit Singh in Himachal’s Sujanpur bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajinder-rana-ranjit-singh-himachal-pradesh-election-results-2024/article68250606.ece |access-date=9 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609200718/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajinder-rana-ranjit-singh-himachal-pradesh-election-results-2024/article68250606.ece |archive-date=9 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|Capt. Ranjit Singh ||
|-
|}

{{notelist}}

==Election results==
===2024 By-election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2024 Himachal Pradesh By-election: Sujanpur}}
<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Sujanpur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Sujanpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0837.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807145310/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S0837.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Captain Ranjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,529 |percentage=51.40% |change={{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate= [[Rajinder Singh Rana]]
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,089 |percentage=47.16% |change={{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh Dogra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=334 |percentage=0.58% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Rana |party=Independent |votes=134 |percentage=0.23% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Independent |votes=71 |percentage=0.12% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Independent |votes=46 |percentage=0.08% |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=241 |percentage=0.42% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,440 |percentage=4.24% |change= {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,444 |percentage=76.32% |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,396 |ref = |change= {{steady}} }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.61 }}{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sujanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,679 |percentage=49.79% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Singh Rana
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=27,280 |percentage=49.07% |change={{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=237 |percentage=0.43% |change={{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Rana |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=212 |percentage=0.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=103 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=86 |percentage=0.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=399 |percentage=0.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,597 |percentage=73.74% |change= {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sujanpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Rana]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,288 |percentage=48.80% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,369 |percentage=45.10% |change={{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Kumar Thakur |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,023 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=485 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Singh Dogra |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=344 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,919 |percentage=3.70% |change= {{increase}}2.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,819 |percentage=75.64% |change= {{decrease}}23.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,504 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|2014 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Sujanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narinder Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,993 |percentage=49.78% |change={{increase}}30.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Kumari Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,455 |percentage=48.62% |change={{increase}}25.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Thakur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=387 |percentage=0.84% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=352 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=351 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=538 |percentage=1.16% |change= {{decrease}}30.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,187 |percentage=100.00% |change= {{increase}}29.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,659 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}28.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sujanpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Rana]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,674 |percentage=54.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anita Verma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,508 |percentage=23.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Urmil Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,853 |percentage=19.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Thakur |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=258 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parveen Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,166 |percentage=31.43% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,072 |percentage=69.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,006 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|31.83|76.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Trilokpuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:44:01Z

Nick Jones: adding a page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Trilokpuri
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[East Delhi]]
| established = 1993
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ravikant Ujjain|Ravi Kant Ujjain]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 55
}}
'''Trilokpuri''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India. It is a part of the [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]].
Trilokpuri is a resettlement colony of residents which were rehabilitated here when nearby slums were cleared out in 1975–76.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141029165259/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141027/jsp/opinion/story_18966898.jsp#.VFIgl4vLcrx Thirty Years After, Telegraph India]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="3" | Brahm Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Vaidya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Raju Dhingan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Rohit Kumar Mehraulia]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Ravikant Ujjain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2025"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Trilokpuri<ref name="Trilokpuri Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Trilokpuri Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/trilokpuri |access-date=21 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321054325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/trilokpuri |archive-date=21 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Trilokpuri">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Trilokpuri |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0555.htm |access-date=21 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321054329/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0555.htm |archive-date=21 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Ravikant Ujjain]]
| votes = 58,217
| percentage = 46.01
| change = {{increase}}3.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Anjana Parcha|votes=57,825|percentage=45.79|change={{decrease}}6.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Amardeep|votes=6,147|percentage=4.87|change={{increase}}2.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|candidate=Vicky Paracha|votes=1,681|percentage=1.33|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Trilokpuri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Rohit Kumar Mehraulia]]
| votes = 69,947
| percentage = 52.36
| change = -6.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kiran Vaidya
| votes = 57,461
| percentage = 43.01
| change = +7.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate =Vijay Kumar
| votes = 3,262
| percentage = 2.44
| change = -0.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Raghu Raj Singh
| votes = 1,224
| percentage = 0.92
| change = -0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 590
| percentage = 0.44
| change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 12,486
| percentage = 9.38
| change = -13.91
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,33,694
| percentage = 66.67
| change = -5.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -6.26
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Trilokpuri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Raju Dhingan]]
| votes = 74,907
| percentage = 58.62
| change = +19.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kiran Vaidya
| votes = 45,153
| percentage = 35.33
| change = +12.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Brahm Pal
| votes = 4,149
| percentage = 3.24
| change = -14.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dr. Girish
| votes = 2,217
| percentage = 1.73
| change = -12.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 467
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 29,754
| percentage = 23.29
| change = +7.67
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,27,802
| percentage =71.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +19.69
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Trilokpuri <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=55 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Raju Dhingan
| votes = 44,082
| percentage = 38.93
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Vaidya]]
| votes = 26,397
| percentage = 23.31
| change = -13.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Harnam Singh
| votes = 19,774
| percentage = 17.46
| change = -19.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Vijay Pal
| votes = 16,099
| percentage = 14.22
| change = -9.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagdeesh Prasad
| votes = 4,175
| percentage = 3.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Pritam
| votes = 640
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Khubi Ram
| votes = 476
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Subhash Chand
| votes = 212
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Hindustan Janta Party
| candidate = Bittoo Singh
| votes = 200
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Peace Party
| candidate = Satpal Singh
| votes = 197
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajay
| votes = 175
| percentage = 0.15
| change = -0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Padam Chand
| votes = 152
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 666
| percentage = 0.59
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 17,685
| percentage = 15.62
| change = +14.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 113,279
| percentage = 69.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Trilokpuri<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Vaidya]]
| votes = 30,781
| percentage = 37.28
| change = +6.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Anjana
| votes = 30,147
| percentage = 36.51
| change = -3.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ganga Ram
| votes = 19,417
| percentage = 23.52
| change = +2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
| candidate = Lovekush Sagar
| votes = 665
| percentage = 0.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajay
| votes = 435
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prem Chand
| votes = 393
| percentage = 0.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Charan Dass
| votes = 390
| percentage = 0.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Fateh Singh
| votes = 334
| percentage = 0.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 634
| percentage = 0.77
| change = -8.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 82,562
| percentage = 59.9
| change = +7.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +5.16
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Trilokpuri<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Brahm Pal
| votes = 26,469
| percentage = 39.82
| change = -3.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Vaidya]]
| votes = 20,254
| percentage = 30.47
| change = -4.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ganga Ram
| votes = 13,938
| percentage = 20.97
| change = +2.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Janshakti Party
| candidate = A Vijay Pal
| votes = 2,307
| percentage = 3.47
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Pritam
| votes = 951
| percentage = 1.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Kalicharan
| votes = 810
| percentage = 1.22
| change = +1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Bankey Lal
| votes = 519
| percentage = 0.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Samanta Dal
| candidate = Vir Prakash
| votes = 463
| percentage = 0.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = National Loktantrik Party
| candidate = Ramesh Pal
| votes = 431
| percentage = 0.65
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Nationalist Congress Party
| candidate = Suresh Kumar Sood
| votes = 328
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,215
| percentage = 9.35
| change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 66,470
| percentage = 52.23
| change = +3.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -3.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Trilokpuri<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Brahm Pal
| votes = 22,887
| percentage = 43.79
| change = +6.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ram Charan (Gujrati)
| votes = 18,116
| percentage = 34.66
| change = +3.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ganga Ram Bairwa
| votes = 9,419
| percentage = 18.02
| change = +9.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramji Lal s/o Budh Ram
| votes = 448
| percentage = 0.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Kamal Kishore
| votes = 335
| percentage = 0.64
| change = -20.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Budh Ram
| votes = 254
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Virender Kumar
| votes = 193
| percentage = 0.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajender Kumar
| votes = 114
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Dharam Veer Jatav
| votes = 113
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Prakash Chand
| votes = 111
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Om Prakash
| votes = 103
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
| candidate = Anit
| votes = 71
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kailash Chand Sood
| votes = 55
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramji Lal s/o Balu Ram
| votes = 48
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,771
| percentage = 9.13
| change = +3.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 52,267
| percentage = 48.61
| change = +8.87
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +6.53
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Trilokpuri<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Brahm Pal
| votes = 17,844
| percentage = 37.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ram Charan Gujrati
| votes = 14,989
| percentage = 31.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Mange Ram
| votes = 10,088
| percentage = 21.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Hari Das
| votes = 4,203
| percentage = 8.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal
| candidate = Kanwar Pal s/o Dharme
| votes = 163
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Ambedkar Dal
| candidate = Kanwar Pal s/o Masahi Charan
| votes = 138
| percentage = 0.29
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jeevan Kumar
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
| candidate = Prakash Chand Bahot
| votes = 116
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Ram Bali
| votes = 102
| percentage = 0.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar Kureel
| votes = 91
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Kumar
| votes = 36
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,855
| percentage = 5.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 47,887
| percentage = 57.48
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.602|77.303|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Amb Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:30Z

Nick Jones: new new info first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amb
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1967
|electors = 31,820
|mla = H. Ram
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| district = [[Una district|Una]]
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Amb Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || H. Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Amb<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,927 |percentage=31.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=4,403 |percentage=28.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Bal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,378 |percentage=8.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,066 |percentage=6.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=905 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Dav |party=Independent politician |votes=805 |percentage=5.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=637 |percentage=4.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=566 |percentage=3.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=546 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=311 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=81 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=524 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,625 |percentage=53.09% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,820 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coords|31.68|76.12|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Sandesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:20Z

Nick Jones: adding details

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sandesh
| type = SLA
| map_image = 192-Sandesh constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| constituency_no = 192
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Radha Charan Sah]]
| party = {{party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{party index link|National Democratic Alliance|NDA}} 
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| electors = 291,878
}}
'''Sandesh''' is one of 243 assembly seats of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. It is part of [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]], [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]], [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]] and [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Area/Wards==
Sandesh Assembly constituency comprises:<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

* [[Sandesh, Bihar|Sandesh]] [[Community development block|CD block]]
* [[Udwantnagar]] CD block
* [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]]: [[Sakaddi]], [[Kulharia]], Dhandiha, Bhadwar, Narbirpur, Khangaon, Gopalpur, [[Jalpura Tapa]], Jokta and Koilwar ([[Nagar panchayat]]) of [[Koilwar]] CD block

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 1956: Constituency did not exit''}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Jhaman Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R. S. Singh<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Ramji Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ram Dayal Singh<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|1978^
|[[Sonadhari Singh Yadav]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sandesh.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sandesh Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Sidh Nath Rai]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Sonadhari Singh Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Feb]]
|[[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Oct]]
|[[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]<ref name=election2005/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Sanjay Singh Tiger]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Kumar Yadav]]<ref name=election2015/>
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| [[Kiran Devi Yadav]]<ref name=election2020/>
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Radha Charan Sah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandesh<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sandesh">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sandesh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04192.htm |access-date=8 December 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208063948/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04192.htm |archive-date=8 December 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Radha Charan Sah]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:80598}}
|percentage = 43.99
|change = +25.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dipu singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:80571}}
|percentage = 43.97
|change = -7.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajeev Ranjan
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:6040}}
|percentage = 3.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mukesh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:5399}}
|percentage = 2.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Samarjay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2474}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4160}}
|percentage = 2.27
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27}}
|percentage = 0.02
|change = -32.75
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:183230}}
|percentage = 62.78
|change = +9.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandesh<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kiran Devi Yadav|Kiran Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:79599}}
|percentage = 51.54
|change = +1.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:28992}}
|percentage = 18.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shweta Singh
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:28500}}
|percentage = 18.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Shiv Shankar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:3351}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Baban Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2603}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change = +0.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Kranti Vir Party
|candidate = Krishna Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1720}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Jan Jan Party
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1660}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtrawadi Janlok Party (Satya)
|candidate = Manmohan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1516}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3449}}
|percentage = 2.23
|change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:50607}}
|percentage = 32.77
|change = +15.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:154455}}
|percentage = 52.96
|change = -3.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandesh<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:74306}}
|percentage = 49.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sanjay Singh Tiger|Sanjay Tiger]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48879}}
|percentage = 32.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Raju Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:15879}}
|percentage = 10.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Baban Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1350}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3713}}
|percentage = 2.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25427}}
|percentage = 17.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:149245}}
|percentage = 56.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sandesh<ref name="election2010"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Sanjay Singh Tiger|Sanjay Tiger]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 29,988
|percentage = 26.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Arun Kumar Yadav (Bhojpur politician)|Arun Yadav]]
|party = Independent
|votes = 23,166
|percentage = 20.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Vijendra Kumar Yadav|Vijendra Yadav]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 16,779
|percentage = 14.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
| CPI(ML) Liberation
|votes = 15,095
|percentage = 13.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 6,822
|percentage = 6.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,12,866
|percentage = 52.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,13,826
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

Subrat Sahoo

2026-04-13T11:37:55Z

Nick Jones: adding details - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2017}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=June 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subrat Sahoo
| image = Subrat sahoo.jpg
| alt = Subrat sahoo.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|7|5}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer, writer
| years_active = 1992 - present
| known_for =
}}
'''Subrat Sahoo''' (born 5 July 1968) is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[Chhattisgarh]] Cadre and [[science fiction]] writer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ratan Tata's Latest Investment: Education|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/the-ndtv-dialogues/ratan-tata-s-latest-investment-education-401583|accessdate=20 May 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=31 January 2016}}</ref> His allotment year is 1992.Presently he is posted as [[Chief Electoral Officer, Chhattisgarh|Chief Electoral Officer]] for the state of Chhattisgarh <ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/ceo-office | title=CEO Office | Official Website of Chief Electoral Officer, Government of Chhattisgarh, India }}</ref> |,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/ceo-subrat-sahoo-to-directly-interact-with-electors-today.html|title=CEO Subrat Sahoo to directly interact with electors today|first=The|last=Pioneer|website=The Pioneer}}</ref> under deputation to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Election Commission of India | url=https://eci.gov.in | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981212024557/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ | access-date=2025-02-01 | archive-date=1998-12-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Secretaries of Education - CIPS|url=http://www.cips.org.in/documents/Contact-Info/Education/Principal_Secretaries_Education.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327214126/http://www.cips.org.in/documents/Contact-Info/Education/Principal_Secretaries_Education.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2016|publisher=www.cips.org.in|accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ALL India Services Establishment Online Portal|url=http://cg.nic.in/ias/Admin/IPR_Detail.aspx?ec=043500|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124092527/http://cg.nic.in/ias/Admin/IPR_Detail.aspx?ec=043500|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2015|publisher=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref>
His responsibilities include conducting the general elections to the legislative assembly and to the Lok Sabha, the Lower House of the Indian Parliament.

==Career==
Subrat Sahoo is currently giving his services as Chief Electoral Officer of the state of Chhattisgarh, [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4xrA0_aPoI&feature=youtu|title=National Voters Day: IBC24 को नेशनल मीडिया अवॉर्ड | सामारोह में राष्ट्रपति Ramnath Kovind मौजूद|website=[[YouTube]]|date=25 January 2019 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> As Chief Electoral Officer, he has recently successfully conducted the general elections to the legislative assembly of the state of Chhattisgarh. In the most peaceful elections in the state in the last couple of decades, this elections held in October–December 2018 witnessed no poll-related violence or aberrations, no repolls for the first time in the state's history, and no loss of life during the polling. Voting turnout in the rural and extremism-affected areas increased substantially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=385227515383700&id=163888460850941|title=राष्ट्रीय मतदाता दिवस के अवसर पर छत्तीसगढ़ को मतदाता जागरूकता, निर्वाचन नामावली की शुद्धता, नक्सल प्रभावित क्षेत्र में सुरक्षा व्यवस्था, मतदाताओं की सुगमता के लिए माननीय राष्ट्रपति श्री रामनाथ|website=[[Facebook]] }}</ref> He was honoured by the President of India on January 25, 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://realtimes.in/single.php?id=11301 |title=सुब्रत साहू को निर्वाचन में सर्वश्रेष्ठ उपलब्धि के लिए मिलेगा राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार | Chief Electoral Officer Subrata Sahu in the election National award for best achievement |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180501/https://realtimes.in/single.php?id=11301 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/the-ias-officers-who-made-these-5-state-elections-controversy-free/162798/|title = The IAS officers who made these 5 state elections controversy-free| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 13 December 2018}}</ref> for his achievements in the field of election management and administrative innovations in the field of elections in the state, as well as for conducting the most peaceful elections here.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1088731907037122560|user=CEOChhattisgarh|title=राष्ट्रीय मतदाता दिवस के अवसर पर छत्तीसगढ़ को मतदाता जागरूकता, निर्वाचन नामावली की शुद्धता, नक्सल प्रभावित क्षेत्र… |date=25 January 2019}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|last1=Drolia|first1=Rashmi|title=School bags in Chhattisgarh to get lighter|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/School-bags-in-Chhattisgarh-to-get-lighter/articleshow/48454912.cms|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> He has served important posts such as [[District Collector]] in the Districts: [[Durg]], [[Dhamtari]] & [[Sarguja]]. He has also been Commissioner of [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] Division, [[Chhattisgarh]]. His services have also been marked in Tourism Department, Sports Department, Tribal Welfare Department, Social Welfare Department, Women & Child Development Department, Food & Civil Supplies Department & Culture Department, Department of School Education & Literacy, Health and Medical Education.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bollywood star Kareena Kapoor presents 31 kids with 'Chhattisgarh jewel' award|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-star-Kareena-Kapoor-presents-31-kids-with-Chhattisgarh-jewel-award/articleshow/49860396.cms|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of State Officers|url=http://rmsaindia.org/en/contacts/2014-05-13-10-42-53/state-officers.html|publisher=[[Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan]]|accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref>
He has been Managing Director of The Civil Supplies Corporation, Marketing Federation, State Warehousing Corporation, Chairman and MD of the Apex Bank, MD of the Tourism Board, among others.

Subrat Sahoo writes for [[Documentaries]] & Short Films as well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yoga classes to start in all schools in Chhattisgarh|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/Yoga-classes-to-start-in-all-schools-in-Chhattisgarh/articleshow/47722700.cms|accessdate=20 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IAS aspirants guided by senior officials of state|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/2/29/IAS-aspirants-guided-by-senior-officials-of-state.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301094208/http://thehitavada.com//Encyc/2016/2/29/IAS-aspirants-guided-by-senior-officials-of-state.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2016|accessdate=20 May 2016|publisher=[[The Hitavada]]|date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
He was responsible for creating a video awareness campaign for tourism in Chhattisgarh based on local icons. He is the holder of several Golden Book of World Records, including one for largest coverage of immunization in one day, for largest coverage of adolescent girls under a menstrual hygiene awareness campaign in a single day, and a Limca Book of Records for the largest number of beneficiaries covered in a single day under the government sponsored mass marriage of eligible BPL couples.
His science fiction book *Future Past*,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22063798-future-past-and-other-sci-fi-short-stories|title=Future Past and Other Sci-Fi Short Stories|website=Goodreads}}</ref> a collection of sci-fi short stories with twist in each tale, was published in December 2014.<ref name=dprcg>{{cite news|title=Chief Minister releases Subrat Sahu's book- 'Future Past' a collection of short sci-fi stories|url=http://dprcg.gov.in/3516-25-1-2014|accessdate=20 May 2016|publisher=[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]|date=25 January 2014}}</ref>

He is scheduled to address the India Conclave at Harvard in mid-February 2019,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Subrat Sahoo {{!}} India Conference 2019 India Conference 2019 | work=India Conference 2019 | url=http://indiaconference.com/2019/speakers/subrat-sahoo/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215140207/http://indiaconference.com:80/2019/speakers/subrat-sahoo/ | access-date=2025-02-01 | archive-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> regarding his administrative experience during the Chhattisgarh assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://outlookhindi.com/country/general/chhattisgarhs-ceo-to-give-lecture-in-harvard-university-on-uninterrupted-election-in-naxal-affected-areas-34228|title=नक्सली क्षेत्र में बिना बाधा के चुनाव के विषय पर हार्वर्ड में लेक्चर देंगे छत्तीसगढ़ के सीईओ|website=outlookhindi.com/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahoo, Subrat}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Seema Mohile

2026-04-12T01:12:26Z

Nick Jones: adding info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Seema Mohile
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Akota Assembly constituency|Akota]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1965|5|25|df=y}}
}}
'''Seema Mohile''' (born 25 May 1965)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seema Mohile |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/seema-mohile-72098.html |website=One India}}</ref> is a politician from [[Gujarat]], India. She is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She was a member of 14th [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Akota Assembly constituency|Akota constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=અકોટા MLA સીમા મોહિલેએ કરી જન્મદિવસની ઉજવણી, પણ કામદારો માટે કર્યું આ કામ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/city/vadodara/mla-of-akota-assembly-seema-mohile-celebrated-his-birthday-in-a-unique-way/gj20210525202509006 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=ETV Bharat News|language=gu}}</ref>

She was the deputy mayor of [[Vadodara]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-MAT-latest-waghodia-news-062027-590138-NOR.html|title=ડે.મેયર રહી ચૂકેલાં 3 અગ્રણી વિધાનસભાના ચૂંટણી જંગમાં|date=2017|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|language=gu}}</ref> She was elected from Akota constituency in [[2017 Gujarat legislative assembly election]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Ranjit Sharadchandra Chavhan by margin of 57139 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-29 |title=ગુજરાત ચૂંટણી 2022 / ગુજરાતની અકોટા બેઠક પર મુસ્લિમોનું વર્ચસ્વ, છતાં વાગે છે ભાજપનો ડંકો|url=https://www.gstv.in/gujarat-election-2022-akota-seat-of-gujarat-is-dominated-by-muslims-but-bjps-stun-rings-gujarati-news/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |language=gu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohile, Seema}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women members of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bigg Boss Kannada season 6

2026-04-10T13:02:37Z

Nick Jones:

{{short description|Season of the television series Bigg Boss Kannada}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}


{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 6
| bgcolour = #8b0000
| image = BiggBossKannada(season6)Logo.jpg
| caption = Season 6 eye logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| host = [[Sudeep]]
| num_days = 100 
| num_housemates = 20
| winner = Shashi Kumar
| runner_up = Naveen Sajju

}}
| num_episodes = 
| network = {{Plainlist|
* [[Colors Super]]
* Colors Kannada HD
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|10|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2019|01|27}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 5|Season 5]]
| next_series = [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 7|Season 7]]
}}

The sixth season of the [[Kannada]]-language version of Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada|Bigg Boss]]'' premiered on 21 October 2018 at 6{{nbsp}}p.m.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bigg-boss-kannada-season-6-in-september/articleshow/62602981.cms|title=Bigg Boss Kannada Season 6 in September?|work=The Times of India|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> [[Sudeep]] was the host of the show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kiccha-sudeep-shows-who-the-real-big-boss-is-news-kannada-phyiNddjjjdcf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618080039/http://www.sify.com/movies/kiccha-sudeep-shows-who-the-real-big-boss-is-news-kannada-phyiNddjjjdcf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2018|title=Kiccha Sudeep shows who the real Big Boss is!|work=Sify|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref> The auditions for commoners was launched through the Voot platform in July 2018. This was the first season in ''Bigg Boss Kannada'' to feature a transgender contestant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/audition-opens-for-common-man-to-enter-bigg-boss-kannada-house/articleshow/65173361.cms|title=Audition opens for common man to enter Bigg Boss Kannada house |work=The Times of India|access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref> The show was telecasted every day on Colors Super and Colors Kannada HD channels at 8{{nbsp}}p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ColorsSuper/?__tn__=kCH-R&eid=ARA7qKQWNROtuTJzLnQBa-U7xUMkUe8qIcxW_apSfDPyq4mbbIL1mZ_xoyHUSASMYLFpvRJYBtU2Gaov&hc_ref=ARQUQU7MP8uqi9QuQI3IhELsaIsQ6JXs7ZGDMkVtPNE_ULsxRj_VGC8L7I4YtBbKWhY&fref=nf&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARD9TtiMhSCAx7ADT8ZPuQpq4AzVRu5OO107YdghzATLzPwucwiZQ4_DLWA3IgI2IxtasPWj3vg_sswMjxqkYBn9qP1AWXFGDptIG2SqN--3wUZy3tZMaZjVEmEL9gQj5O_XqWUdX6dJCbnM3S6yNv9aHOQRChDEwdC0KJG2kkLklU3lN79upc2fffZmQjPRU8yfPS2H7F94PLBrg2Ql71U9GT3C5iTkt067GIl0|title=Colors Super|via=Facebook|access-date=28 September 2018}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2020}}
Nagendra Bhat was the writer for this season.

== Summary ==
Along with the usual celebrity contestants, the housemates of this season include contestants selected through an online audition process. The total of eighteen housemates includes nine celebrities and nine commoners. (The following list of contestants is according to the contestants entering the house.) On Day 54 two more Housemates entered as wild card entries bringing the total number of Housemates to twenty.

== Housemates status ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#8B0000; color:#fff;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#8B0000; color:#fff;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#8B0000; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#8B0000; color:#fff;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#8B0000; color:#fff;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Shashi
| Day 1
| Day 100
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Naveen
| Day 1
| Day 100
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Kavitha
| Day 1
| Day 100
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|2nd runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Andrew
| Day 1
| Day 99
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" |{{nowrap|3rd runner-up}}
|-
| 5
| Rashmi
| Day 1
| Day 99
| style="background:#FF69B4;" |4th runner-up
|-
| 6
| Dhanraj
| Day 1
| Day 92
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 7
| Rakesh
| Day 1
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 8
| Akshatha
| Day 1
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 9
| Muruli
| Day 1
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 10
| Jeevitha
| Day 54
| Day 77
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 11
| Megha
| Day 54
| Day 70
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 12
| Jayashree
| Day 1
| Day 63
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 13
| Naina
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 14
| Sonu
| Day 1
| Day 49
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 15
| Anand
| Day 1
| Day 42
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 16
| Ravi
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 17
| Adam
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 18
| Sneha
| Day 1
| Day 21
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 19
| Reema
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
| 20
| Rakshitha
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

== Housemates ==
=== Original entrants ===
* Shashi Kumar – Agriculturist.
* Adam Pasha – Drag queen.
* [[Kavitha Gowda]] – Actress.
* [[Rapid Rashmi]] – RJ.
* [[Meghashree]] – Actress.
* Dhanraj – Voice over artist.
* Rakesh – RJ.
* Akshatha Pandavapura – Actress.
* Jeevitha Sagar – Actress.
* Andrew Jaypaul – Actor.
* Muruli Dabbi – Presenter.
* [[Jayashree Raj]] – Actress.
* [[Naveen Sajju]] – Singer.
* Anand Malgatti – Bus conductor.
* Rakshitha Rai – Sportswomen.
* Sonu Patil – Actress.
* Ravi AV – Actor and bodybuilder.
* Reema Dias – IT professional.
* Sneha Acharya – Dancer.

=== House guests ===
* '''Niveditha Gowda''', a Housemate from [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 5)|season 5]], entered the House as a guest on Day 54 along with the wild card entries and left on Day 60. During her time in the House she was required to participate in the Week 9 nomination process.<ref name="Houseguest-1">{{Cite web |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/bigg-boss-kannada-season-6-075119559.html |title=Bigg Boss Kannada Season 6 Latest Eviction: Nayana Exits The Sudeep-hosted Show |last=Javali |first=Mayur |date=17 December 2018 |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
* '''[[Krishi Thapanda]]''', a Housemate from [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 5)|season 5]], entered the Secret House as a guest on Day 85 as a part of a Twist.
* '''Keerthi Shankaraghatta (Kirik Keerthi)''', the Runner-up of [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 4)|season 4]], entered the Secret House as a guest on Day 85 as a part of a Twist.
* '''Sanjana Chidanand''', a Housemate from [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 4)|season 4]], entered the Secret House as a guest on Day 85 as a part of a Twist.
* '''Pratham''', the Winner of [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 4)|season 4]], entered the Secret House as a guest on Day 85 as a part of a Twist.
* '''Sameer Acharya''', a Housemate from [[Bigg Boss Kannada (season 5)|season 5]], entered the Secret House as a guest on Day 85 as a part of a Twist.

==Nomination table ==


<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
!Month/kishan
! colspan="29" |January
!
!
|-
! style="width:5%;" |
!01
!02
!03
!04 (Saturday)
!05 (Sunday)
!06
!07
!08
!09
!10
!11 (Saturday)
!12 (Sunday)
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!25
!26
!27
!28
!29
!30
!31
|-
| bgcolor="black" |
|
|-
! rowspan="7" |Kishan
|Day 1
|Day 2
|Day 3
|Day 4
|Day 5
|Day 6
|Day 7
|Day 8
|Day 9
|Day 10
|Day 11
|Day 12
|Day 13
|Day 14
|Day 15
|Day 16
|Day 17
|Day 18
|Day 19
|Day 20
|
|
|
|Day 24
|Day 25
|Day 26
|Day 27
|Day 28
|Day 29
|Day 30
|Day 31
|-
|New year 2025
| {{CRemoved|Hospitalized (fever)}}
| {{CRemoved|Hospitalized (fever)}}
|School working day( 8:00-5:00)
|Sunday Funday
|English I-revision exam
|Tamil I-revision exam
| rowspan="2" |Physics revision
| rowspan="2" |Physics I-revision exam
| rowspan="3" style="background:red; |Pongal celebration
| rowspan="2" |Chemistry I-revision exam
|
|style="background:pink; |Happy Bhogi festival
|style="background:pink; |Happy Pongal festival
|style="background:pink; |Happy cow pongal festival
|style="background:pink; |Happy Farmers Day
|Nothing special
|
|None
|I-REVISION EXAMINATION BIOLOGY
|
|
|
|I-REVISION EXAMINATION MATHS
|
|
|II-REVISION ENGLISH REVISION
|II-REVISION EXAMINATION ENGLISH
|II-REVISION EXAMINATION MATHS
|II-Revision chemistry REVISION
|II-REVISION EXAMINATION CHEMISTRY
|-
|1st day of the year
|style ="background:#FA8072; |Absent
|style="background:green;|Present
|style="background:#FA8072; |Absent
|English study for first revision exam
|XII-cs hall
|XII-CS hall
|
|School working Day (8:30-4:30)
| colspan="6" style="background:yellow; | Pongal Holidays
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Special Day Announcement of public exam Number (9527982)
|
|
|-
|Record works
|
|Maths morning study test
|Parents meeting and paper counseling
|style="background:green; |Present
|#MCR# nothing
|#MCR#near after a long time and few response
|
|XII-CS hall
|Auditorium hall
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8# Ticket to finale
| rowspan="3" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8# Ticket to finale
| rowspan="3" |Maths and English revision
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 # Raanav Evicted (Day 90)
| style="background:cyan; " |#BB8# Manjari Evicted (Day 91)
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Day 92
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 wildcard knockout
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 sound dance performance
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Dance round
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Dance round
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Dance round
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Arun <nowiki>''</nowiki>Evicted<nowiki>''</nowiki> (Day 97)
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Deepak <nowiki>''</nowiki>Evicted<nowiki>''</nowiki> (Day 98)
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 cash box (Muthu) ₹50,000
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 cash box (Rayan) ₹2,00,00
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Vishal (₹5,00,00) and Jacqueline <nowiki>''</nowiki>Evicted<nowiki>''</nowiki> (Day 102)
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |#BB8 Final weekend of bigg boss 8 . Top 5 finalists declared. Finalists journey shown
| rowspan="2" style="background:cyan; " |BIGG.BOSS SEASON 8 FINAL DAY.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:yellow; |TTF winner Rayan
|BIGG.BOSS SEASON 8 GRAND.FINALE @6PM MUTHUKUMARAN-(WINNER) SOUNDARYA- (1ST RUNNER-UP)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Present
|Present
|Present
|present
|Present
|Present
|Present
|Holiday
|Present
| colspan="4" |Holiday
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Programme s
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss Kannada}}

[[Category:Bigg Boss Kannada seasons]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television seasons]]
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[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Mr. Fraud

2026-04-08T13:10:15Z

Nick Jones: creating info...

{{short description|2014 film by B. Unnikrishnan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Fraud
| image = Mr. Fraud.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| producer = A.V. Anoop
| writer = B. Unnikrishnan
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohanlal]]
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]
* [[Dev Gill]]
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
* [[Manjari Phadnis]]
* [[Pallavi Purohit]]
}}
| music = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]
| studio = [[Medimix (soap)|A.V.A Productions]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments|Maxlab Entertainments]] (India)
* PJ Entertainments (overseas)
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|05|17|[[India]]|2014|05|23|[[Wide release|International]]}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|17|c}}
}}

'''''Mr. Fraud''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Heist film|heist]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Mohanlal]], [[Dev Gill]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], [[Manjari Phadnis]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Pallavi Purohit]], [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] and [[Kalasala Babu]].<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/11961/malayalam/mr-fraud/index.htm "Mr. Fraud"]. Nowrunning.com. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref> The film was produced by A. V. Anoop under the banner A. V. A Productions. The film follows an infamous thief who as his final assignment plans to plunder the treasure from a royal household.<ref>{{cite news|author=A Sharadhaa|title=Ravichandran to Remake Mr Fraud|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Ravichandran-to-Remake-Mr-Fraud/2014/12/09/article2562010.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209110405/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Ravichandran-to-Remake-Mr-Fraud/2014/12/09/article2562010.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2014|accessdate=10 September 2015|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 December 2014}}</ref>

The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Gopi Sunder]]. Action choreography was directed by [[Stunt Silva]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/mr-fraud.html "Mr. Fraud"]. [[Oneindia.in]]. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref> The film was released on 17 May 2014 where it received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news|author=Saraswathy Nagarajan |date=15 May 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/mr-fraud-comes-to-town/article6011835.ece |title=Mr. Fraud comes to town |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="Review Roundup"/>

==Plot==
Two royal brothers Ravindra Varma and Mahendra Varma, fight for the royal family treasure along with their sons. During the fight, a prism from the idol of the goddess explodes. The brothers are frightened and immediately stop the fight. After conducting certain rituals, they find that the goddess is angry because of the bloodshed that happened, and it is decided that the treasure will be locked for 41 years.

In the present, Bhai Ji is a [[con artist]], who disguises himself as John Cliff and successfully loots {{INRConvert|100|c}} from a wedding along with his assistants Abbas and Priya. At that time, his acquaintance Javed introduces him to Nikhil Adharva "Nikki", who tells Bhai Ji about the royal treasure and the story behind it. He shows the list of royal family members, who are inheriting the treasure. They are Ravindra Varma's sons Vasudeva Varma and Sri Krishna Varma and Mahendra Varma's sons Shekhara Varma, who is the royal head and Rajashekhara Varma. Nikki tells that Rajashekhara Varma has moved to the court, stating that the treasure should be given back to the government and used for helping the public rather than dividing among themselves. The case is pending in the court, and this will be the right chance to steal the treasure. Bhai Ji demands {{INRConvert|500|c}} for doing the job and an advance of {{INRConvert|250|c}} before doing it.

Meanwhile, the family arranges security arrangements as they fear a heist, and the police department sends [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] Sajan to guard the family and treasure. They appoint a [[Consultant|private consultant]] named Sivaram from [[Jaipur]] to assess the value of the treasure, but before he reaches there, Bhai Ji kidnaps him and takes him to his place. Rajashekara Varma takes Bhai Ji to the royal palace, where he meets the other family members. Later, the cellar is opened, and Bhai Ji begins assessing the value of the treasure. He realizes that this is the riskiest mission he has ever attempted. Meanwhile, Rajashekhara Varma is attacked by some goons, and before they could kill him, Bhai Ji arrives, and defeats the goons. Rajashekhara Varma thanks Bhai Ji for saving his life, but Sajan and Saraswathy, who is Rajashekhara Varma's daughter, have suspicions. Nikki and Javed arrive along with the real Sivaram and meet Bhai Ji, who gives the video clippings of the treasures and tells Nikki to make a replica of it. Nikki agrees and leaves.

Meanwhile, Rajashekar has become friends with Bhai Ji and tells him about Sarawathy and shows him the school run by her, which is still under construction. Bhai Ji and his assistants decided to find out a way to steal the treasure from the cellar. He guesses that there should be a secret path behind the cellar that would lead to another exit after studying the architecture of several other palaces. In the night, the three of them leave to search for the door. Bhai Ji enters the cellar and, using a [[metal detector]], finds the passage and the exit point. Before leaving out of the cellar, he talks to the idol and tells that there is a secret between them, which is also known to someone else. Sajan accidentally tells the other family members regarding Saraswathy's past, which only he and Rajashekara Varma knew. Saraswathy was assaulted by unknown people when she was only 12 years old, and Rajashekhara Varma had adopted her after that incident.

Initially, he had instructed Sajan to try to find the culprits, but later on, seeing that it would be futile, he asked Sajan, who was the [[Circle Inspector|CI]] at that point in time, to close the case. Upon the knowledge of Saraswathy's past, Rajashekhara Varma's daughters and their husbands threaten him to withdraw the case that he had filed with the court, or else they would file another case to re-investigate the issue. An infuriated Rajashekhara Varma starts to hit Sajan, and Bhai Ji intervenes. Rajashekhara Varma narrates the incident to Bhai Ji. 15 years back, Sajan was chasing a thief, who had robbed a bank, and on the way, he encountered an unconscious Saraswathy, and takes her to the hospital, where he informs Rajashekhara Varma, who was the local [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]. Though they tried to find the culprits, they didn't succeed. Rajashekhara Varma tells Sajan not to charge any case as it would affect Saraswathy's future, and Rajashekhara Varma adopts her.

Sajan also tells Bhai Ji that though he had a suspicion on him, he is now convinced that Bhai Ji is innocent and that he has found out the people, who were behind the attack on Rajashekhara Varma and that he was planning to meet them at night when a party will be conducted at the palace. Bhai Ji tells that it is dangerous for Sajan to go alone and he would accompany him, but Sajan refuses Bhai Ji's help. Saraswathy arrives at the palace, along with Rajashekhara Varma and tells the family members that they can do whatever they want, but her father wouldn't withdraw the case. Shekara Varma comes in defence of Saraswathy and promises her that no one will harm her. Bhai Ji is disturbed, and when asked by Abbas and Priya, he tells them that he was the thief that Sajan was chasing, and on the way, he saw three people chasing Saraswathy. He extended his hand to help her while he was driving, but she missed it. Bhai Ji became confused about whether to stop and save the girl or run away as the cops were right behind him.

He decided to move away from there to avoid getting caught. He tells them that from that day, the incident used to haunt him and he was shocked to see the girl again. That night after the party, Nikki and the gang arrive with the duplicate treasure, and they begin the heist. Bhai Ji enters the cellar through the secret tunnel, and Nikki places a [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] inside the boxes to make sure that Bhai Ji doesn't cheat them. After taking the treasure out, Nikki informs Bhai Ji that the final transaction will be in Jaipur, and Abbas can come with them so that Bhai Ji can trust them. The next day Bhai Ji submits his evaluation report, and before he leaves, the cops arrive there and informs them that Sajan has been murdered and arrest Rajashekhara Varma as he is the main suspect. Bhai Ji leaves for Jaipur. Javed and Nikki tell him that they are not going to pay him anything and he should return the {{INRConvert|250|c}} if he wants Abbas back.

Bhai Ji tells them that a few more people have to arrive and tells them that he has brought the third party (unknown entity) that teamed up with Nikki and hired him for the heist. The unknown entity happens to be Shekhara Varma and his son Sudhakara Varma, who was captured by Bhai Ji's henchman Bittoo when they arrived to Jaipur for the final transaction. Bhai Ji tells Shekhara Varma that he knows him well about him and he is not a simple person like others, but a wicked person. He tells him that it was the goddess which told him the truth. When Bhai Ji was searching for the door to a secret tunnel inside the cellar, he finds an old bullet stuck on the walls, and he realized how the prism broke. During the fight, when Vasudeva Varma was going to strike Shekara Varma with a sword, he secretly had a gun with which he shot at the prism.

Mahendra Varma learnt about his son's evil intentions and lied to others about the goddess's wrath and locked the cellar as a punishment for Shekhara Varma. Though he was happy with getting one-fourth of the treasure, he was upset when his brother Rajashekhara Varma filed a case, and this prompted him to join with Nikki and plan a heist. Even he was the one who planned to kill Rajashekhara Varma so that if he dies, Vasudeva Varma and Sri Krishna Varma would become the suspects, and they will begin to distrust each other while Shekhara Varma can move forward with the case and extend the time for a heist. Bhai Ji knows that Sudhakara Varma was the one who killed Sajan, and Abbas had secretly shot the murder in his phone upon Bhai Ji's instructions, and the visuals have been sent to the cops. A fight ensues, and after some time, Abbas has Nikki at gunpoint after Bhai Ji defeats him.

Javed begs for mercy, and Bhai Ji tells him to take the van having the treasure to a place along with Sudhakara Varma and Sivaram. After they leave, he tells Nikki and Shekhara Varma that Abbas had planted a bomb in the van and presses the button triggering a blast which kills the three of them, and kills Nikki. Bhai Ji leaves a gun back, telling Shekara Varma that it was destiny that brought him there for the job and he had never stolen the treasure. Instead, he exchanged the treasure between the boxes along with the boxes and that he got {{INRConvert|250|c}} for doing nothing. He also leaves telling that Shekhara Varma can choose his punishment. Shekara Varma commits suicide. Two years later, Saraswathy's school has been completed, and Bhai Ji visits Saraswathy and Rajashekhara Varma, who thank him for all the help he did, like funding for the school, helping Rajashekhara Varma to win the case and also saving him from the Sajan's murder case. Bhai Ji confesses to Sarawathy that he was the man who had offered his hand to save her, but couldn't do it, and he tells them that this is his only confession. When Saraswathy asks him about his real name, he tells her that she can call him ''Mr. Fraud''.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Bhai Ji / John Cliff / Sivaram Varma
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as ex-[[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Rajashekhara Varma
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Saraswathi
** Amritha Anilkumar as Young Saraswathi
* [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Abbas
* [[Dev Gill]] as Nikhil Adharva aka Nikki (voice dubbed by [[Saiju Kurup]])
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Shekara Varma (voice dubbed by [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]])
* [[Manjari Phadnis]] as Priya
* [[Pallavi Purohit]] as Damini Varma
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Intelligence [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Kerala|DYSP]] Sajan
* [[Rahul Madhav]] as Sudhakara Varma
* [[P. Balachandran]] as Vasudeva Varma
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Sri Krishna Varma
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Thrivikrama Varma
* [[Rajeev Parameshwar]] as Prathap Varma
* Ashvin Matthew as Javed
* [[Balaji Sarma]] as Shivaram
* [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]]
* Manoj
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Ravindra Varma
* [[Kalasala Babu]] as Mahendra Varma
* [[Sathaar]]
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Advocate Idiculla
* [[Biju Pappan]]
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Bhai ji's mother (in flashback)
* [[Gopi Sundar]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Balabhaskar]] as himself (cameo appearance)
* [[Stunt Silva]] as Bittoo (cameo appearance)
}}

==Production==

===Genre===
According to B. Unnikrishnan, ''Mr. Fraud'' is not a total heist film, neither does it quite follow the conventions and cliches of a crime caper. "''Mr. Fraud'' is a curious mix. It is part grey, part action, part thriller and part musical," says the director.<ref>Vijay G. (16 May 2014). [http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-its-mohanlal-vs-manju-warrier-this-weekend-south/20140516.htm "It's Mohanlal v/s Manju Warrier this weekend"]. [[Rediff.com]]. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</ref> He adds: "It's the first time I am attempting this genre, I have never tried my hands at a potboiler before. The film has tastefully-shot songs, daredevil stunts, high-voltage drama and coiled suspense. At the same time it's not a mindless medley as Mr Fraud also has a focused storyline to keep the viewers hooked. Mr Fraud zooms into a spate of unexpected events that come his way and how he negotiates the situation. It's more of an emotional thriller."<ref>Navamy Sudhish (13 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140513224224/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/On-a-Con-Outing/2014/05/13/article2221250.ece "On a Con Outing"]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</ref>

===Filming===
Though delayed for a while due to [[Mohanlal]]'s Ayurvedic treatment, the film commenced its production on 19 February 2014.<ref>Deepa Soman (20 February 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mr-Fraud-shooting-starts/articleshow/30721176.cms "Mr Fraud shooting starts"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/mr-fraud-starts-rolling/90578/story.htm "'Mr Fraud' starts rolling"]. Nowrunning.com. 19 February 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref> The film was shot mainly from [[Ottappalam]] and [[Kochi]] in two schedules.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140403012257/http://www.sify.com/movies/mr-fraud-has-many-names-clarifies-b-unnikrishnan-news-malayalam-oecp8Veeaij.html "Mr.Fraud has many names, clarifies B Unnikrishnan"]. [[Sify.com]]. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref> Aspinwall House, Kochi was a significant location.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Shibu B S|title=Kochi Says Lights, Action, Camera!|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Kochi-Says-Lights-Action-Camera/2015/04/02/article2742179.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406013948/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Kochi-Says-Lights-Action-Camera/2015/04/02/article2742179.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2015|accessdate=10 September 2015|agency=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 April 2015|location=[[Kochi]]}}</ref> The climax scenes were shot from [[Mumbai]] and [[Jaipur]]. The shooting of the film was wrapped on the day of [[Vishu]] festival (15 April) in Jaipur.<ref>Gayathri V. Pillai (14 April 2014). [https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/mr-fraud-to-complete-shooting-on-vishu-trailer-on-25-136553.html "Mr Fraud To Complete Shooting Tomorrow, Trailer On 25th!"]. Oneindia.in. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mr. Fraud
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|25|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=20|s=13}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| prev_title = [[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Bangalore Days]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

The soundtrack and background score were composed by [[Gopi Sunder]]. The lyrics were written by Harinarayanan and Chittoor Gopi. The film has four songs, including the theme track sung by the composer himself, along with [[San Jaimt]], and a re-orchestrated version of the ''[[keerthana]]'', "Sadaa Paalaya", sung by Carnatic vocalist [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]].<ref>Parvathy Nambidi (29 April 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140515081758/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/On-the-Wings-of-Music/2014/04/29/article2194635.ece "On the Wings of Music"]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</ref> The song "Poothinkale" sung by Shankar Mahadevan, in which Mohanlal appears in a rock star getup with salt and pepper look, went [[viral video|viral]] in music sharing websites. The song Sada Paalaya received a positive response from audiences<ref>Radhika C. Pillai (5 May 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Mr-Fraud-song-is-released-/articleshow/34682376.cms "Mr. Fraud song is released !"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:14
| title1 = Poonthinkale
| lyrics1 = Chittor Gopi
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| length1 = 5:02
| title2 = Khuda Woh Khuda
| lyrics2 = Harinarayanan
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 6:45
| title3 = Sadaa Paalaya
| lyrics3 = [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
| extra3 = [[Sudeep Kumar]], [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Mr.Fraud Theme
| lyrics4 = [[Gopi Sunder]]
| extra4 = [[Gopi Sunder]], [[San Jaimt]]
| length4 = 3:15
}}

==Marketing and release==
===Theatrical===
''Mr. Fraud'' released on 17 May 2014.<ref>Sangeetha Seshagiri (14 May 2014). [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-clash-mohanlals-mr-fraud-take-manju-warriers-how-old-are-you-600247 "Box Office Clash: Mohanlal's 'Mr Fraud' to Take on Manju Warrier's 'How Old Are You?'"]. ''International Business Times''. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</ref> An [[android app]] was developed to publicise details of the film.<ref>Deepa Soman (10 May 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Android-app-for-Mr-Fraud/articleshow/34926767.cms "Android app for Mr Fraud"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>

===Home media===
The channel satellite rights were sold to [[Amrita TV]] for an amount of {{INR Convert|18|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Priya Prakashan|title=Mohanlal's Mr. Fraud song Khuda Oh Khuda: Shankar Mahadevan sings the Hindi-Malayalam number|url=http://www.india.com/stream/mohanlals-mr-fraud-song-khuda-oh-khuda-shankar-mahadevan-sings-the-hindi-malayalam-number-46546/|publisher=India.com|accessdate=10 September 2015|date=28 April 2014}}</ref> The film grossed a {{INR}}13 [[crore]] distributor's share in one month.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai Box Office - sify.com (1970) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15057846&cid=14625530 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617135800/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=15057846&cid=14625530 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 June 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |accessdate=17 August 2019 |date=17 June 2014}}</ref>

===Legal issues===
The film was scheduled to be released on 8 May 2014. However, the Film Exhibitors Federation imposed a ban on the film in protest against B. Unnikrishnan's alleged instructions to the Film Employees Federation of Kerala (FEFKA) and Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA) representatives not to participate in the inauguration function of the federation's new office building.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140518061347/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Will-Not-Screen-Mr-Fraud-Film-Exhibitors-Federation/2014/04/24/article2186200.ece "Will Not Screen 'Mr Fraud: Film Exhibitors Federation"]. ''The New Indian Express''. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref> The issue reached a flashpoint with the FEFKA saying that no other Malayalam film will be released in cinemas refusing to screen ''Mr. Fraud''.<ref>G. Krishnakumar (3 May 2014). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/fate-of-mr-fraud-remains-uncertain/article5972601.ece "Fate of Mr. Fraud remains uncertain"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140518061317/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/FEFKA-Toughens-Stance-against-Call-to-Boycott-Screening-of-Mr-Fraud/2014/04/29/article2195236.ece "FEFKA Toughens Stance against Call to Boycott Screening of Mr Fraud"]. ''The New Indian Express''. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref> Finally, Exhibitors Federation allowed to release ''Mr. Fraud'', but imposed a blanket ban on B. Unnikrishnan. Liberty Basheer, the president of Exhibitors Federation, said in a statement: "The federation had announced the ban on the film without any prior intimation and we don't want the distributor or the producer to incur any losses because of this. So the Mohanlal-starrer will hit the theatres on the said date. But we won't exhibit any film that Unnikrishnan plans to write, direct or produce in the future in Kerala."<ref>Shruti Karthikeyan (14 May 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Film-exhibitors-impose-blanket-ban-on-director-B-Unnikrishnan/articleshow/35117510.cms "Film exhibitors impose the blanket ban on director B Unnikrishnan"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 17 May 2014.</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
''Mr. Fraud'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="Review Roundup">Sangeetha Seshagiri (18 May 2014). [http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mr-fraud-review-roundup-mohanlal-starrer-gets-mixed-reactions-600488 "'Mr Fraud' Review Roundup: Mohanlal Starrer Gets Mixed Reactions"]. ''[[International Business Times]]''. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</ref>

Aswin J. Kumar from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 in a scale of 5 and said, "''Mr Fraud'' is not at all such a tedious watch with its luxuriant display of gadgets, air-screen projectors and dialogues resonant with technical terms. The fight and chase happen with the accompaniment of dry leaves propelled away with vigour, but certainly not as unbearable as the tiring song sequences which offer no mercy for ears."<ref>Aswin J. Kumar (18 May 2014). [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/35292471.cms "Mr Fraud"]. ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref> [[Sify.com]]'s reviewer gave the verdict as "average" and commented, "With a rather flimsy premise, the film is presented in a grand scale, but it is evident that the opulence is limited to some colourful garments, swanky cars and technical gimmicks."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140518162603/http://www.sify.com/movies/mr-fraud-review-malayalam-15055808.html "Mr. Fraud"]. [[Sify.com]]. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</ref>

''[[International Business Times]]'' wrote: "''Mr Fraud'' is a decent masala entertainer, though it not as gripping as one would expect from a heist film."<ref name="Review Roundup"/> Paresh C. Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2 in a scale of 5 and concluded that "only the hardcore Mohanlal fans will like ''Mr Fraud'' which is otherwise an uninteresting film."<ref>Paresh C. Palicha (19 May 2014). [http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mr-fraud-does-not-entertain-south/20140519.htm "Review: Mr Fraud does not entertain"]. [[Rediff.com]]. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</ref>

Chandrakanth Viswanath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' described the film as "a fine attempt in a novel genre" and concluded his review saying: "Carved in the popular format, with enough action-packed sequences and convincing performances, coupled with technical finesse, ''Mr Fraud'' has the potential to win hearts of die-hard Mohanlal fans and thrill junkies alike."<ref>Chandrakanth Viswanath (18 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140520221322/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/A-Fine-Attempt-in-a-Novel-Genre/2014/05/18/article2231073.ece "A Fine Attempt in a Novel Genre"]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://mrfraudmovie.com}}
* {{IMDb title|3605606}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister Fraud}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot at Varikkasseri Mana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments films]]

Rulers of the Chera dynasty

2026-04-07T12:25:14Z

Nick Jones:

{{Short description|List of rulers of the Chera dynasty}}
{{For|the Chera rulers of early historic south India|Chera dynasty}}
{{For|the Perumal rulers of medieval Kerala|Chera Perumals of Makotai}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

The '''Rulers of the Chera dynasty''' can be

* Rulers of [[Sangam Period|early historic]] Chera polity
* Medieval Chera rulers
** Chera rulers from Vanchi Karur ([[Karur]])
** Chera rulers from Mahodayapuram ([[Kodungallur]])
** Chera rulers of Thagadur ([[Dharmapuri]])

== Rulers of early historic Chera polity ==
[[File:Chera_coin_(ancient_south_India)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|147x147px|A Chera coin with legend "Makkothai"]]
[[File:Kuttuvankotai-cash.jpg|thumb|A Chera coin with legend "[[Kuttuvan Kotai|Kuttuvan Kothai]]"]]

=== From early historic inscriptions ===

* Ko Athan Chel Irumporai (Chelva Kadungo Vazhi Athan)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674012271 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD |publisher=Cre-A and Harvard University |year=2003 |series=Harvard Oriental Series |pages=117–119 and 62–63}}</ref>
* Perum Kadungon (Perum Cheral Irumporai)<ref name=":0" />
* Kadungon Ilam Kadungo (Ilam Cheral Irumporai)<ref name=":0" />
* Kadummiputhra Chera<ref name=":0" />
* Ko Athan (?)<ref name=":0" />

=== From early historic coins ===

* Makkothai<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kuttuvan Kotai|Kuttuvan Kothai]]<ref name=":0" />
* Kolippurai<ref name=":0" />
* Kol-Irumporaiy<ref name=":0" />

=== Cheras from early Tamil poems ===
Chera rulers from the decades of [[Patiṟṟuppattu|Pathitrupathu]] Collection.

# (missing)
# [[Nedum Cheralathan|Imayavaramban Nedum Cheral Athan]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Subbarayalu |first=Y. |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |editor-last=Noburu |editor-first=Karashima |location=New Delhi |pages=48–52 |chapter=Early Tamil Polity}}</ref>
# Palyanai Chel Kezhu Kuttuvan<ref name=":1" />
# Narmudi Cheral<ref name=":1" />
# [[Senguttuvan|Chenguttuvan]]<ref name=":1" />
# Adu Kottu Pattu Cheral Athan<ref name=":1" />
# Chelva Kadungo Vazhi Athan<ref name=":1" />
# [[Perum Cheral Irumporai|Tagadur Erinta Perum Cheral Irumporai]]<ref name=":1" />
# Kudakko Ilam Cheral Irumporai<ref name=":1" />
# (missing)

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Muchiri-Karur branch (around Muchiri)<ref name=":1" />
! colspan="2" |Karur branch (Kongu area)<ref name=":1" />
|-
|
| colspan="2" |'''Clan or line name: Porai<ref name=":1" /> or Irumporai<ref name=":0" />'''
|-
|[[Nedum Cheralathan|Imayavaramban Nedum Cheral Athan]]<ref name=":1" />
| colspan="2" |Anthuvan<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Palyanai Chel Kezhu Kuttuvan<ref name=":1" />
|Chelva Kadungo Vazhi Athan<ref name=":1" />
|Ko Athan Chel Irumporai<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Narmudi Cheral<ref name=":1" />
|[[Perum Cheral Irumporai|Tagadur Erinta Perum Cheral Irumporai]]<ref name=":1" />
|Perum Kadungon<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Senguttuvan|Chenguttuvan]]<ref name=":1" />
|Kudakko Ilam Cheral Irumporai<ref name=":1" />
|Kadungon Ilam Kadungo<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Adu Kottu Pattu Cheral Athan<ref name=":1" />
| colspan="2" |
|}
The following Cheras are knowns other early Tamil collections (some of the names are re-duplications)''.''<ref name=":02">{{cite book |last1=Aiyar |first1=K. G. Sesha |author-link1= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277483 |title=Chera Kings of the Sangam Period |publisher=Luzac and Co. |year=1937 |isbn= |location=London |pages=04–05 |chapter=Udiyan Ceralatan |orig-year=}}</ref>

* [[Uthiyan Cheralathan|Vanavaramban Uthiyan Cheral Athan]]<ref name=":02" />
* Kudakko Nedum Cheral Athan<ref name=":02" />
* Kadalottiya Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan<ref name=":02" />
* Perum Cheral Athan<ref name=":02" />
* Ko Kothai Marpan<ref name=":02" />
* Cheraman Vanchan<ref name=":02" />

* Anthuvan Cheral Irumporai<ref name=":02" />
* [[Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai|"Yanaikatchai" Mantharam Cheral Irumporai]]<ref name=":02" />
* Kanaikkal Irumporai<ref name=":02" />
* Kudakko Cheral Irumporai<ref name=":02" />
* Karuvur Eriya Ol-val Ko Perum Cheral Irumporai<ref name=":02" />
* Palai Padiya Perum Kadungo<ref name=":02" />
* Cheraman Ma Vengo<ref name=":02" />
* [[Kuttuvan Kodai|Kuttuvan Kothai]]<ref name=":02" />
* Kottambalathu Thunchiya Makkothai<ref name=":02" />
* Kottambalathu Thunchiya Cheraman<ref name=":02" />
* Kadungo Valia Athan<ref name=":02" />

== Medieval Chera rulers ==

=== Chera rulers from Karur (Kongu Cheras) ===
* Ravi Goda ("Ravi")<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=248–49 |chapter=}}</ref><ref name=":6">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 80-81.</ref>
* Kantan<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":50">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=270–71 and 262–63 |chapter=}}</ref>
* Kantan Ravi'''<ref name=":82">Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 80-81.</ref>'''<ref name=":51">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=255–56 |chapter=}}</ref>
* Kantan Vira Narayana<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":51" />
* Ravi Kantan "Vira Chola" <ref name=":50" />'''<ref name=":82" />'''<ref name=":14" />

* Vira Goda'''<ref name=":82" />'''

* Vira Chola Kalimurkka<ref name=":510">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=279–80 and 340 |chapter=}}</ref>

* Kalimurkka Vikrama Chola<ref name=":510" />

* Vira Kerala Amara Bhujanga Deva<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala''. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 136.</ref><ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala''. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 304-05 and 322-23.</ref><ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 116-117 and 136.</ref>
** Amara Bhujanga Deva<ref name=":6" />

* [[Vira Kerala]]'''<ref name=":82" />'''
** Vira Kerala ("thennavar muvar")<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 121-122.</ref>
** "Minavan" Vira Kerala<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 140.</ref>

* Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 63.</ref>'''<ref name=":82" />'''

=== Chera rulers from Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur) ===
* [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara]]<ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108494571 |location= |pages=122 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}</ref>
** [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara Alvar]]'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& |title=A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-809977-2 |editor-last=Karashima |editor-first=Noboru |pages=146–47 |chapter=States in Deccan and Kerala}}</ref>'''
** Kulasekhara Varma<ref name=":032">{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00527 |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: Asia and Africa |publisher=Wiley |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition= |language= |chapter=Sthāṇu Ravi |page=1 |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00527 |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-last4= |editor-first4=}}</ref>
* [[Rajashekhara (Chera king)|Rama Rajasekhara]]<ref name=":28" />
** [[Cheraman Perumal Nayanar]]'''<ref name=":2" />'''
* [[Vijayaraga]]<ref name=":28" />
* Goda Goda<ref name=":28" />
* Kerala Kesari<ref name=":28" />
* [[Goda Ravi]]<ref name=":28" />
* Indu/Indesvara Goda<ref name=":28" />
* Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya<ref name=":28" />
* Ravi Goda<ref name=":28" />
* Rajasimha<ref name=":28" />
* Raja Raja<ref name=":28" />
* Ravi Rama<ref name=":28" />
** Rama Rajaditya<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/1_20200409_20200409_1359 |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=466–67 |chapter=Index to Chera Inscriptions |orig-year=1972}}</ref>
* Aditya Goda Ranaditya<ref name=":28" />
* [[Rama Kulasekhara]]<ref name=":28" />

=== Chera rulers from Thagadur (Dharmapuri) ===

* Rajaraja Adigaman Vagan<ref name=":033">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331–334}}</ref>
* [[Vitukathazhakiya Perumal|Rajarajadevan Vitukathazhakiya Perumal]]<ref name=":034">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331–334}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Kerala}}

[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:Chera dynasty]]

Motera Stadium metro station

2026-04-06T14:48:13Z

Nick Jones: creating a data...

{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Motera Stadium
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| system = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| image = Motera Stadium metro station.jpg
| caption = The mezzanine of the station as seen from the ground level
| address = Motera, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380005
| coordinates = {{coord|23.09654|72.60071|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| operator = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])
| tracks = 2
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opening = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|10|06}}
| electrified =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|left=Sabarmati|right=Koteshwar Road}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Routemap
|inline=1
|legend=track
|map=
uhSTR(r)!~MFADEg\uhSTR(l)!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Koteshwar Road}}
uSTRg!~lhSTR(r)\uSTRf!~lhSTR(l)
uPSTR(R)!~c*1\uPSTR(L)
uPSTR(R)\uPSTR(L)
uPSTR(R)\cd!~uPSTR(L)\c!~c*2
uSTRg!~lhSTR(r)\uSTRf!~lhSTR(l)
uSTR!~MFADEf!~lhSTR(r)\uhSTR(l)!~MFADEf ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Sabarmati}}
}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Motera Stadium''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]], which holds the main [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], the world's largest [[Cricket]] [[stadium]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This metro station was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad North-South Corridor Metro Services to Begin Today; Check Ticket Price and Other Details |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/ahmedabads-north-south-corridor-metro-services-to-begin-today-check-ticket-price-and-other-details-5671176/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50|'''Platform 1 Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} toward {{ltl|Ahmedabad Metro|Yellow|R}} / {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|GIFT City}} ({{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Koteshwar Road}}) →
|-
|'''Platform 2 Southbound'''
| ← toward {{ltl|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|L}} ({{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Sabarmati}}) 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Mezzanine
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

==See also==
* [[Ahmedabad]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Pir Nazeer Ahmed

2026-04-04T22:11:59Z

Nick Jones: added some info w/ sources

{{similar names|Nazir Ahmed (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Nazeer Ahmed
|caption =
|order = 1st Leader of [[Nisbat-e-Rasooli]]
|term_start = November 1943
|term_end = July 22nd, 1960
|predecessor = [[Muhammad Qasim Sadiq]]
|successor = [[Pir Gul Badshah]]
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Mohra Sharif]], [[British Raj]]
|death_date = July 22nd, 1960
|death_place = [[Combined Military Hospital]] [[Rawalpindi]]
|constituency =
|children = Mubarak Khan, [[Pir Gul Badshah]] , Haroon al Rasheed
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Pir Nazeer Ahmed''' (1800–22 July 1960) was an Indian Islamic scholar and Sufi saint. He was the eldest son of [[Muhammad Qasim Sadiq]], founder of [[Mohra Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rasheed |first=Sufi Muhammad |title=Nisbat-e-Rasooli |publisher=Maktaba Nisbat-e-Rasooli |year=2006 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ahmed was born in 1880.

His education started at an early age. Because formal schooling was not available in the area, various scholars were invited to [[Mohra Sharif]] to teach him [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Urdu]], [[Islamic Studies]], [[Arabic]], [[Sarf]], [[Nahv]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]] and other traditional subjects. Along with these, he was also trained in riding, swordsmanship and lancing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.mohrasharif.com.pk/history.aspx |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=www.mohrasharif.com.pk}}</ref>

In 1892, when he was 12 years of age, his father [[Muhammad Qasim Sadiq]] took him to [[Kahyian Sharif]] to meet with Khwaja Nizam ad Din. During his first meeting with the Sheikh, Ahmed was given the [[Khilafat]] by Khwaja Nizam ad Din said to Ahmed:<blockquote>your 7 posterities will be Sufi saints and Ahmed will be his heir and Ahmed will be [[Mujaddid]] of his era.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-30 |title=تعارف |url=http://www.nisbat-e-rasooli.info/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130141901/http://www.nisbat-e-rasooli.info/ |archive-date=2010-01-30 }}</ref></blockquote>

== Career ==
After returning from [[Kahiyan Sharif]], he again went back to his studies and after sometime went into solitude in the neighboring [[Jungle]]. This routine, he continued for twelve years. During this time, he was married and his eldest son Mubarak Khan was born. Because his inclination was more towards solitude, the marriage did not work out and in 1906 he separated from his wife.

In the meantime, he continued his education and ''Maulvi Ghulam Muhammad'' of [[Dandot]] stayed at [[Mohra Sharif]] for a year to teach him the complex matters of Islamic studies. Later two scholars Maulana [[Ghulam Kibriya Khan]] of [[Bihar]] and Maulana [[Abd ar Rehman]] stayed at [[Mohra Sharif]] and completed his formal education.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Nazeer}}
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]

Rui Gomes Pereira

2026-04-04T19:40:38Z

Nick Jones: added new article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and historian (1924–1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rui Gomes Pereira
| image = Rui Gomes Pereira.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|11|27|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|12|27|1924|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Divar]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| death_place = [[Goa]], India
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Lawyer, historian
| years_active =
| known_for = Founder of [[Sharada Mandir School]]
| movement =
| alma_mater =
| notable_works = ''Goa: Hindu Temples and Deities''
| awards =
}}
'''Rui Gomes Pereira''' (27 November 1924 – 27 December 1989) was an Indian lawyer and historian.

== Early life ==
Rui Gomes Pereira was born on 27 November 1924 to Antonio Xavier Gomes Pereira and Maria Laura Julia Cabral Gomes Pereira in [[Divar]]. He had two sisters, Letecia Menezes and Margarita Alvares, and one brother, Custodio Manuel Gomes Pereira. Rui was the youngest sibling.<ref name="NTGreatPartI">{{Cite news |last=Phalgaonkar |first=Rohit R |date=21 September 2009 |title=Rui Gomes Pereira - A Great Historian of Goa - I |work=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref>

The family's original surname was Gomes. They originally lived in the Guirdolim village of [[Chandor]]. The family moved to [[Chorao]] due to a plague in the 17th century. After another plague struck, the family again divided itself into two branches, with one in [[Siolim]] and the other in Divar. When Custodio Vincente Pereira (the uncle of Rui Gomes Pereira's great grandfather) died childless, the family adopted the surname of Pereira.<ref name="NTGreatPartI" />

== Career ==
=== Law ===
Gomes Pereira completed his education in Civil Law and then began practicing as a lawyer with his friend Shridhar Tamba.<ref name="NTGreatPartI" /> Due to the lack of law colleges in Goa at the time, Tamba and Gomes Pereira were trained by the latter's father, Antonio Xavier Gomes Pereira. They answered the ''Exam Estado'' which permitted them to handle Civil Law cases. Their joint practice was called Procural. Gomes Pereira himself later guided another lawyer, Manohar S Usgaonkar, to answer the exam.<ref name="NTGreatPartII">{{Cite news |last=Phalgaonkar |first=Rohit R |date=28 September 2009 |title=Rui Gomes Pereira - A Great Historian of Goa - II |work=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref>

=== History ===
In 1974, Gomes Pereira was diagnosed with [[thyroid cancer]], which seriously affected his leg, due to which he had to stop practicing law. This is when he started writing about history, writing his first book about Goa's temples, ''Goa Hindu Temples and Deities''. The book documents the list of temples in both the Portuguese era and before the Portuguese. He was well-versed with the topic since he had fought legal battles regarding temple and church properties in Goa.<ref name="NTGreatPartII" /> The book further discusses the ''mahajans'' and ''gaonkari'' systems, going on to describe how the Portuguese attempted to destroy these traditions. it also describes the destruction of temples and religious conversions by the Portuguese.<ref name="GomantShakti89">{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=11 April 1996 |title=रुई गोमिश पेरेर |trans-title=Rui Gomes Pereira |url= |language=mr |magazine=Gomant Shakti |location= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref>

Gomes Pereira's second book, ''Gaonkari: The Old Village Associations'', talks about the primitive colonies of Goa, including their work, membership, possessions, farming, the institutional nature of these villages, the threats they faced, and their role in delivering justice, policy, and administration.<ref name="GomantShakti89" />

His third book, ''Questos de India'', is yet to be published. It describes the social transitions in Goa during the Portuguese era from 1510 to 1961. He finished the work a few weeks before his death in 1989.<ref name="GomantShakti89" />

=== Education ===
Gomes Pereira and his relative, Albert Costa, together started the [[Sharada Mandir School]] in [[Panaji]]. It is regarded as one of the first schools in the city.<ref name="GomantShakti89" />

== Personal life ==
Rui Gomes Pereira had a son, Antonio Xavier.<ref name="NTGreatPartI" />

== Death ==
Gomes Pereira had thyroid cancer and died on 27 December 1989.<ref name="NTGreatPartII" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gomes Pereira, Rui}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Writers from North Goa district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Aaromaley

2026-03-29T22:51:45Z

Nick Jones: new basic stub needs work!

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy buddy film}}
{{For|the song from the film [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]|Aaromale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Aaromaley.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Sarang Thiagu
| writer = Sarang Thiagu
| screenplay = Sarang Thiagu [[Kishen Das]] Kaushik Sampath Ashameera Aiyappan '''''(additional)''''' Bipin R. '''''(additional)'''''
| producer = S. Vinod Kumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kishen Das]]
*[[Shivathmika Rajashekar]]
}}
| cinematography = Gowtham Rajendran
| editing = Praveen Antony
| music = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| studio = Mini Studio LLP
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|7|df=yes}}
| runtime = 127 minutes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/aaromaley|title=Aaromaley | Rotten Tomatoes|website=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}4 crore <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2025/11/aaromaley-box-office-collection.html|title=Aaromaley Box Office Collection Day 18 Worldwide And Budget|first=B. O. B.|last=Team|date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Aaromaley''''' ({{translation|''O Beloved''}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[buddy film]] written and directed by Sarang Thiagu in his debut, starring [[Kishen Das]] and [[Shivathmika Rajashekar]] in the lead roles, alongside Harshath Khan and [[VTV Ganesh]] in important roles. The film is produced by S. Vinod Kumar under his Mini Studio LLP banner, while the technical team consists of cinematographer Gowtham Rajendran, editor Praveen Antony and music composer [[Siddhu Kumar]].

''Aaromaley'' was released in theatres on 7 November 2025 to positive reviews from critics and audiences.

== Plot ==
In his teenage years, Ajith becomes inspired by [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]] and begins to believe that love makes everything work in life. In school and later college, he falls in love and both romances with both girls end up failing. Throughout this he always has his childhood friend who thinks his obsession with love is silly. However, his obsession for love does not end. He then goes to wedding at a church and stops the bride who is walking in by saying that he loves her and tried to stop the wedding. The bride yells at him. He gets kicked out of the wedding and in the process breaks the windshield of the car. As a result the bride’s family lodges a police complaint. His father bails him and his friend out.

When his father takes him home, he asks his father to not tell his mother anything. However his father does tell his mother who yells at him. She asks his father to set Ajith with a job at his friend Xavier’s matrimonial office. After arguing with his family, he finally accepts to go into work for his father’s friend.

At the matrimonial office, on his first day he hears a girl (Anjali) humming on the elevator. They both get off on the same floor and he is immediately struck by her beauty. During his intro with Xavier, he is paired with Mayur who teaches him the ropes and tells him Anjali is very strict. Anjali soon becomes Ajith’s nightmare and he wants to quit.

However, love eventually blossoms between the pair. The film revolves around him and his various attempts to survive in his current job, whilst navigating his humorous love for Anjali.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kishen Das]] as Ajith
*[[Shivathmika Rajashekar]] as Anjali
*Harshath Khan as Sachin
*[[VTV Ganesh]] as Narasimhan
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Xavier
*Sibi Chakravarthy as Mayur
*Raja Rani Pandian as Ajith's father
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Ajith's mother
*Nitish Chandrasekar as Shyam
*Namritha MV as Megha
*Sandhya Winfred as Smithy
*[[Kathadi Ramamurthy]] as Anjali's grandfather
*[[Silambarasan]] as the Narrator (voice)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-29 |title=Aaromaley trailer: Kishen Das plays cupid to VTV Ganesh in this film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/29/aaromaley-trailer-kishen-das-plays-cupid-to-vtv-ganesh-in-this-film |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Megha Akash]] as Sneha (cameo appearance)
*[[Teejay Arunasalam]] as Michael, Anjali's Abusive Ex-boyfriend (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
In late-May 2025, [[Kishen Das]]' next film after ''[[Tharunam]]'' (2025), with director Sarang Thiagu was announced through a glimpse video,<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-05-29 |title=கிஷன் தாஸ், ஹர்ஷத் கான் நடிக்கும் புதிய படத்தின் டைட்டில் புரோமோ வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/kishen-das-harshath-khan-starrer-title-promo-out-1160424 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> starring the director himself, Kishen Das and [[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']] (2025) fame Harshath Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-30 |title=Aaromaley: Kishen Das to star alongside Harshath Khan and Shivathmika in new film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/30/aaromaley-kishen-das-to-star-alongside-harshath-khan-and-shivathmika-in-new-film |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film marks the directorial debut of Sarang Thiagu, the son of yesteryear Actor [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-17 |title=Actor Thiyagu: இயக்குனராக அறிமுகமாகும் நடிகர் தியாகுவின் மகன்.. பிரபல சீரியல் நடிகையின் மகன் தான் ஹீரோ.. யார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/actor-thiyagu-son-sarang-thiyagu-becomes-director-through-aaromale-movie-kishen-das-as-hero-article-152839235 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Times Now Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Shivathmika Rajashekar]] as the female lead alongside [[Megha Akash]], [[VTV Ganesh]] and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-11 |title=Aaromaley Teaser: Kishen Das’ romantic pursuit leads him on a journey of self-discovery |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/11/aaromaley-teaser-kishen-das-romantic-pursuit-leads-him-on-a-journey-of-self-discovery |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Production got [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] during the announcement in late-May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tamil |first=Hindu |date=2025-05-29 |title=கிஷன் தாஸ் – ஹர்சத் கான் இணையும் ‘ஆரோமலே’ |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1363483-kishan-das-and-harshad-khan-to-star-in-aaromale.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711211346/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1363483-kishan-das-and-harshad-khan-to-star-in-aaromale.html |archive-date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film is produced by S. Vinod Kumar under his Mini Studio LLP banner, while the technical team consists of cinematographer Gowtham Rajendran, editor Praveen Antony handling editing and script supervision, music composer [[Siddhu Kumar]], production designer Manikandan Srinivasan and stunt choreographer Om Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=Aaromaley's trailer to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/28/aaromaleys-trailer-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aaromaley
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| producer = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]
| prev_year = 2025
| year = 2025
| misc = {{singles
|name = Aaromaley
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Dandanakka Life'U
|single1date = 20 June 2025
|single2 = Eppadi Vandhaayo
|single2date = 4 October 2025
|single3 = Mannaru Vandhaaru
|single3date = 23 October 2025
}}
}}

The music was composed by [[Siddhu Kumar]]. The first single titled "Dandanakka Life'U" was released on 20 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-06-20 |title=டி ராஜேந்தர் குரலில் "ஆரோமலே" படத்தின் "டண்டணக்கா லைப்" பாடல் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/dandanakka-lifeu-from-aaromaley-is-out-1164149 |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The second single titled "Eppadi Vandhaayo" was released on 4 October 2025. The third single titled "Mannaru Vandhaaru" was released on 23 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-21 |title=“ஆரோமலே” படத்தின் “மன்னாரு வந்தாரு ” பாடல் அப்டேட் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/aaromaley-movie-mannaru-vandhaaru-song-update-1185958 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The full album Consisting of 7 songs was released on 26 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spotify|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1l3UjpxFF14XjrhqmGWwTq?si=pi-Swh8RSOukukIZrbq6yA|website=open.spotify.com|access-date=2025-11-28}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:45
| title1 = Eppadi Vandhaayo
| length1 = 2:49
| lyrics1 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada]], [[Anand Aravindakshan]]
| title2 = Dho Pogura
| length2 = 3:20
| lyrics2 = Mohan Rajan
| extra2 = Aravind Karneeswaran
| title3 = Dandanakka Life'U
| length3 = 3:21
| lyrics3 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra3 = [[T. Rajendar]], [[OfRo]]
| title4 = Mannaru Vandhaaru
| length4 = 2:37
| lyrics4 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra4 = [[Sublahshini]]
| title5 = Valiye Valiye
| length5 = 2:49
| lyrics5 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra5 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]], The Indian Choral Ensemble
| title6 = Theerum Kadhal
| length6 = 3:14
| lyrics6 = Mu.Vi
| extra6 = [[Adithya RK]]
| title7 = Eppadi Vandhaayo (Reprise)
| length7 = 1:35
| lyrics7 = Vignesh Ramakrishna
| extra7 = Lakshmikanth.M
}}

== Release ==
''Aaromaley'' was released in theatres on 7 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Aaromaley, starring Kishen Das and Shivathmika Rajashekar, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/09/aaromaley-starring-kishen-das-and-shivathmika-rajashekar-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

'''Home Media:'''

''Aaromaley'' Began streaming in [[JioHotstar]] From 12 December 2025.

== Reception ==
Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Aaromaley is a welcome shift in this genre, also for its treatment of both the flashback technique and past relationships. There is no toxicity involved and no weaponising of your partner's past to scorekeep. [...] ''Aaromaley'' succeeds in doing away with the dreaminess of love while retaining its cute and sweet parts."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-11-07 |title=Aaromaley Movie Review: A neat and unpretentious rom-com |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Nov/07/aaromaleymovie-review-a-neat-and-unpretentious-rom-com |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Aaromaley is a sweet, breezy, and comfort watch, that never overdoes its elements. There is feather-light approach in storytelling that makes it for an easy viewing. With neat performances, solid writing, and narrative laced with fun, Aaromaley makes you feel refreshing with subtle takeaways."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaromaley movie review: A breezy, comforting, romantic watch that’s rooted in simplicity with modern storytelling |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/aaromaley-movie-review-a-breezy-comforting-romantic-watch-thats-rooted-in-simplicity-with-modern-storytelling/7031eae267989 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Director Sarang Thiagu's 'Aaromaley', starring Kishen Das, Shivathmika and Harshath Khan, is a warm and fuzzy romantic entertainer that is all heart. Strong characterisations and realistic conversations make us look past minor shortcomings."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-11-06 |title=Aaromaley review: Refreshingly honest rom-com with heart and humour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aaromaley-review-honest-rom-com-heart-humour-2814853-2025-11-06 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Aaromaley hits its marks without breaking a sweat. The romance resolves, the laughs arrive on schedule, and everyone learns their lesson about opening their hearts. It's competent enough to keep you engaged while the runtime ticks by, but there's nothing here that lingers."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aaromaley Movie Review: Romantic comedy on cruise control |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aaromaley/movie-review/125151181.cms |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt36587142}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj

2026-03-29T07:49:32Z

Nick Jones:

{{Short description|2024 epic historical war film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since early versions from 2024 on; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, vocab distro typical of 2024-25 LLM output etc}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj
| image = Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Part 1.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Tushar Shelar
| writer = Sandeep Mohitepatil Sudhir Nikam
| producer = Shekhar Mohitepatil Saujanya Nikam Dharmendra Bora Ketanraje Bhosale
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Thakur Anoop Singh]]
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
* [[Raj Zutshi]]}}
| music = Mohit Kulkarni
| cinematography = [[Mahesh Aney]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Visual effects by
| data1 = Chirag Bhuva
}}
| editing = Shiva Bayappa
| studio = Urvita Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
| runtime = 173 minutes<ref>{{Cite book |last=Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) |first=India |url=http://archive.org/details/cbfc-ecinepramaan-100010292400008201 |title=DHARMARAKSHAK MAHAVEER CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJI MAHARAJ |language=English}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj''''' ({{Translation|Protector of the Faith, Great Warrior Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|historical]] [[war film]] directed by Tushar Shelar and produced by Shekhar Mohitepatil, Saujanya Nikam, Dharmendra Bora, and Ketanraje Bhosale under Urvita Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Letsupp |last2=Jadhav |first2=Digambar |date=2024-05-16 |title='धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज', मराठीसह 5 भाषांमध्ये प्रदर्शित होणार |url=https://letsupp.com/entertainment/dharmakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-release-date-153649.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=LetsUpp |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Movie Story - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/tag/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-movie-story/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> It features [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] in the title role<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Photos: अभिनेत्याने शेअर केले 'शेर संभाजी' चित्रपटाच्या सेटवरील अनसीन फोटो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4695567/thakur-anup-sinha-shared-photos-from-the-sets-of-sher-sambhaji-on-social-media-viral-pyd-04/8/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> alongside [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], Sanjay Khapre, [[Bhargavi Chirmule]], [[Kamlesh Sawant]], [[Kishori Shahane]] and [[Raj Zutshi]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Manasvi |date=2024-10-04 |title=Amruta Khanvilkar: चंद्रमुखीचा नवा लूक,'धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज' मध्ये साकारणार 'महाराणी येसूबाई भोसले'ची भूमिका |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-actress-amruta-khanvilkar-playing-role-in-yesubai-first-look-revealed-msc01 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhaava: 'छावा' से पहले बड़े पर्दे पर दिखेगी संभाजी महाराज की ये कहानी, विक्की कौशल की फिल्म को होगा नुकसान? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-will-release-on-22-november-can-hit-business-of-chhaava-2024-11-12?pageId=5 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Set against the backdrop of 17th century, it is a romanticised fictional portrayal of the life of Sambhaji, as he defends the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] and Hindu faith against the [[Mughal Empire]], showcasing his bravery, tactical genius, and unwavering spirit, solidifying his legacy as a revered protector of his people and culture.

The film was officially announced in January 2023, and its principal photography began in the latter half of the same year. The shooting took place sporadically throughout the year, with filming conducted in the interiors of Maharashtra to capture the region's authentic essence. Mohit Kulkarni composed the film's music, while cinematographer [[Mahesh Aney]] handled the cinematography and Chirag Bhuva helmed the visual effects.

The film was theatrically released in Marathi on 22 November 2024, followed by its Hindi version on 29 November 2024, and received positive reviews from critics, who praised its direction, performances, and production values.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=NavbharatLive |date=2024-11-12 |title='धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपति संभाजी महाराज' का ट्रेलर हुआ आउट |url=https://navbharatlive.com/entertainment/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-trailer-out-film-to-be-release-on-22-november-1035212.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Navabharat |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ढोले |first=जगदीश |date=2024-11-13 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj : 'धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज'च |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-trailer-released-movie-release-date-22-november-anoop-singh-thakur-amruta-khanvilkar-marathi-news-1326169 |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> The film has grossed over {{INRConvert|11.90|c}}–{{INRConvert|12.70|c}} worldwide, emerging as the [[List of Marathi films of 2024|fifth highest grossing Marathi film of 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-15 |title=2024 मध्ये सर्वाधिक कमाई केलेले 10 मराठी चित्रपट तुम्हाला माहिती आहेत काय? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!entertainment/do-you-know-the-10-highest-grossing-marathi-movies-at-the-box-office-in-2024-maharashtra-news-mhs24121404770 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|* [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as [[Sambhaji|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Nancy |title=Sambhaji Maharaj कौन? जिनपर बनी दो फिल्में आगे-पीछे होंगी रिलीज, Vicky Kaushal को नुकसान! |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/entertainment/chhaava-vs-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj/949942/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=News24 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]'s second ruler and [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]'s eldest son. Known for his bravery and tactical skill, he defended the empire against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], symbolizing courage and sacrifice.
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]] as [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Maharani Yesubai Bhonsale]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2024-10-04 |title='धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज' मध्ये अमृता खानविलकर साकारणार महाराणी येसूबाई; लूक होतोय व्हायरल |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/amruta-khanvilkar-playing-yesubai-in-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-psn14 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> the devoted wife of Sambhaji known for her intelligence and leadership, played a vital role in supporting Sambhaji’s rule and managing the kingdom during turbulent times. After Jijabai, she became the ''Kulmuktyar'' of [[Hindavi Swarajya|Swarajya]].
* [[Kishori Shahane]] as [[Jijabai|Rajmata Jijausaheb Bhonsale]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=किशोरी शहाणेंची मृणाल कुलकर्णींना टक्कर, जिजाऊंच्या भूमिकेतील पहिला Look समोर, तुम्हाला कोण आवडलं? |url=https://news18marathi.com/photogallery/entertainment/kishori-shahane-fight-to-mrinal-kulkarni-play-jijabai-role-in-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-film-1272478-page-6.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=news18marathi.com |date=4 November 2024 |language=mr}}</ref> the mother of [[Shivaji|Shivaji I]], is known for her strength, wisdom, and leadership. Her influence continued through her grandson, Sambhaji, guiding him in his early years and playing a key role in the Maratha Empire’s rise and defense.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Pandit Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ngBAAAAMAAJ&q=Keshav+Pandit+Sambhaji |title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] as Dharaumata, the nursemaid from the [[Dhangar]] family of Pune, who played a crucial role in raising young Bal Shambhu Raje. She provided the maternal care and support that he needed during his early years, after the loss of his biological mother.
* Anand Pimpalkar as Guruji,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2024-10-23 |title='धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज'मध्ये हा कलाकार कृष्णशास्त्री पंडित यांच्या भूमिकेत |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/anand-pimpalkar-will-play-krishnashastri-pandit-in-dharmarakshak-mahavir-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-1289768.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> a notable scholar and astrologer, known for his contribution as an advisor in the Maratha court.
* Pallavi Vaidya as [[Sai Bhonsale|Maharani Saibai Bhonsale]], the first wife of Shivaji I and biological mother of Sambhaji, known for her strength and devotion, played a crucial role in supporting her husband’s vision and nurturing their son, making her an important figure in Maratha history.
* Krutika Tulaskar as [[Soyarabai|Maharani Soyarabai Bhonsale]], the first wife of Shivaji I, biological mother of Rajaram I and stepmother of Sambhaji. After her husband's death, she became a key figure in the power struggle, especially during the succession dispute between her son and his cousin.
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as [[Muqarrab Khan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Powerful Trailer of Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Part 1 Released: A Cinematic Tribute to the Maratha Warrior - Morning Kashmir |url=https://www.morningkashmir.com/powerful-trailer-of-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-part-1-released-a-cinematic-tribute-to-the-maratha-warrior/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> was a Mughal general known for his military skills and loyalty to Aurangzeb, playing a key role in battling the Marathas and suppressing their resistance.
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as [[Aurangzeb|Alamgir Aurangzeb]], the sixth Mughal Emperor, was known for his expansionist ambitions, strict Islamic policies, and efforts to suppress the Marathas, which ultimately contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire.
* Ranjit Nikam as Siddhi Maulvi, a high-ranking general and influential leader of the [[Siddi]]s, renowned for his naval expertise and strategic command of the [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira fort]], playing a pivotal role in the [[Deccan wars|Maratha-Mughal conflicts]].
* Sanjay Khapre as [[Hambirrao Mohite|Sarsenapati Hambirrao Mohite]], the Commander-in-Chief of the Maratha Empire under Shivaji I and later Sambhaji Maharaj.
* Anil Gawas as [[Bahirji Naik]], Maratha spy and chief of intelligence department in the army of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
* [[Ujjwal Chopra]] as [[Kavi Kalash]], a renowned poet, scholar, and loyal confidant known for his literary brilliance and unwavering support during challenging times.
* Aarti Shinde as Salma
* Pradeep Kabra as Siddhi Kasam
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]] as Siddhi Khairiyat, a powerful and resilient leader, who commanded Janjira fort against Maratha forces, securing a legacy as a resilient and strategic figure in Deccan history.
* Prathamesh Katkar as [[Muhammad Akbar (Mughal prince)|Akbar]], the rebellious son of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, allied with Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj after opposing his father over succession disputes.
* Shraddha Shinde as Saraswati
* Trupti Rane as Laxmi
* Sheetal Patil as Durga
* [[Khushi Hajare]] as Sumi
* Kritika Velapure as Bhavani Sambhajiraje Bhosale, the eldest daughter of Sambhaji and Yesubai, known for her courage, strategic involvement in the empire's defense, and her strong leadership.
* Vineet Sharma as Kondaji Farzand, a prominent Maratha warrior and military leader often remembered for his significant role in several battles as a courageous and skillful leader, which helped to shape the Maratha forces.
* Swaraj Bhoite as [[Rajaram I|Rajaram Maharaj]], the younger son of Shivaji I, was a brave and determined leader who played a crucial role in preserving the Maratha Empire after the martyrdom of his elder brother, Sambhaji.
* Sandeep Mohitepatil as Maratha Mavala
* Rishank Mohite as Mavala
* Nitin Paygude as Mavala
* Shrihari Kale as Mavala
* Rajendra Bendre as Mavala
* Vishal Phale as [[Santaji Ghorpade]], a legendary Maratha warrior and military commander, particularly famous for his strategic genius, bravery, and unwavering loyalty.
* Pramod Kale as Dadaji Deshpande, a military leader under Sambhaji, known for his loyalty and valor in defending the Maratha Empire and led several successful campaigns against the Mughals and also sacrificed his life in service.
* Sachin Gawali as Giroji Baba, a respected spiritual guide and trusted advisor to Sambhaji, providing wisdom and moral support during his reign.
* Suraj Khan as [[Daulat Khan (admiral)|Daulat Khan]]
* Amy Aela as Sakina
* Prashant Mohite
* Shivshankar Swami as Shivshankar
* Dhanashri Kadam
* Mrunal Gaikwad
* Rahul Nevse
* Rahul Borole as Sardar
}}

== Production ==
Following the grand success of the Marathi film ''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]'', Urvita Productions announced ''Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj'', in January 2023, marking the studio's second major production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Manasvi |date=2024-10-23 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj मध्ये आनंद पिंपळकर दिसणार कृष्णशास्त्री पंडित यांच्या दमदार भूमिकेत; लूक आला समोर |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/anand-pimpalkar-playing-a-krushnashastri-pandit-role-in-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-msc01 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=namratasandbhor |date=2024-05-16 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj {{!}} Pune News |url=https://policenama.com/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-thakur-anup-singh-in-dharmarakshak-mahavir-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-shambhu-raje-appeared-at-the-birth-anniversary-celebrations-of-chhatra/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=पोलीसनामा (Policenama) |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place at [[Bhor Rajwada|Rajwada]] in [[Bhor]], [[Jaoli|Jaoli village]], and [[Vijaydurg Fort]], with the first schedule of filming completed in November 2023, followed by the start of the second schedule in December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2024-11-05 |title=अभिनेता ठाकूर अनुप सिंग साकारतोय संभाजी महाराजांची भूमिका, विजयदुर्ग गडावरील खास शूट केले शेअर |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/photos/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-actor-thakur-anoop-singh-shared-vijaydurga-fort-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-look-photos-in-instagram-682165.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref> Initially, details about the cast were kept highly confidential. However, in August 2023, [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] was cast in the role of the legendary Maratha warrior, and speaking about the opportunity, he described it as a lifetime honor, stating, "Getting to play the role of Sambhaji Maharaj was a lifetime opportunity; not many actors have had the chance to portray such characters. I consider this a blessing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Anoop Singh on playing historic leaders like Sambhaji Maharaj, Dhritarashtra & others |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/anoop-singh-on-playing-historic-leaders-like-sambhaji-maharaj-dhritarashtra-mahabharat-23443100?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> In May 2024, it was revealed that Thakur Anoop Singh, [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], and [[Kishori Shahane]] would play the lead roles, with this film marking the first time Shahane has portrayed a historical character in her thirty-seven-year career.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title="धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज" चित्रपट लवकरच येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला! Chhatrapati Sambhaji maharaj Jayanti Dharmakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj movie is coming soon |url=https://www.marathijagran.com/entertainment/chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-jayanti-dharmakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-is-coming-soon-21919 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Marathi Jagran |date=14 May 2024 |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=New Poster Of Dharmakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Part 1 Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/new-poster-of-dharmakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-part-1-out-9110222.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The [[soundtrack]] album is composed by Mohit Kulkarni. On November 4, 2024, the much-anticipated title track was released in both Marathi and Hindi languages, showcasing the bravery, loyalty, and sacrifice, symbolizing the valiant spirit of the king.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=2024-11-04 |title=छत्रपती संभाजी महाराजांची वीर गाथा सांगणारं 'राजं संभाजी' गाणं ऐकलंत का ? |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-marathi-movie-raja-sambhaji-title-track-released-on-social-media-681121.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=narayan |first=kimaya |date=2024-11-05 |title=छत्रपती संभाजी महाराजांची वीर गाथा उलगडणारं 'राजं संभाजी' गाणं प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/raja-sambhaji-new-song-of-upcoming-marathi-movie-dharmarakshak-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-released-on-social-media-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> The second single, "''Vaat Pahe Shambhuraya"'' was released on 11 November 2024, featuring Khanvilkar and Singh, with vocals by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and choreography by Omkar Mane in both languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj {{!}} Song - Jiya Jaye Na |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-song-jiya-jaye-na/videoshow/115228185.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The song beautifully captures the love, devotion, and historical bond between the two characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=पाहा अमृता खानविलकरचे महाराणी येसूबाई यांच्या भूमिकेतील फोटो |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4705816/amruta-khanvilkar-upcoming-movie-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-maharani-yesubai-role-sdn-96/ |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Marathi – Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:23
| title1 = Raja Sambhaji - Title Track
| length1 = 4:20
| lyrics1 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music1 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra1 = Nandesh Umap
| title2 = Raja Sambhaji - Title Track (Sad version)
| length2 = 4:26
| lyrics2 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music2 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra2 = [[Aarya Ambekar]]
| title3 = Vaat Pahe Shambhuraya
| length3 = 5:19
| lyrics3 = Dr. Prasad Biware
| music3 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title4 = Shambhurajyabhishek Geet
| length4 = 6:40
| lyrics4 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music4 = Mohit Kulkarni, Narendra Bhide
| extra4 = Jaydeep Vaidya
| title5 = Ram Setu
| length5 = 5:13
| lyrics5 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music5 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra5 = Janardan Dhatrak, Umesh Joshi, Vijay Dhuri, Vivek Naik, Devendra Chitnis, Santosh Bote, Siddhant Karawde, Mangesh Shirke, Anil Bhilare, Vidit Patankar
| title6 = Marhaba
| length6 = 5:25
| lyrics6 = Dr. Prasad Biware
| music6 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra6 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi – Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 31:23
| title1 = Sher Sambhaji - Title Track
| length1 = 4:20
| lyrics1 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music1 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra1 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| title2 = Sher Sambhaji - Title Track (Sad version)
| length2 = 4:26
| lyrics2 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music2 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra2 = [[Aarya Ambekar]]
| title3 = Jiya Jaye Na
| length3 = 5:19
| lyrics3 = Dr. Prasad Biware
| music3 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title4 = Shambhurajyabhishek Geet
| length4 = 6:40
| lyrics4 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music4 = Mohit Kulkarni, Narendra Bhide
| extra4 = Jaydeep Vaidya
| title5 = Jai Jai Ram
| length5 = 5:13
| lyrics5 = Hrishikesh Zambare
| music5 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra5 = Janardan Dhatrak, Umesh Joshi, Vijay Dhuri, Vivek Naik, Devendra Chitnis, Santosh Bote, Siddhant Karawde, Mangesh Shirke, Anil Bhilare, Vidit Patankar
| title6 = Marhaba
| length6 = 5:25
| lyrics6 = Dr. Prasad Biware
| music6 = Mohit Kulkarni
| extra6 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj (OST) – Background score<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spotify |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6qohWhJZsTWC8We1I7Xs5m?si=6nu7xPaXTtuuaF2Mtb6HgQ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref>
| title1 = Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Theme
| length1 = 1:00
| music1 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title2 = Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Ra Ra Theme 1
| length2 = 0:30
| music2 = Sandeep Mohite Patil
| title3 = Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Ra Ra Theme 2
| length3 = 0:24
| music3 = Sandeep Mohite Patil
| title4 = Burhanpur Victory
| length4 = 1:38
| music4 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title5 = Fall of Sambhaji Maharaj
| length5 = 0:56
| music5 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title6 = Ghor Tu
| length6 = 2:06
| music6 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title7 = Jijamata's Blessing
| length7 = 0:43
| music7 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title8 = Maharaj's Tandav – Rudra Raga
| length8 = 0:36
| music8 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title9 = Maharaj's Youngest Soldier
| length9 = 1:20
| music9 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title10 = Mother's Demise
| length10 = 2:06
| music10 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title11 = Sambhaji Maharaj's Entry
| length11 = 1:04
| music11 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title12 = Yesubai – The Royal Queen
| length12 = 0:25
| music12 = Utsav Shrey, Amarjeet Prabhudesai
| title13 = Aurangzeb Theme
| length13 = 0:25
| music13 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title14 = Kondaji True Warrior
| length14 = 1:00
| music14 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title15 = Kondaji's Demise
| length15 = 1:43
| music15 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title16 = Kondaji's Promise
| length16 = 0:23
| music16 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title17 = Maharaj Helping Kavi Kalash
| length17 = 0:24
| music17 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title18 = Sambhaji Maharaj Meet Shivaji Maharaj
| length18 = 1:31
| music18 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title19 = Maharaj's Entry on Ship
| length19 = 0:22
| music19 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title20 = Sambhaji Maharaj's Hanuman Chalisa
| length20 = 2:05
| music20 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title21 = Maharaj's Maratha Speech
| length21 = 0:59
| music21 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title22 = Maratha Attack on Janjira
| length22 = 0:26
| music22 = Mohit Kulkarni
| title23 = Maharani Yesubai Ready for Battle
| length23 = 1:20
| music23 = Mohit Kulkarni
| total_length = 26:09
}}

== Marketing and release ==
On the occasion of [[Sambhaji|Sambhaji Maharaj]]'s birth anniversary, on 14 May 2024, the first look poster of the movie featuring Singh's character was unveiled in a grand event in [[Pune]] organized by Suryoday Pratishthan, led by Navnath Pathare Patil, in the presence of thousands of devotees of Chhatrapati.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Character reveals began on the first day of [[Navaratri]], starting with Khanvilkar’s portrayal of [[Yesubai Bhonsale|Maharani Yesubai]] in a yellow saree and traditional Maharashtrian jewelry, praying before a [[Shivling]], followed by Shahane’s portrayal of [[Jijabai|Jijamata]] in a green saree holding a child wrapped in orange cloth,<ref>{{Cite web |title=किशोरी शहाणेंची मृणाल कुलकर्णींना टक्कर, जिजाऊंच्या भूमिकेतील पहिला Look समोर, तुम्हाला कोण आवडलं? |url=https://news18marathi.com/photogallery/entertainment/kishori-shahane-fight-to-mrinal-kulkarni-play-jijabai-role-in-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-film-1272478-page-3.html |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=news18marathi.com |date=4 November 2024 |language=mr}}</ref> and Chimule as Dharamata, seated with a toddler and teaching him to wield a [[sword]] and [[shield]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karale |first=Neelam |date=2024-10-04 |title=Amruta Stars as Maharani Yesubai in 'Dharmarakshak Mahavir Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj' |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/entertainment/amruta-stars-as-maharani-yesubai-in-dharmarakshak-mahavir-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj#google_vignette |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> Other key characters, including [[Sai Bhonsale|Saibai Bhonsale]], [[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Bhonsale]], Kondaji Farzand, [[Rajaram I|Rajaram Maharaj]], the Mavalas and the Siddhis, were also revealed during this period.<ref name=":2" />

Initially scheduled for release on 15 November 2024, the film was later postponed by a week, with the official teaser, launched on 11 October 2024, offered a glimpse of Singh in character and announcing the new release date of 22 November.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Shikha |date=2024-10-11 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Teaser:संभाजी महाराज की दहाड़ से कांप उठे दुश्मन {{!}} News Track in Hindi |url=https://newstrack.com/entertainment/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-teaser-review-trailer-release-date-hindi-472604 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=newstrack.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Letsupp |last2=Jadhav |first2=Digambar |date=2024-10-11 |title='धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज' चित्रपटाचा रोमांचकारी टिझर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://letsupp.com/entertainment/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-teaser-release-in-social-media-191242.html |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=LetsUpp |language=Marathi}}</ref> The much-awaited trailer of 2 minutes 36 seconds was released in both Hindi and Marathi on 12 November 2024, during a grand launch event at [[PVR INOX|PVR, City Mall]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='धर्म, गोमाता धोक्यात येते तेव्हा हिंदूना शस्त्र...' छ. संभाजी महाराजांच्या जीवनावर मराठी सिनेमा |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-trailer-out-starring-thakur-anup-singh-and-amruta-khanvilkar/articleshow/115221225.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> The event was attended by the film's cast and crew, including [[Thakur Anoop Singh]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Bhargavi Chirmule]], [[Amruta Khanvilkar]], Anand Pimpalkar, all four producers, and [[Pen Studios|Pens Studios]] founder [[Jayantilal Gada]].<ref name=":3" /> A day before the trailer launch, producer Sandeep Mohitepatil met with [[Udayanraje Bhosale]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Shivendrasinh Raje Bhosale, members of the [[Chhatrapati#Raja Chhatrapatis of Satara|Chhatrapati family]], to give them a special preview of the trailer. The trailer received a positive response from the audience, generating anticipation for the film’s release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिकलगार |first=स्वालिया न |date=2024-11-13 |title=Akshay Kumar Aithraaz-2 {{!}} वीस वर्षांनंतर ऐतराजचा सीक्वल; सुभाष घईंची मोठी घोषणा |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/akshay-kumar-aithraaz-2-subhash-ghai-announcement |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Pudhari News |language=mr}}</ref> The film's Marathi version was released on 22 November 2024, while the Hindi version followed a week later on 29 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=narayan |first=kimaya |date=2024-11-30 |title=Latest Marathi Movie : 'धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज-भाग १' सिनेमाला प्रेक्षकांचा उत्स्फूर्त प्रतिसाद |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/dharmaraskshak-sambhaji-movie-get-good-response-from-movie-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> On 25 November, a special screening was held for Udayanraje Bhosale and his family at their residence in Jal Mandir Palace, [[Satara (city)|Satara]]. Rajmata Kalpanaraje Bhonsale remarked, "A wonderful film has been made. This film is not only good, but the actors have also added much to it. Everyone has played their characters well." Maharani Damayanti Udayanraje Bhonsale added, "The film's direction, dialogues, acting, proper use of VFX, and many other aspects have made this film even better."<ref>{{Cite web |last=narayan |first=kimaya |date=2024-11-27 |title=श्रीमंत छत्रपती उदयनराजे भोसलेंनी सहकुटूंब पाहिला 'धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज' सिनेमा ; कौतुक करत म्हणाले... |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/special-screening-of-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

=== Controversy and challenges ===
Upon its release, the film received a positive response from audiences, especially in [[Maharashtra]]. However, it faced challenges due to limited screen allocation following the release of big-budget films like the pan-India ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''. Reports emerged indicating that theaters prioritized commercial blockbusters, leaving minimal or no slots for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title='पुष्पा २'साठी मराठी चित्रपटांना ब्रेक? धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज चित्रपटालाही फटका |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-marathi-movie-show-cancelled-for-pusha-2/articleshow/115943890.cms |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> In response to this issue, Swati Pisal, the president of Astha Social Organization, stated that a joint meeting was held with Radhika Panhal, president of Manav Parivartan Vikas Multipurpose Charitable Organization, Anil Gharal of Maratha Federation, Rajendra Mane, Jaibhau Suryavanshi of [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]], and others. Pisal mentioned that a statement would be submitted to the Chief Minister, Provincial Officer, and Superintendent of Police. She described the situation as "very shameful and regrettable for progressive Maharashtra."<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=सकाळ डिजिटल |date=2024-12-07 |title=Marathi Movies : '...तर दाक्षिणात्‍य चित्रपट बंद पाडणार'; धर्मरक्षक संभाजी महाराज चित्रपट बदलल्‍याचे पडसाद |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/swati-pisal-warns-of-ban-on-south-indian-films-over-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movies-bam92 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>

On 9 December 2024, the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS)]] issued a stern warning to the management of Miraj Ashok Anil Cinemas in [[Ulhasnagar]], threatening to halt all shows at the theater if ''Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj'' was not scheduled, as the theater had not screened a single show of the film. MNS leaders, including district president Bandu Deshmukh and city president Sanjay Ghuge, protested outside the theater, accusing it of sidelining the film while allocating 15 daily shows to ''Pushpa 2'' and a single show to ''[[The Sabarmati Report]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2024-12-10 |title=.. तर थिएटरची एकही काच शिल्लक राहणार नाही ; मनसेनं भरला दम |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/mns-threatened-theatre-for-not-adding-single-show-of-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-1318126.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> Following these protests, the theater management assured the party that the film would be given slots within two days. The controversy highlighted ongoing issues of unequal screen distribution, especially for regional and historical films, sparking a wider debate about the need for fair opportunities for Marathi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=दुधाणे |first=अजय |date=2024-12-10 |title=Dharmarakshak Sambhaji Maharaj: 'धर्मरक्षक संभाजी महाराज' चित्रपट लावला नाही तर...मनसे आक्रमक, थेट दिला इशारा |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/mns-anger-on-ashok-anil-cinema-hall-for-not-giving-single-show-to-dharmarakshak-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-ulhasnagar-maharashtra-sm2000 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj'' has received positive reviews from both critics and audiences, who have praised the performances, grandeur, story, writing and VFX, although some critics have criticized its lengthy runtime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title="आम्हाला माफ करा महाराज", छत्रपती संभाजी महाराजांचे बलिदान पाहून तरुणीचे अश्रू अनावर, चित्रपटगृहात ढसाढसा रडू लागली अन्…, पाहा VIDEO |url=https://www.loksatta.com/trending/young-woman-cried-after-watching-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-in-theater-viral-video-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-dvr-99-4740885/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

Mudit Bhatnagar of ''[[Times Now]]'' praised the film for its visuals, sets, costumes, and strong performances, particularly the tension between Sambhaji and Aurangzeb, stating, "It offers a respectable portrayal of a legendary figure. While it has its flaws, it succeeds in telling an important story with heart and sincerity." He gave the film three stars out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj Movie Review: A Grand Tribute To Fearless King |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-movie-review-a-grand-tribute-to-fearless-king-review-115524735 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> In his review for ''[[Sakal]]'', Santosh Bhingarde awarded the film four out of five stars, commending its overall execution. He wrote, "It seems that director Tushar Shelar has done a lot of research while presenting this heroic story. The important events in the life of Sambhaji Maharaj have been carefully considered. Maharaj's courage, his bravery and his loyalty and sacrifice have been told how inspiring it is to the present generation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=2024-11-23 |title=Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Sambhaji Maharaj Review : महावीरांच्या शौर्याची गाथा; धर्मरक्षक महावीर छत्रपती संभाजी महाराज |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/dharmarakshak-mahaveer-sambhaji-maharaj-review-psn14 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> Keerti Kadam of ''Cinebuster'' described it as "a sincere attempt to honour the legacy" and wrote, "The film’s strengths lie in its sincere attempt to honour the legacy of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, stunning visuals, and commendable performances." She also pointed out its drawbacks, including "inconsistent pacing and a lack of emotional exploration, particularly in Sambhaji and Yesubai’s personal life," and rated the film 3.5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Review : Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj – Part 1 : Sincere attempt to honour the legacy of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj! |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/review-dharmarakshak-mahaveer-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj-part-1-sincere-attempt-to-honour-the-legacy-of-chhatrapati-sambhaji-maharaj/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=CineBuster |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Awards
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Ref
|-
|International Iconic Awards Marathi
|2024
|Best Versatile Actress
|[[Kishori Shahane]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners IIA – Marathi – International Iconic Awards |url=https://internationaliconicawards.com/winners-iia-marathi/ |access-date=2025-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[9th Filmfare Awards Marathi|2025]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction – Marathi|Best Production Design]]
|Vijay Mahamulkar
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The Filmfare Awards Marathi 2025: Full List Out {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-filmfare-awards-marathi-2025-full-list-out-75328.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design – Marathi|Best Costume Design]]
|Ganesh Lonare
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Maharashtra State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |2026
|Best Music
|Mohit Kulkarni
|{{pending}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-08 |title=62nd Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards nominations list announced |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/62nd-the-state-marathi-film-awards-nominations-list/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |work=Kalakruti Media}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Ganesh Lonare
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Make-up|Best Make-up]]
|Santosh Gilbile
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|32166678|Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj}}

[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:2020s historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Sambhaji]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films about kings]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2024 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2024 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maratha Empire]]

Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015

2026-03-28T06:07:03Z

Nick Jones: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957#2015]] {{R from merge}} {{R to section}}

Shyam

2026-03-25T23:59:26Z

Nick Jones: adding a details - done

'''Shyam''' is a [[name of Krishna]] and an Indian masculine [[Indian given name|given name]] and surname. Notable people with this name include:

;Shyam
*[[Shyam (actor)]] (1920–1951), Indian Hindi film actor
*[[Shyam (composer)]] (born 1937), an Indian music composer from Kerala
*[[Shyam Benegal]] (1934–2024), Indian film director
*[[Shyam Satardekar]] (born 1966), Indian politician
{{excerpt|Shyam Sunder (disambiguation)|only=list|hat=no}}

*[[Karam Shyam]] (born 1962), Indian politician

;Syam
*[[Syam Pushkaran]] (born 1984), Indian scriptwriter
*[[Syam Sudhakar]] (born 1983), Malayalam-language poet

==See also==
* [[Shyam (film)]], 2016 Indian Malayalam-language film
* [[Sam (given name)]]
*{{intitle}}

{{given name|type=both}}
[[Category:Indian given names]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Ghilamara Model Higher Secondary School

2026-03-22T00:46:06Z

Nick Jones: done.

{{Infobox school
| name = Ghilamara Model Higher Secondary School
| native_name =
| image =
| location = Ghilamara Chow Kham
| region = Ghilamara
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = India
| zipcode = 787053
| schooltype = [[Higher Secondary School]]
| established = 1952
| school_board = [[Board of Secondary Education, Assam]], AHSEC
| district = [[Lakhimpur district]]
| headmaster = Mintu Kr. Gogoi
| staff =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
}}

'''Ghilamara Model Higher Secondary School''' is a Higher Secondary School situated in Ghilamara Lakhimpur Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/ghilamara-hs/18120205002|title = Ghilamara Hs High School, Assam - Fees, Admissions, Address and Reviews 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Infosystems |first1=Yora |title=GHILAMARA HS - Chowkham Ghat, District Lakhimpur (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/lakhimpur/18120205002/ghilamara-hs.html |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref> It was Established in 1952.

==Infrastructure==
* a Library
* an Office Chamber
* Two Entrance Gates
* a Science Library
* a cultural Stage
* a flower garden
* a play ground
* a computer room

== Other informations ==
* Block Name - Bordoloni Block
* Medium - Assamese
* Language subjects - Assamese, English
* Building Type - Government Model
* No. of Books in Library app. - 1400
* No. of Teachers app. - 30
* Classes - class ''VI'' to ''XII''

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Assam]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]
[[Category:Schools in Ghilamara]]

Bharatiyam International School

2026-03-17T17:23:55Z

Nick Jones: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Seven Hills of Shimla

2026-03-17T11:05:20Z

Nick Jones:

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Short description|Terrain of Shimla, India}}
[[File:Shimla at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Shimla in evening|300x300px]]
'''Seven Hills of Shimla''' are the seven hills in [[Shimla]], the capital and the largest city of the North Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. It served as the [[summer capital]] of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. Shimla city is developed on the Seven Hills.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Himtimes|date=18 October 2013|title=Shimla - General Information|url=https://himtimes.com/shimla-general-information/|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Himtimes|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2019|title=Shimla's smart path is all uphill|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/shimla-s-smart-path-is-all-uphill/story-029Bff3wZxKh4zX7gWPnhM.html|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Although today Shimla has even spread oust the seven hills but the main city center lies on the seven hills.

== Jakhu Hill ==
[[File:Shimla Mall.jpg|thumb|View of Jakhu hill from [[Mall Road, Shimla|The Mall]]]]
'''Jakhu Hill''' is elevated at {{Convert|2471|m|ft}} is the first hill and the highest hill of Shimla. The hill is the part of the central Shimla and is crowned by the temple dedicated to [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]] [[Jakhu Temple]] and a statue in its premises i.e. [[Shri Hanuman Jakhu (Statue)|''Shri Hanuman Jakhu'']]. The hill is secured with [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]] and [[Alpine plant|Alpine]] trees.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2020|title=VIDEO: While bringing Sanjeevani booti to Laxman, Lord Hanuman rested in this temple|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/astrology/while-bringing-sanjeevani-booti-to-laxman-lord-hanuman-rested-in-in-this-temple-634026|access-date=23 March 2021|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Elysium Hill ==
[[File:Hill view from Simla town.jpg|left|thumb|Longwood locality situated over Elysium Hill]]
'''Elysium Hill''' is elevated at {{Convert|2274.68|m|ft}} holds the north-western Shimla. It holds [[Auckland House School, Shimla|Auckland House School]] and [[Longwood, Shimla|Longwood]] and reaches out towards the Bharari. This appealing site is situated out and about promoting the Lakkar Bazaar. The Auckland House, which was the home of [[Baron Auckland|Lord Baron Auckland]] (now school) is situated here. As indicated by records, Lord Auckland bought this house in the year 1836, and it was changed over to a school, Auckland House School. Stirling Castle, found close by, is a halfway house which offers a refuge for poor Tibetan children. One of the major neighbourhoods of Shimla, [[Kaithu, Shimla|Kaithu's]] half region of Buchail area is located in the southern part of the hill, other half and main part of the suburb is located on the southern part of Bantony Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=20 May 2018 |title=To the hills we go |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jI9BiXVyJEjpTIMhW6MQtM/To-the-hills-we-go.html |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Bantony Hill ==
[[File:Grand Hotel - Shimla 2014-05-07 0914.JPG|thumb|Grand Hotel atop of Bantony Hill]]
'''Bantony Hill''' is elevated at {{Convert|2226|m|ft}} holds the central Shimla. [[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari Temple]], Grand Hotel and Bantony Castle are the three major landmarks located on the top of it. The hill is named after Lord Bantony and his castle situated over it. Two of the most important neighbourhoods of Shimla which are [[Kaithu, Shimla|Kaithu]] and [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], are located on the southern part of the hill.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2015|title=Shimla diaries: heading for the hills|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/901271/shimla-diaries-heading-for-the-hills|access-date=23 March 2021|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref>

== Prospect Hill ==
[[File:Moon exactly over Prospect Hill Shimla 01.jpg|thumb|View of moon exactly over Prospect Hill]]
'''Prospect Hill''' is elevated at {{Convert|2178.92|m|ft}}, is located in the western Shimla. It has the [[Kamna Devi Temple]] on the top of it. The slope is a valued place for in Shimla, as it is mainstream for having an exceptionally celebrated sanctuary committed to Goddess Kamna Devi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Stunning facts about Shimla no one told you before |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/stunning-facts-about-shimla-no-one-told-you-before/articleshow/67179017.cms |access-date=22 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Inverarm Hill ==
[[File:Shimla Himachal India (2).JPG|thumb|View of TV Tower besides [[Himachal State Museum]] atop Inverarm Hill]]
'''Inverarm Hill''' is elevated at {{Convert|2178.77|m|ft}} holds one of the most important parts of the city. On the top of it Chaura Maidan area where [[Himachal State Museum]] and Bird Museum is located. [[Glen, Shimla|Glen forest]] is located in the bottom part of the hill, which covers half of the areas near [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]], which is one of the main neighbourhoods of Shimla.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Rahul |date=20 January 2021 |title=How to Explore 7 Hills in Shimla |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2021/01/how-to-explore-7-hills-in-shimla/ |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Observatory Hill ==
[[File:View of Indian Institute if Advanced Studies (Rashtrapati Niwas) over Observatory Hill.jpg|left|thumb|247x247px|Views of [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] located on the top of Observatory Hill]]
'''Observatory Hill''' is elevated at {{Convert|2178.41|m|ft}} also holds the western Shimla. On the top of it [[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]] is located. The working in which the foundation is set up is a noteworthy royal residence that was worked by [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]], who was the Viceroy of India from 1884– 1888. Erstwhile called the Viceregal Lodge is today the Rashtrapati Bhawan and in addition the Institute of Advanced Studies. Most parts of the establishment are shut for an open public, anyway whatever is left of the immaculate structure is open and drives in a major number of sightseers to the place.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 September 2020|title=Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, shut for three days after staffer tests positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/indian-institute-of-advanced-study-shimla-shut-for-three-days-after-staffer-tests-positive-for-covid-19/story-T2tTi5fJ8aSUeO8xAgef9M.html|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
{{coord|31.1041|77.1434|display=title}}

== Summer Hill ==
[[File:Shimla Himachal India (3).JPG|thumb|View of Summer Hill with [[Himachal Pradesh University]] situated over it]]
'''[[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]]''' is elevated at {{Convert|2128.89|m|ft}}, it holds the western Shimla. It is the least highest hill of the seven hills of Shimla. On the top of it the campus of the [[Himachal Pradesh University]] is located. Summer Hill is a pleasant spot on [[Kalka–Shimla railway|Kalka-Shimla railroad line]] that offers stunning perspectives of the snowy mountains. Summer Hill is a similar place where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] had visited and remained at the exquisite Georgian House of [[Amrit Kaur|Rajkumari Amrit Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Road to HPU hostel in bad shape|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/road-to-hpu-hostel-in-bad-shape-107760|access-date=23 March 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills]]
* [[Seven Hills, Queensland]]
* [[Seven hills (disambiguation)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hills of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]

Harshit Saxena

2026-03-17T03:55:38Z

Nick Jones: minor edit

{{short description|Indian playback singer and composer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Harshit Saxena
| image = Harshit saxena latetst photoshoot 21.jpg
| caption = Harshit Saxena in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|08|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India<ref name=toi1/>
| birth_name =
| occupation = Singer, composer<ref name=toi1/>
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre =
| label =
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Harshit Saxena''' (born 21 August 1985) is an Indian playback singer and composer. He is known for his work in various Bollywood films, including ''[[Murder 2]]'', ''[[Hate Story]]'', and ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''.

[[File:Harshit Saxena Received Award for Best Singer For Shrimad Ramayan ITA 2024.jpg|thumb|Harshit Saxena at ITA Awards 2024]]

His debut was as music director for the ''[[Murder 2]]'' film.

Saxena won the Upcoming Music Composer Award in 2012 at Music Mirchi Awards for his song "Haal-E-Dil" from ''[[Murder 2]]''.<ref name=toi1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130729172619/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-01/news-and-interviews/29607452_1_composers-song-shankar-mahadevan Harshit Saxena turns music composer – Times Of India]</ref>

==Early life==
Harshit Saxena was born on 21 August 1985 in Lucknow, India. His father, Abhilash Saxena, is a retired subdivisional officer in [[BSNL]], Lucknow. His mother, Vandana Saxena, is a housewife from [[Varanasi]].

==Career==
Harshit Saxena has participated in a number of reality shows, and he was a finalist in ''[[Amul Star Voice of India]]'', ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star]]'', and ''[[Music ka Maha Muqqabla]]''.

He also appeared in the first two seasons of ''[[Chhote Ustaad|Amul Chhote Ustaad]]'', and he performed the song "Happy Ending" in ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]'', directed by [[Farah Khan]].

He has appeared on various award functions shows such as "Star Pariwar Awards", "Star Gold Awards", "Star Screen Awards", "Colors Global India Music Awards (GIIMA)", Radio Mirchi Awards, and Big Star Entertainment awards.

He was the music director for [[Mukesh Bhatt]]'s ''[[Murder 2]]'', He composed and sung the song "Haale Dil" in it. It was nominated for several awards,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Saxena|first1=Harshit|title=Best Upcoming Music Composer|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php}}</ref> and Saxena received the "Best upcoming Music Director" Award<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php | title=Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2011 Winners }}</ref> for ''[[Murder 2]]''. He also worked as a composer for the movie ''[[Hate Story]]'' in 2012 and for ''[[Super Nani]]'' in 2014. He wrote and performed songs for both movies. In 2015, he performed the song ''Meet Me Daily'' featuring [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Nana Patekar]] in the film [[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]. He composed songs for the movie ''[[Hotel Milan]]'' in 2018. and sang 2 songs in the film ''Stepney'', ''Allaudin – Version''.

In 2020, He was the solo Music Composer for the movie '' [[Sab Kushal Mangal]]'' . He Sang 4 songs in the Movie. namely, ''Na Duniya Mangi Hai'', ''Sab Kushal Mangal – Title Track'', ''Naya Naya Love'', ''Ishq Ne Mara Re''. Harshit Saxena composed the music for the web series '' [[Saat Kadam]]'' in 2021. starring [[Amit Sadh]] and [[Ronit Roy]]. The series features several notable tracks. Following this, he released a number of YouTube singles under prominent music labels such as [[Tips Industries]] and [[Zee Music Company]]. In 2022, he collaborated with [[Himesh Reshammiya]] on a music album.

In 2024, Saxena served as the playback singer for the television show [[Shrimad Ramayan]], which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and was produced by [[Swastik Productions]], founded by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]. He continued to lend his voice to the show's continuation, which aired on [[Sony SAB]]. His association with Swastik Productions also opened up opportunities in devotional music, leading him to release a series of spiritual tracks that gained wide popularity. In the same year, he received the award for Best Singer at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]. As of 2025, he is set to contribute as a music director to the upcoming film Romeo S3, directed by [[Guddu Dhanoa]] and scheduled for release on 16 May 2025. He is also currently working as a music composer and singer for the television series Veer Hanuman, airing on [[Sony SAB]].

==Personal life==

Saxena is a trained physiotherapist [[Bachelor of Physiotherapy|BPT]]. Harshit Saxena lives in Mumbai since 2007. His wife is Samonica Shrivastava.

==Discography==

===As a singer===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Movie
! Song(s)
! Notes
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
| ''Happy Ending''
|
|-
|2011
| ''[[Murder 2]]''
| ''Haal-E-Dil'', ''Haal-E-Dil (Acoustic)''
| ''Music Mirchi Award for Upcoming Music Composer''
|-
| ''[[Stand By (film)|Stand By]]''
| ''Khel Khel Mein''
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Hate Story]]''
| ''Mahe Jaan'', ''Mahe Jaan (Rock Version)'', ''Dil Kaanch Sa (Heart and Soul Version)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-14/news-and-interviews/31341509_1_song-harshit-saxena-vikram-bhatt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140216181847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-14/news-and-interviews/31341509_1_song-harshit-saxena-vikram-bhatt|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-02-16|work=The Times of India|title=Harshit Saxena rocks in 'A Hate Story'}}</ref>
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Super Nani]]''
| ''Dhani Chunariya'', ''Dhani Chunariya (Rock Version)''
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]''
| ''Meet Me Daily Baby (Beat Mix)''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Hotel Milan]]''
| ''Stepney'', ''Allaudin'', ''Allaudin – Version''
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
| ''Na Duniya Mangi Hai'', ''Sab Kushal Mangal – Title Track'', ''Naya Naya Love'', ''Ishq Ne Mara Re''
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Saat Kadam]]''
| ''Chakala Wakala''
|
|}

===As a music director===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Murder 2]]''
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Hate Story]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Super Nani]]''
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Hotel Milan]]''
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Sab Kushal Mangal]]''
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Saat Kadam]]''
|
|}

====Non-film singles====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Composer !! Label/ Producer !! Ref.
|-
| 2021 || Aur Kuch Baaki || [[Yasser Desai]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Zee Music Company]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aur Kuch Baaki – Yasser Desai |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeTJfA71GeI |website=YouTube | date=27 February 2025 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Dil Terre Naam || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Tere Naam – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sako-uRZF2g |website=YouTube | date=7 December 2022 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Dekh Ke Teri Aankhein || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dekh Ke Teri Aankhein |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mkj6_50CnFQ |website=YouTube | date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Terre Hoke || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tere Hoke – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hovEd5pPj5I |website=YouTube | date=26 March 2024 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Muqtasar || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muqtasar – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlPHJZlyPhU |website=YouTube | date=6 December 2022 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Daaman || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Himesh Reshammiya]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daaman – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMdz0Jra8b0 |website=YouTube | date=17 July 2023 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Achha Kiya || [[Raj Barman]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Ishtar Music]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achha Kiya – Raj Barman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOUaukm7OI8 |website=YouTube | date=5 June 2023 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Beqadar Bewafa || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Ishtar Music]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beqadar Bewafa – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1HG2NEsvZY |website=YouTube | date=19 June 2023 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Babul Teri Galiyan || [[Bhoomi Trivedi]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Deepak Mukut]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babul Teri Galiyan – Bhoomi Trivedi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g97TGRFllJ4 |website=YouTube | date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Kahin Tu Mose || [[Yasser Desai]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Tips Industries]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahin Tu Mose – Yasser Desai |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxfSblBMCgU |website=YouTube | date=11 April 2019 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|}

===Devotional releases===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Performer(s) !! Composer !! Label / Producer !! Ref.
|-
| 2022 || Pawan Bhakti || [[Sonu Nigam]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Tips Industries]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pawan Bhakti – Sonu Nigam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLjoE4dbEIA |website=YouTube | date=23 October 2023 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Satguru Ki Jaikaar Likhun || [[Sanjeev Rathod]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Tips Industries]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satguru Ki Jaikaar Likhun – Sanjeev Rathod |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Za_AzAwMLGg |website=YouTube | date=10 March 2022 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Guru Ke Dar || [[Bandish]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Tips Industries]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Ke Dar – Bandish |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qjmP8Vm9_Y |website=YouTube | date=26 January 2022 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-

| 2023 || Tera Simran || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Tips Industries]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tera Simran – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kf61tBV9fJw |website=YouTube | date=31 August 2023 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || [[Shrimad Ramayan]] (TV Title Track) || Harshit Saxena || [[Lalit Sen]] || [[Swastik Productions]] / Sony TV ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimad Ramayan Title Track |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sOV--jH2dzU |website=SET India – YouTube |date=2023-12-15 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Achyutam Keshavam (Recreation) || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Swastik Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Achyutam Keshavam – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWZT-AigMK4 |website=YouTube |date=2024-05-01 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Shanknaad || [[Hemant Brijwasi]] || Harshit Saxena || [[Tips Industries]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanknaad – Hemant Brijwasi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUCVD44Tgx4 |website=YouTube | date=21 August 2024 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Aayi Diwali (Diwali Release) || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Swastik Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Siya Ram – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjD8Ycb_XBs |website=YouTube |date=2024-11-01 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Veer Hanuman || Harshit Saxena || Harshit Saxena || [[Swastik Productions]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Hanuman – Harshit Saxena |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydWRjU0nxpI |website=YouTube |date=2024-11-05 |access-date=2025-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{official website|http://www.harshit.info}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxena, Harshit}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Superman (1980 film)

2026-03-06T06:09:51Z

Nick Jones: general refined structure and updated info for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{short description|1980 Indian film}}
{{about|the 1980 Indian film|the 1980 American film|Superman II}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Superman
| image = Superman (1980 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'' (1978)|[[Mario Puzo]]|{{quad}}[[David Newman (screenwriter)|David Newman]]|{{quad}}[[Leslie Newman]]|{{quad}}[[Robert Benton]]|{{quad}}[[Richard Donner]]}}
| screenplay = V. Madhusudhana Rao
| story = R. K. Dharmaraju
| producer = R. Gopal
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Jaya Prada]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prasad
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| studio = Lakshmi Vishnu Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1980|7|10}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Superman''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[superhero film]] directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]] in lead roles. Produced by R. Gopal under the Lakshmi Vishnu Productions banner, the film features a musical score by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. It is an unofficial Indian adaptation of the 1978 American film [[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2013 |title=Meet Krrish's predecessors: Nagin, Ajooba and Superman |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meet-krrishs-predecessors-nagin-ajooba-and-superman-1202615.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208155350/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/meet-krrishs-predecessors-nagin-ajooba-and-superman-1202615.html |archive-date=8 February 2021 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Zamindar Raghunath Rao, a devout worshipper of [[Hanuman]], offers his family's heirloom jewelry during [[Hanuman Jayanti|Hanuman Jayanthi]]. Meanwhile, three villains—Maharaj, Sardar, and Jaisingh—rob and murder Raghunath Rao, his wife Annapurna, and the temple priest. Their son, Raja, undertakes severe penance, and Hanuman grants him supernatural powers, transforming him into a superhero.

Years later, Raja uses his powers discreetly to help the public while concealing his true identity. He starts a mining business with Bangarayya and falls in love with Bangarayya's daughter, Jaya. The three villains, now involved in criminal activities, pose a threat to the region. Raja first eliminates Jaisingh, then discovers Maharaj's attempt to exploit gold deposits in the mine by creating a fake demon threat. Raja confronts and defeats Sardar.

Raja’s foster sister, Lakshmi, falls in love with Mohan, Maharaj's son, and becomes pregnant. Raja proposes marriage, but Maharaj, discovering Raja’s secret identity, seizes the dowry and escapes with Mohan. Lakshmi, in despair, attempts suicide but is saved by Raja.

Raja travels to [[Hong Kong]], where Bangarayya and Jaya follow him. Maharaj, having lured them there, tries to sell the mine and also seeks to kill Raja with the help of a sorceress, Lee. However, her black magic proves ineffective. Raja ultimately identifies Maharaj as the third villain, defeats him, retrieves Mohan, and marries Lakshmi. The film concludes with Raja and Jaya’s marriage, bringing the story to a joyous end.

== Cast ==
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as [[Superman|Raja / Superman]]
* [[Jaya Prada]] as Jaya
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Maharaj Dharma Rao
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Bangarayya
* [[Kanta Rao]] as Raghunatha Rao
* Tyagaraju as Jai Singh
* Chakarapani as Mohan
* Arja Janardhan Rao as [[Lord Hanuman]]
* Srilanka Manohar as Sardar
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Sarada
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Lakshmi
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Annapurnamma
* [[Jayamalini]] as Lee

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Superman
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1980
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:16
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music for ''Superman'' was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]], with lyrics written by [[Acharya Aatreya]] and [[Veturi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superman (1980)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/DON/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230128110721/https://indiancine.ma/documents/DON/info |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:16
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =
| title1 = Mabbullo Chandramma
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 6:10
| title2 = Atta Sudamaaka
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Chinuku Chitikesindhi
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length3 = 2:55
| title4 = Kotalo Paaga
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length4 = 3:26
| title5 = Kannu Kotteyyana
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length5 = 3:04
| title6 = Methani Kougita
| extra6 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 4:30
| title7 = Sri Anjaneya
| extra7 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length7 = 4:48
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|1980s|Film|India}}
* [[List of Indian superhero films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0371968}}

{{Christopher Reeve's/Brandon Routh's Superman}}
{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Film superheroes]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:Unofficial Superman films]]
[[Category:Superman (1978 film series)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

Maaveeran (1986 film)

2026-03-06T03:59:44Z

Nick Jones: creating a info

{{short description|1986 film by Rajasekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maaveeran 1986 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| screenplay = Rajasekhar
| story = Prayag Raaj
| producer = G. Hanumantha Rao
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]}}
| cinematography = V. Ranga
| editing = Kothagiri Gopalrao
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| distributor = R. K. Productions
| released = {{Film date|1986|11|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maaveeran''''' ({{Translation|Great Warrior}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]. A remake of the 1985 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'', it stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]. The film revolves around a rude princess, who falls in love with a simpleton after initially being hostile towards him.

''Maaveeran'' was the first in Tamil film to be shot in [[70 mm film]] format and have a six-track stereophonic sound. It was released on 1 November 1986, [[Diwali]] day, and became a critical and commercial failure.

== Plot ==
{{no plot|date=April 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Raja (Maaveeran)
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Rekha
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Harry
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Raja's mother
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Joe
*[[Anand Babu]] as a dancer
*[[Dara Singh]] as Sethupathi
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Gowri
*[[Nagesh]] as Raja's stepfather
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Drama head (guest appearance)
*[[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]] as Helina
*Vittal Prasad as Vicky
}}

== Production ==
''Maaveeran'' is a remake of the 1985 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'', and even used some footage from that film.{{sfn |Ramachandran |2012 |p=111}} It was shot in the expensive [[70 mm film]] format, becoming the first Tamil film to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1-15 December 2013 |title=The Tamil Film in 100 years of Indian Cinema |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2016/the-tamil-film-in-100-years-of-indian-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902220237/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2023%20No%2016/the-tamil-film-in-100-years-of-indian-cinema.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |pages=223 |oclc=243920437}}</ref> [[Sivaji Ganesan]] was initially attached to star in the film, but later opted out due to other commitments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2022 |title=மாவீரன் - சிவாஜிகணேசன் விலகியது ஏன் ? |trans-title=Maaveeran – Why did Sivaji Ganesan quit? |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/maaveeran-sivaji-ganesan-quit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119041308/https://screen4screen.com/news/maaveeran-sivaji-ganesan-quit |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=ta}}</ref> The film was prominently shot in Mysore, including the [[Lalitha Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதி |first=திரை |date=27 August 2022 |title=ஆறிலிருந்து எழுபது வரை: ரஜினி சரிதம் - 75 |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/rajini-saritham-75 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917065550/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/rajini-saritham-75 |archive-date=17 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> A fight sequence was shot in a mirror set at YMCA Swimming pool, [[Saidapet]].<ref>{{cite news |date=18 May 1986 |title=நீச்சல் குளத்தில் குதிரை வண்டியுடன் ரஜினி பாய்ச்சல் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_197/4.jp2/0,0,6236,8429/6236,8429/90/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260306031831/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_10_197/4.jp2/0,0,6236,8429/6236,8429/90/default.jpg |archive-date=6 March 2026 |access-date=6 March 2026 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaveeran (Old) (1986) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092802/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0002781 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maaveeran Tamil Film LP Vinyl LP Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/maaveeran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-lp-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170659/https://mossymart.com/product/maaveeran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-lp-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> He composed a six-track stereophonic sound, making ''Maaveeran'' the first film to achieve this feat.<ref name="moondru mugam" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ammaa Ammaa" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:22
|-
| "Ezhugave" ||Malaysia Vasudevan||[[Vairamuthu]] || 04:28
|-
| "Hey Maina" ||Malaysia Vasudevan, [[K. S. Chithra]]||[[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:26
|-
| "Nee Koduththatha" ||Malaysia Vasudevan, K. S. Chithra||Vaali|| 07:01
|-
| "Sokku Podi" ||Malaysia Vasudevan, K. S. Chithra||Gangai Amaran|| 04:37
|-
| "Vaangada Vaanga" ||Malaysia Vasudevan ||Gangai Amaran|| 04:23
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Maaveeran'' was released on 1 November 1986, [[Diwali]] day,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 1986 |title=Maaveeran |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131204846/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19861101&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=31 January 2021 |access-date=16 July 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> and clashed with ''[[Punnagai Mannan]]'', ''[[Aruvadai Naal]]'' and ''[[Palaivana Rojakkal]]''.<ref name="moondru mugam">{{Cite news |date=11 December 2017 |title=Rajinikanth turns 67: More than moondru mugam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/11/rajinikanth-turns-67-more-than-moondru-mugam-1724738.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204145613/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/11/rajinikanth-turns-67-more-than-moondru-mugam-1724738.html |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=20 April 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 7 November 1986, "The film makes its way through sadism and violence, damning sentiment, religion and righteousness by its downright exploitativeness. Its corny cliches are almost sickening".<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 1986 |title=Rajini's Raj |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YoJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ep4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1445%2C2971084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423134054/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YoJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ep4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1445%2C2971084 |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=4 August 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=14 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] (a duo) of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that even though couple of songs are average, the cinematography was a consolation. The duo noted that despite using new techniques for fight scenes, because of a plot which confuses and goes around aimlessly, it has almost become like a vomit after delicious products and pouring so much of money.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=23 November 1986 |title=மாவீரன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/nov/23-11-1986/p11.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729121453/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/nov/23-11-1986/p11.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=1 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=11 |language=ta}}</ref> The film emerged a critical and commercial failure;<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2014 |title=Rajinikanth's 10 Biggest FLOPS |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rajinikanths-10-biggest-flops/20140528.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828184902/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-rajinikanths-10-biggest-flops/20140528.htm |archive-date=28 August 2025 |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> according to Rajinikanth's biographer [[Naman Ramachandran]], the combination of ''Punnagai Mannan''{{'}}s director [[K. Balachander]], lead actor [[Kamal Haasan]], lead actress [[Revathi]] and the soundtrack by Ilaiyaraaja "proved too much for ''Maaveeran'', and its audience was restricted to hard-core Rajinikanth fans".{{sfn |Ramachandran |2012 |p=112}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Rajasekhar (director)}}

[[Category:1986 action films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about revolutions]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Padmalaya Studios films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nenu Pelliki Ready

2026-03-03T18:09:35Z

Nick Jones: added first article initial version - done

{{Short description|2003 Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenu Pelliki Ready
| image = Nenu Pelliki Ready.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = Venky
| writer = Venky [[Satish Vegesna]] (dialogues)
| producer = [[Tammareddy Bharadwaja]]
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]|[[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]]|[[Anita Hassanandani|Anita]]|Vidya}}
| cinematography = Amar
| editing =
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]
| studio = RPG Combines
| distributor = RPG Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|11|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nenu Pelliki Ready''''' ({{Translation|I am ready to get married}}) is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Venky and starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], [[Anita Hassanandani|Anita]] and Vidya.

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=May 2022}}
Gopi is a happy single man. Due to his grandparents' influence, he goes to a marriage bureau and chooses three women (Savitri, Bhavana, Neha). Gopi does not fall in love with the women although they all fall in love with him. The film is about how Gopi distances himself from them and falls in love with the bureau owner Priya.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Gopikrishna
*[[Laya (actress)|Laya]] as Bhavna
*[[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeeta]] as Priya
*[[Anita Hassanandani]] as Savithri
*Vidya as Neha
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as Gopikrishna's grandfather
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Benarjee]]
*[[Gowtham Raju]]
*[[Ahuti Prasad]]
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Gopikrishna's grandmother
*[[Jayalalita]]
*[[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music is composed by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2003 |title=Chords & Notes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28456401.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505094342/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28456401.ece |archive-date=5 May 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
*"Nuvvunte Chaalu" (Male) - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
*"Gopalakrishna Pelli Kaavaala Gopemma Laanti Pilla Kaavaala"
*"Saavi One Saavi Two Saavi Three" - [[Smita]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
*"Chandramukhi Chandramukhi" - Shankar Mahadevan
*"Nuvvunte Chaalu" (Female) - [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
*"Neevu Nenu Okatele"
*"Mugguru Bhaamala Premala Mundara Bandheenayyane"

==Reception==
G. Manjula Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Though there is nothing new to write about the storyline, the dialogue, timing and good performances make Venki win the day despite a few glitches here and there".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2003 |title=Enjoyable viewing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/enjoyable-viewing/article28456535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003922/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/enjoyable-viewing/article28456535.ece |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Rakesh P. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "But, with the narration being slow, the comic banter fails to keep the audience engrossed. Nothing great about the music score by Chakri".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan112004/mr4.asp|title=Nenu Pelliki Ready - Telugu (Radhakrishna, Venkateshwara)|last=P.|first=Rakesh|date=11 January 2004|work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630152845/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan112004/mr4.asp|archive-date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that "Though director tried making this film a hilarious fare by inserting lots of comedy in it, he could not built the much needed tempo in narration".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Movie review - Nenu Pelliki Ready |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenupellikiready.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034232/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenupellikiready.html |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref> Manju Latha Kalanidhi of ''Full Hyderabad'' stated that "Director Venky makes a genuine attempt at comedy with this light comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalanidhi |first=Manju Latha |title=Nenu Pelliki Ready review: Nenu Pelliki Ready (Telugu) Movie Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nenu-pelliki-ready/telugu/nenu-pelliki-ready-movie-reviews-988-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127040126/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nenu-pelliki-ready/telugu/nenu-pelliki-ready-movie-reviews-988-2.html |archive-date=2022-01-27 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Sitamarhi

2026-02-27T14:13:18Z

Nick Jones: minor changes

{{For|the temple|Sita Samahit Sthal}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sitamarhi
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mithila<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{ multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1
| perrow = 1/2/
| image1 = Sitamarhi6.JPG
| image2 = Bagahi Math Sitamarhi, Bihar.jpg
| image3 = Janakisthan, Sitamarhi, Bihar.jpg
}}
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': Goddess Sita, [[Janaki Sthan]] Mandir, [[Bagahi Dham| Bagahi Math]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|35|39|N|85|30|02|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 11 Dec 1972
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_footnotes = <ref name="biharonline.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/Content/General/Dist.aspx?typ=C&id=36&ln=en&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|title=Census of SITAMARHI|website=Biharonline.gov.in|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723140309/http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/%28S%28ms0xe445wybwwcbuqnlzgg45%29%29/Content/General/Dist.aspx?typ=C&id=36&ln=en&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_total = 1,06,093
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional languages
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bajjika]]<ref>[https://langlex.com/cens/DistrictLangProfile.php?districtname=Sitamarhi Language of Sitamarhi]</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 843302, 843301, 843331,843323, 843325 (Sitamarhi)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Bihar/Sitamarhi/ Sitamarhi]</ref>
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate = BR-30
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sitamarhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| website = {{URL|sitamarhi.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
}}
'''Sitamarhi''' is the headquarters of the [[Sitamarhi district]] in [[Tirhut Division]], [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirhut Division |url=http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in |access-date=21 September 2018 |website=Tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074710/http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/}}</ref> The city was named in honour of [[Sita|Sītā]], wife of [[Rama|Rāma]], who was born in Sitamarhi according to [[Hinduism|Hindu]] legends.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Tourism official |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/sitamarhi/punaura-dham |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=Bihar Tourism}}</ref>

In 1875, a subdivision for Sitamarhi was created within the [[Muzaffarpur district]].<ref>[http://dc-sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/ Official Website of the District and Civil Court of Sitmahri] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525105109/http://dc-sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/|date=25 May 2010}}, Retrieved 26 May 2010</ref> Sitamarhi was detached from Muzaffarpur and made a separate district on December 11, 1972.<ref name="actionplan">[http://mohfw.nic.in/nrhm/DHAP/DHAP_Bihar/sitamarhi.pdf District Health Action Plan], National Rural Health Mission, Government of Bihar, Retrieved 25 May 2010</ref> The district headquarters is located in [[Dumra, Sitamarhi|Dumra]], {{convert|5|km|mi|0|spell=in}} south of Sitamarhi's main temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जानकी मंदिर, सीतामढ़ी {{!}} Welcome to Sitamarhi District {{!}} India |url=https://sitamarhi.nic.in/hi/gallery/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%a2%e0%a4%bc%e0%a5%80/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==Geography==
Sitamarhi has an average elevation of {{convert|56|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Sitamarhi.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Sitamarhi, India|website=Fallingrain.com|access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

Pupri, [[Bairgania]], [[Sursand]] and [[Bhitthamore]] are all towns on the [[India–Nepal border|Indo-Nepal border]] not far from Sitamarhi.

==Culture==
Sitamarhi dates back to the time of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' epic, which describes it as the place where [[Janaka|King Janaka]] found the goddess [[Sita]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punaura Dham |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/state-pcs-current-affairs/punaura-dham |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref>

A temple dedicated to Sita is located at Punaura Dham Sitamarhi.<ref name="temple">{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Dilip K |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&q=sitamarhi+history&pg=PA207 |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga |publisher=Orient Blacksawn |year=2001 |isbn=9788178240169 |location=New Delhi |page=207 |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref> A rock-cut sanctuary from the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] period is also found near Sitamarhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=S N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&q=sitamarhi+history&pg=PA166 |title=Ancient Indian History And Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |page=166 |access-date=20 March 2013}}</ref>

Several cultural events occur annually in Sitamarhi: Dumra hosts festivities for [[Rama Navami]] each spring; a ceremony commemorating the marriage of Ram and Sita happens every year in [[Janaki Sthan]];<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sitamarhi Sitamarhi], Encyclopedia Britannica (2014), Quote: "A large Ramanavami fair, celebrating the birth of Lord Rama, is held in spring with a considerable trade in pottery, spices, brassware, and cotton cloth. A cattle fair held in Sitamarhi is the largest in Bihar state. The town is sacred as the birthplace of the goddess Sita (also called Janaki), the wife of Lord Ram."</ref> and the winter festival of [[Sama Chakeva]] celebrates brother-sister relationships.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festivals of Bihar|url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/festivals.htm|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911103056/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/festivals.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[Mithila kaa Itihas (Hindi Book), Author: Dr. Ram Prakash Sharma, Publisher: Kameshwer Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University, Darbhanga, Page No.: 460]</ref> On the occasion of [[Sita Navami|Janaki Navami]], a spiritual internal circumambulation known as ''Antar Griha Parikrama'' of the city is organised by the religious trust of the Janaki Sthan. The Antar Griha Parikrama is a part of the larger [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]].

==Demographics==
As of the 2011 Census, Sitamarhi District has a total population of around 106,093. There are around 56,693 males and 49,400 females. 69,507 people are literate, including 39,537 males and 29,070 females. The average literacy rate is 52.04% in total, 60.64% for males, and 42.41% for females. The sex ratio is 899, and the child sex ratio is 872.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/168-sitamarhi.html|title=Sitamarhi District Population Data – Census 2011|website=census2011.co.in}}</ref>

{{bar box
| title=Religion in Sitamarhi (2011)<ref>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 India|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>
| titlebar=#Fcd666
| left1=Religion
| right1=Percent
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|80.06}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|17.23}}
{{bar percent|Buddhism|dodgerblue|1.28}}
{{bar percent|Jainism|darkkhaki|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|yellow|0.14}}
{{bar percent|Sikhism|brown|0.01}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.22}}
}}

==Administration==
Sitamarhi is a part of the [[Tirhut Division]]. Currently, Sitamarhi consists of three sub-divisions and seventeen blocks. Its headquarters are located at Dumra, five kilometers south of Sitamarhi. The District Magistrate is the top-most official of revenue and civil administration and is assisted by ADM{{Definition needed|date=September 2021}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/the-fineprint/district-collector-magistrate-development-commissioner-what-to-call-an-ias-officer/1273328/|title=District Collector, Magistrate, Development Commissioner: what to call an IAS officer?|author=Nootan Sharma|date=2022-12-21|publisher=The Print|access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref> and other district officers.

The district has been divided into three subdivisions: Sadar, Pupri, and Belsand. Each is headed by sub-divisional officers either from the IAS (Indian Administrative Service) or BAS (Bihar Administrative Service). Sub-divisional officers are under the direct authority of the District Magistrate. Subdivisions are divided into 17 development blocks where BDOs (Block Development Officers) are charged with carrying out development and welfare projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Welcome to Sitamarhi District {{!}} India |url=https://sitamarhi.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sitamarhi district has 845 revenue villages. The district's judicial system is headed by the District and Sessions Judge, who is in turn assisted by other Judges and Munsiff magistrates posted at district and sub-division levels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Welcome to Sitamarhi District {{!}} India |url=https://sitamarhi.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Pilgrimage sites==
* [[Sita Kund]]
* [[Urvija Kund]]
* [[Janaki Sthan]]
* [[Janaki Janmasthali Mandir|Janaki Janmsthali Mandir]]
* [[Punaura Dham]]
* [[Haleshwar Sthan]]
* Manokamna Dham, Bariyarpur{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Kumari Bua, Sundargama{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Hanuman Mandir, Sundargama{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Kali Mandir, Sundargama{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Paakar Tree, [[Panth Pakar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title=सीतामढ़ी में आस्था केंद्र है मां सीता की विश्राम स्थली पंथपाकड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-sitamarhi-me-astha-ka-kendra-h-maa-sita-ki-vishram-sthali-panthpakar-2751075.html |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* Gaya Babu Temple Complex, Dayanagar{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Shiv Mandir, Dhangar{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Baudhi Devi, Dhangar{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* Shiv Temple, Anhari{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Transportation==
[[National Highway 77 (India)|National Highway 77]] connects Sitamarhi to [[Mehsi]], [[Muzaffarpur]] and [[Patna]], and other roads connect the city to adjoining districts. [[National Highway 227 (India)|National Highway 227]] runs towards Sheohar in the west and the border town [[Bhitthamore]] in the east. State highways link Sitamarhi to [[Madhubani district]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-12 |title=Rs 1,034 crore OK'd for national highways projects in Bihar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/rs1034cr-okd-for-nh-projects-in-state/articleshow/78066900.cms |access-date=2023-05-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Sitamarhi Junction railway station]] is a five-platform station on the [[Darbhanga]]–[[Raxaul]]–[[Narkatiaganj]] line, which was converted to broad gauge in February 2014. Another broad-gauge track connects Sitamarhi to [[Muzaffarpur]]. Direct train services are available from Sitamarhi Junction to cities including [[New Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Varanasi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Guwahati]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kanpur]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trains Darbhanga - Sitamarhi: times, prices and tickets starting from ₹ 47.32 {{!}} Virail |url=https://www.virail.in/en/train-darbhanga-sitamarhi |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.virail.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shandilya |first=Tushar |title=14006/Lichchavi Express - Anand Vihar Terminal to Sitamarhi NR/Northern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-lichchavi-express-14006/981/7322/4588 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

The nearest airport to Sitamarhi is the [[Darbhanga Airport]], about {{convert|82|km|mi}} away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trains Darbhanga - Sitamarhi: times, prices and tickets starting from ₹ 47.32 {{!}} Virail |url=https://www.virail.in/en/train-darbhanga-sitamarhi |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=www.virail.in}}</ref>

Sitamarhi is connected to cities in and around Bihar by state-owned transport services. Many private buses (both AC and non-AC{{Definition needed|date=May 2024}}) operate between Sitamarhi and [[Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSRTC |url=https://bsrtc.co.in/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=bsrtc.co.in}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Harnandan Prasad]], [[Imperial Civil Service|ICS]], zamindar, commissioner and vice chairman of Sitamarhi
*[[Ram Charitra Rai Yadav|Ramcharitra Rai Yadav]], freedom fighter, veteran socialist leader, and former member of both the Bihar Legislative Assembly and the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Indian Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Ramesh Thakur]], former Assistant Secretary-General of the [[United Nations]]
* [[Jainandan Prasad Yadav]], Indian politician and former member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly
*[[Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha]], former Member of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]], freedom fighter, and founder of the co-operative movement{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
*[[Ram Dulari Sinha]], former Union Minister, freedom fighter, and the first female governor from Bihar
*[[Devesh Chandra Thakur]], deputy leader of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
*[[Prabhat Jha (politician)|Prabhat Jha]], politician and journalist
*[[Nawal Kishore Rai]], former Member of Parliament
*[[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1946)|Sitaram Yadav]], former Member of Parliament
*[[Ram Kumar Sharma]], former Member of Parliament
*[[Sunil Kumar Pintu]], former Member of Parliament
*[[Vikas Jha|Vikash Jha]], journalist and author

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sitamarhi.nic.in/ Main site]
* [http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/District Portal of Sitamarhi]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in Official website of Tirhut Division]

{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Kannan Soundararajan

2026-02-27T05:56:36Z

Nick Jones: Improved readability and structure

{{Short description|American mathematician and professor (born 1973)}}
{{ Infobox scientist
| name = Kannan Soundararajan
| image = Kannan Soundararajan Stanford October 2010.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Soundararajan teaching at Stanford University
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|12|27|mf=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = [[Mathematics]]
| workplaces = [[Stanford University]] [[University of Michigan]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Michigan]] [[Princeton University]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Peter Sarnak]]
| doctoral_students = {{plainlist|1=
*[[Sarah Peluse]]
*[[Maksym Radziwill]]
}}
| known_for =
| awards = [[Ostrowski Prize]] (2011) [[Infosys Prize]] (2011) [[SASTRA Ramanujan Prize]] (2005) [[Salem Prize]] (2003) [[Morgan Prize]] (1995)
}}

'''Kannan Soundararajan''' (born December 27, 1973)<ref name="Notices AMS September 2013 - Election Material">{{cite journal |author= |date=January 2019 |title=2013 AMS Elections - Special Section |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201308/noti-full-election.pdf |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |volume=60 |issue=8 |page=1085 |issn=1088-9477 |access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref> is an [[India]]n-born American [[mathematician]] and a professor of mathematics at [[Stanford University]]. Before moving to Stanford in 2006, he was a faculty member at [[University of Michigan]], where he had also pursued his undergraduate studies. His main research interest is in [[analytic number theory]], particularly in the subfields of [[automorphic form|automorphic]] [[L-function]]s, and [[multiplicative number theory]].

==Early life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=November 2019}}
Soundararajan grew up in [[Chennai]] and was a student at [[Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan|Padma Seshadri High School]] in Nungambakkam in Chennai. In 1989, he attended the [[Research Science Institute]]. He represented India at the [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] in 1991 and won a Silver Medal.

==Education==

Soundararajan joined the [[University of Michigan]], Ann Arbor, in 1991 for undergraduate studies, and graduated with highest honours in 1995. Soundararajan won the inaugural [[Morgan Prize]] in 1995 for his work in [[analytic number theory]] while an undergraduate at the [[University of Michigan]],<ref>[https://www.ams.org/notices/199603/comm-morgan.pdf AMS-MAA-SIAM Frank and Brennie Morgan Prize for Outstanding Research in Mathematics by an Undergraduate Student.] [[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]], vol. 43 (1996), no. 3, pp. 323–324</ref> where he later served as professor. He joined [[Princeton University]] in 1995 and did his Ph.D under the guidance of Professor [[Peter Sarnak]].

==Career==
After his Ph.D. he received the first five-year fellowship from the American Institute of Mathematics, and held positions at Princeton University, the Institute for Advanced Study, and the University of Michigan. He moved to Stanford University in 2006 where he is, as of November 2022,<ref name="Stanford Mathematics Kannan Soundararajan">{{cite web | title=Kannan Soundararajan | website=Mathematics | url=https://mathematics.stanford.edu/people/kannan-soundararajan | access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> the Anne T. and [[Robert Bass (businessman)|Robert M. Bass]] Professor of Mathematics.

He provided a proof<ref name="Balasubramanian Soundararajan Graham conjecture">{{cite journal | last1=Balasubramanian | first1=R. | last2=Soundararajan | first2=K. | title=On a conjecture of R. L. Graham | journal=Acta Arithmetica | volume=75 | issue=1 | year=1996 | issn=0065-1036 | pages=1–38 | doi=10.4064/aa-75-1-1-38 | url=https://eudml.org/doc/206861 | access-date=2022-11-12| doi-access=free }}</ref> of a conjecture of [[Ronald Graham (mathematician)|Ron Graham]] in combinatorial number theory jointly with [[Ramachandran Balasubramanian]]. He made contributions in settling the arithmetic Quantum Unique Ergodicity conjecture<ref name="Soundararajan 2010 QUE">{{cite journal | last=Soundararajan | first=Kannan | title=Quantum unique ergodicity for {{not a typo|SL2(ℤ)\ℍ}} | journal=Annals of Mathematics | volume=172 | issue=2 | year=2010 | issn=0003-486X | doi=10.4007/annals.2010.172.1529 | pages=1529–1538| s2cid=15626593 | doi-access=free }}</ref> for [[Maass wave forms]] and [[modular forms]].

==Awards==
He received the [[Salem Prize]] in 2003 "for contributions to the area of [[Dirichlet L-function]]s and related character sums". In 2005, he won the $10,000 [[SASTRA Ramanujan Prize]], shared with [[Manjul Bhargava]], awarded by [[SASTRA]] in [[Thanjavur]], [[India]], for his outstanding contributions to [[number theory]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.math.ufl.edu/~fgarvan/ramanujan/things/fsrp.html |title=The First SASTRA Ramanujan Prizes |accessdate=2011-04-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726092256/http://www.math.ufl.edu/~fgarvan/ramanujan/things/fsrp.html |archivedate=2011-07-26 }}</ref> In 2011, he was awarded the Infosys science foundation prize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2011/kannan-soundararajan.asp|title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2011 - Prof. Kannan Soundararajan}}</ref> He was awarded the Ostrowski prize<ref>[http://www.ostrowski.ch/pdf/preis2011.pdf Ostrowski Prize]</ref> in 2011, shared with [[Ib Madsen]] and [[David Preiss]], for a cornucopia of fundamental results in the last five years to go along with his earlier work.

He gave an [[list of International Congresses of Mathematicians Plenary and Invited Speakers|invited talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians]] in 2010, on the topic of "Number Theory".<ref>{{cite web|title=ICM Plenary and Invited Speakers since 1897|url=http://www.mathunion.org/db/ICM/Speakers/SortedByCongress.php|publisher=[[International Congress of Mathematicians]]|access-date=2013-08-15|archive-date=2017-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108012153/http://www.mathunion.org/db/ICM/Speakers/SortedByCongress.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In July 2017, Soundararajan was a plenary lecturer in the Mathematical Congress of the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mca2017.org|title=Mathematical Congress of the Americas 2017}}</ref> He was elected to the 2018 class of [[fellow]]s of the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref>{{citation|url=http://ams.org/profession/ams-fellows/new-fellows|title=2018 Class of the Fellows of the AMS|publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]]|accessdate=2017-11-03}}</ref> Kannan Soundararajan was invited as a plenary speaker<ref name="ICM 2022 plenary lecture Soundararajan">{{cite web | title=ICM 2022 | website=ICM 2022 | url=https://virtualicm2022.opade.digital/days/7/sessions/a381765e-a414-4f81-80df-b1b957620142 | access-date=2022-11-12 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> of the 2022 [[International Congress of Mathematicians]], scheduled to take place in [[Saint Petersburg]], but moved to Helsinki and online because of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

==Selected publications==
*[[Roman Holowinsky|R. Holowinsky]] and K. Soundararajan, "Mass equidistribution for Hecke eigenforms," [https://arxiv.org/abs/0809.1636v1 arXiv:0809.1636v1]
*K. Soundararajan, "Nonvanishing of quadratic Dirichlet L-functions at s=1/2" [https://arxiv.org/abs/math/9902163 arXiv:math/9902163v2]
*K. Soundararajan, "Moments of the Riemann zeta function" https://annals.math.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/annals-v170-n2-p17-p.pdf

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://math.stanford.edu/~ksound/ Homepage at Stanford University]
*[http://www.aimath.org/news/que/ Making Waves]
*{{MathGenealogy |id=53166}}
*{{IMO results |id=2755}}
*[http://gonitsora.com/kannan-soundararajan-wins-the-infosys-prize-2011/ Infosys Prize 2011]
* [https://av.tib.eu/search?f=creator%3Bhttp://av.tib.eu/resource/Soundararajan__Kannan Videos of Kannan Soundararajan] in the AV-Portal of the [[German National Library of Science and Technology]]

{{Recipients of SASTRA Ramanujan Prize winners|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soundararajan, Kannan}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian number theorists]]
[[Category:University of Michigan alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:International Mathematical Olympiad participants]]
[[Category:University of Michigan faculty]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Simons Investigator]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]
[[Category:Research Science Institute alumni]]

Automotive industry in India

2026-02-21T05:16:18Z

Nick Jones: slightly cleaned up lead for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

The '''automotive industry in India''' in 2025 is the world's [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|third-largest by annual production]] worth US$250 billion, behind the United States (US$880 billion) and China (US$530 billion).<ref name=bumb1>{{cite news |title=India aims to become top automobile manufacturing nation in 5 years: Nitin Gadkari |url=https://indianews.com.au/india-aims-to-become-top-automobile-manufacturing-nation-in-5-years-nitin-gadkari |author= |work=India News |location=India |date=2025-09-16 |access-date=2025-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2022 Statistics |url=https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2022-statistics/|access-date=2023-09-14 |website=[[OICA]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/india-automobiles.aspx|title=Automobile Industry in India, Indian Automobile Industry, Sector, Trends, Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.maschinenmarkt.international/india-is-the-next-manufacturing-hub-for-automobiles-a-692505/|title = India is the next manufacturing hub for automobiles|last1 = Rais|first1 = Ahlam}}</ref> The growth of automotive industry in India is fueled by the country's [[Economy of India|GDP growth]] (world's [[List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)|3rd largest in PPP]] and [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|4th largest]] nominally) and [[Roads in India|rapid highway construction]].<ref name=ar1>[https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/govt-constructing-10000-km-greenfield-expressway-projects-at-6-lakh-cr-investment-gadkari/124423868 Govt constructing 10000 km greenfield expressway projects at 6 lakh cr investment- Gadkari], Economic Times, 9 Oct 2025.</ref> In 2022, the industry accounted for 8% of the country's total exports and 7.1% of overall GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invest in Indian Automobile Industry, Auto Sector Growth Trends |url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/sector/automobile |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.investindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

According to a 2021 [[National Family Health Survey]], only 8% of Indian households own a [[car]], while 54% own [[motorcycles]] or [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/only-8-indian-families-own-cars-nfhs-finds-over-50-still-use-bicycles-bikes-scooters/971413/ |title=Only 8% Indian families own cars, NFHS finds. Over 50% still use bicycles, bikes & scooters |first=Nikhil |last=Rampal |work=The Print |location=India |date=2022-05-27 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/only-1-in-12-indian-households-have-car-mahindra-asks-netizens-for-conclusion-101672146176271.html |title=Only 1 in 12 Indian households have a car, Mahindra asks netizens for conclusion |first=Singh Rahul |last=Sunilkumar |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |date=2022-12-27 |access-date=2023-04-09}}</ref> In 2025, India had 44 cars per 1,000 people, markedly lower than in other major economies.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Car Sales to Grow 3.5% Annually Till 2030: Moody's |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/indias-car-sales-to-grow-35-annually-till-2030-moodys/492330 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=Entrepreneur |date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:First Car Showroon secunderabd.jpeg|thumb|left|A pre-Independence car showroom in [[Secunderabad]], showing [[Fiat 500 "Topolino"|Fiat Topolino]] and [[Fiat 1100 (1937)|Fiat 1100]] ]]
[[File:KolkataTraffic1945.jpg|thumb|left|Kolkata street traffic in 1945]]

In 1897, the first car ran on an Indian road. Through the 1930s, cars were imports only, and in small numbers.

An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. [[Hindustan Motors]] was launched in 1942 building [[Morris Motors|Morris]] products, long-time competitor [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]] in 1944, building [[Chrysler Corporation]] products such as [[Dodge]] and [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]], and beginning in the 1960s, [[Fiat]] products.<ref name="pip1">[[#TapPip|Piplai]], p. 2892</ref> [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra & Mahindra]] was established by two brothers in 1945 and began assembly of [[CJ-3|Jeep CJ-3A]] utility vehicles. In the same years, [[J. R. D. Tata]], the chairman of [[Tata Group]] founded [[TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company]] (now [[Tata Motors]]) in [[Jamshedpur]]. Following [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947, the Government of India and the [[private sector]] launched efforts to create an automotive-component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. In 1953, an import substitution programme was launched, and the import of fully built-up cars began to be restricted.<ref name="pip1" />

===1947–1970===
[[File:20150704Ambassador.jpg|thumb|The [[Hindustan Ambassador]] dominated India's automotive market from the 1960s until the mid-1980s and was manufactured until 2014.]]
[[File:Fiat 1100D, Schaffen Diest Fly-Drive 2013.JPG|thumb|Fiat 1100D, built under license by [[Premier Automobiles Limited]] (PAL), later re-christened 'Premier Padmini', was the Ambassador's only true competitor.]]

{{anchor|Raj|1952|Tariff}}

====The 1952 Tariff Commission====
In 1952, the Indian government appointed the first Tariff Commission, whose purpose was to come out with a feasibility plan for the '''indigenization of the Indian automobile''' industry. In 1953, the commission submitted its report, which recommended categorizing existing Indian car companies according to their manufacturing infrastructure, under a licensed capacity to manufacture a certain number of vehicles, with capacity increases allowable, as per demands, in the future. The Tariff Commission recommendations were implemented with new policies that would eventually exclude companies that only imported parts for assembly, as well as those with no Indian partner. In 1954, following the Tariff Commission implementation, [[General Motors]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[Rootes Group]], which had assembly-only plants in [[Mumbai]], decided to move out of India.<ref name="Autocar Professional India">{{Citation | title = The rise of the automobile in free India | location = Mumbai (Bombay) | url = http://www.autocarpro.in/features/rise-automobile-free-india-9078 | publisher = Autocar Professional India }}</ref>

The Tariff commission policies by the then [[Indian National Congress]]-led government, including similar restrictions that applied to other industries, came to be known as the [[Licence Raj]], which proved to be the greatest undoing of the Indian automotive industry, where bureaucratic red tape ended up causing demand to outstrip supply, with month-long, even year-long waiting periods for cars, scooters, and motorcycles.

;Passenger cars
*[[Hindustan Motors]] was established in Kolkata in technical collaboration with [[Morris Motors]] to manufacture Morris Oxford models that would later become HM Ambassador.
* Addisons, Madras – An [[Amalgamations Group]] company, was the agent for [[Nuffield Organization|Nuffield's]] Morris, Wolseley, and Riley cars, and Chrysler's [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]], [[Dodge]], and De Soto cars and trucks. The first [[Morris Minor]] assembled in India and the first car assembled in Madras was driven out from Addison's twin-plants on Smith Road by Anantharamakrishnan on 15 November 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2014 |title=An opportunity missed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-opportunity-missed/article6095446.ece |access-date=3 July 2018 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Premier Automobiles Limited]], Mumbai – entered into technical collaboration with [[Chrysler]] to manufacture [[Dodge]], [[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] and [[DeSoto (automobile)|Desoto]] models and with [[Fiat]] to manufacture the 1100D models which would later become [[Premier Padmini]] range.
* [[Standard Motor Products of India]], Madras – entered into technical collaboration from [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] to manufacture [[Standard Vanguard]], [[Standard 8]], 10 and later [[Standard Herald]].

;Utility and light commercial vehicles
*[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] – started manufacturing [[Jonga]] Light Utility Vehicles and Vahan 1 Ton (Nissan 4W73 Carriers) in India, under license from [[Nissan]] of [[Japan]]. They were the main troop carriers of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and much more powerful than any other vehicle of their class.Also, Nissan Power Wagon was added to their line.
*[[Mahindra & Mahindra]] plant established in Mumbai – technical collaboration with [[Willys]] to manufacture CJ Series [[Jeep]].
*[[Bajaj Tempo]], Pune, now [[Force Motors]] – entered into technical collaboration with [[Tempo (automobile)|Tempo]] to manufacture Tempo Hanseat, a three-wheeler and Tempo Viking and Hanomag, later known as Tempo Matador in India.
*[[Standard Motor Products of India]] – entered into technical collaboration from [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]] and had licence to manufacture the [[Standard Atlas]] passenger van with panel van and one-tonne pickup variants.

;Medium and heavy commercial vehicles
*[[Tata Motors]] established a new plant in [[Pune]] with technical collaboration with [[Mercedes-Benz]] to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks.
*[[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur]] started manufacturing [[Shaktiman truck]]s with technical assistance from [[MAN SE]] of Germany. The trucks were the main logistics vehicle of the [[Indian Army]] with several specialist variants. VFJ still is the sole supplier of B vehicles to the Indian Armed Forces.
* [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] was established in 1965 in [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]] to produce tanks in India. Since its inception, HVF has produced all the tanks of India, including [[Vijayanta]], [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]], [[T-72|Ajeya]], [[T-90|Bhishma]] and their variants for the [[Indian Army]]. HVF is the only tank manufacturing facility of India.
*[[Ashok Leyland]] was founded in [[Chennai]] with [[Leyland Motors]] to manufacture medium to heavy commercial vehicles both Bus and Trucks. Ashok Motors also discontinued its [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] venture formed in 1948 to sell [[Austin A40]] and retooled the factory to make trucks and buses.
*[[Hindustan Motors]] – had technical collaboration with [[General Motors]] to manufacture the [[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] range of medium lorry and bus chassis.
*[[Premier Automobiles Limited]] – entered into technical collaboration with [[Chrysler]] to manufacture the [[Dodge]], [[Fargo Trucks|Fargo]] range of medium lorry, panel vans, mini-bus, and bus chassis.
*[[S. Anantharamakrishnan|Simpsons & Co]], Madras – part of [[Amalgamations Group]] ([[Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited|TAFE Tractors]]) – had technical collaboration with [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to manufacture medium lorry and bus chassis, but did not utilise that option until the 1980s.+

;Scooters, mopeds and motorcycles
Many of the two-wheelers manufacturers were granted licenses in the early 1960s, well after the tariff commission was enabled.
* [[Ideal Jawa]], [[Mysore]] – entered into technical collaboration with [[CZ Motorcycles|CZ]] - [[Jawa motorcycles|Jawa]] of Czechoslovakia for its [[Jawa Moto|Jawa]] and [[Yezdi]] range of motorcycles.
* [[Royal Enfield (India)]], Madras – had technical collaboration with [[Royal Enfield]], UK to manufacture the Enfield Bullet range of motorcycles.
* [[Bajaj Auto]], Poona – had technical collaboration with [[Piaggio]], Italy to manufacture their best-selling [[Vespa]] range of scooters and three-wheelers with commercial options as well.
*[[TVS Motors]], Madurai/Chennai - started individually and later had technical collaboration with [[Suzuki Motors]], before finally buying them out of the JV.
* [[Automobile Products of India]], Bombay (Better known for API Lambretta) – had a technical collaboration with [[Innocenti]] of Milan, Italy to manufacture their [[Lambretta]] range of mopeds, scooters and three-wheelers. This company was actually the [[Rootes Group]] car plant that was bought over by [[M. A. Chidambaram]] family.
* [[Mopeds India Limited]], [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]] – had technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]], France to manufacture their best selling [[Mobylette]] mopeds.
* [[Escorts Group]], [[New Delhi]] – had technical collaboration with [[SHL (motorcycle)|CEKOP]] of Poland to manufacture the [[Rajdoot]] 175 motorcycle whose origin was [[DKW RT 125]].
* [[Hero Motors]]
* Kinetic Engineering

However, growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s, due to nationalisation and the [[license raj]], which hampered the growth of the Indian private sector.

===1970 to 1983===
[[File:Maruti 800 first.jpg|thumb|[[Maruti 800]], launched in 1983.]]

The beginning of the 1970s did not see growth potential; and most of the collaboration license agreements came to an end, but with the option to continue manufacturing with renewed branding. Cars were still meant for the elite and Jeeps, now owned by [[American Motors Corporation]], were largely used by government organizations and in some rural regions. By the end of the decade, some developments were made in commercial vehicle segments to facilitate the movement of goods. The two-wheeler segment remained unchanged except for increased sales to the middle class in urban areas. There was an emphasis on having more farm tractors, as India was embarking on a new [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]]; and Russian and Eastern bloc imports were brought in to meet the demand.

But after 1970, with restrictions on the import of vehicles set, the automotive industry started to grow; but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles, and scooters. Cars still remained a major luxury item. In the 1970s, [[price controls]] were finally lifted, inserting a competitive element into the automobile market.<ref>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M21 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> However, by the 1980s, the automobile market was still dominated by [[Hindustan Motors|Hindustan]] and [[Premier Automobiles Limited|Premier]], who sold superannuated products in fairly limited numbers.<ref name="unconvincing">{{cite journal | title = Automobile Industry: Unconvincing Explanations | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 16 | volume = XX | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = 669 | date = 1985-04-20 }}</ref> The rate of car ownership in 1981 was about one in every thousand citizens – understandable when the annual road tax alone cost about half the [[Per capita income|average income]] of an Indian at the time.<ref name="AC4459a">{{cite magazine | ref = VR1 | magazine = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | title = Motoring for the millions | first = Vaughan | last = Robinson | publisher = IPC Business Press Ltd. | page = 22 | date = 1982-06-05 | volume = 156 | number = 4459 }}</ref>

During the eighties, a few competitors began to arrive on the scene. Of the 30,487 cars built in India in 1980, all but six came from the two main players Hindustan and Premier: [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]] had led a shadow existence in the latter half of the 1970s, producing only a handful of cars to keep their license active.<ref name="AC4459a" /> A new contender was tiny [[Sipani]], which had tried building locally developed three-wheeled vehicles since 1975 but introduced the [[Reliant Kitten]]-based Dolphin in 1982. Nonetheless, all eyes were on [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]], which caused a major upheaval to the Indian automobile industry.<ref name="AC4459a" />

The OPEC oil crisis saw increased need to install or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle. Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on [[Petrol]] and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options. The Defence sector too had most trucks on Petrol engines.

===1984 to 1992===
[[File:CBRN Recce vehicle during Republic Day Parade 2017.jpg|thumb|Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance Vehicle (CBRN-RV)
manufactured by the [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] ]]

From the end of the 1970s to the beginning of the 1980s India saw no new models, the country continuing to depend on two decades-old designs. The Sipani Dolphin, which arrived in 1982, was not a serious contender, with its plastic body and without rear doors - essential to Indian car buyers. This situation forced the government to encourage and let more manufacturers into fray.

In 1984 [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] was established in Medak near Hyderabad. It started manufacturing [[Infantry fighting vehicle|Infantry Combat Vehicles]] christened as ''Sarath'', the backbone of India's mechanised infantry. [[Armoured Vehicles Nigam|AVANI]] is still the only manufacturing facility of ICVs in India. To manufacture the high-power engines used in ICVs and main battle tanks, the Engine Factory was set up in 1987 in Avadi, near Chennai. In 1986, to promote the auto industry, the government established the [[Delhi auto expo|Delhi Auto Expo]]. The 1986 Expo was a showcase for how the Indian automotive industry was absorbing new technologies, promoting indigenous research and development, and adapting these technologies for the rugged conditions of India.

===Post-1992 liberalisation===
[[File:Indica DLX diesel.jpg|thumb|[[Tata Indica]], launched in 1998]]

Eventually multinational automakers such as [[Suzuki]] and [[Toyota]] of Japan and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] and [[Daewoo Motors]] of South Korea were allowed to invest in the Indian market, furthering the establishment of an automotive industry in India. [[Maruti Suzuki]] was the first and the most successful of these new entries, in part the result of government policies to promote the automotive industry beginning in the 1980s.<ref name="unconvincing" /> As India began to liberalise its automobile market in 1991, a number of foreign firms also initiated joint ventures with existing Indian companies. The variety of options available to the consumer began to multiply in the nineties, whereas before there had usually only been one option in each price class. By 2000, there were 12 large automotive companies in the Indian market, most of them offshoots of global companies.<ref>[[#TapPip|Piplai]], p. 2893</ref>

====Slow export growth====
Exports were slow to grow. Sales of small numbers of vehicles to tertiary markets and neighbouring countries began early, and in 1987 Maruti Suzuki shipped 480 cars to Europe (Hungary). After some growth in the mid-nineties, exports once again began to drop as the outmoded platforms provided to Indian manufacturers by multinationals were not competitive.<ref>[[#TapPip|Piplai]], pp. 2894-2895</ref> This was not to last, and today India manufactures low-priced cars for markets across the globe. As of 18 March 2013, global brands such as [[Proton (automobile)|Proton Holdings]], [[PSA Group]], [[Kia]], [[Mazda]], [[Chrysler]], [[Dodge]] and [[Geely Holding Group]] were shelving plans for India due to the competitiveness of the market, as well as the global economic crisis.

====Emission norms====
In 2000, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government unveiled standards titled "India 2000", with later, upgraded guidelines to be known as [[Bharat Stage emission standards]]. These standards are quite similar to the stringent [[European emission standards]] and have been implemented in a phased manner.

[[BS IV|Bharat Stage IV]] (BS-IV) was first implemented in 13 cities — Agra, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi (NCR), Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Surat, Solapur — in April 2010, and then in the rest of the nation in April 2017.

In 2019, in line with international standards to reduce vehicular pollution, the central government of India announced the introduction of [[Bharat stage emission standards|BS-VI norms]] to control air pollution, taking effect from 1 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Amid lockdown, India switches to BS-VI emission norms|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-lockdown-india-switches-to-bs-vi-emission-norms/article31231973.ece}}</ref>

===Local manufacturing push===
[[File:Mahindra BE6 pic 1.jpg|thumb|[[Mahindra BE 6|Mahindra BE6]], launched in 2024]]
India levies an import tax of 125% on foreign imported cars, while the import tax on components such as gearboxes, airbags, drive axles is 10%. The taxes are intended to encourage cars to be manufactured or assembled in India, rather than be imported as completely built units.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Dipak |title=Going Native |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/luxury-carmakers-increasing-use-of-india-made-components/1/220534.html |date=5 July 2015 |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Sub-4-metre rule ===
In 2006, the government of India imposed a new tax structure, which massively impacted the segment. It enables vehicles shorter than {{convert|4.0|m|in|1}} to qualify for a significantly lower excise duty, which is 8 percent as opposed to 20 percent for longer vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|date=2016-01-25|title=Why Everyone is going below 4-Meters|url=https://www.spinny.com/blog/index.php/why-everyone-is-going-below-4-meters/|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Spinny Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Tata Motors]] was the first to exploit the new tax structure, which redesigned the rear portion of the [[Tata Indigo|Indigo]] sedan, dropping its length to {{cvt|3988|mm|in|1}} and renamed it as the Indigo CS.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rawuther|first=Afzal|title=The impact of lower taxation on sub-four meter cars|url=https://www.evoindia.com/features/the-impact-of-lower-taxation-on-sub-four-meter-cars|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Evo India|date=7 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The model became significantly cheaper, becoming one of the largest selling three-box cars in the country.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotwal|first=Shapur|date=2011-07-21|title=The four-metre race|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/veGtDCQaaJgStkq4Ag5K8L/The-fourmetre-race.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913235405/http://www.livemint.com:80/Politics/veGtDCQaaJgStkq4Ag5K8L/The-fourmetre-race.html |archive-date=13 September 2012 }}</ref> Other manufacturers quickly adapted, which led to the release of the shorter [[Suzuki Dzire|Suzuki Swift Dzire]], the [[Honda Amaze|Honda Brio Amaze]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-06|title=The four-meter curse: How the compact sedan segment evolved|url=https://www.cartoq.com/the-four-meter-curse-how-the-compact-sedan-segment-evolved/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Cartoq|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808232546/http://www.cartoq.com:80/the-four-meter-curse-how-the-compact-sedan-segment-evolved |archive-date=8 August 2015 }}</ref>

==Manufacturing facilities==
[[File:Isuzu manufacturing plant India.jpg|thumb|Isuzu's manufacturing plant at [[Sri City]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]

The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is evenly divided into three "clusters". In the year 2010, around [[Chennai]] was the largest, with a 35% revenue share, accounting for 60% of the country's automotive exports, and home of the operations of Engine Factory Avadi, [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford]], [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai]], [[Renault India Private Limited|Renault]], [[Nissan Motor India Private Limited|Nissan]], [[BMW India|BMW]], [[Daimler AG|Daimler]], [[Caparo]], [[Mini (marque)|Mini]], and [[Citroën]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Jayashankar Menon |url=http://automotivehorizon.sulekha.com/south-emerges-largest-automotive-cluster-in-india_12_2010_postedby_jayashankar-menon |title=South emerges largest auto cluster in India |publisher=Sulekha.com |date=11 December 2010 |access-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707185024/http://automotivehorizon.sulekha.com/south-emerges-largest-automotive-cluster-in-india_12_2010_postedby_jayashankar-menon |archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/10/19/stories/2007101951332300.htm |title=CII launches Chennai zone |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=19 October 2007 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>

Near [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], along the [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan]] corridor of [[Pune]], is the western cluster, with a 33% share of the market. [[Audi India|Audi]], [[Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]], and [[Škoda Auto India|Škoda]] are located in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]. [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] has an SUV and engine assembly plant at [[Nashik]]. [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]], [[Tata Motors]], [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes-Benz]], [[Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Fiat Automobiles India Limited|Fiat]], and [[Force Motors]] have assembly plants in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/mahindra-rolls-out-15000th-hcv-truck-from-chakan/22931/ |title=Mahindra Chakan - News |publisher=Zigwheels |access-date=28 November 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubiccapacity.com/volkswagen-inaugrates-chakan-plant/|title=Volkswagen {{sic|Inaug|rates|nolink=y|expected=Inaugurates}} Chakan Plant!|publisher=cubi[CC]apacity|access-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108053040/http://www.cubiccapacity.com/volkswagen-inaugrates-chakan-plant/|archive-date= 8 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Dipak |date=2025-04-11 |title=Maharashtra land sold by General Motors to Hyundai attracts 18% GST |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Apr/11/maharashtra-land-sold-by-general-motors-to-hyundai-attracts-18-gst |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The northern cluster is around the [[National Capital Region]], and contributes 30%. [[Gurgaon]], [[Manesar]] and [[Kharkhoda]] in [[Haryana]], are where the country's largest car manufacturer, [[Maruti Suzuki]], is based.

An emerging cluster is the state of [[Gujarat]], with a manufacturing facility of [[MG Motor India|MG Motors]] in [[Halol]], [[Atul Auto]] in [[Rajkot]] and [[Tata Motors]] in Sanand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contractor |first=Sameer Fayaz |date=2024-01-12 |title=Tata begins production at new Sanand plant acquired from Ford |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/electric-vehicles/tata-begins-production-at-new-sanand-plant-for-evs-acquired-from-ford-india-41705054181044.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=HT Auto |language=en}}</ref> Maruti Suzuki also plans to set up a new greenfield plant in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruti Suzuki plans more investments in Gujarat with a New Greenfield Plant and a fourth line in SMG |url=https://www.marutisuzuki.com/corporate/media/press-releases/2024/january/ms-plans-more-investments-in-gujarat-with-a-new-greenfield-plant?srsltid=AfmBOoo4bxS5fawyMQ9DjCDmYYBHEocZRj2n3YtR5HmmW2NS6vpp3nVv |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=MarutiSuzuki |language=en}}</ref>

[[Uttarakhand]] with [[Tata Motors]], [[Telangana]] with [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], [[Hyderabad Allwyn]] and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]], [[Rajasthan]] with [[Honda Siel Cars India|Honda]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honda Rolls Out 20 Lakh Made-in-India Cars from Tapukara Facility; Details Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/honda-rolls-out-20-lakhth-made-in-india-car-from-tapukara-facility-details-here-6330499.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Bengaluru]] - [[Karnataka]] region with [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor|Toyota]], [[Volvo]] and [[Scania AB|Scania]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] with [[Isuzu]] and [[Kia]] and [[Kolkata]] - [[Jamshedpur]] belt also known as East India belt with companies such as [[Hindustan Motors]], [[Heavy Engineering Corporation]], [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]], and [[Tata Motors]] are other automotive manufacturing regions around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autonews.indiacar.com/news/n6495.htm |title=Skoda plant commissioned near Aurangabad |publisher=Autonews.indiacar.com |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100909151256/http://autonews.indiacar.com/news/n6495.htm |archive-date=9 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carcrox.com |title=Cars in India, Compare Cars, Upcoming Cars in India |publisher=Carcrox.com |access-date=12 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906054807/http://www.carcrox.com/ |archive-date=6 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sagmart.com/category/Automobiles/Cars|title=New Cars in India - Compare Cars - Latest Cars in India|work=sagmart.com|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

===Statewise vehicle manufacturing facilities===
{{sticky header}}
{|Class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
!States !! Passenger Vehicles !! Commercial vehicles !! Two wheelers !! Other types
|-
! [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|
* [[Kia India]] – [[Penukonda]] (Anantapur)
|
* [[Isuzu Motors India]] – [[Sri City]]
* [[Ashok Leyland]] – [[Vijayawada]]
|
* [[Hero MotoCorp]] – [[Satyavedu]]
|
;Off-highway vehicles
* [[Kobe Steel|Kobelco Cranes]] – [[Sri City]]
|-
! [[Gujarat]]
|
* [[Tata Motors]] – [[Sanand]]
*[[JSW MG Motor India]] – [[Halol]]
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] – [[Kandla]]
* [[Suzuki Motor Gujarat]] – Hansalpur
|
* [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB India]] – [[Halol]]
* [[Atul Auto]] – [[Rajkot]] & [[Ahmedabad]]
|
* [[Hero MotoCorp]] – [[Halol]]
* [[Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]] – Vithalapur
* Joy e-bike – Vadodara
|
|-
! [[Haryana]]
|
* [[Maruti Suzuki]] – [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Manesar]] & [[Kharkhoda]]<ref>[http://www.marutisuzuki.com/facilities1.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702232313/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/facilities1.aspx|date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
|
* [[Action Construction Equipment]] – [[Faridabad]]
* [[Escorts Group]] – [[Faridabad]]
* [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB India]] – [[Faridabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jcb.com/en-in/company|title = Company | JCB - Earthmoving and Construction Equipments}}</ref>
* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]] – [[Faridabad]]
|
* [[Hero MotoCorp]] – [[Dharuhera]], [[Rewari]]<ref name="herohonda1">[http://www.herohonda.com/co_corporate_profile.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721081235/http://www.herohonda.com/co_corporate_profile.htm|date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] – [[Manesar]]<ref name="HMSI Factory">{{cite web|url=http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/factory.html |title=HMSI Factory |publisher=.honda2wheelersindia.com |access-date=2014-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228013326/http://www.honda2wheelersindia.com/factory.html |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[India Yamaha Motor]] – [[Faridabad]]<ref name="yamaha-motor-india1">{{cite web|url=http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |title=About us | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Yamaha-motor-india.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006072830/http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Suzuki Motorcycle India]] – [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]]<ref>[http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/suzuki_india.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629015322/http://www.suzukimotorcycle.co.in/suzuki_india.asp|date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
|
;Agricultural vehicles
* [[Escorts Kubota Limited|Escorts Kubota]] – [[Faridabad]]
|-
! [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|
* [[ICML Motors]] – [[Amb (town)|Amb]]<ref>[http://www.icml.co.in/indu_zone.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312225739/http://www.icml.co.in/indu_zone.html|date=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|
* [[TAFE|TAFE Tractors]] – [[Parwanoo]]<ref name="tafe1">[http://www.tafe.com/mfgBase.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505054231/http://www.tafe.com/mfgBase.htm|date=5 May 2011}}</ref>
|
* [[TVS Motor]] – [[Nalagarh]]<ref name="tvsmotor1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvsmotor.in/dealer-locator-gmap.asp |title=TVS Motor Company |publisher=Tvsmotor.in |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
|
|-
! [[Jharkhand]]
|
|
* [[Tata Motors]] – [[Jamshedpur]]<ref name="tatamotors1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/company-profile.php |title=Tata Motors Limited - India's Largest Automobile Company |publisher=Tatamotors.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208132710/http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/company-profile.php |archive-date=8 December 2013 }}</ref>
|
|
|-
! [[Karnataka]]
|
* [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] – [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Reva-Electric-Vehicles |title=Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
* [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor Private Limited|Toyota Kirloskar Motor]] – [[Bidadi]]<ref>[http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034754/http://www.toyotabharat.com/inen/news/PR_March_Production_2011.asp|date=27 April 2011}}</ref>
|
* [[Bharat Earth Movers]] - [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru &]] [[Mysuru]], KGF
* [[Scania AB|Scania Commercial Vehicles India]] – [[Bengaluru]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/scania-to-setassembly-plant-in-india/3572/1 |title=Scania to set up assembly plant in India |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
* [[TAFE Tractors]] – [[Doddaballapur]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
* [[Tata Motors]] – [[Dharwad]]<ref name="tatamotors1"/>
|
* [[TVS Motor]] – [[Mysuru]]<ref name="tvsmotor1"/>
* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] - Narsapura<ref name="HMSI Factory"/>
* River Mobility, Hoskote<ref>{{cite web| title= River Mobility registers its best-ever monthly EV sales in July Aut…| url= https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-sales/river-mobility-registers-best-ever-monthly-sales-in-july-1518-indie-e-scooters-127876| date= 2025-09-30| archiveurl= https://archive.today/20250930160041/https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-sales/river-mobility-registers-best-ever-monthly-sales-in-july-1518-indie-e-scooters-127876|archivedate = 2025-09-30}}</ref>
|
|-
! [[Kerala]]
|
|
* [[Bharat Earth Movers]] – [[Palakkad]]
* [[Kerala Automobiles Limited]] – [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|
|
|-
! [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|
|
* [[Vehicle Factory Jabalpur|Vehicle Factory]] – [[Jabalpur]]
* [[Eicher Motors]] – [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eicherworld.com/contactA.aspx?leftlink=Addresses&leftid=102&id=7&toplink=Contact+Us&mid=102 |title=Eicher :: Eicher Motors Limited :: Home |publisher=Eicherworld.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013184626/http://www.eicherworld.com/contactA.aspx?leftlink=Addresses&leftid=102&id=7&toplink=Contact+Us&mid=102 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Hindustan Motors]] – [[Pithampur]]<ref name="hindmotor">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindmotor.com/ |title=Hindustan Motors |publisher=Hindmotor.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
* [[Force Motors]] – [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html |title=Force Motors LTD |publisher=Forcemotors.com |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054746/http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html |archive-date=27 June 2012}}</ref>
* [[TAFE Tractors]] – [[Mandideep]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
* [[John Deere Tractors]] – [[Dewas]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
* [[Case CE|CASE Construction Equipment]] - [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Case CE Equipment|url = http://www.casece.com|website = www.casece.com|access-date = 2015-10-27}}</ref>
|
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] – [[Pithampur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/company_factory.php |title=Welcome to Mahindra |publisher=Mahindra2wheelers.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827110013/http://www.mahindra2wheelers.com/company_factory.php |archive-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
|-
! [[Maharashtra]]
|
* [[Hyundai Motor India]] – [[Talegaon Dabhade (village)|Talegaon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyundai signs deal to acquire General Motors' Talegaon manufacturing plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/hyundai-signs-deal-to-acquire-general-motors-talegaon-manufacturing-plant-123081600346_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=After Mitsubishi, Hyundai to invest Rs 7,000 crore in Pune's Talegaon area |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mitsubishi-hyundai-invest-rs-7000-crore-pune-talegaon-9108941/ |website=Indian Express |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] – [[Nashik]] & [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Vehicle-Manufacturers |title=Mahindra Vehicle Manufacturers | Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826071458/http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-Do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-Vehicle-Manufacturers |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/What-We-do/Automotive/Companies/Mahindra-and-Mahindra-Automotive-Division |title=Mahindra & Mahindra-Automotive Division |publisher=Mahindra.com |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
* [[Tata Motors|Tata Motors Limited]]
** [[Tata Motors]] – [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php |title=Know Us : Manufacturing |publisher=Tata Motors |date=13 March 2000 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920004648/http://tatamotors.com/know-us/manufacturing.php |archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref>
** [[Jaguar Land Rover|Jaguar Cars]] – [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/jaguar-land-rover-inaugurates-new-vehicle-assembly-plant-in-pune/8572/1 |title=Jaguar Land Rover Inaugurates New Vehicle Assembly Plant in Pune |publisher=ZigWheels.com |access-date=27 August 2012}}</ref>
** [[Land Rover]] – [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|Pimpri Chinchwad (Pune)]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/world/Google_Maps_Test_Frontend.html |title=Mercedes-Benz India - Mercedes World - Contact Us |publisher=Mercedes-benz.co.in |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627133948/http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/world/Google_Maps_Test_Frontend.html |archive-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Jeep|Jeep India]] – [[Ranjangaon|Ranjangaon (Pune)]]
* [[Volkswagen Group Sales India]]
** [[Volkswagen India Private Limited|Volkswagen]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/volkswagen_world/volkswagen_india.html |title=Volkswagen India < Volkswagen World < Welcome to Volkswagen India |publisher=Volkswagen.co.in |date=2013-08-01 |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-date=28 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828111208/http://www.volkswagen.co.in/en/volkswagen_world/volkswagen_india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** [[Škoda Auto India Private Limited|Skoda Auto]] - [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]], [[Shendra MIDC|Shendra]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]<ref>[http://www.skoda-auto.co.in/ind/about/contacts/Pages/ContactPage.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812045653/http://www.skoda-auto.co.in/ind/about/contacts/Pages/ContactPage.aspx|date=12 August 2012}}</ref>
** [[Audi India]] – [[Shendra MIDC|Shendra, Aurangabad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.audi.in/sea/brand/in/company/About_Audi_India.html |title=About Audi India > Audi India |publisher=Audi.in |date=2011-11-17 |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]] – [[Bhandara (city)|Bhandara]]<ref name="ashokleyland1"/>
* [[Bajaj Auto]] – [[Waluj MIDC|Waluj (Aurangabad)]]<ref name="bajajauto1"/>
* [[Force Motors]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>[http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627054746/http://forcemotors.com/contact_Us.html|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>
* [[Mahindra Navistar]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindranavistar.com/aboutus.html |title=Mahindra Navistar Automotives Ltd. - Indian Lorry and Commercial Truck Manufacturer in India |publisher=Mahindranavistar.com |access-date=2013-10-16}}</ref>
* [[Piaggio|Piaggio Vehicles]] – [[Baramati|Baramati (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piaggio.co.in/category/contact-us.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=Piaggio |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016120526/http://piaggio.co.in/category/contact-us.aspx |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[Sany]] India – Pune
* [[Hyundai Heavy Industries|Hyundai Construction Equipment]] – Chakan (Pune).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.hd-hyundaice.com/ |title=Construction Equipment |publisher=Hyundai |location=India| access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] – Banda (Sindhudurg)
* [[John Deere Tractors]] – Sanaswadi (Pune)
* [[Wirtgen]] India – Bhandgav (Pune)
|
* [[Bajaj Auto]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]] & [[Waluj MIDC|Waluj (Aurangabad)]]<ref name="bajajauto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bajajauto.com/bajaj_corporate_factory.asp |title=Bajaj |publisher=Bajajauto.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016172440/http://www.bajajauto.com/bajaj_corporate_factory.asp |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
** [[KTM|KTM Sportmotorcycles]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]
* [[India Kawasaki Motors]] – [[Chakan, Maharashtra|Chakan (Pune)]]
* [[Vespa|Vespa Scooters]] and [[Aprilia]] (brands part of [[Piaggio]]) – [[Baramati|Baramati (Pune)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vespa opens up its first Indian plant |url=http://www.topgear.com/india/bike-news/vespa-opens-up-its-first-indian-plant/itemid-50 |date=1 May 2012 |website=Topgear India |access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Aprilia RS 457 production commenced - Overdrive |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/aprilia-rs-457-production-commenced-at-baramati-plant-in-maharashtra/ |date=4 Jan 2024|website=Overdrive |access-date=22 Feb 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
! [[Punjab]]
|
|
* [[SML Isuzu]] – [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Contact Us | url = http://smlisuzu.com/Financials/Contact_Us.aspx | publisher = SML Isuzu Limited | location = [[Chandigarh]] | access-date = 2013-09-16 }}</ref>
|
|
;Agricultural vehicles
* [[Punjab Tractors Ltd.|Swaraj Tractors]] – [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]
* [[Sonalika Group|Sonalika Tractor]] – [[Hoshiarpur]]
|-
! [[Rajasthan]]
|
* [[Honda Cars India]] – [[Alwar district|Tapukara]]<ref name="hondacarindia1">[http://www.hondacarindia.com/about/hondaInIndia.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712215724/http://www.hondacarindia.com/about/hondaInIndia.aspx|date=12 July 2011}}</ref>
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]] – [[Alwar]]<ref name="ashokleyland1">[http://www.ashokleyland.com/productionplants.jsp?name=Manufacturing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051908/http://www.ashokleyland.com/productionplants.jsp?name=Manufacturing|date=28 September 2011}}</ref>
|
* [[HMSI|Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India]] – Tapukara<ref name="HMSI Factory"/>
* [[Hero Motocorp]] – Neemrana
* [[Okinawa Autotech]] – [[Alwar]] & [[Bhiwadi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 Jan 2021 |title=Okinawa to invest ₹150 crore to set up new manufacturing unit in Rajasthan |work=HT Auto |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/news/okinawa-to-invest-rs-150-crore-to-set-up-new-manufacturing-unit-in-rajasthan-41611470341020.html}}</ref>
|
;Agricultural vehicles
* [[TAFE Tractors]] – [[Alwar]]<ref name="tafe1"/>
|-
! [[Tamil Nadu]] ''([[Automotive industry in Chennai|Chennai]])''
|
* [[BMW India]] – [[Mahindra World City, Chennai|Mahindra World City (Chennai)]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Jagannathan |first=K. T. |title=Business : BMW Chennai facility goes on stream |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/BMW-Chennai-facility-goes-on-stream/article14739527.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 March 2007 |access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmw.in/in/en/insights/careers/job_offers.html |title=BMW India : Careers : Job Offers |publisher=Bmw.in |date=2008-06-17 |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017021052/http://www.bmw.in/in/en/insights/careers/job_offers.html |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
** [[Mini|MINI India]] – [[Mahindra World City, Chennai|Mahindra World City (Chennai)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Mini Countryman production begins at Chennai plant|url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2018-mini-countryman-production-begins-at-chennai-plant/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Overdrive|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hyundai Motor India]] – [[Sriperumbudur|Sriperumbudur (Chennai)]]<ref>[http://www.hyundai.com/IN/en/CompanyInfomation/AboutHMIL/Profile/HMIL/HMIL.aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511053350/http://www.hyundai.com/IN/en/CompanyInfomation/AboutHMIL/Profile/HMIL/HMIL.aspx|date=11 May 2012}}</ref>
* [[Renault Nissan Automotive India Private Limited]]
** [[Nissan Motor India Private Limited]] – [[Oragadam|Oragadam (Chennai)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |title=Nissan India | Corporate Information |publisher=Nissan.in |date=17 March 2010 |access-date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829005503/http://www.nissan.in/en/web/header/header_4385.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>
** [[Renault India Private Limited]] – [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>[http://www.renault.co.in/about/india.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607042658/http://www.renault.co.in/about/india.html|date=7 June 2012}}</ref>
** [[Datsun]] – [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Datsun GO Production at Chennai Plant| date=8 June 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRHQrUUcUAg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211113/nRHQrUUcUAg| archive-date=2021-11-13 | url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-09-04}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Citroën India]] – [[Tiruvallur]], [[Chennai]]
*[[BYD Auto|BYD India Pvt. Ltd]] – [[Sriperumbudur]], Chennai
|
* [[Schwing Stetter|Schwing Stetter India]] – [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Schwing Stetter commissions ₹300-cr factory near Chennai|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/schwing-stetter-commissions-300-cr-factory-near-chennai/article33830480.ece|access-date=2021-09-04|website=@businessline|date=13 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu India Private Limited]] – [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-05-12|title=Komatsu Opens New Factory in India|url=https://www.dredgingtoday.com/2015/05/12/komatsu-opens-new-factory-in-india/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Dredging Today|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles|Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Private Limited]] – [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact|url=http://www.bharatbenz.com/contact|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606053050/http://www.bharatbenz.com/contact|archive-date=6 June 2012|access-date=27 August 2012|publisher=bharatbenz.com}}</ref>
*[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] – [[Tiruvallur]], [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Caterpillar sets up new manufacturing plant in India for backhoe loaders|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/caterpillar-sets-up-new-manufacturing-plant-in-india-for-backhoe-loaders/24947.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ashok Leyland|Ashok Leyland Limited]]
** [[Ennore]], [[Chennai]] – trucks, buses, engines, axles etc.
** [[Hosur]]<ref name="ashokleyland1" /> – three adjacent plants (Hosur-1, Hosur-2, CPPS) for trucks, special vehicles and power units.
** Sengadu Village, [[Kanchipuram District|Kanchipuram]] – technical and production facility for Ashok Leyland Defence Systems
* [[Kamaz|KamAZ Vectra Motors]] – [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamazvectra.com/contact.html |title=Kamaz Vectra Motors Ltd |publisher=Kamazvectra.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016151525/http://www.kamazvectra.com/contact.html |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
* [[SAME Deutz-Fahr]] [[Tractors]] – [[Ranipet]], [[Vellore]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/same-deutz-fahr-to-make-ranipet-its-export-hub-109030500059_1.html|title=SAME Deutz-Fahr to make Ranipet, Vellore its export hub |date=5 March 2009|work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
* [[TAFE Tractors]] – [[Chennai]],<ref name="tafe1" /> [[Madurai]]
* [[TVS Motor]] – [[Hosur]]<ref name="tvsmotor1" />
* [[Force Motors]] – [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-07-21|title=Force Motors opens a new plant in Chennai, starts assembly of BMW engines-Auto News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/auto/force-motors-opens-a-new-plant-in-chennai-starts-assembly-of-bmw-engines-2354740.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|
* [[TVS Motor]] – [[Hosur]]<ref name="tvsmotor1"/>
**[[BMW Motorrad]] – [[Hosur]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=17% of BMW bikes produced at TVS Motor's plant: Stoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/17-of-bmw-bikes-produced-at-tvs-motors-plant-stoll/article33339862.ece |date=15 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |language=en-IN |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] – [[Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalenfield.com/contactus.aspx |title=Contact Us |publisher=Royalenfield.com |access-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205053039/http://www.royalenfield.com/contactus.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[India Yamaha Motor]] – [[Oragadam]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Ola Electric]] – [[Krishnagiri]] <ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=Ola commences construction of mega factory on 500-acre site in Tamil Nadu, eyes production soon|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/auto/ola-commences-construction-of-mega-factory-on-500-acre-site-in-tamil-nadu-eyes-production-soon-8425271.htm|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ola's Bhavish Aggarwal Looks To Disrupt India's EV Market By Mass Producing Vehicles|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/olas-bhavish-aggarwal-looks-to-disrupt-indias-ev-market-by-mass-producing-vehicles-6616401.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Moneycontrol|date=7 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ather Energy]] – [[Hosur]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ather Energy offers a peek into its new production facility at Hosur|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/bike-news/ather-energy-offers-a-peek-into-its-new-production-facility-at-hosur-419925|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Autocar India|language=en}}</ref>
|
;Defence
* [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] – [[Avadi]], [[Chennai]]
|-
! [[Telangana]]
|
|
* [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] – [[Zaheerabad]]
|
|
;Defence
* [[Ordnance Factory Medak|Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited]] – [[Medak]]
|-
! [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
*[[Honda Cars India]] – [[Greater Noida]]
|
* [[Tata Motors]] – [[Lucknow]]
* [[New Holland Agriculture|New Holland]] – [[Greater Noida]]
|
* [[India Yamaha Motor]] – [[Greater Noida]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |title=About us | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd |publisher=Yamaha-motor-india.com |access-date=2013-10-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006072830/http://www.yamaha-motor-india.com/about/profile/index.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>
|
|-
! [[Uttarakhand]]
|
|
* [[Ashok Leyland]] – [[Pantnagar]]
* [[Tata Motors]] – [[Pantnagar]]
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] – [[Haridwar]]
|
* [[Hero MotoCorp]] – [[Haridwar]]
* [[Bajaj Auto]] – [[Pantnagar]]
|
|-
! [[West Bengal]]
|
|
* [[Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery]] – [[Kharagpur]]
* [[Gainwell]] - [[Panagarh]]
|
|
|}

==Exports==
[[File:2june 2007 569.jpg|thumb|2007 [[Mahindra Scorpio]] Pickup in service with Italy's CNSAS]]

In 2025, India became world's third largest manufacturer of vehicles, and exported 50% of its two-wheeler production.<ref name=bumb1/> India's automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4.5 billion in 2009, with the United Kingdom being India's largest export market, followed by Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and South Africa.<ref name="ETcars">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Britain-Indias-largest-automobile-export-market/articleshow/6683826.cms |title=Britain India's largest automobile export market |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124110746/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Britain-Indias-largest-automobile-export-market/articleshow/6683826.cms |archive-date=24 November 2010 }}</ref>

According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', India's strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like [[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]], [[Nissan]], [[Toyota Kirloskar|Toyota]], [[Volkswagen]], and [[Maruti Suzuki]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurczewski |first=Nick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/automobiles/28INDIA.html |title=More Cars Are Coming From India |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=26 June 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref>

In 2008, Hyundai alone exported 240,000 cars made in India. Nissan planned to export 250,000 vehicles manufactured in its India plant by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=3609 |title=Nissan upcoming Chennai plant to be its global small car hub - WheelsUnplugged Automobile Industry News |publisher=Wheelsunplugged.com |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620005406/http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=3609 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly, US automobile company, [[General Motors]] had announced its plans to export about 50,000 cars manufactured in India by 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jose |first=Darlington |url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/gm-make-india-small-car-hub-733 |title=GM to make India small car hub |publisher=mydigitalfc.com |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627155340/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/gm-make-india-small-car-hub-733 |archive-date=27 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2009, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] announced its plans to set up a plant in India with an annual capacity of 250,000 cars, for US$500 million. The cars were manufactured both for the Indian market and for export.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/04/business/global/04fobriefs-FORDPLANSTOB_BRF.html |title=India: Ford Plans to Build Small Cars |department=World Business Briefing | Asia |location=India |work=The New York Times |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> The company said that the plant was a part of its plan to make India the hub for its global production business.<ref>{{cite news|last=Choudhury |first=Santanu |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125197825802282897 |title=Ford Set to Start Production of Small Car in India |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref> [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]] had announced that it would source more than US$1 billion worth auto components from India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rbssConsumerGoodsAndRetailNews/idUSBMA00584420090903 |title=Fiat Purchasing to source $1 bln parts from India |publisher=Reuters.com |date= 3 September 2009|access-date=28 November 2010 |first=C.J. |last=Kuncheria}}</ref>

[[File:Tata Safari II front - PSM 2009.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Tata Safari]] on display in [[Poznań]], [[Poland]] ]]

In 2009, India (0.23m) surpassed China (0.16m) as Asia's fourth largest exporter of cars after Japan (1.77m), Korea (1.12m) and Thailand (0.26m).<ref name="bloomberg1">{{cite news|last = Nair|first = Vipin V.|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=aO9LxvSmKTzE|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130102052319/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601109&sid=aO9LxvSmKTzE|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2 January 2013|title = Suzuki, Hyundai's Indian Car Exports Beat China's|publisher = Bloomberg.com|date = 7 September 2009|access-date = 1 September 2010}}</ref>

In July 2010, The Economic Times reported that [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] was planning to re-enter the Indian market and open a production plant in Andhra Pradesh that would have an annual capacity of 100,000 vehicles, investing €700M in the operation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/auto/automobiles/Peugeot-may-revive-India-plans-invest-881-mn-in-new-unit/articleshow/6140773.cms |title=Peugeot may revive India plans, invest $881 mn in new unit |publisher=Economic Times: Times of India |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=2 January 2011}}</ref> [[Citroën]] entered the market in 2021 with their first offering being the [[Citroën C5 Aircross]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Citroen C5 Aircross launched in India, prices start from Rs 29.90 lakh |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/2021-citroen-c5-aircross-launched-in-india-prices-start-from-rs-29-90-lakh/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mahindra XUV 3XO 2025.jpg|thumb|2025 [[Mahindra XUV 3XO|Mahindra 3XO]] at a dealership in India]]
In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] are the two biggest exporters of cars from the country. [[Nissan]] also exports small cars from its Indian assembly line. [[Tata Motors]] exports its passenger vehicles to several Asian and African markets. In the 2000s, [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] prepared to introduce its pickup trucks and small [[SUV]] models in the U.S. market, but canceled its plans. As of 2019, it is assembling and selling an off-road vehicle ([[Mahindra Roxor]]; not certified for road use) in limited numbers in the U.S.<ref>[https://www.autoblog.com/2019/03/14/mahindra-roxor-us-market/ How Mahindra plans to grow in U.S. with 'India tough' Roxor off-roader]</ref> It is also sold in Canada. While the possibilities for the Indian automobile industry are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens.<ref name="thomaswhite.com">{{cite web |date=26 February 2010 |title=India Automobiles; Car Industry in India |work=Thomas White International |url=http://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/automobiles-sector-in-india-fast-growth/ |access-date=28 November 2010 |publisher=Thomaswhite.com}}</ref>

Mahindra's major overseas markets include Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, United States and South Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 4, 2023 |title=Mahindra eyes global expansion |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/m-m-eyeing-global-expansion-diversifying-ops-to-boost-revenue-growth-123100400191_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

===Top 10 export destinations===
{{Update | section | date=September 2021}}

India exported $14.5 billion worth of automobiles in 2014. The 10 countries below imported 47.8% of that total.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Exporters - Automobile Exports |url=http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_indian_exporters_trade_partners.html |date=2014 |website=World's Richest Countries |access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rank
!Country
!Value (US$)
!Share
|-
|1
|United States
|1.2 billion
|8.4%
|-
|2
|Mexico
|$1 billion
|6.9%
|-
|3
|South Africa
|$888.8 million
|6.1%
|-
|4
|United Kingdom
|$637.4 million
|4.4%
|-
|5
|Sri Lanka
|$596.9 million
|4.1%
|-
|6
|Bangladesh
|$592.1 million
|4.1%
|-
|7
|Turkey
|$580.4 million
|4%
|-
|8
|Nigeria
|$546.8 million
|3.8%
|-
|9
|United Arab Emirates
|$433.6 million
|3%
|-
|10
|Colombia
|$428.9 million
|3%
|}
<big>Exports of Vehicles in India decreased to US$1478.68 Million in 2020 from US$11332.49 Million in 2019.</big>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!India Exports by Country
!Last
!Previous
!
!
|-
|United States
|485.03
|469.28
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|United Arab Emirates
|211.45
|179.69
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Netherlands
|146.98
|118.23
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Israel
|122.55
|44.07
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Brazil
|91.30
|72.88
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|China
|86.57
|83.21
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Germany
|66.84
|63.42
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Saudi Arabia
|60.38
|66.42
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Indonesia
|58.89
|51.32
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Singapore
|55.63
|63.31
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Hong Kong
|51.40
|62.34
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Belgium
|51.05
|53.36
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Nepal
|50.69
|36.95
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Italy
|49.29
|45.34
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|France
|45.78
|41.27
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|South Africa
|43.83
|47.85
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Malaysia
|40.15
|42.70
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Japan
|37.21
|33.27
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Australia
|34.64
|44.76
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Nigeria
|33.16
|38.53
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Thailand
|32.57
|37.15
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Sri Lanka
|27.95
|35.21
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Canada
|26.50
|22.95
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Spain
|25.97
|30.04
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Russia
|24.72
|23.06
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Egypt
|22.94
|20.94
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Kenya
|20.10
|11.64
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Iraq
|16.64
|15.62
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Taiwan
|13.58
|15.32
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Philippines
|12.80
|13.78
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Portugal
|9.58
|4.35
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Switzerland
|8.82
|12.34
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Iran
|8.33
|6.05
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Denmark
|6.03
|4.59
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Sweden
|5.60
|5.49
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Ireland
|4.26
|3.12
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Greece
|3.91
|3.65
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Pakistan
|3.70
|3.20
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|New Zealand
|2.81
|2.85
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Finland
|2.78
|2.45
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|-
|Luxembourg
|0.24
|0.25
|INR Billion
|Nov/22
|}

==Passenger vehicle manufacturers in India==
{{Main|List of vehicle plants in India}}


India is the 4th largest passenger vehicle producer in the world. In 2024–25, it produced 5.06 million cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of Indian Auto Industry in 2023-24 |url=https://www.siam.in/statistics |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.siam.in}}</ref> Currently, there are an estimated 30 million cars in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/why-carmakers-are-still-betting-on-india-1557855432498.html|title=Why carmakers are still betting on India|date=14 May 2019|publisher=Live mint.com|access-date= 15 May 2019}}</ref>

This list is of cars that are officially available and serviced in India.

===Indian brands===

====Models currently manufactured by Indian brands====
[[File:2021 Mahindra XUV700 2.2 AX7 (India) front view.png|thumb|[[Mahindra XUV700]]]]
[[File:Tata Buzzard Genf 2019 1Y7A5791.jpg|thumb|[[Tata Safari]]]]

* [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited|Mahindra]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automobile-manufacturer.html |title=Mahindra |publisher=Mahindra |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101125144153/http://mahindra.com/OurBusinesses/automobile-manufacturer.html| archive-date= 25 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> [[Mahindra Bolero|Bolero]], [[Mahindra Bolero Neo|Bolero Neo]], [[Mahindra Scorpio|Scorpio]], [[Mahindra Scorpio#Second generation (Z101; 2022)|Scorpio-N]], [[Mahindra Scorpio Getaway|Scorpio Getaway]], [[Mahindra Thar|Thar]], [[Mahindra Thar#Thar Roxx|Thar Roxx]], [[Mahindra Marazzo|Marazzo]], [[Mahindra XUV 3XO|XUV3XO]], [[Mahindra XUV300#Mahindra XUV400|XUV400]], [[Mahindra XUV 7XO|XUV 7XO]], [[Mahindra BE 6|BE 6]], [[Mahindra XEV 9e|XEV 9e]], [[Mahindra XEV 9S|XEV 9S]]
* [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/products/ |title=Products |publisher=Tata Motors |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205235620/http://www.tatamotors.com/products/ |archive-date=5 December 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tata Tiago|Tiago]], [[Tata Tiago#Tiago.ev|Tiago EV]], [[Tata Tigor|Tigor]], [[Tata Tigor EV|Tigor EV]], [[Tata Nexon|Nexon]], [[Tata Nexon EV|Nexon EV]], [[Tata Harrier|Harrier]], [[Tata Altroz|Altroz]], [[Tata Safari|Safari]], [[Tata Punch|Punch]], [[Tata Punch#Tata Punch.ev|Punch EV]], [[Tata Curvv|Curvv]], [[Tata Curvv|Curvv EV]], [[Tata Sierra|Sierra]]
* [[Force Motors]]: [[Force Trax|Trax]], [[Force Gurkha|Gurkha]]

====Defunct Indian brands====
* [[Hindustan Motors]] - the company still exists, but no longer manufactures automobiles
* [[Premier Automobiles Limited]]
* [[Sipani|Sipani Automobiles]]
* [[Standard Motor Products of India Limited]]

===Joint-venture (JV) brands===
* [[Maruti Suzuki]] (subsidiary of Japanese auto maker [[Suzuki]])<ref>[http://marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx Maruti Suzuki Corporate Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126163908/http://marutisuzuki.com/corporate.aspx |date=26 January 2013 }}. Retrieved 2013-02-01.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marutisuzuki.com |title=Maruti Suzuki company manufactures the best selling cars in India |publisher=Marutisuzuki.com |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101129185626/http://www.marutisuzuki.com/| archive-date= 29 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>: [[Suzuki Alto|Alto K10]], [[Suzuki Eeco|Eeco]], [[Maruti Suzuki Wagon R|Wagon R]], [[Suzuki Swift|Swift]], [[Suzuki Dzire|Dzire]], [[Suzuki Ertiga|Ertiga]], [[Suzuki Celerio|Celerio]], [[Suzuki Brezza|Brezza]], [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Baleno]], [[Suzuki Ignis|Ignis]], [[Suzuki XL6|XL6]], [[Suzuki S-Presso|S-Presso]], [[Suzuki Grand Vitara (2022)|Grand Vitara]], [[Suzuki Jimny|Jimny]], [[Suzuki Fronx|Fronx]], [[Suzuki Carry#Futura|Super Carry]], [[Suzuki Invicto|Invicto]], [[Suzuki Victoris|Victoris]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Maruti Suzuki starts production of Jimny SUV in India|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/auto/car-news/article/maruti-suzuki-starts-production-of-jimny-suv-in-india/709535|access-date=2021-01-20|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=20 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[JSW MG Motor India]] (joint venture between [[JSW Group]] and [[SAIC Motor]]): [[MG Astor|Astor]], [[MG Comet EV|Comet EV]], [[MG Gloster|Gloster]], [[MG Hector|Hector]], [[MG Hector#Hector Plus|Hector Plus]], [[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]], [[MG Windsor EV|Windsor EV]], [[MG Majestor|Majestor]]
* [[Toyota Kirloskar Motor]] (joint venture between [[Toyota]] and [[Kirloskar Group]]): [[Toyota Innova Crysta|Innova Crysta]], [[Innova Hycross]], [[Toyota Fortuner|Fortuner]], [[Toyota Camry|Camry]], [[Toyota glanza|Glanza]], [[Rumion]], [[Urban Cruiser Hyryder]], [[Toyota Hilux|Hilux]], [[Suzuki Fronx|Urban Cruiser Taisor]]

===Foreign-owned brands===
MG, Hyundai, Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, Kia, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Mini are the foreign automotive companies or brands that manufacture and market their products in India.

====Vehicles currently manufactured in India====
* [[Audi India]]: [[Audi A4|A4]], [[Audi A6|A6]], [[Audi Q5|Q5]], [[Audi Q7|Q7]]
* [[BMW India]]: [[BMW 3 Series|3 Series]], [[BMW 5 Series|5 Series]], [[BMW X1|X1]], [[BMW X3|X3]], [[BMW X4|X4]], [[BMW X5|X5]], [[BMW X7|X7]]
* [[Citroën India]]: [[Citroën C3 (CC21)|C3]], [[Citroën C3 Aircross|C3 Aircross]], [[Citroën C5 Aircross|C5 Aircross]], [[Citroën C3#ë-C3|ë-C3]], [[Citroën Basalt|Basalt]]
* [[Honda Cars India]]: [[Honda Amaze|Amaze]], [[Honda City|City]], [[Honda Elevate|Elevate]]
* [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India]]: [[Hyundai i10|Grand i10 Nios]], [[Hyundai i20|i20]], [[Hyundai Alcazar|Alcazar]], [[Hyundai Aura|Aura]], [[Hyundai Creta|Creta]], [[Hyundai Exter|Exter]], [[Hyundai Tucson|Tucson]], [[Hyundai Venue|Venue]], [[Hyundai Verna|Verna]]
* [[Isuzu Motors India]]: [[Isuzu D-Max|D-Max]]
* [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] (subsidiary of [[Tata Motors]]): [[Jaguar F-Pace|F-Pace]]
* [[FCA India Automobiles|Jeep]]: [[Jeep Compass|Compass]], [[Jeep Grand Cherokee|Grand Cherokee]], [[Jeep Meridian|Meridian]], [[Jeep Wrangler (JL)|Wrangler]]
* [[Kia India]]: [[Kia Carens|Carens]], [[Kia Seltos|Seltos]], [[Kia Sonet|Sonet]], [[Kia Syros|Syros]]
* [[Land Rover]] (subsidiary of [[Tata Motors]]): [[Range Rover (L460)|Range Rover]], [[Range Rover Evoque]], [[Range Rover Sport]], [[Range Rover Velar]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz India]]: [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class|C-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz E-Class|E-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz EQS|EQS]], [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class|S-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz V-Class|V-Class]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLC|GLC]], [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|GLE]]
* [[Nissan Motor India]]: [[Nissan Magnite|Magnite]]
* [[Renault India Private Limited|Renault India]]: [[Renault Kiger|Kiger]], [[Renault Kwid|Kwid]], [[Renault Triber|Triber]]
* [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda Auto India]]: [[Škoda Kushaq|Kushaq]], [[Škoda Kodiaq|Kodiaq]], [[Škoda Slavia|Slavia]], [[Škoda Kylaq|Kylaq]]
* [[VinFast]]: [[VinFast VF 6|VF 6]], [[VinFast VF 7|VF 7]]
* [[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Volkswagen India]]: [[Volkswagen Virtus|Virtus]], [[Volkswagen Taigun|Taigun]]
* [[Volvo Cars]]: [[Volvo S90|S90]], [[Volvo XC40|XC40]], [[Volvo XC90|XC90]]

====Foreign-owned makes that were officially marketed in India after 1991====
* [[Peugeot]] stopped selling passenger cars in India in 1997.
* [[Daewoo Motors]] stopped selling passenger cars in India in 2003.
* [[Opel]] was present in India until 2006. As of 2013, Opel only provides spare parts and vehicle servicing to existing Opel vehicle owners.
* [[General Motors]] India stopped producing [[Chevrolet]] passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2017.
* [[Fiat]] left the Indian market in 2018.
* [[Mitsubishi Motors]] stopped selling passenger cars in India in the late 2010s.
* [[Ford India]] stopped producing passenger cars for the Indian market in late 2021.
* [[Nissan]] stopped selling [[Datsun]] passenger cars in India in 2022.

===Statistics===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Production & sale of vehicles in India<ref>{{cite web |title=Performance of Indian Auto Industry in 2023-24 |url=https://www.siam.in/statistics |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=www.siam.in}}</ref>
!Type
!
!2019-20
!2020-21
!2021-22
!2022-23
!2023-24
!2024-25
|-
| rowspan="3" |Passenger Vehicles
!Production
|3,424,564
|3,062,280
|3,650,698
|4,587,116
|4,901,840
|5,061,164
|-
!Domestic Sales
|2,773,519
|2,711,457
|3,069,523
|3,890,114
|4,218,750
|4,301,848
|-
!Export Sales
|662,118
|404,397
|577,875
|662,891
|672,105
|770,364
|-
| rowspan="3" |Commercial Vehicles
!Production
|756,725
|624,939
|805,527
|1,035,626
|1,067,504
|1,032,645
|-
!Domestic Sales
|717,593
|568,559
|716,566
|962,468
|968,770
|956,671
|-
!Export Sales
|60,379
|50,334
|92,297
|78,645
|65,818
|80,986
|-
| rowspan="3" |Three wheelers
!Production
|1,132,982
|614,613
|758,669
|855,696
|996,159
|1,050,020
|-
!Domestic Sales
|637,065
|219,446
|261,385
|488,768
|694,801
|741,420
|-
!Export Sales
|501,651
|393,001
|499,730
|365,549
|299,977
|306,914
|-
| rowspan="3" |Two wheelers
!Production
|21,032,927
|18,349,941
|17,821,111
|19,459,009
|21,468,527
|23,883,857
|-
!Domestic Sales
|17,416,432
|15,120,783
|13,570,008
|15,862,771
|17,974,365
|19,607,332
|-
!Export Sales
|3,519,405
|3,282,786
|4,443,131
|3,652,122
|3,458,416
|4,198,403
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:center; width:99%; font-size:85%;"
! colspan="11" |{{anchor|top10models}}{{big|Top 10 best-selling automobile models in India (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1985–2024}} Source:<ref>{{cite web|last=Gasnier|first=Matt|date=2018-10-11|title=India 1958-2019: More detailed Historical Data now available|url=https://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2018/10/india-1950-2009-historical-info-now-available/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Best Selling Cars Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=Top 10 best-selling cars in India in 2021: Hatchbacks lead SUVs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/top-10-best-selling-cars-in-india-in-2021-hatchbacks-lead-suvs/articleshow/88813578.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114030048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/top-10-best-selling-cars-in-india-in-2021-hatchbacks-lead-suvs/articleshow/88813578.cms |archive-date=14 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="cy2022_top30">{{Cite web |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/cy2022-top-30-selling-cars-analysis |title=CY2022 - Top 30 Selling Cars Analysis |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Auto Punditz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Top 10 selling cars in India in 2023: Swift drives past WagonR, Baleno as Brezza beats Nexon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/exclusive-top-10-selling-cars-in-india-in-2023-swift-drives-past-wagonr-baleno-as-brezza-beats-nexon-2483680-2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Autopunditz |first=Team |date=2025-01-09 |title=Best Selling Cars in India for 2024! |url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/best-selling-cars-in-india-for-2024 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Autopunditz |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:4%;" |Year
! colspan="10" style="width:100%;" |Models and Ranking
|-
! style="width:9%;" |1st
! style="width:9%;" |2nd
! style="width:9%;" |3rd
! style="width:9%;" |4th
! style="width:9%;" |5th
! style="width:9%;" |6th
! style="width:9%;" |7th
! style="width:9%;" |8th
! style="width:9%;" |9th
! style="width:9%;" |10th
|-
|'''1985'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti 800]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Premier Padmini]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Hindustan Ambassador]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Mahindra Jeep]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Omni|Maruti Van]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Mahindra Jeep|Mahindra FJ/XJ]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Force Motors|Force]] Matador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Hindustan Contessa]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Trekker
|-
|'''1986'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Van
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Gypsy]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata 407|Tata 407/608/609]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
|-
|'''1987'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Van
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Premier 118NE]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
|-
|'''1988'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
|-
|'''1989'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Maruti Gypsy
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
|-
|'''1990'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra FJ/XJ
|-
|'''1991'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
|-
|'''1992'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Gypsy
|-
|'''1993'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti 1000]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
|-
|'''1994'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 1000
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier 118NE
|-
|'''1995'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Esteem]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Zen]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Premier Padmini
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Sumo]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Matador
|-
|'''1996'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Daewoo Cielo]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Force Trax
|-
|'''1997'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Daewoo Cielo
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Opel Astra]]
|-
|'''1998'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Hindustan Ambassador
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai Santro]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Honda City]]
|-
|'''1999'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Indica]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Daewoo Matiz]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Esteem
|-
|'''2000'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Daewoo Matiz
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Toyota Qualis]]
|-
|'''2001'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Alto]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Qualis
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Sumo
|-
|'''2002'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Wagon R]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Fiat Palio]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
|-
|'''2003'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Qualis
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata 407/608/609
|-
|'''2004'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Qualis
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Indigo]]
|-
|'''2005'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Zen
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Swift]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indigo
|-
|'''2006'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Ace]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Jeep
|-
|'''''FY07-08'''''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti 800
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Zen Estilo]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai i10]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Toyota Innova]]
|-
|'''2008'''
| colspan="10" |''data unavailable''
|-
|'''2009'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Suzuki Dzire|Maruti Swift Dzire]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Mahindra Bolero]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
|-
|'''2010'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Santro
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indigo
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
|-
|'''2011'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica/[[Tata Vista|Vista]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai i20]]
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indigo/[[Tata Manza|Manza]]
|-
|'''2012'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Indica/Vista
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai Eon]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Nano]]
|-
|'''2013'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Eon
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Toyota Innova
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Ertiga]]
|-
|'''2014'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Eon
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Omni
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
|-
|'''2015'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Bolero
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Suzuki Celerio|Maruti Celerio]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Honda City
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Eon
|-
|'''2016'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Suzuki Baleno (subcompact)|Maruti Baleno]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Renault Kwid]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Hyundai Creta]]
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Celerio
|-
|'''2017'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Vitara Brezza]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Celerio
|-
|'''2018'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Vitara Brezza
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Celerio
|-
|'''2019'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Vitara Brezza
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i20
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | [[Maruti Eeco]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
|-
|'''2020'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Eeco
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #cce6ff" | [[Kia Seltos]]
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai i10
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Vitara Brezza
|-
|'''2021'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Vitara Brezza
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Eeco
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Nexon]]
|-
|'''2022'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Nexon
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Alto
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Brezza
| style="background: #ffeecc" | [[Tata Punch]]
|-
|'''2023'''
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Suzuki Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Brezza
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Nexon
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Punch
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Eeco
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
|-
|'''2024'''
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Punch
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Wagon R
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Ertiga
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Brezza
| style="background: #cce6ff" | Hyundai Creta
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Swift
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Baleno
| style="background: #ffd8d8" | Maruti Dzire
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Mahindra Scorpio
| style="background: #ffeecc" | Tata Nexon
|-
!
! style="width:9%;" |1st
! style="width:9%;" |2nd
! style="width:9%;" |3rd
! style="width:9%;" |4th
! style="width:9%;" |5th
! style="width:9%;" |6th
! style="width:9%;" |7th
! style="width:9%;" |8th
! style="width:9%;" |9th
! style="width:9%;" |10th
|-
| colspan="11" |{{legend inline|#ffeecc|Indigenous manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}{{spaces|3|type}}{{legend inline|#ffd8d8|Local listed-foreign manufacturer (ex- foreign JV) |outline=#A2A9B1}}{{spaces|3|type}}{{legend inline|#cce6ff|Foreign manufacturer|outline=#A2A9B1}}
|-
| colspan="11" |'''See also''': Best-selling models in {{hlist|class=inline|[[Automotive industry in Australia#top10models|Australia]]|[[Automotive industry in Brazil#top10models|Brazil]]|4=[[Automotive industry in Indonesia#top10models|Indonesia]]|5=[[Automotive industry in Japan#top10models|Japan]]|6=[[Automotive industry in Malaysia#top10models|Malaysia]]|7=[[Automotive industry in the Philippines#top10models|Philippines]]|8=[[Automotive industry in Thailand#top10models|Thailand]]|9=[[Automotive industry in Sweden#top10models|Sweden]]}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+2024 passenger car sales data<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/cy2024-car-sales-snapshot |title=CY2024 Car Sales Snapshot |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Auto Punditz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autopunditz.com/post/indian-passenger-vehicle-manufacturer-analysis-cy2023 |title=Indian Passenger Vehicle Manufacturer Analysis - CY2023 |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025 |website=Auto Punditz}}</ref>
!Rank
![[Original equipment manufacturer|OEM]]
!2024 sales
!Share
!2023 sales
!Share
|-
|1
|[[Maruti Suzuki]]
|{{Increase}} 1,755,423
|{{Decrease}} 40.9%
|1,707,668
|41.6%
|-
|2
|[[Hyundai Motor India|Hyundai]]
|{{Increase}} 605,433
|{{Decrease}} 14.1%
|602,111
|14.7%
|-
|3
|[[Tata Motors]]
|{{Increase}} 562,482
|{{Decrease}} 13.1%
|550,871
|13.4%
|-
|4
|[[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]
|{{Increase}} 528,453
|{{Increase}} 12.4%
|432,876
|10.6%
|-
|5
|[[Toyota Kirloskar Motor|Toyota]]
|{{Increase}} 300,159
|{{Increase}} 7.0%
|221,356
|5.4%
|-
|6
|[[Kia India|Kia]]
|{{Decrease}} 245,000
|{{Decrease}} 5.7%
|255,000
|6.2%
|-
|7
|[[Honda Cars India|Honda]]
|{{Decrease}} 68,658
|{{Decrease}} 1.6%
|84,286
|2.1%
|-
|8
|[[MG Motor India|MG Motor]]
|{{Increase}} 61,214
|{{Steady}} 1.4%
|56,902
|1.4%
|-
|9
|[[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Volkswagen]]
|{{Decrease}} 42,000
|{{Decrease}} 1.0%
|43,481
|1.1%
|-
|10
|[[Renault India Private Limited|Renault]]
|{{Decrease}} 41,729
|{{Decrease}} 1.0%
|48,321
|1.2%
|-
|11
|[[Škoda Auto Volkswagen India|Škoda]]
|{{Decrease}} 35,164
|{{Decrease}} 0.8%
|48,755
|1.2%
|-
|12
|[[Nissan Motor India|Nissan]]
|{{Decrease}} 29,009
|{{Decrease}} 0.6%
|30,375
|0.7%
|-
|13
|[[Citroën India|Citroën]]
|{{Decrease}} 7,448
|{{Decrease}} 0.1%
|9,488
|0.2%
|-
|14
|[[FCA India Automobiles|Jeep]]
|{{Decrease}} 4,251
|{{Decrease}} 0.1%
|6,690
|0.2%
|}

==Auto companies==

===Indian brands===
* [[Atul Auto]]
* [[Bajaj Auto]]
* [[Eicher Motors]]
* [[Force Motors]]
* [[Hero MotoCorp]]
* [[Hindustan Motors]]
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]]
* [[Royal Enfield]]
* [[Tara International]]
* [[Tata Motors]]
* [[TVS Motor Company]]

===Joint-venture (JV) brands===
* [[Ashok Leyland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ashokleyland.com/ |title=Ashok Leyland |publisher=Ashok Leyland |access-date=28 November 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101119135818/http://ashokleyland.com/| archive-date= 19 November 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> - originally a JV between [[Ashok Motors]] (owned by the [[Hinduja Group]]) and [[Leyland Motors]], now joint ventures between Ashok Leyland and [[Nissan Motors]] (Japan) for LCV's; and [[John Deere]] (USA) for construction equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashokleyland.com/joint-ventures |title=Joint Ventures |publisher=Ashok Leyland |access-date=26 October 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020154249/http://www.ashokleyland.com/joint-ventures |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* KamAZ Vectra<ref>{{cite web|author=bsmotoring.com |url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/kamaz-vectra-plans-to-invest-60-mn-in-5-yrs/2787/1 |title=Kamaz Vectra plans to invest $60 mn in 5 yrs |publisher=Business Standard motoring |date=13 November 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> - A JV between Russia's [[KamAZ]] and the Vectra Group
* MAN Force - A JV between [[Force Motors]] and [[MAN SE|MAN AG]] (Germany)
* VE Commercial Vehicles Limited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vecv.in/ |title=VE Commercial Vehicles Limited |publisher=VE Commercial Vehicles Limited |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> - VE Commercial Vehicles limited - A JV between Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited.

===Foreign-owned brands===
* [[BharatBenz]] (Owned by [[Daimler AG]] of [[Germany]] and affiliated with Daimler's [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Fuso]] and [[Mercedes-Benz India|Mercedes-Benz]] brands)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1369134-1-0-0-0-0-0-16694-0-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html |title=Unveils BharatBenz – An Exclusive Brand for Its Trucks in India |publisher=Daimler AG |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref>
* [[Caterpillar Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.cat.com/ |title=Caterpillar: India |publisher=India.cat.com |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=28 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028150739/http://www.india.cat.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[DAF Trucks|DAF]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/2012-auto-expo-daf-unveils-cf-truck/4473/1 |title=2012 Auto Expo: DAF unveils CF truck |publisher=Bsmotoring.com |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>
* [[Isuzu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/press/2006/p_0703.html |title=Enters Local Assembly and Sales Collaboration Contract for Medium Duty Busses in India |publisher=ISUZU |date=3 July 2006 |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-date=27 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627024743/http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/press/2006/p_0703.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Iveco]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.iveco.com/Pages/welcome.html# |title=Iveco |publisher=Web.iveco.com |access-date=1 January 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101231045657/http://web.iveco.com/Pages/welcome.html| archive-date= 31 December 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> (Subsidiary of Tata Motors)
* [[J. C. Bamford]] (JCB) (Owned by British multinational corporation [[J. C. Bamford]]).
* [[Kamaz|KamAZ]]
* [[Maruti Suzuki]]
* [[Mercedes-Benz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/commercial_vehicles/chassis.flash.html |title=Mercedes-Benz India - Commercial Vehicles - Bus |publisher=Mercedes-benz.co.in |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104084040/http://www.mercedes-benz.co.in/content/india/mpc/mpc_india_website/enng/home_mpc/passengercars/home/commercial_vehicles/chassis.flash.html |archive-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> - manufactures luxury coaches in India.
* [[Piaggio]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.piaggio.co.in/index.aspx |title=Home Page |publisher=Piaggio |access-date=2 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709092501/http://www.piaggio.co.in/index.aspx |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Rosenbauer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosenbauer.com/index.php?node_id=9199#4 |title=Rosenbauer World - Rosenbauer World Vielseitig im Einsatz. Einzigartig in der Technik |publisher=Rosenbauer.com |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref>
* [[Scania AB|Scania]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scania.com/scania-group/scania-around-the-world/ |title=around the world |publisher=Scania |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127191233/http://scania.com/scania-group/scania-around-the-world/ |archive-date=27 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatra.cz/web_en/default_en.asp |title=Tatra, A.S. |publisher=Tatra.cz |access-date=28 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128061223/http://tatra.cz/web_en/default_en.asp |archive-date=28 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Volvo]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/india/en-in/Pages/homepage.aspx |title=Volvo Buses |publisher=Volvo Buses |date=28 May 2010 |access-date=28 November 2010}}</ref>

===Defunct commercial vehicle manufacturers of India===

* [[Automobile Products of India]] or API - founded in 1949 at [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), by the British company [[Rootes Group]],<ref name=lamby>
{{cite web |title=API and Rootes Group|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/5th-june-1953/34/only-five-indian-vehicle-makers|publisher=Commercial Motor archive |date=5 June 1953 }}</ref> and later bought by [[M. A. Chidambaram]] of the MAC Group from [[Madras]] (now Chennai).<ref name="lamby"/> The company manufactured [[Lambretta]] scooters, API Three Wheelers under licence from [[Innocenti]] of [[Italy]] and automobile ancillaries, notably clutch and braking systems. API's registered offices were earlier in [[Mumbai]], later shifted to [[Chennai]], in Tamil Nadu. The manufacturing facilities were located in [[Mumbai]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in Maharashtra and in [[Ambattur]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=myiris>
{{cite web |title=Automobile Products of India Limited|url=http://myiris.com/shares/company/writeDet.php?icode=autproof#rec |publisher=My Iris |date=14 July 2008 }}
</ref> The company has not been operational since 2002.
* [[Escorts Group|Escorts Yamaha]] - in 1984 Escorts formed a joint venture with Yamaha to manufacture motorcycles. In 2008, it became [[India Yamaha Motor]].
* [[Hero Motors]] is a former [[moped]] and [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] manufacturer based in [[Delhi]], India. It is a part of multinational company [[Hero Cycles|Hero Group]], which also currently owns [[Hero Motocorp]] (formerly [[Hero Honda]]) and [[Hero Cycles]], among others. Hero Motors was started in the 1960s to manufacture 50cc two-stroke mopeds but gradually diversified into making larger mopeds, mokicks and scooters in the 1980s and the 1990s. Noteworthy collaborators and technical partners were [[Puch]] of Austria and [[Malaguti]] of Italy. Due to tightening emission regulations and poor sales, Hero motors have discontinued the manufacture of all gasoline powered vehicles and transformed itself into an electric two-wheeler and auto parts manufacturer.
* [[Ideal Jawa]] - motorcycle company based in Mysore, sold licensed Jawa and ČZ motorcycles beginning in 1960 under the brand name Jawa and later Yezdi.
* [[Kinetic Honda]] - a joint venture between [[Kinetic Engineering Limited]], India and [[Honda Motor Company]], Japan. The joint venture operated during 1984 - 1998, manufacturing 2-stroke [[motorscooter|scooters]] in India. In 1998, the joint venture was terminated after which [[Kinetic Engineering Limited|Kinetic Engineering]] continued to sell the models under the brand name ''Kinetic'' until 2008<ref>''International Business Times'', 31 July 2008, "Mahindra & Mahindra buys Kinetic Motor for Rs. 110 crore, forays into two-wheeler market" by Surojit Chatterjee.</ref> when the interests were sold to [[Mahindra Group|Mahindra]].
* [[Mopeds India Limited]] - produces the Suvega range of [[Mopeds]] under technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]] of [[France]].
* [[Standard (Indian automobile)|Standard]] - produced by Standard Motor Products in [[Madras]] from 1949 to 1988. Indian Standards were variations of vehicles made in the U.K. by [[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]-[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]].Standard Motor Products of India Ltd. (SMPI) was incorporated in 1948,<ref name=CBR>{{cite journal | ref = CBR | last = Bhaktavatsala Rao | first = C. | title = Structural Configurations and Strategic Investments: Indian Automobile Industry | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 8/9 | volume = 28 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | page = M22 | date = 1993-02-20 }}</ref> and their first product was the [[Standard Vanguard|Vanguard]], which began to be assembled in 1949. The company was dissolved in 2006 and the old plant torn down.
* [[Tatra (company)|Tatra Vectra]] - Initial truck partnership with India by Vectra. Replaced by KamAZ. Tatra trucks for sale in India are now manufactured in collaboration with [[Bharat Earth Movers Limited]].
* [[Asia MotorWorks|AMW]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Maulik |date=2023-08-03 |title=AMW Motors admitted for insolvency as Triton fails to implement revival plan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/lcv-hcv/amw-motors-admitted-for-insolvency-as-triton-fails-to-implement-revival-plan/articleshow/102365038.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Electric vehicle and Hybrid vehicle (xEV) industry==
{{Further|Electric vehicle industry in India}}

During April 2012, the Indian government planned to unveil the road map for the development of domestic electric and hybrid vehicles (xEV) in the country.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web|author=Roudra Bhattacharya |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2900639.ece |title=Electric vehicles policy rollout likely in April | Business Line |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.com |date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2013-10-13}}</ref> A discussion between the various stakeholders, including Government, industry, and academia, was expected to take place during 23–24 February.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The final contours of the policy would have been formed after this set of discussions. Ministries such as Petroleum, Finance, Road Transport, and Power are involved in developing a broad framework for the sector. Along with these ministries, auto industry executives, such as [[Anand Mahindra]] (Vice Chairman and managing director, Mahindra & Mahindra) and Vikram Kirloskar (Vice-chairman, Toyota Kirloskar), were involved in this task.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The Government has also proposed to set up a Rs 740 crore research and development fund for the sector in the 12th five-year plan during 2012–17.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com"/> The idea is to reduce the high cost of key imported components such as the battery and electric motor, and to develop such capabilities locally. In the year 2017, An [[Amaravati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] based Electric Vehicles manufacturing company called AVERA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avera.in |title=AVERA Electric Vehicles |website=AVERA|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref> New & Renewable Energy started electric scooters manufacturing<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/hop-on-to-the-plug-in-wonder/article23534073.ece |title=AVERA News on The Hindu |website=The Hindu|date=14 April 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-14|last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha }}</ref> and are ready to launch their two models of scooters by the end of December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/city-based-firm-to-launch-e-bikes-in-new-year/article19821621.ece |title=City-based firm to launch e-bikes in New Year |website=The Hindu|date=8 October 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-08|last1=Varma |first1=P. Sujatha }}</ref>

Electric cars are seen as economical long-term investments, as one doesn't need to purchase gas, but needs only to recharge the battery, using renewable energy sources. According to the [[United States Department of Energy]], electric cars produce half as much {{CO2}} emissions as compared to a gas-powered car.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/electric-vehicles|title=Electric Vehicles {{!}} Department of Energy|website=www.energy.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> According to ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 60% of Indian customers expect fuel prices to go up in the next 12 months and 58% expect to buy a new car in the same time frame. Most consumers are looking to buy a car which gives good mileage. According to the same source, 68% of Asian drivers expect higher mileage from their cars due to the higher fuel prices. This has encouraged 38% of Indian automobile consumers to switch to electric or hybrid cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/what-indian-consumers-prefer-the-most-while-buying-a-car/53825945|title=What Indian consumers prefer the most while buying a car? - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> Due to this change in the market, many companies, such as Toyota, have planned to introduce electric vehicles in India; and Suzuki has tested almost 50 electric prototypes in India already, according to [[Mashable]]. In 2019, Hyundai launched India's first electric car, the Kona Electric .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mashable.com/article/india-electric-vehicles-clean-energy/#uHd7eIiKGaqb|title=Electric cars in India to get a boost with new clean energy policy|last=Lekach|first=Sasha|work=Mashable|access-date=2018-12-02|language=en}}</ref>

===Electric vehicle manufacturers in India===
* [[Ather Energy]] (plug-in electric scooter)
* [[Ajanta Group]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17985 |title=Indian Company to Build Electric Car to Challenge Nano |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=12 April 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192557/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bajaj Auto]] (autorickshaw, Scooter, LCV)
* [[Hero Cycles|Hero Electric]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19001 |title=Hero Electric Plans E-Car Launch in Five Years |publisher=Evworld.com |date=24 August 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192021/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=19001 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (battery electric Scooter)
* [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]] (cars)
* [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Arshad |date=2024-11-27 |title=Mahindra launches new electric vehicle lineup at starting price of Rs 18.90 lakh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2024/Nov/27/mahindra-launches-new-electric-vehicle-lineup-at-starting-price-of-rs-1890-lakh |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (cars)
* [[JSW MG Motor India|MG Motor]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=Business |title=MG Windsor Pro EV launched in India: Price, new features and other details |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/mg-windsor-ev-pro-launched-in-india-price-new-features-and-other-details-nc-125050600740_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509002335/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/auto/mg-windsor-ev-pro-launched-in-india-price-new-features-and-other-details-nc-125050600740_1.html |archive-date=2025-05-09 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> (cars)
* [[Tara International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17794 |title=Tara Introduces $2450 Electric Car |publisher=EVWorld.com |date=17 March 2008 |access-date=12 January 2009 |archive-date=27 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327192248/http://www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=17794 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Omega Seiki Mobility]] (3-wheelers)
* [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-07 |title=Tata Motors launches Curvv.ev at Rs 17.49 lakh: New electric SUV to compete with upcoming Hyundai Creta EV - Tata Motors launches Curvv.ev at Rs 17.49 lakh: New electric SUV to compete with upcoming Hyundai Creta EV BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/tata-motors-launches-curvvev-at-rs-1749-lakh-new-electric-suv-to-compete-with-upcoming-hyundai-creta-ev-440482-2024-08-07 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> (cars, LCV)
* [[TVS Motor Company]] (plug-in electric scooter)
* [[Ola Electric]] (plug-in electric scooter)
* [[Okinawa Autotech]] (battery electric scooter)
* [[Euler Motors]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euler Motors Launches Storm EV And Storm EV LR 4-Wheeler: First ADAS-Enabled Commercial Vehicle In India {{!}} Trucks.cardekho.com |url=https://trucks.cardekho.com/en/news/detail/euler-motors-launches-storm-ev-storm-ev-lr-4-wheeler-first-adas-enabled-commercial-vehicle-in-india-2463.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=TruckDekho |language=en}}</ref>
* [[EKA Mobility|EKA Mobility (EKAM)]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravichandran |first=Dhiyanesh |title=Pinnacle's EV arm EKA Mobility unveils its first product 'E9' electric bus |url=https://etn.news/iesa-contacts-menu/4892-pinnacle-industries-eka-mobility-e9-electric-bus-launched |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Emerging Technology News |language=en-gb}}</ref> (electric bus)

== Growth initiatives ==
{{expand section|date=September 2021}}

===Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) and standards===

The [[Government of India]] felt the need for a permanent agency to expedite the publication of standards and development of test facilities<ref>{{cite web|url=https://araiindia.com/hmr/Control/AIS/68201793238AMFinal_Draft_AIS_140.pdf|title=ARAI Draft AIS 140}}</ref> in parallel with the work of the preparation of the standards - as the development of improved safety critical parts could be undertaken only after the publication of the standard and commissioning of test facilities. The [[Ministry of Surface Transport]] (MoST) constituted a permanent [[Automotive industry|Automotive]] Industry Standards Committee (AISC) . The Standards prepared by AISC will be approved by the permanent CMVR Technical Standing Committee (CTSC). After approval, the [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.araiindia.com/|title=ARAI website}}</ref> will publish this standard.{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}

[[Intelligent transport systems|Intelligent Transport Systems]] (ITS) are globally proven systems to optimize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure and improve transportation systems in terms of efficiency, quality, comfort and safety. Having realized the potential of ITS, Government bodies and other organizations in India are presently working towards implementing various components of ITS across the country.{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}

The first step taken for creation and implementation of ITS was holding a National Workshop titled "User Requirements for Interactive ITS Architecture",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://araiindia.com/hmr/Control/AIS/921201744153PMAIS-140.pdf|title=National Workshop}}</ref> which was conducted as a collaboration between SIAM and ASRTU on 26 & 27 February 2015. This was primarily focused on ITS in [[Bus|Public Bus Transportation]]. Nonetheless, the workshop helped to create the outline for "National Intelligent Transport System Architecture and Policy for Public Transport (Bus)", which was submitted by ASRTU and SIAM to the government{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}

In the 44th & 45th CMVR-TSC, Chairman had directed - standardization activities to be initiated on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) - [[Location|Vehicle Location Tracking]], [[Camera]] Surveillance System and [[Panic button|Emergency Request Button]]. The committee intended to extend the above user requirements to all public transportation namely –buses, taxis, etc. The current document covers the requirements for Vehicle Location Tracking and Emergency Button. The other ITS components like PIS, CCTV system, Fare collection etc. are deliberated and would be addressed in later phase and could be added as separate parts to the current document.{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}

Based on these directions, the AISC Panel on ITS has prepared this AIS-140 titled,"[[Intelligent transportation system|Intelligent Transportation Systems]] (ITS) - Requirements for [[Public transport|Public Transport]] Vehicle Operation". The panel also deliberated and identified the necessary elements for an effective implementation of vehicle level ITS system.{{citation needed |date=September 2021}}

For AIS-140 Devices, in [[India]], connectivity to report location, and Emergency [[Panic button|Panic Button]] signal is through wireless [[Cellular network|cellular connectivity]]. There are device focused Cellular Connectivity Offerings like 'eSIM4Things<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.esim4things.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301222607/http://esim4things.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2021|title=eSIM4things}}</ref>' available in India, which cater to connectivity requirements of AIS-140 devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/bsnl-aerovoyce-plintron-team-up-for-first-mvno-service-plan-starts-at-rs-29-a-month/65121576|title=BSNL ropes in Plintron to launch pan-India MVNO service}}</ref> eSIM4Things<ref name=":0" /> is fully compatible with all AIS-140 devices and with a connectivity manager and a range of tariff plans.

=== Bharat NCAP (BNCAP) ===
In August 2023, the [[Bharat New Car Assessment Program]], also known as the Bharat NCAP or BNCAP, was launched as the official [[New Car Assessment Program]] for [[India]]. It was launched by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH).

===Driverless Technology in India===

While there is controversy on possibility of driverless cars in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/technology/is-india-ready-for-driverless-cars|title=Is India Ready for Driverless Cars?|website=OPEN Magazine|date=15 February 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/nitin-gadkari-is-right-driverless-cars-make-no-sense-in-india/articleshow/59769631.cms|title=Nitin Gadkari is right, driverless cars make no sense in India|date=2017-07-26|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref> many startups are working on this technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/9-startups-india-working-self-driving-technology/|title=9 Startups in India working on Self Driving Technology|website=analyticsindiamag.com|date=28 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref>

In Auto Expo 2018, Hi Tech Robotic Systemz launched an artificial intelligence-based driver behaviour sensor technology called Novus Aware in partnership with [[Daimler India Commercial Vehicles]] (DICV).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/miscellaneous/hi-tech-robotic-systemz-to-provide-driver-state-monitoring-system-to-daimler/articleshow/62836382.cms|title=Hi-Tech Robotic Systemz to provide driver state monitoring system to Daimler |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-technology/hi-tech-robotic-to-expand-global-footprint-for-ai-based-driver-behaviour-sensor/62979051|title=Hi-Tech Robotic to expand global footprint for AI-based driver behaviour sensor - ET Auto|last=www.ETAuto.com|website=ETAuto.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-03}}</ref>

=== Performance-linked incentives scheme for future tech ===
{{anchor | PLI | ACC | FAME | PEVHV }}

Automotive sector is part of 13 sectors that GoI has introduced Rs 1.97 lakh cr (US$28 b) ''[[performance-linked incentives]] (PLI)'' schemes for five years in 2021-22 budget.<ref name=pls1/> In Sept 2021, to boost the automotive industry with the newer and green technology the [[Government of India]] (GoI) launched 3 PLI schemes, a Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) scheme for production of [[electric vehicle]]s and [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen fuel vehicles]] (PEVHV), the Rs 18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) ''"Advanced Chemistry Cell"'' (ACC) scheme for new generation advance storage technologies which are useful for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000 crore (US$1.4 b) ''"Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles"'' (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the greener vehicles.<ref name=pls2/> The Rs. 26,000 cr (US$3.61 b) PLI scheme to boost automotive sector to boost the production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles will also generate 750,000 direct jobs in auto sector.<ref name=pls1/> These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil and fuel import bill through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation and economy.<ref name=pls2>[https://theprint.in/opinion/india-doesnt-need-speed-breakers-modi-govt-right-to-help-automobile-telecom/734816/ India doesn't need speed breakers. Modi govt right to help automobile, telecom], The Print, 17 September 2021.</ref> [[Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers]] welcomed this as it will enhance the competitiveness and boost growth.<ref name=pls1>[https://www.ndtv.com/business/cabinet-clears-26-000-crore-new-scheme-for-auto-sector-to-boost-production-special-focus-on-electric-vehicles-2541513 Cabinet Clears ₹ 26,000 Crore Scheme For Auto Sector To Boost Production], NDTV, September 15, 2021.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Automobile|Automobile industry]]
*[[Automotive Industry Standards]], the automotive regulations of India
*[[Electric vehicle industry in India]]
*[[Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India]]
*[[European Clean Hydrogen Alliance|Hydrogen economy in India]]
*[[Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle]]
*[[Lists of automobile-related articles]]
*[[List of car brands]]
*[[List of truck manufacturers]]
*[[List of motorcycle manufacturers]] ([[:Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of India|Category]])
*[[List of scooters]] - [[List of scooter manufacturers]]
*[[List of countries by motor vehicle production]]
*[[List of countries by vehicles per capita]]
*[[List of Asian cars]]
*[[List of automobile manufacturers of China]]
*[[List of Japanese cars]]
*[[List of vehicle plants in India]]
*[[List of car magazines]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Black, Anthony, et al. "The political economy of automotive industry development policy in middle income countries: A comparative analysis of Egypt, India, South Africa and Turkey." (2020). [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32972/1/Final%20ESID%20WP%20No%20143.pdf online]
* Dhawan, Rajat, et al. "The auto component industry in India: Preparing for the future." (McKinsey & Company, Sep 2018). [https://www.acma.in/uploads/publication/research-studies/ACMA-Mckinsey-Study-2018.pdf online]
* {{citation | last = Gupta | first = Sadanand | year = 2012 | title = Automobile Industry in India: A Cluster Approach | publisher = Ruby Press & Co. | isbn = 978-81-922182-6-7 | ref = none }}
* Haneesh, Gaddipati Raama, and Abhishek Venkteshwar. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Automotive Industry in India." ''International Journal of Management'' (IJM) 12.4 (2021). [https://www.academia.edu/download/66587456/IJM_12_04_024.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Kamala, T.N. & Doreswamy, A.G. (2007). [http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/478/1/215-220+.pdf ''Strategies for Enhancing Competitiveness of Indian Auto Component Industries''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401030528/http://dspace.iimk.ac.in/bitstream/2259/478/1/215-220+.pdf |date=1 April 2010 }}. [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode]].
* {{cite journal | ref = TapPip | last = Piplai | first = Tapas | title = Automobile Industry: Shifting Strategic Focus | journal = Economic and Political Weekly | number = 30 | volume = 36 | location = Mumbai, India | publisher = Sameeksha Trust | pages = 2892–2897 | date = 2001-07-28 }}
* Remesh, Babu P. "Re-reading the ‘Auto-revolution’in India with a Labour Lens: Shifting Roles and Positions of State, Industry and Workers." in ''Changing Contexts and Shifting Roles of the Indian State'' (Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 175–189.
* Rengamani, J. "A Study On The Factors Influencing The Job Stress Of Production Engineers In The Automobile Companies In Chennai." ''International Journal of Mechanical and ProductionEngineering Research and Development'' (IJMPERD) 8#5 (2018) pp. 427–436 [https://www.academia.edu/download/58128841/48.IJMPERDOCT201848.pdf online]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Saha, Priya, And Aruna Sharma. "Creating Value Through Customer Relationship Management In The Automotive Industry In India." ''CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management'' 11.9 (2020).
* Shrestha, Shahadave. "Supplier development in Indian auto industry: Case of Maruti Suzuki India Limited." ''The Bulletin of the Graduate School, Soka University'' 39 (2019): 1–15. [https://soka.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=39856&item_no=1&attribute_id=15&file_no=1 online]
* Sureshkrishna, G., and D. Simanchala. "Occupational stress and job satisfaction: A Study of Automotive Industry in India." ''International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology'' (IJMET) 9.2 (2018): 690–97.
* {{cite book|last=Tiku|first= Pran|year=2008|title=Six Sizzling Markets: How to Profit from Investing in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Korea, and Mexico|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-17888-1}}
* Uppal, Nishant. "CEO narcissism, CEO duality, TMT agreeableness and firm performance: An empirical investigation in auto industry in India." ''European Business Review'' (2020). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nishant-Uppal/publication/339405677_CEO_narcissism_CEO_duality_TMT_agreeableness_and_firm_performance_An_empirical_investigation_in_auto_industry_in_India/links/5ea912e692851cb26762f68e/CEO-narcissism-CEO-duality-TMT-agreeableness-and-firm-performance-An-empirical-investigation-in-auto-industry-in-India.pdf online]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Automotive industry in India}}
{{Portal bar|India|Buses|Cars|Transport|Business and economics|Companies}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}
{{Asia topic|Automotive industry in}}
{{Automotive industry by country}}
{{Economy of India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Automobile Industry In India}}
[[Category:Automotive industry in India| ]]

Bharuch Junction railway station

2026-02-15T11:31:52Z

Nick Jones:

{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bharuch Junction railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Bharuch Junction.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Old NH 8, Bholav, [[Bharuch]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| elevation = {{convert|18.00|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|21.703545|72.999701|format=dms|display=inline}}
| line = [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]] [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]] [[Bharuch–Dahej line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = Under renovation (Redevelopment)
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BH
| zone = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Vadodara}}
}}
| classification = NSG3
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = Broach<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/station-renaming.html| title=Renaming of Stations| website=IRFCA}}</ref>
| passengers = 22,516 Per Day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Gujarat
| map_dot_label = Bharuch Junction railway station
| map_size = 300
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=New Delhi–Mumbai main line|left=Chavaj|right=Ankleshwar}}
}}
'''Bharuch Junction''' (station code: '''BH''') is a railway station on the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] network, located in [[Bharuch]], Gujarat, India.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/bharuch-junction-bh/64| title=BH/Bharuch Junction| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BH| title=BH:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Vadodara| website=Raildrishti| access-date=13 October 2020| archive-date=18 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162341/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=BH| url-status=dead}}</ref> It is ''''A'''' category railway station of Western Railway zone of [[Indian Railways]]. It serves [[Bharuch]] city. It has 5 platforms.It has a double discharge platform type, Platform 1 (the shorter one is the side platform) and Platform 2 (island platform). Bharuch Junction is well connected to [[Port of Dahej|Dahej Port]] by rail.There was a passenger train operated on the Dahej route (which is now discontinued and no longer operational due to lack of passengers) <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bdrail.in/| title=Bharuch Dahej Railway Company Limited| website=BDRail}}</ref>

It is an important halt for all trains that are bound for [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]], [[Jaipur railway station|Jaipur Junction]], [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai]], [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar]] and Delhi.

==Lines==

The main lines passing through [[Bharuch]] Junction are :

* [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]] via [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Junction]]
* [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line]] via [[Vadodara railway station|Vadodara Junction]]
* Fharhan

==Gallery==
<Gallery widths=180>
File:Bharuch Junction - Platformboard.jpg|Bharuch Platform Board
File:Bharuch Railway Station Dutch Style....Dutch East India Co,, Trading Post (8728223690).jpg|Bharuch Railway Station was constructed in Dutch Style
File:Bharuch Station Building.jpg|Bharuch Railway Station Building
File:Bharuch Platform Board.jpg|Bharuch Railway Station: Platform Board
File:Narmada Bridge Near Bharuch Railway Station.jpg|Narmada Bridge Near Bharuch Railway Station
</Gallery>

==Trains==

Some of the following trains that start from Bharuch Junction are:

* 69175/76 Bharuch–Anand MEMU
* 69195/96 Bharuch–Dahej MEMU
* 69171/72 Bharuch–Surat MEMU
* 69149/50 [[Virar–Bharuch MEMU]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Bharuch district]]
[[Category:Vadodara railway division]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Bharuch]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Meghwal people

2026-02-12T14:03:59Z

Nick Jones: creating article...

{{Short description|People of northwest India and Pakistan}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = Meghwal
| image = Megh girls-3.jpg
| caption = A group of Megh girls in Jammu, India
| poptime =
| popplace = • India • Pakistan
| langs =
| rels = •[[Hinduism]] •[[Navayana|Buddhism (Navayana)]]
| related =
}}
The '''Meghwal''' or '''Meghwar''' (also known as '''Megh''' and '''Meghraj''') people live primarily in [[northwest India]], with a small population in Pakistan. Their traditional occupation was agricultural farming, cattle-herding and weaving. Meghwals are known for their contribution to embroidery and the textile industry. Most are Hindu by religion, with Rishi Megh, [[Kabir]], [[Ramdev Pir]] and Bankar [[Mataji]] as their chief gods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Dominique-Sila |title=The Kāmaḍ of Rajasthan — Priests of a Forgotten Tradition |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=April 1996 |pages=29–56 |access-date=5 June 2010 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300014759 |s2cid=162210744 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/kamad-of-rajasthan-priests-of-a-forgotten-tradition/DAB4B8D64E9D0FB1EC401A75AB73022A |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930061136/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/kamad-of-rajasthan-priests-of-a-forgotten-tradition/DAB4B8D64E9D0FB1EC401A75AB73022A |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Synonyms==
The Meghwal community is known by various names, depending on location. Examples include ''Balai,'' ''Menghwar''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Pathak|first=Bindeshwar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Qt9tv2nSkC|title=Continuity and Change in Indian Society: Essays in Memory of Late Prof. Narmadeshwar Prasad|date=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-726-7|language=en|access-date=18 November 2021|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154327/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Qt9tv2nSkC|url-status=live}}</ref> The community is also known by the neutral term ''Bhambhi'' as well as ''Dhed'', considered derogatory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyas |first=V. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLR3QLtafsEC |title=Rajasthan, the Quest for Sustainable Development |date=2007 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-621-0 |pages=350 |language=en |quote=A unique feature of Rajasthan has been that each occupational caste has three names—one, which is respectful, the second which is general and third which is demeaning. For instance, a leather worker would be respectfully addressed as Meghwal, the neutral term is Bhambhi and is despairingly referred as Dhed. |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812154415/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLR3QLtafsEC&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Jeffrey G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uP8r9JAs7xkC |title=Casting Kings: Bards and Indian Modernity |date=2006-08-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-804140-5 |pages=182 |language=en |quote=Rajasthani castes typically have three names: one respectful, one neutral, and one demeaning (Kothari 1994: 205). In this case Bhambhi is the most neutral of the three terms. Meghwal is used by Bhambhis to make a higher status claim—specifically, that they are descended from the Hindu saint Megh. Balai, on the other hand, is used to refer to this community's sometimes role as a village or town crier, referred to as a ganv balai, or even a royal crier in the service of the king, called a raj balai. |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812154415/https://books.google.com/books?id=uP8r9JAs7xkC&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Origins==
They claim to have descended from Rishi Megh,<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite web
|url=http://tribuneindia.com/2009/20090119/region.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122193340/http://tribuneindia.com/2009/20090119/region.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 January 2009
|title=Regional Briefs, Punjab, Abohar.
|access-date=24 August 2009
}}</ref> a saint who had the power to bring rain from the clouds through his prayer. The word ''Meghwar'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''megh'', meaning clouds and rain, and ''war'' (Hindi: वार), meaning a group, son and child. (Sanskrit: वार:)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Supreme Sanskrit-Hindi Kosh|author1=Alok Kumar Rastogi |author2=Shri Sharan |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Kalra Publications (Pvt.) Ltd., Delhi}}</ref>

However, it is theorized that at the time of [[Muslim invasion of India]], many people of high castes including [[Rajput|Rajputs]], [[Charan|Charans]], [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], and [[Jat people|Jats]] joined or were recruited in the Bhambhi or Meghwal caste. Due to this, there came 5 main divisions in the community:<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Pathak |first=Bindeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Qt9tv2nSkC |title=Continuity and Change in Indian Society: Essays in Memory of Late Prof. Narmadeshwar Prasad |date=1998 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-726-7 |pages=199, 200 |language=en |quote=I shall briefly discuss the Chamars, Balais, Bhambis and Meghwals of Rajasthan. The term “Adak” was used for the traditional Chamars in general, whereas the term "Sadak” was used particularly for those converted Chamars who were recruited in the Chamar castes from higher castes. This conversion is elaborated in Munshi Hardayal Singh's description of how members of the Brahmin, Rajput, Jat and Charan castes in Rajasthan were lowered. |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154327/https://books.google.com/books?id=l2Qt9tv2nSkC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhry |first=P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939 |date=1968 |publisher=Sri Ram Mehra |pages=81 |language=en |quote=There are four divisions amongst them, each division claiming to have sprung from a higher caste, viz. : 1. Adu or unmixed Bhambhis; 2. Maru the descendants of Rajputs; 3. Jata the descendants of Jats, and 4. Charanya, the descendants of a Charan. |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154443/https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shyamlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRBuAAAAMAAJ |title=From Higher Caste to Lower Caste: The Processes of Asprashyeekaran and the Myth of Sanskritization |date=1997 |publisher=Rawat Publications |pages=63, 64 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154327/https://books.google.com/books?id=qRBuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last1=Channa |first1=Subhadra Mitra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTAnAgAAQBAJ |title=Life as a Dalit: Views from the Bottom on Caste in India |last2=Mencher |first2=Joan P. |date=2013-05-30 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-81-321-1777-3 |pages=124 |language=en |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154328/https://books.google.com/books?id=tTAnAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

# Adu or unmixed [[Bhambi|Bhambis]],
# Maru Bhambis comprising [[Rajput|Rajputs]],
# Charaniya Bhambis including [[Charan|Charanas]],
# Bamnia Bhambis comprising [[Paliwal|Paliwal Brahmins]]
# Jata Bhambis including [[Jats]]

Some Meghwals are associated with other social groups. [[Shyam Lal Rawat]] refers to the Meghwals of [[Rajasthan]] as "one of the dominating backward castes ...",<ref>{{cite book |title=Studies in Social Protest |first=Shyam Lal |last=Rawat |year=2010 |pages=xiv, 356 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-8131603314}}</ref> a connection also made by Debashis Debnath.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hierarchies Within Hierarchy: Some Observations on Caste System in Rajasthan |first=Debashis |last=Debnath |journal=Indian Anthropologist |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=June 1995 |pages=23–30 |jstor=41919761}}</ref> The Balali and Bunkar communities have also begun using{{When|date=September 2025|reason=The reference does not give a date or year for when this "began" to happen}} the Meghwal name.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dalit Women in Rajasthan: Status of Economic, Social & Cultural Rights |url=http://www.pwescr.org/Dalit_Report.pdf |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126012916/http://www.pwescr.org/Dalit_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Culture ==
There exists cultural differences among these sub-caste groups of Meghwal. For example: the Meghwal like Jata Bhambis, Bamnia Bhambis and Charania Bhambis in Rajasthan do not [[Interethnic marriage|inter marry]] within other sub-castes. These sub-groups being more conscious about their previous identities maintain their old customs and [[Tradition|traditions]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" />

Furthermore, there were also considerable diversity in dressing habits between different sub-groups. In 1891, when Hardyal Singh wrote about the Bhambi, Meghwal caste of Marwar states, he observed:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32" /><blockquote>"The first two divisions (The Adu or unmixed Bhambis and the Maru Bhambis) are very closely connected and inter-marry, while the last two divisions only marry in their own communities respectively. The Bhambis are not allowed to wear gold and silver ornaments, but an exception is made in the case of head village Bhambi and his wife. There is striking popularity in the dress of men, but the Maru Bhambi women generally wear [[Lehenga|Ghagra]] or petticoat of country chintz, while the Jata Bhambis dress themselves like the [[Jat people|Jat]] women and are distinguished from the use of lac churas instead of ivory ones. The women of the Charania Bhambis wear a dress of yellow colour like the [[Charan]] women."</blockquote>In Gujarat, except the Maheshwari Meghwals, Marwada, Gujara and Charaniya sub-sections of Meghwals worship the [[Devi|Mata]]. Moreover, the Marwada and Gujara Meghwals, in contrast to the Charaniya Meghwals, hold great reverence for the saint [[Ramdev Pir|Ramdev Puri]]. Unlike the Maheshwari Meghwals, the Marwada Meghwals possess the ''chori'' or marriage altar. While the Charaniya Meghwals abstain from the traditional [[skinning]] and [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] activities of Meghwals, the other groups do not exhibit specific objections to engaging in such tasks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIuZ5WdSzl0C |title=Interrogating Caste: Understanding Hierarchy and Difference in Indian Society |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-029706-5 |pages=83 |language=en |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812155836/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIuZ5WdSzl0C&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |date=1984 |title=Continuous Hierarchies and Discrete Castes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373801 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=19 |issue=47 |pages=2003–2005 |jstor=4373801 |issn=0012-9976 |quote=Within caste groups too the endogamous jatis are also separated by divergent customs. |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812155841/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4373801 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
The Meghwal are found in [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and Rajasthan.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} The Meghs, Kabir Panthi or Bhagat are from [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_jk.pdf/ |title=Census India - Govt. of India |access-date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327161508/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_jk.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and are known as Megh, Arya Megh and Bhagat. In some places they are known as Ganeshia, Meghbansi, Mihagh, Rakhesar, Rakhia, Rikhia, Rishia and other names. Some of the Mahashas also claim to be belonging to Meghs.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Mark Juergensmeyer.
|title=Religious Rebels in The Punjab: The Social Vision of Untouchables
|year=1988
|publisher=Ajanta Publications, Delhi
|isbn=81-202-0208-2 |page=214}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2014}} After [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the Meghs who had become converts to the [[Hinduism]], had to migrate to Indian territory.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Mark Juergensmeyer.
|title=Religious Rebels in The Punjab: The Social Vision of Untouchables
|year=1988
|publisher=Ajanta Publications, Delhi
|isbn=81-202-0208-2 |page=225}}</ref>{{qn|date=August 2014}}

As of 1991, the population of Meghs in Punjab (India) was estimated at 105,157.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://data.undp.org.in/shdr/punjab/07-Dalits.pdf
|title=Dalits – On the Margins of Development
|access-date=15 August 2009
|url-status=unfit
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180829/http://data.undp.org.in/shdr/punjab/07-Dalits.pdf
|archive-date=21 July 2011
}}</ref>

==Lifestyle==
In the countryside of Rajasthan, many of the people of this community still reside in small hamlets of round, mud-brick huts painted on the outside with colourful geometric designs and decorated with detailed mirror inlays.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} In earlier days the main occupation of the Meghwal community was agricultural labour, weaving, specially [[Khadi]] and woodcarving, and these are still the main occupations. The women are famous for their embroidery work and are master wool and cotton weavers.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/1922
|title=Weaving a common destiny
|date=June 1992
|publisher=Centre for Science and Environment
|access-date=15 August 2009
|archive-date=18 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718070626/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/1922
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=India&CraftCode=003678
|title=Ancient Lac Dyeing Practices of Kachchh and its revival by the Vankar Shyamji Valiji of Bujodi
|publisher=Craft Revival Trust
|access-date=15 August 2009
|archive-date=19 July 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043943/http://www.craftrevival.org/CraftArtDetails.asp?CountryCode=India&CraftCode=003678
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Increasing numbers of the Meghwal today are educated and are obtaining government jobs. In Punjab, especially in the cities like [[Amritsar]], [[Jalandhar]] and [[Ludhiana]] a good number of them is engaged as workers in factories producing sports, hosiery, surgical and metal goods. Very few of them have their own business or a small scale industry. Tiny business and service units are their main support for livelihood.<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://joe.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/43
|title=Innovations, Entrepreneurship and Development
|year=2010
|journal=Journal of Entrepreneurship
|doi=10.1177/097135570901900103
|access-date=11 April 2010
|last1=Bal
|first1=Gurpreet
|last2=Judge
|first2=Paramjit S.
|volume=19
|pages=43–62
|s2cid=154601153
|archive-date=8 March 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308094359/http://joe.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/43
|url-status=live
|url-access=subscription
}}</ref>

==Arts==

The Meghwal women in Rajasthan are known for their exuberantly detailed costumes and jewellery. Married women often wear gold nose ring, earrings and neckpieces, given as a "bride wealth" dowry by her soon-to-be husband's mother. Nose rings and earrings are often decorated with precious stones of ruby, sapphire and emerald. The Meghwal women's embroidery is sought after. Their work is distinguished by their primary use of red, which comes from a local pigment produced from crushed insects. The Meghwal women artisans of Thar desert in Sindh and Balochistan, and in Gujarat are considered masters of the traditional embroidery and [[Ralli quilt|Ralli]] making. Exotic hand-embroidered items are a part of the dowry of Meghwal woman.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Asian embroidery
|author1=Jasleen Dhamija |author2=Crafts Council of India |author-link=Jasleen Dhamija
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
|year=2004
|page=125
|isbn=81-7017-450-3}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Balai]]
*[[Kolhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Meghwal}}

{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Sindh]]
[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]

Akash Tripathi

2026-02-03T06:08:16Z

Nick Jones: new some pg from scratch!

{{Short description|IAS officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Akash Tripathi
|image =
|caption = Tripathi in 2025
|birth_date = {{birth date|1975|06|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]], India
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education = [[Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science|SGSITS]] and [[Institute of Management Studies, Devi Ahilya University|IMS]]
|employer = [[Government of India]]
|occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
|title = MD of [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]]
}}

'''Akash Tripathi''' (born 22 June 1975<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2024 |title="Akash Tripathi Birthdate" |url=https://gad.mp.gov.in/iaslist.pdf |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329163203/https://gad.mp.gov.in/IASlist.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer. He started a his career in the civil services in 1998. Currently he is managing director of [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=SECI appoints Akash Tripathi as new Managing Director |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/seci-appoints-akash-tripathi-as-new-managing-director/123558646 |access-date=29 August 2025 |work=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Tripathi was born on 22 June 1975 in [[Rewa district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He studied at [[Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science]], [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh. While he did his MBA in Finance from the [[Institute of Management Studies, Devi Ahilya University]], Indore.

==Career==

He joined the [[Indian Administrative Service]] as a Probationary Officer in 1999 after clearing the [[Civil Services Examination]]. And currently he is serving as Managing Director of [[Solar Energy Corporation of India]].<ref name=":0" /> Previously he has done worked as MD and CEO of [[Digital India Corporation]] (DIC),<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2024 |title=मध्यप्रदेश कैडर के आईएएस आकाश त्रिपाठी बने डिजिटल इंडिया कॉर्पोरेशन के एमडी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/bhopal/news/madhya-pradesh-cadre-ias-akash-tripathi-becomes-md-of-digital-india-corporation-133817514.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> CEO<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=MyGov CEO Akash Tripathi to lead India Semiconductor Mission |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2023/10/03/mygov-ceo-akash-tripathi-to-lead-india-semiconductor-mission/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref> of India Semiconductor Mission<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Annapurna |last2=Aryan |first2=Aashish |date=2023-10-02 |title=MyGov chief Akash Tripathi set to become new CEO of India Semiconductor Mission |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/mygov-chief-akash-tripathi-set-to-become-new-ceo-of-india-semiconductor-mission/articleshow/104090540.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-11 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and CEO of [[MyGov.in]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Akash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Luis Jose De Souza

2026-01-14T22:33:37Z

Nick Jones: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian oncologist (born 1943)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Luis Jose De Souza
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 December 1943
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Surgical oncologist
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse = Carmen Mary Julia Saldanha
| domesticpartner =
| children = Three children
| parents = Luis Jose Juliet Mary
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] Qimpro Platinum Standard Fr. Maschio Platinum Jubilee Humanitarian Award [[Vasantrao Naik]] Pratishtan Award Suvidha Trust Award Goa Hindu Association Award Karmayogi Puraskar Ramniklal Kinariwal Cancer Research Award Dr. Manoel Agostinho de Heredia Award Diwaliben Mohanlal Mehta Award NATCON-ISO Award
}}
'''Luis Jose De Souza''' is an Indian [[surgical oncologist]] and the founder of ''Shanti Avedna Ashram'', a charitable trust which runs a network of hospices in Mumbai and Goa.<ref name="Doctor Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.mydocadvisor.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?Id=1143&HospitalId=206&CId=247 | title=Doctor Profile | publisher=My Doc Advosir | date=2015 | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Luis Jose De Souza Oncologist">{{cite web | url=https://www.helpingdoc.com/doctor/luis-jose-de-souza | title=Dr. Luis Jose De Souza Oncologist | publisher=Helping Doc | date=2015 | access-date=16 October 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He has also contributed to the establishment of ''Indian Cancer Cell'', an educational program co-sponsored by [[Tata Memorial Centre]], Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and Indian Cancer Society, for creating cancer awareness in schools.<ref name="Doctor Profile" /> The Government of India awarded him the fourth-highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
De Souza was born to Luis Jose and Juliet Mary on 11 December 1943{{Citation needed|date=January 2025|reason=BLP}} in [[Mumbai]], in the western Indian state of [[Maharashtra]] and graduated in medicine (MBBS) from the [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals]] in 1967.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} His master's degree was also obtained from the same institution in 1970 after which he joined [[Tata Memorial Hospital]], Mumbai and reached the position of the professor and head of the gastroenterology department.<ref name="The Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, the largest cancer hospital in the country in terms of number of patients registered">{{cite journal | url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1707/17070730.htm | title=The Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, the largest cancer hospital in the country in terms of number of patients registered | author=T. S. Subramanian | journal=Frontline | date=April 2000 | volume=17 | issue=7}}</ref><ref name="Doctors' directory">{{cite web | url=https://www.aihitdata.com/company/0069EF9E/HINDUJA-HOSPITAL/people | title=Doctors' directory | publisher=Hinduja Hospital | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Later, he moved to [[P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre]] as their consultant oncosurgeon.<ref name="Hinduja Hospital - Doctor's profile">{{cite journal | url=http://www.hindujahospital.com/mobile/for-patient/doctors-profile.aspx?did=170 | title=Hinduja Hospital - Doctor's profile | author=Hinduja Hospital | year=2015}}</ref><ref name="Cancer screening saves lives">{{cite web | url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/cancer-screening-saves-lives/46823837 | title=Cancer screening saves lives | publisher=Economic Times Health World | date=6 April 2014 | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> He has also served as a consultant Oncologist to [[Air India]] and [[Indian Airlines]].<ref name="Doctors' directory" />

In 1986, De Souza founded ''Shanti Avedna Ashram'', a charitable trust, and under the aegis of the trust, set up a network of hospices in Mumbai and Goa, reported to be the first such venture for the care of advanced and terminally ill cancer patients in India.<ref name="Qimpro Platinum Standard 2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.qimpro.com/foundation/drljdesouza.php | title=Qimpro Platinum Standard 2011 | publisher=Qimpro | date=2015 | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Representing Tata Memorial Centre, he associated with [[Union for International Cancer Control]] (UICC) and the Indian Cancer Society in 1993 and founded the ''Indian Cancer Cell'', a national program for promoting cancer education in Indian schools.<ref name="Qimpro Platinum Standard 2011" /> He has served as the associate editor of the ''Indian Journal of Cancer'', editorial consultant of ''[[The Practitioner]]'' and as a consultant editor of ''[[Palliative Medicine (journal)|Palliative Medicine]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} He has written over 70 articles in peer reviewed journals, has delivered keynote addresses in conferences and has organised many medical conferences.<ref name="Qimpro Platinum Standard 2011" /><ref name="Dharamshila organizes National Cancer Congress 2015">{{cite news | url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/dharamshila-organizes-national-cancer-congress-2015/46374694 | title=Dharamshila organizes National Cancer Congress 2015 | newspaper=Economic Times | date=26 February 2015 | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
De Souza is a fellow of the [[American College of Surgeons]], [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] and the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] and a life member of the [[Indian Medical Association]], Association of Surgeons of India, Indian Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Indian Society of Gastroenterology, Indian Society of Oncology and the Indian Association of Palliative Care.<ref name="IAPC">{{cite web | url=http://member.palliativecare.in/MemberList.aspx | title=IAPC | publisher=Indian Association of Palliative Care | date=2015 | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> He is the vice president of the Ostomy Association of India since 1990 and is the director of the International Psycho-Oncology Society since 1992.<ref name="Hinduja Hospital - Doctor's profile" /> He is also a member of several medical associations such as Indian Cancer Society and International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association.<ref name="Hinduja Hospital - Doctor's profile" />

The Government of India included De Souza in the 1992 [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of the Padma Shri.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> The same year, he received three more awards, Fr. Maschio Platinum Jubilee Humanitarian Award, Vasantrao Naik Pratishtan Award, and the Rotary Club of Mumbai Public Award and was felicitated by the Mumbai chapter of the Indian Medical Association.<ref name="Doctor Profile" /> He received the Suvidha Trust Award in 1993 and Goa Hindu Association made him their honorary member the next year.<ref name="Doctor Profile" /> Ramniklal Kinariwal Cancer Research Award of the Gujarat Cancer Society and the Dr. Manoel Agostinho de Heredia Award reached him in 1996. He received three awards in 1998, Diwaliben Mohanlal Mehta Award, Old Campionites Association Award and Rotary Club of Bombay South Vocational Excellence Award.<ref name="Doctor Profile" /><ref name="Hinduja Hospital - Doctor's profile" /> Mumbai Medical Aid Association awarded him the ''Karmayogi Puraskar'' in 2010.<ref name="Karmayogi Puraskar">{{cite web | url=http://www.bombaymedicalaid.com/awards.asp | title=Karmayogi Puraskar | publisher=Mumbai Medical Aid Association | date=2010 | access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> The next year, he was selected as the ''QIMPRO Platinum Standard 2011''.<ref name="Qimpro Platinum Standard 2011" /> He is also a recipient of the Scroll of Honour from the Breast Cancer Conference of 2000, NATCON-ISO Award and Appreciation Award for Services to Humanity from St. Elizabeth Hospital.<ref name="Doctor Profile" /><ref name="Hinduja Hospital - Doctor's profile" />

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Goans in science and technology]]
* [[Union for International Cancer Control]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De Souza, Luis Jose}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Surgical oncology]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

List of Odia films of 1997

2026-01-07T04:27:21Z

Nick Jones: creating article...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Ollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1997:

==A–Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1997 in film|1997]]'''
|-
|''[[Asuchi Mo Kalia Raja]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Asuchi Mo Kalia Raja|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1449789/|access-date=2019-02-07}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mohini Shilapi]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bapa (film)|Bapa]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bapa|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431218/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mama Mishra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Ganga Jamuna (1997 film)|Ganga Jamuna]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ganga Jamuna|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1449167/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>|| [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||Remake of Bollywood chart buster, Chaalbaaz.
|-
|''[[Lakhe Siba Puji Paichi Pua]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Lakhe Siba Puji Paichi Pua|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440224/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Mohamadd Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|''[[Nari Bi Pindhipare Rakta Sindura]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Nari Bi Pindhipare Rakta Sindura|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1449833/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||Remake of Hindi film Khoon Bhari Mang
|-
|''[[Ram Laxman (1997 film)|Ram Laxman]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ram Laxman|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1423982/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>|| [[Sangam Biswal]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Tandra Roy]] ||||
|-
|''[[Savitree]]''|| [[Jitendra Mohapatra]] ||Sritam Das, [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Shesha Drushti]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Shesha Drushti|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1249417/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[A. K. Bir]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Narendra Mohanty]], [[Neelam Mukherjee]]|| ||National Award for Best Film in Oriya language
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1997 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1997]]
[[Category:Lists of 1997 films by language|Ollywood#]]
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]
[[Category:1997 in Indian cinema]]

Lohia Machinery Limited

2026-01-03T16:44:56Z

Nick Jones: creating details

{{Short description|Defunct Indian scooter and motorcycle manufacturer}}
{{Other uses|LML (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = LML
| logo = LML Logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE was|500255}}|{{NSE was|LML}}}}
| fate = Insolvent as of 2017
| predecessor = Lohia Machines Ltd
| founded = {{Start date and age|1972}}
| defunct = 2017
| location_city = [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Deepak Singhania {{Small|([[Chairman]] & [[Managing Director]])}}|K K Shangloo {{Small|[[Director (business)|Director]]}}}}
| industry = [[Motorcycle]]
| products = [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Scooters]], [[motorcycle]]s
| revenue = {{INRConvert|264|c}} 2009–2011
| operating_income =
| net_income =
|
}}

'''LML''' (formerly '''Lohia Machines Ltd''') was an Indian [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] and motorcycle [[Manufacturing|manufacturer]] formerly based in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History and overview==
Incorporated as Lohia Machines [[Private limited company|Private Limited]] in 1972, the company was engaged in manufacture of [[Synthetic fiber|synthetic yarn]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Nevin |date=2019-10-01 |title=BT Buzz: No takers for junk priced Rotomac, LML, Moser Baer brands in liquidation |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/bt-buzz/news/story/bt-buzz-no-takers-for-junk-priced-rotomac-lml-moser-baer-brands-in-liquidation-232908-2019-10-01 |access-date=2023-08-07 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> manufacturing machines in technical collaboration with ARCT,{{Clarify|date=July 2010}} France. In 1978, it became a [[public limited company]] and diversified into processing synthetic yarn.

In 1984 a technical collaboration agreement was signed with [[Piaggio]] of Italy and a [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] project was set up. The relationship with [[Piaggio]] was redefined to that of a partner in 1990, both partners having equal equity participation of 23.6% each.

The first model produced was a scooter powered by a 100 cc engine; the range was soon expanded with the LML Supremo, the Indian version of the [[Vespa Cosa]], and in the 1993 the LML Select, a replica of the [[Vespa T5]], with new age technology and aesthetics, and became an instant success.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=LML Star: storia e caratteristiche della Vespa indiana |url=https://www.quotidianomotori.com/moto/lml-star-storia-caratteristiche/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Quotidiano Motori |language=it-IT}}</ref>

From the joint venture between LML and Piaggio, the Vespa Automobile Company Limited was established as a subsidiary responsible for producing Piaggio-branded Vespa PX scooters for the domestic market and, under the LML Vespa brand, the NV3, Alfa, T5 and 4W models. Through this agreement, LML acquired the tooling, know-how and components required to assemble Vespa PX scooters within the local market.<ref name=":0" />

The LML Select was launched in LML's joint venture with Piaggio ended in 1999. LML continued to manufacture the '''Star''', a classically styled steel-bodied scooter with twist-shift 4-speed manual transmission and a 150cc two-stroke engine.

Some of these were distributed in United States as the [[Stella (scooter)|Stella]] and in the UK as A.K. International (AKII). AKII's Aura LML & A.K. International (I&E) Ltd was appointed the sole distributor for UK In 2008. Star Deluxe was re-introduced to the U.K. market by AKII (I&E) Ltd, with the Via Toscana as the [[Euro 3]] emissions compliant model.

LML also produced the Trendy 50 cc (1998–2006), formerly known as Benelli Scooty (1993), a derivation from 1981 Benelli S50. That little scooter had no parts in common with Piaggio, being a Benelli project (engine included).

Again in 1999, an agreement was signed with [[Daelim Motor Company]] of [[South Korea]] to manufacture [[Four-stroke-engine|four-stroke]] motorcycles. In 2000 the company was recognized by the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Indian Ministry of Science and Technology]] for remarkable success in introducing new models/upgrades of scooters in the market with more fuel-efficient engines, new electrical systems, latest emission norms, upgraded technology, better styling etc., and that year entered the motorcycle market with upper end lifestyle bikes in 100 cc, using [[Multi-valve|three-valve]] technology.

LML's first deluxe commuter motorcycle '''Freedom''' was launched in 2001 & that same year, LML launched its superbike named '''Adreno'''. Adreno was popularly used by Maharashtra Police's Traffic Patrol Squad on Mumbai-Pune Expressway. In 2004, LML introduced '''LML Graptor''', marking its entry into the 150 cc lifestyle segment. It was the first indigenously designed bike in technical collaboration with Ugolini of Italy. 2004 marked LML's transition from a single product company to a multi-product two-wheeler company with three simultaneous launches: the '''Graptor XL''' (150 cc), the '''Freedom Prima''' (110 cc) and '''Freedom Prima''' (125 cc).

Owing to excesses and over-spending, the company has been under financial constraints ever since its foray into bi-wheeler manufacturing, with dividend being declared only twice to its shareholders in spite of contemporary bi-wheeler manufacturers like [[TVS Motor Company|TVS]], [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero]] and [[Bajaj Auto]] not only growing multifold but also enhancing shareholders' worth. Even new entrants into the scooter market like [[Honda]] and [[Suzuki]] have achieved volumes of 50,000 units per month, which LML could never achieve with its full range of Scooters and motor-cycles.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} The bankruptcy has dealt a severe blow to SSI units in [[Kanpur]], who were engaged in feeding critical and propriety items to LML since early 1980s, with many closing down or facing huge financial burden on themselves.

New finance were obtained from [[Credit Suisse]] July 2006 <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indianauto.com/bikes1/lml/index.htm|title = LML|publisher = IndianAuto.com | author1=Indianauto }}</ref> and other institutions and the factory reopened on 8 March 2008 to manufacture geared [[Vespa]] style scooters, primarily for export. In the year 2008, LML appointed K K Shangloo as Special Director on the Board of Company under the provisions of Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985.<ref name="ecn">{{cite web|title=Company History - LML Ltd |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/lml-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13452.cms | newspaper=The Economic Times | access-date=13 January 2019}}</ref>

In the year 2009 LML launched the 4 stroke scooter which was identical to the 2 stroke counterpart, but had a different internal mechanism with 4 stroke engine.

In the year 2013, LML relaunched '''LML Freedom DX''', a 110 cc bike in the Commuter category.

In the year 2016, LML launched the Star 125 Lite automatic version on a small frame. It also launched the 150 cc variant of the automatic as Star Euro 150. Star Euro 200 a geared version of the four stroke was also launched.

Around 2016, LML launched its three-wheeler the LML Buddy.

LML issued a notice of insolvency on 2 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=LML scooter factory insolvency notice {{!}} NEWS - ScooterLab|url=https://www.scooterlab.uk/lml-scooter-factory-insolvency-notice-news/|website=ScooterLab|access-date=19 June 2017|date=12 June 2017 |author1=Sticky }}</ref>

As of August 2020, the factory has been dismantled completely, spares, machines and scooters scrapped, toolings partly sold to SIP scooter shop of Germany.

==See also==
* [[List of motor scooter manufacturers and brands]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lohia Machinery Limited}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192037/http://lmlglobal.in/Home LML global site] (archived)

{{Automotive industry in India}}{{Kanpur division topics}}

[[Category:Companies based in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Scooter manufacturers]]
[[Category:Motorcycle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Economic history of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

2025-12-11T01:38:26Z

Nick Jones: further improve intro per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[India–Pakistan war of 1971]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Nagpur–Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express

2025-11-25T15:00:59Z

Nick Jones:

{{Italic title}}{{Italic title}}{{short description|Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Nagpur Junction – Secunderabad Junction ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]]
| first = {{start date|2024|09|16|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|19 September 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways (CR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} '''(NGP)'''
| stops = 07
| end = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} '''(SC)'''
| distance = {{convert|575|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 07 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{Efn|Except Tuesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20101 / 20102
| line_used = *[[Nagpur–Secunderabad line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(Last service: Jan 17 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(First service: Jan 19 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|79|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Central Railway zone|Nagpur Jn (NGP)]]
| map = {{Nagpur – Secunderabad VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20101/20102 '''Nagpur - Secunderabad ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 65th [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], which connects the Orange City of India, [[Nagpur]] in [[Maharashtra]] with the twin city of [[Hyderabad]], [[Secunderabad]] in [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Vande Bharat express from Nagpur to Secunderabad |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/vande-bharat-express-from-nagpur-to-secunderabad-1822244 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestly |first=Team |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Narendra Modi Flags Off Vande Bharat Express from Nagpur to Secunderabad: Live News Updates Today {{!}} 📰 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/live-news-updates-today-149-6268819.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on September 16, 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] from [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi Launches Vande Bharat Trains On 6 New Routes - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/pm-modi-inaugurated-6-new-vande-bharat-trains/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-11 |title=Maharashtra to get two more Vande Bharat trains from September 15: Nagpur-Secunderabad and Pune-Hubballi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/new-vande-bharat-express-trains-launching-in-maharashtra-on-september-15/articleshow/113206904.cms |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Express to begin Nagpur-Secunderabad, Pune-Nagpur services from this date |url=https://www.india.com/business/vande-bharat-express-to-begin-nagpur-secunderabad-pune-nagpur-services-from-this-date-check-routes-ticket-price-here-7239440/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is currently operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur Jn]], [[Sevagram Junction railway station|Sevagram Jn]], [[Chandrapur railway station|Chandrapur]], [[Balharshah railway station|Balharshah]], [[Sirpur Kaghaznagar railway station|Sirpur Kaghaznagar]], [[Mancherial railway station|Manchiryal]], [[Ramagundam railway station|Ramagundam]], [[Kazipet Junction railway station|Kazipet Jn]] and [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad Jn]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=20101/Nagpur - Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express - Nagpur to Secunderabad CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/nagpur-secunderabad-vande-bharat-express-20101/235515/18/835 |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=Nagpur-Secunderabad Vande Bharat Train to Launch on Sept 15 - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2024/09/10/nagpur-secunderabad-vande-bharat-train-to-launch-on-sept-15/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |language=en-US}}</ref> It currently operates with train numbers 20101/20102 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aniket |title=20101/Nagpur - Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express - Nagpur to Secunderabad CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/235515 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It was the '''first''' 3rd Generation [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|'''Vande Bharat Express train''']] which was designed with advanced technologies and improvements from the [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation trainset]] and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

However the rake will be withdrawn from service and will be replaced with [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat Express|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 (MVB2)]] trainset W.E.F. '''19 January 2025''' because of low occupancy. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Nagpur-Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express to operate with eight coaches from February 19 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/nagpur-secunderabad-vande-bharat-express-to-reduce-coaches-to-eight-from-20-starting-february-19-23482991 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=Low Occupancy Prompts Indian Railways to Reduce Nagpur-Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express to 8 Coaches - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2025/02/13/low-occupancy-prompts-indian-railways-to-reduce-nagpur-secunderabad-vande-bharat-express-to-8-coaches/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-02-13 |title=Railways To Operate Nagpur-Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express With 8 Coaches For Optimal Efficiency |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!bharat/railways-to-operate-vande-bharat-express-with-8-coaches-for-optimal-efficiency-enn25021306780 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Service ==
The 20101/20102 Nagpur - Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express currently operates '''6 days''' a week, covering a distance of {{convert|575|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 07 hrs 15 mins with average speed of {{cvt|79|km/h}}. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==

* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatiman Express]]
* [[Nagpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Secunderabad Junction railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur-Secunderabad Vande Bharat Express}}
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]

Ayodhya Cantt - Delhi Express

2025-11-22T06:05:07Z

Nick Jones: new first info initial version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name= Ayodhya – Delhi Express
| other_name=
| image =
| caption =
| type=[[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Delhi]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first =
| last =
| operator= [[Northern Railways]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}
| stops= 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}} (DLI)
| distance= {{convert|614|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime=11 hours 10 minutes
| frequency= Daily
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 14207/14208 [[Padmavat Express]]
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| trainnumber = 14205 / 14206
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| speed= {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:(Faizabad - Delhi) Express Route map.png|thumb|300px|(Ayodhya–Delhi) Express route map]]
}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
The 14205 / 14206 '''Ayodhya - Delhi Express''' is a train which runs between [[Ayodhya]] and [[Delhi]]. Though there are several trains that run to [[Delhi]] via [[Ayodhya]], Ayodhya – Delhi Express is the only train which starts at Ayodhya to Delhi. It runs daily from Ayodhya to Delhi and from Delhi to Ayodhya.

==Route and halts==

*'''{{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}'''
*'''{{stnlnk|Daryabad}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Barabanki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{stnlnk|Shahjahanpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rampur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}
* {{stnlnk|Hapur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Delhi Junction}}'''

==Traction==
It is hauled by a Ghaziabad-based [[WAP-7]] or Ghaziabad-based [[WAP-5]] locomotive for entire journey.

==Rake sharing==
The train sharing its rake with 14207/14208 [[Padmavat Express]].

==Timings==

===From Ayodhya to Delhi===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train no.
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Starting station
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |MON
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |TUE
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |WED
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |THU
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |FRI
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SAT
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SUN
|-
| align="left" | 14205
| align="left" | AY DLI EX.
| align="left" | [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] at 22:00
at 17:25 from 1 October 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/ |title=National Train Enquiry System |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234300/http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/ |archivedate=14 March 2016 }}</ref>
| align="left" | [[Delhi Junction Railway station|Delhi Junction]] at 9:35
at 5:55 from 2 October 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/ |title=National Train Enquiry System |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234300/http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/ |archivedate=14 March 2016 }}</ref>
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
|}

===From Delhi to Ayodhya===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffff;"
|-
! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train njo.
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Starting station
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |MON
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |TUE
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |WED
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |THU
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |FRI
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SAT
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" |SUN
|-
| align="left" | 14206
| align="left" | DLI AY EX.
| align="left" | [[Delhi Junction Railway station|Delhi Junction]] at 18:20
| align="left" | [[Ayodhya railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] at 7:50
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
| align="left" |YES
|}

==See also==
* [[Saket Express]]
* [[Ayodhya Cantt Superfast Express|Ayodhya Superfast Express]]
* [[Ayodhya Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faizabad-Delhi Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Faizabad]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1992]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]

Narsinghpur district

2025-11-15T19:44:03Z

Nick Jones:

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Narsinghpur|the former princely state in Orissa|Narsinghpur State}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narsinghpur district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
|image1 = Damru ghati.jpg
|image2 = Ghogra Ghat at usri gorakhpur.jpg
|image3 = Narsinghpur the King palace.jpg}}
| image_caption = Damru Ghati, Usri Water fall, Chauragarh Fort
| image_map = MP Narsinghpur district map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Narsinghpur district in Madhya Pradesh
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Narsinghpur
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur division|Jabalpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Narsinghpur]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 5,125.55
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,091,854
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 76.79%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 917
| leader_title = [[District Magistrate|Collector]]
| leader_name = Shrimati.Rajani Singh [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of police|SP]]
| leader_name2 = Mr. Vipul Srivastava [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://narsinghpur.nic.in}}
| official_name = नरसिंहपुर
}}
'''Narsinghpur district''' ({{IPA|hi|nəɾsɪŋgʱpʊɾ}}; also referred to '''Narsimhapur district''') is a district of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central India. [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyachal]] is on its northern border and the Satpura range extends along its entire length on the southern border. In the northern part, the Narmada river flows from east to west. Latitude 22º.45N 23º.15N, Longitude 78º.38E 79º.38E, Area 5125.55 Square Kilometers, 359.8 meters above sea level. The city of Narsinghpur is administrative headquarters of the district. As of 2001 Narsinghpur is the most literate district of MP.

== History ==
Narsinghpur district is located almost in the central part of the state of Madhya Pradesh. The position of state of Madhya Pradesh is also in the central part of the country, that is why it is named Madhya Pradesh, that is, the state of the central part. The position of Narsinghpur district is considered unique according to the equation that it is located in the middle of both the country and the state. Narsinghpur district also attracts attention due to its special natural condition. Vindhyachal is on its northern border and the Satpura range extends along its entire length on the southern border. In the northern part, the Narmada River flows from east to west. Which is considered sacred like the river Ganga. Narsinghpur district has got many natural gifts in the form of the alluvium of Narmada. In the past, this area has been under the rule of historical heroine Durgavati after being under many dynasties. In that period it is mentioned by other names. In the 18th century, the Jat Sardars built a grand temple here and installed the idol of Lord Narasimha. Since then it became the headquarters of the district and this village named Gadariya Kheda became famous as "Narsinghpur".

=== Historical background ===
Narsinghpur district area has hidden the oldest proofs of its existence within itself. Which have been exposed from time to time by various archaeological discoveries. According to the archaeological evidence mentioned in the District Gazetteer, stone age fossil animals and tools made of sandstone have been found in 1872 in a village named Bhatra, away from Gadarwara in the district. In other search campaigns, prehistoric remains have been found in places like Devakchhar, Dhuvghat, Kumhari, Ratikarar, and Brahman Ghat. Marked rocky and carved rock caves near Bijauri village also link the existence of the district to ancient times. The remains of mammalian fossils and archaeological tools found in the exploration campaigns on the banks of Narmada between Bramhan Ghat to Jhansi Ghat connect the district with prehistoric history.

According to legends, this area has been related to the events of the Ramayana and Mahabharata period. According to mythological references, Brahman Ghat is the place where Brahma, the creator of the universe, performed a yajna on the banks of the holy Narmada. The ancient name of Bilthari village of Chanwarpatha development block is called “Bali Sthali”. It is considered to be the abode of King Bali.

In the Puranas, the attempt of the Pandavas to tie the river Narmada in a single night on the Satdhara of Barman Ghat in the Mahabharata period has been mentioned. Bhim Kund, Arjun Kund, etc. near Satdhara indicate this. It is said that the Pandavas spent some period of their exile here. The cave of Sankal Ghat is associated with the study and meditation of Gurudev of Adi Guru Shankaracharya.

Barhata village of the district is considered to be the remains of Virat Nagar of the Mahabharata period. This legend is strengthened by the stone sculptures and artistic remains found here at every step. The human-shaped rock lying near Bachai is associated with “Kichak”. The Bohani region of the district is considered to be the stronghold of Prithviraj's heroic heroes Alha-Udal's father Jasraj and uncle Bachraj. There is an abundance of facts and imitations connecting the reference of the district to ancient times from the ancient objects and mentions found in the excavation of many historical evidences. But through history books and historical records, the series of authentic history of the district meets the history of the second century.

=== Satavahana period ===
In the 2nd century, this area was dominated by the Satavahana rulers. It remained under the Gupta Empire in the 4th century when Samudra Gupta succeeded in establishing the boundaries of his empire in the Central India region and up to the south. There are some indications of Pedirajya in the sixth century. But the period of about 300 years is again lost in darkness. There is mention of the establishment of the Kshetra Kalchuri rule (Haihay) in the ninth century. The capital of the Kalchuri dynasty was Mahishmati city on the banks of Narmada, which later became established in Tripuri. The details of the spread of Kalchuri state from Gomti to Narmada Ghat are preserved in the history books. After the decline of the Kalchuri power, there is mention of the patronage of Alha-Udal's father and uncle in this area. After those who made Bohani their royal center, this area remained a part of the Rajgaud dynasty's empire for four centuries.

=== Rajgaud dynasty ===
With the establishment of this administration, a new orderly, peaceful, and prosperous period begins in the district. The credit for the rise of this dynasty is given to Yadav Rao (Yadurao). Who established Garha in Katanga in the last years of the fourteenth century and laid the foundation of an important governance order. Sangram Shah (1400-1541), the famous ruler of this dynasty, strengthened his empire by establishing 52 forts. He also built the Chauragarh (Chaugan) fort in Narsinghpur district, which is a silent witness to the valor of Veeranarayan, the son of Queen Durgavati. Among the successors of Sangram Shah, Dalpati Shah ruled peacefully for seven years. After that, his heroic queen Durgavati took over the kingdom and ruled for 16 years (1540-1564) with indomitable courage and bravery. In 1564, while fighting Akbar's warlord Ataf Khan, the queen died; Chauragarh situated in Narsinghpur district was in the form of a strong hill fort where Ataf Khan surrounded Prince Virnarayan and finally killed him by devious moves. Gadha Katanga state was captured by the Mughals in 1564. Gonds, Mughals, and after them, this area remained divided between administrative and military officers and hereditary chieftains during the rule of Marathas. According to whose influence and power the boundaries of the areas used to change from time to time. Chanwarpatha, Barha, Santhdyarkheda, Shahpur, Singhpur, Srinagar, and Tendukheda of the district were famous as the headquarters of the Parganas throughout this period.

=== Bhonsle Ruler ===
In 1785, Madhoji Bhosle acquired Mandla and Narmada Valley for 27 lakh rupees, which kept sinking under the tussle of Radhoji Bhosle/Bhopal Nawab/Pindori chieftains, etc., and the brutal pressure of military rule. It can be called a cauldron of crisis and instability. In which there was tremendous exploitation of the people of the area along with looting. Finally came under British rule in 1817.

=== Independence movement ===
Despite being under the harsh clutches of British rule, the yearning for freedom always kept burning in the minds of the people in the district. In 1857, the rebel fighters captured the Chanwarpatha and Tendukheda police stations. Under the leadership of Gaur chief Delon Shah of Madanpur, there was a conch shell for independence. In 1858, Delan Shah was captured and hanged. By crushing the first freedom struggle of 1857, the British emperor continued to establish its roots.

=== Congress movement ===
After the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the spark of the movement for independence in the district has always been lit – Lokmanya Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Vose Prabhuti led the movement for independence in the district under the inspiration and leadership The atmosphere was full of enthusiasm. A large number of agitators from the district remained active under the leadership of Gayadat, Manikchand Kochar, Chaudhary Shankar Lal, Thakur Niranjan Singh, Shyam Sunder Narayan Mushran, etc. among the leaders of the district. In order to destroy this unity and enthusiasm, the British government again divided the district in 1932 and merged it with the Hoshangabad district. But this did not bring any relaxation in the enthusiasm of the movement and Satyagraha. In 1942, Mansharam and Gauradevi were martyred in the firing on the Satyagrahi procession in Chichi. Hundreds of agitators tolerated the cycle of repression with a smile and established a unique tradition of sacrifice and sacrifice against British rule.

==Geography==
The district has an area 5,125.55 km2. The district is part of the [[Jabalpur Division]]. It is bounded on the north by [[Sagar District|Sagar]] and [[Damoh District|Damoh]] districts, on the east by [[Jabalpur District]], on the southeast by [[Seoni District]], on the south by [[Chhindwara District]], on the west by [[Hoshangabad district|Hoshangabad District]], and on the northwest by [[Raisen District]]. The administrative seat is [[Narsinghpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.mponline.in/Profile/districts/Narsinghpur.asp| title =Narsinghpur| publisher =mponline| access-date =2010-08-19| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100714155238/http://mponline.in/Profile/Districts/Narsinghpur.asp| archive-date =2010-07-14}}</ref>

The district sits in the basin of the [[Narmada River]]. The [[Vindhya Range]] skirts the northern end of the district. The [[Satpura Range]] forms the district's southern boundary. It is located between 22°55' and 23°15' north latitude, and 78°38' and 79°38' east longitudes. It has an average elevation of 359.8 m above mean sea level. [[Narmada]] is the Main river in Narsinghpur district. [[Shakkar River]], [[Dudhi River]] and [[Sher River]] are other river flows in district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://narsinghpur.nic.in/ | title = Narsinghpur | publisher = District administration | access-date = 2010-08-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190810060115/http://narsinghpur.nic.in/ | archive-date = 2019-08-10 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Tehsils==
# [[Kareli, Madhya Pradesh|Kareli]]
# [[Gadarwara]]
# [[Sainkheda]]
# [[Gotegaon]]
# [[Narsinghpur]]
# [[Tendukheda]]

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=3,15,518|13=1911|14=3,25,677|15=1921|16=3,15,162|17=1931|18=3,21,481|19=1941|20=3,34,991|21=1951|22=3,39,110|23=1961|24=4,12,406|25=1971|26=5,19,270|27=1981|28=6,50,445|29=1991|30=7,85,496|31=2001|32=9,57,646|33=2011|34=20,99900|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43356/download/47048/23%20A-2%20Madhya%20Pradesh.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Narsinghpur district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Madhya Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11381/download/14494/DDW23C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|95.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|3.58}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|brown|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.55}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Narsinghpur District has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,091,854,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Narsinghpur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/730/download/2568/DH_2011_2335_PART_A_DCHB_NARSIMHAPUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Cyprus]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Cyprus 1,120,489 July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau|access-date=2011-09-30|quote=Rhode Island 1,052,567|archive-date=2010-12-27|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101227010452/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 418th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 213 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.04%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Narsimhapur has a [[sex ratio]] of 917 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 76.79%. 18.64% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Tribes make up 16.87% and 13.36% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

[[Hindi]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.06% of the population.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10211/download/13323/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2300.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Madhya Pradesh |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
The main rail line from [[Mumbai]]- [[Prayagraj]]- [[Howrah]], which follows the [[Narmada River]] valley, runs through the district from west to east.

There is a bus stand located near the station. Previously it was at the city center. The town is around the National Highway - 26.

==Tourist Attractions==
* Narsingh Temple
* Dada Maharaj Temple
* Barman Narmada Ghat
* Damru Ghati,Gadarwara
* Dhuni Wale Dada Tample,Gadarwara
* Jhoteshawar Param Hans Aashram
* Osho Ashram Gadarwara
* Chaugan Fort,Gadarwara <ref>[https://narsinghpur.nic.in/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2/ Tourist Place]</ref>

==Notable personalities==
* [[Maharshi Mahesh Yogi]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* [[Bhawani Prasad Mishra]]
* [[S H Raza]]
* [[Mohit Daga]]
* [[Shyam Sundar Rawat]]
* [[Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor)]]

==See also==
* [[Bagaspur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://narsinghpur.nic.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Narsinghpur district
|North = [[Sagar district]]
|Northeast = [[Damoh district]]
|East = [[Jabalpur district]]
|Southeast = [[Seoni district]]
|South = [[Chhindwara district]]
|Southwest = [[Hoshangabad district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Raisen district]]
}}

{{Districts of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Narmada basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|22|55|N|79|10|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

[[Category:Narsinghpur district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Madhya Pradesh]]

Kizhakkepat Rukmini Menon

2025-09-26T18:09:15Z

Nick Jones: stub

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''Kizhakkepat Rukmini Menon''' (6 September 1922 – 23 December 2009) was an Indian diplomat, and the second woman to be a career diplomat for the Indian Foreign Service. She was also the first female officer to be enrolled at India's National Defence College.

== Career ==
Menon was born in Kerala, and studied in Bengaluru. She completed her post-graduate education at [[Presidency College, Chennai]], and the [[London School of Economics]]. She was the first woman officer to be enrolled in India's [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], and the second woman to be a career diplomat in India, after [[C. B. Muthamma|C B Muthamma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=National brief - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/national-brief/561784/3|access-date=2022-01-23|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Prasad|first=K. V.|date=2009-12-30|title=Demise of pioneer woman diplomat Rukmini Menon condoled|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Demise-of-pioneer-woman-diplomat-Rukmini-Menon-condoled/article16856166.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1949, she started working in the High Commission of India in London, and joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]], and served as the Indian ambassador to several countries, including Australia, Canada, Italy, Denmark, and Nigeria.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2009-12-31|title=IFSA mourns Rukmini|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/44098/ifsa-mourns-rukmini.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Following her retirement from the foreign service, she was a member on the selection board of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] in India. Her husband was musicologist and critic Raghava Menon.<ref name=":1" /> She died on 23 December 2009 in Bengaluru.<ref name=":0" />

During her career, Menon contributed to academic journals on subjects relating to Indian history and foreign relations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MENON|first=K. RUKMINI|date=1993|title=Only Option for India and Pakistan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083488|journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues|volume=2|issue=2|pages=20–23|issn=0971-8052}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=K. Rukmini|date=1965|editor-last=Lamb|editor-first=Alastair|title=The China India Border|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20634052|journal=The Australian Quarterly|volume=37|issue=2|pages=101–106|doi=10.2307/20634052|issn=0005-0091|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Menon|first=K. Rukmini|date=1965|title=How National Was The Indian National Congress?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1965.tb00415.x|journal=Australian Journal of Politics & History|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=70–81|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1965.tb00415.x|issn=1467-8497|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Kezhekapt Rukmini}}
[[Category:Women ambassadors of India]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women diplomats]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Saraswati Ghat

2025-08-25T17:34:11Z

Nick Jones:

{{moresources|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Saraswati Ghat
| native_name = सरस्वती घाट
| image =
| location = [[Prayagraj]]
| country = [[India]]
}}

'''Saraswati Ghat''' is probably the most spectacular{{Clarify|reason=spectacular in what way?|date=August 2025}} [[ghats|ghat]] in [[Prayagraj]] on the bank of [[Yamuna]] river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is located close to Mankameshwar Temple of lord [[Shiva]]. The name of ghat comes from Hindu Goddess of learning [[Saraswati]].
It is a newly built place.{{When|date=August 2025}} Stairs from three sides descend to the greenish water of the [[Yamuna]]. Above there is a park which is covered with green grass.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/work-for-renovating-ghats-of-allahabad-commemces/articleshow/56337486.cms Work for renovating ghats of Allahabad commemces - Hindustan Times]</ref>

Around the corner of [[Allahabad Fort|Akbar's Fort]] near [[Triveni Sangam]], this ghat hosts a nightly aarti with lighting of lamps. There are facilities of food court also routes to reach Sangam by boat from here.

==Ropeway facility==
It was proposed in the year 2017 that [[Prayagraj]] would get a ropeway facility over [[Yamuna]] near Sangam before '''Kumbh'''.
The tourism department has forwarded a proposal to the state government for approval.

"Two sites- Boat Club and near '''Saraswati Ghat''' have been suggested in the proposal for the facility. It will take tourists to a stretch near Arail," said Anupam Srivastava, regional tourism officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/allahabad-to-woo-tourists-ropeway-across-yamuna-on-cards/story-l2se23HMKplUFOlsuJQdzI.html|title=Allahabad: To woo tourists, ropeway across Yamuna on cards|date=9 September 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> But nothing took form of reality and the project is perhaps abandoned.

==See also==
* [[List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Prayagraj landmarks}}

[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]

Gaganyaan-3

2025-06-27T07:06:31Z

Nick Jones:

{{Short description|Indian spaceflight, planned 2026}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Gaganyaan-3
| names_list = G3
| image =
| image_caption =
| mission_type = Uncrewed [[flight test]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| mission_duration =
| orbits_completed =
| spacecraft = [[Gaganyaan]]
| spacecraft_type =
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| launch_mass = 
| dry_mass = 
| launch_date = 2026 (planned)
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3|HLVM3]]
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| recovery_by =
| landing_date =
| landing_site =
| orbit_reference = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_inclination =
| apsis =
| insignia =
| insignia_caption =
| programme = [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Gaganyaan-2]]
| next_mission = [[Gaganyaan-4]]
}}

'''Gaganyaan-3''' (from [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|gagana}}, "celestial" and {{lang|sa|yāna}}, "craft, vehicle") will be the third uncrewed test flight of the [[Gaganyaan]] programme, with launch planned in 2026.<ref name="tp-20221204">{{cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-first-human-spaceflight-gaganyan-in-limbo-astronauts-partially-trained-isro-silent/1245696/ |title=India's first human spaceflight Gaganyan in limbo, astronauts partially trained, ISRO silent |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=4 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="theweek">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2022/01/25/exclusive-no-gaganyaan-unmanned-flight-this-year.html|title = EXCLUSIVE: No Gaganyaan unmanned flight this year| website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref><ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister reviews readiness of Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1968368}}</ref>

== Mission objective ==
The mission is planned to last from eight hours to a day of flight. [[Life-support system|The environmental and life support systems]], which includes maintaining temperatures between 25°C and 27°C, removing [[carbon dioxide]], and maintaining the [[oxygen]] and [[nitrogen]] ratio will also be rigorously tested by the humanoid robot flying the spacecraft.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mission Gaganyaan: A small stepway for man, a giant leap for India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/a-small-stepway-for-man-a-giant-leap-for-india/articleshow/108829703.cms |access-date=2024-04-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

[[Category:Gaganyaan]]
[[Category:Test spaceflights]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by LVM3 rockets]]
[[Category:2026 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2026 in India]]

Siddapura, Bengaluru

2025-05-18T16:16:00Z

Nick Jones: adding details - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siddapura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = lalbagh siddapura
| settlement_type = Belongs to 1st block jayanagar
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = bangalore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Jayanagar, Bangalore
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Siddapura''' is the name of two localities within the limits of the [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP). One is situated near [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]] in Bangalore and another village is the suburb of [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The Siddapura at Jayanagar is known for the few plant nurseries it houses. It is common to see government establishments and citizens procure potted plants from these nurseries. It is close to gate number 3, of the Lalbagh botanical garden, which is also known as Lalbagh Siddapura Gate.
This area is primarily serviced by BMTC bus number 13 and 27A.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in South Bengaluru]]

Gulfam (album)

2025-03-28T18:58:24Z

Nick Jones: post.

{{Infobox album
| name = Gulfam
| type = studio
| artist = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| cover = gulfamalbum.jpg
| alt =
| released = 1994
| recorded = 1993
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Ghazal]]
| length =
| label = Venus Stereo
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Hazir]]
| prev_year = 1992
| next_title = [[Intoxicating Hariharan]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

'''''Gulfam''''' is an album of the [[India]]n singer and [[Ghazal]] composer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], released in the year [[1994 in music|1994]] by Indian label Venus. It was composed and sung by Hariharan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/indi%20pop/hariharan.html |title=Artists Profiles : Hariharan |publisher=Indiamusicinfo.com |accessdate=2012-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302065605/http://www.indiamusicinfo.com/profiles/indi%20pop/hariharan.html |archivedate=2012-03-02 }}</ref>

==Track listing==
All music composed by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]].
{{tracklist
| headline = Gulfam
| title1 = Mujhe Phir Wahi
| length1 = 5:23
| title2 = Koi Patta Hile
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Ahede Wafa Aahista
| length3 = 5:59
| title4 = Daro Deewar Pe
| length4 = 6:42
| title5 = Who Pilaye To Zara
| length5 = 6:02
| title6 = Aa Chandani Bhi
| length6 = 6:13
| title7 = Aks Chehre Pe
| length7 = 6:36
| title8 = Kabhi Khushi Se
| length8 = 9:16
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hariharan (singer) albums]]
[[Category:1994 albums]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Nandurbar Mirchi

2025-01-11T08:17:00Z

Nick Jones: creating new article...

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Nandurbar Mirchi
| image =
| species = ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| origin = [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville =
}}
}}
The '''Nandurbar Mirchi''' is a variety of [[chili pepper|chilli]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is mainly cultivated in [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]] & [[Dhule district|Dhule]] districts of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite news |title=अलिबागचा पांढरा कांदा, नंदुरबारची मिरची; काष्टीची कोथिंबीर जाणार सातासमुद्र |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/maharashtra/gi-rating-to-alibag-white-onion-nandurbar-chilli-and-kashti-cilantro/607733 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=Zee 24 taas |date=19 February 2022 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chilli Crops in Nandurbar District: A Review of Agricultural Practices, Yield, and Export Performance |url=https://ijaar.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/110603.pdf |website=International Journal of Advance and Applied Research |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=माळी |first1=धनराज |title=Nandurbar News : नंदुरबारची मिरची-आमचूर पावडरला भौगोलिक मानांकन |journal=Marathi News Esakal |date=14 April 2024 |url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/nandurbar-geographical-classification-of-nandurbar-chilli-and-amchur-powder-marathi-news-shm99 |access-date=4 November 2024 |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jadhav |first1=Mohanrao |title=Economics of Chilli Production in India |url=https://www.academia.edu/33498058 |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

Nandurbar district, aptly known as the "Chilli Paradise," is a premier hub for chilli production in India, with a significant number of micro and small-scale units engaged in chilli powder and masala manufacturing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Subodh Chandra |title=Economic Geography of India |date=1974 |publisher=Annapurna Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1IlAAAAMAAJ&q=nandurbar+chilli |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra plans chilli park in Nandurbar district |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/maharashtra-plans-chilli-park-in-nandurbar-district/article20473962.ece1 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=23 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=माळी |first1=धनराज |title=Nandurbar News : नंदुरबारची मिरची-आमचूर पावडरला भौगोलिक मानांकन |url=https://www.esakal.com/uttar-maharashtra/nandurbar-geographical-classification-of-nandurbar-chilli-and-amchur-powder-marathi-news-shm99 |access-date=4 November 2024 |work=Marathi News Esakal |date=14 April 2024 |language=Mr}}</ref>

==Name==
It is named after its place of origin, the district of Nandurbar, located in the northwest corner of Maharashtra while Mirchi means Chilli - in the local state language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].{{citation needed|date= November 2024}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varshney |first1=Dr Reema |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Ms Nimisha Rana |title=Innovation and Recent Advancement in Fashion and Textile |date=27 May 2023 |publisher=Highlyy Publishing LLP |isbn=978-93-95522-15-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KXBEAAAQBAJ&dq=mirchi+means+chilli&pg=PA46 |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 30 March 2024 (valid until 19 October 2031).<ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/787 |access-date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

Dr. Headgevar Sewa Samiti from Nandurbar proposed the GI registration of Nandurbar Mirchi. After filing the application on 20/10/2021, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Nandurbar Mirchi" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the 2nd chilli variety from Maharashtra after [[Bhiwapur chilli]] (which received in 2016) and the 39th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.{{citation needed|date= November 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra |url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/Maharashtra.htm |website=APEDA |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five more products from Maharashtra get GI certificates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/five-more-products-from-maharashtra-get-gi-certificates/articleshow/53291253.cms |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhiwapur chilli]]
* [[Harmal Chilli]]
* [[Khola Chilli]]
* [[Navapur Tur Dal]]
* [[Nandurbar Amchur]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nandurbar district]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

International Tech Park, Bangalore

2024-12-02T15:55:23Z

Nick Jones: basic expand formatting as per guidelines and corrected details for accuracy

#REDIRECT [[International Tech Park, Bengaluru]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Khuda Bakhsh Sheikh

2024-10-26T00:30:09Z

Nick Jones: further adjusted intro for accuracy also and corrected details

{{for|the Pakistani footballer|Khuda Bakhsh (footballer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

'''Khuda Bakhsh''' (or '''Bux''') '''Sheikh''' ({{langx|ur|{{nastaliq|خُدا بخش شیخ}}}}, {{langx|hi|ख़ुदा बख़्श शेख़}}) was an [[Urdu]] writer and poet from the [[Barabanki district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He published poetry in [[Arabic]], [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]].

He followed a [[Sufi]] master, [[Waris Ali Shah]], and wrote a book ''Tohmat-ul-Asfiya'' about him. <ref name="DIPL">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC&pg=PA554 |title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian literature |author=Nabi Hadi |date=4 October 1992 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |isbn=9788170173113 |access-date=21 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://barabanki.nic.in/person.htm |title=Personalities: Literary |work=The Official Website of Barabanki |publisher=MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY; GOVERNMENT OF INDIA; BARABANKI-225001 |access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref> In 1877 he published Shah's sayings as a book entitled ''Malfuzat-i-Haji Waris 'Ali Shah''.<ref name="DIPL" />

== See also ==
* [[Waris Ali Shah]]
* [[Bedam Shah Warsi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khuda Bakhsh Sheikh}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Ninoli

2024-09-26T16:48:33Z

Nick Jones: added a stub needs work

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{for|the unincorporated communities in Hawaii|Nīnole}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ninoli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.06588|N|79.00836|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.651
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3854
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ninoli''' ({{IAST|Ninolī}}) is a village in [[Karhal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 3,854, in 622 households.

== Demographics ==
In 2011, Ninoli had a population of 3,854, in 622 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|149}} This population was 53.2% male (2,051) and 46.8% female (1,803). The 0-6 age group numbered 584 (294 male and 290 female), or 15.2% of the total population. 833 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 21.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|118-9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Ninoli (as "Ninauli") as comprising 13 hamlets, with a total population of 1,477 people (798 male and 679 female), in 260 households and 222 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 2,906 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lviii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Ninoli had 1 primary school; it did not have any kind of healthcare facility. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office and public library, as well as at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|149-54}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]